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HISTORY OF WASHINGTON

THE EVERGREEN STATE

FROM EARLY DAWN TO DAYLIGHT

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JULIAN HAWTHORNE v
EDITOR
ASSISTED BY
COL. G. DOUGLAS BREWERTON

IN TWO VOLUMES
Vol. I

As rises on night's jewelled brow
Some orb supremely bright,
So Washington, from dawn to day.
Emerges on our sight.
From gloomy depths of endless pines,
From privacy of snow ;
Where ice-clad peaks o'erlook the vales,
Where milder breezes blow ;
From doubtful dawn to daylight,
From savagery to state,
She comes to prove the triumph
Of those who watch and wait.

NEW YORK
AMERICAN HISTORICAL PUBLISHING CO.
'893

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(Lvl3 \

PREFACE.

Firstly, we propose, for the better enlightenment of the
reader of this, our story of Washington, to reopen; with some
little ceremony and minuteness of description, the three great
doors whose long-sealed portals, thanks to the brave energy of
Columbus, Balboa, and Magellan, gave, in the sequence of their
successive discoveries, three gateways through which the civiliza
tion of the world poured in to reach and occupy, first, the
eastern, then the western shores of the South American conti
nent ; and then, in the fulness of time, those of our own north
west coasts.
To this will naturally follow, as briefly as maybe, some notice
of later voyages and attempts, more or less successful, to exam
ine and settle our own western boundary, not only the explora
tions of Spain, but of those who emulated her — the Russian, the
Dutch, the English, and American navigators whose united
efforts mapped out our geography of to-day.
Having thus, as it were, led our reader from ' ' dawn to
daylight" upon the coast, we shall endeavor to trace the prog
ress of interior occupancy, when the first faint plash of waves
was heard, " Erelong to roll a human sea,"
of those who flocked in by land from the eastward to settle upon
the fertile fields of Washington.
Having thus occupied and partially settled our State, we will
touch lightly here and there upon prominent incidents — those
which might prove most interesting to the general reader of her
early struggles while still linked with Oregon, her birth into

IV PREFACE.
territorial individuality, causes which led to the separation, and
subsequent admission as one of the sovereign States.
Her aboriginal inhabitants, their origin, customs, and fruit
less attempts to drive out the whites and repossess their hunt
ing-grounds, will supply the material for a separate chapter.
Her advantages of climate and soil, her trade, commerce, and
manufactures, her natural beauties, material wealth and indi
vidual character will find a place and conclude a work whose
scope does not permit it to emulate the fulness of Bancroft's
elaborate Northwest, or the wonderful minuteness of Evans.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
INTUODUCTOHY.

A new star arises on the federal field — No easy task to record its gradual culmi
nation — Washington as it was — The wilderness primeval — The name of Wash
ington — Its earlier life and history to be traced — The romance of history — A
simile — Blind trails and paths of error — Roads that end only in bewilderment
— " Prove all, hold fast the good" — Three fields from which to glean — Falsehood
leads to the finding of the real — The field of legendary lore — Journals and
personal experiences — Accredited history and undisputed evidence — The mist
of distance — The witness-box of probability — " With charity for all and mal
ice toward none" — Statistical proofs— Prophets not always approved — A subject!
too large for our space— The dusty road— A prayer for patient indulgence —
" Put yourself in his place."  IX
CHAPTER II.
THE OPENING OP THE FIRST DOOR— COLUMBUS AND HrS GREAT DISCOVERY.
Every age produces a hero — Condition of the world in the days of Columbus-
Need of. new fields — Columbus not the first discoverer of America— Former
visitors—Early life and history of Columbus — Birth, parentage, and educa
tion — Becomes a sailor — Causes leading to his enthusiasm for discovery —
Stories of unknown lands — Efforts to obtain recognition of his projects
— Appeals to Portugal in vain — Also to John the Second— Referred to tho
Junta, who decide against him — A mean attempt to steal his plans — Unsuc
cessful— He goes to Spain— Scene at the convent door— The friendly prior —
Obtains audience with Ferdinand and Isabella — The Council of Salamanca-
Rejected by the court, he appeals to wealthy nobles of Spain — Disgusted and
about to ask aid of France — Recalled to court — Another audience—Ferdinand
declines, but Isabella approves, and fits out an expedition — Difficulty of ob
taining sailors — Pinzon comes to the rescue— The fleet sails— Fears of the
sailors and mutinous murmurings — Firmness of the admiral — Variations of the
compass— Mute messengers from the land — The three days of probation — The
light on the port bow— Land at last — His eye the first to discover it — Charac
ter and base reward of Columbus  22

VI TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER III.
THE OPENING OP THE SECOND DOOR — BALBOA'S DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC.
Character of Balboa, who dies unjustly on the scaffold — Romance of the Darien
expedition— The double treaty— Balb:a's native bride— Entangling alliances
lead to war— His men quarrel over donated gold— The Cacique's rebuke —
Balboa first hears of the Pacific— Determines to verify the report— Returns to
Darien to make preparations — Sends gold to the Spanish king — Learns that for
alleged crimes he is to be recalled to Spain— Determines to forestall official
action by the discovery of the Pacific— Balboa's soldier bloodhound — His Ind
ian allies— Sets out from Darien — Adventures by the way — Reaches the
mountain top alone and beholds the Pacific— Dramatic situations — Addresses
his followers — " To Deum Laudamus" — The Indians wonder, but assist at the
raising of the cross and memorial mound of stones— He descends to the shore
— Alonzo Martin, the first European to float upon the waters of the Pacific —
Balboa reaches the strand and takes formal possession — He wades into the sea
and declares it and all its borders a territory of the Spanish crown — Melodra
matic ceremonies— A grandiloquent proclamation — Honors the Trinity by
cutting crosses with his dagger on three adjacent trees— Concluding remarks. 40
CHAPTER TV.
THE OPENING OF THE THIRD DOOR THROUGH THE DISCOVERY OF THE STRAIT BY
MAGELLAN.
Op?ning remarks — Personal history of Magellan — Neglected by Portugal, he
takes service with Spain — Did he know beforehand of the existence of the
strait ? — He is placed in command of a Spanish fleet and sets sail — Winters at
Port St. Julien— Jealousy among his officers causes mutiny— He puts it down
and punishes the mutineers — Sends out explorers— Loss of the Santiago— A
native visits his ships— Curious account of Patagonian giants— Attempts to
capture them lead to difficulty with the natives— The mutineers tried, sen
tenced, executed, or marooned— Death belter than marooning— The fleet, after
religious ceremonies, change their winter quarters — See an imaginary eclipse
— Finally sail for the strait— Discover and enter it— The question of his pre
vious knowledge of it again discussed— One ship has already been wrecked —
Another now deserts him — Adventures attending the passage of the Strait of
Magellan— Discovery of native buildings and graves— Final passage and extri
cation from the strait— The experiences of Columbus — Balboa and Magellan
compared— Strain's Darien expedition quoted in proof of great difficulties to
be overcome— Small cost of these early expeditions, and singular details of
their outfit— False economy ofttimes fatal to success  57
CHAPTER V.
OTHER ATTEMPTS TO PENETRATE ''jTIIE NORTHERN MYSTERY."
The term Northwest coast— Truth born of error— Rivalry of early explorers —
The northern mystery -A wave of discovery — Drake's piratical expedition
— Parallel between Drake's and Magellan's experiences— Did Drake discover
the Bay of San Francisco ?— Conflicting opinions — Influence of Drake's voy-

TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vll
age on modern diplomacy— Cruise of Cavendish — Policy of Queen Elizabeth
— The Golden Hind— Unsuccessful attempt to colonize La Paz — Vizcaino
surveys the Californian coast and reaches 42° north— Discovers Cape Orford
and returns— Flores goes a degree higher — Vizcaino, failing in attempts to
colonize California, returns to Spain and dies- -Spain ceases to explore the
North Pacific — Her reasons for so doing  75
CHAPTER VI.
DUTCH AND RUSSIAN VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION TO THE NORTHWEST COAST.
Discovery of Cape Horn— Behring's first voyage of exploration to the northeast
— Its failure— The Javanese junk — Behring's second voyage— Mysterious dis
appearance of his consort's boats and their crews — Their descendants discov
ered — Sufferings and death of Behring — Loss of his ship — Survivors of his
crew build a smaller vessel and return— Skins brought back by his sailors find
ready sale in Siberia and lead lo establishment of Russian fur trade on the
Northwest coast  88
CHAPTER VII.
REVTVAL OF SPANISH INTEREST IN NORTHWEST DISCOVERY.
Spain plans new expeditions of discovery on the Northwest coast — Escapes a war
with England by mediation of France — Cruise of the Santiago — Attacked by
scurvy — Coasts the shore — Lands and trades with natives — Driven seaward by
gales — Enters Nootka Sound — Observes Mount Olympus — Returns to Mon
terey—Important results obtained, but not being published, are useless — An
other expedition undertaken — Attacked by Indians, and boat's crew killed —
Ships separated by a gale — One returns to Monterey — Still another expedition
sent out, but returns without material result — War between Great Britain
and Spain puts a stop to Spanish explorations on this coast  95
CHAPTER VIII.
BRITISH EXPLORATIONS ON THE NORTHWEST COAST.
Cook's visit to our shores — Significance of his instructions — Reaches the North
west coast — Explorations hindered by fogs— Storm prevents the sight of the
Strait of Fuca — Not finding it, Cook denies its existence— Anglo-Saxon versus
Spanish geographical names — Appropriateness of native appellations — Mid
shipman Vancouver — Bold adventure of John Ledyard — Killing of Captain
Cook — Captain Clerke dies — Lieutenant Gore, of Virginia, in command — Rev
olution in trade with China — The fur fields of the Northwest coast — Cook as a
discoverer — Our geographical knowledge a general contribution  100
CHAPTER IX.
CONCLUDES THE EXPLORATIONS BY SEA ON THE NORTHWEST COAST.
The Nootka Sound imbroglio — English mercantile rascality threatens war be
tween England and Spain — Honest acknowledgment— Visit of La Perouse —
Berkley's voyage— Captain Meares enters, names, and surveys the Strait of

viii TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Juan de Fuca — Duffin, his first officer, makes further discoveries — Yankee
enterprise sends Boston ships to the Sound — Explorations of the Columbia and
Washington — Significance of names suggest patriotic thoughts — Captain Gray
the first circumnavigator under the American flag — Discovers the mouth of
the Columbia — Quimper's explorations — Vancouver arrives on the coast —
Makes careful surveys— Hears of Gray's discovery, but disbelieves it — Gray
returns, verifies, and names it after his ship— Scientific versus practical meth
ods — Vancouver makes a second visit— Admits the existence but belittles the
value of Gray's discovery — Lieutenant Broughton sails up the Columbia, ignores
Gray's visit, and impudently takes possession for the British crown— A Rhode
Island vessel "leads him out," "civus Bomanus sum" — A tribute to Van
couver—Conflicting claims of three different and differing nationalities to
territory on the Northwest coast  108
CHAPTER X.
DESTRUCTION OF THE A.MERICAN SHIP BOSTON AND MASSACRE OF HER CREW, AS
TOLD BY ONE OF THE ONLY TWO SURVIVORS.
The Boston, a trader, puts in for wood and water — Anchors five miles north of
Indian village at Friendly Cove — Visited by the natives and their king, Ma
quina— Dress of the king and his chiefs — Presents of salmon — The captain
invites the king to dine — Peculiar diet of the natives — Watching the armorer
— The captain's fatal gift — The king breaks it and declares it "no good" —
Maquina insulted by the angered captain — Suppressed rage of the chief — He
understands English — Lulled into security — A savage's revenge — Assault on
the armorer — Desperately wounded, the king interferes, and he escapes for a
time — Imprisoned in the steerage — Awful suspense— Ordered on deck — A
dramatic reception — The gory knives — " You say no, daggers come" — The
row of heads— Jewitt ordered to recognize them — He becomes the king's slave
and workman — Promises obedience and fealty — His life spared by the king
against the remonstrances of his warriors — The king binds up his wounds and
orders him to take the ship to Friendly Cove— Particulars of the massacre. . . . 123
CHAPTER XI.
ASSAULTS OF CIVILIZATION ON THE EASTERN WILDS OF WASHINGTON BY' EXPLORA
TION AND EMIGRATION OVER LAND.
Opening remarks — A pleasant change— From sea to shore — False reports stimu
late inland exploration — La Page's chronicles — A second Balboa — The Shining
Mountains — Vereudrye's expedition — Alexander Mackenzie, the Columbus of
transcontinental travel — His able and far-reaching plans for British aggran
dizement of the Northwest — Thomas Jefferson the father of western exploration
— Ledyard's fruitless effort — Balked by Russia — Michaux's frustrated by
France — President Jefferson's confidential message to Congress— Lewis and
Clarke's expedition — Charms of a wilderness life — Travels and explorations bet
ter than light reading — Great distances traversed by Lewis and Clarke — Route
taken — Wonderful success— Excitement caused by it— Suicide of Lewis— Jef
ferson's tribute to the dead explorer — Soldiers and trappers turned back by
Indians — Wier's prophecy — The Oak Point settlement — Captain Bonneville's

TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX
expedition — Captain Wyeth's fishing and trading scheme — Two attempts
prove failures— Keeping Indian school — Pursuit of knowledge under difficul
ties — The only arithmetic in Vancouver — Wyeth's failure a public gain —
Tribute to the pioneer preachers of Washington and the far West — Results of
inland exploration — Concluding remarks.. .  132
CHAPTER XII.
nOW WASHINGTON WAS WON FOR THE UNION — THE STORY OF DR. WHITMAN'S
FAMOUS TRANSCONTINENTAL RIDE.
The American too often misrepresented — Dr. Marcus Whitman — British intrigues
in the Northwest — English preserves and French Canadian gamekeepers —
Americans regarded as poachers— How they kept the Yankees out — Im
mense value of the fur trade— Apathy of government and ignorance of our
statesmen as to value of the Northwest — Senator Benton's mistake — The god
Terminus — The British fur traders' feast — Dr. Whitman their accidental guest
— Premature rejoicings — Whitman determines to frustrate their plans— His
hasty departure with Dr. Lovejoy — Whitman's transcontinental ride — Suffer
ings by the way — Lovejoy gives out, but Wliitman presses on — Arrival at St.
Louis — Is the treaty signed ? — A race against time to Washington City — Ar
rives just in time — Appeals to Congress and the Cabinet — The nation aroused
— "On to Oregon !" — Two hundred wagons in line — British fur traders dis
courage Whitman's followers, but in vain — The emigrant army enters Oregon
— A tribute to Whitman  165
CHAPTER XIII.
THE STORY OF THE BOOK.
By the trappers' fire— The Indians hear of " the Book"— A council of the tribe—
They determine to obtain the Book — Send out messengers — They cross the
mountains— Arrive in St. Louis — Interview General Clarke— He takes little
interest — They visit the churches, the ball-rooms — See altars and pictures of
saints, but cannot find the Book— Pathetic farewell speech of the messengers —
Overheard by General Clarke's clerk, who publishes it— Action of the missionary
boards — Dr. Whitman sent out — Returns and appeals to the people— The doc
tor's bride— Their wedding journey— Rev. H. H. Spaulding and wife— Tribute
to pioneer womanhood — Catlin warns them not to go on — Rough experiences —
Kicked by a mule and upset by a cow— They celebrate " Independence Day"
at South Pass — Take possession of the country — Nature's register— Solemn
ceremonies— Comparison with Balboa — Whitman's old wagon and its work—
They reach the Columbia— Twelve links in the chain of events that bound
Washington to the Union— Is it chance or Providence ?  180
CHAPTER XIV.
THE GREAT FUR COMPANIES OF THE NORTHWEST AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON
AMERICAN EMIGRATION AND SETTLEMENTS.
Furs the inducement of the North, gold of the Southern occupancy of this conti
nent — The secretly aggressive policy of the fur companies — A condition of

X TABLE OF CONTENTS.
their license to trade— Their personnel and plan of operations— They labor for
British supremacy— Their report to the home government— An admirable sys
tem—Birth, territory limits, and charter of the Hudson's Bay Company— King
Charles's magnificent gift — A very moderate rental — Treatment of the natives
—A prohibitory law well enforced — Indians kept employed— Utilizing the
native — " John Bull" versus "Uncle Sam" — John's tender pocket— No competi
tion tolerated — Evans details their methods and system of recruiting — A service
difficult to desert — Insensible fetters — The Hudson's Bay finds a rival and
enemy in the Northwest — Formation and development of that company —
Their methods and system of trade— Powerful influence of this new organiza
tion — Both agents of the British government — Methods of the two companies
compared — The Selkirk project— A bloody skirmish — Both companies in evil
case — The rivals merge into one — The Hudson's Bay absorbing the Northwest
— Spoiling the spoiler  196
CHAPTER XV. '
SETTLEMENT AND CAPTURE OF ASTORIA.
Mr. Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company — His far-reaching and liberal plans —
Generous offer to the British Northwest Fur Company — Duplicity of that cor
poration — They despatch an emissary to forestall him — Astor makes a grave
mistake in selecting his partners— Articles of organization — British doubts
settled by the British minister — Despatch of the Tonquin under convoy- — The
overland parties — Arrival at Astoria — Capture of the Tonquin and massacre of
her crew — Lewis blows up the ship — The massacre avenged — Torture of sur
vivors — Thompson too late— Erection of trading posts — Difficulty of obtaining
employes— Enmity of the British— The ship Beaver despatched— Building of
fort at Astoria — Description of the place — Many discouragements — The situa
tion — War declared between England and America — Taken advantage of by
the Northwest Company— Mr. Astor betrayed and sold out by his partner,
MacDougal — Sad ending of a noble enterprise— The British capture Astoria —
Dramatic incidents  215
CHAPTER XVI.
SEARCHING OUR TITLE — TREATS OF THE VALIDITY OF OUR TITLE— ITS CONTESTANTS
AND EFFORT FOR FINAL " QUIETING" BY TREATY WITH GREAT BRITAIN.
Opening remarks— A clear title all-important— A skeleton search— Four claim
ants in the field— Russian pretensions— Spain's assertions— We fall heir to the
Spanish rights— Russia not a contestant— Diplomatic tournaments of contend
ing cabinets— English arrogation versus American right— England's arguments-
Seeking for possession only— Asserts no exclusive right -Evans's lucid exposi
tion — America's case as presented — A full statement — Negotiations begun 1807
—Another attempt to settle boundaries in 1814— The Northwest undervalued by
us— Unfortunate Treaty of Joint Occupancy — Opinion of Henry Clay  Many
diplomats doctor the " Oregon question"— Meagre results— England practi
cally, the United States nominally in possession— Mistakes of our representa
tives—The question in Congress— Oregon finds friends and opponents also—

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI
Benton's god Terminus — Bills lost and revived in other forms— Benton, newly
converted, now " wants the earth" — Sensible suggestions of General Jesup —
President Monroe on Oregon — Floyd to the rescue — Debates in Congress—
"Masterly inactivity" — Webster denies any right of England — Exposes her
duplicity and arrogant pretensions— Tlie matter still unsettled  239

CHAPTER XVII.
OUR BOUNDARIES DEFINED AND OUR RIGHTS AS SECURED.
Congress at last awakened to the necessity of legislation — The American people
aroused and interested — Dr. Whitman's arguments a powerful factor— Influ
ence of the Oregon question on the Presidential election of 1844 — " Fifty-four-
forty or fight" — Declaration of the Democratic convention — The Whigs also
favor it — President Polk's message affirms our right — Congressional action — ¦
Arbitration proposed by Great Britain and declined— Influence of the slavery
question — Diplomatic negotiations renewed — Buchanan's farewell despatch —
Notice of abrogation given to England — Arbitration again offered and refused
— England submits a treaty — Politic action of President Polk — Democratic
Cabinet versus Whig Senate — He submits it to the Senate and asks advice —
Articles of the treaty — Senate advises its acceptance — It is so accepted — British
claims secured — The fur companies' little bill — Benton is pleased, but Uncle
Sam makes a bad bargain — " Fifty-four- forty or fight" cut down to 49° —
Benton's singular speech — Vancouver's Island undervalued— A minor point
settled afterward — Great Britain, without a claim, wins her case — Pro-slavery
her strongest ally — Virtue of persistency at a happy moment — Opinion of
Robert J. Walker — General result and general disappointment— The long con
troversy finally ended  267
CHAPTER XVIII.
PEOPLE WHO PRECEDED US.
The Indians and their attitude toward and influence upon the settlement and
progress of Washington — The original Indian — From whence did he come ? —
Various theories — The glacial period — Organic changes — Savagery and bar
barism defined and bounded — Savagery divided into three classes — Savages of
Puget Sound — Original Indians tne curse of our coast— Early atrocities —
Cooper's models — Native nature and character — Some private views — "Ten
derfoot" versus "old settler"- Opinions diametrically opposed— Folly of pres
ent systems exposed — The remedy — Two courses open to our Government —
Failure of efforts to advance the Indian— The irrepressible conflict — Indian
occupancy considered — Has he been cheated ? — Mistakes of Eastern sentiment-
alism — Two personal anecdotes — Did the Indian really possess the land ? —
Continuation of savagery impossible — The savage and the settler compared —
Indians of Washington — Influence of the fur companies on their treatment of
the early settlers — Why fur traders and the natives were agreed— Indian hatred
of Americans— American martyrs of the early settlements in the Northwest-
No poetry in the savage of the Sound  281

Xll TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIX.
INDIAN PECULIARITIES— THE ABORIGINES OF WASHINGTON— THEIR MANNERS,
CUSTOMS, AND CHARACTERISTICS.
Indian characteristics in general— Their religion — Strange fancies — The lobster
god— The enchanted loon — Wawa, the great mosquito — Coyote, the superior
spirit— Coyote overcomes Wawa— The origin of mosquitoes — The chipmunk
legend— How the Indians first obtained fire — Coyote's stratagem — The five
blind hags— Water nymphs — Indian Neptunes— Patron spirits — Indian reason
ing — Isle of the dead— Fatal curiosity — Dances — Courtship and marriage —
Wedding rites and gifts — Indian mothers-in-law— Naming of children— Murder
and its penalty — Ceremonies of expiation — Medicine men — Their frauds and
devices— Mode of graduation— Spirit power— Strange professors — Their influ
ence and peculiar methods of treatment — Indian horror of the spirits of the
dead— Fancies and superstitions — The dead— Mourning and modes of sepulture
—Canoe burial — The dead-house — Rehabilitation of the dead — Ancient ossuaries
— Mystic influences of the wild rose bush — Indian and pale-face superstitions
compared — Concluding remarks  300
CHAPTER XX.
WASHINGTON INDIANS OF TO-DAY — THE GENEROSITY OF PATSY, THE "POTLACH"
GIVER.
The word " potlach"and " cultuspotlach" — Patsy, the wealthy giver— Arrival of
the guests — Picturesque scenes — The Indian camp— Distribution of food— The
great potlach house — Shupald described — Aunt Sally — Opening speeches —
Indian songs— Wild dances— The Fourth strangely celebrated — Better to give
than receive — The Indian ball — Revival of old memories — The Klootchmen —
The potlach proper — Distribution of the gifts — Patsy's presentation speech —
Bags of silver money — The savings of a lifetime " potlached" — Reduced to
poverty, but high in the social scale— Aunt Sally's song of triumph  335

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE
Alexander, E. E  343
Anderson, D. F  301
Ayer, Charles H  451
Bakeman, C. H  491
Baker, D. S  25
Bellinger, J. H  295
Beverly, John  337
Boone, W. E  115
Bowman, A. C  223
Browne, J. J  37
Csesar, P. V  379
Calkins, W. H  121
Cathcart, Isaac  43
Charlton, A. D  133
Chilberg, A.  181
Clough, C. F  205
Coiner, B. W  283
Cole, George E  49.
Colman, J. M  55
Cook, Francis H  235
Cowley,M.M  253
Davis, G. W. H  277
Day, Jesse N  115
Denney, John C  241
De Pledge, H. G  313
Deutsch, William  501
Dillman, L. C  187
Drum, Henry  61
Durham, Nelson W  199
Ellis, Myron H  355
Eshelman, J. F  289

xiv ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE
Feighan, J. W  163
Ferguson, E. C  67
Forrest, R. W  139
Getchell, L. W  259
Griggs, Chauncey W  169
Gross, Abe  145
Gross, David  145
Gross, Ellis H  145
Gross, Morris  145
Hale, Charles E  277
Haller, Granville O  31
Ham, David T  373
Hill, John M  481
Hogan, F. Pierce  247
Huggins, Edward  115
Hutchinson, R. H  331
Jenkins, David P  73
Joab, Albert E  277
Johnson, Jonathan  441
Jones, Daniel  ,  ,  181
Kilbourne, E. C  181
King, C. B  .415
Lane, Franklin K  397
Lee, T. W  157
Lillis, Henry M  397
Little, Gilbert F  349
Loomis, E. G  91
Loomis, L. A  97
Madigan, Francis E  391
Mann, C. B  397
Marks, T. E  421
Mathews, J. W  355
Metcalf, Ralph  403
Metcalfe, J. B  79
Miller, Fred C  307
Munks, William  85
O'Neill, James  211
Parker, Hollon  175
Parker, John A  385
Peterson, Frank M  461
Peterson, Mary A   471

ILLUSTRATIONS. XV
PAGE
Pomeroy, Joseph  115
Post, Frederick  271
Prosser, W. F  103
Richardson, F. D  313
Ringer, L. M  313
Saunders, J. C  127
Schulze, Paul  109
Seaborg, B. A  265
Simmons, D. W  355
Snell, Marshall K  361
Snell, W. H  319
Stevens, Isaac I  Frontispiece
Stinson, F. L   223
Stowell, H. L  223
Thronson, Joel A    355
Turner, George  151
Weed, A. B  217
White, Harry  325
Wilbur, Lot  431
Wilkinson, J. A  313
Woodhouse, C. C  277
Spokane Falls  193
Snoqualmie Falls  229
Post Falls, Upper Channel  367
Post Falls, Lower Channel  409

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.

VOLUME I.

CHAPTER I.
• INTRODUCTORY.
" As from some mountain's shrouded side
The misty veil is drawn,
Wlien nature's quickened pulse reveals
The coming of the dawn,
And cliff and crag groiv rough and real,
No longer dim or strange,
Till clearly o'er the crested snows
The eager eye may range ;
So History, piercing Error's night,
And legendary lore,
Divides the doubtful from the right,
Bringing fair Truth to face the light,
Making each occult record bright,
Through unsuspected door." — Brewerton.
When" the patient astronomer, searching the azure fields
which the poet tells us are " thick inlaid with pa tines of bright
gold," finds some as yet undiscovered planet newly risen into
the constellations of those stars which, like the sands upon the
seashore, no man may number, he gives his discovery to the
world, and straightway the telescope of every observer is turned
to verify and add what it may to that which has already been
learned of the glittering stranger. It is even so with this new
born State whose history is about to be written ; nor is the work
to be accomplished in so doing an easy one when we consider
the careful winnowing of legendary chaff needed to obtain the
2

18 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
mustard-seed of residuum which remains to the historian of abso
lute fact and reliable narrative.
During the almost total obscurity of the early years of the
current century the present State of Washington was a wilderness
but imperfectly explored, of mighty mountains, spreading forests
whose vast solitudes no settler's axe had as yet opened to the
sun ; inland lakes haunted only by the wild fowl, the deer,
and an octopus of sounds radiating through hills crowned with
the gloom of pines, whose manifold ramifications knew no keel
but the canoe of the Indian and the trapper, or, it may be,
through the accidental visit of some vagrant sail exciting a specu
lative curiosity in commercial circles far distant from its shores.
Now all is changed ; enterprise, the encroaching waves of our
ever-advancing civilization, and the irrepressible march of oft-
times unexpected events has done and is doing its regenerating
work. The region of which we write has suddenly thrown off
the chrysalis of her embryo existence, dissolved her twinship
with Oregon, and performed her preparatory territorial and
necessary constitutional probation to emerge into a statehood so
full and perfect, when the time of its existence is considered,
that her development seems to rival that of the fabled Minerva,
who sprang, as mythology tells us, full-armed from the brain of
Jove. So, while all eyes are not unnaturally turned to the con
templation of this, almost the youngest born of our beautiful
sisterhood of States, we can but wonder at the culmination,
progress, and possible future of this new star, now rising so
rapidly upon our national horizon, which we are proud to wel
come into the federal galaxy under the name most beloved and
revered throughout our land — the immortal name of Washington.
In the treatment of our subject from a historical standpoint,
we propose to rely mainly upon the delineation of its earlier life
and history, the exposition of the slower processes of that social
and political evolution, that misty, doubtful dawn, often over
cast with threatening clouds, which has finally ended happily
and ushered in so perfect and promising a day. It will, per
haps, prove the more readable, for it is, so to speak, the romance
of the young life in all histories, whether of nations or indi
viduals, which most interests us. The struggle which ends in
success or defeat charms us ; but the charm is rather in the bat
tle and conflict than in the assured result—the individual ad-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 19
venture, the war with privation, the perils of the wilderness and
the rigors of climate, the encounters with savage foes, or, possi
bly, still more dangerous machinations of civilized enemies, in
all of which the hardy pioneers of Washington signalized them
selves, thereby becoming the factors and founders of her posi
tion to-day. We may, if. comparison be in order, liken the
course of her story to a mountain stream born of the yielding
glacier and the melting snows, ere it becomes the fully developed
river rolling on to meet its final destiny in that sea which swal
lows all ; for her history comes to us through a region of mist
and shadow, the depths of her rock-ribbed canyons, the green
recesses of her hidden valleys, the snows of icy peaks lifting
their white hands to the sky and sweeping, alas ! with their
frozen breezes full many an unknown grave of those who per
ished by the way in the making of its incidents. Yet, like that
stream, fed by the rivulets from a thousand unexpected and
occult sources, it gathers as it goes, though ofttirnes broken and
disturbed by doubtful path or rugged rift and chasm, losing
itself apparently to reappear with increase of power, till, rolling
on its way, it finds at last a tide so broad, so deep and yet so
placid that it will bear upon its bosom the argosies of trade or
the iron-clads of war.
Yet, to make another use of our simile, these streams must
be followed with patient steps and constant scrutiny to their
fountain-heads that their beginnings may be tested and their
purity ascertained. We must avoid those blind trails of error
which, like the worn-out buffalo spoors of the great prairies,
lead not to water, but dry wallows — roads that end in bewilder
ment, or, like the fabled voyages of Juan de Fuca, exist only in
the imagination of their mendacious reporter. The task of the
historian is, or ought to be, a realization of the scriptural com
mand to " prove all things, and hold fast that which is good."
We have, it would seem, three separate yet neighboring fields
from which to glean our material.
First and most ample in its fruitfulness of yield, yet withal
the least remunerative in solid results, are the legends of the
Indians and trappers, and the tales, more or less embellished, of
adventurers and voyagers. It is the very temptation to employ
a material so easy to dress and make palatable to the intellectual
taste of those (and they are many) who prefer sensation to fact

20 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
that has finally hardened into seeming reality the grossest fic
tions. How many mariners risked life and fortune, braving the
terrors of the unknown frozen seas to find and explore the
mythical Straits of Anian, because the original falsehood was
repeated till its very reiteration impressed credulity with its
truth. This world is full of men who can repeat a baseless state
ment till they really believe it themselves ; and such people,
being possessed of vivid imaginations, are ofttimes dangerously
circumstantial in their reports.
Secondly, we have journals and personal experiences whose
value depends largely on the truthfulness and trustworthiness
of their authors and narrators, and even then are handicapped
with the danger of unconscious exaggeration to which we have
fust referred.
Third and last, there remains the field of fairly accredited
histories, ancient and modern, sustained by collateral evidence
and undisputed facts. But even here, like the planet Mars,
whose opposition is just at present exciting so much interest and
controversy on our own globe, the evidence of even written and
accepted history becomes more clear and satisfactory as the
events recorded approach our own time, and in so drawing
nearer to us emerge from the mists of years, and that cloud of
uncertainty which must ever attend upon distance to embarrass
the searcher for the truth.
And, after all, these records must be combined, contrasted,
and put into the witness-box of probability to undergo the cross-
examination of common sense, and even then be cautiously
received by the painstaking and clear-headed author, who de
sires faithfully to fulfil his task. Taking truth for his guiding
star in the narrative of public events and in dealing with indi
vidual character, never forgetting that he himself must one day
render up an account, and, therefore, adopts the noble maxim
(and a grander was never enunciated by man) of the martyred
Lincoln : " With charity for all, and with malice against none."
While statistics, the essence of arithmetical history, cannot
well be entirely ignored, we do not propose to burden our pages
by mere tabular statements, for even official reports are often
times garbled, or at least colored favorably by a natural desire
to make a good showing in population or finance. They are,
nevertheless, to a certain extent valuable as the barometers,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 21
more or less faithful, of progress, showing to the weatherwise in
social science the probabilities of the future as they rise or fall
to their scale of degrees, and compare the present with the
recorded past. But as weather prophets, for good or evil, are
seldom popular with the world at large, so the pages of a history
weighed down by calculations which are ofttimes approved to
day and condemned to-morrow are apt to deaden the interest of
the narrative for the general reader.
Furthermore, the space to which we are necessarily confined
must affect the scope of our work and to some extent curtail
our record even of facts, to say nothing of more tempting paths
into which the writer, as well as the reader, is constantly liable to
be beguiled. We must, therefore, walk for the most part in the
beaten, albeit dusty road of bounded historical description,
eschewing, though sadly against our will, those shady vistas and
flowery byways which, promising as they do many a beauti
ful beyond, might tempt us to stray from the prosy line to
wliich a sense of duty confines us.
Having thus said our say as custom demands, as the lecturer
makes his initiatory bow to his audience from the platform, we
will conclude tliese introductory remarks with the equally con
ventional prayer for that indulgent endurance of editorial short
comings which, were the positions of author and reader reversed,
the latter, with far better appreciation of the difficulties to be
overcome, would most freely accord.

CHAPTER II.
BEING THE OPENING OF THE FIRST DOOR BY COLUMBUS, AND
HIS GREAT DISCOVERY.
" First in the ranks of those who bravely dare
Tempestuous seas in search of shores unknown,
Though the new world another's name may bear,
The fame of finding must be thine alone ;
Thine the Bret eye to catch the transient beam
Of welcome watch light on its stranger strand,
Foretelling ere the moon brought brighter beam,
The certain presence of the looked-for land." — Brewerton.
" God will cau=e thy name to be wonderfully resounded through the earth, and
will gice thee the keys of the gates of the ocean which are closed with strong
chains." — Vision of Columbus,
Every age produces its hero. Every crisis in the extreme
need of man brings forth some Moses fitted to lead the people
through the desert of trial into the Canaan of rest. There are
critical periods in the world's general condition also,' times of
stagnation when civilization seems to labor upon worn-out and
exhausted fields, and cries loudly for new worlds to conquer.
Her enterprises, dammed up and circumscribed, chafe against
their barriers and require larger opportunities for action. To
find some imaginary promised land to enter in and possess it be
comes the universal hope and general endeavor. It is the work
ing out, but only on a grander scale, of the same spirit which
actuates the restless settler of to-day, who takes up his claim,
improves it, and then growing dissatisfied with "his. pitch,"
shoulders his axe and once more loses himself in the wilderness
in search of a new location. Yet it is, after all, a wise provision,
an aggregation of those tides of unrest which stir the human
sea and give healthful motion to the ever-seething waves of
political, religious, social, and financial effort. So it was in that
old day when Columbus "gave to Castile and Aragon a new
world." The arenas of the nation's battle-fields for bread would
appear to have become too stale and limited. We may assume

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 23
that a condition of things had been reached which required not
only a Moses for its leadership, but some land of promise to be
possessed and enjoyed. It remained for Christopher Columbus
to solve the problem ; to become, in his search for that then
greatly desired " shorter ocean pathway" to the riches of " Far
ther Ind," a modern Moses: like the law-giver of the He
brews, permitted to see but not to realize the fruits of his labors :
building far " better than he knew," lor it would have been a
greater revelation to himself than the discovery he actually
made could he have seen with the eyecs of centuries to come the
vastness of an empire compared witli which the land of ancient
promise was but a barren field. In thus giving to civilization an
open gate through which the floods of humanity might pour for
ages and still find homes and remunerative fields of labor, better
opportunities and more assured rewards, Columbus gained what
most public benefactors receive at the hands of ungrateful con
temporaries — a life of neglect, but posthumous immortality of
praise. And now, as the first step leading to the Northwest coast set
tlement and occupancy, it may be well to pause for a moment
and give some space to the consideration of the character and
history of the man whose very obstacles and neglect spurred him
on in spite of every discouragement and difficulty to that hour
of his final triumph when he anchored the little Pinta and her
consorts in a harbor of that hitherto unknown continent which
should have borne his name rather than that of Americus Ves
pucius ; but, to use his own homely illustration, he had broken
the egg, and it was an easy task to follow his example.
Among the men who may be said to have lived before their
time, and in their extraordinary genius and foresight to have
anticipated their proper day, the Genoese, Christopher Colon, or
Columbus, stands pre-eminent. Yet though the statement may
seem paradoxical to many, especially in view of the fact that in
this year of grace 1892 we are about celebrating another centen
nial of his great achievement, Columbus (if well-authenticated
records are to be believed) did not discover America ; or, to
speak more correctly, his discovery was anticipated on both
sides of the continent : by a Buddhist monk named Hoei-Shin,
sent out by the Chinese as early as the fifth century, who reached
the Mexico of to-day with no particular result, and by the Norse-

24 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
men, the sea rovers, and at one time the terror of Europe, who
visited Iceland, Greenland, and even Newfoundland in 860, being
storm-driven on its coasts. The finding of Nova Scotia followed,
and the songs of the Sagas may have mingled with the winter
roar of New England pines on the inhospitable coasts of Ply
mouth long before the Pilgrims chanted their hymn of deliver
ance upon its rock. Even the Welsh bards tell us of one Madoc,
who, fleeing from troubles at home in 1169, reached the west
ern main with a colony of his countrymen. Catlin, the Indian
historian and painter, believes that the Mandans owe their origin
to the Welsh, and seems to sustain his position. Vancouver
found a tribe in the vicinity of the Columbia whose features
favored this theory, and both Lewis and Clark, and also Charle
voix, make statements which go to confirm it. Both the Pawnee
and Cherokee tribes have been supposed to be of a similar origin.
R. H. Major says of Henry of Portugal, a prince of advanced
and liberal ideas, Avho devoted his life to the study of astronomy
and navigation and the encouragement of geographical discov
eries, dying in 1463, nearly thirty years before the landing of
Columbus : " The explorations instituted by Henry of Portugal
were, in truth, the anvil upon which the link was forged that
connected the Old World with the New." It is, however, proper
to state that all these discoveries were but as straws heralding ¦
the advent of the breeze, bringing about no solid results in them
selves. It is to the unwearied patience, courage, and genius of
the great navigator, after all, that we owe the far-reaching super
structure of events whose corner-stone was laid on the memorable
12th of October, 1492.
But we return to the personal history and condensed life
sketch of the man who, under God, wrought this great work,
premising that we can but touch the prominent points, omitting
many most interesting details.
Born, as the best authenticated records assure us — though even.
the exact date of his nativity is in doubt — at Genoa, in the year
1436— or, as other authorities claim, not till ten years later —
Christopher Colon, or Columbus, was the son of a wool-comber in
humble circumstances. His father, however, appears to have
been self-denying, or possibly ambitious enough to send his son
to the University of Paria, to study sciences which might fit him
for nautical pursuits. It is evident that the influences of life in

-*g *1>y F. G Kemmftt-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 27
a maritime city naturally created in the boy an early passion
for a seafaring life. Learning was then leaving the monasteries
to take up its abode with the laity ; printing was recently dis
covered, and books more easily obtained ; stories of geographi
cal discoveries and adventures were whetting an appetite for
larger knowledge, which was increased by the writings of Pliny,
Strabo, and others. Columbus began to make voyages when but
a boy of fourteen. His enthusiasm ripened with his experience
of the sea. The " sailor yarns" of the " fo' castle" of those days,
built on the narrowest foundations of truth, loomed beneath the
embellishments of their narrators into gigantic proportions.
Wonderful tales of the mysteries of those unknown oceans, fan
cies whose extravagance rivalled the romance of Eastern fable,
were the food upon which his ardent imagination fed. Among
other stories of the time was the tradition that there existed a
large island in the Atlantic called An tilia, mentioned by Aris
totle ; there was another rumor of an island on which St. Bran
don, a Scottish and probably very " canny" saint, who knew
how to turn his opportunities to the best advantage, landed in
the sixth century and founded there a magnificent city. Yet
another tale was told of seven Spanish bishops who settled
there with their numerous followers and built seven cities, a city
to each priest. Then came the story of Atlantis, learned by
Plato from the Egyptians — an immense island in the Atlantic,
full of large and populous cities, wliich had been swallowed up
by an earthquake. Strange, is it not \ that all these stories, wild
as the winds, yet showed a germ of truth when submitted to the
clearer light of after knowledge % What wonder that an ardent
boy, full of vivid imaginations as Columbus must have been,
eagerly caught up, dreamed over, and dwelt upon these weird
legends of the untraversed seas, or that their inspiration should
have fired his daring mind with the desire to explore and satisfy
himself as to their reality. A certain religious zeal seems to
have enhanced and possibly purified this ambition. There is in
the Astor Library (whose learned librarian is the well-known
and most deservedly distinguished author, Frederick Saunders,
to whose excellent work on Columbus the writer is indebted for
much condensed information) an antique folio entitled "The
Polyglot Psalter of Augustine Justinian, Bishop of Nebbio, in
the Island of Corsica :" on the margin of Psalm xix., verse 4, he

28 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
puts a note in which he affirms that Columbus frequently boast
ed that he was tbe person here referred to, and appointed of
God to fulfil this biblical statement. "It is recorded," says
Saunders, " that on a certain occasion a mysterious voice said to
him in a dream, " God will cause thy name to be wonderfully
resounded through the earth and will give thee the keys of the
gates of the ocean which are closed with strong chains." It was
doubtless the result of overwrought study of his theory ; but to
the mind of Columbus it must have had the force of a supernatu
ral revelation. He very beautifully adds, " Columbus, it has
been said, stood midway between the mediaeval and modern
ages ; even his adventurous voyage over a dark and perilous ocean
seems symbolic of the fact, for gloom and disaster overshadowed
his course until he gained the western shore, when they vanished,
and all became transfigured with the radiant light."
Columbus made voyages in the service of the Portuguese,
visiting Iceland in 1477, where he doubtless heard of the discov
eries of Erik the Red. Still poor and unable to equip an expe
dition, he appealed to the King of Portugal, then too much en
gaged with a war against Spain to listen to him. Waiting until
his successor, John the Second, ascended the throne, he renewed
his supplication. "His scheme, referred," says Saunders, "to
a junta composed of two eminent cosmographers and a bishop,
was decided to be extravagant and visionary ; yet the king was
not satisfied with their decision, and called a council, with no
better result. It was then that the bishop, who was the king' s con
fessor, proposed the mean stratagem that he should obtain from
Columbus his plans, charts, etc., under pretext of consider
ing his enterprise. The evil suggestion was acted, upon ; a
three-masted caravel was sent to the Cape de Verd Islands, with
secret instructions to go as far westward as possible, to ascertain
if there was any truth in the theory of Columbus. They did
not go far before the cowardly crew became frightened by the
storms, and their base attempt ended in disgrace, for Columbus
discovered the treachery and left Lisbon in disgust about 1484."
"He next appears," says the same authority, "at the gate
of the Franciscan monastery near Palos. According to the testi
mony of the physician of Palos, a seafaring man accompanied
by a very young boy stopped one day at the gate of the convent
of La Eabida, and asked of the porter a little bread and water

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 29
for his child. While the porter was giving refreshments to the
boy the prior of the convent passed by and was at once impressed
by the dignified bearing of the stranger. He entered into con
versation with him and invited him to remain as his guest. Co
lumbus revealed his name to his benefactor and told his troubles
and his purposes. "
Meeting in the prior a man himself learned in geographical
science, who sent for a scientific friend to come and converse
with his guest, a full discussion of Columbus's projects followed,
ending in an offer to take his son Diego into the convent and
educate him, and provide his father with a favorable letter to the
Spanish court. The time was inauspicious, the war spirit rul
ing the land to the exclusion of all peaceful enterprise ; so we
find Columbus returning, to wait patiently at La Rabida till the
spring of 1486, when the court had gone to Cordova. Upon
repairing there and presenting his letter, he was curtly dismissed
with a shake of the head by the prior in attendance, but, after
long waiting, obtained an audience with Ferdinand and Isabella.
Then came the famous Council of Salamanca, the favorite theme
of many a painter, where our poor mariner took nothing by his
motion but the objection "that if the earth is round you will
be compelled to sail up a kind of mountain from Spain, which
you cannot do, even with the fairest wind, and you could never
get back." By some he was regarded as an adventurer, by
others a visionary, by all an innovator upon what to their nar
rower conceptions were well-established facts. From the throne
we find him going to the rich nobles of Spain. The Duke of
Medina Celi, to whom he applied, advised another application
to the king and gave him a letter to Isabella ; but his proud
spirit, grown weary with repeated refusals, rebelled, and he had
determined to visit France. When it was found that another
power might benefit by his plans, Santangel, the crown treasurer
of the Church, pleaded the cause of Columbus with the mon
archs. The king doubted, but the queen believed ; and when
Ferdinand decided that his battles with the Moors had depleted
his treasury, leaving him too poor to invest in so uncertain an
expedition, Isabella, with that clearer foresight often given to
womanhood, exclaimed, " I will undertake the enterprise, and,
if necessary, will pledge my jewels for the money." Santangel
declared with emphasis, " It will not be necessary." Saunders

30 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
tells us that " a courier was sent after Columbus, the queen
assented to his terms, and," woman-like again, "urged his de
parture as speedily as possible. Columbus claimed as his re
ward to be named high admiral, governor-general, and viceroy
over the land he discovered, together with one tenth of the prod
uce of the countries. Ferdinand acquiesced, and the contract
was signed by the sovereigns at Santa Fe, on April 17th, 1492.
"Furnished with authority from the court, he caused the
royal order to be read commanding the authorities of the town
to have two caravels ready for sea within ten days, and they
with their crews placed at the disposal of the admiral. A sim
ilar order was issued for the third vessel. When this edict was
announced, although Palos was a seaport and there were plenty
of seamen, none seemed inclined to hazard their lives on such a
perilous expedition, and the greatest consternation prevailed.
Many fled the town to avoid being compelled to serve, and for
some weeks no progress was made toward the equipment of the
vessels. At this crisis, however, Martin Alonzo Pinzon ap
peared, the same who sailed in command of the Pinta, and was
either separated by the storm or wilfully abandoned his admiral
on the return voyage, arriving on the very evening of the day
that Columbus reached Palos. He evidently thought to fore
stall and arrogate to himself the honors gained by his com
mander, whom he had already reported from Bayonne, and
possibly believed, to be swallowed up. His chagrin at the
enthusiastic reception and safe arrival of his chief, combined
with his own disappointment and his sovereigns' refusal to re
ceive him at court, so worked upon him that he died in a few
days after landing. This man now came forward with his
brother, Vincent Tanez, both navigators of Palos, of great wealth
and undoubted courage, and not only agreed to furnish one of
the vessels, but to go themselves with Columbus."
The expedition sailed, with the benedictions of the Church, on
Friday, August 3d, 1492— mark the day, for it seems a singular
rebuke to a popular superstition, most common among sailors,
that Friday is an unlucky day. Certainly it is a curious coin
cidence that Columbus began his voyage on Friday, discovered
America on Friday, began his return on Friday, and reached his
port on the same "unlucky day," arriving at the Canaries on
the 9th. They were detained at these islands for more than three

c^/w-UjL^ Gr^/'^&^Jlt^

^ »

