YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 'A HISTORY THE UNITED STATES BY ALLEN C. THOMAS, A.M. Professor or Histort in Haverford College, Pennsylvania — «¦>»«> BOSTON, U.S.A. D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS 1897 Copyright, 1893, by THE TEXT BOOK ASSOCIATION OF PHILADELPHIA. Typography by J. S. dishing & Co., Boston. I'resswork by Rockwell & Churchill, Boston, TO R. M. T PKEFACE. The aim of this work is to give the main facts of the history of the United States clearly, accurately, and im partially. In the belief that the importance of the events which have occurred since the adoption of the Constitution is becoming more and more recognized, much the greater part of the book is devoted to the era beginning with 1789. The period of discovery and colonization, however, is treated with sufficient fulness to show clearly the origins of the people and of their institutions. Throughout, special attention is given to the political, social, and economic development of the nation. While the details of battles are omitted, the importance of war periods is not underestimated, but the stress is laid upon causes and results. The portraits are taken from authentic sources, and the other illustrations are nearly all reproductions from contem porary prints. The courtesy of F. D. Stone of the Penn sylvania Historical Society, of Henry T. Coates, and of The Magazine of American History Company, has permitted the reproduction of some of these. To the kindness-of Townsend MacCoun the author is indebted for two of the maps. In- vi PREFACE. debtedness to Professor A. B. Hart's excellent series of "Epoch Maps," published by Longmans & Company, should also be acknowledged. The author is under obligations for valuable assistance to a number of teachers and others, among them Watson W. Dewees of Westtown School, Pennsylvania, and Sidney S. Rider of Providence, Rhode Island. To L. H. Jones, Super intendent of Schools of Indianapolis, Indiana, and W. A. Mowry, Superintendent of Schools, Salem, Massachusetts, who read the work in manuscript, special acknowledgments should be made. Haverford, Pennsylvania, December, 1893. PREFACE TO' THE REVISED EDITION. The chief feature of the present edition is a new chapter bringing the narrative to the close of the year 1896. The book has been carefully revised, errors, so far as discovered, have been corrected, and some changes have been made in the text for the sake of greater clearness and fulness. The bibliography in Appendix XII. has been thoroughly revised and enlarged. Jantaby, 1897. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Discovert . . .... II. Colonization .... IH. English, French, and Indians IV. Struggle for Colonial Empire . V. The English Colonies ..... VI. The Revolution ... VII. The Confederation — The Constitution VIII. Organization of the New Government IX. Experiments in Foreign and Domestic Policy X. War with Great Britain XI. The Thirty Years' Peace XII. The Thirty Years' Peace (continued) XIII. The Mexican "War, and Slavery XIV. Increase of Sectional Feeling XV. Civil "War XVI. Civil War (continued ) XVII. Reconstruction XVIII. The New Nation . XIX. Growth and Development . XX. Economic, Social, and Literary Conditio XXI. Social Affairs ; Politics ; Diplomacy vii PAGE 1 11 40(if) 80 101) 132 144 160 171182 201230 202270310331344 360 390 411 viii CONTENTS. APPENDICES. pAQE i. Mayflower Compact . . ... ... iii ii. Declaration of Independence ....... iv iii. Constitution of the United States viii iv. Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural xxv v. Date of the Admission of the States, Square Miles in Each, and Population in 1890, etc xxvii vi. Growth of United States — Population at Each Census, also the Urban Population . . ... . xxix vii. Population of the Free and Slave States, 1790-1860 . xxx viii. representation in Congress from 1790 to 1893 .... xxxi ix. List of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents .... xxxii x. Chief Dates in American History xxxiii xi. Topical Analysis . xxxix xii. List of Books for Teachers and Readers ..... liii INDEX . lix LIST OF MAPS. OPP08ITE PAGE 1. European Colonies about 1650 .... 27 2. French Explorations and Posts (colored) . ... 53 3., Central North America, 1755 (colored) . .... 78 4. Central North America, 1763 (colored) . . . .78 5. The Revolution, Northern and Middle States . . Ill 6. The Revolution, Southern States ... ... 127 7. Land Claims of the Thirteen Original States (colored) . . . 133 8. Maps for the War of 1812 175 9. The United States in 1825 (double page, colored) . . 196 10. Mexican War (in text) . 239 11. Civil War, 1861-1865 (double page, colored) . . . .282 12. Campaigns in Virginia (in text) 308 13. Territorial Growth of the United States (double page, colored) . 338 14. The United States, 1893 (double page, colored) .... 394 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. Washington, after the AthensBum portrait by Gilbert Stuart Frontispiece OH'U^ITE PAGE Christopher Columbus ; the Ministry of Marine Portrait . . 4 William Penn, after the only authentic portrait, in the possession of the Pennsylvania Historical Society 41 Benjamin Franklin, after a portrait by J. A. Duplessis . . . .116 Alexander Hamilton, after a portrait by Trumbull .... 148 John Marshall, after a portrait by H. Inman 1 58 Thomas Jefferson, after a portrait by Gilbert Stuart . . . .165 Andrew Jackson . . . . . . 202 John C. Calhoun . 206 Daniel Webster 216 Henry Clay . . . . .248 Robert E. Lee, after a photograph from life ... . . 290 Abraham Lincoln, after a photograph from life by Brady in 1865 326 Ulysses S. Grant, after a photograph from life . . . 345 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. PAGE 1. Aii Indian Village, after a drawing by John White, 1585 . . 3 2. Ship of 1492, after a drawing of 1494(?) . . .5 3. Amerigo Vespucci, after a portrait in possession of the Massachu setts Historical Society . . . . . 7 4. Sir Walter Ralegh, after the portrait at Longleat . . 9 5. Captain John Smith, from the portrait on his map of New Eng land, 1614 . 13 6. A Puritan Gentleman, 1620, from an old print 15 7. A Citizen of 1620, from an old print . 16 8. Myles Standish's Kettle and Platter, after a drawing from the originals . 17 9. John Endicott, -after a portrait painted in 1665 . 18 10. Ship, from Lucini's map of "Nuoua Belgia," 1631 (?) . . 19 11. Countrywoman of 1620, from Speed's map of England . . 20 12. A Puritan Gentleman, 1646, from Jeffrey's Dresses . 21 13. Cecilius Calvert, after an engraved portrait in possession of' Mary land Historical Society ... .... 25 14. James Edward Oglethorpe in 1785, after a print of the sketch from life by Ireland . .... 33 15. New Amsterdam, from Van Der Donck's map of the New Nether lands, 1656 35 16. Peter Stuyvesant . . . ... 36 17. Jacob Leisler's House 37 18. Belt of Wampum given to William Penn, after the original in pos session of the Pennsylvania Historical Society .... 45 xi ILLUSTRATIONS. Xlll after 40. Lafayette 50. The Savannah 51. " Conestoga " Wagon, and a Stage 52. John' Ericsson 53. Martin Van Buren . 54. AVilliam Henry Harrison 55. John Tyler 56. Samuel F. B. Morse 57. James K. Polk 58. Zachary Taylor 59. Voting-place in Kansas, 1855, 60. James Buchanan 61. Abraham Lincoln in 1860 62. Jefferson Davis in 1860 . 63. William H. Seward 64. Confederate Flag . 65. " Stonewall ' ' Jackson . 66. William T. Sherman 67. Andrew Johnson 68. Horace Greeley 69. Rutherford B. Hayes 70. James A. Garfield . 71. George Peabody 72. Grover Cleveland . 73. Benjamin Harrison 74. Flag of the United States 75. Centre of Population, 1890 76. Edgar A. Poe . 77. Henry W. Longfellow 78. Nathaniel Hawthorne 79. John G. Whittier . 80. An Indian Chief . 81. William McKinley . Coach a photograph PAGK 195 210211214 220 225226220234247 261 266269271 274 279292HI332349361366372375382384 389 408409409 410000000 HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER I. DISCOVERY. REFERENCES. General. — George Bancroft, History of the United States, i. 7-83; Rich ard Hildreth, History of the United States, i. 35-98; Bryant and Gay, A Popular History of the United States, i. 1-267, well illustrated ; T. W. Hig- ginson, A Larger History of the United States, pp. 1-107, finely illustrated; John Fiske, The Discovery of America, 2 vols., graphic and clear in style ; J. A. Doyle, History of the United States, pp. 1-40 ; Epochs of American History, R. G. Th waits, The Colonies, pp. 1-44 ; American History Series, G. P. Fisher, The Colonial Era, pp. 1-29. Special. — For Geography and Physiography : N. S. Shaler, The Physiog raphy of North America, in Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of Amer ica, iv., pp. i.-xxx. ; N. S. Shaler, The United States, vol. i., or his Story of our Continent; J. D. Whitney, The United States, pp. 1-128. For Prehistoric America : J. W. Powell, The Forum, viii. 489 ; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, i. 329-444 ; Nadaillac, Prehistoric America ; American History Leaflets, No. 3, Extracts from the Sagas ; Old South Leaflets, No. 31, "The Voyages to Vinland." For the Indians : F. Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac, pp. 1-45, also Intro duction to his Jesuits in North America ; N. S. Shaler, Story of our Continent, Chap. iv. ; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, i. 283-316 H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, i. 1-28 ; J. W. Powell The Forum, xv. 343 ; G. Bancroft, History of the United States, ii. 86-136 For Columbus and the Period of Discovery : C. K. Adams, Columbus (Makers of America Series); P. L. Ford, Writings of Columbus, N.Y. 1892 W. Irving, Life of Columbus ; Century Magazine, May and October, 1892 illustrated; Harper's Magazine, October, 1892; Magazine of American His tory, vols, for 1892 ; "Where did Columbus Land?" Nineteenth Century October, 1892 ; " Amerigo Vespucci," Harper's Magazine, May, 1892 ; Amer- 1 2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ican History Leaflets, No. 1, Letter of Columbus; No. 9, Voyages of John Cabot; Old South Leaflets, No. 17, Verrazzano's Voyage, 1524; No. 20, Cor- onado's Letter to Mendoza, 1540 ; No. 29, The Discovery of America ; No. 33, Columbus's Letter to Sanches; No. 34, Americus Vespucius's Account of his First Voyage ; No. 35, Cortez's Account of the City of Mexico ; No. 36, The Death of De Soto ; No. 37, The Voyage of the Cabots. F. Tarducci, John and Sebastian Cabot (translated from the Italian). 1. North America : its Inhabitants. (1492.) — Four hundred years ago the territory now known as the United States was a vast wilderness, occupied rather than settled by numerous tribes of red men, or Indians, as they have since been called. Roving from place to place in search of game upon which they chiefly depended for food, they seem to have made little progress toward civilization during the centuries of their occupation of the land. They tilled a little land, but in a rude way, raising tobacco and a few vegetables, and also maize. Occasionally they built rude timber houses of one story, but for the most part they lived in rude huts, or in wigwams, a kind of tent made by setting poles in the ground and bend ing them over or bringing them together at the top, and covering the whole with skins or with mats. In the south west the tribes were more civilized and built more substantial dwellings. As the Indian men disdained to work, nearly all the manual labor fell upon the women. It is possible that this condition of the hunter stage re maining so long unchanged was due in a great degree to the absence of native animals which could be domesticated, as was remarkably the case in the Mississippi valley and on the Atlantic slope. The turkey is the only domestic animal North America has furnished ; for though the horse existed at one time in America, it was not known to the Indian. Farther to the south, on the borders of Mexico and within its bounds, and also in Central America, there were men showing a considerable degree of civilization, but with them THE INDIANS. 3 the Indian of the central portions of the continent seems to have had little if any intercourse. In Ohio and in some of the western states many remains in the form of mounds and enclosures have been found, and the implements and ornaments discovered in these have led AN INDIAN VILLAGE. some to believe that a race superior to the Indians inhabited this continent centuries before its discovery by Europeans ; but recent investigations show that the Mound Builders, as they have been called, were probably Indians. 