&-

&

*-^c ,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 33
weeks. When passing to the west of the group they laid their
course to brave the dangers— magnified a thousandfold by igno
rance and superstition— of the unknown western seas.
Losing sight of the Canaries and favored by the weather, the
little fleet of Columbus pushed boldly out into the mare incog
nita. Passing within sight of the peak of Teneriffe, then shoot
ing forth its volcanic fires, his sailors began to manifest that fear
which increased apparently with every league of their western
progress. Two hundred miles more finds the deviation of the
magnetic needle adding another element of embarrassment and
dread. The variation reaching five degrees to the northwest and
continuing to increase, they sail on, with no other guide but the
heavenly lights, directing their course by the polar star. Great
masses of seaweed, even now a hindrance to the progress of
vessels in those latitudes, retard their voyage. But as hope
begins to fail and courage to waver, like an angel messenger
from the unknown shore comes a land bird to welcome and cheer
them on. The murmurs of mutiny are hushed for a while. For
eleven days the caravels drive on before a favoring gale, for the
wind is easterly, then it shifts to the southwest and dies away,
leaving them becalmed. The dim dawn breaks slowly, just gray
ing the horizon, when Martin Pinzon, standing on the high stern
of the Pinta. shouts to the admiral with exceeding joy, " Land,
land, Seiior ! I claim the promised reward." But the phan
tom shore vanishes with the sunrise, the first of a series of sim
ilar disappointments which add to their disheartenment. A
more southerly course is recommended by Pinzon, who has seen
a flock of parrots flying from the southwest. But Columbus is
not to be moved. Trusting to his own judgment, he holds upon
his course. Again the mutterings of mutiny break forth ; hope
departs, and they openly defy their commander. With what
dignity does he meet their objections and disregard their
threats ! Hear his reply :
" This expedition has been sent out by your sovereign ; and,
come what may, I am determined, by the help of God, to accom
plish the object of the voyage."
It rests only upon the evidence of Oviedo, for Irving tells us
that Las Casas and Navarr do not mention the incident that
Columbus at length, driven to a compromise, yields in some
measure to his mutinous crew, and promises if within three days

34 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
no land is discovered he will return to Spain. If it were so (and,
deeply diamatic as it is, we are inclined to doubt the accuracy
of the statement), how great must have been the confidence of
the daring navigator, founded on close calculations and watch
fulness of the signs, now thickening upon the sea, of his near
ness to the goal of his hopes— the long-looked-for coast — the
only thing which could render his extorted promise a dead let
ter. If it were so, how awful must have been his anxiety lest
some untoward accident, some hindrance of storm or calm should
exhaust the period of probation without solving the problem !
Did space permit, it might be both curious and instructive to
attempt to diagnose the moods of mind and conditions of feel
ing through which Columbus must have passed during this
purgatory of trial, the fever of hope alternating with the chill of
fear. There must have been moments when in the secret cham
bers of his heart he may have doubted the reality of his own
theories and the exactness of his calculations. If so, he kept
his counsel well, never for an instant permitting a look of dis
couragement to increase that of his faint-hearted crew. But the
hour of his triumph was at hand. They threatened in vain to
cast him into the sea and return to Spain ; they even, it is said,
were about to execute their threat when that God in whom he
trusted sends yet other tokens to quiet their disorders and renew
their expectations of ultimate success. A coast fish glides by—
a branch of thorn with berries — a cane carved by some savage
hand that little knew the outcome of its labor. Columbus is
suved, and again the voyage goes on — the half-assured crew
obeying, though surlily. Take courage, brave pilot into the
unknown ! Your troubles are nearly ended ; your deliverance
is at hand. The ever-famous 12th of October, 1492, is about to
dawn, and in the fulness of time open a hundred harbored ports
to untold millions yet to be. The prophetic voice you heard so
long ago in dreams spoke not in vain : " God is about to make
thy name to be wonderfully resounded through the earth, and
will indeed give thee the keys of the gates of the ocean ;" but
' ' the chains, ' ' alas ! are reserved for thy sole reward.
"We might essay in vain to find a more graphic narrative of
that most memorable night so fraught with gloom of anxiety
and doubt, so glorious in its sunrise of perfect realization, than
is recorded in a recent work, based upon the diary of Columbus,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 35
entitled " With the Admiral." Strange that his should have
been the first eye to discover that faint and feeble gleam upon
the unknown shore for which through so many weary years he
had been industriously searching. What was its purpose, and
by what native kindled, who little dreamed that his careless
hand was lighting a beacon which should lead to the extinction
of his race ! And yet its momentary gleam linked the old with
the new— a civilized with a savage world. But to our quota
tions :
" At ten o'clock his quick eye caught a gleam of light out to
sea wliich almost instantly disappeared. Fixing his eye on the
quarter whence it had vanished, he called to Pedro Gutierrez
and Rodrigo Sanchez, who were near by, and asked if they could
not see it as well ; then raising his voice, he hailed the lookout
on the bows : ' Ola, in the prow there, see you not a light yon
der off the port-bow 1 ' As the ship rose on a billow, Pedro
Gutierrez saw the light plainly, and so told the captain, but
Rodrigo Sanchez could not catch sight of it from where he
stood. Up from the bows, too, came an answering hail which
left the matter still in doubt : ' No, Sefior Captain, we see no
light from here ! ' Once or twice more, however, the wavering
spark showed itself to Columbus's intent gaze and then sank out
of sight. " Sweeping swiftly to the west, for half a gale was blowing,
the fleet held on its way, the Pinta leading, with the Nina next,
and the flagship last of all. Hour after hour went by without
incident of any kind. At midnight the watch was changed, and
fresh lookouts took the place of those who had been straining
their eyes so far in vain ; but still the troubled surface of the
ocean was all that met their sight. On board the Santa Maria
the silence was unbroken except by the swash of the waves
against the ship's hull, and the low voices of the sailors as now
and then they muttered some remark to one another. Just as
the watch was again changing, toward two o'clock, the clouds
which had been hiding the moon blew off, and the whole sea for
leagues around was bathed in a flood of clear white light.
Scarcely had the last shadows swept over the rolling sea when
a brilliant flash of fire was seen in the direction of the Pinta,
and the dull roar of a cannon was borne down the winds to the
vessels astern. It was the signal for land in sight, and the flag-

36 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
ship pressed forward to join her foremost consorts. As her
impatient sailors neared the Pinta they had no need to ask for
news, for directly before them, not more than a couple of miles
away, lay the low and rounded summits of what were clearly
sand-hills, while on the beach below a heavy surf was dashing
in lines of snowy foam. At the very moment the moon emerged
from the clouds, Juan Rodriguez Beruejo, one of the Pinta' s sea
men, from a little village near Seville, had seen the first beams
fall on the glittering sand and the frothy breakers, and had hur
riedly fired a gun, with excited cries of ' The land ! the land !'
Had the moon remained hidden but a few moments longer there
would have been a shipwreck to report.
" The great mystery of the ocean was revealed ; his theory,
which had been the scoff of sages, was triumphantly estab
lished, and Columbus had thus secured to himself a glory as
enduring as the world itself."
Although doubt has rested upon the exact island of the group
on which Columbus first landed, the burden of proof favors
Guanahani (its original Indian name), which its discoverer —
mindful, doubtless, of the sorrows through which it had been
reached, and the Divine Providence which had so signally led
him on — immediately called San Salvador (Holy Saviour). It is
now known as Watling Island.
So ends our record of Columbus and his eventful voyage.
If it appear lengthy, let the reader remember that the fourth
centennial of that great discovery is at hand, and the eyes of the
civilized world are turned, as with one accord, to reverence and
do honor to his memory.
He stood out like a volcanic mountain against the sky from
the age in which he flourished, whose darkness favored him ; for
it cannot be denied that just in proportion as civilization ad
vances does heroship cease to become conspicuous ; attracting
less attention in the increase of general light, just as stars grow
most brilliant in the deepest gloom, to pale and finally fade out
with the coming of the dawn. Hence it was that, in the obscu
rity of the dark ages, men became planets of the first magnitude
who in the brighter skies of our greater enlightenment would
attract but passing notice.
Yet another word as to the much-discussed character of
Columbus, which, seen through the haze of four centuries and

11I11HWHPI

OL)

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 39
the record of pens, ofttimes inimical, it is no easy task to esti
mate justly. Reserving our own and quoting the opinions of
others, we may well say, " Who shall decide where so many
learned authorities diametrically disagree?" for no less than
six hundred authors have written his biography. His dis
covery, the greatness of which he never realized, brought him
more foes than friends ; the rich regions he opened to others
gave poverty to himself.
Carlyle, little given to extravagant praise, calls him " the
royalist sea king of all ;" Humboldt, " a giant standing on the
confines between medieval and modern times, making by his
existence one of the great epochs in the history of the world."
Irving tells us that " the magnanimity of his nature shone forth
through all the troubles of his stormy career." Bancroft, less
flattering, remarks, "As a mariner and discoverer, Columbus
had no superior ; as a colonist and governor he proved himself
a failure." Again we say, "Who shall decide?" This at
least they cannot alter : the New World is his everlasting monu
ment and will preserve his fame till time shall cease to be.
It is now our task to hang beside the description of Colum
bus' s achievement as dramatic a picture as we may of that event,
most important, though in a secondary degree, considered with
relation to the settlement of the Northwest coast— the discovery
of the Pacific by Balboa., with the voyage through the strait,
which so properly bears his name, of the adventurous Magellan.
3

CHAPTER III.
THE OPENING OF THE SECOND DOOR, BEING THE DISCOVERY OF
THE PACIFIC BY BALBOA.
" He was the first who ever burst
Into that silent sea.''
Vasco Nunez de Balboa, the discoverer of the Pacific, was
no ordinary man. He was gifted with great personal magnet
ism, courage, and perseverance of a high order, and a nobility
of spirit which preferred fame to gold. He rises far above the
ordinary Spanish mercenaries who sought the New World only
to satisfy their greed. Like others of his race, Balboa was a
strange mixture of good and evil, passing triumphantly through
many a wild and bloody scene to die at last upon the scaffold,
through the indirect influence of the native mistress whom he
seemed to have loved, and for a crime of which he was certainly
innocent ; for when the crier who preceded him to the block
proclaimed him a traitor, Balboa indignantly repudiated the
charge, saying, " It is false ! Never did such a crime enter into
my mind. I have ever served my king with truth and loyalty,
and sought to augment his dominions." He perished in 1517, in
the prime of his life (being but forty-one, years old), a man
whose name is as enduringly linked with the discovery of the
Pacific as that of Columbus with the continent on which we
dwell. Well was it for the treacherous governor and his adher
ents who condemned him that the little band, then awaiting
his return on the Pacific, knew nothing of their leader's extrem
ity, or, says Headley, ' ' they would have descended with their
old battle-cry of ' Santiago ! ' and swept his enemies into the
sea." A romance almost Oriental in its details surrounds the story
of his Darien experience— his marriage (if such it may be called)
with the daughter of the cacique, whom he had traitorously
overcome, who, after reproaching him in moving terms with his
perfidy, gave the young and beautiful captive maid, as she stood

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 41
trembling and dejected before him, to be his wife, with these
words :
" Behold my daughter. I give her to thee as a pledge of
friendship. Take her for thy wife, and be assured of the fidelity
of her family and her people."
Irving tells us that Balboa felt the full force of his words,
and knowing the importance of forming a strong alliance with
the natives, looked upon her, and she, like Rebecca of old,
found favor in his sight. He omits, however, to state whether
the charms of the daughter or the influence of her father was
the strongest factor in bringing about this left-handed alliance,
or what the French would term mariage de convenance. We
find him, then, possibly by way of wedding reception, treating
his new father-in-law to a grand military display, the details of
his ships, his war horses, armor, and equipments, to which he
judiciously adds, in the language of the historian, " Lest he
should be too much daunted by these warlike spectacles, he
caused the musicians to perform a harmonious concert on their
instruments, at which the cacique was lost in admiration."
Having thus sufficiently impressed him with his power, and
loaded him with presents, he suffered his new friend to depart.
It will be observed that the mother-in-law does not appear to
have played so prominent a part in those days as in our later
v and more degenerate times.
True to his promise to the father of this Indian beauty, Bal
boa makes war against the cacique's enemies and returns laden
with the spoil — a considerable one — of their villages. It will be
seen that one indirect effect of this native marriage was to direct
his attention to the Pacific, of whose existence he had not yet
heard. So that, after all, it was the feeble hand of an untutored
Indian girl that pointed her steel-clad European lover to the
goal which was to link his memory with undying reputation by
making him the discoverer of that mighty sea which bounds our
western shore.
Old Peter Martyr tells us that the eldest son of a cacique,
Comagie, one of Careta's allies, to whom the new-made Bene
dict made a friendly visit — a chief who commanded three thou
sand warriors — perceiving that the Spaniards were a " wander
ing kind of men, living only by shifts and spoil, " sought to gain
their favor by gratifying their avarice. He himself gave four

42 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
thousand ounces of gold, with sixty slaves — captives taken in
battle. Balboa ordered the gold weighed, setting aside one fifth
for the crown, and dividing the remainder among his followers.
In the division a violent quarrel arose among them as to the
value and size of their respective shares. The high-minded sav
age was disgusted at this sordid brawl among those whom he
had learned to reverence as superior beings. In the impulse of
his disdain, says Irving, he struck the scales with his fist and
scattered the glittering pieces about the porch. " Why," said
he, "should you quarrel for such a trifle? If this gold is so
precious to your eyes that for it you abandon your homes,
invade the peaceful lands of others, and expose yourselves to
such suffering and peril, I. will tell you of a region where you
may gratify your wishes to the utmost. Behold those lofty
mountains!" continued he, pointing to the south. "Beyond
them lies a mighty sea, which may be observed from their sum
mit. It is navigated by people who have vessels almost as large
as yours, and furnished, like them, with sails and oars. All the
streams which flow down the southern side of those mountains
into that sea abound in gold, and the kings who reign upon its
borders eat and drink out of golden vessels. Gold, in fact, is as
plentiful and common among those people of the south as iron
is among you Spaniards. ' '
Need it be said that Balboa eagerly asked as to the means of
penetrating so opulent a region? He was told of the dangers of
the way, those which did exist and some which existed only in
the imagination ; for their narrators spoke of fierce and evil
cannibals, who were probably a myth. But the warlike cacique
Tubanama, with his fierce following, was probably real enough.
The territories of this redoubtable chief were, it seemed, distant
but six days' journey, and reputed richest of all in gold— a fact
wliich probably more than balanced any dread of his prowess in
the minds of the soldiers of Balboa. The cacique concluded by
declaring that it would require at least a thousand soldiers
armed like the Spaniards to effect its conquest, yet at the same
time offered, as a proof of his thoughtfulness, to accompany the
expedition at the head of his warriors. Surely Balboa had a
wonderful talent for making friends among these children of the
wilderness !
This revelation, the first intimation he had received of the

€

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 45
existence of this, to Europeans, unknown and entirely unsus
pected sea, appears to have wrought a revolution in Balboa' s
whole character. The hitherto wandering and desperate man
had a road opened to his utmost ambition which, if followed to
success, would place him among the great captains and discov
erers of earth. Henceforth the discovery of the Pacific, ' ' the
sea beyond the mountains," was the sole object of his thoughts,
rousing and ennobling a spirit set on higher aims. He hastened
his return to Darien to make the necessary preparations for this
splendid enterprise. " Before departing," says the historian,
" he baptized the cacique by the name of Don Carlos, and per
formed the same ceremony for his sons and several of his sub
jects. Thus strangely did avarice and religion go hand in hand
in the conduct of the Spanish discoveries."
Lacking provisions on his return to Darien, we find him
sending, in his extremity, a second time to Hispaniola for sup
plies. He writes also to Don Diego Columbus, who governed
at San Domingo, informing him of the great sea and opulent
region beyond the mountains, and entreating his influence with
the king to obtain a thousand men to prosecute his quest.
Strongest argument of all to win imperial favor, he sent fifteen
thousand crowns in gold to be remitted to the king as his royal
fifth of the sums already gathered. Many of his followers like
wise sent money to their creditors at home — greatly, as we must
imagine, to the wonder of those to whom they were indebted.
Meanwhile a complication of difficulties had terminated in
serious complaints against Balboa at the Spanish court which
roused the indignation of the king and obtained a sentence
against him involving costs and damages. It was, moreover,
determined to recall him to Spain to answer to criminal charges.
Learning this by his private advices, and in daily expectation
of official action which might deprive him of his government,
Balboa determines, while still master of his own actions, to
obtain restoration to his sovereign's favor by a " bold achieve
ment—the discovery of the southern sea. He dared not wait
for reinforcements from Spain, but determined, with the hand
ful of men at his command, to undertake the task, desperate as
it appeared." To linger was to be lost. "Selecting one hun
dred and ninety picked men devoted to his person, he armed
them with swords, targets, crossbows, and arquebuses ; he did

46 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
not conceal from them the danger of the enterprise into which
he was about to lead them ;' ' but there was gold for the finding,
and with such a stimulus he might well rely upon the bravery
of his adventurers. He also took with him a number of trained
bloodhounds, which had been found terrible allies in Indian
warfare. One of these hounds — Balboa's special bodyguard and con
stant companion, a dog named Leoncico — is thus minutely de
scribed by Oviedo :
" He was of middle size, but immensely strong ; of a dull
yellow or reddish color, with a black muzzle, and his body was
scarred all over with wounds received in innumerable battles
with the Indians. Balboa always took him with him on his
expeditions, and sometimes lent him to others, receiving for his
services the same share of booty allotted to an armed man. In
this way he gained by him, in the course of his campaigns,
upward of a thousand crowns. The Indians, it is said, had con
ceived such terror of this animal that the very sight of him was
sufficient to put a host of them to flight."
He also, in addition to these forces, took with him a number
of Darien Indians, whom he had won over by his kindness, and
whose services as guides and from their general knowdedge of
native habits and resources made them valuable allies in the
field, greatly to be counted on. " Such," says Irving, " was
the motley armament that set forth from the little colony of
Darien under the guidance of a daring, if not desperate, com
mander in quest of the great Pacific Ocean."
We find our adventurer embarking " on the first of Septem
ber with his followers, in a brigantine and nine large canoes or
pirogues, followed by the cheers and good wishes of those who
remained in the settlement." Standing northwest, he arrives
safely at Coyba, the dominion of his cacique father-in-law. The
Indian beauty, we are told, had acquired a great influence over
her lord, and his friendship with her people appears to have
been sincere. Here he was received with open arms and fur
nished both with guides and warriors. He leaves half his men
here to guard the canoes, and departs to penetrate the wilder
ness. Before setting out, however— being, doubtless, deeply
impressed both with the solemnity and danger of his mission —
he causes high mass to be performed, and offers up prayers to

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 47
God for the success of his perilous enterprise. It was on the
sixth day of September that he struck for the mountains.
" Their march," says the author from whom we so often quote,
" was difficult and dangerous. The Spaniards, encumbered with
the weight of their armor and weapons, and oppressed by the
heat of a tropical climate, wTere obliged to climb rocky preci
pices and to struggle through close and tangled forests. Their
Indian allies aided them by carrying their ammunition and pro
visions, and by guiding them to the most practicable paths."
September 8th finds them at the village of Ponca, the ancient
enemy of Careta. All is lifeless, the people having fled. Here
they remain for several days to recruit. Guides are needed, and
the retreat of Ponca being at length discovered, he is prevailed
on, though reluctantly, to come to his enemy, Balboa, by whom
he is kindly received and speedily won over. (This Spaniard
seems to have been endowed with some special power of fascina
tion, or these natives were easily persuaded.) This Ponca be
comes his friend, assures him of the existence of the sea, gives
him ornaments of gold, and even points out the mountain from
whose summit the ocean is visible.
Fired with new zeal, Balboa procures fresh guides and pre
pares to ascend the mountain. He returns his sick to Coyba,
taking with him only the vigorous. On September 20th we see
him again setting forth through a broken, rocky country, cov
ered with matted forests and intersected by deep and turbulent
streams, many of which he is obliged to raft. So difficult is
their path that in four days they make only ten leagues of prog
ress, and, withal, suffer from hunger. Then follows a battle
with the natives, in which the firearms of the Spaniards are, of
course, victorious. After this bloody conflict they take the vil
lage of Quaraqua, where they find good booty of gold. They
reach, in the conquest of this village, the foot of the last moun
tain to be climbed. Here some of the Spaniards, disabled by
wounds, or exhausted by hunger and fatigue, are reluctantly
compelled to remain. But sixty-seven of his own men remain
to accompany their leader in his final effort. These he orders to
retire early to repose, that they might be able to march with the
freshness of the dawn so as to reach the wished-for summit be
fore the noontide heat.
The day has scarcely dawned— a day so momentous that its

48 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
light reaches even to our own history as it opens the second
door to northwest discovery — when Balboa sets forth from the
Indian village with his followers to climb the final height. The
way is hard and rugged ; but, sustained by the nearness of their
goal, their hearts beat high with hope and expectancy. At ten
o'clock they emerge from the forest and reach an airy height.
The summit alone remains to be ascended, from whence his
guides declare the ocean may be seen. Balboa halts his men
with the command, " Let no man leave his place !" Who shall
measure the emotions of this wonderful man as he nears the
spot ? The gambler stands inwardly trembling as he watches
the turn of the card or the falling of the dice on which he has
staked his fortune ; the captive waits the sentence of death or
liberty ; the lover, the crisis of disease which shall give or take
away all that is dearest upon earth. How, then, must it have
been with this bold gamester for honor and fame ; this captive
to a secret fear of enemies at home ; this lover, sitting by the
bedside of a hope now to be proved real or fallacious ? He goes
alone beneath the sun of that tropic morning. He will have no
witnesses but God and nature to the exultation of his triumph
or the bitterness of his defeat. For a moment he hesitates ; the
last eminence is at hand — a step will bring him there. Well
may the heart that never quailed in battle grow faint and sick
with anxiety. But disappointment itself is less terrible than
suspense ; he nerves himself for the trial, and gains the eyrie
from which his eagle eye is to behold what through the ages no
European has gazed upon before. The Pacific, with its myriad
billows sparkling in the sunshine, its fleecy clouds resting on its
far-off horizon, is before him — the mighty sea which is to
become the conserver of his fame, even as the continent will tell
the story of Columbus — the sea that still bears the name, wher
ever its billows break, or on whatever shores, however distant,
with which he so appropriately baptized it — the Pacific. Be
hind him lay the mountains, the wilderness crossed with such
loss and toil ; before him the wild chaos of rock and forest, silver
threads of wandering streams, savannas clothed in the rich ver
dure of the tropic wild, and beyond all the sparkling of the sea.
Who does not know, infidel though he be, that man, in his
dire extremity, ever turns to God ? It is even so in moments of
great success and exultation. Columbus thanks his Creator,

-£>y . byF. G.K&r-rum.73Y

//

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 51
and gives the name of his Saviour to the land he had found ;
so Vasco Nunez de Balboa, his heart filled with gratitude, stern
and cruel warrior though he be, sinks upon his knees and pours
forth his thanks to the Almighty for being the first European to
whom it was given to make this great discovery. He then calls
to his people to ascend, and thus addresses them :
" Behold, my friends, that glorious sight which we have so
much desired ! Let us give thanks to God that He has granted
us this great honor and advantage. Let us pray to Him to
guide and aid us to conquer the sea and the land which we have
discovered, and which Christian has never entered to preach the
holy doctrine of the evangelists. As to yourselves, be as you
have hitherto been, faithful and true to me, and, by the favor
of Christ, you will become the richest Spaniards who have ever
come to the Indies ; you will render the greatest services to your
king that ever vassal rendered to his lord, and you will have the
eternal glory and advantage of all that is here discovered, con
quered, and converted to our holy Catholic faith."
They answered this by embracing their leader and vowing to
follow him to the death. Andres de Vara, a priest of their num
ber, lifted up his voice and chanted a " Te Deum Laudamus,"
the usual anthem of the Spanish discoverer. " The rest," says
Irving, " kneeling down, joined in the strain with pious enthu
siasm and tears of joy ; and never did a more sincere oblation
rise to the Deity from a sanctified altar than from that moun
tain summit. ' '
And even so in after years did the Pilgrims, flying from re
ligious oppression, mingle their prayers and hymns of deliver
ance with the moan of the winter winds that rocked the pines
on the wild New England shore. How strange the contrast, yet
both flowing from the same overwrought emotion, striving to
vent itself in prayer and praise !
Balboa, with all his pious enthusiasm, seems to have been a
very practical sort of man. The first burst of exultation having
subsided, he calls upon all present to witness that he takes pos
session of that sea, its islands and boundaries (a rather large
geographical present, by the way), in the name of the sovereigns
of Castile ; and the notary of the expedition proceeds then and
there to make a testimonial of the same, to which all present, to
the number of sixty-seven men, signed their names. He then,

52 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
we are told, " caused a fair and tall tree to be cut down and
wrought into a cross, which was elevated on the spot whence he
had first beheld the sea. A mound of stones was likewise piled
up, to serve as a monument, and the names of the Castilian
sovereigns were carved on the neighboring trees." Irving adds,
" The Indians beheld all these ceremonials and rejoicings with
silent wonder, and while they aided to erect the cross and pile
up the mound of stones, marvelled exceedingly at the meaning
of these monuments, little thinking that they marked the subju
gation of their land."
' ' This memorable event took place on the 26th of September,
1513 ; so that the Spaniards had spent twenty days in performing
the journey from the province of Careta to the summit of the
mountain," a distance, when Irving wrote, requiring but six
days to compass. Indeed, the isthmus in that vicinity was not
more than eighteen leagues at the widest, and in some places
but seven in breadth, but very wild, rugged, and mountainous.
In the mean while, one of his exploring parties had gained
the beach and found two empty canoes lying high and dry, with
no water in sight. While wondering at this, the tide, which rises
to a great height on this coast, came rushing in and set the canoes
afloat, whereupon Alonzo Martin steps into one and calls his
companions to bear witness that he was the first European to
embark upon that sea, his example being followed by one Bias
de Etienza. On September 29th Balboa, having received the reports of
his scouts, sets out for the coast, taking with him twenty -six
well-armed Spaniards, and accompanied by the cacique and a
number of his warriors. He arrived on the borders of one of its
vast bays, to which, it being that saint's day, he gave the name
of Saint Michael. The tide being out and still half a league dis
tant, he seated himself by the muddy beach, in the shade of a
forest tree, and waited for it to rise. The water rushing in, soon
reached the spot where the Spaniards were reposing. Upon
this " Balboa rose and took a banner on which was painted the
Virgin and Child, and under them the arms of Castile and Leon,
then drawing his sword and throwing his buckler on his shoul
der, he marched into the sea until the water reached above his
knees, and waving his banner, exclaimed in a loud voice : ' Long
live the high and mighty monarchs Don Ferdinand and Donna

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 53
Jnana, sovereigns of Castile, of Leon, and of Aragon, in whose
name and for the royal crown of Castile 1 take real, and cor
poral, and actual possession of these seas, and lands, and coasts,
and islands of the south, and all thereunto annexed, and of the
kingdoms and provinces which do or may appertain to them, in
whatever manner, or by whatever right or title, ancient or mod
ern, in times past, present, or to come, without any contradic
tion ; and if other prince or captain, Christian or infidel, or of
any law, sect, or condition whatsoever, shall pretend any right
to these lands and seas, I am ready and prepared to maintain
and defend them in the name of the Castilian sovereigns, present
and future, whose is the empire and dominion over these Indian
seas and terra ftnna, northern and southern, with all their seas,
both at the Arctic and Antarctic poles, on either side of the
equinoctial line, whether within or without the tropics of Cancer
and Capricorn, both now and in all times, as long as the world
endures, and till the final day of judgment of all mankind.' "
The reader will, we think, agree with us that the foregoing is
a pretty comprehensive and far-reaching declaration, leaving
nothing to be desired either in arrogance or assumption, and
which, if literally carried out, would have given to Castile and
Aragon nearly the whole world. But as Spain, with all her
bravado, ere long discovered, it was one thing to claim and
quite another to take and retain possession. For the time being,
however, as none of the princes or captains referred to were
present to dispute his assertions, Balboa called upon his com
panions to bear witness that he had duly taken possession.
They most loyally endorse his action, and, as before, declare
themselves ready to defend him to the death. Meanwhile the
notary gets to work again — a character who strongly reminds us
of Mr. Commissioner Pordage in Dickens's ' ' Island of Silver
Store" — and draws out more "documentary evidence, "to which,
as before, all present — and it seems astonishing that so many
knew how to write them— subscribed their names.
" This done," says Oviedo, in his " History of the Indies,"
" they advance to the margin of the sea, and, stooping down,
taste its water. Finding that it was salt, they, though sundered
from the. Atlantic by such mighty mountains, were assured that
they had indeed discovered an ocean, and again gave thanks to
God." Balboa then draws a dagger from his girdle and cuts a

54 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
cross upon a tree which grew within the water, and two other
crosses on two adjacent trees, in honor of the Three Persons of
the Trinity, and in token of possession. His followers likewise
cut crosses on many of the trees of the adjacent forest and
lop off branches with their swords to bear away as trophies. "
" So ends," says Irving, " this singular medley of chivalrous
and religious ceremonial with which these Spanish adventurers
took possession of the vast Pacific Ocean and all its lands — a
scene strongly characteristic of the nation and the age."
Our next chapter must be devoted to the opening of that third
door to Western discovery and settlement, the Strait of Magel
lan. The present may be fitly concluded by the following lines :
" Alone, ere noontide's burning heats arise,
Balboa stands beneath the tropic skies
Upon that height where native knowledge told
His eye might range o'er billows bright and bold
And lands where princes drank from cups of gold ;
O'ei; boundless seas— coasts by no people trod
Who knew the cross or knelt to Christian God.
Can it be true ? He scarce dare lift his eyes —
A moment pauses, then with glad surprise
Sees green savannas, and beyond them all
Where the far foam wreaths of the coast-line fall,
That broad blue sea, so deep and yet so still,
It keeps its title of Pacific still.
Swift to his kdees he sinks upon the sod,
And pours his soul in gratitude to God ;
Then to the strand he makes his toilsome way ;
His soldiers follow, eager to obey.
There, in full armor, knee-deep in its tide,
Balboa stands that wished-for wave beside,
Lifts his bright sword above the sounding sea,
Whose anthem greets its sponsors soon to be,
Plants on its shore the banner of old Spain,
Aud takes possession of that spreading main,
Its isles, its coasts, where'er its waters foam,
Wide as the woild o'er which its breeze is blown.
Alas ! Balboa, little dost thou know
What waves of sorrow soon o'er thee shall flow.
Improve thy transient hour, thy span of pride,
Tliy dream of conquest by Pacific's side.
The star that rose thy destiny to sway
Already sinks and downward takes its way.
Fate waits at Darien with thy reward.
Go meet thy doom— the headsman's bloody sword,"
— Brewerton.

J? cyU &o£t*

ClsC<^

CHAPTER IV.
THE OPENING OF THE THIRD DOOR THROUGH THE DISCOVERY
OF THE STRAIT BY MAGELLAN.
" What modern mind may judge the care
That furrowed brow and whitened hair
Of him who trod that narrow deck,
Menaced by mutiny and wreck,
Yet fearless made his doubtful way
Through straits that bear his name to-day ?"
He who attempts to write history resembles the mariner who
launches upon an unknown and practically limitless sea. Fogs
and mists hang about him ; events, seen through the haze of
centuries, dwindle or enlarge, according to the medium through
which they are beheld ; shallowness is mistaken for depth, depth
for shallowness ; sirens wave and beckon their misty hands,
entreating him to delay and listen to their story ; doubt and
glamour beset him on every hand ; and even when the fog of
error clears away and all is truth and certainty, he doubts the
- trend and limitations of the coast on which he has fallen. It is
even so with the writer. Fain would he tarry with the caravel
of old Vincent Pinzon as he skirts the coast of the Brazils and
draws favorable deductions from the volume of the Amazon,
returning to excite the astonishment of the Spanish court by the
exhibition of the first imported opossum ; with Bastidas,
through the sinking and subsequent salvage of his treasure ships
in the port of Jaragua ; with Solis, to the La Plata, where, we
trust, he agreed with the natives who attacked, killed, and de
voured him ; to peruse the life story of the navigator Hojeda,
mouldering forgotten in the national archives of Spain ; to
traverse the seas with Ponce de Leon, as he seeks in vain for the
fabled fountain of youth, whose waters, alas ! full many a gray-
beard of our own day were fain to discover— yet though he
searches in vain for that rejuvenating spring, he locates our
land of " sun and flowers," to which, being discovered on Easter
Day, he gave the name of Florida— Easter Day bearing the name

58 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
in Spanish of Pascua Jlorida ; and accompany the voyages of
Garay, Cordoba, and Allion.
But we must leave them all and pass to the subject of our
present chapter, the expedition of Fernando Magalhaens, or,
as he is commonly called, Magellan, which eventuated in the
rinding of the strait that still bears the name of their discoverer —
a highway— or perhaps we should rather call it a byway — of
the sea that served and still serves its purpose as a maritime
door to the Pacific, as well as the more ordinary passage round
Cape Horn.
We have no time to trace the personal history of this some
what remarkable man. Serving with distinction under the
Portuguese flag, he becomes disgusted with the neglect of his
own country, and being secretly invited so to do, visits the court
of Spain, where he is received with open arms and entrusted
with the command of a fleet of five vessels, their destination
being the Moluccas.
It is a mooted point whether Magellan did or did not know
that such a strait existed before sailing on this his last and most
eventful voyage. Authorities differ on this point. He may or
may not have suspected it ; certain it is that he departed with
a firm determination to find it, and his efforts were crowned with
success. The five ships which he was to command were the Trinidad,
which Magellan selected as the flagship ; the San Antonio, com
manded by Luis de Mendoza ; the Vittoria, by Gaspar de
Quesada, and the Conception, on board of which was Sebastian
del Cano, in the quality of lieutenant, who had the honor of
bringing back the Vittoria, after making the complete circuit of
the globe, thus becoming the first circumnavigator. Lastly,
there was the Santiago, a small vessel commanded by Rodriguez
Serrano. The total tonnage of this little fleet was but 480 tons.
Their preparations being completed, the small squadron sailed
from San Lucan on September 20th, 1519, arriving without acci
dent on the coast of Brazil. Pursuing his way slowly to the
south, Magellan reached in April a safe and commodious harbor
in nearly fifty degrees of south latitude, to which he gave the
name of Port St. Julien. Here he resolved to pass the winter,
which, in this part of the world, where the seasons are the re
verse of ours, is exceedingly rigorous. But the strict economy

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 59
observed by him in the distribution of provisions, together with
the hardships of a raw and tempestuous climate, gave rise to
discontentment among the officers of the expedition, who were
otherwise little disposed to submit to the authority of a for
eigner. They murmured at the privations and dangers to which
they were exposed while remaining inactive on a strange and
barren coast. They demanded to be conducted back to Spain,
and on Magellan's positive refusal to comply with their wishes,
broke out into open mutiny. In this trying conjuncture Magel
lan behaved with a promptitude and courage worthy of the
grand enterprise he was so unwilling to abandon, " but unhap
pily sullied by such an act of treachery and criminal violence as
no danger can excuse." He sent to Luis de Mendoza, the leader
of the malcontents, a messenger instructed to stab that captain
while conferring with him. This cruel order was punctually
executed, and the crew of Mendoza' s ship immediately sub
mitted. The execution of Quesada followed the next day, and
Juan de Cartagena was sent on shore and deserted, with the
expectation, perhaps, of suffering a more cruel fate.
There is a singular resemblance, in some respects, between this
and a portion of Columbus' s voyage. Mutiny menaced the success
of both, and the answer of both commanders to the disaffected is
very much the same ; though Magellan was enabled, through a
wider nautical knowledge, to predict results and argue the cer
tainty of ultimate success, while Columbus had but his own
theories to sustain his expectations. We have quoted the opin
ion of an English writer as to the cruelty of Magellan's course,
but are inclined to believe that any naval court would have sus
tained him.. His consorts were in open revolt, and Mendoza was
cut down or stabbed in the very act of disobedience. Mendoza's
body was carried on shore publicly, cried as a traitor, drawn and
quartered, and the members spitted on poles. Forty men were
found guilty and condemned to death, but pardoned, partly as
a wise act of clemency and partly because their services were
needed to man the fleet. The captain, Quesada, doubly guilty
as a traitor and murderer of the poor contramaestre whom he
stabbed to death for faithfulness to his admiral, was found guilty
and condemned to death. On Saturday, April 7th, he was
taken ashore and executed accordingly, his head being struck
off by his own body servant, and his body quartered, as in the

60 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
case of Mendoza. "No more justifiable sentence could have
been inflicted." So says the late lecturer on geography at the
University (English) of Cambridge ; and he is right. But one
cannot expect a civilian to regard acts demanded by the exigen
cies of the time with the eyes of the commander, whose painful
duty it sometimes becomes to punish promptly and with appar
ent severity.
This mutiny, thus happily disposed of, proved the turning
point of Magellan's career. He had no reason to repeat his les
son — they had learned to fear him as one not to be trifled with.
But till the day of his departure for the strait, when he ordered
their release, the mutineers in chains were kept working at the
pumps till their services were no longer required.
To keep his men in action, and consequently out of mis
chief, the captain -general makes an examination of the coast in
his vicinity. The Santiago is chosen for the work, from the
lightness of her draught, and the captain-general's entire con
fidence in Serrano, her commander, an intimate friend of his
chief's. The winter had now set in with severity. Fearing to
continue his explorations by sea, Magellan determines to explore
inland to a distance of thirty leagues, plant a cross, and open
friendly negotiations with the natives. Four men only are sent,
well armed. Neither food nor water is to be had, and the expedi
tion is a failure. One high mountain is ascended, where they
plant a cross, and giving it the name of the Mount of Christ,
they return to their ships to report the country untraversable and
apparently without inhabitants. This at last is soon disproved.
One morning the sailors are astonished by the appearance of a
man of gigantic stature upon the beach, who sang and danced,
pouring sand upon his head in token of amity. Magellan sent
a man on shore with orders to imitate the actions of the savage,
and, if possible, to make friends with him. This he succeeded
in doing, and the new- comer was brought before the admiral, to
the mutual surprise of both— the native being amazed at the
huge ships and such little men. He points to the sky, believing
them gods who had descended from heaven ; and the Spaniards,
wondering at the great stature of their visitor, believe they have
come upon a race of giants. Pigafetta writes : " So tall was this
man that we came up to the level of his waistband ; he was well
made, with a broad face painted red, with yellow circles round

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 63
his eyes and two heart-shaped spots upon his cheeks. His hair
was short and colored white, and he was dressed in the skins of
animals cleverly sewn together." The description of this ani
mal leaves no doubt that it was the guanaco. The hide of the
same creature served to make boots for these people, and it was
the unwieldy appearance thus given to the feet which led Magel
lan to apply to the race the name of Patagao, or, as we read it,
Patagonians. The man, who seems in many respects to have
been an enlarged copy of our own North American Indians, is
further described as peaceably disposed, though not laying aside
his arms — a short, thick bow and a bundle of cane arrows tipped
with white and black stones. Magellan treated him kindly, and
ordered that he should be given food. He was shown a large
steel mirror. " So overcome was he at catching sight of him
self," says Pigafetta, " that he jumped backward with an unex
pectedness and impetuosity which overset four of the men who
were standing behind him. He was, nevertheless, induced to
accept a small mirror as a present, to which some beads and bells
were added, and he was then put ashore under the care of four
armed men."
The natives, assured of the friendliness of their strange vis
itors, now began to visit the ships, bringing their wives with
them, whom they treated like beasts of burden (not unlike the
Puget Sound "Si wash" of to-day) ; they were not so tall as the
men, but fatter, with breasts half as long as a man's arm. Many
visits are made, and one of them is taught his "pater" and
"ave," and baptized under the name of Juan Gigante (Big
John). He disappeared, and is supposed to have been murdered
by his fellows. These natives continued to astonish the Span
iards. They caught the ships' rats and ate them without skin
ning ; they thrust arrows down their throats without injury,
which Pigafetta regards as a species of medical treatment for
indigestion, possibly to counteract the evil influences of over
indulgence in rodents. But all this friendliness, baptizing, and
converting ended as usual. Magellan desiring a giant specimen
to exhibit ill Spain, attempted to capture him, as an East Indian
might treat a rogue elephant, and in so doing brought about the
flight of the natives, preceded by skirmish and death, a man-at-
arms of the Trinidad being struck with an arrow and killed. So
ended the captain-general's attempt to obtain curiosities for their
4

64 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
majesties of Spain. The two captured were placed on different
vessels, though only one is said to have arrived in Spain, and
even this is uncertain. The actual height of these so-called
giants has been a matter of dispute. Lieutenant Musters, the
best authority upon Patagonia, gives their average height at six
feet— some even reaching six feet four — but their muscular de
velopment is excessive ; their dress of guanaco skins making it
apparently greater. What would Magellan's followers have
thought of the men of the " blue grass region of Kentucky" %
Weary of inaction, and anxious to leave the scene of the
mutiny, Magellan determines to pass the remainder of the winter
at Rio de Santa Cruz, discovered by the captain of the wrecked
Santiago. He refits his ships with that intention, but before
departing a sentence is to be carried into effect — that of the
marooning (that is to say, abandonment on shore — a common
naval punishment in those days and for many years afterward)
of Juan de Cartagena and his fellow-mutineer Pedro Sanchez de
Reina. For some unknown reason — possibly to increase their
sufferings by the sight of their comrades still in port — they were
put on shore nearly a fortnight before the sailing of the fleet, on
Saturday, August 11th . They were provided with ' ' an abundance
of bread and wine," Herrera says ; but it must have been a bitter
punishment for them to watch the departure of their comrades
and to reflect how small was their chance of life, a chance still
further diminished by the recent difficulties with the natives.
They were ' ' judged to be worse off, considering the country in
which they were left, than the others who were drawn and quar
tered." Such an opinion seems to have been held many years
later by another culprit, who, curiously enough, in the very
same locality found himself condemned to a like alternative.
In June, 1578, when Drake's little squadron lay at anchor in
Port St. Julien, Mr. Thomas Doughtie was found guilty of a
plot against the life of his admiral. He was offered the choice
of death "or to be set on the main, or to return to be tried in
England." He chose the first, giving as his reason that the
shame of his return as a traitor would be worse than death, and
that he would not endanger his soul by consenting to be left
among savages and infidels.
On August 24th, every member of the expedition having con
fessed and received the sacrament, the fleet left the bay. Though

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 65
nearly lost in a squall, they reached their new winter harbor in
safety. Its latitude is fixed with tolerable accuracy at 50°. In
this port, of the utter desolation of which Darwin gives a graphic
account, they passed two months, making visits to the wreck of
the Santiago, still farther to the southward, and securing such
articles as had been washed ashore. The only incident seems to
have been a supposed eclipse of the sun, minutely described by
Herrera —a delusion due to some atmospheric cause — an annular
eclipse actually taking place on that day, but not visible in
Patagonia. On October 18th, judging the spring to be now sufficient
ly advanced, Magellan gets his fleet under way, this time
for the strait. The wind is unfavorable, and for ten days
they fight their way southward, gaining inch by inch. At
length it shifts to the north, and they run before it on a south-
southwest course for two days more. On October 21st, 1520,
they sight land, " and there," says the pilot Alvo, " we saw an
opening like unto a bay." They were off Cabo de los Virgenes,
and Magellan had found his long-hoped-for strait at last !
And now comes the question, did Magellan know before
hand of this channel for which he so confidently sailed ? If Piga
fetta were a more reliable author, the following remarkable pas
sage from his account of the voyage would settle it : " We all
believed," it runs, speaking of the strait, " that it was a cul de
sac ; but the captain knew that he had to navigate through a
very well- concealed strait, having seen it in a chart preserved in
the treasury of the King of Portugal, and made by Martin of
Bohemia, a man of great parts." To this Gomara alludes, but
doubts it, saying the chart showed no strait whatsoever. Her
rera argues on the same side as Pigafetta, and refers to Martin' s
chart mentioned above. Oviedo, writing in 1546, denies any
preknowledge on Magellan's part of his discovery, saying,
' ' none had remembrance till he showed it to us ;' ' but again he
adds that even if he had, "more is owing to his (Magellan's)
capacity than to the science of the Bohemian." But we must
avoid this tanglewood of argument, full of labyrinths and by
paths, many of which lead to nothing.
The strait is reached, the order given for the fleet to enter.
Strangely enough, as in the case of Columbus, Theret tells us
that Magellan was the first to observe it. " It is not improbable, ' '

66 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
says a recent English writer, " that the great desire of his life
should lend the leader of the expedition a preternatural keenness
of vision and reward him as it did Columbus." But much of
this, we fancy, is to be taken cum grano sails. The muse of His
tory, ever cold and calm, is supposed to avoid all that is merely
dramatic and eschew the sensational ; but, nevertheless, not un-
frequently rounds her majestic periods with matter which, while
it gives point and vivacity, pertains to both. To return : As
the ships enter, the Vittoria leading, and therefore giving her
name, in one narrative at least, to the new discovery, they
pass a cape on the starboard hand, to which, it being St.
Ursula's Day, they call the Cape of the Eleven Thousand Vir
gins. The bay is spacious and affords good shelter ; they make
its latitude 52° 3' south. The admiral orders the Conception
and San Antonio to continue the reconnaissance. Meanwhile
the flagship anchors with the Vittoria to await their return,
their absence being limited to five days. During the night
one of the storms peculiar to those regions breaks upon- them.
They are forced to weigh, standing off and on till it abates.
Their detached consorts suffer equally — attempt to rejoin the
admiral, are unable to weather the separating cape, probably the
eastern horn of the Great Orange Bank —and are obliged to put
about, seeing nothing but destruction before them ; for the bay,
as they thought then, appeared to have no visible opening at its
head. As they give themselves up for lost they round Ane-
gada Point, and the entrance of the " First Narrows" revealed
itself. Up there they run, thankful for their escape, and emerge
from them to find themselves in a great bay beyond (St. Philip
or Bon cant Bay, the Lago de los Estrechos of Oviedo). They
prosecute their explorations to the entrance of Broad Reach,
and then return, having rapidly surveyed the neighboring waters
and assured themselves that the strait led onward an immense
distance to the south.
Magellan meanwhile awaits them with infinite anxiety, fear
ing they are lost ; the more so as he notices several smokes on
the shore— signals, as he afterward ascertained, lit by two men
from the missing ships to notify him of their presence, but at
the time presumed to indicate their shipwreck. While thus
doubting, the San Antonio and Conception suddenly heave in
sight, crowding all sail and gay with flags. As they approach

:B'Vil??F ' GKtvnarulI.Y

d^^ rA^^=,

HTSTORY OF WASHINGTON. 69
they discharge their large bombards and shout for joy ; " upon
which," says Pigafetta, " we united our shouts with theirs and
thanked God and the Blessed Virgin Mary as we resumed our
journey." The captains of the two ships — probably separated during
their search, for their accounts differ — make their report to the
admiral that, in their opinion, the inlet led onward into the
Pacific ; for not only had they ascended it for three days with
out finding any sign of its termination, but the soundings were
of great depth, and in many cases they could get no bottom.
The flood, moreover, appeared stronger than the ebb. It was
impossible, they said, that the strait should not continue.
After penetrating three or four miles within the First Nar
rows, the admiral signals his fleet to anchor, and sends a boat on
shore to explore the country— most likely attracted by the ap
pearance of habitations ; for Herrera tells us that at the distance
of a mile inland the men came upon a building containing more
than two hundred native graves. On the coast, also, a dead
whale of gigantic size, with many bones of these animals, were
discovered, whence they concluded that the storms of that
region were both frequent and severe.
"It is impossible," says Guiliemand, from whose excellent
condensation of Magellan's life we have largely quoted, " from
the sketchy and confused accounts that have come down to us,
to reconstruct an exact itinerary of the passage of the strait or
to present events in any certain chronological order." Some
few facts are not to be controverted. We know that the fleet
emerged from the strait on November 28th ; that it was on the
21st that Magellan issued his order for a council of officers as to
continuing his voyage (evidently with the determination to dis
regard it should it be unfavorable), which resulted in an agree
ment to proceed ; the only dissentient being the pilot of the San
Antonio, a countryman and relative, but nevertheless enemy, of
the admiral, to whom Magellan replies in his forcible fashion :
" That if he had to eat the leather of his ship's yards he would
still go on and discover what he had promised to the emperor,
and that he trusted that God would aid them and give them
good fortune' '—an extremity to which he was actually subjected,
since, in the scarcity and privation of the long passage across
the Pacific, they, were obliged to eat the leather from the yards.