2 The Indians. (1492.) — At the time of the discovery of the continent, the present territory of the United States was 4 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. occupied by a race which has been divided into four principal groups based upon language : — (1) The Algonkins, the most numerous, who held the larger part of the country from South Carolina and Tennessee to the Great Lakes, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mis sissippi River. They were very rude and warlike. (2) The Iroquois, who were chiefly found in what is now central and western New York and in North Carolina. Those in New York were the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayu- gas, and Senecas, and were known by the name of the " Five Nations." When those who lived in North Carolina — the Tuscaroras — joined them in 1713, they were called the " Six Nations." The Hurons, who lived near the lake of the same name, though Iroquois, were hostile to the " Five Nations." (3) The Southern Indians, sometimes called the Muskogee family, occupied the country south of the Algonkins. The most important of this group were the Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Seminoles. They were less savage than the other groups and more readily adopted the habits and cus toms of civilization. (4) The Sioux or Dakotas occupied the country along and beyond the Mississippi River, and were the wildest of all. 3. The Northmen. (900-1000.) — There is but little doubt that, somewhere about the year 1000, Norwegian sailors, often called Northmen, had extended their voyages from Iceland to Greenland, and thence to Labrador ; possibly they may have sailed along the coast of North America as far as Rhode Island, which some think is the Vinland of the old Sagas. Some even think that traces of their settlements can still be seen within the bounds of the present United States. Doubt less the news of their discovery was carried home ; but Nor way was an out-of-the-way country whose inhabitants were CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. COLUMBUS; AMERICA. 5 dreaded by the rest of Europe as freebooters, and their stories would hardly have been believed, even if carried to other Europeans. If these stories were known, they were forgotten, and even in Norway the knowledge of the existence of a western continent had faded away. It is also by no means improbable that French fishermen from Brittany had visited the Banks of Newfoundland and the island of the same name before 1492. 4. Columbus ; Discovery of America. (1485-1492.) — For centuries Europe had been supplied with silks, spices, and luxuries generally, from India and the East. These had been brought through Constantinople ; but when WlpQWCQ that city fell before the semi-bar barous Turks in 1453, a new route to India seemed a necessity, and men tried to reach that country by sailing south from the straits of Gibraltar. But Christopher Colum bus, a skilled navigator, a native of Genoa, after much study and with much experience in the designing of maps, had come to the conclu sion that in order to reach India, all that was uecessary was to sail west from Europe. Without means to fit out an expedition himself, he tried in turn to induce the governments of Genoa, Portugal, England, and Spain to aid him. He was unsuc cessful for a long time. One after another refused to assist him. Isabella, queen of Spain, alone, moved possibly by the thought of benefiting the heathen, inclined to aid him ; but it was not until seven tedious years of waiting had passed, SHIP OF 1492. 6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. that he was furnished with monev to fit out three small vessels for an apparently foolhardy expedition. The little fleet sailed from Palos, Spain, August 3, 1492, and on the morning of October 12 land was discovered, an island of the Bahama group. This island he named San Salvador, the 12th of October bearing that name in the Roman calendar.1 The account of the trials, the eventful voyage, and the ultimate success of Christopher Columbus must ever remain one of the most thrilling stories of history. The news of the discovery by Columbus created a great stir on his return, and at once preparations were made, not only in Spain, but elsewhere, to send expeditions to the new country which, then and for a long time, was believed by many to be a part of India. Hence the name by which the inhabitants were called. Columbus made three other voyages ; but though he vis ited Central America, he never saw the continental part of North America. 5. The Cabots; the Name of America. (1493-1507.) — The maritime nations of Europe in the sixteenth century were Spain, Portugal, France, and England, and all the early dis coveries were made under the auspices of some one of these countries. The Spanish discoveries were south of Virginia ; Portugal, by agreement with Spain, confined her attention to Africa, the East Indies, and Brazil ; France devoted most of her energies to lands lying along the St. Lawrence, and to Acadie, now Nova Scotia ; while England, through John Cabot and his son Sebastian, had discovered the continent of North America in 1497 ; and in a subsequent voyage Sebastian Cabot sailed along the whole coast from Cape 1 This island was probably that now known as Watling's Island. October 12 old style, October 21 according to present reckoning. THE NAME OF AMERICA. 7 Breton to Albemarle Sound, claiming it for the English king.1 Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, but residing in Spain, between 1499 and 1503 made four voyages to South Amer ica. In 1504 an account of his voyages was printed ; and in 1507 Waldseemuller, a Ger man, a teacher of geography in France, who had been much interested in the accounts of Vespucci, printed a small book in Latin, with the title, "An Introduction to Geography," in which occurs this sentence : " And the fourth part of the world having been discovered by Amerigo or Americus, we may call it Amerige or Amer ica." This name, which at first was applied to South America only, was soon extended to both continents ; but there is nothing to show that Vespucci did anything personally to gain this honor. 6. Further Discoveries ; the Pacific ; Balboa ; Magellan ; De Soto. (1512-1542.) — In 1513 Ponce de Leon sailed on a voyage of discovery from Porto Rico, and on March 27 (Easter Sunday) discovered the shore of a country which he called Florida, from the Spanish name of the day, Pamia Florida (the feast of flowers). In 1513 Balboa, crossing the Isthmus of Darien, was the first European to see the Pacific, AMERIGO VESPUCCI. > The Cabots were natives of Venice, but lived at Bristol, England. John Cabot appears to have been the moving spirit, but his son has received the glory. The accounts of the Cabots' explorations are short and unsatisfactory. 8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. which he called " the South Sea." Descending from the height from which he first saw the ocean, he rushed into the water, with drawn sword, claiming it for his sovereign, the king of Spain. These adventurers were both Spaniards. Under the auspices of Spain, Magellan (in Portuguese Magal- haens) first discovered the true geographical character of the new world. Sailing from Spain in 1519, he coasted along the eastern shores of South America, and reaching the straits which now bear his name, he sailed through them and con tinued his voyage some distance up the western coast, and then boldly turned west across the ocean, which, from its peaceful character, he had already called the Pacific. Five vessels and two hundred and fifty-four men started out on this voyage, but only one vessel and fifteen men reached Spain (1522) ; Magellan was killed by the natives at the Philippine Islands. This was the first circumnavigation of the world. Cortez, in 1519, landed in Mexico, and Avithin two years conquered it for Spain. De Soto, a Spaniard, in 1539, sailed from Cuba, and, landing at Tampa Bay on the west coast of Florida, set out on an overland expedition mainly in search for gold. The explorers wandered about for two years, and at last, after many privations, in the spring of 1541 reached the Mississippi River, then for the first time seen by white men. In 1542 De Soto died, and through fear of the Ind ians his body was buried at midnight in the waters of the great stream which he discovered. His companions finally reached the Spanish settlement in Mexico. 7. English Attempts at Colonization ; Sir Walter Ralegh. (1576-1602.) — The men of that day were so full of the idea of getting to India, or were so much taken up with affairs at home, that it was long before definite plans of coloniza tion were thought of. It was not until 1576 that Martin SIR WALTER RALEGH. 9 Frobisher, an Englishman, attempted to make a settlement on the coast of Labrador. This enterprise was a failure, as was also a similar expedition in 1578 under Sir Humphrey Gil bert, who was not disheartened, but made a second attempt, in which he lost his life, in 1583. In 1584 Sir Walter Ralegh, a half-brother of Gilbert, sent out an exploring expedition, the vessels of which sailed along the coast of what is now North Carolina. Glow ing accounts were brought back ; Ralegh called the country Virgi Virginia in honor of Elizabeth, his virgin queen, and made prepara tions to send out a colony, which was sent in 1585. Neither knowing how to prepare themselves for such a life nor how to utilize the resources of the country, these colonists settled on Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Car olina, and almost suffered death from want before a ship arrived to look after them. They all returned to England ; but Ralegh, not discourage'd, sent out another colony in 1587 to the same place. When an expedition visited the site three years afterward, all the colonists had disappeared, and with them Virginia Dare, the first child born in America of English parents. It has never been cer tainly discovered what became of them, though recent re- SIR WALTER RALEGH. 10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. searches indicate that the few survivors joined a neighboring tribe of Indians, intermarrying with them. In 1602 Barthol omew Gosnold attempted to make a settlement on Cutty- hunk, an island in Buzzards Bay, in Massachusetts, but it was unsuccessful. So, though more than a century had passed since the discovery of America, there was not a single English colony on the American coast. 8. French and Spanish Attempts at Colonization. (1540- 1605.) — The English were not alone in their failures ; France had made various attempts at colonization also, at what was afterwards Quebec (1540) ; at Port Royal, South Carolina (1562) ; and near St. Augustine, Florida (1564). Spain had been more successful at St. Augustine (1565), and at Santa Fe" (1582), and also in Mexico. The French were successful after 1605, but their colonies were confined to what is now Nova Scotia and to Canada. At first sight it may seem strange that there should have been so many fail ures, but this feeling disappears when it is remembered that the main object of the colonists had been to get gold, of which it was believed there was an abundance in the new world. Few men went out fully intending to be permanent settlers. The expeditions consisted mostty of those who could not get on at home, and thought they could escape hard work by going to the country where they believed everything was to be had by merely picking it up. Then, again, the parties were few in number, unable to protect themselves against the hostile Indians, were cut off from help or supplies from home, and were, moreover, totally ignorant of the country itself and its requirements in regard to clothing, crops, and climate. CHAPTER II. COLONIZATION. REFERENCES. General. — G. Bancroft, History of the United States, i. 84-613 ; ii. 3-85, 192-291; R. Hildreth, History of the United States, i. Chaps, iv.-xv. ; ii. Chaps, xvi.-xvii., xix.-xxv. ; Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the United States, vols, i., ii. ; T. W. Higginson, Larger History of the United States, pp. 75-168 ; J. A. Doyle, History of the United States, Chaps, ii.-xiv., also his larger work, The English Colonies in America (three volumes published) ; H. C. Lodge, Short History of the English Colonies in America ; R. G. Thwaites, The Colonies (Epochs of American History), pp. 45-232 ; G. P. Fisher, The Colonial Era (American History Series), Chaps, iv.-xxi.; John Fiske, The Beginnings of New England ; J. M. Ludlow, The War of Ameri can Independence (Epoch Series), pp. 1-55. Biographies. — William Gammell, Roger Williams, Sparks's American Biography, 2d Series ; O. S. Straus, Roger Williams ; John Winthrop, Francis Higginson, Thomas Hooker, George and Cecilius Calvert, Peter Stuyvesant, and James Edward Oglethorpe, in the Makers of America Series. Special. — For the several colonies see Virginia, Maryland, New York, and Connecticut, in the American Commonwealth Series (these must be used with care, some of them, Maryland and Connecticut in particular, needing correction in matters of detail and inference) ; Winsor, Narrative and Criti cal History of America, vols, iii., iv., v., particularly the monographs on The Carolinas, Maryland, New England, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania ; G. W. Greene, History of Rhode Island ; C. F. Adams, Three Episodes in Massachu setts History ; James Grant Wilson, The Memorial History of New York City. For William Penn consult S. M. Janney, Life of William Penn, pp. 163-274, 394-563 ; J. Stoughton, Life of William Penn. For the Pilgrims and Puritans see British Quarterly Review, January, 1883 ; Bancroft, His tory of the United States, i. 177-214; Bacon's Rebellion, Century Magazine, xl. 418; Old South Leaflets, No. 7, Charter of Massachusetts Bay, 1629; No. 8, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut ; No. 21, Eliot's Brief Narrative. Consult list of American History Leaflets, and of Old South Leaflets. 