70 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Next day, making sail down Broad Reach, they approached
a point on their port hand. Beyond they came to three chan
nels. Magellan anchored to explore them, selecting the south
eastern arm, meanwhile following the main channel himself, in
company with the Vittoria. Rounding Cape Froward, the ad
miral continues on for fifteen leagues and anchors on a river to
wliich he gives the name of the River of Sardines, from the
abundance of those fish obtained there. The crews also water
and cut wood, which they found so fragrant in the burning that,
as we are quaintly told, "it afforded them much consolation."
Shortly after their arrival in this port they sent on a boat well
manned and provisioned to explore the channel farther. In
three days it returned with the joyful intelligence that they had
sighted the cape which terminated the strait, and had seen the
open sea beyond. So delighted were the explorers with this
happy termination to their anxieties that salvos of artillery were
discharged, and Magellan and those with him wept for joy.
And so the three doors (the first being the voyage of Colum
bus, or main entrance, so to speak ; the second, or side door,
the discovery of the Pacific by Balboa ; and the third, the find
ing of the strait by Magellan) stand open for the exploration
and settlement of our own Northwest Pacific coasts.
And now a word or two ere we part with tliese, the prelimi
nary and, perhaps, most fascinating steps of our historic jour
ney. Let us linger by the way while we consider the enormous
difficulties and many elements of failure which menaced the suc
cess of these initial efforts to penetrate and reveal the unknown.
Columbus had to combat the elements of doubt, superstition,
fear, and a consensus of opinion which, even among the learned,
regarded his theories as chimerical, and himself but a crack-
brained enthusiast or scheming adventurer. He succeeded, like
his followers, through a strong, brave, and incisive individual
ity, wliich, next to his trust in God, taught him to rely upon
himself, and thereby mould and influence others. AVho sliall
doubt that the purifying influences of the crucible of mental
pain, born of the many rebuffs and repeated disappointments
through which he was called to pass, prepared him, though all
unconsciously to himself, to succeed in his final trial ?
With Balboa, the discoverer by land, it was somewhat differ
ent. His men, strongly devoted and entirely confiding in his

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 71
genius, wTould have followed him to the death. But read Lieu
tenant Strain's narrative of the Darien expedition of our own
times, with its lamentable results of death, suffering, and final
failure ; where, as Strain himself told the narrator, he took
but one credit to himself : no act of cannibalism disgraced the
manhood of those who slowly starved to death ; adding the
serio-comic incident that two officers of the expedition found a
live toad, which, having bitten off its head, they proceeded to
devour raw, leaving the "poison part" on the ground till the
hungrier of the two, with the remark, " Tom, you are growing
mighty particular about your eating,' ' added the member with
its fabled jewel to his repast. Read this attempt, with all the
advantages of our modern times, to pierce the vast solitudes of
the tropic wilderness, and then remember that, unlike Strain,
Balboa had battles to fight with the natives, while his men were
clad in armor and encumbered by the weighty weapons of their
day. Yet, thanks in great measure, it is true, to their Indian
allies, they succeeded when success seemed impossible.
In the case of Magellan, he had to encounter gales in what is
perhaps still the dread of all mariners, the tempest-swept regions
of the stormy Cape Horn. Mutiny, as in the case of Colum
bus, threatened, and actual desertion and shipwreck attended
his difficult progress. His ships, too, as compared with those
which brave the South Seas to-day, were but as paper. His
whole armament cost but £5032 6s. 3d., or about $25,000 of our
money, and even this was reduced by stores left behind $2600.
Of this sum the ships themselves with their armament cost but
811,245. Even then the vessels selected were old, leaky, and
unfit for the severe service for which they were designed. But
in those days, we fancy, explorers were looked upon as, after all
(unless fitting out their expeditions at their own cost and
charges), little better than mendicants ; and it passes as a
proverb the world over that " beggars must not be choosers."
The number of articles for barter were, however, very large,
their total cost being $4825, and (delicate compliment to female
vanity) consisted of "looking-glasses for women, great and
fayre," five hundred pounds of " crystals" which are diamonds (?)
of all colors ; knives, fish-hooks, stuffs and velvets, ivory, quick
silver (2240 lbs.), and brass bracelets (a full line of cheap jew
elry, we fancy)— all figure largely in the list. But it appears

72 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
that bells were considered the most useful articles for trade, of
which no less than twenty thousand were taken.
These fleets of exploration seem to have been fitted out in
those early dates with an economy ofttiines extravagant in the
end, because fatal to success.

B>19 ^yF.aKernan,ltY.

dar^cL j ^&rzjT^-Ls£-

CHAPTER V.

" A wild and occult land, and strangely peopled, good Antonio."
The term Northwest coast, which covers the territory lying
between the latitudes of 42° to 54° north, includes Oregon, Wash
ington, and British Columbia. It is, however, with Washington
alone that our present story has to do ; the neighboring regions
interest us only as their history is entwined with or affects that
of the State of which we are writing. Yet until these interests
become separate and specific, we are obliged to recognize and
treat our subject generically under the common heading of
Northwest coast.
That it should have been approached, discovered, and ex
plored in the first instance from the sea was natural enough —
its eastern borders being left to those inland travellers whose
adventurous steps first traversed its wildernesses and penetrated
its mountain canyons.
It is generally, and very properly, supposed that truth is
preferable to fiction, and more fruitful of good, even though it
be no bigger than the mustard-seed. Nevertheless, paradoxical
as it may appear, this western world of ours owes not a little to
falsehood, to the mythical stories of explorers who opened the
door to real discoveries by the announcement of those based
only on their own vivid imaginations or shameless mendacity.
As the fabled fountain of youth led Ponce de Leon to the find
ing of a real Florida, and the exaggerated tales of untold riches
beguiled Balboa to the discovery of the Pacific, so this, our own
Northwest coast, was sought, surveyed, and geographically
mapped out rather for what it did not have than for that which
it really possessed. The fabled Strait of Anian, which should
have opened somewhere upon our shores into the Pacific, but
failed to materialize, is a case in point. It was the very mystery
that veiled the possibilities of what might be that gave zest to
the pursuit. Like the yet unexplored valleys of the Olympian

76 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
range, this aurora with which fancy decks and desire enlarges
the possibilities of the unseen, will ever offer the subtlest tempta
tion to the adventurer and prospector, let the clouds of difficulty
and danger darken as they may.
It is patent to every intelligent student of our early American
history that international complications were produced and great
confusion of rights and boundaries resulted from the rivalries of
nations claiming the right of first discovery upon our coasts,
and thenceforth attempting to hold and possess those lands,
having no better title than a cross, cut by some voyager upon
the shore, a banner waved over the sea, or some stone heaps on
a mountain-top ; of all which Balboa' s melodramatic proclama
tion, standing knee- deep in the Pacific, is no bad illustration.
The New World at the time of which we write seemed a prey to
be disrupted by the vultures of national greed which flocked
from every civilized land to seize and dismember the new-found
spoil. Russia, descending from her northern snows, added, in
the course of time, by slow but sure approaches, Alaska to her
already overgrown empire. The haughty Spaniard, displaying
the emblazoned banner of Castile and Leon, was first in the field,
planting the symbol of his faith beside his national standard,
claiming the Californias for his own. Later on we find the Eng
lish-speaking race, Great Britain and America, contending for
their division of metes and bounds, and building a wall of higher
civilization between the Tartar and the Don.
But though interested individuals sought from time to time
to utilize the possibilities of what Bancroft forcibly styles " the
Northern mystery," the spirit of enterprise seemed to have died
out, and save for a few weak and fruitless efforts, it wTas not
until late in the eighteenth century that any determined attempt
was made to obtain adequate results ; and even then it was
probably due, so far as Spain was concerned, to a fear of Rus
sian encroachment upon the Northwest. Had the hidden wealth
of Upper California been known, or the rich return one day to
be reaped from the furs and peltries of the Northwest, it would
have been different. As it was, our sterile shores were a menace,
the gloom of our pine-clad mountain sides a threat. We were
the exemplification of the old Latin line which tells us that
" the empty traveller may sing in the presence of the robber."
The Northwest coast was not worth robbing, for it had nothing

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 77
to lose^ So it came about that dread of the Muscovite rather
than any hope of fresh gain induced Spain once more to give
her ships to the sea, to. insure the security of that which she
had already taken. As if her activity were contagious, Eng
lish and American explorers also make, their appearance on
the coast — the Russians were already there — and ere long,
through their united efforts, the shadows were swept away.
The light of discovery penetrated every nook and cranny of our
coast and lifted every veil. Little by little the fog was dissi
pated, till every cape and headland, every sound, bay, harbor,
and estuary of the Northwest coast had been more or less visited,
explored, and claimed by one party or the other. The misty
dawn of romance had given place to the full-orbed day of cold
reality. The "Northern mystery" was dissolved, and specula
tive fancy lay cold and dead.
It now becomes our task, as briefly as we may, to follow, or
at least lightly outline, some of the voyages that more particu
larly settled the geography of our sea-beaten western border.
The wave of northwestern discovery, so to speak, advanced
like a tide, with frequent and irregular intervals, yet neverthe
less going steadily, as it were, inch by inch, still sweeping up
ward on its northern path, till from its starting-point under
Balboa at the Isthmus, it lost itself among the bergs of the
frozen Arctic seas.
Up to the middle of the sixteenth century this tidal wave of
northern exploration had rather languished, only reaching 60°
on the Atlantic, and barely touching the Pacific coast at 44°,
while inland, a single explorer — one Coronado — had advanced
into what is the Kansas of our day. In 1584 Francesco de Gali,
coming from the west, reaches our coast in 37° 30' (possibly,
says Bancroft, 57° 30'), observes its appearance, but does not
land, sailing southward. Another navigator, Cermenon, also
from the west, is wrecked, in 1595, at Drake' s Bay, just above
the present site of San Francisco. Then comes a representative
of the Lion of England, ever greedy for spoil, of whom we shall
have more to say in another chapter. He too is looking for that
mythical northern strait ; and good cause he has to do so, for
his ship is laden with the spoil rent by piracy from the galleons
and villages of the southern seas, and he would fain escape the
Spanish cruisers who are watching for his return, to regain their

78 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
plundered treasure. He finds not the strait, yet through his
means the wave of discovery has now reached 43°, and therefore
begins to interest us. Not finding his northern passage, he
returns to Drake's Bay, and so sails homeward via the Cape of
Good Hope, thereby avoiding his enemies, who might have
interfered with the grand reception that awaits him, which, had
he been judged by the common law, would have conducted him
to Tyburn Hill and left him there with the decoration of a
halter. But, after all, he only spoiled the spoilers.
This voyage of Drake's, nefarious as it seems, was neverthe
less destined to exert a far-reaching influence, becoming, as will
be seen, an important factor in the protracted discussions between
Great Britain and the United States as to their respective claims
to Oregon Territory, when these, of course, included Washing
ton. For this reason, and because it is just possible that
Drake' s ' ' fair and good bay' ' may have been the Bay of San
Francisco, we will outline his voyage, and then quote from the
" Coast Pilot' ' and other authorities much relied on at the time of
the boundary controversy ; finally settled in our favor by the
treaty of June 15th, 1846, wliich recognized our right to the
territory south of 49° north latitude. Evans says that "if the
expression of opinion was necessary, it would be that the weight
of probability and authority establishes that Sir Francis Drake
never saw the coast of Northwest America north of 43° north
latitude." The same author sketches Drake's voyage quite
graphically ; and we shall endeavor to reduce it to quotable
limits as the first English visit to the Northwest coast. We may
premise, however, that England's " Virgin Queen," Elizabeth, as
shrewTd and far-seeing a princess as ever sat upon a throne (full
of personal vanities, but never dead to her own interests or those
of the people whom she governed), was growing restive and
envious under the known discoveries and yet larger assumptions
of her enemy and rival, Spain, to hold and colonize the territory
on both continents of America. Rome had ceased to rule Eng
land. Elizabeth sternly denied the right of "the Bishop of
Rome" to bestow upon his ally, the Spaniard, what did not be
long to him, nor could she understand why either her subjects
or those of any other European prince should be debarred from
traffic in the Indies. It was while in this favorable mood that
Francis Drake, a young man Avho had already distinguished

11' ut 'rpiFCWilliatw. h&nKi

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 81
himself on predatory voyages to the West Indies, approached
his sovereign with the proposition that he should make a voyage
into the South Sea through the Strait of Magellan, no English
man having yet done so. Elizabeth, foreseeing its advantages,
gave her royal assent, and, what was still more to the purpose,
furnished the outfit. We now quote from Evans as follows :
" Drake's own vessel, the Pelican, of one hundred tons, the
Elizabeth, of eighty, and the little Marigold, of but thirty, with
two pinnaces, manned by one hundred and sixty men in all-
such was the force of the expedition wliich sailed December
13th, 1577, from Plymouth. The two pinnaces were broken up
before reaching the Strait of Magellan, which was entered on
the 20th of August, 1578. Before passing through, he changed
the name of his vessel to the Golden Hind. On the 6th of Sep
tember the Marigold parted company and was never heard of
afterward. The Elizabeth did not pass through the strait, but
deserted Drake and returned to England."
And here we interrupt Evans' s narrative to remark upon the
singular resemblance between Magellan's and Drake's experi
ences in this latitude. Both lose a vessel, both suffer from the
desertion of a consort, yet both are equally undismayed by these
incidents. To return :
" Alone on the Golden Hind, Drake, on the 25th of Septem
ber, sailed out of the strait into the open Pacific, and heading
northward, pursued his voyage, skirting the Spanish-American
coasts from Chili to Mexico, seizing and sacking defenceless
ships and towns. To avoid encountering Spanish cruisers, liable
to be met should he return by the Strait of Magellan, Drake
sought a northern passage into the Atlantic Ocean, where, as
detailed in the narratives of the voyage, ' the men, being thus
speedily come out of the extreme heat, found the air so cold
that, being pinched with the same, they complained of the ex
tremity thereof.' " It is a pleasant thing to read, even at this
early day, that the air of our northwestern coasts was too bracing
to favor piracy, and nipped the rascals shrewdly. "He then
stood east, made the coast, and sailed southward in search of a
harbor, until the 7th of June, ' when it pleased God, ' says Drake,
' to send him into a fair and good bay within thirty degrees
toward the line.' In this bay he remained five weeks, refitting
his vessel, and took possession of the country in the name of

82 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Queen Elizabeth, calling it New Albion. He then sailed for Eng
land by way of the Cape of Good Hope," escaping by this con
venient back door with his rich booty, and arrived at Plymouth
September 27th, 1560. "And now," says the "Coast Pilot,"
"comes the question, Was this the Bay of San Francisco?
Humboldt places Drake's Bay in 38° 10' north latitude— the
Puerto de Bodega of Spanish maps. Later authorities fixed his
post under the lee of Port Reyes, 37° 59' 5". The adjacent cliffs
being white, resembling the coasts of England in the vicinity of
Dover, suggested the name ' New Albion.' The latitude of San
Francisco Bay is 37° 59'. Drake's continuing in this bay thirty-
six days, and the white appearance of the land, warrants the opin
ion that Drake found that fair and good bay inside of the Golden
Gate. Its entrance was first seen by Ferello, March 3d, 1543,
who, running down the coast before a strong wind, saw what he
supposed to be the mouth of a great river. Governor Caspar de
Portola, in 1769, made land discovery of the bay. Professor
Davidson, of the U. S. Coast Survey, the best authority, says
Drake's Bay is the Port Francisco of the Spaniards of about
1595. It was certainly known before the time of Vizcaino, who,
having separated from his tender, sought her in Port Francisco,
and, according to Vizcaino's account, to see if anything was to
be found of the San Augustine, which, in 1595, had been sent
from the Philippine Islands to survey the coast of California,
under the direction of Cermenon, a pilot of known abilities, but
was wrecked in this harbor. Among others on board the San
Augustine was the chief pilot of the squadron, Velunos, who
recognized the bay as being that where he was wrecked."
Two narratives were published of Drake's voyage, "The
Famous Voyage of Sir Francis Drake," by Francis Pretty, one
of the crew of Drake's vessel, written at the request of, and
published by, Hakluyt, and "The World Encompassed by
Sir Francis Drake, Collected out of the Notes of Mr. Francis
Fletcher, Preacher in his Employment, and Compared with
Divers other Notes, who went on the same Voyage." How
quaint the titles ! The first of these histories makes the forty-
third degree north the extreme limit of Drake's voyage ; the lat
ter claims the forty-eighth degree. Little did the actors and
recorders of this buccaneering cruise ever imagine that their
sayings and doings would one day furnish matter for grave

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 83
diplomatic discussion, settling boundaries for a people yet un
born, and nearly bring about a war between two great nations.
What a glamour of romance surrounds these early voyages,
whether of England or Spain ! going out in their little, poorly
equipped vessels, often mere shells, rotten hulks ; for a writer of
his time speaks of Magellan's ships as being "old, worn, and
tender as butter in the ribs, so that he would not even wish to
voyage to the Canaries in them." Yet they dare the same
stormy seas to which we commit our iron-clads and " ocean
greyhounds," seas then unknown, with no chart to guide and-
no certain port of destination — sometimes to succeed, yet again
to be swallowed up by the deep, leaving no trace upon the un-
traversed waters, or, perchance, returning with crews eaten up
by scurvy and reduced to rags. Taking the vessels in which
they embarked and the dangers to be encountered, as compared
with our own time, into consideration, the world has never seen
and never again will see such mariners. Yet they had their
rewards. Their names go down the ages entwined with the story
of the lands they sought and found, and even in their own day
met with the reception so easily accorded to successful adven
ture — as in the case of Cavendish, who returns from his cruise to
astonish the port from whence he sailed with sailors landing in
all the bravery of silk attire from a ship whose sails were of
damask and her topmasts covered with cloth-of ¦ gold.
By way of postscript to the story of Drake's voyage, history
tells us that Elizabeth, with her customary political caution,
hesitated to endorse his acts of rapine on the South American
coasts, fearing that her recognition might lead to complications
with Spain. She did so finally, however, honoring him with
knighthood, and heartily approving his every act. She, more
over, directed the preservation of his cruiser, the Golden Hind,
"that it might remain a monument of his own and his country's
glory." Encouraged by the success of Drake, another English free
booter, Thomas Cavendish, with three small vessels, followed in
his footsteps. He appears to have commanded the Alabama of
his time, sinking and burning as he goes no less than nineteen
ships, and returns in triumph, yet with nothing of discovery to
interest us.
We now find the increasing commerce between Mexico and

81 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
the Philippines demanding a port of refuge on the California
coast in a higher northern latitude. Correct maps and a greater
knowledge of our Northwest shores became a nautical necessity
not only to these navigators, but those engaged in traffic with
the West Indies. In 1595, therefore, we learn that Philip the
Second ordered Count de Monterey, the Viceroy of Mexico, to
explore and seize California, and accurately survey its coasts
from Acapulco to Cape Mendocino. Sebastian Vizcaino was
selected for the service. In the spring of 1596 three vessels
•under his command sailed from Acapulco, crossed the Gulf of
California, and attempted to establish a settlement, to which
Vizcaino gave the name of La Paz, in compliment to the natives
for their peaceful reception of him. Within a year La Paz was
abandoned and the little fleet returned to Acapulco.
" When Philip the Third, who ascended the throne of
Spain," says Evans, " in 1598, learned of this result, he issued
peremptory orders on the 27th of September, 1599, for the sur
vey of the coast and ocean side of the peninsula of Califor
nia. His viceroy entered zealously upon this duty. The
preparations were upon the grandest scale of any ever at
tempted in Mexico. All the requisites for its successful accom
plishment were liberally supplied. Pilots, priests, draughts
men, and soldiers were engaged, in addition to full crews of
selected seamen. Friar Antonio, chaplain to the admiral and
journalist of the expedition, pronounced it the most enlightened
corps ever raised in New Spain. To Vizcaino was assigned the
command, and upon him was conferred the title and office of
Captain-General of California. The fleet consisted of three large
ships, the San Diego, San Tomas, and Tres Reyes. To Admiral
de Corvan was entrusted the navigation. The fleet, which set
sail from Acapulco June 2d, 16Q2, commenced the survey of the
coast at Cape San Lucas. On the 10th of November San Diego
was surveyed. On the 16th of December was discovered and
named the Bay of Monterey, in honor of the viceroy. From
Monterey one of the ships was sent back to Acapulco ; eighteen
days later the other two vessels sailed north. Twelve days after
leaving Monterey the San Diego passed San Francisco ; but the
smaller vessel having separated, the ship returned to that port
to await the arrival of her consort. On the 12th of January,
1603, the ships reached Mendocino. Scurvy had made sad havoc

^ /hu^

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 87
with the crews. There were but six able to be on deck. On the
19th a high headland and snow-capped mountain in latitude 42°
north were discovered. It being the eve of St. Sebastian, Viz
caino gave to this cape the name Blanco de San Sebastian (the
Cape Orford of Vancouver), being the highest point reached by
his ship. He then turned southward, coasting inshore, observ
ing the land, and arrived at Acapulco March 21st, 1603. The
smaller vessel, commanded by Antonio Flores, with Martin de
Aguilar as pilot, doubled Cape Mendocino and continued north
to the mouth of a river forty-three degrees north— farther
north than Monterey's instructions had warranted ; then with a
crew hopelessly disabled by that bane of all ancient mariners,
the scurvy, Flores turned southward to Acapulco."
Disappointment of some sort seems to have accompanied
almost every expedition of these old-time explorers. We find
Vizcaino, on his return to Mexico, vainly endeavoring to induce
the viceroy to establish colonies. Failing here, he goes to Spain,
and obtains from Philip the Third a grant of those regions, with
privilege to establish colonies : but his death in 1609 defeats his
project. With this expedition, Spanish exploration in the Pacific was
for the time discontinued — not from any change of policy, but
as a natural result of the condition of affairs. New Spain was in
direct communication with the Spanish East Indies. By the
isolation of Mexico, Spain was more likely to retain her East
Indian trade without interruption. The opening of a north
eastern passage, should such a one be discovered, would but
open a door to the entrance of piratical cruisers — the Drakes
and Cavendishes — to prey upon Spanish commerce in the Pacific.
It was against her best interests to open a more direct path for
the ingress of her enemies to Spain ; therefore the discovery of
the northwest passage ceased to be a desideratum as a promoter
of Pacific commerce. But, nevertheless, we see the tidal wave
of exploration, urged on by various and ofttimes conflicting
influences, gradually gaining both in power and nearness, and
already touching the coasts on which we dwell.
5

CHAPTER VI.
DUTCH AND RUSSIAN VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION TO THE NORTH
WEST COAST.
We now come to the year 1613, in which the Dutch enter the
field of Pacific exploration.
Under the name of the Southern Company, Isaac Le Maire,
a wealthy citizen of Amsterdam, associates himself with an ex
perienced navigator, a certain Captain William Schouten — Jacob
Le Maire, a son of the merchant just mentioned, accompanying
him as supercargo — and obtains from the States-General of Hol
land the right to make voyages of discovery. With the usual
secretiveness of that people and time, their object and destina
tion were concealed from other merchants, and even from the sea
men they employed. Both vessels reached Port Desire in
safety, but in careening, the Hoorne — named after the birthplace
of Schouten — was burned, leaving only her consort, the Een-
dracht, to pursue the voyage. Sailing southward on January
13th, 1816, they pass, on the 30th, the extreme southern point
of South America, to which Schouten, who seems devotedly
attached to his native town, gives, as he did to his lost ship, the
name of Cape Hoorne— since shortened to Horn— having already
given to the easternmost point of Terra del Fuego the name of
Staten Land. Pity that he had not called his cape the Cape of
Storms, which is still, and ever will be, the terror of the navi
gator, the abode of tempests and the birthplace of gales. Run
ning south as far as 59° 30' he stands again to the northwest,
passing, on February 12th, the western outlet of the Strait of
Magellan, and thus becoming the first known mariner to " double
Cape Horn." A new route to the Pacific has been discovered,
adding an additional menace to Spanish superiority on its west
ern coasts, whose settlements are no longer exempt from the
hostile visits of armed cruisers, and may well look for a renewal
of such attacks as those of Cavendish and Drake.
Russia, too, is becoming interested in the geography of our
northwestern shores, and is about to dare the bitter breezes and

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 89
icy gales of the Arctic seas as she feels her way by slow degrees,
walking blindly yet surely to her goal, a lodgment for her set
tlements upon our coasts. The Empress Catherine, newly come
to the throne, sends out Behring, from whose orders we extract
the following directions :
" To examine the coasts to the north and toward the east, to
see if they were not contiguous with America, since their end
was not known."
He sails accordingly on July 14th, 1728, and on August 8th
following reaches the latitude of 64° 30' north, when eight men
come rowing toward his ship in " a leather boat." They tell
him of a mainland at no great distance extending toward the
west. Having gained the latitude of 67° 18' and " seeing no
land to the east, neither to the north," he regards his instruc
tions as fulfilled, and returns to the river Kamtchatka, fully sat
isfied that Asia and America are separate. Yet he notices that
the waves are not heavy enough to indicate an open sea, and
says that "great fir-trees," possibly borne by the outwash of
our own Puget Sound, " are seen swimming in the sea," such
trees as do not grow in Kamtchatka. So he turns backward,
taking little by his first enterprise save the naming of the chan
nel of the sea, separating the two continents, through which he
sailed, and still known as Behring's Strait.
A Javanese junk, storm-driven and stranded, went to pieces
upon the inhospitable coast of Kamtchatka July 8th, 1729, and
her crew, with the exception of two, were killed by the Cos
sacks. The survivors made their way to St. Petersburg, and
straightway the fact is established of a water route through the
Pacific to Java. Other expeditions in the direction of Russian
conquest and exploration in these seas were undertaken about
this time — led, strangely enough, by a colonel of Cossacks and a
captain of Russian dragoons — but ended in shipwreck, defeat,
and failure.
On April 17th, 1732, the Russian Government again issues
orders " to make voyages as well eastward to the continent of
America as southward to Japan, and to discover, if possible, at
the same time, through the frozen sea the north passage which had
been so frequently attempted by the English and the Dutch. "
Behring, now a commander, with two other captains associ
ated with him, accordingly set sail, making his second attempt

90 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON,
in 1741. Miiller, the historian, to whom we are indebted as the
conservator of the incidents of these voyages, volunteered to
accompany this expedition, td describe the civil history of the
regions to be visited and the manners, customs, etc., of their
people. They took with them also a scientific corps. Delayed
by the building and fitting out of their ships, they finally sailed
from their winter quarters in Awatscha Bay, June 4th, 1741, but
on the 20th of the same month we find them separated by a gale
and unable to rejoin. They make their way, therefore, sepa
rately to the eastward, to gain the American coast. Behring,
after a variety of adventures, sights our continent in latitude
58° 28' north, his consort having reached the same coast three
days previous in 56°, after an experience which, though a mys
tery at the time, seems afterward to have been partially ex
plained. Desiring to obtain water, and also to examine the
country, the captain sent a boat with his mate and ten well-
armed men to explore the coast ; they rowed on until they dis
appeared behind a small cape, from whence they did not return.
After the lapse of several days, supposing them to be disabled,
their commander dispatches the boatswain with six men, includ
ing carpenters and materials to make repairs should such be
required. They too disappeared. The next day two native
canoes were seen paddling toward the ship. The crew, expect
ing the return of their missing companions, gathered on the
deck to receive them ; when the Indians, as they prove to be,
seeing the Russians so numerous, come to a standstill, cease
rowing, and standing up in their canoes, cry out, " Agai, agai !"
and then resuming their paddles, make hurriedly for the shore.
The captain, whose small boats were now expended, dared not
approach the breakers with his ship, and, a storm arising, was
compelled to bear away, leaving his lost men to their fate, yet,
withal, thankful to escape from the perils of this dangerous
shore. While nothing was ever definitely known of the particu
lars of their separation, the Russian Minister at Washington in
1822, in a dispatch to the American Secretary of State, says that
in 1789 the Spanish ship Don Carlos found in latitude 58° 59'
Russian establishments to the number of eight, consisting in the
whole of twenty families and four hundred and sixty -two indi
viduals. These were the descendants of the men supposed to
have perished.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 93
It might be painfully interesting to dwell upon the sufferings
of this ill-starred expedition, but space forbids. We conclude
our extracts with Miiller's account of the sorrowful ending of
Behring, their gallant commander, who was carried ashore on a
litter, on their arrival at the bleak and desolate island where
they were compelled to make their winter quarters. He says :
" He daily grew worse ; the place yielded little of antiscor
butic quality, and the herbage that grew on the island was hidden
under the snow. The commodore died on the 8th of December.
It is a subject of regret that his life ended so miserably. It may
be said that he was almost buried while alive, for the sand rolled
down continuously from the side of the cave or pit in which
he lay and covered his feet. He at last would not suffer it to be
removed, saying he felt warmth in it when he felt none in other
parts of his body ; and the sand thus gradually increased upon
him till he was more than half covered, so that when he was
dead it was necessary to unearth him to inter him in a proper
manner." In honor of Behring, the island where his remains were en
tombed bears his name. It is at once his grave and his monu
ment. His ship, the St. Paul, as if sympathizing with the final ship
wreck and loss of her brave and gallant commander, went to
pieces ; but the material being carefully preserved by the sur
vivors, who were destined to bury no less than thirty more of
their number before quitting this dreadful locality, was recon
structed into a smaller vessel, in which they finally made their
escape, reaching home after an absence of fifteen months and
the endurance of infinite hardships. But there is no cloud, we
are told, which does not wear a silver lining, no lane without
some turning. And it was even so in this case ; for to this
seemingly disastrous voyage is due the Russian fur trade with
its large establishments on the Northwest coast. It came about
in this wise : Evans tells us, " that, compelled while sojourning
on Behring's Island to subsist on sea animals which there abound
ed, and to use the skins as a protection against the rigors of the
climate, such skins as were preserved and brought by them to
Kamtchatka were purchased by the Siberians with great avidity
at handsome prices ; thus the misfortunes and necessities of
Behring's crew demonstrated that the North Pacific coast was

94 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
prolific in most valuable furs." So out of this evil a higher
power eliminates good. There is, indeed, hardly any crucible
of human suffering, either in the unit or the aggregate, which
does not discover some residuum of gain or process of purifica
tion in its results— a good most unlooked for, because entirely
unsuspected.

CHAPTER VII.
REVIVAL OF SPANISH INTEREST IN NORTHWEST DISCOVERY.
" The blazoned banner of old Spain
Once more assaults the seas,
As on these misty shores again
She gi?es it to the breeze ;
Her greed of gold and lust of dower
Entwining cross and sword,
From England's might and Russia's power
Her northwest claims would ward." — Brewerton.
With the missions now established, and growing favorably
under the fostering care of the good fathers in California, we
have nothing to do, but the renewal of Spanish exploration in
the Pacific during the last quarter of the eighteenth century
does interest us, coming within and at various points touching
the limits of our Northwest coast. The renewal of this maritime
energy on the part of Spain was due to a variety of causes, but
its principal object was to strengthen and enforce her claims to
that which she already held by right of discovery. Her jealousy
of encroachment had already nearly involved her in war with
Great Britain, a conflict only averted by the good offices of
France, which nation, though declining an offensive alliance
with Spain agamst England, offered her services as a mediator,
with happy result. Spain, therefore, determines to make her
claim to possession on the Northwest coast so strong as to be in
disputable by an actual occupancy. To pave. the way to this
she dispatches the sloop of war, Santiago, from St. Bias, in
January, 1774, under Lieutenant Juan Perez. His orders are
to sail northward to 60° ; from there survey the coast southward
to Monterey ; to land at convenient places and take possession
for Spain. In July he makes the land in 54° north (Queen
Charlotte's Island), and names the point by adding another
saint to our coast calendar — Cape Santa Margarita — the Cape
Dixon of to-day. Scurvy, the bane of old-time navigation,
attacking his crew, he turns southward, coasts the shore, lands,

96 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
and trades with the natives till driven seaward by a storm. He
makes land again in August in 48° 49', and enters a bay — the
present Nootka Sound. Sailing southward, his pilot sees, in
47° 47', a snow-capped peak. Perez names it the Mountain of
Santa Rosalia, but we know it as Mount Olympus. He then
determines the true latitude of Cape Mendocino, and returns to
Monterey. This voyage is important, as from it the Spanish
claim the discovery of the present Strait of Fuca and the Cape
Flattery of Drake— known on their charts as the Strait and
Cape Martinez. They, however, failed to publish these discov
eries, thereby relegating to others the honors justly due to
Perez. Another expedition follows. The Santiago and Sonora,
on June 10th, in latitude 41° 10', anchor in a roadstead they
name Port Trinidad. Here they take possession and erect a
cross, still visible and seen by Vancouver in 1793. They look
for the strait laid down on Bellin's charts as lying between 47°
and 48°, but fail to find it. On July 14th an incident occurs of
a most serious nature. While in latitude 47° 20' the only boat
of the Sonora is sent on shore for water, manned by a crew of
seven men ; the men, though well armed, are outnumbered by
the natives and all murdered. The Sonora herself barely
escapes, being surrounded by the savages in their canoes, who
make repeated assaults and are beaten off with difficulty.
Whether this was a wanton act of hostility, or brought about
by some aggression of the boat's crew, will never be known. If
the latter, they paid dearly for it. To this place they gave the
name— a very pertinent one this time — of Punta de Martires (Point
of Martyrs, now Point Grenville), and to the island near, Isla de
Dolores (the Island of Sorrows). It is worthy of notice that
Captain Berkley, twelve years later, in the Imperial Eagle, met
with a similar experience with a boat's crew, and renamed it
Destruction Island in consequence. The loss of his men, added
to the breaking out of the scurvy and the generally unsea-
worthy condition of the Sonora, induced a desire on the part of
their commander, Heceta, to return to Monterey ; but being over
ruled in a council of his officers, the vessels headed northward
again. A storm, however, soon separated the ships, when
Heceta, on the Sonora, returned homeward, leaving his consort,
the Bodega, to continue the voyage northward. Heceta first
makes the land on his return in 49° 30'. Between 46° 10' and

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 99
46° 9' he " discovers a great bay, the head of which he could not
recognize. From the currents and eddies setting him seaward
he could not enter, but believed it to be the mouth of some great
river or passage to another sea." At night the force of the cur
rent driving him far from the coast, he is unable to make further
examination. He names the northern cape San Roque and the
southern cape Frondosa ; the bay, Eusenda de la Roque, and
the supposed river, Rio de San Roque. He reaches Monterey on
August 30th with two thirds of his crew disabled by the scurvy.
"Bodega and Maurelle," says Evans, "after parting from
Heceta, pushed out to sea, first reaching the land in 56° north.
Heading east, they discover a mountain in 57° 2', which they
name San Jacinto (the Mount Edgecombe of Cook)." Other
discoveries and consequent declarations of possession in the
name of His Most Catholic Majesty follow. On October 3d a
bay is located in 38°, on which Bodega bestows his own name.
He surveys it and returns to Monterey, and thence to San Bias,
after a cruise of eight months. We learn that upon the results
of this voyage being known in Madrid, they were regarded as of
the greatest importance. Orders were dispatched to have the
survey of the American coast completed by the same officers.
A new expedition was accordingly sent out, whose results
may be summed up, as stated by Fleurieu :
' ' They might have remained at San Bias without knowledge
in geography having sustained any loss by their inaction."
Evans tells us that this voyage is notable as the last made
for several years by the Spanish from Mexico to the northern
coasts of America. War being declared between Spain and
Great Britain in 1779 for the time suspended operations.
It is almost a relief to know that it is so. One grows weary
of this greed of exploration, this mania for the acquisition of
territory which, once seen and taken possession of with fantastic
ceremonies, halts at the door and makes no earnest effort to peo
ple and redeem. One wearies of bombast and saintly names,
and longs, as for a line from home, for something of manly,
good old English both in nomenclature and colonization.

CHAPTER VIII.
BRITISH EXPLORATIONS ON THE NORTHWEST COAST.
Up to the early summer of the year 1776, made memorable in
the annals of time by the assertion of American independence,
Great Britain had taken little interest in northwestern discov
eries. The piratical visits of Drake and Cavendish toward the
close of the sixteenth century added nothing of consequence to
the world's knowledge of Puget Sound or the Northwest coasts.
The object of their adventure was plunder on the high seas or
robbery on shore. Exploration, save so far as they had a con
venient retreat (a safe way home to discover), was an incident,
or, one should rather call it, accident of their voyages. Now,
however, England, grown envious or possibly alarmed by the
progress made in this direction by rival nations, determines to
enter the field in earnest. She equips two ships, the Resolution
and the Discovery — twin names which well foreshadow the
work they were to do — and places them under the command of
that since world-renowned and most expert geographer, Captain
James Cook. His orders take him via the Cape of Good Hope,
New Zealand, and Otaheite directly for the Pacific coast of
North America. They run as follows, and, as it will be per
ceived by those who read between the lines, contain a hidden
meaning. Mark the name of " New Albion," given by Drake,
their own representative, and the tacit ignoring of Spanish
claims where they can safely do so :
" You are to fall in with the coast of New Albion in latitude
45° north. You are to put into the first convenient port to
recruit your wood and water, and then to proceed northward
along the coast as far as 65° north, or farther if not obstructed
by land or ice, taking care not to lose any time in exploring
rivers or inlets, or upon any other account till you get into 65°
north, where we could wish you to arrive in the month of June.
On the way thither (to New Albion) not to touch on any part of
the Spanish dominion on the western continent of America un
less driven to it by some unavoidable accident." Here follow

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 101
particular instructions to give no offence to Spain, or if in his
progress northward he find any subjects of any European prince
or State he is not to molest them, but, on the contrary, to treat
them with civility and friendship.
Armed with these general yet, at the same time, very clear
directions, Cook sets sail July 12th, 1776, to accomplish his mis
sion, and Lieutenant Young, in the brig Lyon, is afterward sent
to explore Baffin's Bay and co-operate with him should he dis
cover that still-sought-for myth, the Northwest passage ; in
which, says Evans, if they had succeeded, it was conjectured
they would probably have met in a sea to the north of the
American continent. Evans very happily dissects and extracts
the hidden meaning from Cook' s orders. Condensed, the Eng
lish admiralty means just this : " We hold New Albion under
Drake's discovery ; we concede certain territories to Russia on
the north and Spain on the south, but fix precise boundaries to
neither. Be asssured, when it comes to dividing the spoil, the
Lion of England will demand and enforce his pretensions to a
full share."
It is a little singular, by the way, that the Declaration of
American Independence should have been proclaimed here
almost at the very moment when Cook was departing to in
crease England's domain upon the continent where her most
valuable colonies were, through her own stubborn rapacity and
folly, about to be wrested from her grasp.
To resume : Cook and his consort, Captain Clarke, in the
Discovery, sailed from Plymouth on the date above given. We
make no note of their voyage till on March 7th, 1778, he sights
the Pacific coast of North America in 44° V 2" north latitude.
Gales force him southward to 43°, when he again turns north
ward ; but the fog shuts down and hangs heavy about him.
The coast, as if coy of observation, hides itself in mist, and can
not be traced continuously ; so that between Cape Foulweather
(it will be seen that we have no more saintly christening of
cape and headland — they are good Anglo-Saxon names, full of
pith and meaning), 44° 55' north, and Cape Flattery, 48° 15'
(both named by Cook), the expedition added little to our knowl
edge of the coast.
Among Cook's officers, it should be mentioned, was a mid
shipman destined in after years to be even more thoroughly

102 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
identified with the mapping out of Washington's sea-coast geog
raphy than his eminent commander— George Vancouver. An
other officer, the distinguished geographer and afterward Ad
miral Barney, tells us of Cape Flattery (so called by Cook
because the prospect of land near it had given the doubtful
promise of a harbor). " We were near Cape Flattery on the
evening of the 22d of March, and a little before seven o'clock, it
growing dark, Captain Cook tacked, to wait for daylight, intend
ing to make close examination ; but before morning a hard gale
of wind came on with rainy weather, and we were obliged to
keep off the land" — so near and yet so far. To set up his rig
ging and fill his empty water-tanks, Cook is compelled to seek a
port. He stands away in the night, and consequently fails to
discover the Strait of Fuca. So, not finding it south of 48°, he
counts it a myth and denies its existence. We next find him
(March 29th) at Friendly Cove, Nootka Sound, one of the saint
ly ports of Perez. Cook calls it King George's Sound, but the
Indian nomenclature outlives Cook's compliment to his king, and
Nootka it remains. It is a vast pity, by the way, that the
meaning of these Indian names do not accompany them, as they
are often most beautiful and significant ; take that of Mount
Tacoma, for instance, the Mount Rainier of modern geographers,
which means "nourishing mother of valleys below," a most
concise and poetical rendition of the fact that this great white-
crested mountain (which, had Cook entered the sound, would,
perhaps, have received some other baptism) feeds from its bosom
of eternal snows through their melting streams life and fertility
to the valleys that cluster round its foothills.
But we digress. After refitting, on April 26 th, Cook sails
again to the northward, and devotes the remainder of the season
to a thorough examination of the Northwest coast of America,
involving also the adjoining shore of Asia ; determines the
breadth of Behring Strait, going as far north as 70° 44'. He
makes also, says Evans, ' ' an extended examination of the Arctic
sea, sailing in both directions till hindered by the ice, which
barred his further progress ; then, turning southward, he sur
veyed the Aleutian group of islands." Cook seems to have been
particularly fortunate in his officers, for besides the distin
guished men we have mentioned destined to play an eminent
part in the explorations of years to come, we find a " Con-

7*

tf^L^z^,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 105
necticut Yankee," only a corporal of marines, then serving on
the Resolution, who proved the stuff he was made of on October
7th, while anchored in the harbor of Sanganoodha, as the fol
lowing incident amply indicates. It is thus described by the
pen of Captain James Burney, no mean authority :
" A present of salmon baked in rye flour, accompanied with
a note in the Russian language, was delivered to each of the
captains, brought by two natives of Oonalaska from a distant
part of the island. Ledyard volunteered to return with the
messengers to gain information. Captain Cook accepted his
offer, and sent by him a present of some bottles of rum, wine,
and porter, and a wheaten loaf, with an invitation to ' his un
known friends.' Ledyard embarked in a small baidar, which
was a light skeleton wooden frame covered with whaleskin. It
was paddled by two men, for each of whom there was a circular
opening in the upper part of the baidar to admit of their being
seated, and the lower end of their skin jacket or frock was then
closely fastened to the rim of the opening to prevent the en
trance of water, and they appeared, as it were, hooped in. There
was no opening for their passenger, Ledyard, and previous to their
both being seated he was obliged to dispose himself at his length,
or, as seamen might express it, to stow himself fore and aft in
the bottom of the baidar, between the two. The space allotted to
him neither in height nor breadth exceeded twenty inches. The
length of the voyage performed by Ledyard, pent up in this
slight bark, I understood to be twelve or fourteen miles. At
the end of two days he returned to the ship, being better accom
modated in his voyage home than out, and in company with
three Russian traders. These and other Russians, who came to
us afterward, communicated their charts, which gave informa
tion concerning many islands in this sea. They also mentioned
that an expedition had been made in the icy sea with sledges in
the year 1773 to some large islands opposite the river Kolyma."
It will bring a glow of pride to the cheek of the American
reader to know that this humble corporal of marines, this New
England Yankee boy, afterward became the distinguished and
intrepid traveller, the well-known wanderer and explorer, John
Ledyard. This is all that interests our history in connection with Cap
tain Cook. This able but most- unfortunate commander sailed

106 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
soon afterward for the Sandwich Islands, where he was killed,
with four of his men, by the natives. It was justly said of him
that "no other navigator extended the bounds of geographical
knowledge so widely as he did." The increased advantages of
modern science and our more perfect instruments have only
verified his calculations, proving his latitudes and longitudes to
be correct. Before taking leave of the incidents and results growing out
of Cook's memorable voyage, it seems proper to add that Cap
tain Clerke, of the Resolution (Cook's consort), also dying while
en route, the command devolved on Lieutenant Gore, a Vir-,
ginian, sailing under his command for Canton with a small
collection of furs from the Northwest. They found the Chinese
so eager to purchase them that they would give almost any
quantity of their goods in exchange for them. Out of this visit
of Gore's grew a new trade — the collecting of furs in Northwest
America, shipping them for Canton in exchange for Chinese
goods, which were resold in Europe, making three profits for
the dealers : first on the furs, purchased from the Indians for
goods costing a mere nothing in Europe ; then on the exchange
and traffic, largely in favor of their peltries, at Canton, and
thirdly, that upon the teas, silks, etc., sold in Europe — all of
which tended to further settlement and development of the
Northwest, the rich returns of whose hunting-grounds were thus,
with the regions where they lay, largely advertised throughout
the civilized world.
A careful analysis of Cook' s so-called discoveries on our coast
show that he was not, in the strict sense of the term, a discov
erer. He was the navigator of his age, verifying or correct
ing the discoveries and calculations of those who had gone be
fore him, putting in shape and reducing to tangible form their
crude reports, and thus bringing geographical order out of
chaos. After all, our knowledge of the coast on which we dwell is
the result of the labors of no one explorer. Successive keels
have ploughed its seas and sounds. It was a road like all others,
better known as it became a travelled one. Hence it is that in
our geography we have had many instructors, each adding his
mite, large or small, to the general fund of information. Spain,
Russia, Holland, England, and America have all contributed to

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 107
enlarge our knowledge and acquaint us with the peculiarities of
our coasts.
We shall have little occasion from this time on to find Eng
land either careless or indifferent as to the value and advantage
of securing territory on the Northwest coast of America. Trade
and commerce seek profitable fields of labor ; they found it
here, and occupation and settlement was the natural result.