11 12 HTSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 9. English Success ; Captain John Smith. (1606-1609.)— It was in 1606 that the first successful English colony was planted. During this year James I. granted a charter to two companies : one the London, the other the Plymouth com pany. To the former was granted the coast between 34° and 38° north latitude, and to the latter the coast between 41° and 45° north latitude. The intervening country was to be common to both, but no settlements of the respective com panies were to be within one hundred miles of each other. The interior limit for both companies was to be one hundred miles from the coast. A plan of government for the colonies was provided, and the London Compairy began operations by sending out a party of settlers to Virginia, and the first per manent settlement was made in 1607 at Jamestown, on the James River, not far from the present town of that name. Among the colonists who went to Virginia was Captain John Smith. He had already seen many adventures on the continent of Europe ; but in spite of his love for marvellous stories, he appears to have been the ablest and clearest- headed of the motley party. He relates that at one time he was taken prisoner by the Indians, that his head was already on the block upon which his brains were to be beaten out, when Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, the chief, rushed up to her father and begged the life of the prisoner. As the Indian princess was only twelve years old when the incident is said to have occurred, and the account did not appear in the first edition of Smith's book, but was added while the heroine was in England, many modern students disbelieve the whole story. Pocahontas, however, was a real character; she married John Rolfe, an Englishman, visited England, and died there. Many Virginians are proud to trace their descent from this Indian woman. Smith was chosen president of the council, and thus became the real governor VIRGINIA COLONY; SLAVES. 13 of the settlement. His rule was just, being based on the principle that those who did not work should not eat; but this style of government did not suit the colonists, and in 1609 Captain Smith returned to England, his departure being made necessary, as he said, on ac count of a severe accident which had befallen him. Some modern investigators are of the opinion that the accident was by no means so severe as Smith reported, and that it was used by him as a pre text to escape from a trying and unprofitable position. While in Virginia Captain Smith explored Chesapeake Bay and published a careful map of it. This map is almost too accurate a one to have been made with the rude instruments and inefficient means at Smith's command. CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 10. Virginia Colony; Slaves. (1609-1619.) — The colony suffered much, and very nearly came to a melancholy end. In 1609 the company received a new charter extending the limits north and south, and also from sea to sea, west and northwest. In these charters was the provision that the colonists and their children "shall have and enjoy all the liberties, franchises, and immunities of free denizens and natural subjects within any of our other dominions, to all intents and purposes as if they had been abiding and born within this our realm of England, or in any other of our dominions." It was largely upon this clause, and other similar ones repeated in later charters, that the American colonists rightly based their complaints of unjust treatment by the mother country. 14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. In 1619 the Virginia colonists, who had been granted a partly representative government, elected a House of Bur gesses, the first representative body that met in America. The same year in which this step towards, free government was taken, a Dutch ship brought the first cargo of negro slaves to the colony. 11. Dutch Colonies; New Netherland. (1609-1626.) — Swedish Colonies. (1638.) — Holland was at this time a strong naval power, and in 1609 Henry Hudson, an Englishman in her service, discovered and sailed up the river which bears his name. He also explored the New Jersey coast to Dela ware Bay. A small trading post was established in 1613 on Manhattan Island, and in 1614, at Fort Nassau, near where Albany now is. In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was organized, and under its auspices Fort Amsterdam, after wards the city of New York, was established in 1626, the island of Manhattan, upon which it stood, having been pur chased of the Indians the same year for about twenty-four dollars. The Dutch bought the land from the natives, whom they generally treated well ; but owing to the obstinacy and want of tact of Governor Kieft, there was a terrible war witli the Algonkin Indians (1643-1645). Fortunately for the Dutch, the Iroquois were not involved in this war. Anne Hutchinson (Sect. 19) was massacred in this war. Sweden, which had become a great pcvver under Gustavus Adolphus, determined also to send out colonists, and in 1638 established a settlement at Christina, near the site of Wilmington, Delaware, and later, other settlements along the Delaware River, as far as the site of Philadelphia, where the " Old Swedes' Church " still tells of their former presence. Thrust in as they were between the Dutch and the English settlements, the Swedish colonies amounted to but little. PLYMOUTH COMPANY. 15 12. Plymouth Company. (1607.) — The Plymouth Company had attempted to place a colony near the mouth of the Kennebec River in 1607, but the colony, like so many other similar attempts, was a failure. In 1620 a new company, under the name of " The Council of Plymouth for the governing of New England," was organized, and to this company was granted the land between the parallels of 40° and 48° north latitude, and westward to the south seas, but it sent out no expedition on its own account. Captain John Smith (sect. 9), who had re mained quietly in England since his return from Virginia, left England again in the year 1614, and sailed along the Atlantic coast from Penobscot to Cape Cod in search of fish and furs, and in his account of the voyage, which he published on his return, he gave the name of New England to the country. Previously it had been called Norumbega. 13. The Pilgrims. (1620.) — It is an inter esting and instructive circumstance that much of the territory of the present United States was settled by men who sought in a new world that liberty to worship God in their own way which was denied them at home. Outward conformity to a state church was one of the cardinal doctrines of the seventeenth century, and, to escape this, some men and women who did not agree with the practices of the Church of England, had emigrated to Holland to gain that liberty of worship refused to them in their English home. First at Amsterdam, and afterward at Leyden also, these refugees found safety. But not willing that their children should A PURITAN GENTLE MAN, 1620. 16 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. grow up among strangers speaking a different language, and for other reasons, also, wishing to change their abode, they made application to the Virginia Company for land in Amer ica on which to settle. All arrangements having been com pleted, one hundred and two Pilgrims, as they are now called, set sail from Plymouth in England on the Mayflower for the new home. The voyage was a stormy one, and driven from their course, they reached Cape Cod instead of the coast belonging to the Virginia Company. They, however, de cided to remain where they were. It seemed Avise to provide for some govern ment in the colony, and, before landing, there was drawn up in the cabin of their little ship the celebrated "Mayflower Com pact," which was signed by all the men. A CITIZEN, 1620. t . , , i • i i In it they agreed to combine themselves into a " body politic," and to submit to such " just and equal laws "' as might be framed for the general good of the colony. Appendix I. 14. Landing of the Pilgrims ; Trials of the Colonists. (1620- 1627.) — After examining the shore of Cape Cod, the Pilgrims chose a spot for their future home, and landed on Plymouth rock December 21, 1620.1 The colonists had a desperate struggle with the keenness of a New England winter; they suffered from ill health, and afterwards were at great disadvantage from the poverty of 1 Owing to a miscalculation, the 22d has been usually celebrated as the anniversary of the landing, but it is clear that the day was December the 1 1th, old style ; and as in the seventeenth century there was a difference of ten days between the old and new mode of reckoning, the 21st is the correct date according to the new style. THE PILGRIMS. 17 the soil, from fewness of number, and from the payment of an exorbitant rate of interest (45 per cent) to the merchants who had provided the means for fitting out the expedition. Not withstanding all these discouragements the band persevered. Unlike the colonists in Virginia, these Pilgrims had come to make their home in the new world, and we hear of no disputes like those in the southern colony, while their privations were borne with an heroic spirit. Among the company was Captain Myles Standish, not a member of their religious com munion, and his presence illustrates the freedom which prevailed. He proved himself of the greatest assistance to the suffering little band, par ticularly during the first try ing winter, when half the little company died from disease and exposure. John Carver, the governor, was one of those who thus perished. William Bradford was chosen to suc ceed him, and so accepta ble was his administration that he was re-elected annually for thirty years except when by " importunity he got off." In 1627 the colonists bought out the merchants' interest, and the colony became commercially, as it was politically, free. From this time the colony con tinued to advance, though but slowly. MYLES STANDISH'S KETTLE AND PLATTER. 15. Massachusetts Bay Colony. (1629.) — In 1629 a charter was given to " the Governor and Company of the Massa chusetts Bay in New England," granting them land from 18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. three miles south of the Charles River to three miles north of the Merrimac River and extending east and west from ocean to ocean. Like the other colonies, Massachusetts had many disputes in regard to territory and boundaries. Some JOHN ENDICOTT. of these differences were of long standing; that with New York was not finally adjusted until 1855. John Endicott was the leader of the Massachusetts emi grants, and in the year 1628 had come over to Naumkeag (Salem) with about one hundred emigrants. John Endicott MASSACHUSETTS. 19 was a typical Puritan, "a fit instrument to begin this wilderness-work, of courage bold, undaunted, yet sociable and of a cheerful spirit, loving and austere, applying himself to either as occasion served." Salem, as Naumkeag was now called, in anticipation of the peace which the colonists hoped to obtain, became the chief of the Massachusetts Bay settle ments, and remained so for some time. 16. Peculiarities of the Massachusetts Colony. (1629-1640.) — In 1629 five vessels, among which was the Mayflower, brought a large reinforcement. In the same year, 1629, the step was taken of carrying the charter itself to the colony, which was equivalent to trans ferring the government to the colonists themselves. Hereto fore, at least the nominal power over all the colonists remained in the mother country. That the Plymouth colony was gov erned in accordance with the Mayflower agreement is really an exception, but it was so small a colony as to attract little attention.1 The number of colonists rapidly increased, and by 1640 twenty thousand had sought homes in the new colony of Massa chusetts Bay. There were important differences between this colony and others. (1) It was undertaken by men of position and means, on their own account, and in their own person. 1 The legal right of the Massachusetts Bay Company' to transfer the charter has often been questioned. It is evident that the grantors had not thought of such transferrence. SHIP OF 1630. 20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. (2) nominally a commercial enterprise it was really an attempt to found a new political state. (3) Those who took part were not at first separatists from the Church of England, like the Pilgrims, but were Puritans who desired a reformation within the church. (4) The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay perse cuted, which the Pilgrims did not do, at least during the earliest years of the colony. 17. Growth of Political Freedom in Massachusetts. (1629-1670.)— John Win- throp was chosen governor before the charter was taken to the colony, and he held the office for four years and was several times re-elected. The colonists had almost entire control of their own affairs. For some time the governor, his deputy, and his council (called the " Assistants ") met with the freemen to make the laws, and decide upon all pub- A COUNTRYWOMAN, 1620. -, . , , A J-1 1 £ £ lie matters. As the number of freemen increased such an arrangement became very inconvenient, and to meet this difficulty nearly all the power was given to the governor and his council. It was not long, however, before the people of one of the townships rebelled against the amount of a tax levied upon them, and the result of their protest was that a House of Representatives was es tablished to meet with the governor and council. To this body each township sent two representatives. The colonists thus early objected to "taxation without representation." Gradually it came about that the representatives sat apart from the governor and the council, and a legislature with two houses grew up. ROGER WILLIAMS. 21 The colony was carried on in many respects more after the Hebrew laws of the Old Testament than after English laws. Church and State were closely united ; indeed they were, in the early colonial days, considered as one. The freemen met in the church building or " meeting-house " whenever they had occasion to come together. The min isters were magistrates, and only church members were allowed to have a voice in the government, and for forty years perhaps three-fourths of the men had no vote. 18. Puritans ; Roger Williams. (1635.) — It has often been said that the Puritans came to establish religious liberty ; but such was not the case. They had no idea of founding a colony where different forms of worship could exist side by side ; they believed in uniform ity. Like most men of the age in which they lived they did not believe in religious tolera tion, and in this they differed from the Pil grims. Very soon after the beginning of the settlement the question of toleration had to be determined. In 1631 a young man about twenty-four years of age, a minister, whose name was Roger Williams, arrived in one of the vessels. At once he caused much trouble, for he did not hesitate to express his views, which were far too liberal for the authorities. He believed that the civil power should have no control over a man's conscience, and that no one should be forced to support public worship. For these and other liberal opinions he was, in 1635, sentenced to be banished. Intending to settle on the shores of Narragan- sett Bay, he was making preparation to go thither with some friends, when he heard of a plot to seize him and A PURITAN GENTLE MAN, 1646. 22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. send him to England. At once he fled into the wilderness, though it was the depth of winter, to Massasoit, an Indian chief, at Sowams (Warren, Rhode Island), near which place he remained for a number of weeks, "not knowing what bread or bed did mean." 19. Founding of Providence and Rhode Island. (1636-1644.) — In June, 1636, he chose a place which he called Providence, at the head of Narragansett Bay, for a new settlement. A large tract of land was given him by the Indians, or bought from them, which in course of time he sold or gave away to settlers. He made his refuge "a shelter for persons dis tressed for conscience," and it was not long before many such came to him, among them Anne Hutchinson, who, having been banished from Massachusetts, came to Rhode Islandin 1638. She was a very able woman and upheld the right of women to preach and to take part in the church government : she also taught other opinions much in opposition to Puritan doctrines. After a trial in which she defended herself ably, she was banished like Roger Williams. It must be said that however excellent were the views of Roger Williams in regard to religious toleration, on political matters they were such as to strike at the very root of government as then understood, and it was not unnatural that he should be looked upon as a dangerous person. He was far in advance of his contem poraries in respect to political and religious matters. In 1638 Portsmouth, and in 1639 Newport, both on the island of Rhode Island, were settled by refugees from Massachusetts. At first these colonies were independent and governed them selves in a democratic way; but Roger Williams went to England and succeeded in getting a patent from Parliament in 1644, under which all the various colonies in what is now the state of Rhode Island were united under the name of BOSTON; CONNECTICUT. 23 " The Incorporation of Providence Plantations in the Narra- gansett Bay in New-England." On the restoration of Charles II. to the English throne, it was found necessary to procure a new charter, which was granted by the king in 1663.1 This charter was so liberal that it was continued in force until 1843 2 (sect. 251). In this colony alone was perfect religious liberty allowed, and " Papists, Protestants, Jews, or Turks " were to be pro tected in their religion. This great liberty attracted many persons who wished for license, and there was much trouble in the colony from such. 20. Settlement of Boston ; and Connecticut. (1630-1638.) — Salem was not attractive to all, and as the number of colo nists was large, some moved to Watertown, some to Newtown (Cambridge), and some to other places: Boston, at first Tri- mountain from its three hills, was founded in 1630. In 1635 and 1636 parties left the old settlements and going out into the wilderness founded Wethersfield, Hartford, and Windsor, on the Connecticut River. These villages were far from others, and in 1637 they took the rule into their own hands, and in 1638 (old style) formed a written constitution for themselves. This was the first written constitution in America, and one of the first in history. No higher power than the people themselves was recognized, and all men were freemen who, admitted as such by the freemen of the town, should take the oath of allegiance. No one except the governor was required to be a church member. This agree ment is known as " The Fundamental Orders of Connecti- 1 In this charter the title Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is used. Rhode Island alone of the states retains two capitals, one being New port, the other Providence, thus perpetuating the local pride of colonial days. 2 The new constitution was ratified by popular vote in 1842, and went into operation May 1, 1843. 24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. cut." A charter was obtained from Charles II. in 1662, and was so liberal that it continued in force till 1818. Quinnipi- ack, afterwards New Haven, was founded in 1638, by Lon doners, who distrusted Massachusetts. Other colonies were elsewhere founded from time to time, until in 1664 all these settlements were united under the name of Connecticut. 21. Maine ; New Hampshire. (1627-1677.) — Maine was part of the territory of the Plymouth Company, and there had been several attempts to colonize it, but all had resulted in failure except the Pemaquid colony at the mouth of the Ken nebec River in 1627. In 1635 the Plymouth Company re signed its charter to the British crown, but previously the members had divided the unsettled country between them selves. Sir Ferdinando Gorges obtained most of what is now Maine ; Captain John Mason received as his part the land west of the Piscataqua River, which tract, he called, after his own county in England, New Hampshire. Neither Gorges nor Mason had much to do with these lands, and the settlers were thus allowed great liberty. New Hampshire, though several times attached to Massachusetts, finally, in 1741, became in dependent of it. The settlers in Maine during 1652 and 1658 submitted themselves to Massachusetts, and in 1677 Massachusetts bought all Gorges' rights in the province. Vermont was claimed both by New York and New Hampshire, and the question was not settled until Vermont was admitted to the Union in 1791. 22. Lord Baltimore; Maryland. (1632.) — The Plymouth Company surrendered its charter in 1635. The London Com pany had already given up its charter in 1624, so all the territory, according to the belief of that day, was in the hands of the king to do with it as he wished. Accordingly in MARYLAND. 25 1632 Charles I. granted to Sir George Calvert, Lord Balti more, lands east of the Potomac River, including both sides of the Chesapeake Bay. This tract, to which the name Maryland was given, in memory of the English queen, Hen rietta Maria, was within the bounds of the original London Company, and Virginia had already taken some steps to col onize parts of it. Before the written agreement was per fected Lord Baltimore died, but the patent was given to his son Cecilius Calvert. Both were Roman Catholics.1 CECILIUS CALVERT. The grant was a liberal one, nothing but allegiance to the crown, the yearly tribute of two Indian arrows, and one fifth part of all the gold and silver mined, being required. Baltimore was given the powers of a Palatinate, which 1 The boundaries of the grant were remarkably precise for that day, being, the Potomac from its source to its mouth, thence across the Chesa peake Bay to Watkins Point, thence to the ocean, which with the Delaware Bay was the eastern boundary. The northern boundary was the fortieth parallel of north latitude to the meridian of the south fountain of the Potomac. It will be seen that these boundaries included the state of Dela ware and a considerable part of Pennsylvania. 26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. were almost regal.1 His title was Proprietary, and he was really a monarch, though subordinate to the king. At the same time the freemen were to take part in the making of the laws : they were to have freedom of trade, and to possess the rights of native-born Englishmen. Religious toleration was proclaimed by Lord Baltimore. In this respect Mary land and Rhode Island stand alone in the early annals of the country, though the latter was the more liberal, as Maryland required a belief in Jesus Christ, while Rhode Island made no stipulation. The character of the religious toleration granted in Maryland has been the subject of much contro versy. Little is said about toleration in the charter, and that very vaguely ; but there was probably a private under standing between the king and Baltimore that Roman Catholics and Protestants should be treated alike. Unless this had been so there is no probability that he could have obtained the charter, or that any great number of emigrants would have gone out. Contrary to a very common impres sion, it seems that Roman Catholics were always in a minority in the colony, even from the very first shipload. In 1676 the proprietary himself said that more than three fourths of the inhabitants were Protestants. 23. Maryland continued; Toleration Act; Troubles. (1633- 1692.) — In 1633 Leonard Calvert, a younger brother of the proprietary, sailed with about two hundred emigrants, and buying from the Indians a small village near the mouth of the Potomac, founded, March, 1634, the town of St. Mary's. Before issuing the patent to Baltimore, the king had given a license for trading, and also the ownership of the land on the Chesapeake Bay, to a settler, William Clayborne, who refused 1 The charter was modelled on the Palatinate system as then existing in the county of Durham, England, which had been established by William the Conqueror. EUROPEAN COLONIES— ABOUT, 1650. MARYLAND. 27 to acknowledge the proprietary and gave the colonists much annoyance. It was an instance of conflicting claims which were very common in the early history of America. The Maryland Assembly passed in 1649 the "Toleration Act," which was confirmed in the following year by the proprietary. It is praiseworthy as being among the first legislative acts in favor of anything like toleration. It was restricted toleration, however, not religious freedom, for severe penalties were prescribed against all persons guilty of blasphemy, or denying the divinity of Christ, or using re proachful words against the Virgin Mary or the Apostles ; but it does not appear that these punishments were ever inflicted. This act simply changed what had been a custom into a law. The colony had little trouble from the Indians except when they were stirred up by the white men, and Maryland prospered greatly and increased rapidly in population. The liberal policy of the proprietary attracted settlers, and he himself invited men from all quarters, even Puritans from England. The new comers had not the spirit of toleration, and as soon as they and their sympathizers were in the majority, they made Maryland an Episcopal colony, disfran chised the Roman Catholics, and the Friends or Quakers, and taxed everyone to support the Church of England, which was made the established church in 1692. By the English revolution of 1688 Lord Baltimore lost his province, because he had sided with the fallen Stuarts, and Maryland became a royal colony, the king appointing the governors ; but in 1715 the nominal proprietary having become Protestant, the colony was restored to the Baltimore family, with whom it remained until the Revolution. 