CHAPTER IX.
CONCLUDES THE EXPLORATIONS BY SEA ON THE NORTHWEST
COAST.
" Where are the shadowy ships that bore
Those brave and gallant souls,
Whose valor sought the tropic shore,
And pierced the icy poles ;
The men whose ports were coasts unknown,
The mysteries of the sea ;
By winds of chance to conquest blown,
If any chance there be ?'' — Brewerton.
Having thus led the reader, as we trust not uninterestingly,
and yet as briefly as the great mass of matter to be condensed
would permit, from that moonlit glimpse of San Salvador whose
trembling light upon the strand the quick eye of Columbus had
already discovered, through the record of many successive ex
plorations to those which marked the close of the last century,
we will, in the present chapter, endeavor to "round up" this
portion of our theme by touching lightly upon those which in
the present century dispelled the final cloud, leaving the terra
incognita of the Northwest coast no longer a mystery, but a
well-travelled ocean highway, whose landmarks were established
and bypaths thoroughly known. We pass without comment
the imbroglio of the Nootka Sound affair, where the rascality of
certain English merchants who desired to avoid Chinese port
charges by sailing their vessels under the Portuguese flag,
coupled with the attempted hoisting of the British flag and
the building of a block-house on territory claimed by the Span
iards in that region, brought about conflicts and seizures which
ended in a multiplicity of negotiations and almost in a war be
tween the two interested parties. Lieutenant Pierce, of the
marines, a British officer, writing officially in 1795, says of this
affair :
" But though England, at the expense of three millions, ex
torted from the Spaniards a promise of restoration and repara-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. Ill
tion, it is well ascertained, first, that the settlement in question
never was restored to Spain, nor the Spanish flag at Nootka ever
struck ; and, secondly, that no settlement had been subsequent
ly attempted by England on the Californian coast. The claim
of right set up by the court of London, it is, therefore, plain has
been virtually abandoned, notwithstanding the menacing tone in
which the negotiation was conducted by the British administra
tion, who cannot escape some censure for encouraging these
vexatious encroachments on the territorial rights of Spain. ' '
This seems good, plain, sensible talk, wonderfully honest
for an officer of those days still in the British marines.
The vessels referred to were Portuguese, by a fraudulent
arrangement, when these traders desired to cheat the Chinese,
but exceeding British when, having got into trouble by their
own arrogant and unjust acts with Spain, they desire English
protection and damages for injuries received. It was the last
attempt of Spain to occupy Nootka Sound.
In 1786 we find the Frenchman La Perouse upon our coast.
He comes with two frigates of his nation, and makes a careful
survey of the shores from Mount Elias to Monterey. The follow
ing year brings Captain Berkley in the Imperial Eagle, an
Austrian East Indiaman. He examines the coast as far south
as 47°, and discovers the entrance of the strait south of Vancou
ver's Island. He ascertains the existence of the strait now
known as Juan de Fuca ; then by a strange coincidence where
in, as we have elsewhere noted, a sad history repeats itself, he
reaches the Isle de Dolores of the Spanish explorer, and, like
him, sends a boat ashore for water, whose crew is killed by the
natives. Captain Meares, of Macoa, learning of the outlet of
the Strait of Juan de Fuca, but that it was still unexplored,
makes a limited examination of it in June of 1788. He makes
the entrance as being twelve or fourteen leagues wide, and thus
describes it : " From the masthead it was observed to stretch to
the east by north, and a clear, unbounded horizon was seen in
that direction as far as the eye could reach ; frequent soundings
were attempted, but we could procure no bottom with one hun
dred fathoms of line. The strangest curiosity impelled us to
enter this strait, which we will call by the name of its original
discoverer, Juan de Fuca."
His first officer, Mr. Duffin, makes an exploration of fifty
6

112 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
miles, and on July 5th discovers the entrance of our Shoalwater
Bay. To Toke's Point he gave the name of Cape Shoalwater.
He attests his belief in the errors of the Spanish charts by nam
ing Cape Disappointment and Deception Bay. " Disappointed
and deceived," says Evans, " he ends his cruise in 45° north."
And now, if only by way of relief to the efforts of other
nationalities, comes a genuine Yankee flavor into our bead-roll
of commanders and ships. Evans tells us that " in 1787 Joseph
Barrell, a prominent merchant of Boston, projected a voyage of
discovery and commerce to the Northwest coast of America. In
this enterprise five other citizens of the United States became
associated. Two vessels — the ship Columbia, Captain John Ken
drick, and the sloop Washington, Captain Robert Gray — were
equipped and provided with assorted cargoes for trade with the
natives. They sailed from Boston in October, 1787."
Let us pause for a moment and note the significance of these
names. There is something almost prophetic in their appro
priateness—Columbia, one day to be the name of that mighty
river, the Mississippi of the west, which gathers its energies
among the snow-capped peaks of inland mountains, to bestow
their income upon that graceless sea which returns its favors by
heaving up barriers of sand at its mouth ; the Washington, one
day to be the proud designation of the State whose history we
are writing. Good, honest, patriotic traders must have been
Joseph Barrell and his associates, selecting national names for
their vessels, and loading them with that "assorted cargo"
which should in the fulness of time bring a bountiful return
from the natives in furs and peltries. May this happy union of
patriotism and commerce never be divorced, or their thrifty
children, civilization and progress, cease to thrive where'er they
may find a home !
In 1789 the Washington, Captain Gray, enters Juan de Fuca
and " sails fifty miles through the strait in an east-southeast
direction, and found the passage five leagues wide." Return
ing, he meets his consort, the Columbia, in the strait ready for
sea, bound for China. Here the captains transfer, and Captain
Kendrick, in the sloop, winters on the coast. " The Columbia,
under Gray, goes on to Canton, exchanges her furs for teas,
and reaches Boston August 10th, 1790, via the Cape of Good
Hope. To Captain Gray, then, belongs the honor of command-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 113
ing the first vessel to circumnavigate the globe under the national
standard of the United States of America. In the fall of 1789
the Washington sails through the strait, and steering northward,
passes through some eight degrees of latitude, and comes out
into the Pacific north of latitude 55°.
A Spanish ship, commanded by Manuel Quimper, one of a
fleet that sailed from San Bias in 1890, explored the Strait of
Juan de Fuca in the summer of that year. His survey includ
ed the strait and main channel of what is now known as the Gulf
of Georgia, the main channel between Vancouver's Island and
the continent, to which he gave the name of Canal de Haro, in
honor of his pilot. Such is the channel, so notable in history,
separating the Island of Vancouver . and San Juan, now the
water boundary between Great Britain and the United States as
settled by William II. , Emperor of Germany, and consequently
the boundary of the State of Washington.
About this time Malaspina, a Spanish officer, discovers the
mouth of the Fraser River, naming it Rio Blanco.
" Twenty-eight vessels," says Evans, " visited Nootka Sound
this year, under the flags of Portugal, France, England, Spain,
and the United States. Of these, five were national expeditions,
the rest were traders."
The famous Captain Vancouver, the midshipman of Cook' s
voyage, now comes as a leading actor upon the stage of north
western exploration. His expedition enters the Strait of Juan
de Fuca on April 30th, 1792, and reaches a point on the south
shore which he names New Dungeness ; sailing eastward, he
enters a bay he calls Port Discovery, and the island opposite its
mouth, Protection Island. The channel to the southward of
Point Wilson he calls Admiralty Inlet ; its two great southern
arms are christened Hood's Canal and Puget Sound —another
whiff of sea breeze blowing directly from home. We are meet
ing familiar names, which, as the Westerner expresses it, have
" come to stay." He explores all the islands, inlets, bays, and
harbors. He does his work well among the channels of this
mighty inland sea — the Mediterranean of the West. He dispels
the idea that its tortuous passages lead through the continent.
And now occurs a little conflict of opinion in which the
American merchant captain proves to have been right and the
scientific naval commander, usually so correct in his calcula-

114 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
tions, decidedly in error. The American sloop Washington,
already referred to, made the Northwest coast near 46° north.
' " In an attempt to enter an apparent opening the sloop ground
ed, was attacked by savages, had one of the crew killed, and
the mate severely wounded. Captain Gray believed this to be
the mouth of the river he afterward named Columbia."
Speaking Captain Vancouver in April, 1792, he informed
him " that he had been off the mouth of the river in latitude
46° 10' north, wdiere the outset or reflux was so strong as to pre
vent his entering it for nine days."
Coming as it did from a mere Yankee trader, Vancouver,
with less good sense than he usually exhibits, attaches no im
portance to the statement. It is the old story of the namesake
of Gray's vessel — Washington's unheeded advice to Braddock,
which might have avoided that perfect savage triumph over
Britain's arms and valor— repeated in a different element, but
happily with less serious result. After an argument too long to
be quoted here, Vancouver dismisses the idea of Gray's discov
ery as an impossibility, and sagely adds, by way of rebuke to
similar pretenders, the following :
" These ideas, not derived from any source of substantial in
formation, have, it is much to be feared, been adopted for the
sole purpose of giving unlimited credit to the traditionary ex
ploits of ancient foreigners, and to undervalue the laborious and
enterprising exertions of our own countrymen in the noble sci
ence of discovery."
A prettily turned and high-sounding period, which, how
ever, must be taken cum grano sails, for the mouth of the Co
lumbia, with its far-away sources and mighty tide of outflow,
was there nevertheless. But it is not the first time that a Brit
ish commander might have learned, yet failed to do so, from
Yankee eyes and American common sense ; possibly the fact, as
Evans suggests, " that the American sailor made no claim to the
possession of Vancouver's noble science of discovery," may have
turned the scale against the presence of a river wliich two Brit
ish navigators, Meares and Cook, had been unable to discover,
and which, therefore, by no possibility could exist.
Our Yankee captain, leaving this scientific and unbelieving
gentleman to prosecute his discoveries northward, returns to re
examine his as yet unexplored river mouth, " whose reflux was

y

cp

StY^f^lfi-rT^;

Sty*

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 117
so strong as to prevent him for nine days from entering it." We
will tell the story of its results in his own words :
" On the 7th of May, being within six miles of land, saw an
entrance to the same, which had a very good appearance of har
bor ; lowered away the jolly-boat and went in search of an anchor-
ing-place, the ship standing to and fro, with a strong weather
current. At one o' clock p. m. the boat returned, having found
no place where the ship could anchor with safety ; made sail on
the ship ; stood in for shore. We soon saw from our masthead
a passage between the sand bars. At half-past three bore away
and ran in northeast by east, having four to eight fathoms,
sandy bottom ; and as we drew in nearer between the bars had
from ten to thirteen fathoms, having a very strong tide of ebb
to stem. Many canoes came alongside. At five p.m. came to
five fathoms of water, sandy bottom, in a safe harbor, well shel
tered from the sea by a long sand bar and spit. Our latitude
obser\ed this day was 46° 58' north." Captain Gray called this
ba y Bluefinch Harbor, in honor of one of the part owners of the
ship Columbia. It is now known (as it ought to be) as Gray's
Harbor. Captain Gray remained there till the afternoon of the
10th. On the 11th Captain Gray's narrative continues : " At four
p.m. saw the entrance of our port, bearing east-southeast, dis
tance six leagues ; in-steering sails, and hauled our wind in
shore. At eight a. m., being a little to windward of the entrance
to the harbor, bore away and ran east-northeast between the
breakers, having from five to seven fathoms of water. When
we came over the bar we found this to be a very large river of
freshwater, up which we stood." To this river, up which he
sailed to Tongue Point, Captain Gray gave the name of his ship,
the Columbia.
Upon his return to Nootka Sound our unscientific but very
practical Yankee skipper furnished Senor Quadra, a Spanish
navigator, and associate with Vancouver in exploration, with a
sketch of his discovery. Through him Vancouver himself re
ceives it. Shortly after we find him sailing with his fleet " to
re-examine the coast of New Albion, and particularly a river
and a harbor discovered by Mr. Gray in the Columbia between
463 and 47° north, of which Senor Quadra favored me with a
sketch."

US HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
" The Daedalus was left to explore Gray's Harbor. At four
o'clock in the afternoon of the 19th, when, having nearly
reached Cape Disappointment, which forms the north point of
entrance into Columbia River, so named by Mr. Gray, I direct
ed the Chatham to lead into it, and on her arrival at the bar,
should no more than four fathoms of water be found, the signal
for danger was to be made ; but if the channel appeared to be
navigable, to proceed."
Leaving Vancouver's account and taking it up as recorded
by Evans, " The Discovery followed the Chatham till Vancou
ver found the water to shoal to three fathoms, with breakers all
around, which induced him to haul off. to the eastward and to
anchor outside the bar in ten fathoms. The Chatham came to
anchor in ten fathoms, with the surf breaking over her. Van
couver was still as unwilling to believe there was much of a
river as he had been to credit Gray's statement that it really did
exist." He exhibits his reluctance to indorse that which he can
no longer positively deny by undervaluing its importance as fol
lows :
" My former opinion of this port being inaccessible to vessels
of our burthen was now fully confirmed, with this exception,
that in very fine weather, with moderate winds and a smooth
sea, vessels not exceeding four hundred tons' ' (Yankee schooners,
perhaps) " might, so far as we are able to judge, gain an admit
tance." What would our fellow- citizens of Oregon say were Vancou
ver to return in the flesh and reiterate his disparaging state
ments ?
Truly American names are coming into fashion. "Lieu
tenant Broughton, in the Chatham, having rounded Cape Disap
pointment, is surprised by the report of a gun from a small
schooner at anchor in the bay. It proves to be the Jenny, from
Bristol, R. L, commanded by Captain James Baker. This inci
dent suggested Baker's Bay as the proper name for the little
harbor inside Cape Disappointment. Broughton, with a cutter
and launch, continues to ascend this " unimportant" river for a
distance of a hundred miles from the anchorage. This point he
named Point Vancouver ; it is the present site of the city of Van
couver. Then, with characteristic English modesty, he, having
been in the river, as he states, ' ' takes possession of the river and

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 119
the country in its vicinity in His Britannic Majesty's name, hav
ing every reason to believe that the subjects of no other civilized
nation or State had ever entered it before." He then re-crosses
the bar, the Rhode Island Jenny leading. And yet he found
the Jenny there, and must have known of Gray's first discovery.
Evans apologizes for him, or, perhaps, we should rather say
explains his mistake as follows :
" The only palliation for this attempt of Broughton to claim
the honor of the discovery of the river will be found in the sin
cerity of his belief in his theory that the widening of the Colum
bia below Tongue Point really constituted a bay, of which bay
Gray was the discoverer ; that the true river emptied into Gray's
Bay, and that Gray was never above its mouth. Broughton' s
unjust and ungenerous denial of Gray's claim has long been
ignored, and Captain Robert Gray, the American sailor, is uni
versally accepted as the discoverer of the great Columbia River."
It seems to us a little singular, however, if the English lieu
tenant believed this theory, that he did not give some new name
to ' ' his discovery' ' instead of that which must have been particu
larly distasteful to him — the Columbia.
But one error should not condemn a man ; and a disposition
to believe in and prefer the statements of those of our own
nationality is the last sin which an American should find fault
with. We are too much given to it ourselves. The civus sum
Romanus of old time was not more proudly uttered than the
independent ' ' I am an American citizen' ' of to-day. Vancouver
did good and honest work. His charts are standard to-day ; his
names hold, and his calculations turned out to be accurate. He
left the coast late in 1794, and his memory will ever be associ
ated with its long line of sea-beaten shores.
So ends upon the Northwest coast the maritime explorations
and discoveries of a century rich in efforts and ripe in practical
fruit. It left us, in some respects, better off than to-day, for
from a combination of circumstances the carrying trade of the
North Pacific was restricted to American ships.
We conclude this portion of our maritime " rounding up"
chapter with a statement of the situation as to conflicting claims
and claimants upon the Northwest coast at the close of the last
century. Evans puts it very tersely thus :
" Russia's claim upon the extreme Northwest was undisputed,

120 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
except that Spain had not abandoned the imaginary right aris
ing from the grant of Pope Alexander VI. Russian discovery
had been followed by settlements which extended southward to
about 55° north. Spain had discovered coasts as high north as
Prince William's Sound (61° north), but had not attempted set
tlement north of the mission of San Francisco, latitude 37° 50' —
properly speaking, north of the north line of the Spanish de
partment of California. Great Britain had asserted claim be
cause Drake, in 1579, had called a part of the coast New Albion,
which coast so named, according to Vancouver, was included
between 43° and 48°. From 48° to 55° that navigator designated
New Georgia. Great Britain also denied Spanish claim to the
northern coast above 48° north, claiming that Spain had aban
doned such territory by the first article of the Nootka Treaty.
The claim by Great Britain of New Albion was a denial also of
Spanish claim north of 43°. The United States claim by right
of discovery was the territory watered by the Columbia River.
Thus the North Pacific coast, between the north line of Cali
fornia and south boundary of Russian America, had become a
matter of dispute between Spain, Great Britain, and the United
States."

CHAPTER X.
DESTRUCTION OF THE AMERICAN SHIP BOSTON AND MASSACRE
OF HER CREW BY THE INDIANS OF FRIENDLY COVE, ON
NOOTKA SOUND, AS TOLD BY ONE OF THE ONLY TWO SUR
VIVORS.
" How deep the hate and passion strong
Of him who treasures up a wrong !
Who bides his time and patient waits
Till full repayment vengeance sates." — Brewerton.
The present century, so far as maritime matters on the North
west coast are concerned, opened with the lamentable attack
(while trading at Nootka), in March, 1803, upon the American
ship Boston, Captain John Salter, by natives under the lead of
Maquina, their chief. The ship was destroyed, and but two of
the crew escaped massacre. The survivors did not obtain their
freedom until after two years of captivity.
The journal of the youngest of these, " Captain John R.
Jewitt, only survivor of the ship Boston," as he styles himself,
is so interesting that we allot some space to his narrative of their
surprise and capture, quoting as briefly as we may. After giv
ing the particulars of the ship coming to anchor four miles to
the north of the Indian village at Friendly Cove (in this in
stance a misnomer), he goes on to say :
" On Thursday of next day, the 13th, several of the natives
came on board from their village of Nootka with their king,
called Maquina, who appeared pleased to see us, greeting us
most cordially, and welcomed Captain Salter to his country. As
I had never beheld a savage of any nation, I was particularly
struck with the looks of their king, who was a man of dignified
aspect, about six feet in height, and exceedingly straight and
well proportioned ; his features were in general good ; his face
made remarkable by a large Roman nose — a very uncommon
feature among these people ; his complexion of a dark copper
hue, though at that time his face, legs and arms were so covered
with red paint that their natural color could hardly be per-

124 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
ceived ; his eyebrows were painted black in two broad stripes,
like a new moon, and his long black hair, which shone with oil,
was fastened in a bunch at the top of his head, and strewed or
powdered all over with white down, which gave him a most
curious and extraordinary appearance" (he had probably seen
Europeans with powder in their hair). " His men were, habited
in mantles of the same cloth, which is made from the bark of a
tree, and has some resemblance to straw matting ; these are
nearly square, and have two holes in the upper part large
enough to receive the arms ; they reach as low as the knees, and
are fastened round their bodies with a belt about four inches
broad of the same cloth.
" From having frequently visited the English and American
ships that traded on the coast, Maquina had learned the signifi
cation of a number of English words, and in general could make
himself pretty well understood in our own language. He was
always the first to go on board such ships as came to Nootka,
even when he had no trade to offer, as he always received some
small present, and was in general exceedingly well treated by
the commanders. He remained on board of us for some time,
during which Captain Salter took him into the cabin and treat
ed him with a glass of rum, these people being very fond of dis
tilled spirits, and some biscuit and molasses, which they prefer
to any kind of food that we can offer them.
" As there are seldom any furs to be purchased at this place,
and not fully the season, Captain Salter put in here not to
trade, but to obtain a supply of wood and water, thinking it
more prudent to do so at Nootka, from the generally friendly
disposition of the people, than among the ferocious natives far
ther north. With this view we were preparing water-casks, etc.,
during which time I kept myself busily employed" (he was the
armorer of the ship) " in repairing the muskets, knives, etc., and
doing such iron work as was wanted for the ship.
" Meanwhile more or less of the natives came on board of us
daily, bringing with them fresh salmon, which they supplied us
with in great plenty, receiving in return some trifling articles.
Captain Salter was always very particular, before admitting
these people on board, to see that they had no arms about them,
by obliging them indiscriminately to throw off their garments,
so that he felt perfectly secure from any attack.

HISTORY' OF WASHINGTON. 125
" On the 15th the king came on board with several of his
chiefs ; he was dressed, as before, in his magnificent otter-skin
robe, having his face highly painted and his hair tossed off with
the white down, which looked like snow. His chiefs were
dressed in mantles of the country cloth of its natural color,
which is a pale yellow ; these were ornamented with a broad
border, painted or wrought in figures of several colors, repre
senting men's heads, various animals, etc., and secured around
them with a belt like that of the king, but narrower. The dress
of the common people is of the same fashion, and differs from
that of the chiefs in being of a coarser texture, and painted red
of one uniform color.
' ' Captain Salter invited Maquina and his chiefs to dine with
him ; and it was curious to see how these people, when they
eat, seat themselves (in their country fashion) upon our chairs,
with their feet under them, crossed like Turks. They cannot
endure the taste of salt, and the only thing they would eat with
us was the ship's bread, which they were very fond of, especially
when dipped in molasses ; they have also a great liking for tea
and coffee when well sweetened." (Had the narrator ever trav
elled among the Arabs, this declination to eat salt with their
hosts might have put them on their guard. The Arab never
will eat salt with those whom he intends to injure.) " As iron
weapons, and tools of every kind are in great request among
them, whenever they came on board they were always very at
tentive to me, crowding around me at the forge, as if to see in
Avhat manner I did my work, and in this way became quite
familiar — a circumstance, as will be seen in the end, of the last
importance to me. The salmon which they brought us fur
nished a most delicious treat to men who for a long time had
lived wholly on salt provisions. We indeed feasted most luxu
riously, little imagining the fate that awaited us, or that this
dainty food was to prove the lure to our destruction.
" On the 19th the king came again on board and was invited
by the captain to dine with him. He had much conversation
with Captain Salter, and informed him that there were plenty of
wild ducks and geese near Friendly Cove, on which the captain
made him a present of a double-barrelled fowling-piece, with
which he appeared to be greatly pleased, and soon after went on
shore.

126 HISTORY* OF WASHINGTON.
" On the 20th we were nearly ready for our departure, hav
ing taken in all the wood and water we needed.
" The next day Maquina came on board with nine pairs of
wild duck as a present ; at the same time he brought with him
the gun, one of the locks of which he had broken, telling the
captain it was peshalc— that is, bad. Captain Salter was very
much offended at this observation, and considering it was a
mark of contempt for his present, he called the king a liar, add
ing other opprobrious terms, and taking the gun from him,
tossed it indignantly into the cabin, and calling me to him, said,
' John, this fellow has broken this beautiful fowling-piece ; see
if you can mend it.' On examining it, 1 told him it could be
done. As I have already observed, Maquina knew a number of
English w~ords, and, unfortunately, understood but too well the
meaning of the reproachful terms that the captain addressed to
him. He said not a word in reply, but his countenance suffi
ciently expressed the rage he felt, though he exerted himself to
suppress it ; and I observed him, while the captain was speak
ing, repeatedly put his hand to his throat and rub it upon his
bosom, which he afterward told me was to keep down his heart,
which was rising into his throat and choking him. He soon
after went on shore with his men, evidently much discomposed.
" On the morning of the 22d the natives came off to us as
usual with salmon, and remained on board ; when about noon
Maquina came alongside with a considerable number of his
chiefs and men in their canoes, who, after going through the
customary examination, were admitted into the ship. He had a
whistle in his hand, and over his face a very ugly mask of wood,
representing the head of some wild beast. He appeared to be
remarkably good-humored and gay, and while his people sang
and capered about the deck, he blew his whistle to a kind of
tune which seemed to regulate their motions. As Captain Salter
was walking on the quarter-deck, amusing himself with their
dancing, the king came up to him and inquired when he intend
ed to go to sea. He answered, ' To-morrow.' Maquina then
said, ' You love salmon ? Much in Friendly Cove. Why not go
there and catch some % ' The captain thought that it would be
very desirable to have a good supply of these fish for the voy
age, and on consulting with Mr. Delouisa" (his first mate) " it was
agreed to send part of the crew on shore after dinner, with the

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 129
seine, in order to procure a quantity. Maquina and his chiefs
stayed and dined on board, and after dinner the chief mate went
off with nine men in the jolly-boat and yawl to fish at Friendly
Cove, having set the steward on shore at our watering-place to
wash the captain's clothes.
" Shortly after the departure of the boats I went down to my
vise-bench in the steerage, where I was employed in cleaning
muskets. I had not been there more than an hour when I heard
the men hoisting in the long boat, which in a few minutes after
was succeeded by a great bustle and confusion on deck. I im
mediately ran up the steerage stairs, but scarcely was my head
above deck when I was caught by the hair by one of the savages
and lifted from my feet ; fortunately for me, my hair being
short, and the ribbon with which it was tied slipping, I fell from
his hold into the steerage. As I was falling he struck at me
with an axe, which cut a deep gash in my forehead and pene
trated the skull ; but in consequence of his losing his hold I
luckily escaped the full force of the blow, which otherwise
would have cleft my head in two. I fell stunned and senseless
upon the floor. How long I continued in this situation I know
not, but on recovering my senses the first thing I did was to try
to get up ; but so weak was I from the loss of blood that I
fainted and fell. I was, however, soon recalled to my recollec
tion by three loud shouts or yells from the savages, which con
vinced me that they had got possession of the ship. It is im
possible for me to describe my feelings at this terrific sound.
My blood ran cold in my veins.
" Having at length sufficiently recovered to look about me,
after wiping the blood from my eyes, I saw that the hatch of the
steerage was shut. This was done, as I afterward discovered,
by order of Maquina, who, on seeing the savage strike at me
with the axe, told him not to hurt me, for that I was the armorer
and would be useful to them in repairing their arms ; while, at the
same time, to prevent any of his men from injuring me, he had the
hatch closed. But to me this circumstance wore a very different
appearance, for I thought that these barbarians had only prolonged
my life in order to deprive me of it by the most cruel tortures.
" I remained in this horrid state of suspense for a very long
time when at length the hatch was opened, and Maquina, call
ing me by name, ordered me to come up. I groped my way up

130 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
as well as I was able, being almost blinded with the blood that
flowed from my wound, and so weak as with difficulty to walk.
The king, on perceiving my situation, ordered one of his men
to bring a pot of water to wash the blood from my face, which,
having done, I was able to see distinctly with one of my eyes,
but the other was so swollen from my wound that it was closed.
But what a terrific spectacle met my eyes ! Six naked savages,
standing in a circle about me, covered with the blood of my mur
dered companions, with their daggers uplifted in their hands,
prepared to strike. I now thought my last moment had come,
and recommended my soul to my Maker.
" The king, who, as I have already remarked, knew enough
of English to make himself understood, entered the circle, and,
placing himself before me, addressed me in nearly the following
words : ' John— I speak— you no say no— you say no — daggers
come.' He then asked, me if I would be his slave during my
life ; if I would fight for him in his battles ; if I would repair
his muskets and make daggers and knives for him, with sev
eral other questions, to all of which I was careful to answer
' Yes.' He then told me he would spare my life, and ordered
me to kiss his hands and feet to show my submission to him,
which I did. In the mean time, his people were very clamorous
to have me put to death, so that there should be none of us left
to tell our story to our countrymen, and to prevent them from
coming to trade with them ; but the king, in the most deter
mined manner, opposed their wishes, and to his favor am I
wholly indebted for my being yet among the living.
" As I was busy at work at the time of the attack, I was
without my coat ; and what with the coldness of the weather,
my feebleness from loss of blood, the pain of my wound, and
the extreme agitation of terror I still felt, I shook like a leaf,
which the king observing, went into the cabin, and bringing up
a great-coat that had belonged to the captain, threw it over my
shoulders, telling me to drink some rum from a bottle which he
handed me, at the same time giving me to understand that it
would be good for me and keep me from trembling as I did. I
took a draught of it, after which, taking me by the hand, he led
me to the quarter-deck, where the most horrid sight presented
itself that ever my eyes witnessed. The heads of our unfortunate
captain and his crew, to the number of twenty-five, were all

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 131
arranged in a line ; and Maquina, ordering one of his people to
bring a head, asked me whose it was. I answered, The captain's.
In like manner the others were shown me, and I told him the
names, excepting a few that were so horribly mangled that I
was not able to recognize them.
" I now discovered that all of our unfortunate crew had been
massacred, and learned that after getting possession of the ship
the savages had broken open the arm- chest and magazine, and
supplying themselves with ammunition and arms, sent a party
on shore to attack our men who had gone thither to fish, and,
being joined by numbers from the village, without difficulty
overpowered and murdered them, and, cutting off their heads,
brought them on board, after throwing their bodies into the sea.
On looking on the deck I saw it entirely covered with the blood
of my poor comrades, whose throats had been cut with their
own jack-knives — the savages having seized the opportunity
while they were busy in hoisting in the boat to grapple with
them and overpower them by their numbers. In the . scuffle the
captain was thrown overboard and dispatched by those in the
canoes, who immediately cut off his head.
" After I had answered his questions, Maquina took my silk
handkerchief from my neck and bound it around my head. He
then ordered me to get the ship under weigh for Friendly Cove.
This I did by cutting the cables and sending some of the natives
aloft to loose the sails, which they performed in a very bungling
manner ; but they succeeded so far in loosing the jib and top
sails that with the advantage of fair wind I succeeded in getting
the ship into the cove, where, by order of the king, I ran her
ashore on a sandy beach at eight o'clock at night."
So ends a weird and most dramatic tragedy— a true story of
the cruel northern seas. How he saved his comrade, the sail-maker,
by passing him off as his father, having grown into favor with
the king, is to be found in that curious volume, " The Adventures
and Sufferings of John R. Jewitt, " which, after running through
several editions in America, was reprinted in Edinburgh in 1824.
We have now done with the explorations by sea of our North
west coast, and are about to enter it with the early settlers over
land, before proceeding to trace the results of their emigration
and its effects, as shown in the history of Washington, upon its
rise and progress to Statehood.

CHAPTER XI.
ASSAULTS OF CIVILIZATION ON THE EASTERN WILDS OF WASH
INGTON BY EXPLORATIONS AND EMIGRATION OVERLAND.
" The hunter may traverse the forest for game,
The fisherman follow the stream,
But the axeman opens to golden grain
The glades where their camp-fires gleam ;
To settlers' huts and the emigrants' home,
To the cities yet to be,
To those who are not as thistledown blown,
But firm as the rooted tree.'' — Brewerton.
It is a pleasant thing for the author, and, as we trust, an
agreeable change to the reader, to turn aside from the dreary
monotony of ocean exploration, of sea narrative which, like the
element it traverses, oppresses us with a sense of sameness
impossible to overcome. No ; vary it as we will with dramatic
effects and striking situations, it is there. The ear grows weary
with the eternal reiteration of breaking billows ; the tired eye
languishes for something to interrupt the flatness of apparently
illimitable wastes of cold gray seas. Storms, shipwrecks, and
disasters are but accidents, affording no relief, for they seem,
dress and disguise them as you will, but duplicates of each
other, the old story in a new form. We turn, then, with posi
tive delight to the contemplation of " fresh woods and pastures
new" in the pursuit of our story — to the assaults of civilization
upon the then untrodden territory of Washington's eastern bor
ders ; to follow the footsteps of her hardy hunters, voyageurs,
explorers, and emigrants who in those old days made their diffi
cult way through the green surges of our vast ocean of primeval
forest, to camp beneath its shadows, let in with their keen axes
sunshine upon its sod, and create oases in its desert of verdure
wliich in the fulness of time should blossom as the rose, and
replace the wigwam of the savage with the homes, school-houses,
and churches of modern civilized life.
It is a singular fact that the same causes which led to at-

(^^^JS^^T^

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 135
tempted discoveries by sea stimulated explorations by land.
History again repeats itself ; reality is born of error ; the false
gives birth to the true, or, to speak more correctly, the search
for the fabulous ended of ttimes most unexpectedly in the find
ing of what ultimately proved a better thing in the real.
Rumors, transmitted from tribe to tribe, and so at last coming
to the ears of trappers and hunters, brought to the white settle
ments of the East vague reports of the existence of the " shin
ing" (now the Rocky) mountains of the far West. The very
name suggested possibilities of untold wealth. Fiction, feeding
on the theme, sent forth its tales of journeys and discoveries
alleged to have been actually made ; pretended maps and charts
added to their apparent reliability ; cities were discovered, their
inhabitants described ; rivers whose sands glittered with gold
and streams thick with uncut diamonds were born of dreams ;
and these dreams became waking visions in speculative minds,
who received them as true, and straightway set out to discover
these Eldorados. As the Strait of Anian myth sent explorers
for ma,ny a year to brave the icy seas in search of that fabled
pathway to the Ind, so the tales of La Hontan, Hennepin, and
others, baseless as they were, fired the zeal of inland seekers,
whose repeated quests found at last a way across the continent,
and to whose influence we owe the iron pathways of to-day.
But it must be remembered that the wave of progress which is
tidal in this century moved slowly on the last, and crept with
dim and blinded steps in that which preceded it. The early
histories of the first inland travellers, seen from our standpoint,
read almost like fairy-tales, even when they are true. Take the
" Histoire de la Louisiane" of La Page du Pratz, published in
1758, which purports to be the story of a Yazoo Indian, Mon-
cacht-ape, meaning "he who kills trouble and fatigue." Of
this book Evans says :
" In a fascinating vein La Page chronicles the adventures and
observations of this learned aboriginal traveller. He details
how he ascended the Missouri in its source to the Rocky Moun
tains, tarrying with Indian tribes to learn their language and
inquire the way ; his crossing those ' Shining Mountains,' ex
ceedingly high and beset with dangers ; his march from thence
to the beautiful river that flowed into the great ocean. He there
met a tribe called the Otters, two of whose people, a man and a
7

136 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
woman, accompanied him westward. His first view of the Pa
cific he thus described : ' I was so delighted I could not speak.
My eyes were too small for my soul's ease. The wind so dis
turbed the great water that I thought the blows it gave would
beat the land to pieces.' Can modern description better this
much ? The author saw Niagara for the first time with very
nearly the same feelings." Evans goes on to say :
' ' La Page is recognized as a reliable writer. He vouches his
entire belief in the statements of the Yazoo explorer. That
narrative, published as it was previous to any other person
having crossed the Rocky Mountains or who had journeyed to
the Pacific Ocean, which subsequent visits of travellers have
found to be correct, would seem to carry intrinsic evidences of
truthfulness, and its statements appear to have been based on
actual information."
There had been, however, another and previous visitor to
these same " Shining Mountains" (pity it is, we think, that the
name had not been preserved, for all mountains are rocky, while
this great American chain is, whether stony or snow-clad,
specially "shining") ; and this first "pathfinder" was a French
man—one Vereudrye — whose story, as told by Evans, runs as
follows :
" In 1731 Marquis de Beauharnais, Governor-General of New
France, conferred authority upon Vereudrye, a fur trader, to
equip an expedition to reach the head-waters of the Missouri.
To avoid the dreaded Sioux, he had permission to ascend the
Assiniboin and Saskatchewan rivers, and to follow any stream
flowing westward into the Pacific. His real purpose was to
establish the fur trade, and to ascertain the practicability of
overland communication between New France (Canada and the
province of Louisiana) and the Pacific Ocean. A line of posts
was built, extending from Lake Superior northwestward, at
available points to forts of the Saskatchewan, and at the junc
tion of the Assiniboin and Red rivers. From these forts expedi
tions were dispatched northward and westward in charge of his
brother and sons. In one of these excursions, in 1743, the
brother and son ascended the Missouri River to its source in the
Rocky Mountains. They travelled south to the Mandan coun
try. Discovering no passage through this vast mountain chain,
and warned of danger from the Sioux, they turned back and

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 137
reached the Missouri in 1744. To this party belongs the credit
of having been the first white men who had ever seen the Rocky
or Shining Mountains."
" The first traveller to lead a party of civilized men through
the territory of the Stony Mountains to the South Sea' ' should
be engraved on some massive mountain-face of "the Rockies"
in letters so large as to be visible to every passing passenger ;
and this epitaph should be linked with the name of Alexander
Mackenzie, a native of Scotland and a partner of the Northwest
Fur Company, in honor of his then unparalleled achievement.
He might well be called the Columbus of the wilderness, the
pathfinder of the wooded sea. He himself, at the conclusion of
one of his longest canoe voyages of exploration, in which he
halted at what he calls "Vancouver's Cascade Canal," mixed
up some vermilion and grease and inscribed in large characters
on the face of the rock on which his party had slept the night
before, ' ' Alexander Mackenzie, from Canada by land, July 22d,
1793." It was from this adventurous yet eminently practical man
that the suggestion emanated that the Northwest and Hudson' s
Bay Company should combine and divide between them the
interior and northern part of North America, beyond the frontier
of the United States and the Canadas. He imagined that he
descended the Columbia, the " great river" of the natives ; but,
as was afterward discovered, was mistaken. The river he actually
visited was the Fraser. He seems to have been a Napoleon in
the breadth and scope of his commercial plans and generalship,
as witness the following from his report :
"By opening this entire course between the Atlantic and
Pacific oceans, and forming regular establishments through the
interior and at both extremes, as well as along the coasts and
islands, the entire command of the fur trade of North America
might be obtained from latitude 48° north to the Pole, except
the portion of it which the Russians have in the Pacific. To
this may be added the fishing in both seas and the markets of
the four quarters of the globe. Such would be the field for com
mercial enterprises, and incalculable would be the product of it
when supported by the operations of that credit and capital
which Great Britain pre-eminently possesses. Then would this
country begin to be remunerated, for the expenses it has sus-

138 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
tained in discovering and surveying the coasts of the Pacific
Ocean, which is at present left to American adventurers who,
without regularity or capital, or the desire for conciliating
future confidence, look altogether to the interest of the moment.
They therefore collect all the skins they can procure and in any
manner that suits them, and having exchanged them at Canton
for the produce of China, return to their own country. Such
adventurers, and many of them, as I am informed, have been
very successful, would instantly disappear from the coast."
We have suggested a memorial for Mr. Mackenzie, but fancy
that the paragraph just quoted is as monumental in brass as
any which could be erected. His report is well calculated to
attract that ' ' British credit and capital' ' to which he refers.
As Evans says, he foreshadows " British policy and intent," those
also of the Empire Company, whose agent he was, and more
over defined the lines whereby England proposed to bound her
claim to the territory of Northwest America.
Thomas Jefferson has been called, and has indeed won the
right to be so considered, the " father of Western exploration,"
to which may be added that he was the first of our statesmen to
appreciate and make some effort to explore and develop the
possibilities of their almost unknown wildernesses lying between
the Mississippi and the Pacific. Throwing the search-light of
the present upon the history of the past for many years following
our declaration of national independence, the apathy and want of
foresight of the great mass of our American legislators to the
securing new territories and opening up the far West seems
incomprehensible. Jefferson alone seems to have possessed a
keener eye and wider range of vision. While representing us as
our Minister at Paris, as early as 1786, he met John Ledyard,
of Connecticut, to whom we have already alluded as the adven
turous corporal of marines of Cook's visit to the Northwest
coast. Their converse led to a suggestion from Mr. Jefferson
that Ledyard should make a journey overland by way of the
Russian possessions to Kamtchatka, and thence across by some
ship of that nationality to Nootka Sound ; thence downward on
the latitude of the Missouri, and explore that region to the
United States. Ledyard, as enthusiastic as himself, eagerly
embraced the plan. The consent of the Empress of Russia
secured the needful passports. Ledyard proceeded on his jour-

-ng?byT.G.lL^margrr-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 141
ney, reaching Irkootsk, within two hundred miles of the coast
of Kamtchatka, in January of 1787 ; winters there ; is arrested in
the spring on attempting to resume his journey by the Russian
officials, who accuse him of being a spy, and forbid his return
to Russia. His health fails, broken, as we are told, ' ' by the
severity of his treatment and the hardships of his journey."
Thus was the first attempt of Mr. Jefferson to explore the inte
rior and western part of this continent frustrated.
Not discouraged by this failure, we find Mr. Jefferson again,
in 1792, proposing to the American Philosophical Society the en
gagement of a competent scientist to ' ' explore Northwest
America from the eastward by ascending the Missouri, crossing
the Rocky Mountains, and descending the nearest river to the
Pacific Ocean."
Captain Meriwether Lewis, of the United States, afterward
destined to distinguish himself as one of the leaders of the
great expedition of Lewis and Clarke, now comes to the front
and urgently solicits the command. But, possibly owing to
French influence, presumably potent with Jefferson, Andre
Michaux, a French botanist, who offers his services, is accepted,
receives his instructions, and gets as far as Kentucky ; but
being, as it appears, also in the service of the French Govern
ment, he there receives an order from the French Minister to
relinquish his appointment and select some other field of re
search—a piece of European jealousy which defeats the second
attempt at exploration, on which Jefferson seems to be deter
mined. Yet a third time, and on this occasion with Americans at the
helm, we find Jefferson, now President of the United States,
taking advantage of the " Act for the establishment of trading
houses with the Indian tribes being about to expire," to recom
mend their continuance ; and at the same time, in a confidential
communication to Congress (January 18th, 1803), he recommends
"An exploration to trace the Missouri to its source; to cross
the hi°-h lands (Rocky Mountains) and follow the best water
communication to the Pacific Ocean." The reader will remark
that it is the same plan. Congress makes the necessary appro
priation, and Captain Lewis, whose services were before reject
ed, but who has now become the private secretary of the Presi
dent, their common tastes for the increase of geographical

142 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
knowledge having possibly drawn them together, obtains its
leadership. Lewis requests that William Clarke be associated
with him, and Clarke is accordingly appointed a captain in the
army and ordered upon this service. " In April, 1803, the Presi
dent's instructions were submitted to Captain Lewis, and being
duly canvassed, were finally signed on the 25th of June follow
ing. The governments of France, Spain, and Great Britain were
notified of the expedition, and its purposes and passports issued
to it by the ministers of England and France. Among other
instructions we find the following :
"The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri
River and such principal streams of it as by its course of com
munication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean, whether the
Columbia, Oregon, Colorado, or any other river, may offer the
most direct and practicable water communication across the
continent for the purposes of commerce."
They are also directed to fix by observation the interesting
points of the portage between the heads of the Missouri and the
waters offering the best communication with the Pacific Ocean,
and the course of that water to the ocean in the same manner as
that of the Missouri.
Their orders go on to say :
" Should you reach the Pacific Ocean, inform yourself of the
circumstances which may decide whether the furs of these parts
may be collected as advantageously at the head of the Missouri
(convenient, as it is supposed, to the waters of the Colorado and
Oregon or Columbia) as at Nootka Sound or any other part of
that coast ; and that trade be constantly conducted through the
Missouri and United States more beneficially than by the cir
cumnavigation now practised. . . . On your arrival at that
coast, endeavor to learn if there be any port within your reach
frequented by the sea vessels of any nation, and to send two of
your trusty people back by sea in such way as shall appear
practicable, with a copy of your notes ; and should you be of
the opinion that the return of your party by the way that they
went will be imminently dangerous, then ship the whole and
return by sea by the way either of Cape Horn or the Cape of
Good Hope, as you shall be able. ' '
A persistent man, this President Jefferson, who, after seven
teen years of patient effort and waiting, notwithstanding the fail-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 143
ures of Ledyard's and Michaux' s expeditions, finally carries out
his plan and sends Lewis and Clarke into the field, who, with
equal courage, in face of great opposition, carry out his ideas,
fulfil their orders, and gain for themselves a name among the
explorers of the earth.
The personnel of the expedition consisted, besides its com
manders, of nine young men from Kentucky, fourteen soldiers
of the United States Army, who volunteered, two French voy
ageurs as interpreter and hunter, and a negro servant of Captain
Clarke, all of whom, except the servant, were enlisted to serve as
privates during the expedition. Three sergeants were appointed
from their number. In addition, a corporal, six soldiers, and
nine watermen accompanied the expedition as far as the Mandan
nation— forty-three souls in all.
Leaving late in the season, Captain Lewis very wisely deter
mined to winter at the mouth of Wood's River, on the eastern
side of the Mississippi. Here he made the needful preparations
for an early start in the spring. That the reader may the better
understand the route and great distance travelled by these, the
first pathfinders going out under government directions to span
the continent, we will quote Evans's resume of their operations,
and supplement it by Captain Lewis's own summary of their
labors. Evans condenses it thus :
' ' On the 14th of May, 1804, the party crossed the Mississippi
River and commenced the ascent of the Missouri in boats cor-
delled by hand. On the 1st of November, 1804, having jour
neyed 1609 miles, it went into winter quarters in the Mandan
villages. On the 8th of April, 1805, the party, consisting of
thirty-three persons, resumed their westward march, and upon
the 18th of August had reached the extreme head of navigation
of the Missouri River, upward of three thousand miles from its
mouth. They had ascended the main river to the three forks,
to which they had given the names respectively of Jefferson,
Madison, and Gallatin. Regarding the first named to be the
main stream, they had followed it to its source in the Rocky
Mountains. Captain Clarke crossed to the headwaters of the
Salmon River (the east fork of Lewis or Snake River), but aban
doned it. The party then ascended Fish Creek, a branch of the
-Salmon, crossed a mountain ridge, and entered a valley of the

144 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Bitter Root, and ascended to the mouth of a creek now called
Louhou Fork, by them named Traveller's Rest. From thence
they passed over the headwaters of the Kooskooskie, and having
reached a point navigable for canoes, constructed, boats and fol
lowed the river to its mouth in the Lewis Fork of the Columbia
(Snake River), which they reached October 7th. Lewis River
was followed to its junction with Clarke's Fork, and thence the
party proceeded down the main Columbia to Cape Disappoint
ment, on the Pacific Ocean, at which they arrived November
14th. They stopped but a few days on the north side of the river,
but established their winter quarters at Fort Clatsop, on the
south side near its mouth, where they remained until March
23d, 1806."
Before setting out on their return eastward several written
notices were left with the natives, and one posted up in the fort
as follows :
" The object of this last is that, through the medium of some
civilized person who may see the same, it may be made known
to the world that the party consisting of the persons whose
names are hereunto annexed, and who were sent out by the Gov
ernment of the United States to explore the interior of the con
tinent of North America, did penetrate the same by way of the
Columbia and Missouri rivers to the discharge of the latter into
the Pacific Ocean, where they arrived on the 14th of November,
1805, and departed on their return to the United States by the
same route by which they had come out. "
" This ' note' fell into the possession of Captain Hill, of the
brig Lydia, of Boston, which carried it to Canton and thence to
the United States. On the back of it was sketched the connec
tion of the respective sources of the Columbia and Missouri,
with the routes pursued and the track intended to be followed
on the return."
The expedition returned by substantially the same route
until reaching Traveller's Rest Creek, where the party divided.
Captain Lewis, with nine men, pursued the most direct route to
the falls of the Missouri, exploring the Maria's River ; Captain
Clarke, with the remainder of the party, proceeded to the head
of Jefferson River, where he left a small party to descend to the
Yellowstone, himself advancing directly to the Yellowstone, and
tracing it in boats to its mouth. The several parties reunited at

<& <^u?<^L

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 147
the mouth of the Yellowstone on the 12th of August, and hav
ing travelled nearly nine thousand miles, reached St. Louis in
safety on the 23d of September, 1806, without having lost a
member of the party. ' '
Captain Lewis's own summary tells us :
' ' The road by which we went out by way of the Missouri to
its head is 3096 miles ; thence by land by way of Lewis River
over to Clarke' s River, and down that to the entrance of Travel
ler' s Rest Creek, where all the roads from different routes meet ;
then across the rugged part of the Rocky Mountains to the
navigable waters of the Columbia, 398 miles ; thence down the
river 640 miles to the Pacific Ocean, making a total distance of
4134 miles. On our return, in 1806, we came from Traveller's
Rest directly to the falls of the Missouri River, which shortens
the distance about 579 miles, and is a much better route, reduc
ing the distance from the Missouri to the Pacific Ocean to 3555
miles. Of this distance, 2575 miles is up the Missouri to the
falls of that river, thence passing through the plains and across
the Rocky Mountains to the navigable waters of the Kooskoos
kie River, a branch of the Columbia, 340 miles, 200 of which is
good road ; 140 miles over a tremendous mountain, steep and
broken, 60 miles of which is covered several feet deep with snow,
on which we passed on the last of June. From the navigable part
of the Kooskooskie we ascended that rapid river 73 miles to its
entrance into Lewis River, and down that river 154 miles to the
Columbia, and thence 413 miles to its entrance into the Pacific
Ocean. About 180 miles of this distance is tide water. We
passed several bad rapids and narrows, and one considerable fall
268 miles above the entrance of this river, 37 feet, 8 inches ; the
total distance descending the Columbia waters, 640 miles, mak
ing a total of 3555 miles on the most direct route from the Mis
sissippi at the mouth of the Missouri to the Pacific Ocean."
Was ever the history of a grand and glorious achievement, so
proud a victory over more than two years of continuous battle
with the perils of the wilderness in every variety — mountain
snows, rugged steeps, burning plains, desert wastes, savage foes —
and exposure in every form more simply or modestly narrated !
It wears the stamp of truth, exact and careful portraiture from
nature in every line. It masquerades in no garb of self-lauda
tion, no straining after dramatic effect. Pity it is that the youth