24. Virginia becomes a Royal Colony. (1624.) — The adop tion of a House of Burgesses in Virginia (sect. 10) was 28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES approved by the company in England, and in 1621 a written constitution was sent out confirming the privileges. In 1624 the charter of the company was annulled by the crown, and Virginia became a royal province. The king now appointed the governor and Council, but the Assembly still made the laws subject to the veto of the governor. Tobacco was the staple crop of the province, and large quantities of it were raised and exported. The number of navigable streams added greatly to the ease of export, for the vessels could come up to the plantations and load directly for England. Tobacco was also the principal article of trade, so much so indeed that it was used in place of money both in keeping accounts and in purchasing. Virginia was always a Church of England, or Episcopal, colony ; this was the established church, and all persons were taxed for its support. It was also a very loyal colony, and sided with the king in the civil war, but made no resistance when Parliament was in control. 25. Virginia ; Bacon's Rebellion. (1676.) — When Charles II. came to the throne, he rewarded the Virginians by allowing the governors to rule harshly. The English Navigation laws (sect. 55) operated greatly to the disadvantage of the colo nists. Troubles arose with the Indians; the colonists blamed the government for not protecting them, and in 1676 a num ber under the lead of Nathaniel Bacon rebelled, and raised forces to go against the Indians. Bacon was a member of the celebrated English family of that name, and was a rich, brave, patriotic, and popular man. Berkeley, the governor, at first yielded so far as to give Bacon a commission against the Indians, then when he had gone, proclaimed him and his associates rebels. On Bacon's return, there was civil war between the parties, in the course of which Berkeley was VIRGINIA. 29 driven out of Jamestown, the capital, and the place burnt. Jamestown was not rebuilt ; Williamsburg became the capital. Worn out by the fatigues of his campaigns, Bacon died after a short illness, and the rebellion was at an end. The gov ernor hanged twenty-three of the principal rebels. On hear ing this, Charles II. is said to have remarked, " The old fool has taken away more lives in that naked country than I did for the murder of my father." Though the rebellion had been a failure, it showed the character of the people and what might be expected if harsh measures were persisted in. 26. Virginia ; Growth and Prosperity of the Colony. (1676- 1715.) — Soon after Bacon's rebellion, peace was made with the Indians, and there was no more trouble with them. Vir ginia remained a royal colony until the Revolution. The manner of life was very different in Virginia from that in the more northern and eastern colonies. The land was fertile and was divided into large plantations ; and while there was not as much wealth altogether as in New England, there were more rich men, and these had naturally got most of the power into their own hands. There were fewer towns, as there was little need of protection from the Indians ; and, as the planters imported their own goods from England in re turn for their tobacco, there was no attempt at manufactur ing. The planter also supplied his poorer neighbor, who was thus almost continually in his debt and so in his power. Notwithstanding harsh legislation, Virginia prospered greatly and the population increased. In 1670 Berkeley estimated the population at 40,000, including 2000 negro slaves and 6000 indentured white servants. Indentured servants were of at least four classes : (1) Those who, for the sake of emi grating to the new country, had bound themselves for a cer tain number of years to those who paid their passage money. 30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. (2) Those who when boys and girls had been bound to ser vice until they became of age. (3) Persons of all ages who had been kidnapped and brought over and sold to the planters. (4) Convicts who had been sent to the colonies to rid England of their presence ; more convicts were sent to Virginia than to any other colony, and not a few of these, re moved from evil association, became excellent citizens. In 1715 the total population was thought to be about 95,000. 27. The Carolinas. (1663-1665.) — In 1663, and again in 1665, Charles II. granted the territory now occupied by the Carolinas and Georgia to eight proprietors, most of whom had aided him in regaining the crown of England. As usual, little regard was paid to the boundaries, or to previous claims, for the gift included settlements which had been made by the Virginians, and which by right belonged to that province. When the French had attempted to plant a colony at Port Royal (sect. 8), they had called a fort Carolina in honor of Charles IX. of France; the proprietors used this name, but in honor of Charles of England. This grant extended' to the Pacific Ocean and south into Florida, thus conflicting both with French and Spanish claims. 28. The Carolinas ; John Locke ; John Archdale. (1669-1696.) — It was resolved to provide a model government for the Carolinas, and an elaborate scheme for the new enterprise was drawn up. The philosopher John Locke was consulted, but his share in the document is not known ; his published views on government make it unlikely that he was respon sible for many of the political features. The scheme pro vided for a nobility having different ranks, — proprietors, landgraves, caciques, and lords of manors. While the nobility were to own a certain amount of land in proportion to their THE CAROLINAS. 31 rank, the people were not to own any, but were to be in a position like the old Russian serf, attached to the soil, and without voice in the government. The plan was complex and impracticable ; the colonists could not have understood it, and could not have carried it out if they had. The only immediate effect was almost to destroy what little govern ment there was in the colony, particularly in the northern part, with the result of making it the most turbulent, lawless, and factious of all the American settlements. An attempt was made to adapt the government to the " model," but it was finally given up in 1693 without ever having gone into practical operation. In 1695 the proprietors sent out John Archdale, a Friend, as governor. Under his wise administration order was restored. He lowered the quit-rents, paid the proprietors, pursued a peaceful policy toward the Indians and the Spaniards, appointed a council satisfactory to the colonists, and allowed them to choose their represen tatives to the Assembly. The result was "prosperity, and, for a time, peace to the colony." In 1696 the representatives in South Carolina declared that Archdale, by " his wisdom, patience, and labor, had laid a firm foundation for a most glorious superstruction." Such praise as this is perhaps unique in American colonial history. After a short time Archdale went back to England, and before long the old state of disorder returned. 29. Division of the Carolinas ; North Carolina. (1729.) — It was found in a few years that Carolina was too large to be governed as one colony, and so there were two Assemblies chosen, and after having sometimes two governors and some times one, it was finally (1729) divided into two parts which received the names by which they are now known. The first settlers of the colony of North Carolina were from Virginia : 32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. others came from New England, and later, from the northern colonies, from Scotland, from the north of Ireland, and from Switzerland. " The population was much more scattered than elsewhere, schools were few, and the advance of the North Carolinians was on lines of independence and sturdy courage rather than of refinement and elegance." 30. South Carolina; the Carolinas become Royal Colonies. (1629-1729.) — In 1670 the proprietors sent out a colony to settle within the bounds of South Carolina. At first a position some distance from the sea was chosen, but after ten years' trial the whole settlement was moved to the junction of the Ashley and Cooper rivers, where the city of Charleston now is. These rivers were named after one of the proprietors, the Earl of Shaftesbury, whose name was Anthony Ashley Cooper. The number of settlers was increased by emigrants from North Carolina, by Dutch from New York, and by a large number of French Protestants or Huguenots from France, who had left their homes on account of the persecution fol lowing the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The Hugue nots formed a most valuable part of the population, though they were not admitted for some time to all the rights of the other colonists. The chief products of South Carolina were rice and indigo : the former was introduced from the East Indies in 1696, and the latter in 1741. These two crops were the chief staple products until the invention of the cotton gin gave cotton the first place. In North Carolina, tar, pitch, turpentine, and lumber were the staple products. The pro prietors had gained little profit from their grant, but in 1719 there was a rebellion against them in South Carolina, and the colonists, on appealing to the king, were given a royal governor. In 1729 the proprietors sold all their rights to the crown, and the Carolinas became absolutely royal GEORGIA ; OGLETHORPE. 33 colonies, and were permanently divided into North and South Carolina. 31. Settlement of Georgia; Oglethorpe. (1733.) — Though the latest of the colonies, it may be well to notice the settle ment of Georgia in this connection. General James Ogle thorpe was an Englishman whose heart had been touched by the sight of the suffering of the poor in England, partic ularly of those who had been imprisoned for debt, and he resolved to try to better their condition by offering them a refuge in the new world, where they could make a new start in life. Accordingly he obtain ed a grant of the land lying between the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers and ex tending westward to the South Seas, to found such a colony. The charter (1732) was to last for twenty-one years. The powers invested in a board of trustees were almost absolute, the settlers themselves having little voice ; there was to be religious free dom to all but Roman Catholics : slavery was forbidden, and also the sale of rum. In the fall of 1732, the same year in which the charter was granted, Oglethorpe himself sailed with an expedition, and made a settlement (1733) on the site of the city of Savannah. Notwithstanding the efforts JAMES OGLETHORPE. 34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. of the founder, and of John and Charles Wesley and George Whitefield, the great preachers, it was long before Georgia, as the colony was named, proved a success. The very restric tions which the trustees, who had no pecuniary interest in the undertaking, had provided for the good of the colonists, were not only distasteful to them as in the case of slavery, but in some cases, as in the restrictions upon the sale of land, were really injurious to the prosperity of the colony. At the expi ration of twenty years the trustees resigned their charter to the crown, and Georgia, like the Carolinas, became a royal colony with its governor appointed by the crown.1 32. The Dutch and New Netherland; Disputes with English Colonies. (1626-1664.) — The Dutch West India Company governed New Netherland (sect. 11) from 1626 to 1664, but the settlements were regarded by the Dutch in the light of trading posts rather than colonies, and they do not seem to have realized in the slightest degree the possibilities that were before them in the possession of the Hudson River and New York Bay. The settlements were few and grew slowly. Meanwhile the English colonies to the north and south, increasing rapidly in wealth and population, were divided by the Dutch possessions as by a wedge. This was both un pleasant and dangerous. There were many disputes between the settlers of Connecticut and the Dutch regarding terri tory, not only on the mainland, but also on Long Island, on which men from Connecticut had settled, but which the Dutch claimed. The English always held that the whole coast from Maine to Florida belonged to them in virtue of the Cabots' discovery (sect. 5), and so Charles II. in 1664 granted the territory held by the Dutch, and also Pemaquid 1 Oglethorpe lived to see the colonies gain their independence. He died in London in 1785. NEW AMSTERDAM IN 1656. 36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. (nearly what is now the state of Maine), Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and all Long Island, to the Duke of York, his brother, afterwards James II., as an absolute dominion, the only proviso being that no laws should be made conflicting with those of England. The importance of this grant lay in the fact that the Duke of York was the heir to the throne and at the death of Charles II. all these would become crown property. 33. Capture of New Amsterdam by English; New York. (1664.) — The duke sent out the same year a strong force, which, appearing before New Amsterdam, found that town wholly unprepared for defence, and so the governor, Peter Stuyvesant, was forced to submit. Richard Nicolls, who com manded the fleet, immediately proclaimed the Duke of York as ruler, and ordered that the city should henceforth be called New York. Fortunately most of the Dutch, feeling that they had been neglected by their old rulers, or perhaps not caring Arery much about the matter, quietly accepted the situation, and so the transfer of authority was accomplished without a drop of blood being shed. Even Stuy vesant gave in his allegiance. peter stuyvesant. The conquest of the remaining posts soon followed, and the whole province was lost to the Dutch. Nicolls, whom the duke had appointed governor, was a skilful, shrewd man, and managed affairs well. Though the government was ab solute,— a despotism, — it was mild; the Dutch laws and NEW YORK ; . LEISLER. 37 customs were not rudely overturned, and there was little at first to complain of. 34. Recapture of New York by Dutch; Restored to English. Leisler. (1673-1691.) — The Dutch at home did not regard the capture of New Netherland with equanimity, but it was not until 1673 that they saw an opportunity for revenge. In that year a powerful fleet appeared off New York and found the city as unprepared as Nicolls had found it nine years before, and again it was conquered without a blow, and the province was again under Dutch rule. Peace was made in 1674, and William of Orange, the stadtholder of Holland, seeing the difficulty of retaining the settlement, readily con sented to return it to England. It then remained under the English rule until the Revolution. The later English gov ernors were harsh, and the colonists had much less freedom than their neighbors, not having an Assembly until 1683, and even this privilege was taken away for a short time, though afterwards restored. There were continual troubles with Connecticut about boundaries, with East Jersey about duties on prod- uce, and also with the Indians. In 1689 the people were so enraged with the governor that they rose against him under the lead ership of a captain of the guards, Jacob Leisler, whom place JACOB LEISLER'S house. they made governor in his William and Mary, who had succeeded to the English throne, sent out a new governor, Sloughter, who arrested Leisler on the charge of high treason ; on his conviction, 38 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Sloughter was persuaded to sign his death warrant, and he was executed. Leisler's true character has been the subject of much dispute, some regarding him as a true patriot, others as an adventurer, whose chief object was to get power for himself, and whose rule was as bad as that of the English governors, if not worse. 35. The Patroons in New York. (1629.) — The Dutch had encouraged emigration by making large grants of land to patroons, a kind of nobility. These let out their lands at low rents to settlers, who therefore were not owners as in the other colonies. The English did not alter this arrangement, and it was not until about 1844 that the last remnant of this system disappeared (sect. 251). In the Dutch charter providing for the patroons (1629), it was stated that " the Patroons and colonists were to support a minister and schoolmaster, that thus the service of God and zeal for religion may not grow cold and neglected among them." This provision is among the very earliest in America which recognize the importance of establishing the foundation of religion and education.1 Notwithstanding its unrivalled position, New York grew slowly. When Stuyvesant surrendered to the English in 1664, the population of that city was about 1500 only, and the northern limit was a wall running from river to river, where Wall Street now is. 36. New Jersey Charter. (1664.) — The Swedes, who had begun a settlement on the Delaware River (sect. 11) in 1665, were conquered by the Dutch, and the whole of what is now New Jersey and also the west bank of the Delaware River 1 The influence of the Dutch upon American institutions has not been sufficiently recognized. THE JERSEYS. 39 and Bay came under Dutch rule. When Charles II., in 1664, made his grant to the Duke of York, all the Dutch and Swedish settlements were included. The same year the duke granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, as proprietors, what is now New Jersey. In the patent the name was fixed as New Csesaria or New Jersey. This name was given in honor of Sir George Carteret, who held the island of Jersey in the English Channel during the civil war in England. The proprietors provided a system of government which was very liberal, and also sent out a rela tive of Carteret, Philip Carteret, as governor. The landing was made at a settlement which the governor named Eliza beth town, after the wife of Sir George Carteret. There was much trouble experienced from former settlers, and politically the proprietors had no easy time. The Indians were, however, paid for their lands when taken, and being fairly treated in other respects, the colony was not harassed by Indians. 37. Growth of New Jersey ; Division of the Colony. (1674.) — The liberal concessions of the proprietors attracted many settlers, and Newark was founded by Puritans from Con necticut in 1666 ; many also came from Long Island. In 1674 Berkeley sold half of his province, which was the west ern, to Edward Byllinge and John Fenwick, both members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. The province was thus divided into two parts known as West and East Jersey. The boundary line was the subject of much dispute and was changed more than once. John Fenwick went out with an expedition in 1675 and landed at a place which he called Salem. In 1677 William Penn and others of the same relig ious body bought Byllinge's share, and founded Burlington during the same year. 40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 38. Penn and Others buy East Jersey. (1681.) — In 1681 William Penn and eleven others, probably all Friends, bought East Jersey, which, after Sir George Carteret's death, was offered at auction to the highest bidder. These twelve owners soon sold out one-half of their interest to twelve others, thus increasing the owners to twenty-four. There was a strange mixture of religious and political beliefs repre sented, — "Papists, Dissenters, and Quakers," Royalists, and Puritans. Notwithstanding this great diversity of opinion there seems to have been no discord among the owners, and one of their number, Robert Barclay, the well-known author of the " Apology " or defence of Quaker doctrines, was chosen governor. He did not, however, come to America, but sent a deputy whose administration was very satisfactory. 39. West Jersey; Presbyterian Influence; Becomes a Royal Col ony. (1685-1702.) — Meanwhile a separate government was maintained in West Jersey, Edward Byllinge being the first governor, but, like Barclay, ruling by a deputy. Burlington was the capital of West Jersey. The capital of East Jersey was first Elizabethtown and afterwards Perth Amboy. The Presbyterians were at this time suffering much from persecution in Scotland, and that their attention was called to East Jersey as a place of refuge, was probably because the Earl of Perth, and others of the proprietors, were Scotch men. In 1685 a large number of them emigrated to the new province and so laid the foundation of the Presbyterian influence in New Jersey. The influence of the Puritans in East Jersey is shown by the severity of the laws for the punishment of crimes, as there were thirteen classes of offences punishable by death in that province, while in West Jersey capital punishment was not allowed. Andros, who was appointed by James II. governor of all WILLIAM PENN. WILLIAM PENN; PENNSYLVANIA. 41 the English settlements north of " forty degrees of northern latitude " except Pennsylvania and Delaware, though claim ing authority over the Jerseys, was content with simply having his authority acknowledged. In 1702 the proprietors resigned all rights to the crown, and the provinces were united. The united province had the same governors as New York, but a separate legislature, until 1738, when it was given a governor of its own. 40. William Penn; Pennsylvania; Dispute with Lord Baltimore. (1681.) — William Penn, one of the owners of the Jerseys, born in 1644, was the son of Admiral Sir William Penn of the English navy, a successful officer. He had joined the Quakers much to the grief of the admiral his father, who for some time refused to be reconciled. When the admiral died, there was due him a large sum of money which he had loaned to the crown. In 1680 Penn proposed to Charles II. that in settlement of this debt of £16,000 a tract of land should be given him in America. The king was only too glad to pay the debt thus easily, and in 1681 a charter was given to Penn conveying to him as proprietor the land bounded by the fortieth and forty-third degrees of north latitude, and the lands west of the Delaware River through five degrees of longitude, except a small portion which belonged to the colonies on the Delaware. The lines of the boundaries were supposed to be accurately named, but unfortunately the position of the fortieth degree of latitude was wrongly calcu lated, and there arose in consequence a long dispute between Lord Baltimore and Penn, and between their successors, as to the boundary, which was not settled until 1763, when two surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, were sent out from England, and established the present line which sepa rates Maryland from Delaware and Pennsylvania. Until the abolition of slavery this line was the dividing line between 42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the free and the slave states, and was regarded as separating the North and the South.1 41. Pennsylvania; the "Holy Experiment." (1681.) — The name of Pennsylvania was given in honor of Admiral Penn by Charles II., William Penn himself preferring that of New Wales. Penn also acquired from the Duke of York the possessions which he had obtained on the Delaware Bay and River by his grant of 1664. This colony was known after wards as the "three lower counties on the Delaware." Penn's chief purpose was to establish a colony where justice should rule, and where there might be liberty of conscience, and, so far as practicable, political freedom and equality. The charter which Penn obtained was a liberal one. He had the right to govern, appoint officers, and with the consent of the people make necessary laws, which were to be sub mitted within five years to the crown for approval. Penn soon sent out his relative, William Markham, to take charge and make preparations for his own coming. A pamphlet was published giving a brief account of the country, of the terms of the charter, and the conditions upon which land would be disposed of to the settlers. Penn was a well-known man, and many persons, not only in England and Wales, but in Holland and Germany, prepared to come.2 Penn's views of government were broad, and in speaking 1 The disputes of Penn and Baltimore have been the basis of elaborate attacks upon the former. A careful review seems to show that Penn was in the right if the spirit of the grant be taken, while according to the letter of the grant Baltimore had grounds for protesting. At the same time Baltimore seems to have neglected to take the steps required in order to have an indisputable claim to the lands in question. The northern and western boundaries were afterwards fixed at their present places. 2 A translation of the pamphlet had been printed in Amsterdam. PENN'S FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 43 of his plans he said, " I propose to leave myself and successors no power of doing mischief, — that the will of one man may not hinder the good of an whole country." " Because I have been exercised at times about the nature and end of govern ment among men, it is reasonable to expect that I should endeavor to establish a just and righteous one in this province . . . for the nations want a precedent." " There may be room there, though not here, for such an holy experiment." With these principles before him, he set about drawing up a plan of government. 42. Penn's Frame of Government. (1682.) — His experience with the affairs of the East and West Jerseys had made him acquainted with many of the difficulties in a practical administration, and though he consulted Henry Sidney, Sir William Jones and others, there is no reason to doubt that the groundwork of the plan was his own. In the introduction to this " Frame of Government " are the following words : " I know what is said by the several admirers of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, which are the rule of one, of a few, and of many. . . . But any government is free to the people under it (whatever be the frame) where the laws rule and the people are a party to those laws; and more than this is tyranny, oligarchy, or confusion. . . . Liberty without obedience is confusion, and obedience without liberty is slavery." While the governor was appointed by the proprietor, the Assembly was elected by the people, all men who believed in Jesus Christ and had paid taxes or were freeholders being allowed to vote. Liberty of conscience was allowed to all, but " looseness, irreligion, and atheism " were to be dis couraged, and reformation rather than retaliation was the principle that was followed in dealing with criminals. 