148 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
of America, so eager to peruse the distorted, extravagant tales
which attempt to portray a frontier heroism, where some ruffian
in buckskin plays a melodramatic part, half love, half murder,
and both equally disgusting, would not turn from such to the
real adventures, quite as thrilling, of Lewis and Clarke and kin
dred spirits, who took a manhood and devotion to the duty of
the hour with them in their journeys by plain and mountain,
and ofttiines laid down their lives with no witnesses but an ap
proving conscience and an omnipresent God.
Few novels can compare in interest (for it has passed into a
proverb that truth is stranger than fiction) with the narratives
of Ruxton's " Life in the Far West," or Gregg's " Commerce of
the Prairies." It has fallen to the lot of the assistant editor and
compiler of this history to follow the steps of these explorers in
the years gone by ; to gaze upon the island washed by the seas
where Columbus saw the light upon the shore ; to skirt the
coasts and enter the harbors where the adventurers of Spain
sought for gold ; to sail the seas of Gray and Vancouver, and
follow on horseback the paths from ocean to ocean of the early
voyageurs ; and perhaps he may be permitted here to step aside
from the beaten track of drier history and dwell for a moment
upon the charm which lured from the haunts of civilization,
and, once beheld, kept forever in its wilds those old time path
finders. It was not the greed of gain — the rich furs, the spoils
of the chase, so easy in those old days to come by — no, it was
something far more subtle — the bluer sky,
" Unstained by village smoke ;"
the pure air of the " unshorn fields," boundless and beautiful ;
of the prairie seas — the solemn stillness of ' ' the groves' ' that
"were God's first temples;" the dash of hidden brooks and
waterfalls ; the tinkle of mountain rills ; the great mountain
peaks, the rock-ribbed guardians of the leagues of pine, wearing
their white helmets, plumed by the mist- wreaths of everlasting
snow. Pardon this digression, too long, perhaps, of one who
knows whereof he speaks, for he has passed many a night by
the camp-fire.
But to return : this successful adventure of Lewis and
Clarke, as may well be supposed, caused no little commotion
both in political and commercial circles, nor did its influence

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 149
extend to our own land alone ; it was felt in Europe also. From
a lesser and more selfish standpoint it seemed to open new doors
to mercantile adventure and trade ; from a higher and more
patriotic, it drew forth well-merited encomiums, and a sense of
pride in these achievements of these explorers whose exploits
had added new lustre to the American name. President Jeffer
son himself, in a tribute to Captain Lewis in 1813, says :
"Never did a similar event excite more joy through the
United States. The humblest of its citizens have taken a lively
interest in the issue of this journey, and looked with impatience
for the information it would furnish. Nothing short of the offi
cial journals of this extraordinary and interesting journey will
exhibit the importance of the service, the courage, devotion,
zeal, and perseverance, under circumstances calculated to dis
courage, which animated this little band of heroes throughout the
long, dangerous, and tedious travel."
It was not until the middle of February, 1807, that Captains
Lewis and Clarke reached Washington. The services of the party
— though republics are counted proverbially ungrateful— were
not overlooked, but were rewarded by a considerable land grant.
Lewis was appointed Governor of Louisiana, Captain Clarke was
made the general of its militia, and soon after agent of the Unit
ed States for Indian Affairs. But, sorrowful to relate, the life of
our principal explorer, so bright and promising, so glorious in
results already obtained, was only too soon to be suddenly and
violently extinguished. Even before he had prepared the jour
nals and reports of his explorations, he fell by his own hand
while suffering from an attack of acute melancholy, to which he
had been long subject. During one of these business compelled
him to start for Washington. We will tell the story in Presi
dent Jefferson's own most appropriate and sympathetic words :
" On his journey thither he did the deed which plunged his
friends into affliction and deprived his country of one of her
most valued citizens. It lost, too, to the nation the benefit of
receiving from his own hand the narrative of his sufferings and
successes in endeavoring to extend for them the boundaries of
science, and to present to their knowledge that vast and fertile
country which their sons are destined to fill with arts, with sci
ence, with freedom, and with happiness."
How truthful and how prophetic ! Surely he must have

150 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
written that concluding line under an inspiration which not
only looked into the future, but beheld the fruition of its com
ing days.
We have given so large a space to the outlines of this expedi
tion and its results because it was in reality the most important
and far-reaching in its effects of any which crossed the conti
nent, and destined to be no mean factor in settling disputed
boundary lines and rival rights to possession destined erelong
to shake the land as with an earthquake shock and bring about
the yielding of larger concessions in the interests of peace than
would now be wrested from the American people by threat of
war. The next expedition was destined, unfortunately, to be less
successful. We narrate it as an outgrowth of that just recorded.
Evans credits it to an extract from an interesting letter. He
says :
" When Captains Lewis and Clarke returned from their ex
pedition they were accompanied by one of the head chiefs of the
Mandans. The next spring (1807) a detachment of soldiers was
ordered to escort him back to his people. They started up the
river in a barge, and about thirty Americans, among whom was
Wier (William Wier, one of the earliest trappers who visited the
Columbia, and the grandfather of Allen Wier, Esq., editor of
the Port Townsend Argus), prepared themselves with traps and
a keel boat, and started in company.
" Before reaching the Mandan village they were attacked by
a band of hostile Indians. The soldiers took to their oars, and
with the current went swiftly down the river. The hunters
crossed to the other side of the river and continued to give the
Indians a fight. The savages gathered up their skin boats ; one
which could seat four men could be carried on the head of an
Indian. The hostiles descended the river some distance, crossed
over, and came down in such numbers that the party was over
powered. In a few minutes seven of the trappers were killed
and about as many more severely wounded. The party gathered
up the dead, fled to their boat, and followed after the soldiers.
The whole party returned to St. Louis and waited until next
spring. In the mean time, the Missouri Fur Company had
been formed. In the spring of 1808 that company employed
about three hundred men, principally French, from St. Louis,

2">y rhjyP.S.IternanPJ.

l^^T-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 153
and sent them up the river. A party of some forty Americans,
among whom was Wier, started also on their own account. In
1809 Wier, with nine others, crossed the Rocky Mountains and
struck the headwaters of the Columbia and trapped down the
river, wintering just above the Cascade or Coast Range. An
other company of Missouri trappers wintered at the mouth of
the river. All found the Indians friendly. Wier often spoke of
the large fir timber, the mildness of the climate, the beautiful
appearance of the land and soil, and gave it as his opinion that
some day it would be one of the finest countries in the world."
He quaintly added, " At that time it was a long ways from
home. ' ' About this time, too, one Harmon, a Vermonter, wintered
on Fraser' s Lake, and returned to New England in 1819 to write a
history of his travels, published at Andover. A settlement of
Americans was also planted at Oak Point, on the south side of the
Columbia, but was speedily rooted up by a freshet in the river.
In the mean while, the trade by American vessels was active on
the coast.
It is impossible within the limits of a chapter to follow the
many private explorers, whose pathfinding, after all, added lit
tle to and only verified the truthfulness of the government sur
veys by Lewis and Clarke. We will pass them over nearly a
quarter of a century to the year 1831, when Captain Bonne
ville, of the United States Army, applied to the War Department
for two years' leave of absence.
" To explore the country of the Rocky Mountains and be
yond, with the view of ascertaining the nature and character of
the several tribes of Indians inhabiting those regions, the trade
which might profitably be carried on in them ; quality of soil,
productions, minerals, natural history, climate, geography,
topography, as well as geology of the various parts of the
country within the limits of the territories of the United States
between our frontier and the Pacific."
A pretty comprehensive plan, and, considering the territory
to be examined, brief space for its accomplishment.
On the 3d day of August following, Major-General Macomb,
then commanding the army, granted Captain Bonneville's re
quest, giving him the leave desired until October of 1833. At
the same time he takes care to instruct the would-be explorer
that the Government will be at no expense, " but that he must

154 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
provide suitable instruments and the best maps, especially of the
interior, and that he must note particularly the number of war
riors that may be in each tribe of natives that may be met with,
their alliances wdth other tribes, and their relative position as to
state of peace or war, and whether friendly or warlike positions
toward each other are recent or of long standing ; their manner
of making war, mode of subsisting themselves during a state of
war and a state of peace ; the arms and the effect of them,
whether they act on foot or on horseback — in short, every in
formation useful to the Government."
Nor does this leave much to be desired in the way of instruc
tions either, being even more minute than those given to Lewis
and Clarke, who were provided with all means at the Govern
ment's command, both of men and material. But here we have
the singular spectacle of an officer given a leave of absence to
make explorations, the duties of which are dictated to him, and
the appliances to be of the best ; yet he is distinctly informed,
by way of preamble, that ' ' he goeth a warfare at his own
charge ;" that the Government will be at no expense— in other
words, he is virtually directed to "make bricks," like the
Egyptians of old, " without straw." All of wThich, considering
the great advantages obtained from the results of Lewis and
Clarke's expedition, seems niggardly in the extreme. Captain
Bonneville, however, appears to have had friends who felt coe-
fidence in his scheme, for we find that during the ensuing winter
an association was formed in New York from whence he re
ceived the necessary financial aid. On May 1st we see him tak
ing the field with a party numbering 110 men, with twenty
wagons, with which he started from Fort Osage, carrying a
large quantity of trading goods destined for the regions watered
by the Colorado and Columbia. He remained west of the Rocky
Mountains for over two years, though his expedition resulted
in but little of geographical value, and in a pecuniary point of
view, thanks to the competition of the Hudson's Bay Company
and the bitter rivalry of fur traders more experienced than him
self, was a complete failure. He was, nevertheless, eminently
fortunate in his historian, his adventures being written up by
the graceful and elaborate pen of the great American author,
Washington Irving, who has thrown about the incidents of
Bonneville's journeyings the charm which he alone could give

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 155
of most realistic and fascinating description. In this connection
Evans writes as follows :
" In that narrative Irving, in his own inimitable style, has
chronicled the vicissitudes and novelties of life in the Rocky
Mountains as experienced by trappers and adventurers. In lan
guage more thrilling and varied than romance, he has pictured
the trapper's life, its dangers, its exciting pleasures, the bitter
rivalry of competing traders, the hostility of savages— in short, a
pen picture has been produced by a master hand from which
latest posterity can learn what constituted the fur trade and how
it was prosecuted in the heart of the American continent and
Oregon within the first half of the nineteenth century. Bonne
ville went as far west as Fort Walla Walla. His parties pene
trated the valleys of the Humboldt, Sacramento, and Colorado."
A certain Captain Wyeth, of Massachusetts, about this time
conceived the idea of establishing salmon fisheries on the Colum
bia River in connection with an inland trade with the Indians
for furs. With this intention he sent out a vessel laden with
trading goods ; the ship was never heard of from the day she
sailed. Wyeth and his party coming, fortunately for them,
overland, reached Fort Vancouver October 29th. Being thus
disappointed, with true Yankee readiness two of the party
turned to the readiest bread-winner of a New Euglander in
distress— school-teaching, and school-teaching under difficulties
withal. John Ball, the first to make an attempt in this new
direction, accepted from the chief factor, Dr. McLoughlin, an
engagement to teach school for six months, and failed. It was
possibly rather more difficult to teach the idea of the young
Indian how to shoot than his hand. The next to try this doubt
ful experiment was Solomon H. Smith, whose name at least in
dicates wisdom equal to the task. The school was opened, and
the teacher soon almost in a condition of despair ; discouraged
w-as too mild a term to express his embarrassment. He tells us
that the scholars, all Indians, came in talking their native lan
guages. The confusion of Babel was as nothing to it. Cree,
Nez Perce, Chinook, Kliketat, and a few others produced a
mingling of tongues which, as the poor pedagogue came only
prepared to teach English, simply deafened him. He says, " I
could not understand them, and when I called them to order
there was just one who could understand me. As I came from

1^6 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
a land where discipline was expected in school management, I
could not persuade myself that I could accomplish anything
without order. I gave directions, and, to my surprise, the only
one who understood them immediately joined issue with me
upon my mode of government in school. While endeavoring to
impress upon him the necessity of order, and through him his
fellows, Dr. McLoughlin, the chief factor, entered ; to him I ex
plained my difficulty. He investigated my complaint, found
my statements correct, and at once proceeded to produce an im
pression [probably a striking one] on the refractory pupil which
prevented any further trouble in governing. I continued in the
school over eighteen months, during which the scholars learned
to speak English. Several could repeat Murray's grammar ver
batim ; some had gone through arithmetic, and upon review
copied it entire. These copies were afterward used as school-
books, there having been only one printed copy at Fort Vancou
ver." (The reader may fancy in what condition the " only orig
inal" must have been by the time that twenty- five young savages
— the number of pupils— had finished their English education.
Surely the lines of Washington's more modern instructors have
fallen to them, by comparison at least, in pleasant places.)
Evans tells us that " Captain Wyeth returned overland to
Boston in 1833, most of his party remaining in the country, mak
ing settlements in the Willamette Valley. Not disheartened by
his first failure, the captain renews his efforts to establish a
direct trade between Boston and the Columbia River, dispatch
ing the brig May Dacre, Captain Lambert, laden with trading
goods and supplies to the Columbia via Cape Horn. Mean
while, he himself crossed the continent with two hundred men.
In that overland train were Dr. Nuttall and John K. Townsend,
of Philadelphia, both well known to science, the latter being the
author of a pleasing narrative of their journey. The pioneer
party of the Oregon Methodist Mission consisted of Revs. Jason
and Daniel Lee, and Messrs. P. L. Edwards and Cyrus Shep
herd, lay members ; Courtney M. Walker, employed by the mis
sion for one year, also accompanied the party. They left Inde
pendence, Mo., April 24th, 1834, and reached the junction of
Snake and Point Neuf rivers early in July. Here Wyeth built
a trading post to store his trading goods, which he called Fort
Hall. Having fitted out trapping parties, he proceeded to Fort

f TI—
IIIIIII III

y.i^Jg

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 159
Vancouver, reaching that place about the same time that his
brig arrived via Cape Horn. At the lower end of Wapato (now
Saurie' s) Island he established a salmon fishery and trading house
which he named Fort William." His fishing failed, his trade
with the Indians proved unsuccessful ; it was the old story of
competition with that Northwestern octopus, the Hudson's Bay
Company — they destroyed him. To this was added constant
trouble with the Indians, who killed several of his men, and the
loss of others by drowning. Unable to bear up under this com
bination of difficulties, he finally became discouraged, and gave
up the effort. We are told " that the island was thickly
inhabited by Indians until 1830, when they were nearly ex
terminated by congestive chills and fever. There were at the
time three villages on the island. So fatal wxere the effects
of the disease that Dr. McLoughlin sent a party to rescue and
bring away the few that were left, and to burn the village.
The Indians attributed the introduction of the fever and ague
to an American vessel that had visited the river a year or two
previously. It is not, therefore, a matter of surprise to any
one who understands Indian character and their views as to
death resulting from such diseases, that Wyeth's attempted es
tablishment on Wapato Island was subject to their continued
hostility. He was of the race to whom they attributed the
cause of the destruction of their people, and his reverses were
but the lawful compensation, according to their code, for the
affliction they had suffered."
His brig sailed with a half cargo of fish in 1835, and never
returned to Fort William ; he himself broke up his establish
ment disheartened, and returned home. Surely such enterprise
and perseverance as his deserved a better fate. He endeavord to
sell the remnants of his property in Oregon to the Hudson's Bay
Company, whose chilling influence upon his trade may be said,
without any attempt at pleasantry, to have literally " frozen
him out." On application to their board of management in
London, he was referred to their officers in charge at Fort Van
couver. In 1837 Dr. McLoughlin purchased Fort Hall from
Wyeth's agents. His men generally remained in the territory.
This ended the American fur trade west of the Rocky Moun
tains. The octopus had crushed out the last attempt at Yankee
competition.

160 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
It appears, however, that every cloud of failure has its com
pensation more or less remote. To this rule Wyeth's disastrous
speculation was no exception. It proved in the highest degree
valuable to the territory he was obliged to abandon and to the
country at large. His memoir, printed by " order of Congress,"
attracted the attention of the American people to Oregon, its
value and claims to colonization. The statements as to its re
sources, climate, soil, etc., stimulated emigration, excited curi
osity, and advertised its advantages to the world. " Oregon
henceforth," says Evans, "is to be settled and Americanized."
So for once we see the narrowness of the Hudson's Bay Fur
Company's policy overreaching itself, and their wily engineer
ing "hoist by its own petard." Had Wyeth remained and
succeeded he would naturally have kept the secret of his good
fortune to himself ; disappointed and ruined, he sought the
sympathy of his countrymen by publishing it abroad.
In our account of Wyeth's last overland expedition we have
alluded to the fact that he was accompanied by the pioneer
party of the Oregon Methodist Mission. We cannot let the op
portunity pass without paying a fit and well-deserved tribute
not only to these, but to all other religious pioneer teachers by
whatever name they may be called (among whom it cannot be
denied that the Methodists stand j)re-eminent), who not only in
Oregon and Washington, but throughout our whole Western
land, when it was comparatively a wilderness, brought the good
news of salvation to many a wanderer upon the plains or dweller
in his cabin beneath the shade of the primeval forest. They
toiled not for gain, but solely for the advancement of the king
dom of their Lord. They had neither house nor land, were oft-
times stinted for bread or suffered for water beneath the burn
ing prairie suns ; not unfrequently too, like the Master they
served, they "knew not where to lay their heads." Their
equipment was of the simplest — a horse too old and poor to
make it worth while to deprive him of life, ill-fed and journey-
worn like his rider ; a steed which scarcely knew a shelter, but de
pended upon the wayside grass for his scanty provender, fur
nished their sole means of transportation as they travelled the
thinly populated districts of their choice, going from house to
house. Ever welcome to the isolated settler were these un
solicited and almost always unexpected ministerial visits. They

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 161
were met at the door with a cheery word and a warm grasp of
some toil-hardened hand ; the old saddle-bags, weather-worn
and dilapidated, containing for the most part a single change of
underclothing, for he " who had two coats" in those days would
have doubted his call to the ministry, and the universal travel
ling companions of a preacher — a Bible and hymn-book — were
taken carefully in. His horse was cared for ; the good wife put
forth the best that her humble larder afforded ; the husband
refrained, for the time being at least, from rude speech or pro
fane execration ; there was a blessing, if never before, over the
settlers1 frugal meal, a sound of praise and a voice of prayer,
and when the scatterer of Gospel seed by the wayside departed
on the morrow, he left behind him with his entertainers, the
women most of all, something of better hope, of purer and more
unselfish ambition, and a renewal of far-away home memories of
Christian lives which brought unbidden tears to eyes but little
used to weep. It is not to be denied that these men were oft-
times almost as uncultured as those whom they, attempted to
teach — rude shepherds of flocks little used to be tenderly folded,
yet perhaps for that very reason far better fitted for the work
they were called to do. Their homely similes, their incisive,
unshrinking manner of implanting the truth, never sugar-coat
ing the Gospel medicine or fearing to administer it, however
unpalatable ; but most of all, perhaps, the example of their own
self-sacrificing daily lives made them a power in the land.
Their work is done ; the lips, of ttimes strangely though rudely elo
quent, are now forever sealed ; the eyes that shot forth magnetic
glances as they pleaded the cause of a crucified Saviour are
glazed in death ; they sleep where they fell, many of them in
unmarked graves, fallen by the wayside. Having finished their
labors, they have gone up higher to meet their reward. The
descendants of those whom they warned or comforted worship
in far more pretentious temples than those in which they
preached and prayed, yet kneel at no purer altars. They rest
from their labors, but their works follow them, and their influ
ence lingers still.
In bringing to a close the present chapter we feel that the
ground to be covered under its heading demanded more space
than our limits permit. As it is, we have but endeavored to
bind together, though with widely ' separated and differing

162 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
links, a chain of journeys and explorations of which that of
Lewis and Clarke stands pre-eminent. The work of the explorer
by land, like that of the discoverer by sea, is finished ; he has
accomplished his task. The initial path he so doubtingly and
timidly followed has become a well- beaten road, a highway for
future travellers. The occult ceases to be hidden, the myste
rious becomes the well known. As repeated voyages showed
the way to the shores of western Washington, rendering its
coasts, with all their sounds and inlets, a well-mapped chart
patent to every intelligent mariner, so each trapper, voyageur
and explorer added something to our knowledge of the interior,
and finally opened up the land to the settler and the prospector.
Looking over the field from the higher and clearer standpoint of
to-day, were we to seek for a simile we should liken this myriad
of gradual approaches to our eastern frontiers through such a
multiplicity of tangled paths to the network of wires, slight and
frail in themselves as the tiny string that connected the philoso
pher Franklin with the lightning of the summer skies, yet when
bound and braided together like the mighty cables linking two
great cities of the Atlantic coast and upholding the bridge that
carries the traffic of a metropolis. It is even so with the paths
of that old day, then so wearily and painfully traversed, yet in
the fulness of time to become the great highways of the present,
over which the locomotive thunders, wedding our coasts and
practically annihilating time and space as it reduces to hours the
journey of a thousand leagues.
How little do the men who traverse with the rapid rush of steam
those once silent mountains and desolate prairies realize the
sufferings, privations, and fearful conflicts with savage foes of
those who were its first pathfinders ! There is no stream that has
not reflected its camp fire ; no lake that has not borne upon its
bosom some hostile canoe ; no spring or water-hole in the desert
which has not been the lurking-place of an enemy. Stern strife,
tortures too fearful to be narrated, massacres of the helpless and
the innocent by those who spared neither age nor sex have been
the common incidents of their adventurous journeyings. True it
is that they planned, labored, and suffered for themselves, but in
so doing unwittingly laid a foundation for the future both broad
and deep, building far better than they knew.

"¦^•-byr.GKsr-nc^nr

CHAPTER XII.
HOW WASHINGTON WAS WON FOR THE UNION— THE STORY OB'
DR. WHITMAN'S FAMOUS TRANSCONTINENTAL RIDE.
" His fingers were frosted, his mantle of fur,
Ere he finished that fateful ride,
When with purpose too fixed and determined to err,
He breasted each bleak mountainside,
Or traversed the prairie unbroken and white,
Spread with glittering garment of snow ;
But little he recked, as he rode for the right,
How bitter its north winds might blow !" — Brewerton.
The citizen of the United States, or, as they prefer to call us
abroad, the Yankee, is too often represented as being a mere
money-getter, unscrupulous, keeping, in his selfish greed of gain,
only the main chance in view, and ruthlessly trampling under
foot every flower of sentiment, every purer and more patriotic
consideration as he makes his way to some selected goal of for
tune. There are such men, less in number, I fancy, in propor
tion to the great bulk of our native population than will be
found in the Old World beyond the sea ; but they are by no
means a majority. Taken as a mass, no people are more thor
oughly devoted to the advancement of the best interests of the
land that gave them birth than Americans ; more ready to de
fend her rights, and, if need be, pledge, as did their fathers of
old, their lives, fortunes, and sacred honor in defence of their
integrity. Let those who doubt remember the uprising in 1861,
and the cry, " Fifty -four-forty or fight," that rang through
the land when at an earlier day our own Northwest boundaries
were threatened. It is an equal mistake to i magine because a man
leaves his home to become a dweller in the wilderness, that in
so doing he forgets its teachings or relinquishes his patriotism ;
on the contrary, th.ey grow stronger ; the enforced isolations of
the forest and the prairie turn his mind in upon itself, and serve
to strengthen and renew them. This was especially true of our
Washington pioneers. The flame might be hidden and appar-

166 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
ently dormant, but let an unfriendly word be spoken or a rude
hand laid upon our national rights or honor and it straightway
became a consuming fire to wither and destroy the opposer.
The attempts of Great Britain to make Oregon, and consequently
the present State of Washington, English in reality if not in
name — a province in sentiment, which the chances of time
might, if thus prepared, turn into an actual holding, must be
patent to all who have perused the history of their policy and
its manipulations as exercised through its willing agent, the
Hudson's Bay Fur Company. This action on their part, in
sidious though it might be, was not so cunningly managed as to
hide itself from some of the comparatively few Americans then
abiding on the Northwest coast. To them the trail of the ser
pent was visible ; but cut off as they seemed to be from the
watch, care and defence of the Federal Government and their
fellow -citizens beyond the mountains, to whom the wilds of Ore
gon and the Northwest seemed but a land unknown, with little
to tempt its occupancy, it was no easy matter to say by what
means the people of the East should be aroused from their
apathy and made aware of these English plans for usurpation.
Such was the condition of things when the need of the hour pro
duced a man who saw, comprehended, and promptly grappled
with an emergency which had already reached a point where
opposition seemed hopeless and the success of the enemy as
sured. And that man was Dr. Marcus Whitman, a fearless patriot,
a far-seeing, tireless, enthusiastic Christian man, destined, his
good work nobly done, to fall, in after years, at his post of
duty, a victim to the superstition, cruelty, and treachery of the
savages whom he endeavored to save.
We had intended to tell in our own words the story of
his wonderful ride, compared with which the midnight message
of gallant Paul Revere sinks into insignificance, and that of hero
Sheridan, so often sung and lauded, becomes a commonplace
affair ; but it has been so graphically done by the able pen of
Du Bois, that we prefer to quote as largely as possible from his
most realistic narrative, giving him credit wherever we adopt
his precise words. He says in substance, after a preamble set
ting forth the details of the situation which our history antici
pates :

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 167
The Northwest coast was in reality a mighty hunting-ground,
its interior furnishing the product, its coasts the harbors from
whence were exported the rich furs so easily obtained. It was,
in fact, a vast game preserve, of which the British were the self-
appointed keepers, and every post and station of the Hudson' s
Bay Company a watch-tower from whence eager eyes looked
constantly forth, to discover and discourage the inroads of such
Yankee poachers as imagined that a Treaty of Joint Occupancy
gave at least an equal right for American hunting and trapping
with themselves. As the English lords and their French-Cana
dian gamekeepers were largely in the majority, the fur com
pany's revenue was immense, and their profits simply enormous.
" In the few months that the Americans held Astoria they
bought several hundred thousand dollars' worth of furs. Judge,
then, what must have been the gains of this great English cor
poration, when we are told that a single vessel of that nationality
took away a cargo worth nearly a half million of dollars. There
is little reason to doubt that during the years that the North
west and Hudson's Bay companies traded in the Columbia River
region, they secured, no doubt, furs whose value ran up into the
tens of millions.
So the Hudson's Bay Company tried to keep its game pre
serves and head off American emigration. The terrors of the
way were detailed and published abroad, together with state
ments as to the absolute worthlessness of the country. It was a
hard road to travel, and nothing to gain when the journey's end
was reached. Some Americans were frightened, and were turned
back or guided off into California.
The Hudson's Bay Company well knew the value of that
vast region — the people of the United States did not. We can
hardly realize it now, but the impression, even at the seat of our
Government, was that we should not need the territory beyond
the Rocky Mountains. When President Jefferson sent out
Lewis and Clarke, even his far-sighted vision did not regard their
explorations as likely to result in new States for the American
Union. He expected only to plant, as he says, if possible, " the
germ of a great, free, and independent empire on that side of
the continent." It might be a friendly rather than a hostile
neighbor to the United States. Captain William Sturgis, who
had traded along the Northwest coast, used this language in a

168 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
lecture given in Boston : " Rather tha,n have new States formed
beyond the Rocky Mountains, to be added to our present Union,
it would be a lesser evil, as far as the Union is concerned, if the
unoccupied portion of Oregon Territory should sink into
Symme's Hole, leaving the western base of the mountains and
the borders ofthe Pacific Ocean one and the same." Senator
Benton, of Missouri, was a Western man, and if anywhere in the
United States the value of the fur trade should have been known
it was in St. Louis, the depot of that traffic and all other trade
with the far West. Yet the grave and well-posted Benton, the
father-in-law of " the pathfinder " Fremont, in his oratorical and
pompous way says, " The ridge of the Rocky Mountains may
be named without offence as presenting a convenient, natural,
and everlasting boundary. Along the back of that ridge the
western limits of the republic should be drawn, and the statue
of the fabled god Terminus should be raised upon its highest
peak, never to be thrown down. " How strange all this sounds —
how blind, how forgetful of the fact that a mountain chain
which marks the wall of separation between any two nations
engenders strife and bloodshed, while with insensible boundaries
the living tides flow naturally together and pleasantly inter
mingle ! The waves of humanity, like those of the ocean, break
against an obstacle, but occupy the level without friction. To
return to Du Bois's narrative :
"The time was coming wliich should decide whether the
Pacific northwest should belong to England or to the United
States. With such indifference on our part, and with possession
mainly on that of the English, it seemed as if it would go into
the hands of the enemy. The American emigrants were depend
ing on the fact that they had come to stay, claiming that the
trappers were not settlers. Not until England sent those who
intended to remain in like manner was her claim good as to oc
cupation. So things stood on a certain day in October, 1842 — a
day long to be remembered— when Dr. Whitman, having been
called to see a patient at Fort Walla Walla, an English trading-
post twenty-five miles from his mission, met a gathering of
traders and clerks from various parts of the territory. He was
invited to dinner — a memorable feast, for it cost, indirectly at
least, the British crown an empire. The whole tone of the jolly
conveisation about the festive board was of confidence in Eng-

%

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 171
lish occupation, Dr. Whitman being the only guest who repre
sented opposing interests. Less than two hundred and fifty
Americans had come in so far, and what was that ! It was
boasted that a treaty was about to be signed between the two
countries, giving all this territory to Great Britain. While still
at the table a message was received that the first colony of one
hundred and fifty had arrived from Canada, and were near Fort
Colville. AVe may imagine the scene. ' The news,' says Bar
rows, ' sent a thrill of joy along the tables, and carried the excite
ment of the hour to a climax.' A young priest, more ardent
than wise, sprang to his feet and exclaimed, ' Hurrah for Ore
gon ! America is too late, and we have the country ! ' "
Not yet, young enthusiast ! there is many a slip 'twixt the
cup of expectation and the lip that waits to prove its contents ;
an obstacle, though all unexpected, shall be found to bar your
path, apparently so near and easy, to conquest in the man who
sits beside you. To Dr. Whitman this news came with a shock
that almost stunned him. He well knew that what England
once gained she would retain. It was to be a neck-and-neck
race for numerical supremacy. Perhaps the treaty was already
signed — perhaps it might be delayed ; and, in the mean time,
American emigration might be stimulated. Lord Ashburton
and Daniel Webster had been framing a treaty, and it might
dispose of all this region, equal in size to half-a-dozen Englands.
Not a day, not an hour was to be lost. Dr. Whitman excused
himself, mounted his Cayuse pony, and in two hours, white
with foam, it stood before the mission door at Waalatpii. In
hurried speech he told of the plans of the British, of the danger
to be feared, of the need of apprising the Government of the
value of the country, and the great loss if it should fall into the.
hands of a rival nation.
To make these facts known, to postpone action on the treaty,
to stimulate emigration, to save the Pacific Northwest to the
American Union, Dr. Marcus Wliitman resolved to ride to St.
Louis, braving perils such as man had never yet faced from
hungry beasts and savage Indians, in the depth of a winter
whose terrors in these bleak wilds are indescribable. But, having
resolved, he faltered not, for he was a man to whom fear was
unknown. Only this — he would not fail.
" It was hard to leave wife, and friends for a journey fraught

172 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
with such hardship and peril. Never before had he faced dan
gers that might be his death. He thought not of himself, but
of his country.
"In twenty-four hours from that dinner-table speech, Dr.
Whitman was in his saddle and dashing off on the four-thou
sand-mile trip to Washington. Dr. Amos Lovejoy had consent
ed to go along with him, and with a guide and two pack mules
the party set out.
" To avoid some of the winter hardships, it was determined
to strike south from Fort Hall, so as to reach the Sante Fe trail.
The greatest danger was from losing their way by reason of
snow, and perishing from severe cold. Passing Salt Lake on
the right, their course was south and east across Green River,
the head of the Grand River, one of the upper branches of the
San Juan, and so on through the most rocky and barren por
tions of the American continent. Grand River, one third of a
mile wide, was frozen except in the middle. It must be crossed ;
there was neither time nor timber to make a raft. The guide
would not go ahead, but Dr. Whitman urged his horse on the
ice, swam with him through the dark and chilly water to the
ice band on the other side, and came out on the bank with his
horse and equipments. His guide and companion followed."
(It was the lot — with his friend Kit Carson and a select party of
Fremont's old men— of the assistant editor and compiler of this
history to raft and finally swim both these rivers in 1848, when
the writer lost not only arms and ammunition, but food and
clothing in its bitterly cold and treacherous rapids. He can
fully verify the dangers, even greater than his own, that Dr.
Whitman must have encountered, for he barely escaped Avith his
life at a much more favorable season for making the passage.)
" Much time was spent in floundering through the snow,
threading rocky canyons, and climbing over craggy heights.
Once a heavy storm struck them in the fastnesses of these wild
mountains, and for ten days they had to keep sheltered in a
gorge. It seemed as if they might be starved as well as frozen.
Impatient, thinking of the treaty, Dr. Wliitman decided to push
on over the divide ; but the cutting wind, drifting snow, and
intense cold bewildered the animals ; they lost their way, and it
seemed as if they would freeze to death in the mountains.
" They struggled on for weeks and months, until they

niSTORY OF WASHINGTON. 173
reached the Santa Fe trail in the early days of '43. Mr. Love
joy was nearly dead and had to be left to recover, but Dr. Whit
man pressed on to St. Louis. There he was the wonder and ad
miration of the city. No white man had ever come through those
rocky fastnesses in the dead of winter. A hundred questions
were asked him — of the region he had left and the route he had
travelled ; of the feeling of the Indians ; as to whether furs and
goods were scarce or plentiful. But the doctor had little inter
est in these things, and he began to question, ' What about the
treaty ? Had it been signed ? Did it include the Pacific North
west ? ' The treaty had been signed August 9th, and on Novem
ber 10th President Tyler had proclaimed it to be law. But it
did not include the region beyond the Rocky Mountains. Yet
that was likely to be traded off. It was rumored that the Secre
tary of State, Daniel Webster, thought so little of this great sec
tion that seemed so inaccessible and so worthless, that he had
offered to trade it for some advantage in a cod fishery."
What American can read this without bated breath, to think
how near we were to losing the Pacific States ! What Briton,
when he remembers what England almost gained and yet so nar
rowly lost ! " The whole of the Northwest was to be handed over
literally for C. O. D. ; such action might be taken at that session
of Congress. Yet the bill would hardly reach the President for
signature before adjournment, March 4th. Could Whitman reach
Washington before that time ? He would make a desperate
effort to do so.
' ' Dr. Whitman was full of his own strong purpose. It
seemed to bristle in his stiff iron-gray hair, in his four-months'
growth of stubby beard. It seemed to electrify the hairy cov
erings in which he was dressed, for he was clothed in furs from
head to foot. His fingers, ears, nose, and fe'et had been pinched
by Jack Frost ; he had little appetite for the dinners to which
he had been invited and with which his fellow-citizens sought
to honor him. He had fed on mule and dog meat on the moun
tains ; he wanted no luxuries ; he would press on to Washing
ton ; he would stand before kings and not before mean men ; he
would, accoutred as he was, go to Secretary Webster and to
President Tyler, to senators and representatives, and appeal to
them to save the Pacific Northwest to the American Union. He
left his horse and took the stage for Washington, arriving theie

174 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
March 3d, the day before the end of the session— five months
from Washington Territory to Washington City ! Whitman' s
ride was a whole campaign in the face of enemies more appal
ling than those of the battlefield. To inspire him there was no
music, no host marching shoulder to shoulder, no shouts of ad
miring comrades to cheer him on. Had he perished there would
have been for him no immortality of fame ; none but hungry
wolves would have officiated at his funeral ; his bones would
have bleached on the plains, and even the memory of his heroic
sacrifice been lost forever.
' ' Dr. .Whitman arrived in Washington but just in time to
arouse the nation to the value of the misrepresented Northwest.
By. the treaty the line of division was to run from the Lake of
the Woods along the forty-ninth parallel to the summit of the
Rocky Mountains. Beyond that it was not fixed. Webster had
wanted to continue it on the same line to the Pacific. England
wanted the forty- second parallel beyond the mountains, and, at
the very least, the section northwest of the Columbia, with the
fine Puget Sound harbors, timbers, and minerals, then the choice
hunting-ground of the continent.
" Succeeding to the Spanish claims, we might insist upon
taking all of the Pacific coast up to Alaska. When the nation,
aroused through the agitations started by Dr. Whitman and
others, was awakened to the value of the region in dispute,
claims were made to this entire coast. Senator Benton, who
had wanted the god Terminus placed on the Rocky Mountains
to mark the limit of our western boundaries, now wanted the
earth, or a large share of it, for the Union. He had learned its
value. The hosts of settlers who had followed Whitman had
stirred up the nation on the Oregon question, as it was called.
The demand now was for all or none ; ' fifty -four- forty or fight '
became the rallying cry. This was demanding too much."
(The writer here begs to differ with Mr. Du Bois. He believes
we should have anticipated the future, and asked even more.)
" But it helped along the prospects for a compromise. Secre
tary Webster wrote to Edward Everett, our Minister to England,
* The United States has never offered any line south of 49°, and
never will. The ownership of the whole country is very likely
to follow the greater settlement and larger amount of popula
tion.' He said later, 'It is safe to assert' " (and these words

2>y HyF. G. Ker-ncmflY-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 177
should be inscribed in indelible characters on a tablet of brass)
" ' that our country owes it to Dr. Whitman and his associate
missionaries that all the country west of the Rocky Mountains
and south as far as the Columbia River is not owned by Eng
land and held by the Hudson's Bay Company.'
" After giving out facts which could not fail to convince
Congress and the administration, Dr. Whitman's work com
menced of arousing the American people. The delay was in his
favor. Said Calhoun, ' Time is actiug for us ; wait patiently,
and all we claim will be ours.' But working was needed as well
as waiting. AVhitman must work ; Calhoun could wait. Dr.
AArhitman spoke not only to Congress, the Cabinet, and the
President, but to the people. He had thousands of circulars
printed, which he caused to be distributed from Maine to Mexico.
He was as the voice of one crying from the wilderness, and he
showed that that wilderness could be made to blossom as the
rose. " ' He blew aloud a bugle blast that rang o'er mount and glen ;
Ere echo died from far and wide there came a thousand men.'
" He had only to give the word for action and name the
rendezvous. ' Early in June you will meet me,' was the word
he passed along on the Santa Fe trail as he came riding down
from the snow-capped mountains. ' Meet me on the borders in
June,' he said, as he flew through the States.
' ' The missionary board met him coldly, and called him to
account for the wild goose chase they thought his to have been."
Strange that these people should have been too blind to per
ceive the magnitude of his work or the immense results which
might be expected to flow out of his self-appointed mission ; as
it was, " they wounded him in the house of his friends." But
he knew too well the importance of his object in the eyes of God
and of the nation, and he was not dismayed. Back to the fron
tier he went, and began gathering his invading army at West-
port, Mo. Hardy adventurers were there from all parts of the
country. Two hundred wagons fell into line, filled with pioneers
and their families. He gathered there the best material that
the nation or the world could have given him for the founding
of new States. These were the germs of the highest, because
American civilization, and of that little army of pioneers Whit
man was the general and the leader. His was the influence that

178 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
not only inaugurated their expedition, but advised, guided, and
sustained it upon its long and weary march. He ministered to
the sick, encouraged the weary and faint-hearted, bound up
broken wagons and bones, went ahead to search for wood and
water, and corralled the entire party and their animals at night
by arranging their wagons in a circle. " Everywhere his knowl
edge of frontier life and his unbounded energy and resources
were made to tell. He permitted no delay, but urged them on—
on to the goal of their hopes, the new AA'ashington. At last
Fort Hall is reached, and the alarmed fur traders resort to every
art of decoy to break up the party. Ahead, they said, wTere
rocks and barrens, or wild forests and savage Indians. The old
plan was tried to steer them off to California. Useless to pro
ceed ; certainly no sane person would think of taking cattle and
wagons down the canyons of the Snake River ; but Dr. AA'hit
man' s influence was again predominant. Where his old wagon
had gone seven years before theirs would go now ; where he had
met friendly Indians, longing for the Book of Life, they would
find friends ; where grass grows and water runs cattle would
thrive. They need have no fears ; he had been there for six
years ; he had been tried, and they had found him faithful."
Not a man deserted him ; not an animal or a wagon was left.
On marched this army of possession. Into the promised land
they entered, and the Northwest States of Oregon, AVashington,
and Idaho were saved to the American Union. Just eleven
months from the time that the horse of Dr. AVhitman had left
for the city of AVashington, the clatter of those hoofs were heard
on his return to what is now the State of Washington. He had
aroused our rulers, and, better still, aroused the nation ; he had
brought with him the vanguard of the army of occupation ; he
had seen the wave of humanity rise and sweep over the snowy
crests and dark defiles of the Rocky Mountains into a land of
promise — the first faint ripple of that mighty living tide, where
erelong should roll a human sea — a new illustration of the
philosopher Berkeley's most prophetic line :
" Westward the star of empire takes its way."
Dr. Whitman possessed noble qualities, and, better still,
proved to the world that he could well employ these gifts. Of
such as he come the heroes who achieve and the martyrs who

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 179
lay down their lives for the principles they profess. In him was
embodied the resolute, the most heroic character. His deed was
dramatic, almost sublime ; the end of his career was even more
so ; it fitted well with the record of his life of patient self-sacri
fice. For the Master whom he served he valued it not, that he
might win souls to Christ, the Saviour whom he followed even
unto death, and, like Him, was slain by those whom he came to.
save. The Indians had, in common with the fur traders, the
desire to preserve this vast domain for the chase. They did not
welcome men who came to own and till the land ; they were
easily influenced against the missionaries. Dr. Whitman' s best
skill could not save some Indians sick unto death. The report
was circulated that he had poisoned them. Then came the bap
tism of blood, and the work of Dr. Whitman was done. " Well
done, good and faithful servant ; enter thou into the joy of thy
Lord." He had fairly earned an earthly and a heavenly im
mortality. Is there any reader who can conclude the perusal of this
most eventful history, so dramatic in action, so vital and
far-reaching in effect, yet fancy for a moment that we have
accorded too large a space to our reproduction of Mr. Du
Bois's most thrilling recital of its incidents ? No history of
Washington could be complete which did not do justice to
the man who saved its broad domain from British trickery
to give it to the American Union. His work is his monu
ment ; but to how many is it known ? Ought not the people of
AVashington, and, most of all, the Methodists of the Northwest,
of which church he was so distinguished an ornament, and in
whose service he died, to perpetuate the memory of his heroic
deeds and virtues by erecting in some park of a city of the
Sound, or possibly the capital, as most appropriate, a statue and
monument which should bear on one side the encomium of Web
ster and on the other this, if no better should be found :
" Erected by the people of the Northwest [or Washington] to
perpetuate the memory of Dr. Marcus AVhitman, a Methodist
missionary, whose energy, courage, and perseverance preserved
this State to the American Union, and emphasized a devotion
to duty which he finally sealed with his blood."