44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 43. Penn sails for America ; Treaty. (1682.) — In 1682 Penn sailed with about one hundred emigrants for his prov ince, and landed October 29 (old style) at Uplandt, now Chester. He immediately set to work to arrange affairs. He had sent by his deputy, the previous year, a letter to the Indians, assuring them of his good will and purpose of treat ing them justly. With this object in view he met the prin cipal Indian chiefs at Shackamaxon, now in Philadelphia, and there held a very friendly conference, and made a treaty of peace and good will with them, — a treaty " not sworn to and never broken." He allowed no land to be occupied until the title had been acquired justly from the Indians, and he pro vided that all differences should be settled by tribunals in which both races should be represented. The result of this just policy was that the colonists gained the good will of the natives, and so long as the Friends were in control of the colony, peace and security reigned in the province.1 44. Founding of Philadelphia ; Penn returns to England ; Del aware. (1683-1718.) — In 1683 Penn laid out the city of Philadelphia (Brotherly-love). The low price of lands, the free government, the fertility of the soil, and the absence of persecution attracted many settlers, so that in a very few years Pennsylvania became one of the most important colo nies, growing more in five years than New York had grown in fifty. Members of the Society of Friends from Wales settled the territory north and west of the new city, while others from Germany, under the lead of Francis Daniel Pas- torius, settled Germantown. Perhaps in no other colony was there a greater variety of nationalities and languages. 1 A belt of wampum said to have been given to Penn by the Indians at Shackamaxon is in the possession of the Pennsylvania Historical Society of Philadelphia. The exact date and terms of this famous treaty are disputed. PENNSYLVANIA. 45 Penn returned to England in 1684, leaving everything in a prosperous condition. In 1692 he was deprived of his prov ince on account of suspected sympathy with the exiled James II., but it was soon restored to him. He visited it again in 1699. There was much trouble in regard to the rents of land and various other matters, and Penn had already made arrangements to sell his province to the crown when he was stricken by paralysis and became incapable of transacting business. His sons inherited his province at his death in 1718. During the war of the Revolution the state purchased the interest of the proprietors for £130,000, and all quit-rents were abolished. There was much jealousy of Pennsylvania among the colo nists of "the lower counties on the Delaware," or "Terri-' tories " (sect. 41), and, after many efforts to remove this, Penn gave the " counties " a lieutenant-governor of their own. During the brief royal rule they were reunited to Pennsylvania. Some years later, however, owing to fresh difficulties, Penn provided for separate legislatures, an arrangement which went into effect in 1703. From that time, though having the same governor, the colonies were separate. Delaware State was declared to be the official name when a constitution was adopted in 1776. CHAPTER III. ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND INDIAN'S. REFERENCES. General. — G. Bancroft, History of the United States, ii. 86-313 ; R. Hildreth, History of the United States, ii. Chaps, xviii., xx.-xxv. ; Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the United States, vols, i., ii., iii. ; T. W. Higginson, Larger History of the United States, pp. 169-215 ; J. A. Doyle, History of the United States, Chaps, vii.-xiv., xvi.; also his larger work, The English Colonies in America ; H. C. Lodge, Short History of the English Colonies in America; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, vols, iv., v.; Francis Parkman, France and England in North America, 9 vols. ; John Fiske, The Beginnings of New England; R. G. Thwaits, The Colonies (Epochs of American History), pp. 211-284; G. P.Fisher (American His tory series), The Colonial Era. Special. — For Indians, see Special References to Chap. i. For New England League : American History Leaflets ; No. 7, Articles and Ordinances of the Confederation of New England, 1643-1684 ; R. Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, pp. 1-71. For the Quakers : James Bowden, History of the Society of Friends in America ; R. P. Hallowell, The Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts, and The Pioneer Quakers ; Brooks Adams, The Emancipa tion of Massachusetts. For the Witchcraft Delusion : G. Bancroft, History of the United States, ii. 58-67 ; Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the United States, ii. 450-471 ; R. Hildreth, History of the United States, ii. 145- 167 ; J. R. Lowell, Among My Books, 1st series. Economic and Social History : W. B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England, 2 vols. ; J. R. Lowell, Among My Books, 1st series, New England two Cen turies Ago ; Edward Eggleston, a series of articles on the American Colonies, fully illustrated, in the Century Magazine, vols, xxv.-xxx. For Education in the Colonies : R. G. Boone, Education in the United States, pp. 9-60. For Slavery : R. Hildreth, History of the United States, ii. 417-430 ; G. Bancroft, ii. 268-280; Henry Wilson, The Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, 3 vols. ; John Woolman, Journal (Whittier's edition), Chaps. i,-ix., and particularly the Introduction by J. G. Whittier ; J. F. Rhodes 46 ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND INDIANS. 47 History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, i. 1-14 ; Horace Greeley, The American Conflict, vol. i. ; G. F. Williams, History of the Negro Race in America. 45. The Condition of the Colonists. (1700.) — Cut off from the mother country by a wide expanse of ocean, communica tion with the colonies was slow and hazardous. From the accession of James I. to that of William and Mary, England had been the scene of religious and political revolutions ; so absorbing were the various questions at home, that little time was spent in considering the interest of far-away colonies, or even for thinking about them. Those who were persecuted at home, or who were weary of the strife in church and in state, looked upon America as a place of exile or of safety from danger. In this way it came about that, except spas modically, the colonies were left much to themselves. The re sult was self-development and the growth of self-dependence ; the colonies made their own laws, subject, it is true, to the veto of the governor or of the crown, but this was not very often exercised. The colonists spoke of themselves as Eng lishmen, and were loyal to the king ; they claimed the rights of Englishmen, however, and resented any infringement of their rights. At first the settlements were widely separated from each other, but as population increased they began to see that in many things they had a common interest, and while local jealousy was strong and continued long after the Revolution, a bond of union also existed. The first tendency to united action sprang from a common dread of the Indians. 46. Relations between the Colonists and the Indians. — The Indian was a savage, and with all the instincts of savage life ; he was suspicious and crafty, and he had by this time changed somewhat in his treatment of the colonists. He had learned the use of firearms and of various tools ; he had learned to 48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. drink spirits, and he had also been taught by experience that the white man generally tried to cheat him out of his lands, or in other ways, and when an Indian suffered an in jury at the hands of one settler he considered it perfectly legitimate to revenge himself on another. The example of the Dutch, of Baltimore, and of William Penn and others,1 shows that the fault lay with the whites ; for where the natives were treated well and with common justice, there was little or no trouble, but new comer and na tive lived in harmony with each other. The number of Indians in the country north of the Gulf of Mexico at the time of the be ginning of its settle- ^fS3- ment by the Europeans ~{._^- has been variously es timated. Careful stu dents are inclined to believe that they num bered about 500,000, AN INDIAN CHIEF. (From a drawing in Hariot's Narrative, 1585.) and east of the Mississippi River less than 250,000. They had suffered greatly from wars with each other, and still more from disease, so that much of the land was really uninhabited 1 "The Hudson Bay Company for exactly two centuries, from 1670 to 1870, held a charter for the monopoly of trade with the Indians here over an immense extent of territory. . . During that whole period, allowing for rare casualties, not a single act of hostility occurred between the traders and the natives." — Narrative and Critical History of America, i. 297. JOHN ELIOT. 49 in the early part of the seventeenth century ; but accustomed to roam from place to place in search of game, they consid ered the hunting grounds their own, and naturally resisted seizure of them by the whites.1 47. John Eliot. (1661.) — A few of the settlers wished to convert the Indian to Christianity and to better his condition. Among these was John Eliot, known as the Apostle to the Indi ans, who translated the Bible for their benefit. This book, one of the earliest literary works in America, was pub lished at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1663, the New Testament having been published in 1661. At Harvard College, too, there was provision made for in struction of the Indian youth, but these things were the exception, es pecially in the earliest days. AN INDIAN WOMAN. (From a drawing in Hariot's Narrative, 1585.) 48. Situation and Growth of the English Colonies. (1700.) — The English had gained possession of the choicest parts of 1 When the great amount of land which is necessary to support man in the hunter stage is considered, the above estimate does not seem out of the way. Contrary to a rather common notion, it is likely that the Indians are now slowly increasing in numbers. According to the Census of 1890 there were, exclusive of Alaska, 249,273 Indians in the United States. 50 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the new world ; advantages of situation, climate, fertility of soil, abundance of navigable streams and safe harbors were theirs ; in short, everything which might help the develop ment of a hardy, industrious, and energetic race. "There is no area in either of the Americas, or for that matter in the world outside of Europe, where it would have been possible to plant English colonies, that would have been found so suitable for the purpose." More than any other of the colonizing nations, the English came to seek homes in the new world, and in consequence turned their attention to improving their surroundings and bettering their condition in every way that seemed possible to them. It was due to no one thing that they increased faster than others in numbers, in power, and in wealth, but to a combination of many things. Notwithstanding all their advantages, it was long before they occupied more than a narrow strip of land along the Atlantic coast ; for the settlers were very few in number, they were poor, and many of them ignorant; the settlements were widely separated from each other, and even in 1750 comparatively little was knoAvn of the country west of the Alleghanies. Their competitors for the soil of the new country were the French, who held Nova Scotia, Canada, the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi valley to the sea, and the Spaniards, who held Florida, Texas, and the valley of the Rio Grande. Such was the condition of affairs in 1700. 49. Pequot War. (1636.) — As the settlements increased, the whites encroached upon the lands of the Indians, who naturally resented such action. The first serious war was with the Pequots, in 1636 ; this was waged almost exclusively within the bounds of Connecticut. Massachusetts aided the settlers in Connecticut, and by the aid also of the Narragan- THE PEQUOT WAR. 51 setts the Pequots were almost exterminated. Roger Williams had prevented the Narragansetts from fighting on the side of their brethren, and had also tried to persuade the Pequots to keep peace. One important result of the Pequot war was to make the colonists see the advantage to be gained from a union for the common defence. Accordingly, Rhode Island proposed that a union of the colonies should be formed for protection against the Indians, also that the Indians should be treated THE MYLES STANDISH HOUSE. BUILT 1666. with justice. The colonies of New Haven and Connecticut, being liable to attacks from both the Indians and the Dutch, were very willing to make such a league, but Massachusetts was still unwilling to join hands with those who had fled from her borders and those whom for various reasons she had expelled from her limits. 