CHAPTER XIII.
-THE INDIANS' LONG JOURNEY TO
SECURE "THE WHITE MAN'S BOOK OF HEAVEN" OPENS THE
WAY TO " WHITMAN'S RIDE."
The " AVhite Man's Book of Heaven" tells us that " if we
cast our bread upon the waters, we shall find it after many
days," and truly has this promise been verified in the sequence
of events which brought about the heroic action of Dr. Whit
man and that famous transcontinental ride which saved our
AVashington to the Union. We are aware that our narrative in
verts the time in giving the results in the preceding chapter,
since the present must be devoted to the causes which brought
about so providential an outcome. To do this, and properly
link together the chain of events, we must go back to a period
which antedates by a decade the story of " the ride." The year
is 1832 ; the scene is laid upon the upper Columbia River ; the
occasion a solemn conference of the Flathead Indians. Imagi
nation, with her vivid pencil, depicts the dusky forms as they
stand or recline about their council fire ; their old men, wise
with the experience of many winters, are there ; their middle-
aged warriors, proud of their battle scars ; their young men,
ready to listen to the words of their chiefs ; but there is no sign
of war — neither plume nor paint to indicate hostility. No such
gathering, perhaps, was ever held for such a purpose among the
tribes of the Northwest— possibly not of the continent. They
had heard a strange story. Far up on Clarke's Fork an Ameri
can trapper, smoking with some of their people over the twi
light camp fire, had told — perhaps in idle mood or, it may be,
beneath the influence of the evening hour, coupled with some
tender recollection of a far-off Christian home— the story of the
cross, of God and His Bible —that Book to which the Indian, in
his simplicity, straightway gave the name of " the white man's
Book of Heaven." What might it not contain ! The secrets,
perchance, which made the paleface so bold, so warlike, so sue-

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HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 183
cessful ; which gave him so much more of wealth and comfort,
¦ even when roaming like themselves. Ah, if they could but find
it and secure an interpreter sufficiently wise to expound and
reveal its dark sayings ! Filled Avith this thought, they returned
to their villages and told the story ; and now this gathering
about their council fire, held in the long ago, of which we of
to-day are the unseen Avitnesses, is called to evolve some scheme
to obtain it. Many speeches are made, long and thoughtfully
do they smoke OArer it. At last a determination is reached, their
plan of action settled. They Avill send a chosen delegation of
their warriors upon the long and weary trail across the Shining
Mountains till they reach the great village of the Avhites upon
the big river far away. Let us leave our own Aveaker words and
once more avail ourselves of Du Bois's graphic pen. He says :
" In 1832 four Indians, Flatheads from the Upper Columbia,
arrived in St. Louis, weary and Avorn by a journey of a thousand
leagues. Indians Avere not rare there, for St. Louis was the
headquarters for the AA'estem fur trade on the frontier. But
these Indians came not to trade. Far away in their own
hunting-grounds they had heard from some Avandering American
trapper of the AA-hite man's God, of the happiness of the blessed,
of a home eternal. They had heard of danger to those who
knew not the words of life as contained in a book which would
teach them all they desired to know of God and heaven. Per
haps they were anxious to secure the secrets of the Avhite man' s
superior wisdom and strength. At any rate, they longed to
know of the religion which the white man possessed, and their
motives seem to have been singularly pure and noble. The peo
ple consulted together and resolved to learn the secrets of the
book, with its wonderful words of life. Some one must go and
bring back the book. Two old men were selected — one a chief—
and two young braves, joining thereby wisdom and strength for
the long expedition. They started, and on they went for hun
dreds of miles, often weary, hungry, and faint; often surround
ed by enemies, but still steadfast in their purpose to bring back
the Word of Life to their people.
" Arriving at St. Louis, they no doubt wondered much at
the fine buildings and goods, at the hundreds of new things on
all sides. They sought out General William Clarke, whose name
had been given to the river in that far-off land on whose banks
9

184 HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON.
they were born. To him they spoke of their object ; but accus
tomed as he Avas to regard Indians merely as trappers and hunt
ers, he does not seem to have cared much about their mission.
They sought in vain, it seems, for those who could or would
explain to them the secrets of the book. Even the church of St.
Louis Avas given up to ceremonial rather than to religious life.
The poor Indians saAv much parade and little piety, much of the
externals of religion but little of its vital essence. The tAvo
older died at St. Louis. One of the younger contracted disease,
and on his return journey faltered and fell by the way. AA'hen
the time came to return, this, their fareAA'ell address, was given
in General Clarke's audience-roorn :
" ' I came to you over a trail of many moons from the setting-
sun. You were the friend of my fathers, who have all gone the
long way. I came with one eye partly opened for more light for
my people, who sit in darkness. I go back with both eyes closed.
Hoav can I go back blind to my blind people ? I made my way
to you with strong arms through many enemies and strange
lands, that I might carry back much to them. I go back with
both arms empty and broken. The two fathers who came with
us, the braves of many winters and Avars, Ave leave .asleep here
by your great water and wigwam. They were tired in many
moons, and their moccasins worn out. My people sent me to
get the white man' s Book of Heaven. You took me Avhere you
allow your Avomen to dance as we do not ours, and the Book was
not there ; you took me where they worship the Great Spirit
with candles, and the Book Avas not there ; you showed me the
images of good spirits and pictures of the good land beyond,
but the book was not among them to tell us the Avay. I am
going back the long, sad trail to my people of the dark land.
You make my feet heavy with burdens of gifts, and my mocca
sins Avill grow old in carrying them ; but the Book is not among
them. When I tell my poor blind people again sitting in
the big council that I did not bring the Book, no word will be
spoken by our old men or our young braves. One by one they
will rise up and go out in silence. My people will die in dark
ness, and they will go on the long path to the other hunting-
grounds. No Avhite man Avill go with them, and no Avhite
man's Book to make the Avay plain. I have no more
words.* "

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 185
Is not this the realization of the multum in parvo ? What
strength, what brevity, what simplicity, what incisive direct
ness of speech, and withal how keen and scathing the rebuke it
administers ! It is the realization of the great traveller, Bayard
Taylor's, confession "that the bent knee of heathen devotion
had oft rebuked his prayerless Christian lips."
"They departed sadly by the first 'fire canoe' which ever
made the long trip of twenty-two hundred miles up the Mis
souri to the mouth of the Yellowstone River. The pathetic
speech was heard by a clerk in General Clarke's office, and he
wrote an account of their mission and its sad ending to friends
in Pittsburg. Confirmation of his report was asked and sent,
and the clerk' s letter was published. It came" to the attention
of the American Board of Missions. In 1834 the Methodist
Board sent Revs. Jason and Daniel Lee. In 1835 the American
Board sent Rev. Samuel Parker and Dr. Marcus Whitman on a
tour of inspection. These men met at the American rendezvous
oruGreen River the Nez Perce Indians who had sent their agents
to St. Louis on their search for the Book three years before. Rev.
Samuel Parker remained in the valley of the Columbia until
1836, and returned by way of the Sandwich Islands ; but Dr.
Whitman saw before him his grand life work, and after looking
over the ground, he came back only that he might return fully
equipped for the labors that awaited him. He saw the possi
bilities of rapid development for this broad and beautiful Pacific
Northwest, and his prophetic eye already, it may be, beheld the
States yet unborn to be added to the American Union. He saAv,
best of all, in this virgin field an opportunity for the grandest
triumphs of the Christian civilization of the nineteenth century.
He took back with him to the States two Nez Perce boys as
specimens of the people Avho were waiting for the Book. He went
East and he told his story. The presence of the bright Indian
boys gave it a more personal and more dramatic interest. His
appeal went to the hearts of his hearers, and it was decided that
missionaries must be sent to Oregon — that at least two men Avith
their wives should go. They rightly thought that permanent
Christian influence could be exerted through the family, with
its combination of strength and sympathy, of courage and faith.
The missionaries who had so far gone into the wilderness Avere
celibate priests, and their influence, though salutary, stopped

186 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
short of that refinement and purity possible only through the
influence of a noble womanhood. The Christianity of the
French missionaries had done little to influence the conduct of
the French voyageurs, and it could have still less effect upon the
Indians. So here we are to come into the presence, not of a
Christianity without morals, but one whose very basis is true
refinement and solid character."
And now there comes to relieve the tedium of our narrative,
if Avearying it should be found, a little glimpse of romance, or,
perhaps, we should rather call it reality, that reality strongest
of all, of a Christian woman's brave endurance of every danger
and trial in the cause of duty and devotion to the husband of
her love.
"Dr. Whitman's betrothed Avas ready to go on a Avedding
journey of thirty-five hundred miles to the Pacific. No woman
had ever gone through those wild and rocky mountain fast
nesses, no wragon Avheel had ever passed through its deep can
yons. The Indians had been so incensed by the outrages of
brutal white men that they were dangerous. Yet Dr. Whit
man' s bride dared to go. He sought for a comrade, and found
one in Rev. H. H. Spaulding, who, like himself, aatis just mar
ried, and on his way as a missionary to the Osage Indians.
AA'hitman literally ran after him, stopping his novel conveyance,
half sleigh, half wagon (with a touch of the prairie schooner),
and proposed that he should go with him to the end of the earth
(as it then seemed), to a land of silence and of savages. Mr.
Spaulding' s wife had just recovered from a serious illness, and
it seemed that such a long and severe journey would for her be
dangerous and possibly fatal. But this devoted young couple
took counsel of the Lord, and in ten minutes the young wife,
Avith a cheerful face, said, ' I have made up my mind for Ore
gon.' The husband warned her, but dared not dissuade ; he
spoke of the three thousand miles of hard travel, most of it by
canoe, in the saddle, or even on foot, with danger on all sides ;
but the wife answered, ' I am ready, not to be bound only, but
also to die on the Rocky Mountains for the name of the Lord
Jesus.' "
And here again Ave step aside to pay our brief tribute to
American womanhood — above all to the Christian, wifely, brave,
energetic, and never- despairing Avomanhood of the female pi-

¦np 'rby F G.K?~r->i.anN-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 189
oneers of our own Northwest. Making the best of the worst
situations, calm in the midst of dangers that might appall a man,
bringing to their weary journeyings and pine-shaded log-cabin
homes a devotion and continual self-sacrifice which purified their
own lives, made beautiful their humble abodes, and so entwined
their memories Avith good and gracious deeds that the wives and
mothers of our Washington pioneers gone hence to meet their
reward, leave behind them, though entombed in forgotten graves,
a savor of sweetness as of pressed yet still fragrant flowers —
the record of those of whom it may be said they lived not in
vain, doing the duty nearest to their hand, and finally passing
away " Beloved in life, and sainted in the grave."
To return to Du Bois's narrative : " There were no railroads
then toward the AVest. It was fifteen years before the locomo
tive found its way to Chicago. At Pittsburg, Catlin, the great
Indian traveller, who had explored all the new Northwest,
warned them against attempting to take women over the plains
and through the steep, dark, and bloody passes of the Rocky
Mountains. In every town they passed there were fears ex
pressed as to their fate ; but they pressed on to St. Louis, and
here amid a mixture of costumes and a jargon of languages they
began to realize something of the rough but picturesque life of
the great AA'est.
" Under the convoy of the American Fur Company they start
ed early in 1836. Dr. Whitman had roughed it long enough to
get on more easily, but the minister had experiences calculated
to lower his dignity. He was shaken by the ague, kicked by a
mule, his blanket was whisked away by a frisky tornado, and,
to take the last bit of starch out of him, he was crowded off a
ferry-boat by a cow, who went with him, and to whose tail he
clung with the tenacity of desperation until rescued, and yet he
was not daunted (not even cowed) in his resolve to push on for
the Pacific. June 6th they Avere at Laramie, and on July 4th
they celebrated the nation's natal day in the famous South Pass
and on the grand ' divide ' of the waters of the continent,
Avhence, within a few hundred yards, flow in opposite direc
tions streams which go, one to the Atlantic and the other to the
Pacific Ocean. Here Mrs. Spaulding was ill and fainted, but
with a cup of water from the stream leading toward the Pacific

190 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
was revived. As that stream went on, joined with others, and
in ever-broadening flow made green and fertile the valley of the
Columbia, so did the beginning of her influence even here tend
to that higher civilization born of unselfish aims and purified
ambitions. The little rill of influence from a noble soul joins
others, and in their union produces moral and religious fresh
ness and beauty in the world."
Here, in this South Pass, on the anniversary of the birthday
of the republic, did these two weak women keep the day, and
inscribe their names upon a rock which Fremont, " the path
finder," was to reach in 1842, six years afterward, and there dis
cover the trail traversed by this adventurous party.
Having thus, as unexpected guests, written their names in
nature's register, they proceeded to celebrate the day, for
though in the depths of the unbroken wilderness, twenty-four
hundred miles from home, their American patriotism remem
bered its nationality. The missionary party dismounted, raised
the Stars and Stripes, sang as did the pilgrims of old, making
the forest arches of God's own sanctuary ring to the strain of
that music borrowed from the English, but set to better words—
" America"— -and never, perhaps, was
" My country, 'tis of thee,"
rendered with more heartfelt enthusiasm ; and then, having thus
poured forth their souls in song, all knelt about the Book and
took solemn possession of the great Northwest in the name of
God and the American Union.
"Look," says Du Bois, "on this picture, and then on an
other — the discovery of the Pacific by Balboa more than three
hundred years before. With theatrical pomp and formal words
and ceremony he takes possession of that ocean, its seas and
coasts, in behalf of the Spanish crown and the ' Holy Catholic
Church.' It is counted one of the most dramatic incidents of
modern history. How different the act of possession we have
just depicted ! The flag of Spain Avaved by the steel-clad Balboa
over the Pacific Avas stained and sullied by a thousand deeds of
cruelty and crime. Its policy aaus treachery, its tender mercies
terrible, its hate as unrelenting as its lust and greed for gold.
Spanish adventurers were everyAvhere A\-elcomed by the Indians
and received as friends ; their own base acts turned those

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 191
friends into fiends. They sowed the seeds of murder and out
rage more than three centuries ago, and we reap its bloody har
vests of hate and retaliation even unto the present hour. Bal
boa claimed the coasts of the Pacific as regions in which to
plunder and destroy ; but our little Christian band, looking but
to conquests of peace, knelt upon the unbroken sod around the
Bible that they loved and lifted up their hearts to the God of
justice and mercy, seeking His aid and blessing upon their efforts
to enlighten the ignorant, to raise the fallen, and show to the
blinded heathen whom they came to teach a better light and a
purer way.
" They had reached the ' big divide ; ' the larger part of the
distance had been travelled, but the worst of the journey was
still to come. So far, Dr. Whitman had insisted upon bringing
his old wagon. He had been ridiculed about it, but he persist
ed. The Indians had never seen one. In their alliterative lan
guage they named it ' chiek-chiek ' when it rattled over the
prairie, and ' kai-kash ' when it crushed or jolted over the
stones ; so the full name of the wagon became ' chiek-chiek-
shani-le-kai-kash.' Dr. Whitman had an object in bringing the
wagon beyond that of personal convenience for the wives of the
missionaries. Heretofore it had been given out that no wagon
could pass through to the Columbia. If no wagons could get
through, it would be very difficult for emigrants to go, and
almost impossible to transport household goods or even provi
sions. But Dr. AVhitman' s old wagon Avent on and prepared the
way for the long caraA-ans of similar vehicles which in after days
were to follow his lead into the valley of the Columbia.
" At Fort Hall the party came upon an outpost of the Hud
son's Bay Company, the absorber of the Northwest Company,
which found strangers at Astoria (the Astor Fur Company) and
' took them in,' as the whale did Jonah. It was here that this
arrogant and all-dominating corporation stood in the gate to bar
the advance of progress and say> ' Thus far shalt thou come, and
no farther.' It was given out that down into the Snake River
Valley no wagon had ever gone. It was dry, rocky, barren,
Avith no lands beyond of the slightest agricultural value. They
were only good for hunting and fishing."
As we do not desire to cover ground Avhich falls under the
head of the great fur companies and their influence, we Avill

192 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
simply state that their policy with the American settler was one
of discouragement, Avhich halted at no misstatement, and stooped
to the lowest mendacity in the pursuit of its object. Their
agents were their soldiers, wandering and nomadic by nature,
travelling by command. They suited the Indians, for their
tastes, habits, and occupations were similar — they were dwellers
in the forest, hunters and fishers like themselves. The Ameri
cans, on the contrary, came as settlers, to take up land and im
prove it. ' ' No white women were welcomed to the woods. . The
men lived singly or wedded nominally — nomads like them
selves—the natives of the wild ; love was laughed at, constancy
a mockery, and family ties of any reality unknown. The woods
were to remain unbroken, the soil unfilled. A beaver-dam was
a source of profit, a mill-dam but a disturbance and menace."
Such was the condition of things Avhen our little party
reached their post and entered upon their labors in the valley
of the Columbia. But mark the sequence of events — the links,
slight and apparently trifling in themselves, which in the provi
dence of God unite the careless words of a wandering American
trapper, spoken by his camp-fire in those continuous woods
" Where rolls the Oregon, and hears no sound
Save his own dashings,"
and the peaceful wresting of an empire from British rule, there
by adding three more stars to the azure field of the flag of the
American republic.
There are just twelve links in that most important chain —
links which required a decade of years to forge and bind to
gether : 1. The trapper's tale. 2. The Indian council. 3. The
sending for the Book. 4. The failure of the messengers. 5.
Their farewell speech. 6. The young clerk' s letter. 7. Its pub
lication. 8. Action of the missionary boards. 9. Sending out
of Wliitman. 10. His "accidental" presence at the British
traders' feast. 11. His patriotic and wonderful ride. 12. His
arousing of the land, ending in the American occupation of the
great Northwest. Do you think that these Avere accidents, or
like the tokens that He cast upon His billows to cheer the faint
ing heart of the great discoverer and still the murmurings of his
mutinous crew with evidences from the wished-for land '( Well
hath the poet sung :

cc cca0- ccO

O

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 195
" God moves in a mysterious way
His wonders to perform ;
He plants His footstep on the sea,
And rides upon the storm."
To which, writing under the inspiration of the facts recorded,
the author adds some verses which may not inaptly close the
story of the Book :
The Indian seeks but fails to find "the white man's Book of Heaven."
Perchance they dreamed some magic lay
Within the sacred tome,
Some spell to drive disease away,
Or fright the fever moan.
To lead at last to hunting-grounds
Beyond the bright blue sky,
Or breathe a blessing o'er the mounds
Where buried kinsmen lie.
They journeyed far the prize to gain,
" The Book" their only quest,
Yet sadly sought the woods again —
None heeded their request.
They saw the sacred altars where
Soft lamps lit silver shrine,
Yet 'mid the censer-perfumed air
Found not that Book divine.
The image of our dying Lord
Upon the cruel cross
Touched in their hearts no answering chord,
No sense of grief or lo3S.
" The Book," and some one to reveal
The secrets it might hold,
To ope with solemn words its seal,
And hidden truths unfold.
In vain they turn with tearful eyes
To tread their homeward trail,
Beneath the Western sunset skies
To make their mournful wail.
To say, " ' The white man's Book ' is dark,
To us a fountain sealed.
We plead, alas ! they would not hark,
Nor tell what it concealed."
— Breweeton.

CHAPTER XIV.
THE GREAT FUR COMPANIES OF THE NORTHAVEST AND THEIR
INFLUENCE UPON AMERICAN EMIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT.
" Strange merchants these, who dwell alone,
Their roof the spreading tree,
Their lullaby the night wind's moan,
Their home the forest free.
" They breathe the fragrant scent of pine,
They hunt the moose and deer ;
The mountain rill supplies their wine,
The woodland wealth of cheer." ' —Brewerton.
As the El Dorados, real or fancied, of the Spaniard obtained
notice and settlement from the greed of gold, to discover and
secure which wras the aim of the early adventurer, so the rich
furs and valuable peltries of our own Nortinvest coast offered
the lure that finally opened this country to emigrants of less
wandering and more civilized ambitions. A speedy result of the
discovery of this new source of wealth was the engendering of
enterprises that ended in the establishment of such great cor
porations as the Russian and, as more nearly affecting our
selves, the Hudson's Bay, Nortinvest, Astor (or Pacific Fur) and
other kindred fur companies, the far-reaching systems of two of
which, both as regards their Indian policy and trade, made them
a power in the land, carrying beneath the mask of apparent
friendship and extended hand of frank courtesy and good-will
the spirit of secret enmity and a grasp as of gauntleted steel,
ever ready to crush out any and all Avho attempted to compete
with their operations.
It is a fact patent to every intelligent reader of the histoiy
of Washington, that these great fur companies of the North Avest
exercised an immense influence over our early emigration and
settlement by encouraging the English and to the extent of
their power disgusting and driving out the American ; nor was

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 197
this the result of accident ; on the contrary, it was the out
growth of plans wisely matured and deliberately carried out.
Their secret and avowed object to those who were in their con
fidence was to make this yet unpeopled region from the Pacific
to the Rocky Mountains so entirely English that, even if we
should finally possess the land, it would require half a century
of education under our own flag ere its original inhabitants
could be dispossessed of the idea that they still owed an alle
giance to the British crown ; nor was this action entirely a mat
ter of their own volition. It was, as will be seen, not only
fostered and encouraged, but even instigated by their home
Government, which introduced a clause into their charter of
exclusive right to trade to the following effect :
"One of the conditions on which this license to trade is
granted is that English laws and the jurisdiction of English
courts shall be extended over all parts of North America not yet
organized into civil or provincial governments" — a condition
strictly adhered to and most loyally carried out by the factors
of the great Hudson's Bay Company, Avho for years, backed by
large capital and endoAved with almost unlimited powers, absorbed
the wealth and insensibly acquired dominion over the country
and people of the whole Northwest.
Let us look for a moment at the forces and plan of opera
tions, admirably disciplined and supplied, of this peaceable army
of conquest, wrho, working under the guise of remunerati\re
trade, were in reality seeking to establish British supremacy and
inculcate English sentiment wherever their influence could
be felt. First, as to their forces, quoting their own statement as
embodied in their petition to the home Government, Avhen, find
ing their original charter about to expire, they applied in 1837
for its renewal Avith enlarged privileges. They say :
" The company now occupy the country between the Hocky
Mountains and the Pacific by six permanent establishments on
the coast, sixteen in the interior country, besides several migra
tory and hunting parties ; and they on the coast maintain a
marine of six armed vessels, one of them a steam vessel. Their
principal establishment and depot for the trade of the coast and
interior is situated ninety miles from the Pacific, on the northern
banks of the Columbia River, and called Vancouver, in honor of
that celebrated navigator. In the neighborhood they have large

198 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
pasture and grain farms, affording most abundantly every spe
cies of agricultural produce, and maintaining large herds of
stock of every description ; these have been gradually estab
lished ; and it is the intention of the company still further not
only to augment and increase them, to establish an export trade
in wool, tallow, hides, and other agricultural produce, but to
encourage the settlement of their retired servants and other emi
grants under their protection. The soil, climate, and other cir
cumstances of the country are as much adapted to agricultural
pursuits as any other spot in America ; and with care and pro
tection the British dominion may not only be preserved in this
country, which it has been so much the wish of Russia and
America to occupy to the exclusion of British subjects, but Brit
ish interest and British influence may be maintained as para
mount in this interesting part of the coast of the Pacific."
So much for the material means at their command. They do
not tell us of the number of their servants or the men — one day
" to be retired" — under their supervision, with whom " British
influence and dominion" was already paramount, but directly
and indirectly they must have been a majority in that early
day. Of their system and modus operandi it was, as Evans tells
us, simply " admirable." Their discipline was not only perfect,
but extended through all the ramifications of their enormous
trade, from the superintendent of a post to the far-away Indian
gathering their furs as he trapped upon some lonely river. We
wish that our space would permit an extended statement of their
methods — methods which would seem, looking at results, to
have been, so far as their treatment of the natives was con
cerned, a vast improvement upon our own. For certain it is
that British rule in North America has had far less difficulty in
its relation with its Indians, considering the extent of terri
tory and the character of the tribes to be controlled, than we
have had with our own. In this connection let us go back a
little. The Hudson's Bay Company came into life by special grant
in December of 1821. Its power extended from 42° north to the
southern border of the Russian possessions, a state of affairs
lasting for a quarter of a century, during which Oregon, and
consequently our State of AATashington, of Avhich it was then a

Jr+

7Y

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 201
part, was merely an adjunct, a trading district of the company
for the gathering of its furs. Evans puts the situation very
tersely thus :
"The Hudson's Bay Company Avas present in Oregon by
virtue of its license for a term of years to prosecute the Indian
trade in those parts of North America not included in its
chartered territory. Its charter • not only conferred corporate
existence — it was an immense grant of territory from the King
of Great Britain — but that grant did not extend to territory west
of the Rocky Mountains. Under the Joint Occupancy Treaty
of 1818, as British subjects this corporation extended its opera
tions into Oregon. By the license of trade all other British sub
jects had been excluded in 1824 by act of Parliament of July 2d,
1821 ; and the Hudson's Bay Company were the only British sub
jects permitted to trade Avith the Indians west of the Rocky
Mountains." With the almost regal powers of the predecessor of this
company — the corporation known as " the Governor and Com
pany of the Adventurers of England," chartered by King Charles
of England in 1670 and ratified by the Parliament of 1690 — we
have little to do ; but we will quote a somewhat curious passage
from the immense privileges thereby conferred, wrhereby they
are constituted
" The true and absolute lords and proprietors of the territo
ries, limits, and places, saving always the faith, allegiance, and
sovereign dominion due to us (the crown), our heirs and succes
sors for the same, to hold as tenants by free and common
socage and not by knights' service, reserving as a yearly rent
two elks and two black beavers."
We fancy that King Charles' elks would be harder to obtain
than in the days when lie rented that empire of land and sea for
two elks and a brace of beaver.
One is simply astounded as one examines this deed of gift to
the original company. Their grant is an empire ; the owners are
lords, subject only in their fealty to their king ; its directors,
powerful noblemen, " solid" with the English court ; its powers
simply unbounded, and excluding all competition.
To return to their (the company of the present century's)
treatment of the Indians. It may be reduced from Evans's sum
ming up as follows, and he may well say that it commands

202 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
favorable consideration. It duplicates in many respects Penn's
action in the settlement of the " Keystone State," and in a lesser
degree that of the Spanish missions of California. He says :
" Hoav profitable the lesson, how worthy of adoption that
system upon which was predicated the successful career of the
company in acquiring absolute control and unbounded influence
over the aborigines of the territories in which it operated ! This
policy had a twofold object : first, to hold in moral subjection
the native tribes as a matter of self-defence and economical man
agement ; and second, to convert them into dependents and
allies. Thus did the company draw to itself and retain all the
Indian trade as a matter of preference. At the same time, it con
verted the native tribes into auxiliaries, ready to serve the com
pany should such service be required.
" The gift or sale of ardent spirits to the Indians was posi
tively prohibited." (It is needless to dwell upon the excellent
results arising from this rule.) " AVith comparatively few to
defend their posts, oftentimes established in the midst of large
bands of Indians, completely isolated and unprotected, yet those
posts and the employes continued safe. Under Hudson's Bay
rule there were no Indian outbreaks nor wars, and but little
bloodshed. The establishment of schools, the effort to educate
Indian children, the employment of Indians, all embraced within
their Indian policy, continued to assure the confidence and gain
the friendship of the native population."
They kept the Indian employed ; they excited his zeal and
encouraged him to supply their posts with furs, fish, and game ;
they required little or no land for settlement, hence the Indian
neither feared the loss of his hunting-grounds nor the graveyards
of his people. The Indians became, instead of enemies, as with
ourselves, their guides, their messengers, the providers of the
furs in which they dealt, and their friends. Instead of avoiding,
they located their forts among the tribes, at the same time scat
tering their warriors in pursuit of game, for which and their
peltries they were, from their standpoint, fairly and remunera
tively paid. Again, the Indian soon came to depend upon the
company for comforts wliich they learned to appreciate and
consider necessaries of life— weapons, blankets, fishing tackle,
wearing apparel, and cooking utensils— all of which served to
cement a union advantageous to both parties. But withal they

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 203
held the hand of their power with no feeble or tremulous grasp.
H an Indian was violent or threatening he was promptly and
severely punished. In this connection Evans tells us :
" No half-AA-ay measures were used. Uniformly kind and
conciliatory to the AArell-disposed, punishing with promptness
and firmness the wrongdoer, the natives were taught that it was
their true interest to live on terms of friendship with the com
pany. This influence Avhich the company acquired over the
Indian population was eradicated with difficulty. Indian sus
picion of Americans resulted from their educated devotion to the
Hudson's Bay Company, continuing for many years after the
actual withdrawal of the company from the territory."
The author takes occasion to remark here : Why were we
more unfortunate in our early experiences with the Indian tribes
on Puget Sound and the interior ? Why did they evince a desire
to expel the American white and permit the English to remain ?
AVas it the result of a less conciliatory policy on our part, or
jealousies secretly fomented by our British friends (?) of the
Hudson's Bay Company ?
Meanwhile, it is but fair to admit that the company's treat
ment of Americans as individuals was worthy of all praise so
long as that American did not come to trade, thereby touching
that most sensitive nerve of our English cousin, " John Bull" —
his pocket. If he did so, his trading post soon found a rival,
and competition " froze out" the new-comer. But to the travel
ler of consideration, the army officer or missionary of our
nationality, they were uniformly courteous and kind.
Evans says : " The hospitality of the officers in charge of
their posts to the first American emigrants entitles the company
to the lasting gratitude of the early settlers." After all, " blood
is thicker than water," and the whites of both races have many a
time stood shoulder to shoulder in bitter perils by land and sea,
forgetting sectional jealousies, and only remembering the claims
of a common origin and the same mother tongue. It would
seem to be the mission of the Anglo-Saxon to dominate and
drive out the black, the yellow, and the red of a more effete man
hood. But, as we have just suggested, when it came to a competi
tion of trade Evans tells us :
" The American who made an effort to trade with the Ind-

204 HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON.
ians, to trap, hunt, or do anything in which the company was
engaged, found in the company a rival and competitor. In such
opposition the result Avas generally that the American trader
was obliged to retire from the field. Whenever an American
established a trading house, post, or kindred enterprise, imme
diately the company formed a counter establishment in the
vicinity ; American vessels were obstructed — nay, defeated in
obtaining cargoes upon the coast ; Hudson's Bay Company ves
sels were not allowed to import from the Sandwich Islands goods
or supplies ordered or purchased by American merchants. They
Avere without mercy for a rival trader, yet the unfortunate avIio
suffered by land or sea Avas freely offered shelter or food in the
various establishments of the company. ' '
After all, looked at from a financial standpoint, was it not a
" fair fight" ? If all methods are considered allowable in con
tests of love and war, why not those on the broader battle-fields
of commerce ? Let such merchants as the late A. T. Stewart
answer the question, or, haply, the heavy operators on the stock
exchanges of our OAvn day.
Turning from their Indian and rival trader policy, let us look
for a moment at their treatment of their own employes. There
were no " strikes" in those days. Their subordinates, by a Deed
Poll of June, 1834, executed by the company, were divided into
four classes — chief factors, chief traders, clerks, and servants.
Evans's details of their contracts with their people are so
elaborate and instructive as compared with our wages of to-day
that we feel it impossible to condense or resist the temptation to
give them in extenso. He says :
' ' The chief factors superintended the affairs of the company
at the trading posts. The chief traders under their direction
managed the trade with the natives. The clerks served under
both. Extra allowance of necessaries, free of charge, was made
to chief factors Avintering tit inland posts. Personal and private
trade with the Indians for individual benefit Avas not tolerated.
The failure to annually make strict account was severely pun
ished by the council, Avho possessed the power to reprimand,
impose penalties, or suspend a servant. Three chief factors and
two chief traders were annually allowed to leave the country for
one year. Wintering three years in the country entitled a factor
or trader to retire with full share of profits for one year, and

Erf ^fy^OJCtrru^KY. '

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 207
half profits for four years. AVintering five years entitled the
same officers to half pay for six years. Three chief factors, or
tAvo and two chief traders, were permitted annually to retire,
according to rotation. The legal representatives of a deceased
chief factor, avIio had AA'intered in the country, Avere entitled to
all the benefits deceased Avould have received had he lived. A
proportionate allowance wTas made for a shorter duration of ser
vice. After the payment of all expenses, sixty per cent of all
the profits went to the shareholders and forty per cent to the
chief factors and chief traders in lieu of salaries. The next
grade below were clerks, who received from S100 to $500 per
annum." So far the company's arrangements seem fair and even liberal
in their provisions. It is to be remembered, too, that the clerk
hire of that day was far less than our OAvn, not to mention the
fact that the dissipations and dress of the wilderness — gambling
excepted — were by no means extravagant. " Dudeism" was
confined to some squaw's elaboration of a suit of buckskins, and
the game dinners of the Avilderness, though superior ¦ in flavor,
were less expensive than those of Delmonico's.
Evans goes on to say : " The perfect absolutism of the com
pany's system is found in the enlistment of the servants. The
pay was about $85 per annum" (less than four months' wages
oftentimes paid to an incompetent female domestic with us),
"out of which the servant clothed himself. The term of ser-
Adce, or, more properly to speak, enlistment, Avas five years from
the date of embarkation. He bound himself by indentures to
devote his whole time and labor to the service of the company,
to obey all orders of its agents, to defend its property, not to ab
sent himself from its service or engage in any other employment
during his term of engagement. He was faithfully to obey all
laws and defend all servants and officers of the company to the
utmost of his power. He engaged also to enroll as a soldier if
required, and attend all drills and military exercises. In con
sideration of his wife and children being furnished with provi
sions,, he obligated that they should render light services upon
the company's farms. If a servant desired to return to Europe
at the end of his enlistment, he gave a year's notice of his in
tention before expiration, and entered into an obligation to work
a year longer, or until the next ship should leave for England.
10

208 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
If called upon to enroll as a soldier, he was entitled to be fur
nished by the company with a uniform suit every two years,
and be supplied, free of cost, with arms and ammunition.
Should he desire to remain in the country after the expiration
of his term as a settler, he was allowed fifty acres of land, for
which he rendered annually for seven years twenty-eight days'
service. The company retained the right to dismiss the servant
during his term or at its conclusion, in which event he was car
ried back in one of their ships free of expense. Desertion and
neglect of duty were followed by forfeiture and loss of wages
without redress. AArith such a pittance, is it to be wondered at that
at the end of his term the servant was in debt for advances ?
As a consequence, he was obliged to continue service to dis
charge his obligations.
" Marriage with Indian women was encouraged. Attach
ments were formed, and at the end of his enlistment the servant,
surrounded by a family to whom he owed support, could not
abandon them. Thus precluded from gratifying the desire of
returning to his native land, he was left the election between re-
enlistment or acceptance of the grant of land, continuing de
pendent upon the company for the necessaries of life."
Their system in this respect stopped but little short of the
' ' peonage' ' of Mexico, leaving the man free in name but not in
reality, by so enveloping him in a network of ever-increasing
pecuniary liabilities that, struggle as he might, he was consigned
to a slavery most hopeless, because ever strengthening its chains.
This great corporation surrendered its " license to trade" in
1838, and received a renewal one for a period of twenty-five
years. Its terms were sufficiently ample, granting " the exclu
sive right of trading over a territory embracing the whole coun
try west of the Rocky Mountains between 42° north latitude
and the Russian line. The rental was as moderate as the rights
conferred were enormous, being nothing for the first five years,
and afterward a yearly rental of five shillings, payable on June
1st. The company Avas, hoAvever, obliged to execute a bond to
insure the service of legal process within their boundaries, and
the rendition of any of its servants accused of crime. The
clause which, as Americans, most interests us, is that in which
they are enjoined from "claiming or exercising any trade
with the Indians on the Northwest coast to the prejudice or

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 209
exclusion of any of the subjects of any foreign State avIio,
under or by force of any convention or treaty for the time
being between Great Britain and such foreign State, may be
entitled to and shall be engaged in such trade" — a restriction
which, so far as they could evade it, they certainly never pro
posed to abide by.
There is a marked resemblance between the financial methods
and policy of the Hudson' s Bay Company and the operations, in
this day " of trusts," of many of our own great corporations.
Like the serpent of the fairy-tale, they simply swallowed and
made a part of themselves any opponent too strong for their
competition to undermine otherwise. Its one great rival, the
Northwest Company, Avas for years its most persistent and dan
gerous adversary. But even this was finally bought out and
absorbed by the Hudson's Bay — a fitting fate and well deserved,
for to its (the Northwest's) treacherous treatment and to the
demoralization of his agents did Mr. Astor owe the overthrow
and failure of his company (intended to be American), the Pa
cific Fur. But ere we treat of that tmlucky scheme and the causes
which led to its downfall, let us give a page or two to the his
tory and methods of the Northwest Company of Montreal. Or
ganized in 1784, it was, as the name suggests, an outgroAvth of
Canadian, as the Hudson's Bay was the offspring of British
enterprise. In 1778 Frobisher and Pond, of Montreal, built a
trading post on the Elk River, which, till Fort Chippewyan, Avas
the most distant from the white settlements. This, with other
enterprises of a similar nature by merchants of Montreal, was
too weak to sustain itself against Hudson's Bay opposition ;
hence the creation of the Northwest, formed from an ordi
nary mercantile partnership, but growing, like a descending-
snowball, which gathers as it goes, into immense proportions.
Its partners numbered twenty-three, of whom the wealthiest
remained in Montreal and furnished the capital. They were the
agents and general managers. The ' ' wintering partners' ' did
duty at and gave their personal supervision to the trading posts.
In -the prosecution of their trade they employed no less than two
thousand persons— clerks, traders, guides, interpreters, and voy
ageurs. The clerks, young Highlanders of good family, Avhich
will account for the array of "Macs" Avhich figure in Astor's
later scheme, served a thorough apprenticeship of from five to

210 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
seven years. Merit in the discharge of their duty (as in the
case of MacDougal) rendered them eligible to partnership.
Tliese clerks traded with the Indians at points selected by the
company on lakes and rivers, some of which were hundreds or
even thousands of miles distant from Montreal ; the other em
ployes also enlisted for a term of years, Avith increased pay if
faithful to their trust. When disqualified by age or infirmity
they were retired with a pension.
Evans gives us a very clear idea of the manner in which their
trade was earned on. He says :
" The trading goods imported from England were packed in
bundles, each AATeighing ninety pounds, and distributed among
the various trading posts. Furs were packed in bundles of the
same weight. These packs were transported by bark canoes by
the chain of lakes and rivers, which canoes and packs were car
ried over portages by voyageurs. Some of these points Avere
three thousand miles distant from Montreal."
The results of these trading operations Avere twTofold : they
carried out the plans of their projectors ; but, though by no means
a part of their scheme, these trading parties became explorers
also, opening paths Avhich in the fulness of time should be util
ized by those whose aims were far higher than men who limited
their ambitions to a full cargo of furs. The railroad engineer,
the settler, the stockman, and the agriculturist have all taken a
leaf from the unwritten journals of the trapper and voyageur.
The indefatigable Alexander Mackenzie was its mainspring and
pilot ; but to him and his inscription on the rock Ave have
already referred. MacDougal, the traitorous partner in Astor's
enterprise, also figures more respectably in this capacity. They
seem to have had one American among their " wintering" partners
—Daniel Williams Harmon, a Green Mountain boy, who did them
good service, crossing the Rocky Mountains and Avintering upon
Fraser' s Lake. After a series of adventures he returned to his
native Vermont to write them up in a book subsequently pub
lished at Andover. Truly the unknown even in those early days
suffered many things at the hands of their journal- writing ex
plorers. The failure of Astor's enterprise in 1813 left the North -
Avest in full possession of their ill-gotten gains, and Avithout a
competitor in the region of the Columbia. In fact, they Avere in
absolute possession of the whole territory west of the Rocky

EHf ^by F!-&Ke >' nsitoMY

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 213
Mountains between the Russian on the north and a trading post
or two of the American Fur Company on the extreme southeast.
This state of things continued for years, and the unfortunate
" Joint Occupancy Treaty" endorsed, and British subjects pro
tected their sovereignty.
Evans tells us that for a period the Northwest Company
wielded a powerful influence in British America. Its operations
reached far and wide into the unexplored and the unoccupied.
It respected no right of territory ; it sent out its parties wher
ever profit was to be gained. The inland voyages of Mackenzie
were all made in its interest. In 1804, when advised of the pro
posed expedition of LeAvis and Clarke, it attempted to forestall it
by sending out a party with instructions to reach the Columbia
in advance of the United States expedition. It failed, owing to
the ill health of its chief. It must be a source of gratification to
every patriotic^ reader of the history of Washington to see how
clearly the hand of a higher Power seems to have interposed to
interrupt and bring to naught the Avily plans and subtle machina
tions of the British Government and these great corporations, its
allies, and lead our people, a weak and feeble band as compared
with those already in occupancy, to finally invade, hold, and
secure to our flag and nationality this land of promise, so full of
present fruition and teeming with future promise.
Growing by slow degrees from its organization in 1784, the
Northwest Company grew to imperial influence in the first
decade of the present century. In 1805 it had become the suc
cessful rival of the Hudson' s Bay, whose theory of trade was
exactly the reverse of (and it seems to us inferior to) their own.
The Hudson's Bay, relying upon its long establishment, was
stationary — furs came to it ; on the contrary, the Northwest,
so to speak, " drummed" their trade, sending out parties to
scour the land ; their agents were everywhere ; they were visited
at regular intervals and at appointed rendezvous. In these
palmy days the Northwest Company employed thousands,
doubling the salary of their eminently successful men. In the
Hudson's Bay let a man work as he might, his salary was fixed,
his promotion slow. It Avas, in fact, the old British red-tape
system as opposed to the wide-awake, wise Yankee method of
picking out the best man and remunerating him accordingly.
And the keen blade of self-interest carved a way when circumlo-

214 HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON.
cution failed to enter. Space does not permit us to enter upon
difficulties with various rivals and embarrassments, notably
those of the " Selkirk project" and the colony at Assiniboia —
difficulties ending at length in actual Avar, in which, on June
19th, 1816, a battle Avas fought between the Northwest Company
and the colonists, in which the company were Auctorious, killing
twenty-two of the colonists, among whom was Mr. Semple, the
Governor of Assiniboia. Competition had led both companies
to the verge of insolvency when, in the Avinter of 1819-20, the
British Secretary for the Colonies, Lord Bathurst, interposed his
good offices to bring about their peaceable union, Avhich ended
in an agreement in March, 1821, merging both into a single cor
poration under the charter of the Hudson' s Bay ; so the North-
Avest, as such, virtually ceased to exist— a state of things which
ended in their entire absorption when, in 1824, the Hudson's
Bay acquired all their rights, becoming the sole grantees under
the license of exclusive trade of December, 1821. " So the spoiler
Avas spoiled, yielding to its rival and enemy even as Astor's
company, whose inception and disastrous career Ave are about to
narrate in the next chapter, was plundered and captured by
themselves.

CHAPTER XV.
SETTLEMENT AND CAPTURE OF ASTORIA.
" As cunning spiders wisely weave
The web that nets their prey,
So patiently does commerce plan
For gain of future day ;
Yet as the insect's well-wrought snare
By chance of breeze is blown, '
So wisest schemes are fruitless found
By circumstance o'erthrown."
— Brewerton.
As the reader must already have discovered, the British fur
companies Avere the bitter enemies of all who attempted to com
pete with, them in a region which they had already come to
regard as exclusively their own, and where they used every effort
to retain their supremacy. Weaker attempts to oppose them had
been rendered abortive by a policy which systematically discour
aged or "froze out" (to use a most expressive Westernism) their
authors. Matters were in this condition when Mr. John Jacob
Astor, the beginnings of whose then great fortune (for a few
hundred thousand dollars in those days ranked their possessor
with the millionaire of our own time) had risen from his dealings
in furs, determined to form a company and establish the traffic
on a large scale as an American enterprise on the Northwest
coast. Now this Mr. Astor, so widely Isnown uow as the
founder of a family of enormous wealth, was not an American
by birth, but a native of Heidelberg, who came here poor,
amassed a fortune, and was a citizen by adoption of the United
States. Had he been "to the manor born" we fancy his enter
prise would loave been more patriotically American and have
end,ed more happily than it did. As it was, he regarded his
undertaking as a mere commercial investment, selected its per
sonnel accordingly, and failed. Otherwise his plans were far-
seeing and well laid. He proposed to prosecute the fur trade

216 HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON.
over all the unsettled regions claimed by the United States, to
furnish the Russian settlements wdth supplies to be paid for in
furs, and then re-sell at Canton, taking silks and teas in ex
change. It Avas a colossal scheme, and deserved to succeed ; had
it done so it would have built up a trade which would have ad
vanced American settlement and actual occupancy on the North
west coast by at least a quarter of a centuiy, given employment to
thousands, and transferred the enormous profits of the Hudson's
Bay and Northwest British fur companies from English to
American coffers.
Looking over the ground, and being well aware of the jeal
ousy he Avould excite and the difficulties thus engendered, and
being, therefore, like the prudent man of business that he was,
anxious to disarm and soften the enmity sure to grow out of his
effort to enter their field as a competitor, we find him beginning
his enterprise cautiously. Having this in mind, he writes to
the directors of the Northwest Company, then in the zenith of
its power and a serious rival of its older brother, the Hudson's
Bay, though it (the Northwest) maintained no trading posts
west of the Rocky Mountains south of 52° north latitude, being
confined to a region known as New Caledonia. To these gentle
men, shrewd, unscrupulous, and of great experience, he most
unwisely, as the sequence" proves, detailed his plans, and gener
ously offered them a third interest in his enterprise. He was
met with a duplicity and want of good faith perfectly in ac
cordance with the source from whence it emanated. To gain
time to send a party to occupy the mouth of the Columbia, to
forestall and, if possible, disappoint Mr. Astor's intentions, they
pretended to take his proposition into consideration, and imme
diately dispatched David Thompson, their surveyor and astrono
mer, with instructions " to occupy the mouth of the Columbia, to
explore the river to its headwaters, and, above all, to watch the
progress of Mr. Astor's enterprise." They then declined Mr.
Astor's proposal ; but if they expected to discourage a man of
Mr. Astor's stamp they reckoned Avithout their host, for this un
gracious return for his generosity and good-will only stimulated
him in his determination to carry out his plan.
On June 23d, 1810, the Pacific Fur Company was formed.
Mr. Astor says :
" I preferred to have it appear as the business of a company

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 219
rather than that of an individual ; the several gentlemen were,
in effect, to be interested as partners in the undertaking so far
as respected the profit which might arise, but the means were
furnished by me and the property was solely mine, and I sus
tained the loss."
AVe will now revert to Evans's narrative of the sequence of
eArents which, leading through a chain of misfortunes, culmi
nated in the final overthrow of Mr. Astor's undertaking, cutting
down his elaborate statement of facts to such limits as our story
will permit.
" Mr. Astor associated wuth himself as partners Alexander
Mackay, Duncan MacDougal, and Donald Mackenzie, all late
of the Northwest Company, men of great experience. Mackay
had accompanied Alexander Mackenzie in his two voyages of
discovery." (The reader will probably remember the strong
anti- American sentiments that worthy laid down.) " The part
ners subsequently added were David and Robert Stuart and
Ramsey Crooks, all Scotchmen" (as their names indicate), " John
Clarke, of Canada, AVilson P. Hunt and Robert Maclellan, citi
zens of the United States."
And here at the very outset we find Mr. Astor, with all his
shrewdness, making- his first and most fatal mistake. In this
choice of partners he was doubtless influenced by a desire to ob
tain skill and experience coupled with a thorough knowledge of
the country and the particular trade in which he desired to en
gage ; but he might better have had less experience and more
loyalty. Had he been American by birth, he would probably
have reasoned Avith better results. He forgot in his selection to
take into account the strength of an opposing nationality, to say
nothing of previous association with the rival company, with
whose secret enmity he Avas called to compete. When the Ethio
pian changes his skin and the leopard his spots will the English
man forget that he is born a Briton ; and we are not sure, if he
exhibit his partiality in an honest way, that it is not commend
able. But if Mi-. Astor had ever heard of the order and acted
upon it said to have been given by AVashington, " Put none but
Americans on guard," the Pacific Fur Company might have
survived, as it did not, the AVar of 1812. But to return :
" The articles of organization provided that Mr. Astor, as
the head of the company, should remain in New York and man-

220 HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON,
age its affairs, vessels, goods, supplies, arms, and ammunition-
in fact, every necessary was to be furnished by him at prime
cost, provided they did not necessitate at any time an advance to
exceed $400,000. The stock was divided into one hundred
shares, of Avhich Mr. Astor retained fifty. The remainder went
to other partners and such persons as might be added to the
company. Mr. Astor reserved the right to introduce other per
sons as partners, at least two of whom were to be conversant
Avith the Indian trade ; but no individual should be permitted to
hold more than three shares of stock. Twenty years was the
duration of the company, but at the end of fiA~e years, if the
business Avas found to be unprofitable, it might be dissolved.
For the first five years all the loss Avas to be borne by Mr. Astor,
after which each partner shared the loss in proportion to his
Stock." Could any terms have been fairer or more liberal ? His asso
ciates could lose nothing but their time, and might be large
gainers. The chief agent on the Columbia was to hold his posi
tion for five years. For this position AVilson P. Hunt, one of
the two Americans, was selected. AVhen he was absent his place
was to be temporarily filled by a meeting of the partners then
present. But the English leaven is already working, and the
time-serving spirit of his British associates begins to display
itself. The partners were to solemnly bind themselves to faith
fully execute the objects of the company ; before signing this
obligation two of the British partners communicated to Mr.
Jackson, the British Minister then in New York, the full details
of Astor's project, and desired, to know their status as British
subjects trading under the American flag in the event of Avar
between the two countries. Mackay was assured by the minis
ter " that he saw our object Avas purely commercial, but that all
he could promise was that in case of a war they should be re
spected as British merchants and subjects." All scruples of
these British partners were dissipated. "Their patron," says
Evans, " did not learn until too late of this gross disregard of
mercantile honor or he might have guarded himself from the
humiliating sacrifice which effectually transferred his enterprise
to unscrupulous enemies."
The main party, consisting of four of the partners, twelve
clerks, five merchants, and thirteen Canadian voyageurs, was to

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 221
go to the mouth of the Columbia via Cape Horn and await the
arrival of Mr. Hunt, the chief agent, at the mouth of the river.
Mr. MacDougal was to take charge. To convoy the party the
ship Tonquin, 290 tons, was fitted for sea, commanded by Cap
tain Jonathan Thorne, a lieutenant in the United States Navy,
on leave. A full assortment of Indian trading goods, a bounti
ful supply of provisions, and the frame timbers of a schooner
designed for coasting — in short, everything necessary to secure
comfort was provided for the proposed settlement.
We come now to the first covert attack (unless the dispatch
of Thompson as a spy may so be considered) upon the enterprise.
" Before the Tonquin was ready for sea Astor was apprised
that a British vessel of war was cruising off the Atlantic coast-
to intercept the Tonquin and impress the Canadians as British
subjects. This was at the instance of the Northwest Coast Com
pany, so as to delay the departure of the ship, and thus give
time for their emissary, Thompson, to arrive first at the mouth of
the Columbia. To thwart this, Astor secured from the United
States convoy off the coast till the Tonquin could proceed with
out interruption. On the 8th of September she sailed under
convoy of the frigate Constitution, Captain Isaac Hull, of the
United States Navy. Meanwhile, Mr. Hunt, the chief agent,
with whom was associated Donald Mackenzie, who was to lead
the overland party, had gone to Montreal and Fort William to
recruit the necessary voyageurs for the service.
" The Tonquin reached the mouth of the Columbia and an
chored in Baker's Bay on the 22d of March, 1811. The crossing
of the bar was attended with serious difficulties, and eight of
the crew were lost in their attempt to mark out the channel.
Qn the 12th of April the launch, with sixteen persons, freighted
with, supplies, crossed the river and landed upon Point George.
Then and there was established a settlement to which was given
the name of Astoria, in honor of the projector of the enterprise.
By the end of the month the keel of the schooner of thirty tons
had been laid, to be constructed of the frame timbers brought out
jn the Tonquin. They soon learned that a trading house had
been established by their rival, the Northwest Company, on the
Spokane. River, about twenty miles from its mouth ; at the same
time they established forts on Clarke's Fork of the Columbia and
on the -Kootenais.