50. The United Colonies of New England. (1643.) — In 1643, however, a league was formed under the title of " The United Colonies of New England." By the terms of the agreement, the colonies, while retaining their individual independence, 52 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. were each to appoint two commissioners to meet regularly at different towns to " hear, examine, weigh, and determine all affairs of our war or peace " and things of com'mou interest. The association was stated to be for " offence and defence, mutual advice and succor upon all just occasions " ; its exist ence was necessary because of the " outrages " of the Indians, as well as " distractions in England," which prevented the colonies from seeking the advice and getting the pro tection which at other times they might well expect. Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut joined in the league, which lasted until 1684. This union was not of as much practical benefit as might have been expected, but it was of great value in teaching the colonists that a union was possible, and as forming a plan for future modification. It did not accomplish more because the colonists, already accustomed to self-government, did not like to give up any of their privileges ; the settlements, moreover, were far apart, and Massachusetts was overbearing and dictatorial. 51. King Philip's War. (1675-1676.) — King Philip's war was the most severe conflict with the Indians. It was begun by a chief of that name who lived at Mt. Hope, near where Bristol, Rhode Island, now stands. His father, Massasoit, had been a firm friend of the Pilgrims, and remained friendly forty years. But Philip was jealous and suspicious of the English, and became their bitter enemy. He nursed his revengeful feelings twelve years, and then attacked Swanzey, burning the houses and murdering the inhabitants. Other tribes joined him, and within a few weeks attacks were made upon the settlements, in 1675, along a line of about two hundred miles. The war lasted two years, during which time twelve or thirteen settlements were destroyed, several hundred settlers lost their lives, and many families were sepa rated, different members being carried into captivity. The THE DUTCH AND FRENCH. 53 Indians were treated with great barbarity. Philip's child and other captives were sold to the Bermudas into slavery ; " death or slavery was the penalty for all known or suspected to have been concerned in shedding English blood." King Philip was finally killed, and the war came to an end. 52. The Dutch ; the French. (1605-1682.) — But the Indians were not the only enemies the English settlers had. The Dutch in New Netherland were a continual menace to the Connecticut and New Haven colonies, while all the settle ments had a common enemy in the French. The latter held possession of the territory west of the English settlements, though the English claimed ownership of the lands westward to the Pacific Ocean. In 1605 (sect. 8) the French succeeded in making a permanent colony in Acadie (Nova Scotia) at Port Royal (Annapolis) ; in 1608 Champlain founded Quebec, and later explored the beautiful lake which still bears his name. While the English were making new homes for themselves, and working out the problems of local self-government along the Atlantic coast, the French were pushing their way through the St. Lawrence valley, and along the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. The great motives which impelled the French were both commercial and missionary. Wherever the fur trader might go, or the soldier might be sent, there went also the Roman Catholic priest, trying to con vert the native to Christianity. No difficulties, no dangers, were too great to deter him from his pious mission. Of the explorers, the Jesuit Marquette and the fur trader Joliet reached the Mississippi in 1673, and another explorer, La Salle, after discovering the Ohio, pushed on to the Missis sippi and followed it to its mouth (1682), claiming for the French monarch the vast territory which he had traversed, 54 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and calling the land that stretched westward and northward from the mouth of the great river, Louisiana in honor of his king, Louis XIV. Hennepin, a Jesuit, one of La Salle's party, went north and explored the Mississippi River as far as the Falls of St. Anthony. La Salle, while on a fruitless expedition in Texas, was killed, in 1687, by traitors among his followers. 53. French and Indians; Strength and Weakness of the French. — The policy of the French toward the Indians was quite different from that of the English. The latter regarded the Indians as enemies, to be distrusted and looked upon as inferiors. The former, on the contrary, treated them as equals, intermarried with them, tried to convert them, and in every way endeavored to gain and to retain their friend ship. The result was that the French had no trouble with the natives, except with those who took the side of the English. Thus a danger never absent from the minds of the English was almost unknown to the French, who were able to accomplish far more than would otherwise have been pos sible with the number of men at their command. As one principal object of the French was to control the fur trade, part of their plan was to connect Canada with the mouth of the Mississippi River by a line of forts and trading posts. And they did in fact control the vast region west of the Alleghanies and east of the Mississippi in this way. New France, as they called this territory, was an immense empire of itself, and, surrounding the English possessions on the land side, was a constant menace to their safety, espe cially as the two great water-ways, the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi, were in the hands of the French. The weakness of the French colonists consisted partly in the fact that their numbers were so few, but chiefly "that the settlers rep- ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND INDIANS. 55 resented a colonizing scheme based on trading posts ; while their neighbors established and fought for homes in the English sense." The strength of the French consisted in their policy towards the Indians, in their excellent generals and soldiers, and in the fact that they were united ; while the English were divided among themselves, were under different governments, and were full of local jealousies. 54. English Civil War ; Effect upon the Colonies. (1643-1660.) — The difficulties in England already referred to (sect. 50) culminated in the civil war. The New England colonies took the success of the Parliamentary party very quietly ; for being Puritans, they naturally sympathized with their brethren in their old home ; but most of the colonies were careful not to commit themselves to either side, and in Mary land alone was there anything like a struggle. It was soon found that Parliament intended to assume all the powers which had been claimed by the king. But the colonists had no idea of yielding any fuller obedience to the new govern ment than they had yielded to the old. In fact, through the neglect with which they had been treated, they had learned that they could manage very well without a king or Parlia ment, so far as making their own laws was concerned. Oliver Cromwell, the Protector, seems to have fully appreci ated the value and importance of the colonies, for under his rule no attempt was made to interfere with them. 55. The Restoration; Policy of the Government. (1660- 1684.) — With the restoration of Charles II. in 1660 a new order of things came in. The Navigation Acts regulating the trade of the colonies, which had been passed by Parlia ment in 1651, but which had not been hitherto enforced, were now put into action. The English fleet which seized the Dutch colony of New Netherland (sect. 33) brought 56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. over four commissioners whose business it was to examine into the state of the New England colonies. Rhode Island, which had succeeded in getting very liberal charters from the king (sect. 19), acknowledged their authority, but Mas sachusetts held to her charter, and would have little to do with them ; and finally, in 1684, the charter was annulled by the English courts, and Massachusetts became a royal colony. Just as this policy was made known to the people, the king- died and was succeeded by James II., who was a strong believer in the royal prerogative. By the " forfeiture of the charter" (so-called) the king claimed supreme power, and he determined to unite all the northern English colonies under one governor. 56. Rule of Andros. (1686-1689.) — In 1686 the charters of Connecticut and of Rhode Island were demanded, and the latter given up. In 1686 Sir Edmund Andros, already known to the colonists as an arbitrary man, was sent out as the governor of Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Hampshire, and Maine. In 1687, it is said, Andros went to Hartford and demanded the charter of Connecticut; in the discussion which followed, the candles were suddenly blown out, and when they were relighted, the document was not to be found. In the confusion it had been seized and hidden in a hollow oak, which henceforth bore the name of the Charter Oak. After the revolution in England the charter was brought out in 1689 and went into force again. The oak tree stood until 1856, when it was blown down. Like many other stories of the earlier days there are strong- grounds for doubting the accuracy of the tradition. In 1688 Andros was made governor of New York and New Jersey as well, and thus all the colonies north of the Delaware were united under one rule in accordance with the king's plan. INTOLERANCE IN THE COLONIES. 57 As soon as the news of the succession of William and Mary reached New England, the men of Boston imprisoned Andros, who, at command of King William, was sent to England. 57. Restoration of Charters ; Massachusetts. (1691.) — Con necticut and Rhode Island had their charters restored, but Massachusetts did not regain hers. A new charter was, how ever, given in 1691, which united the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Maine, and Nova Scotia. By this charter the governor, lieutenant-governor, and secretary were appointed by the crown, while the people elected the representatives, but all laws were subject to an immediate veto by the gov ernor, as well as one by the crown within three years. The governor could also " convene, adjourn, or dissolve " the legis lature at his pleasure. These restrictions made Massachu setts, though having a charter, really a royal colony. 58. Intolerance in the Colonies. — One of the most difficult things to do is to so imagine one's self back in the past as to understand the life, circumstances, and the modes of thought of the men and women of an earlier day. In no history is this more difficult than in the history of the early settlers of America. In the sixteenth century one of the main objects which the colonists set before them was to spread the Gospel, and yet so intolerant were they, that with the single exception of Rhode Island there was not a colony which did not provide punishment, sometimes death, for persons who differed from those in power in regard to religious opinion. Even in Pennsylvania, belief in Christ was essential to the holding of office. In fact, in the seventeenth century such a thing as toleration was hardly thought of. The Puritans came in order to find a place where they could worship God as they pleased, but they had no intention of letting others worship as they pleased. We have already seen how Roger Williams 58 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and Anne Hutchinson were compelled to leave Massachusetts, but that was not all ; it was not until 1680 that Baptists could worship with freedom in the colony. 59. The Quakers. (1656-1661.) — But the special object of dislike seems to have been the Friends, or Quakers. In July, 1656, two Quaker women came to Boston. They were put in jail, their books burnt, and " after having been about five weeks prisoners . . . [the] master of a vessel was bound in one hundred pound bond to carry them back." In the same year a law was passed forbidding any ship-master from bringing any Quakers into the colony, under a penalty of £100, and if any such were brought, the captain was com pelled to take them away again. The Quakers themselves were meanwhile to be sent to the house of correction " to be se verely whipped," "kept con stantly to work, and none suffered to converse or speak with them." But this did not stop their coming, and so in 1658 a new law provided for the banishment of visiting and resi dent Quakers and imposed death as a penalty for returning after being banished. Under this law Mary Dyer and three others were hanged on Boston Common. During the perse cution, fines, imprisonment, whipping, keeping in irons, brand ing with the letter H (heretic), boring through the ton