222 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
" On the 1st of June the Tonquin sailed north, Alexander
Mackay, one of the partners, going as supercargo. By the mid
dle of the month she had reached Clyoquot Sound, on the west
side of Vancouver's Island, and was anchored opposite the Ind
ian town of Ne witty. They were about to commence trade
Avith the Indians of AVickanish's tribe for sea otter skins. At a
preconcerted signal the Indians, who had unwisely been per
mitted to crowd the deck of the Tonquin, commenced an attack.
Captain Thorne and Mr. Mackay were almost instantly killed ; all
upon deck met a like fate. AVhen Captain Thorne first observed
that the actions of the natives indicated hostility, he had en
deavored to make sail, and had ordered some of the crew up into
the rigging. Five of the sailors were still aloft, but one in de
scending was badly wounded. The remaining four had con
tinued concealed. After the fight was over the Indians went on
shore. Returning to strip the ship, the live survivors success
fully repelled the savages with fire-arms. In the night, at the
earnest solicitation of Lewis, the Avounded sailor, the four left
the ship in one of her boats. Next morning the Indians in great
numbers once more boarded the Tonquin. AVhen they had most
numerously collected the gallant Lewis, the wounded sailor,
fired the magazine and blew up the ship, creating sad havoc
among the hordes of savages who were stripping and robbing
the Tonquin. Thus was the murder of Captain Thorne and the
crew of the Tonquin promptly avenged. The four sailors who
had endeavored to escape were overtaken and put to death with.
terrible tortures. One Indian interpreter was the sole survivor
of this cruel massacre. He was retained in close captivity for
more than two years, when he escaped through the various
coast tribes. The story of the Tonquin's loss was told by him
on his return to Astoria. There had, it seems, been a misunder
standing between Captain Thorne and the Indian chief on the
preceding day. Captain William Smith, an old and experi
enced trader on the Northwest coast, then mate of the Alba
tross, of Boston, attributed the real provocation of this tragic
affair to the conduct of Captain Ayres, of Boston. A short time
previous the latter had been trading at Clyoquot Sound, and had
induced some teii of the tribe to accompany him to the islands
near the Bay of San Francisco to hunt seals. He had given a
most positive assurance of their safe and early return. He

I&jt

(j^fiMJn^^

1

A/^s-^&^t^C,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 225
sailed southward and violated that promise. In accordance with
Indian custom his inhuman perfidy AA'as avenged by an equiva
lent sacrifice of white men aaIio fell into the hands of the out
raged tribe."
And now let us see how it fares Avith David Thompson, the
Northwest Company's surveyor, astronomer, and spy, who on
July 15th, nearly three months too late to anticipate the Ameri
can party, arrivred with a crew of eight men in a canoe flying the
British flag at Astoria. He proceeded on his mission, reached
the Rocky Mountains, but Avas long delayed in finding a pass.
Deserted by several of his men, he was obliged to return to the
nearest post to winter. In the spring of 1811, however, he makes an
early start, crosses the Rocky Mountains in 52° north, and strik
ing the extreme northern source of the Columbia, builds a canoe
to descend the river. He builds huts at the forks of the river as
he goes, erects flags upon them, and distributes smaller ones (he
seems to have a cargo of flags) among the natives, which, a la
Indian, were most probably devoted to head decorations by the
squaws. Having gotten rid of his flags, he then proceeds to take
formal possession ot the country watered by the Columbia and
its tributaries (rather a large slice of the NortliAVest, by the way)
in the name of the King of Great Britain, but always for the
Northwest Company. But Astor was already in possession at
its mouth, which, of course, he could not occupy. It might be
a curious geographical problem to decide (had his " taking pos
session" been Avorth anything) where his British fountain-head
mingled with its larger American flood below, and at what
precise point we were to draw the dividing line between Mr.
Thompson's canoeing and the discovery by the New England
Gray, backed up by the settlement of Astor !
And now we come to the very significant statement that
though sent as an avoAved emissary of their rival, and while
actually engaged in an expedition hostile to the best interests
of his employer,, we find Thompson received and entertained as
a welcome guest by MacDougal, the temporary chief agent,
representing Mr. Astor. In spite of the earnest remonstrance of
his fellow-partner, Stuart, MacDougal furnishes Thompson with
supplies and means to return to his employers.
At the junction of the Columbia and Ocanagon, Mr. Stuart
erects Fort Ocanagon, the first interior post west of the Rocky

226 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Mountains south of 49° north, and winters there Avith his com
pany in a log-house built of the drift-wood collected on the
point made by the two rivers.
On October 2d the Astorians launch the little schooner Dolly,
the first United States vessel built on the Pacific coast. The lit
tle band, reduced in numbers and their supplies beginning to
fail, look Avith growing anxiety for the arrival of the Tonquin,
her reinforcements and supplies. They have not yet heard of
her fate, though Indian rumors came to them of some ship in
the Strait of Fuca being destroyed and her crew murdered, nor has
anything yet been heard of Mr. Hunt and his overland party.
Winter is at hand, and there is little to encourage them. At last
a portion of Mr. Hunt's party arrives on January 8th, 1812 ;
they reach the settlement in wretched plight. The remainder
arrive on February 15th. They have suffered terribly from hard
ships and privation by the way. Even at Montreal, whither
Hunt and Mackenzie had gone in the summer of 1810 to
procure recruits, did the ill-will of their rival, the Northwest
Company, folloAV and hinder them. Men Avho had engaged to
serve were threatened, dissuaded, and bought. Unsuccessful at
Montreal, they went to Fort William, Avhere the same tactics
produced similar results. Baffled and disappointed, they re
turned to St. Louis, where they arrived September 3d. There
the Missouri Fur Company interfered, and did them more harm
than their foes at Montreal and Fort AVilliam. To retain the
men they had secured, Hunt left St. Louis on October 21st ; his
party in three boats ascended the Missouri four hundred and fifty
miles to the mouth of the Nodowa, Avhere he established his
winter quarters. This was in November ; in January Ave find him
again in St. Louis, whither he had returned for reinforcements.
Again with great difficulty he makes up his number, returns Avith
his new men to the winter camp, from whence he finally starts for
the Columbia on April 17th. They ascend the river in four
boats, on the largest of which they have mounted a swivel and
tAvo howitzers. The personnel of the party is composed of five
partners, one clerk, forty voyageurs, an interpreter, and several
hunters. The Missouri Fur Company, determined to break up
the expedition, hang upon their flanks and wage a sort of
guerilla warfare during their ascent of the river through delays,
difficulties, and trouble with the Indians. They travel fourteen

history of Washington. 227
hundred miles by water, then abandon their boats and proceed
overland. Following the headwaters of the Yellowstone, they
crossed the Rocky Mountains in September. Reaching the
affluents of Lewis's Fork of the Columbia, they build canoes,
intending to descend to the mouth of the Columbia ; but de
terred by rapids and other dangers of navigation, they abandon
the project, and finally conclude this chapter of accidents, delays,
dangers, and long preparations by reaching Astoria, overland.
On May 5th the Beaver, a ship of 400 tons, which had been
loaded and dispatched by Mr. Astor, reached Astoria. She
brought as passengers John Clarke, the Canadian partner, six
clerks, and twenty-six Kanaka laborers. Among the clerks was
Ross Cox, afterward the author of " Adventures on the Colum
bia River," from whose pages we quote this word-painting of
Astoria :
' ' The spot selected for the fort was a handsome eminence
called Point George, which commanded an extensive view of the
majestic Columbia in front, bounded by tlie bold and thickly
wooded northern, shore ; on the right, about three miles distant,
a long, high, and rocky peninsula covered with timber, called
Tongue Point, extended a considerable distance into the river
from the southern side, with which it was connected by a nar
row neck of land, while on the extreme left Cape Disappoint
ment, with the bar and its terrific chain of breakers, was dis
tinctly visible. The buildings consisted of apartments for the
proprietors and clerks, with a capacious dining hall for both ;
extensive warehouses for the barter of goods and furs, a provision
store, a trading shop, a smith's forge, a carpenter shop, etc., the
whole surrounded by stockades forming a square, and reaching
about fifteen feet above the ground. A gallery ran around the
stockades, in which loopholes were pierced sufficiently large for
musketry ; each bastion had two stories, in which a number of
chosen men slept every night ; a six-pounder was placed in the
lower story of each, and they were both well provided with
small arms. Immediately in front of the fort was a gentle de
clivity, sloping down to the river's side, which had been turned
into an excellent kitchen garden ; and a few hundred rods to the
left a tolerable wharf had been run out, by which bateaux and
boats were enabled at low water to land their cargoes without
sustaining any damage. An impenetrable forest of gigantic

228 history of Washington.
pines rose in the rear, and tjie ground was covered Avith a thick
underwood of brier and whortleberry, intermingled Avith ferns
and honeysuckle."
It is Robert Stuart, Avhile en route to carry dispatches to Mr.
Astor, who discovers the South Pass in the Rocky Mountains,
which afterAvard became the great gateway to the overland emi
gration. Various posts were also established in the upper Colum
bia country, one at the junction of the Coeur d' Alene and Spokane
rivers and another on Avhat is now known as the Snake.
" On the 4th of August the Beaver sailed for Sitka, Mr.
Hunt accompanying. AVhile at Sitka Mr. Hunt negotiated Avith
Baranoff, the Governor of Russian America, a highly advan
tageous arrangement for the Pacific Fur Company. The tAvo
companies Avere not to interfere with each other's hunting or
trading grounds, and they were to operate jointly against tres
passers on the rights of either. The Pacific Fur Company Avas
to enjoy the exclusive privilege of supplying the Russian posts,
the pay for which was to be in peltries. The Pacific Fur Com
pany was to receive all the Russian furs and convey them to
Canton, and to receive a commission for their sale.
" Having collected large quantities of furs, the Beaver pro
ceeded to Canton instead of returning to Astoria. Mr. Hunt, the
route being by the Sandwich Islands, went with her to Oahu,
there to aAvait the vessel then expected from New York, by
which he was to return to Astoria. Before this agreement could
go into effect Avar had been declared betAveen Great Britain and
the United States. Mr. Astor learned that the Northwest Com
pany was fitting out the Isaac Todd, a ship mounting twenty
guns, to seize Astoria. As a large majority of the employes of
the company Avere British subjects, Mr. Astor anticipated diffi
culty as soon as the existence of the war should become knoAvn.
He appealed to the United States Government for a force to de
fend Astoria, to maintain possession of the mouth of the river.
His efforts being in vain, he fitted out the Lark, A\hich sailed
March 6th, 1813."
The early part of 1813 found matters at Astoria in a very un
satisfactory condition. The Beaver, with Hunt on board, had
not been heard from. Mackenzie, at his post on the Shahaptan,
had been unsuccessful and was discouraged. In this mood he
went to Clarke. While Mackenzie Avas there they w*ere visited by

SNOQUALMIE FALLS, NOR. PAC. R. R.

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 231
one MacTavish, a partner of the Northwest Company, who com
municated the news of the declaration of Avar, and boastfully
stated that the Northwest Company's armed ship, the Isaac
Todd, had sailed and was to be at the mouth of the Columbia in
March, and that he had received orders to join her at that time.
Mackenzie, alarmed, went back to Shahaptan, broke up his post,
cached his provisions, and returned to Astoria. Here he in
formed MacDougal of the Avar, and after a conference Mac
Dougal, being in charge during Hunt's prolonged absence,
determined to abandon Astoria in the coming spring and re-cross
the Rocky Mountains. Upon returning to recover his cached
provisions, which he had intended to use to purchase horses
from the Indians, he found they had already discovered and
stolen them. On his way he carried letters to Clarke and
D. Stuart, informing them from MacDougal of his determination
to abandon Astoria, and advising them to prepare for their return
to the States. While going Mackenzie met a party of the North
west Company, under the command of MacTavish and Laroque,
en route to the mouth of the Columbia to await the arrival of the
Isaac Todd. The parties appear to have encamped together in
the most friendly and agreeable manner— suspiciously so, we
fancy, for Mr. Astor's interest.
" AA'alla AValla was now agreed upon as a rendezvous for the
three parties to meet and proceed to Astoria for conference.
But Clarke and Stuart, who had been very successful, utterly
ignored the advice to prepare to leave the country. Mackenzie's
provisions having been stolen, he could accomplish nothing, and
of necessity the departure was deferred. Clarke and Stuart
finally yielded a conditional assent that if aid did not come from
the United States and prospects improve at Astoria the country
should be abandoned in the spring."
And now we find a condition of things which, considering
the long-continued hostility of the Northwest Company and its
agents, to say nothing of the actual state of wa r between the
two nations, seems simply unaccountable, and can on! y be inter
preted through the existence of an excellent understanding be
tween MacTavish and MacDougal.
MacTavish, who was camped at the fort, whsre, as an avowed
enemy in time of war, he should never have been permitted to
stay, made application to purchase trading goods. MacDougal
11

232 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
proposed to sell him the post on the Spokane for horses (with
which to quit the country), to be delivered next spring. After
much urging by MacDougal and Mackenzie this proposition was
accepted. Mackenzie was transferred to the post on the Willa
mette for the winter. Three clerks (among whom was Ross
Cox) were transferred to the service of the Northwest Company.
There seems to have been no reluctance to take service with the
enemy. And now comes the beginning of the end. An arrange
ment for the dissolution of the company, to take effect June 1st
of the next year in accordance with the terms of agreement,
which provided for the abandonment of the enterprise if found
unprofitable, was signed by the four partners. Clarke and Stu
art (evidently true men) were extremely reluctant, yielding be
cause of the determination of MacDougal and Mackenzie to
abandon the country. On August 20th Hunt arrived at Astoria.
He was powerless to change the result. The causes of discour
agement were presented by MacDougal, wdio pretended that he
desired to save Mr. Astor's interests before the place fell into
the hands of the British vessels on their way out. Mr. Hunt at
length acquiesced, and consented that the management of the
business should be entrusted solely to MacDougal if he (Hunt)
did not return by January 1 st. Mr. Hunt then sailed to secure
a vessel to convey the property to the Russian settlements till
peace should be declared, and also to give a return passage to
the Sandwich Islands of the Kanaka laborers. Hunt agreed that
if the men became dissatisfied they might be transferred to the
Northwest Company, MacTavish becoming responsible for their
wages, accepting goods to discharge indebtedness to them.
Let us stop the flow of our narrative for a moment, leaving
the incidents which led to the situation and are soon to precipi
tate its catastrophe, and analyze the characters of these men,
nearly all foreigners, and subjects of a rival and then openly
hostile nation, to whom Mr. Astor had most unfortunately com
mitted the conduct of this enterprise. Here Ave have five of the
partners present on the ground and actively engaged— Hunt,
MacDougal, Mackenzie, Clarke, and Stuart. Hunt, temporarily
absent, and, Ave think, a perfectly honest but not overstrong
man — certainly not of the Andrew Jackson type— finds his ab
sence taken advantage of to dissolve the company, and yields,
as we think too readily, to MacDougal' s presentation of the

o

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 233
" causes of discouragement." A man of more resources would
have cut his way out rather than have played into the hands of
his enemies, the Northwest Company. MacDougal, who seems
to have been the moving spirit, was a traitor pure and simple,
always on excellent terms— doubtless looking to the end— with
his old employers, the rival company. Mackenzie seems to haA'e
been either his blinded or willing tool, to do his work and carry
out his plans. Clarke and Stuart were honest, true men, yielding
to pressure they felt themselves unable to resist. The fact, more-
OATer, that the majority of their employes were not of American
nationality, and, therefore, secretly inclined to favor the British,
must have seriously tied their hands. In fine, the circumstances
and surroundings of the hour were favorable to MacDougal and
his schemes, and he is about to take advantage of them for his
own selfish purposes.
Our story grows more sensational. " On the 2d of October,"
says Evans, " Mackenzie, with a party of twelve men in two
canoes, started to advise Clarke and Stuart of the new arrange
ment. He met MacTavish and J. Stuart, partners of the North
west Company, with seventy -five men in ten canoes on their way
down the river to meet the frigate Phoebe and the ship Isaac
Todd. Clarke had been advised of the alarming news, and had
come with them as a passenger. Mackenzie encamped with the
party that night, and resolved to return with them to Astoria.
Mackenzie and Clarke during the night made an attempt to slip
off, Avith a vieAv of getting a start and reaching Astoria first with
the news ; but as they pushed out into the river, two of Mac
Tavish' s canoes followed. On the 7th of October MacTavish and
Mackenzie both reached Astoria. The Northwest Company's
party camped at the fort. MacDougal prohibited the hoisting
of the American flag by the young American employes."
It is a comfort to see even a breath of pure native American
patriotism coming to the surface above these troubled waters, so
foul with basest duplicity and English enmity. The next day sees
MacDougal assembling his employes and preparing their minds
for surrender by reading to them a highly sensational letter
from his uncle, Angus ShaAv (he seems to have been bound both
by blood and interest to Mr. Astor's opponents), one of the prin
cipal stockholders of the Northwest Company, announcing the
sailing of the frigate Phoebe and the ship Isaac Todd with orders

234 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
"to take and destroy everything American on the Northwest
coast." So, the way being thus nicely prepared, we are told that
"this dramatic scene was followed by a proposition of Mac-
TaA'ish to purchase the whole interests, stocks, and establish
ments of the Pacific Fur Company. MacDougal, now almost
ready to throw off the mask which hitherto has so slightly
shielded his dishonest intentions, assumes, in the absence of
Hunt, supreme control and agency. He holds repeated confer
ences with MacTavish, from which his fellow-partners are care
fully excluded and their presence ignored, and finally concludes
the sale of all Mr. Astor's possessions on the coast at certain
rates. A few days later Mr. J. Stuart arrived with the re
mainder of the Northwest party. He objected to the bargain
made by MacTavish, and materially lowered the rates agreed
upon. MacDougal, who seems to have been agreeable to any
proposition coming from his old employers, consents, and the
agreement to transfer is signed October 16th." By this piece of
mercantile infamy, "Duncan MacDougal, for and on behalf of
himself, Donald Mackenzie, David Stuart, and John Clarke,
partners ofthe Pacific Fur Company, dissolved July 1st," pre
tended to sell to his British confreres and co-conspirators of the
Northwest Company " the whole of the establishments, furs,
and present stock on hand on the Columbia and Thompson
rivers," payable in three drafts on Montreal. This transaction,
so dishonorable and perfidious to Mr. Astor, so disgraceful to
the parties aaIio consummated it, is thus detailed by John Jacob
Astor in a letter to John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State :
" MacDougal transferred all my property to the Northwest
Company, who were in possession of it by sale, as he called it,
for the sum of fifty-eight thousand dollars, of which he retained
fourteen thousand dollars for wages said to be due to some of
the men. From the price obtained for the goods, etc., and he
him sell' having become interested in the purchase and made a
partner in the Northwest Company, some idea may be formed as
to this man's correctness of dealing. He sold to the Northwest
Company eighteen thousand one hundred and seventy and a
quarter pounds of beaver at two dollars, Avhich at that time was
selling in Canton at five and six dollars per skin. I estimated
the Avhole property to be worth nearer two hundred thousand

?ng TryFlG_Ke,rn.a,n,7$~Z

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 237
than forty thousand dollars, about the sum I received in bills
on Montreal." Mr. Astor took into consideration everything but the one leak
which finally sunk the ship — the possibility of treachery grow
ing out of the employment of men brought up in the service of
the rival company, whose opposition to his enterprise had already
been demonstrated, and the even more remote contingency of
a war between the two nations, which would make his principal
post assailable by sea from the enemy's cruisers, while those in
land Avould be equally menaced by the British traders, whose
employes were largely in the majority even among his own men.
In all other respects his provision was liberal, his plans well found
ed, and his arrangements with his fellow-partners unselfish in the
extreme. " He was practical, generous, broad." He was a brave
man Avithal in placing his capital on a venture where adverse
influences largely preponderated, and every known " coign of
vantage" was already held.
The termination of this mingled tissue of fraud, dissimula
tion, and misfortune is somewhat dramatic.
The British sloop of war Raccoon, Captain Black, arrived at
the Columbia on December 1st, 1813, with orders to destroy the
American settlements on the Columbia. There were probably
many pleasant, anticipations both in her wardroom and between
decks of the rich booty to be obtained and prize money dis
tributed from the looting of this Yankee trading house, Avith its
precious gathering of furs. Judge, then, the surprise and disap
pointment of Captain Black and his officers when he was in
formed of the purchase by the Northwest Company, and the con
sequent change of ownership. The British flag now waved over
British property— a fact, however, which did not deter the gal
lant commander of the Raccoon from taking possession of As
toria in the name of His British Majesty and re-baptizing it by
the name of Fort George. Evans tells us that " he insisted upon
an inventory of the purchased property being taken with a view-
to ulterior proceedings, but he subsequently relinquished the
idea, and never prosecuted his imaginary claim."
The formal surrender took place on December 12th, 1813,
when the American flag was lowered and the British raised,
there to remain till peace was restored ; and in accordance Avith
the Treaty of Ghent, signed in December, 1814, which provided

238 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
for the restoration of all places taken by either party, it was
given up as captured property. The British Government send
ing orders to that effect, Captain Biddle entered the river in
August of 1818, and on the 19th the Stars and Stripes once more
floated over Astoria, which resumed its name, that of " Fort
George" departing Avith the flag of its late captor. This was the
fort of which the English Captain Black remarked, Avhen he first
saw its Avooden defences, " Is this the fort about which I have
heard so much % D — n me, but I'd batter it down in two hours
Avith a four-pounder !"
The fort under British rule had been considerably enlarged,
having a stockade 250 by 150 feet. It was armed with twelve
guns of different calibres and a number of swivels, and defended
by some seventy men of different nationalities. Mr. Astor had
intended to resume operations, but never resuscitated the Pacific
Fur Company, nor did he resume the fur trade Avithin that
territory. It must have been a sore subject with him. A rich
man may lose money and forget it— it is an accident of trade ;
but let him be basely swindled out of even a much smaller sum,
and it leaves a lifelong impression of disgust. As for the North-
Avest Company, it continued its trade under that most mistaken
compact for America — the Joint Occupancy Treaty — whose
agreements were constantly violated in the spirit if not in the
letter by the exercise of British influence, ever seeking to Angli
cize the Northwest.

CHAPTER XVI.
SEARCHING OUR TITLE — TREATS OF THE VALIDITY OF OUR TITLE
— ITS CONTESTANTS AND EFFORT FOR FINAL " QUIETING" BY
TREATY WITH GREAT BRITAIN.
" Fifty -four-Forty ok Fight."
" A wordy war, with bitter ardor waged,
Fierce iu dUcussion while the conflict raged.
A game of ' brag,' too oft of treachery too,
Its stakes the region then so wild and new.
The hunters haunt the home of deer and stag,
Its roof the pine, each snowy peak its flag.
Emblem of truce and peace one day to be,
Of empire linking east with western sea." —Brewerton.
Haaing now, as a skilful engineer lays down his approaches,
making gradual advances to the work he proposes to attack,
environed our subject, so to speak, both by land and water, it is
high time to take possession of such outworks of fact as may
finally lead to the capture of the whole subject and enceinte of
this our history of the State of AVashington.
When a man purchases an estate, before entering and making
improvements his first anxiety is to ascertain the validity of his
title and the security of the foundation on wliich he rests his
claim. To do so thoroughly he must go to the fountain-head of
ownership, examine records, ancient and modern, look into the
liens and mortgages which might affect it, the sufficiency of the
witnesses who certify to its testaments, and in all respects as
sure himself that it is perfectly sound and good, even though
his quest should take him back to a period when, as the old
English Jaw quaintly expresses it, " the memory of man runneth
not to the contrary."
States, like individuals, must hold their possessions under
certain conditions fixed and regulated in their case and laid down

240 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
in what is generally known as the " law of nations.' ' It may be
by right of first discovery, enforced by colonization ; by peace
ful purchase or similar rendition, or by conquest of war perma
nently confirmed by treaty on cessation of hostilities. It becomes
us, then, as citizens of this sovereign State and commonwealth
of Washington, to know how our title to this fair domain on
which we dAvell was acquired, by what claimants opposed, their
grounds of action and the legality of the manner in which our
own title was finally assured and quieted. In so doing, how
ever, Ave do not propose to try back to the period of which we
have spoken — ¦" when the memory of man runneth not to the
contrary" — nor shall we enter into the intricate details of proto
cols, protests, arbitrations, and conferences, finally ending in
that mutual agreement of the " high contracting powers" Avhich
we call a duly ratified treaty. Our search must be a skeleton
at the best, dating back to the beginning of this century, when
the situation of affairs on the Northwest coast may be briefly
summed up as follows : The boundaries were unsettled and con
flicting, the claimants and parties in action being four — Russia,
Spain, Great Britain, and the United States.
We will touch lightly, by way of preface, upon the claims of
the two powers first named — Russia and Spain — as those soonest
disposed of and least interesting to ourselves, because involving-
no particular conflict with American interests.
Russia demanded all the territory north of 51°, Avith its adja
cent islands. This she founded on the discovery of Russian navi
gators. The limits of her claim will be found in the imperial
grant issued by the Emperor Paul to the Russian- American Fur
Company in July of 1799. It is further strengthened by the
declaration that the whole of the Pacific north of the latitude
mentioned was " a closed sea," because completely bordered by
Russian territory — a vexed question, entering into the sealing
difficulties of our own day. Russia again asserts her claims,
and that in no uncertain language, but autocratic as the Czar
himself, in its imperial ukase of September 4th, 1821, which de
clares " that the vdiole west coast of America north of the fifty-
first degree, the Avhole east coast of Asia north of 45° 50', with
all adjacent and intervening islands, belong exclusively to Rus
sia ; and it also prohibits the citizens and subjects of all other
nations, under severe penalties, approaching within one hundred

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-£z^/& A/7^^^

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 243
miles of any of these coasts except in cases of extreme neces
sity." It is not necessary to pursue the Russian title, as Mr. Sew
ard's farseeing and most fortunate purchase of Alaska settled
for a very reasonable sum, though counted extraA-agant at the
time, all controversy Avith that nation.
Spain, as asserted by Chevalier de Onis, her Minister at
AA'ashington, defines her rights as f oIIoavs :
' ' The right and dominion of the crown of Spain to the North
west coast of America as high as the Californias is certain and
indisputable, the Spaniards having explored it as far as 47° in
the expedition under Juan de Fuca in 1592, and in that under
Admiral Fonte to 55° in 1640. The dominion of Spain in its
vast regions being thus established and her rights of discovery,
conquest, and possession being never disputed, she could scarcely
possess a property founded on more respectable principles,
Avhether of the law of nations, of public law, or of any others
which serve as a basis to such acquisitions as compose all the
independent kingdoms and States of the earth."
Evans tells us that this clear and concise enunciation was
uttered by the chevalier "at a time when Spain was asserting
title adversely to all other nations. It was the same that she
ha d claimed for centuries. "
These utterances interest us, because by the Treaty of Flori
da, dated February 22d, 1819 (which left the Saline River the
Avestern boundary of the United States), our southern boundary
was defined by " a line drawn on the meridian from the source
of the Arkansas River northward to the forty-second parallel,
thence along the parallel to the Pacific Ocean (afterward adopted,
January 1 2th, 1828, by treaty with the republic of Mexico as the
northern boundary of our sister republic — that is to say, the
western and southern line of the United States as laid down in
the Florida treaty). By this solemn convention we became pos
sessed of all the rights of Spain to any territory north of the
said forty-second parallel — a cession which closes our search for
title so far as this power is concerned, leaving only the conflict
ing claims of Great Britain and the United States to be consid
ered ; for with Russia we have no quarrel, and by the Florida
treaty just referred to we become Spain's successor in interest,
being clothed with all rights and powers growing out of her dis
coveries and explorations on the Northwest coast.

244 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
The contestants in this long and bitter struggle for territorial
supremacy Avere thus reduced to America and Great Britain,
the other nations represented— Russia and Spain— having bar
tered their claims or rested in armed neutrality, mere spectators
of the fight. The tilting grounds were the cabinets of England
and Washington ; the reward of the victor, the virgin wilds,
almost unbroken, of our own Northwest. The champions who
stood forth, either as challengers or defenders, to lose fame or
win renown in this diplomatic tourney, were the best and wisest
among the statesmen and publicists on both sides. The specta
tors before whom they encountered were the representatives of
the courts of Christendom, and in a lesser degree, yet most inter
ested in the result, every hunter and trapper, every axeman,
settler, or emigrant who loved his flag and remembered his
nationality amid the then far-off wilds of our present State of
Washington. AVith the knightly courtesy of "distinguished
consideration" they dipped their pen lances in ink, using every
feint and guard, every thrust and parry of treaty or protocol,
protest, precedent, or proviso known to modern diplomacy to
defeat their opponents. Musty documents were ransacked, an
cient archives consulted ; half -forgotten journals of mariners and
adventurers long since passed away suddenly became of vast im
portance. The laAvs of nations were invoked, Vattel and Puffen-
dorf quoted as never before ; dispatches were exchanged which,
though courteously worded, oft times breathed a spirit of defi
ance and presumption Avhich sounded like bugle blasts inviting
to battle. Once and again did Ave tremble on the verge of actual
war. Assumptions were made which, if adhered to, would have
mobilized armies and sent fleets to every sea. But for the action
of Scott, the fiery Harney would have opened a fire whose iron
hail had speedily ended the harmless interchange of paper bul
lets. " Fifty-four-forty or fight" was not merely the slogan of a
Presidential conflict or the catch cry of an excited election ; it
"meant business;" it was the stern determination of a nation
that knew its rights and meant to maintain them at any cost.
It is true that we yielded too much — far too much — to Great
Britain in that final settlement which fixed our present North Avest
ern boundary ; but treaty-makers are inclined to be conservative,
and err, unless fresh from some recent battle-field, upon the side
of conservatism. But history repeats itself, and America may

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 245
afford to patiently bide her time, well assured that the arbitra
tions of peace or the accidents of war will sooner or later give to
the United States the limits assigned by nature and nature's
God— boundaries AA-hose fated termini are the billows that wash
the shores of the North American continent and lave those out
lying islands which rightfully belong to us as the sentinels and
guardians of our coast.
Let us, then, proceed to trace, as a general gallops down the
line and reviews the battalions of his army, the sequence of
events which marked the ebb and flow of this diplomatic war.
AVe have now to deal with England, ever a most determined
antagonist, fighting for every foot of the territory in dispute, con
ceding nothing save under protest, exhausting technicalities,
and even when visibly beaten yielding ungraciously, making her
concessions a matter of favor rather than of right ; giving ground
like an experienced fencer, who bides his time and only waits
his opportunity to make a more deadly lunge. Her proceedings
in the open courts of national arbitration and adjustment were
as fruitful in arrogant pretensions, false pretences and assumed
premises as her more occult methods were unworthy, being con
ducted through the medium of the elaborate systems of her
secret agents, the Hudson's Bay and Northwest Fur companies.
While touching rather delicately upon the vexed question of
"original right and first discovery," where her own legislators
must have perceived the weakness of their case, Great Britain
seemed inclined to trust herself to the oft-repeated legal assur
ance that "possession is nine tenths of the law," an argument
for the maintenance of which her agents already referred to had
most industriously prepared the way.
England did not, it should be remembered, assert an exclu
sive right to any portion of the Northwest coast ; at the same
time, she had no idea of relinquishing any advantage which
might be founded upon the voyages of Drake, Cavendish, Cook,
or Vancouver to our coast, or the inland explorations of the in
domitable Sir Alexander Mackenzie. These men had displayed
that historic flag which the poet tells us has
" Braved a thousand years the battle and the breeze,"
and with more or less of ceremony had taken possession in the
name of the British crown, ofttimes regardless of the fact that a

246 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
newer ensign had seen its stars reflected in those waters before
their later visits, and forgetful of previous footsteps in their
twice-trodden inland paths. Her negotiators thus defined her
status :
" Great Britain claims no exclusive sovereignty over any por
tion of that territory. Her present claim, not in respect to any
part, but to the whole, is limited to a right of joint occupancy
in common with other States, leaving the right of exclusive
dominion in abeyance. In other w-ords, the pretensions of the
United States tend to the ejection of all other nations, Great
Britain among the rest, from all the rights of settlement in the
district claimed by the United States. The pretensions of Great
Britain, on the contrary, tend to the mere maintenance of her
own rights in resistance to the exclusive character of the preten
sions of the United States.'-1
Evans puts the situation so clearly and forcibly that we de
spair of improving upon it, and so quote at length, as follows :
" Fairly stated, Great Britain asserted no exclusive title, but
preferred to acquire and rely upon possess lon, strengthening her
claim by settlements permitted by other nations, who in such
permission admitted that their title was insufficient to authorize
her exclusion. Being thus in possession, and herself the judge
of the indefeasibility of an adverse title, she could elect whether
she would be ousted. The situation is thus defined : ' While Ave
have not the title, we want the possession ; in the mean time, we
do not admit that your title is any better than ours— in other
words, just such a title as in all ages of the world m i ght has
made right.' "
To this claim the United States opposed a twofold right : AVe
had discovered the Columbia River when Gray sailed into it and
informed Vancuuver of its existence ; Lewis and Clarke had ex
plored its banks and tributaries ; Americans had settled beside
its waters. " It is a law of nature, universally recognized, that
the discovery of a river followed by occupancy secures the right
to the territory watered by it and its tributaries." Hence Ave
claimed the country lying west of the Rocky Mountains between
42° and 51° north latitude, subject, of course, to the claim of
Spain, the rewards of whose previous explorations became ours
by the Treaty of Florida. Where is the flaw in our premises,
the missing link in our claim of evidence to a good and sufficient

"E'ng^byT, G. KbtkuitiHT

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 249
title ? But we strengthen this by our additional pretensions as
"successors to France" by virtue of the Louisiana purchase in
1803, " by which Ave acquired the claim of continuity to the ter
ritory from the Mississippi westward to the Pacific, of the
breadth of that province, its north line, according to the Treaty
of Utrecht (1713), being the dividing line between the Hudson's
Bay territory and the French provinces of Canada." The doc
trine of continuity has been recognized as a strong element of
territorial claim, and its application universal in the colonization
of the Atlantic seaboard. All European powers, in making set
tlements, maintained that colonial grants or charters (if not
otherwise expressed) comprised not only the limits named
therein, but included a region of country of like breadth extend
ing across the continent to the South Sea or Pacific Ocean. For
the integrity of this principle the war between Great Britain and
France was waged, terminated by treaty in 1763. By that
treaty the former power received Canada and Illinois ; renounced
to France all territory west of the Mississippi, and thereby sur
rendered any claim to continuity west of that river. So Ave, as
successors to both France and the rights acquired by treaty with
Spaiu, backed by first disco\Tery and occupation of the Columbia
and its tributaries (which must to any fair and legal mind give a
perfect title to the United States of the whole territory in dis
pute), Avere, and ought to be, seized of even more than the North -
Avestern territory we now possess.
With, a view to settle this vexed question, negotiations were
attempted in 1807, which, so far as we were concerned, did not
touch our territory, and, beyond a British effort to beguile us
into trouble with Spain, came to naught. Another effort w-as
made in 1814. The United States offered to settle on the basis
of the forty-ninth parallel from its intersection by a line drawn
from the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods
westward to the Rocky Mountains, or to the territory belonging
to or claimed by either party on the continent of America to the
westward of the Stony Mountains. This would have been ac
ceded to, but England wanted the right of navigation of the
Mississippi River from British America to the Gulf of Mexico.
This was asking too much, so that item of the Treaty of Ghent
failed to materialize. It only touched our local interests in a
clause which covered the rendition of Astoria.

250 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
It is more than probable, if the real value of this Northwest
territory had been known to our statesmen— as it was, through
the large returns of its fur trade, patent to the British — there
would have been less apathy and more decided action on our
part. As it was, we treated it as a matter of little account, and
permitted England to establish a kind of occupancy which, under
other circumstances, might have brought about an American
emigration that would have more than balanced the influence of
the fur companies' employes, and prepared the way to its speedy
settlement and Americanization. Still another attempt was
made, but again the demand for the navigation of the Mississippi
stood in the way. We were represented by two able men— Gal
latin and Rush — who went over the old ground of right of Gray's
discovery, etc., but made the mistake of not asserting an exclu
sive right to the territory in dispute. Agreement being impossi
ble, compromise was resorted to, and the unfortunate Treaty of
Joint Occupancy, signed October 20th, 1818, " determined the
boundaries of the United States westward to the Rocky Moun
tains.'' The following article of this treaty will give its general scope
as influencing our own coasts of the Northwest :
" It is agreed that any country that may be claimed by either
party on the Northwest coast of America westward of the Stony
Mountains shall, together with its harbors, bays, and creeks,
and the navigation of all rivers Avithin the same, be free and
open for the term of ten years from the date of signature of the
present convention, to the vessels, citizens, and subjects of the
two powers. It being well understood that this agreement is
not to be construed to the prejudice of any claim A\-hieh either of
the two high contracting powers may have to any part of the
said country."
It seems at this day a mystery, unless our Government be
lieved that " the game was not worth the candle," that we
should have consented to such a treaty, Avhich, Avhatever might
have been its temporary conveniences, seems to admit a doubt
of our rights to claim the whole as absolutely belonging to the
United States. At all events, it gave England just Avhat she de
sired—an opportunity to make the territory British in sentiment,
by encouraging settlers of her own nationality.
It is simply impossible within the scope of this history to

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 251
enter into the details of a controversy so complex and protracted.
It might be styled the thirty years' war of peaceful negotiation.
As for the substantial results of the conflict, we are inclined to
believe that though we hold nearly all that Ave claimed, Great
Britain, who came into court without a case, gained the verdict
— at least she succeeded, between bullying and cajoling, in ob
taining Vancouver' s Island, all of which should have been our
own. In 1826 Henry Clay, then Secretary of State, says in his
instructions to Albert Gallatin, our Minister at the court of Saint
James :
" Nor is it conceived that Great Britain has or can make out
even a colorless title to any portion of the northern coast.''' He
adds, " By the renunciation and transfer contained in the treaty
Avith Spain in 1819, our right extended to the sixtieth degree of
latitude." Later on he tells Mr. Gallatin that " our offer of the
forty-ninth parallel was conceived in a genuine spirit of conces
sion and conciliation, and it was our ultimatum, and he might
so announce it." This the British negotiators rejected, and then
like a trumpet-blast comes the declaration which should have
been maintained throughout : " Say to Great Britain that the
American Government does not hold itself bound hereafter, in
consequence of any proposal which it has heretofore made, to
agree to the line which has been so proposed and rejected, but
will consider itself at liberty to contend for the full extent of our
just claims, which declaration you must have recorded in the
protocol of one of your conferences ; and to give it more effect,
have it stated that it was done by express direction of the Presi
dent." This was in 1826-27 ; and Evans tells us that though the
British claim was defended by such able advocates as Huskisson,
Grant, and Addington, they ultimately admitted that England
did not assert any title to the country, but urged her claim as
good against the United States, quoting the Nootka convention
and its alleged concessions by Spain. They also object to the
President's recommendation to establish a military post at the
mouth of the Columbia, and a bill already passed by Congress
to provide for occupying the Oregon River. To this Mr. Gal
latin replies by quoting the yet larger powers, from whose opera
tion and penalties American citizens were not excepted, con
ferred by Parliament on the Hudson's Bay Fur Company. The

252 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
British negotiators were obliged to acknowledge that our min
ister's point Avas well taken, and withdrew their protest.
We again offered the forty-ninth degree to the Pacific, Avith
the further concession that " the navigation of the Columbia
should be perpetually free to Great Britain, provided that the
line should strike the northeasternmost, or any other branch
of that river, at a point navigable for boats." This offer was
summarily rejected by the British ministers, who renewed the
offer of 1824, with certain concessions, which, as we rejected
them, are not necessary to enumerate. This negotiation, how
ever, bore fruit in the treaty of August 6th, 1827, which was in
reality a continuation of the Joint Occupancy ten years' agree
ment, but for an indefinite period, with the proviso, however,
that either party might abrogate this convention by giving
twelve months' notice.
This Joint Occupancy Treaty aided the British, but from its
very inception was a hindrance and drawback to American prog
ress in Oregon. On the side of the United States it was offered
in the spirit of peace ; and it cannot be denied that w-e lived up
not only to the letter but to the spirit of its unwise equal-right
provisions. We " did no act in derogation of Great Britain's
claim, though Ave well knew that her title was unfounded."
England, however, less frank and open, depended upon a " mas
terly inactivity," biding her time till her secret influences should
bring about a sovereignty of settlement — a preponderance of
British opinion, which should finally leaven the AA-hole lump and
Anglicize the debatable land of Oregon. The Hudson's Bay
Company was still there, active and dominant, and the home
Goverument could safely rely on its most loyal exertions.
Evans puts the Joint Occupancy situation very neatly
thus :
"The treaties of 1818 and 1827 have passed into histoiy as
conventions for joint occupancy. Practically they operated as
grants of possession to Great Britain, or, rather, to her repre
sentative, the Hudson's Bay Company, who, after the merger
with the Northwest Company, had become sole occupant of the
territory. The situation may be briefly summed up as follows :
The United States claimed title to the territory ; Great Britain,
through its empire trading company, occupied it, enjoyed all the
wealth and resources derivable from it. In fact, these ' Joint

"' Mi

?V

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 255
Occupancy ' treaties secured to England all that she desired —
time for the Hudson's Bay Company to ripen possessory rights
into a fee simple in the soil itself."
Our negotiators — Messrs. Adams, Clay, and Gallatin — were
undoubtedly honest men, doing what, in accordance with their
lights, they believed to be for the best interests of the republic,
and without prejudice to the ultimate possession of all that we
claimed on the Northwest coast. They were simply overreached
by British guile and covert machinations — by profession wear
ing the mask of apparent frankness and good-will, yet really in
tended to deceive and beguile. In agreeing to a convention they
relinquished nothing ; its provisions in no manner touched our
claim ; it simply left that claim in abeyance. If it was good,
then it would be so still at the termination of the ten years of
joint occupancy. All that we granted was an equal privilege
for a stipulated time, a parity of right to use and occupancy.
However good in intention, it Avas nevertheless a mistaken policy,
even though granted with modifications — a power to give notice
of abrogation, and the fact, to which Mr. Adams, in discussing
these two treaties on the floor of Congress, drew attention when
he said that the latter, unlike the former, contains no allusion
to the claims of Spain, our treaty with that power having, in the
mean time, conferred upon us all her rights in the premises, and
thus strengthened our title to the sole ownership on the North
west coast.
In 1822 we find the " Oregon question," as it had come to be
called, again occupying the attention of Congress.
It should be remembered, also, that when " the Oregon ques
tion" came up for discussion in our national Legislature during
the heated debates of 1845-46, a venerable statesman, speaking in
answer to Butler King, of Georgia, made use of the following
language :
' ' There is a very great misapprehension of the real merits of
this case, founded on the misnomer which declares that conven
tion to be a convention of joint occupation. Sir, it is not a con
vention of joint occupation ; it is a convention of non-occupation
— a promise on the part of both parties that neither of the par
ties will occupy the territory for an indefinite period ; first for
ten years, then until the notice should be given by the one party
or the other that the convention shall be terminated— that is to
13

256 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
say, that the restriction, the fetters upon our hands, shall be
thrown off which prevents occupation."
This shows the intention and understanding of these famous
treaties of " joint occupancy" as understood by its framers and
the signatory powers on our side. But even if this be admitted, it
is difficult to see what America had to gain by such a compact.
Far better to have followed the Irishman's theory of " lighting
for conciliation" than to have turned this British wolf into our
sheepfold, unoccupied as it was, of the Pacific Northwest, in the
form of " a bill to authorize the occupation of the Columbia
River, and to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indian
tribes therein."
In the discussion wliich followed, Mr. Floyd opened in its
support, folloAved by Baylies, of Massachusetts. There was a
grand passage in that speech, full of beauty, too fanciful, as it
Avas counted then, ever to be realized, yet in realization falling
far short of the oratorical imagery in which it Avas clothed. He
said :
" A population of scarcely six hundred thousand swelled into
ten millions — a population which in their youth extended scarce
one hundred miles from the Atlantic Ocean, spreading beyond
the mountains of the AVest and sweeping down those mighty
waters which open into regions of such matchless fertility and
beauty. Some noAv within these walls may, before they die,
witness scenes more wonderful than tliese, and in after times
may cherish delightful recollections of this day, Avhen Ameri
ca, shrinking ' from the shadows of coming events,' first
placed her foot upon untrodden ground, scarcely daring to an
ticipate the grandeur that aAvaited her. Let us march boldly on
to the accomplishment of this important, this useful, and this
splendid object, and, my word for it, no one who gives his vote
for this bill Avill repent. On the contrary, he may consider it
one of the proudest acts of his life."
Of a far different temper was Mr. Tucker, of South Carolina,
who opposed the bill ; whose objections deserve to be quoted, if
only for the singularity of the reasons advanced. He spoke as
follows :
" I oppose this bill because it is calculated to draw off the
population and capital to a point where it will be less efficient
and useful than at present, and where it must be eventually

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 257
lost to the States." While he considered that the progress of
population to the West was inevitable, he had no wish to ac
celerate it, because " in the nature of things the people of the
east and west sides of the Rocky Mountains must have a perma
nent separation of interests."
Truly this conservative gentleman would seem to bear in
mind Benton's fabled god Terminus, who was to stand forever
on the ridge of the Rocky Mountains to mark our AVestern
boundary, or Avas, possibly, a disciple of that retired sea captain
who would rather " see Oregon sunk in Symme's Hole than
other States added to the Union on the shores of the Pacific."
The measure Avas lost by a vote of sixty-one ayes to one hun
dred noes. But it comes up in the Senate in February, 1823, in
another form, when Mr. Benton, now quite out of love with the
location of his god Terminus, introduced a bill " instructing the
Military Committee to inquire into the expediency of making an
appropriation to enable the President to take and retain posses
sion of the territories of the United States on the west coast of
the Pacific. Upon the resolution being modified with his con
sent, substituting a reference to the Committee on Foreign Rela
tions, Mr. Benton made his first speech in advocacy of imme
diate action.
Evans, quoting from Benton, summarizes his speech thus :
" He affirmed the following propositions : 1. That our claim to
sovereignty is disputed by England. 2. That England is now
the party in possession. 3. That she resists the possession of the
United States. 4. That the party in possession in 1828 will have
the right of possession, under the law of nations, until the ques
tion of. sovereignty shall be settled by war or negotiation." He
thus concluded : ' ' That it was now apparent that the republic,
partly through its remissness, partly from the concessions of our
ministers in London, but chiefly from the bold pretensions of
Great Britain, is in imminent danger of losing all its possessions
beyond the Rocky Mountains. The evils of such a loss to us
and the advantage of such an acquisition to her are too obvious
to be here insisted upon. Every one can see that the mouth of
the Columbia in the hands of England would immediately be
converted into a grand naval station for the protection of her
trade and navigation in the Pacific Ocean and for the destruction
of the commerce of all other powers. Not an American ship will

258 HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON.
be able to sIioav herself beyond Cape Horn but with the permis
sion of the English. The direct intercourse between the valley
of the Mississippi and Asia would be intercepted. The fur trade
of the Rocky Mountains would fall into the hands of British
subjects, and with it the entire command of all the Indians, west
and north, to be turned loose upon the frontiers of Missouri and
Arkansas and Illinois and Michigan upon the first renewal of
hostilities between the United States and Great Britain."
The condition of things with their possibilities could not be
more forcibly stated ; the more so as coming from a statesmau
whose opinions had been so radically altered from the desire to
fix our Western limits on the Rocky Mountain ridge, to a deter
mination to accept nothing less than the shores of the Pacific.
Truly there is no advocate so zealous as a new convert. The
motion was adopted, but the committee failed to report. An
other committee — this time with Floyd, an advocate for occu
pancy, as its chairman — did report, and embodied a letter from
General Jesup, then our quartermaster-general, whose ideas
probably suggested the action ultimately, but not till years
afterward taken. After asserting that the possession and mili
tary command of the territory Avas necessary not only for the
protection of trade but the security of the Western frontier, he
goes on to recommend
" The immediate dispatch of a force of two hundred men
across the continent to establish a fort at the mouth of the Co
lumbia River ; that at the same time tAvo vessels Avith arms,
ordnance, and supplies be sent thither by sea. He further pro
posed the establishment of a line of posts across the continent to
afford protection to our traders, and on the expiration of the
privilege gi anted to British subjects to trade on the waters of
the Columbia, to enable us to remove them from our territory
and secure the whole to our citizens. These posts would also
assure the preservation of peace among the Indians in the event
of foreign war, and command their neutrality or assistance as
avc might think most advisable."
It is refreshing to meet with good hard common sense tersely
embodied in suggestions that can be practically applied. AVe
are inclined to believe that, Avithout derogation to the eminent
statesmen who represented us from time to time at the court of
St. James, if such old veterans as Jesup, thoroughly acquaint-

Ftng hiyT. GKB.-mcm.'SY

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 261
ed as they were Avith frontier needs from frontier service and
actual observation, had been in charge of these " delicate diplo
matic negotiations," we might have had war, but we should never
have been embarrassed with what Adams justly styled " the fet
ters" of " joint occupancy" and similar treaties.
Diplomacy, however, was just then in the ascendant. Con
gress was unwilling to assert our claim, preferring to put off the
evil day, and permit the velvet hand of negotiation to extract
the flower from this " nettle danger" of the " Oregon question"
rather than grasp it with the iron gauntlet of war. Yet who
does not know that the nettle yields to a confident clasp, but
stings the finger that assaults it tenderly ; and we have yet to
learn that " the Canada thistle'' is an exception to the rule.
One result grew out of the publication of General Jesup' s
letter of advice :
" It is alleged that the publication of this able document fur
nished a strong incentive to Great Britain to labor more assidu
ously to retain the advantages of that occupancy which had ac
crued to her subjects by the treaty of 1818."
But it was not only with England that Jesup' s letter stimu
lated action ; it rendered our own conservative States uneasy, and
strengthened the hands of the little " Oregon party" in Con
gress. In December of 1824 President Monroe refers to Oregon in
his message, invites the attention of Congress to the necessity of
a post at the mouth of the Columbia, and suggests an appro
priation to carry out his views.
At the same session Floyd, the champion of Oregon, once
more comes to the front, breaks his lance in gallant fashion with
Trimble, of Kentucky, in a masterly defence of the American
title, but is defeated by a decisive vote. Buchanan, with the
weak diplomacy which was to meet its culmination of wavering
in his senile official dementia of 1861, moved to strike out all
that provided for the establishment of a port of entry and ex
tending the revenue laws over the territory, because it was an
infringement of the treaty of 1818. It cannot be denied if our
" English cousins" had been half as anxious to carry out the
spirit of the treaty of " joint" (why not " sole" ?) " occupation"
as Mr. Buchanan and some other sympathetic souls were to de
fend its letter, we should have heard far less of British rights in

262 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
the day of final settlement. Gazley, of Ohio, replied. Floyd
explained that the bill left discretionary poAvers with the Presi
dent as to the time of its application. Taylor, of New York,
opposed the formation of territorial government, but favored the
establishment of a military post as recommended by the Presi
dent's message. Smythe, of Virginia, moved to amend by strik
ing out the proposed name of the territory, and simply described
it as " the territory of the United States on the Northwest coast
of America." Taylor's amendment being adopted, and grants
of land to actual settlers being stricken out, the bill passed the
House by one hundred and thirteen to fifty-seven. The title of the
bill was also changed to read, " To provide for occupying the Co
lumbia River." Going to the Senate in February, it was ably
defended by Barbour, of Virginia, but defeated by Dickinson, of
New Jersey, avIio is equally delicate with Buchanan about a pos
sible interference with " joint occupancy." The bill was accord
ingly laid upon the table by the close vote of nineteen to seven
teen. It was again called up in March to give Benton an
opportunity to reply to Dickinson ; but Benton's magnificent
plea in behalf of an American Oregon availed nothing as against
the diplomatic conservatism of his colleagues, for the bill again
fails, going to the table by the decisive vote of twenty-five to
fourteen. Other legislation, but fruitless of result, followed. •
Citizens of Massachusetts, Ohio, and Louisiana formed organiza
tions, proposed emigration, and asked grants of land and protec
tion, presenting their petitions through their respective repre
sentatives. These efforts were ably supported in Congress, and
ended in a bill formulated to carry them out ; the same delicacy
as to existing treaties stood, dragon-like, in its path, and with the
lion of English occupation at its back, paralyzed every effort.
AA'ith this final struggle Congress made for years no further at
tempt to legislate upon the American interests in Oregon.
In 1831 we find the question of settlement revived through
diplomatic correspondence. Jackson is now President, Van
Buren our Minister at London. Our claim is asserted not Avith
arrogance, but with confidence in our sole title. Mr. Livingston,
the Secretary of State, says : " This subject is open for discus
sion, and until the rights of the parties can be settled by negotia
tion, ours can suffer nothing by delay." AATe too have become
converts to the practice of a " masterly inactivity." The matter

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 263
drops, as might be expected. Tyler becomes President, and now
the Oregon controversy wakes once more from sleep, this time
aroused by Great Britain, whose self -written deed of possession
may now be supposed, thanks to the Hudson's Bay Company,
to be almost ready for record. They are prepared "to be fair,
and only want an equitable conrpromise" — in other words, John
Bull has now dwelt in Uncle Sam's house without paying rent so
long that he has persuaded himself that he is owner of the prem
ises, and is Avilling to receive a deed from the United States for
the property. Wonderful that his modesty does not permit him
to charge us for his care-taking during "joint occupancy"!
Formal negotiations are for a time suspended. Webster resigns,
Upshur succeeds him. Our new secretary intimates that the
forty-ninth parallel may be again offered, with the possible free
dom of the Columbia River to both parties. " Beyond this the
President is not prepared to go." We should think not. Never
theless, our Minister at St. James is empowered to propose or re
ceive, subject to approval, other terms. In February, 1844, Hon.
Richard Packenham arrives in Washington with full powers to
negotiate on behalf of Great Britain the boundaries of the
Oregon or Columbia territory. Then on the terrible day of
the " peacemaker," the Paixhan gun on board the Princeton
kills Secretary Upshur, who is succeeded by John C. Calhoun,
March 4th, 1844. Negotiations are resumed in July. We are
again offered the Columbia River boundary, with free ports as
desired south of 49° — a generous proffer of our own property ; a
deed of gift from the trespasser to the legitimate owner. This
offer is declined in September on the ground that it would restrict
our territory to less than its rightful dimensions —in other
words, Mr. Calhoun declines to violate the arithmetical axiom
that " the lesser cannot contain the greater." Our space does
not permit us to follow the arguments of these diplomatic gentle
men. Calhoun did not propose to cede what was evidently our
own, and Packenham used all the subtleties of his assumptions
in vain to obtain it. The conferences came to a fruitless close,
with a protest from Mr. Packenham, September 24th. It may be
most fitly reviewed on the British side, as regards the rightful
ness of their claims, in the words of Webster, uttered as a sena
tor of the United States :
" I do not believe that Great Britain has any just right to

284 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
any part of the country not tributary to the waters of Hudson's
Bay and that side of the continent. All her pretended right was
founded on the encroachments of the Hudson's Bay Company,
and -the usurpations, spoliations, and diplomatic trickery of her
Government." But this, our "search for title," already too extended, yet
impossible to condense, must find its continuation in another
chapter, which must be headed, Our Boundaries Defined and
our Right to them Secured.

33hj ?hy-F.&Xh.rn,zri?t~T

CHAPTER XVII.
OUR BOUNDARIES DEFINED AND OUR RIGHTS AS SECURED.
" To harbor now the ship draws nigh,
Our ship of State from adverse tide ;
No fairer flag may frigate fly
Than hers in which our hearts confide.
The Western ocean sweeps the shore,
That shore we now may call our own ;
What matter how its breakers roar —
They wash the bulwarks of our home." — Brewerton.
The reader will now perceive that not only is Congress awa
kened to the value and importance of our possessions in Oregon
and the necessity of immediately asserting our claim to their ex
clusive dominion and settlement in accordance with our rights,
but the people at large are beginning to inquire in relation to the
advantages and resources of the vast wilderness, American in
name, British in reality of occupancy, which divides the Western
foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains from the billows that beat the
shores of Puget Sound and its adjoining coasts.
A mighty mist, as it were, had enveloped and concealed this
hitherto unknown land. But the cloud was now about to be
lifted, though it required the fuller sunshine of a later day to
fully reveal the beauties which it had hidden to the world.
Many winds blowing from divers quarters at length dispersed
the cloud ; shapes of evil seen through, its gloom were now found
to have been magnified ; voices came out of its recesses, echoes
from far away ; reports no longer distorted by British emissaries
in English interests, but truthful tales from the lips of our own
pioneers, explorers, and adventurers. Dr. Whitman, in his win
ter ride across the continent, had aroused the land as he speed
ed through the States on his errand of territorial salvation. As
the messengers bearing the war signal of the fiery cross through
the Scottish hills shouted their warning as they ran, so did

268 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Whitman rouse the army of peaceful occupation with the cry,
" Meet me on the frontier in June," as he speeded, fur-clothed
and frost-bitten, on his way to the Washington of the East from
the Washington yet to be of the Western shore. Many witnesses
added their testimony, and the people throughout the land,
moved by indignation at the threats of British usurpation, and
restlessness born of a desire to find homes and recompense for
their labor in newer fields, began to turn their eyes toward the
Northwest coast, and speculate upon its possibilities. But even
then the processes of our evolution were slow, though destined
to be finally sure in their results. As the rill broadens and
deepens to the river, or the gray dawn brightens to the perfec
tion of day, so the "Oregon question" lingered or seemed to
linger by the way. Some still doubted the value of stakes which
might involve so large an expenditure of wealth and possibly of
blood to win the game. The conservative clung to the existing
state of things ; the timid dreaded to provoke England, the
fabled mistress of the seas, to unloose the dogs of war. Now
and then some manly voice spoke out in Congress ; but the ful
ness of our time, though near at hand, was not yet fully come.
We leave the details of legislative agitation of our subject to
the ampler space and exhaustive narratives of Evans and his fel
low-historians, and pass to the time when, in the Presidential
election of 1844, the Oregon question became the war-cry of both
parties, but especially of the Democratic and successful nominee,
Mr. Polk. The declaration of that Democratic National Conven
tion had no timid or uncertain sound. It declared :
" Our title to the whole of Oregon is clear and unquestion
able. No portion of the same ought to be ceded to England or
any other poAver, and the reoccupation of Oregon at the earliest
practicable period is a great American measure."
That of the Whigs, under the banner (destined to be defeated)
of Heniy Clay, though less arrogant, was equally decided. So
it was that the Oregon question came before the great jury of
the American people and won its verdict in the universal accept
ance of "fifty-four-forty or fight" as a watchword and battle-
cry — a declaration which gave diplomacy to understand that
should it fail or even linger by the way, its treaties and protocols
must give place to the sterner arbitration of shot and shell. The
British Minister now offered arbitration, but it was declined. A

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 269
bill to organize a territorial government in Oregon was intro
duced into the House, December 16th, 1844, referred to the Com
mittee of the AVhole, and amended on motion of AVinthrop, of
Massachusetts, which amendment was incorporated into the bill
by a vote of one hundred and thirty-one to sixty-nine— " That
there shall neither be slavery nor involuntary servitude in the
said territory otherwise than in the punishment of crimes,
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." In this
connection says Evans :
" That glorious vote, dedicating to freedom the great North
west, explains why so much of Oregon so soon thereafter was so
readily surrendered to Great Britain. Lying north of 36° 30'.
the compromise line on the admission of Missouri, it would
necessarily become free territory and ultimately free States.
The territorial integrity of Oregon, though so heartily endorsed
by the people, had been already sacrificed. The bill was further
amended to require the delivery to British authorities of any
British subject arrested. Grants of land were made subject to
the settlement of title by the two governments" —in short,
things were to go on pretty much as they were until the twelve
months had expired. The amendment requiring the President
to give such notice passed by a vote of one hundred and twenty-
one to eighty-two. February 3d, 1845, Atchison, of Missouri,
introduced a bill in the Senate to organize the Territory of Ore
gon ; it went through the usual stages, but on March 3d, when
its friends in the Senate tried to press it to a vote, it was re
fused by a majority of two. Both houses of Congress and the
great mass of our people being in favor of some decided action,
the President-elect, in his inaugural message, committed his ad
ministration to a similar policy. Negotiations are again in order.
The United States versus England, represented by such eminent
counsel as Buchanan and Packenham, the ball of argument
being tossed to and fro from July 16th to August 30th, 1845,
when the " run home" is made by Mr. Buchanan in the follow
ing farewell dispatch :
' ' And how has this proposition been received by the British
plenipotentiary?" (referring to an offer to draw the line at 49°,
with free ports on Vancouver's Island to England). " It has
been rejected without even a reference to his own Government.
Nay, more, to use his own language, he ' trusts that we will pre-

270 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
pare to offer some further proposal for the settlement of the
Oregon question more consistent with fairness and equity, and
to 117/, the reasonable expectations of the British Government.'
Under such circumstances the undersigned is instructed by the
President to say that he owes it to his country, and a just appre
ciation of her title to the Oregon territory, to withdraw the
proposition to the British Government which has been made
under his direction, and is hereby accordingly withdrawn."
President Polk's first annual message (December 14th, 1845)
rehearsed the history of the so far abortive negotiations. He
concludes by affirming our title to the whole of Oregon ; the im
possibility of surrendering any portion of that right to Great
Britain ; urges the immediate giving of the twelve months' notice
to abrogate the Joint Occupation Treaty, and invokes Congress
to adopt measures to sustain our rights and extend federal juris
diction over the territory, with ample protection to American set
tlers. On April 28th, after some preliminary legislation, a resolu
tion passed both houses directing the President to give the re
quired notice and abrogate the convention of 1827. The majority
in the Senate was thirty-two ; in the House, ninety-six. The
notice was accordingly given April 28th, 1846. It was acknowl
edged and accepted by the British Foreign Office in London,
May 22d, 1846. The abrogation was fixed to take effect May
21st, 1847.
In December, 1845, the British Government again proposed
arbitration. This we declined, followed by a modified proposi
tion of a similar nature, that if neither government should be
found to possess a title, the disputed territory should be divided
between them " according ton. just appreciation of their claims."
This met the same fate. Then a treaty was proposed by the Brit
ish Minister, which President Polk submitted to the Senate with
a request for their advice in the premises — a procedure unprece
dented since the days of Washington. His letter is cautiously
worded. He obligates himself in advance to be bound by their
decision, yet refers to his own outspoken opinions and expressed
policy on the Oregon question. AAHiile standing by the " fifty-four-
forty" battle-cry of his party, he seems not unwilling to let a AVhig
Senate take the onus and odium, if need be, of putting them
selves on record as retrograding from the stand so publicly taken

JtAMJ^Lm Zy<r?/s

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 273
and generally endorsed, of no surrender in the matter of Oregon.
Be this as it may, the treaty, of whose provisions we shall speak
later, was accepted, and the President relieved from responsi
bility by the advice (with the necessary constitutional majority
of two thirds of those present) of the Senate to entertain its
propositions. The vote stood thirty-eight yeas to eleven noes.
This treaty, proposed by Great Britain and accepted by the
United States, contained four articles.
The first offered the folloAving as our northern boundary
From the point on the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude,
where the boundary between the two countries now existing ter
minates, the line of separation shall be continued westward
along the said parallel to the middle of the channel which sepa
rates the mainland from Vancouver's Island, and thence south
erly through the middle of said channel and of Fuca's Strait to
the Pacific Ocean ; provided, however, that the navigation of
the whole of said channel and strait south of the forty-ninth
parallel of north latitude remain free and open to both parties.
The second article provided for their so long agent and North
western pet, the Hudson's Bay Company, by demanding for that
company, "and all British agents trading with the same," the
free navigation of the Columbia from the intersection of its great
northern branch with the forty -ninth parallel of north latitude
to the sea, " with free access into or through the said river or
rivers," and the usual portages to be kept open. In navigating
said rivers, British subjects and their goods were to be treated in
the same manner as American citizens, with the (inestimable)
privilege of managing our own riArer or rivers in our own Avay,
" Avhen not inconsistent with the present treaty."
In regard to this second article, the substance of which we
have just quoted, it is proper to add that Mr. Buchanan, in his
official letter of transmittal of the treaty to Louis McLane, our
Minister in London, makes use of these words :
" I have learned from the best sources that the Senate advised
the acceptance of the treaty under the conviction that by the
true construction of the second article of the project the right of
the Hudson's Bay Company to navigate the Columbia would ex
pire with the termination of their present license to trade with
the Indians, etc., on the Northwest coast of America on the 30th
day of May, 1859. In a conversation with Mr. Packenham to-

274 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
day I communicated the fact to him, and requested him to state
it in his dispatch to Lord Aberdeen."
The third article further provided for the future well-being
of the Hudson's Bay Company, as follows :
" In the future appropriation of the territory south of the
forty -ninth parallel of north latitude, as provided in the first arti
cle of this treaty, the possessory rights of the Hudson's Bay
Company and of all British subjects who may be already in the
occupation of land or other property lawfully acquired within
the said territory shall be respected."
Article fourth looked after the " futures" of the Puget Sound
Agricultural Company, an offshoot of and alias for the Hud
son's Bay, by providing that "the farms, lands and other
property of every description belonging to the Puget Sound
Agricultural Company on the north side of the Columbia River
shall be confirmed to said company. In case, however, the
situation of these farms and lands should be considered by
the United States to be of public importance, and the United
States Government should signify a desire to obtain posses
sion of the whole, or of any part thereof, the property so de
sired shall be transferred to said government at a proper val
uation to be agreed upon between the parties" — a convention,
by the way, which led to a claim of $5,000,000 against the
United States as a compensation to them for retiring and giv
ing up their rights in Oregon acquired under the " happy fam
ily" arrangement of "joint occupancy." So in the end the
United States paid rent to the interloping squatters and avowed
enemies who condescended for a term of years to occupy its OAvn
territory. The treaty Avas signed June 15th, 1846, and ratified by the
Senate on the 18th of the same month by a vote of forty-one to
fourteen, an increase over the vote by which it was accepted of just
three ayes and the same number of noes. Evans, in his incisive
fashion, tells us that " the herculean Benton was its most zealous
champion." He quotes largely from his speech on that occasion,
which he rather mildly characterizes as ' ' remarkable. ' ' Regarded
from the standpoint of the present, Mr. Benton's rounded periods
and grave declarations read — well, let us say, with all deference to
the gravity of the subject, like a comic almanac. He certainly
took no note of the future or its possibilities when he trusted him-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 275
self to descriptive geography. His compliments to Vancouver's
Island and its surroundings are about as wild and incorrect as
his location of the god Terminus in former years upon the divide
of the Rocky Mountains. We fancy that our British neighbors
will hardly feel flattered by the following extracts from Ben
ton's jubilee of rejoicing. He says, by way of preface, that the
boundary offered and accepted is the very one he would have
selected had he been left to draAv the line. " Forty-nine is the.
line of right and of mutual convenience. There is not upon the
face of the earth so long a line, so straight, so adapted to the
rights of the parties and the features of the country. It is a mar
vellously proper line," etc. Then he adds : " I never talked the
nonsense of every inch and acre up to 54° 40' or war. I knew the
Straits of Fuca, and that those straits formed a natural boundary
for us, and also divided the continent from the islands, and the
fertile from the desolate regions. I knew that the continental
coast and the inhabitable terminated on the south shore of those
straits, and that the Northwest archipelago, the thousand deso
late and volcanic islands, derelict of all nations, commenced on
their shore, and I wanted to go no farther than the good land
and the continental coast went. I was ahvays in favor of a de
flection of the line through the Strait of Fuca, but I said nothing
about it." He then refers to "the utter worthlessness of the
desolate region about the mouth of Fraser River." He rejoices
that it cuts off Vancouver's Island, and says, "It is one of the
most worthless of the thousand worthless islands which the
Northwest archipelago presents, and is the derelict of all na
tions." Shade of Thomas Benton, counted wise in your day and
generation, could you visit the Victoria and Vancouver of to-day
or the naval station of Esquimalt, would you not regret your
hasty utterance and the conceded territory, even though it
were gained at the expense of " the nonsense you never talked
of— fifty-four-forty or fight" ? Truly "the derelict of all na
tions" in British hands had been towed into harbor and refitted
in so satisfactory a fashion that even they began to realize that
" they builded better than they knew."
This treaty left a minor point unsettled— the precise channel
between Vancouver and the main — whether the Rosario or the
Canal de Haro. It remained in controversy till 1873, when it
was settled by arbitration, the Emperor William of Germany,

276 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
to whom it Avas mutually referred, deciding in favor of the lat
ter. So ended the famous and long-contested " Oregon question,"
a controversy which had exercised the minds and employed the
highest talents of two generations of the most prominent states
men on both sides of the Atlantic, which brought us once and
again to the verge of an arbitration by war, and evoked a personal
and official enmity and treachery on the part of the British Gov
ernment and its emissaries which no honestly careful student of
its operations in the Northwest can pursue without a feeling of
shame on the one side and indignation on the other. It is hard
to Avrite history without becoming a partisan ; yet Ave have care
fully avoide.d, with much to prove their truth, any incorporation
into this narrative of the evidences advanced by Gray and kin
dred recorders of that darker undercurrent of events which point
to English and Jesuitical agencies in stirring up the savages to
attack our Protestant missions and slaughter or interfere with
American settlers.
The final settlement of the boundary, look at it as we will,
was a victory, not a verdict — a concession unfounded upon right
to English persistence, and, to our shame be it spoken, a sacrifice
to the Moloch of pro-slavery. England was heard for her much
asking. She had told the story of her rights so often that its
reiteration impressed her with its truth, and she began to believe
it herself. " All things come to those who wait," and she real
ized it. The sacrifice of our once just and well-founded claim— a
claim Avhich both our legislature and our people declared they
would fight to defend, and which was tamely reduced by nearly
five degrees of latitude — was, as Ave have already intimated, due
to Southern sentiment and pro-slavery influences. It savored,
moreover, of revenge for previous Northern anti-slavery action.
The annexation of Texas had been in the interests of the then
existing "institution;" it was bitterly combated by the Aboli
tion element. The Missouri Compromise, a concession to North
ern sentiment too strong to be entirely overcome, followed. The
folding of Oregon into the pale of the federal enclosure was a
neAV menace to slavery, hence the South and Southern legislators
were willing, spite of previous pledges and declarations, to re
duce its boundaries and curtail the dimensions of the free States
soon to be. The treaty, too, came up for final adjudication at a

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HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 279
moment most opportune for England and her interests. We
had the Mexican War on our hands. A war with England at
this juncture endangered our success in that quarter, and in
consequence the great slave-holding territory of Texas. Hence
the Southern members and those who sympathized with their
policy (and in those days they were many) preferred to placate
Great Britain by voting away our rights in Oregon and thereby
save Texas, and still further reduce the area of free States ere
long to be created. It was "peace Avithout honor;" but the
fiery Southerner yielded even this as a new but, unhappily, not
final sacrifice to that which, then regarded as his blessing, was too
surely to become his ultimate bane. If this be doubted, listen
to the declarations of Robert J. Walker, Mr. Polk's Secretary
of the Treasury, who thus explains this readiness to surrender
so large a portion of the territory in dispute. He says, writing
at a later day :
" AVe own now the whole Western Pacific coast from Lower
California to the Arctic Sea except British Columbia, which
{against my earnest protest in the Cabinet) was ceded to England
in 1846. I say ceded, for our title to the whole of Oregon from
the forty -second parallel northward to British America was, in
truth, clear and unquestionable. British Columbia was lost to us
by the most unfortunate diplomacy extending through a long
period of time. " He adds :
" The opposition to the acquisition of Louisiana was geo
graphical and anti-slavery. In 1821 Texas was relinquished,
partly from geographical, but mainly from anti-slavery causes.
In 1845 the opposition to the annexation of Texas was based
mainly on anti-slavery grounds. In 1846, in connection with
the unfortunate action of preceding administrations, Oregon
north of the forty ninth parallel was lost to the Union. While
the history of annexation in the United States shows various
obstacles by Avhich it had been retarded, yet the chief among
these ivas the discordant element of slavery, the slave States op
posing the acquisition of free territory. But for these opposing
principles our area would be far greater than it is now. On
extinguishing slavery we have removed the principal cause which
retarded annexation. We see already the good effects of the
disappearance of this institution in the almost unanimous vote
of the Senate by which the Alaska treaty was ratified. Before
13

280 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
the extinction of slavery that treaty would have been defeated
upon the same principle that Oregon north of the forty-ninth
parallel was ceded to England.'''
He goes on to say :
"We all know how she availed herself of our war with
Mexico to deprive us of our rightful territory of Oregon north of
the forty-fifth parallel — in other words, a war with Mexico to
secure Texas must not be endangered by the conflict with Eng
land for our rights in Oregon."
So ends this hard-fought battle, in which, to borrow the gam
bler's phraseology, " we held the winning cards ; but England,
without a hand, played a game of brag, and won" — a result
which, till the accidents of time right the wrong and restore to
us our own, must ever remain a source of national regret and
humiliation to every true American.
AVe have stated it at some length, partly because it was im
possible to link the chain of events more closely without break
ing their connection, and partly because we of the State of AVash
ington are more interested in the settlement of our own northern
boundary than the sister State which gave her name to " the
question," and from whom we are now by our own Statehood
separated. Every citizen of Washington should be aware of the details
of this histoiy ; and if the skeleton of events here presented
whet, as is not improbable, a desire to fill up the outlines, he is
referred to the elaborate and exhaustive details as he will find
them laid down in the Hon. Elwood Evans's " History of the
Pacific Northwest," of whose graphic narrative we have largely
availed ourselves.

CHAPTER XVIII.
PEOPLE AVHO PRECEDED US — THE INDIANS AND THEIR ATTITUDE
TOWARD AND INFLUENCE ON THE SETTLEMENT AND PROG
RESS OF AVASHINGTON.
" Sullen and proud, he stalks the plain,
Or scales the mountain-side,
With bark of birch oft braves the main,
Nor fears its foaming tide.
Cruel and cunning, swift to strife,
He spends his darkened day,
Leading a wild and wandering life
By pine-clad hill and bay. ' ' — Brewerton.
When a family long in possession move out of their home
stead or are dispossessed to give place to new-comers, it is not un
natural that those who succeed them should evince some degree
of interest in the history of their predecessors. How much
more, then, when a people differing in all respects — in race,
laws, letters, and religion — come to occupy permanently a land
long steeped in barbarism and inhabited by men whose very ori
gin is a mystery.
The original Indian, or red man, has been credited to Kamt-
schatka, to China, and Avith commendable quaintness of erudi
tion even to the ten. tribes of Israel, those lost being particularly
favored. To this last conclusion the author's personal experi
ence among the North American aborigines rather inclines him
to give a limited indorsement, for they adhere to certain cus
toms once enforced but now neglected by God's chosen children,
the Hebrews of ancient times. European tradition knows noth
ing of the Red Indian, though it is most probable that he came
hither by emigration from the Old World. " But," says Fiske.
"it is by no means probable that their emigration occurred
within so short a period as five or six thousand years. A series
of observations kept up for the last half century seems to show

282 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
that North America has been inhabited by human beings since
the pliocene times, if not earlier ; of this period a widespread
glacialism was the most remarkable feature, a time when bergs
descended into North Carolina, and masses of ice belted the
ocean even as far south as Philadelphia, and the harbors of the
New York and New England coasts must have rivalled those of
the present Arctic seas." Yet the same learned authority tells
us "that periods of intense cold -were then alternated by inter-
glacial periods, during Avhich the solar heat exceeded that of
our warmest summer day." But we cannot dwell upon specu
lations whose premises, whether true or false, involve patient
examination of geological discoveries and minute entrance into
more than one field of scientific research to deduce results at all
satisfactory — results which, after all, to the ordinary observer
seem more or less fanciful, and in regard to which even learned
investigators differ materially. AA7e will, therefore, confine our
remarks to matters more generally admitted.
Changes in the earth's surface have been such that there
were abundant opportunities for the ancestors of our Indians to
have reached America without tempting the dangers of the seas.
The Northwest continent of Europe has been solid in its day for
more than a hundred miles to the westward of the French and
Irish coasts, and in like manner the Northwest corner of America
has repeatedly been wedded to the Siberian shore through the
elevation of the bottom of Behring's Sea. Then in all proba
bility there occurred several Avaves of migration, of which the
Indian was the last, and, looking at it from a frontiersman's
point of view, probably the least desirable ; pity it was that that
particular " wave" had not been lost or broken against the
shores of pine-clad Puget Sound. To return : all things are pos
sible — nay, even probable, when Ave allot to their performance
many centuries of time. We are told that England and France
were once the home of the Eskimos, and that the giant trees of
the Mariposa were in in'ehistoric days " as common in Europe as
maples in a New England town." The consensus of opinion
seems to be that one great American red race inhabited the con
tinent from Hudson's Bay to Cape Horn — a savage or at best
barbarous people, the so-called civilization of Central America
being greatly exaggerated. It must be understood that we use
the word " race" to signify a whole people — the red in contrast

<?. ft, C,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 285
to the white of Europe or the yellow of Asiatic lands — a generic
appellation involving, of course, a myriad of tribal variations,
yet all bearing the unmistakable impress of a similar origin ; just
as one river might have a multiplicity of issues, yet all flow from
the same parent stream, and be alike colored by the red clay of
their common source.
Morgan rather ingeniously draws the line between savagery
and barbarism on the basis of the knowledge and use of pottery,
and even then divides savagery, the lower grade, into three
stages, as follows :
" 1. Those who live like beasts of the field, on fruits, nuts,
etc., eaten in their raw condition.
" 2. Those who cook their food, understanding the use of fire.
" 3. Those who make and use the bow and arrow, catch fish,
and kill game for sustenance."
To those last belonged the original Indians of Puget Sound-
that is, those of the lowest or fish-eating order.
Primitive America, it may be remembered, had no pastoral
age of development, and probably little knowledge of agricul
ture. It is perhaps less flattering than true that the original in
habitants of Washington, whom we have practically turned out,
and on whose once wild hunting-grounds stand our pleasant
homes and business palaces of to-day, were and are still consid
ered, even by their red brethren beyond the mountains (who are
accustomed to speak of them as the big fish-eating Indians, and
a poor tribe), the lowest, even in the low scale of native North
American development. Evolution had done nothing for them
up to the advent of the white beyond the commonest needs and
the meanest endeavors to obtain the ordinary necessaries of life —
food, clothing, and shelter. Look at the remnant that remains
— the living example who walks our streets with his squaw and
papoose to-day. As one regards their undersized forms and re
pulsive features (unless intermingled, though even then scarcely
improved by intermarriage with the white), one almost wonders
that the providence of the Creator should lodge the precious
jewel of an immortal soul in so foul and repulsive a casket of
human clay, rivalling as they do in ugliness the most fantastic
gargoyles of continental cathedrals.
Generally speaking, they may be regarded as having been

286 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
the curse of our coasts and the continual menace of our inland
settlements ; cunning and ferocious in their revenges, and in
some cases it may be visiting upon the innocent the punishment
of injuries, real or fancied, inflicted upon them by other hands,
they have on more than one occasion committed dreadful deeds
of murder, robbery, and outrage. This has been specially true
in their treatment of unfortunate mariners beguiled into their
harbors and plundered by these pirates of the pines on the
Northwest coast during the latter part of the last and the early
years of the present centuiy, .while on shore they have murdered
individuals, attacked settlers, and, as they grew bolder, resisted
with some temporary successes the attempts to punish them of
our volunteers and regular troops.
Among the earliest of these bloody conflicts in which the
savages were entirely victorious the reader will remember the
looting of the American ship Boston and the massacre of her
crew by the natives of Friendly Cove, on Nootka Sound, already
narrated in these pages, an event which undoubtedly furnished
our great American novelist, Cooper, with the material for one
of the most exciting situations in his " Afloat and Ashore." In
deed, he clothes the incident so slightly, yet in his inimitable
manner weaving it into the thread of his romance, that the source
of the incident is immediately recognizable. AATould that this
slaughter of the defenceless and unsuspecting sailors of the Bos
ton was all ; but alas ! the record of their villainies is almost in
exhaustible. There is scarce a page of the early history either
of Oregon or Washington that is not bloodstained from first to
last by Indian atrocities. It is crowded with narratives of crimes
too horrible for publication and far too numerous to be repeated
here — murders, arsons, thefts, and ravishments committed by
these fiends in human form— devilish deeds done Avith a savagery
which spared neither age nor sex, the tender Avoman or the prat
tling child. They exercised every art of treachery and exhaust
ed every trick of guile ; they violated treaties most solemnly
made and deliberately ratified ; they respected no flag of truce,
and never hesitated to violate a safeguard if either greed or hate
should seem to render it desirable ; they evinced no gratitude
for favors bestowed or kindnesses rendered by the whites, but
put to death their captives, whether active enemies or non-com
batants, with a refinement of cruelty compared with which the

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 287
tortures of the Holy Inquisition and the barbarities of Chinese
modern punishment are merciful in the extreme. And in all
these things their women, the squaws, were, if possible, more
fiendish and unrelenting than the warriors themselves.
AVe are well aware that the opinions which we are about to
advance and the suggestions we presume to offer are mooted
questions and diametrically opposed to the sentimentalism of
the East, to ideas advanced by men who know the Indian
only by hearsay, and receive their highly colored pictures of rude
but savage "virtues" with which the guileless red man is sup
posed to be endoAved through the medium of missionary reports,
paid agents, and hired teachers, to whom the care and education
and "converting," if you will, of this irreclaimable red demon
is a source of livelihood. This party represents one extreme ;
the pioneer and frontiersman burning, it may be, from a memory
of outrages perhaps committed upon his nearest and dearest,
champions, and with good reason, too, the reverse of the shield.
It is, we are free to confess, no easy matter for the writer, with
his personal knowledge of years of frontier life and army service,
after gathering his information of their "-deviltries" from his
own experience and eyesight, to tread a middle path and hold
an equal balance between these opposites— the one walking by
sight and the other by sound.
We are told that the Indian has been abused ; that in this
long, irrepressible conflict between white and red we struck the
first blow, and by repeated acts of injustice inaugurated a state
of affairs greatly to be deplored. Is this so ? We doubt it.
There may have been and doubtless were— for frontiersmen are
not all angels— isolated cases of wrongdoing on the part of our
early settlers ; but it must be remembered that tliese emigrants
were then few in number and in a land possessed and overrun
with savages, whom they well knew to be revengeful and unfor
giving ; it is not to be supposed they would invite retaliation by
wanton injury. Every instinct of self-preservation would forbid
it, and repress the temptations of baser natures to commit acts
which they well knew would be repaid tenfold. That they have
been cheated in trade within certain limits — yes, it may be ad
mitted ; but not oftener, perhaps, than to the extent of their
powers they have cheated and deluded the pale face in return.
He who imagines that the Indian is a fool, has no cunning in

288 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
trade, no shrewdness in making a bargain, is infinitely mistaken.
The red man has, as we have already intimated, been considered
a descendant of the " lost tribes of Israelites ;" if so, he still re
tains some of the characteristics of his progenitors, for no dweller
in Juden-Strasse or itinerant dealer in old clothes was ever
keener in barter or quicker to acquire that knoAvledge which
exacts the last penny in return than these " simple children of
the forest." The clays when, as " Knickerbocker" tells us, a
Dutchman's foot invariably weighed a pound and his hand half
as much when placed in the scale that counterbalanced the Ind
ian's pack of beaver skins have long since passed away. Let
those who doubt it attempt to dicker with a Cree squaw as she
sits in all the glory of dirty blanket and paint at any of the sta
tions of the Canadian Pacific in British Columbia. Let him
strive to cheapen the polished buffalo horns, their sole stock in
trade, and he will soon be disabused of his error. The " Indian
rings," it is true, have undoubtedly much to answer for ; and
even the mission agents, though wearing the cloak of a spiritual
sanctity, are not always so blind to their temporal interests as to
be entirely above suspicion of greed of gain. And here the Gov
ernment makes, and, under the pressure of a false sentimental
ity, is still making, an immense and far-reaching mistake — the
committing of Indian interests, superintendence and care to civil
ian hands — to men ofttimes without the slightest fitness for the
office, mere political appointees, with no knowledge of the char
acter of those whom they are sent to oversee and control. Past-
graduates in rascality themselves, the Indians are quick to de
tect rascality in others, and equally shrewd to secretly laugh at
and covertly take advantage of that sentimental policy which
starts out with the idea that he is a downtrodden being, pos
sessed of some innate nobility of character which requires only
proper training and treatment to evolve. The first engenders
retaliation, the last breeds contempt. It is said of the Russ,
" Scratch a Russian and you find the Tartar." It is equally
true thtit all your schools and much-lauded educational methods
can never eliminate the Indian, and, consequently, the savage
from the red man's nature. The high-bred, chivalrous Indian
of Cooper does not exist ; the savage of the plains, dirty, ver
min-ridden, proud, lecherous, lazy and revengeful, does. In the
recent Sioux affair the educated Indians, taught at Government

f"*l»/££ Williams l.BroW

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 291
expense in our national schools, furnished their more ignorant
fellows with information of the movements, numbers, and inten
tions of our troops, gleaned from their newspaper reading. No ;
let the Government adopt one of two courses — buy out their
treaty rights ; pay them in hard money (which would mean, for
the most part, a large investment in fire water) for their reserva
tions, thereby destroying those storm centres of all frontier mis
chief ; extinguish their tribal individuality, thus putting them
on the plane of ordinary American citizenship — they would make
no AA-orse citizens than " the heathen Chinee," nor certainly than
half the Russian and Polish emigrants we are daily importing —
and then bring them under the restraints of the common law of
the land, before the same tribunals of indictment and jury trial,
and we should soon hear less of ' ' those bad Indians' ' that their
peace-loving chiefs were unable to restrain. It would relegate
those "irrepressibles" to the best place for them— the gallows
and the penitentiary ; or, failing this (if any are left in these
days of modern wishy-washy sentimentality), put their reserva
tions under the charge of regular army officers who have served
on the plains. Many old retired officers of good record and
large experience in this direction could undoubtedly be found
well calculated to fill such places, who, understanding their
character, would rule with a. firm yet still Mnd and honest hand.*
Then put the whole Indian question where it should always
have been kept, in charge of the War Department, with full
powers. The Indian Bureau is a failure, and might well be dis
pensed with. Still it is a consolation to know that, manage it as
they will, the Indian question is rapidly settling itself. Civiliza
tion and savagery are antagonistic elements, they cannot dwell
together. The baser must yield, the less profitable factor in the
progress and development of the human family give way or be
exterminated. In the poetical language of the Indian and his
admirers, "He is travelling toward the setting sun," and the
sooner he gets there the better.
Perhaps it may be permissible to relieve the monotony of
argument by introducing here, for the first time in our history,
an anecdote which goes to show the feeling of the average old
* Since writing the above, it is a gratification to the author to learn that his idea
has been practically carried out, twenty officers of the regular army having been
thus detailed.

292 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
settler and pioneer of Washington in regard to the Indian. I
give it as narrated to me by a gentleman now resident in Wash
ington, but formerly a citizen of that " city of brotherly love,"
Philadelphia. Coming to the West with all the conventional
ideas about the ' ' poor Indian' ' and his sufferings inflicted by
the unfeeling white man, he was airing his opinions rather freely
in a little gathering of Western men in Tacoma. He noticed
that one of his auditors, a stern, gray-bearded man, whose face,
seamed with many wrinkles and ploughed with deep furrows of
time and care which betokened the endurance of much hardship,
seemed to be growing uneasy. At last, apparently unable to
bear his encomiums on the gentle savage any longer, the old
pioneer— for such he was— interrupted him abruptly as follows :
" Young man, if that there style of conversation is goin' to
continue, you and I are bound to have trouble. I know those
red devils ; you evidently do not."
The gentleman from Philadelphia, somewhat astonished, re
marked that the pioneer's experiences must have been rather
peculiar or he would hardly express himself so strongly.
The old man paused for a moment, a shadow darkened his face,
and his brow knitted into a frown as he seemed struggling to
recall a sorrow of the past ; then, with a voice that trembled with
the emotion of its deep, stern emphasis, he replied :
" Stranger, they were. It Avas in the old days out here. AA'e
were on the trail, bound for the mountains, to prospect, for there
was talk of gold. AVe were fourteen in all. AA"e met a ' good
Indian ' — f riendlies they call them. He joined the party and ad
vised us to take a certain road, which he pointed out — it led into
a deep defile of the hills. He said it was safer than the one Ave
were pursuing ; that there were ' bad Indians ' on ours ; then
he left us, after seeing that we turned aside to take the path he
indicated. Luckily for me, I was a little behind the party or I
would not be here to tell the tale. In that deep defile, f olloAving
that safe pathway, my unfortunate companions Avere attacked,
Overpowered, and those captured died by torture — burned at the
stake— and that ' friendly Indian,' their spy, helped to do it. I
lay hid in the brush and saw it all. Stranger, one of them men
was my brother. Do you wonder that I don't want to hear any
thing about ' sufferin' Indians ' ?"
One more anecdote to dispel this romantic halo hung by fic-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 293
tion and fancy upon the broAv of the noble (?) red man. The
author vouches for it as a part of his own frontier experience,
and quotes it to prove the ingratitude and treachery of Indians
who could by no possibility have been injured by the whites,
whose faces they had never seen. The locality was the Great
California Basin, the time the early summer of 1848. The author,
guided by the famous Kit Carson, with a small party of Fre
mont's old voyageurs, had encamped for the night, when we
were visited by a band of Indians from the neighboring hills,
who, by rubbing their capacious stomachs and pointing to their
mouths, very intelligibly expressed their hunger. Rations
were scarce with us, but after smoking with them in amicable
fashion, during which the bowl of the pipe was turned up to the
Great Spirit to signify their sincerity, we divided with them
our scanty fare. They lingered about our camp-fire, and when
we were, in frontier parlance, " catching up" to resume our
march, I saw one of these rascals, who supposed himself to be
unobserved, slyly possessing himself of a tin cup — the very one
he had been fed out of — and throw it across the creek into the
deep grass beyond, where, of course, he could recover it after our
departure. Calling the attention of its owner to the theft, he
obliged the Indian to cross the creek and return it by the sum
mary process of throwing him into the stream. The next day
this same band endeavored to steal our horses, obliging us to
fire upon them. Yet at that early day, in the untravelled region
we were traversing, it is more than probable that these ungrate
ful wretches had never seen a white man' s face.
To return : The point is made, and at first sight seems well
taken, that we (the whites) drove the Indian from his home, the
lands that he possessed. This is not so, for, strictly speaking,
he never possessed an acre. He was simply, like his father be
fore him, a Avanderer, not even a nomad ; for the nomad is a
keeper of herds and a feeder of flocks. The original North
American Indian was, therefore, a vagrant of the wilds, a floater
upon its streams, for the most part never breaking the soil,
raising nothing, producing nothing ; using a certain extent of
territory, bounded only by the restrictive power of some neighbor
stronger than himself, as a common hunting-ground ; living on
fish and game, and finding his lodging under the most con
venient tree or beneath the shelter of the ever migratory lodge.

294 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
He cannot be said to have had a home, a settled residence or
permanent place of abode. He is the tramp of the wroods. The
white, on the contrary, is a home seeker and a house builder.
He selects, clears, fences, tills, and improves, and thus, as over the
savage, earns a real title to the soil — the title of possession and
actual occupancy definitely bounded and defined. The blessing
of a higher power seems to accompany and smile upon his labors,
for he drives out by the silent forces of his presence and higher
civilization the lower intelligence. Are the sympathizers Avith
the savage prepared to say that we should have left the Indian
in peaceful possession of his hunting-grounds ? The proposi
tion, if made, would be an impossibility. The first deed Avas
given by the Almighty Himself ; as recorded in the Book, it has
one coA^enant— the holder was to till the land, to make it fruitful.
Though the first Adam lost his claim in Eden through his own
breach of contract, yet he received a larger and better one for it
— exchanged the idyllic ease of its voluptuous garden for the
earth itself, with the stipulation of labor and all the incentives
and ambitions which sprung from the employment of body and
brain. The white is a laborer, the red and black races indolent
by nature and lazy in practice. Again, alloAvrng the Indian to
have had any right in fee simple, he has been paid and more
than paid for his hunting-grounds, unimproved as they were.
There is many a white man driving a furrow or felling timber in
the woods of Washington to-day Avho, so far as pecuniary re
muneration is concerned, would be glad to exchange his wages
and his prospects for those of these dirty, ignorant, lazy libels
upon humanity, Avhom we have learned to call the "nation's
wards. " FeAV cry out against the aristocratic lords of the soil
in lands beyond the sea, who, by virtue of their plutocracy, pur
chase the cotter' s hut or the peasant' s humble ' ' holding' ' that
they may convert them into parks for deer, thus restoring to the
primitive forests the trophies won by toil. Why, then, should we
cast obloquy on the pioneers of Washington, whose bravery and
perseverance wrested from its virgin wilds the victories of to-day
—the Church, the school, the city, and the town, but most of
all, the home ?
Having thus, from our own private standpoint, given our
personal view, founded upon a rather long and varied experience
and residence upon the frontiers, in relation to this vexed Indian

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 297
question, we will return to its bearings upon our histoiy and
say a word or two in regard to the Indians of Washington, their
attitude toward and influence upon its early emigration and set
tlement. As we have already suggested, the Indians of the United
States, Northwest, and more especially those of Puget Sound,
are by no means the " prize Indians," even when regarded from
a savage point of vieAv, of the American continent. The " Big
Fish Eater," though a shade in advance of the root-digging
Piute, is low in the scale when brought into comparison with
his Eastern brethren. He lacks the stature, the dignity, the
warlike appearance of the Cossack of the plains or the hunters
of the deer upon the Rocky Mountain slopes. He is a canoeist,
not a horseman — a cunning fisher — and in the palmy days of the
Hudson's Bay Company a trapper and finder of furs. That this
great and most unscrupulous corporation made the Indians
more dangerous to the American settler, teaching them to dis
criminate in their treatment of our OAvn and those of Great Britain,
cannot be denied. How far that influence went and, to what
extremes it was urged we dare not say, for we do not desire to
make specific charges where space is lacking to produce the
testimony which might establish their truth. Certain it is that
with the fur companies the Indian had no quarrel ; they had too
much in common — hunters like themselves, traders for their
furs, keeping the goods wliich they specially desired, they were
bound by the commercial amenities of a mutual interest. The
policy of the fur companies was of necessity one of peace and con
ciliation. The Indians furnished for a very trifling remuneration
their guides, their messengers, and their purveyors, and it may
not be too much to add, when dirty Avork was to be done, their
agents and their spies. Then, again, the fur trader wanted no
land ; he was equally interested with the Indian in the preserva
tion of unbroken forests and streams undisturbed by the mill-
dam and the sawdust. The axeman and the agriculturist were
their common foes. The American wanted land to settle and
found a home ; the Briton asked only a hunting-ground and a
bed by his camp-fire. His block-house or trading station was a
convenience, not a menace of further acquisition. Not so Avith
the American ; he selected his pitch, made the forest ring to his
axe strokes, saw its giants fall before him, let in the sunshine

298 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
on a soil long consecrated to the silence of perpetual shade,
turned the pillars of its cloistered arches into the walls and roof-
tree of his log-cabin home— in a word, worked the raw material
of the wilderness into the better uses and higher aims of the
ultimate object of civilization — a home. But these artificial
oases in the deserts of the wild alarmed and excited the Indian,
and that feeling was cultivated by English greed. In our first
attempts to settle AVashington, Avhich then meant the region
of Puget Sound, and which in reality dates back no further
than 1844, Ave were met with savage opposition which only failed
to effect its purpose — the spoiling and extirpation of our then
feeble colony — because the Snoqualimich chief, Patkamin, was
unable to unite the tribes of the Sound to carry out a scheme
the particulars of which will be told under the head of " First
Settlement." And this was but the beginning of a friction
which was unavoidable between the native and the settler— the
irrepressible conflict of savagery and civilization, in which the
result is ever but a matter of time. In this case the initiative
was taken by the Indian, not by the white ; by the jealous and
hostile native, determined to drive out the pale-face, who built
"the log wigwam" and broke in with axe and ploughshare
upon the haunt of the deer and the buildings of the beaver.
The white, on the contrary, trusting to the future, asked only
for peace, to be undisturbed. It is vain to talk of hostile acts
committed against them by the early settlers of Washington ;
for when that famous council was called by the bloodthirsty
Patkamin on Whidby Island, his arguments in favor of the ex
termination of the whites was met by the chief of the Tamwater
bands (Grayhead) with the fatal objection that " the Boston men
were a protection, as they discouraged wars."
It is simply impossible, in the scope of this chapter, Avhich,
as its title indicates, we have allotted to " The People who pre
ceded Us," to follow the war billows, the repeated waves of
brutal and unprovoked attack with which the natives assaulted
the weak but yet ever-strengthening barriers of our early at
tempts to settle and occupy Washington, or the manner in
which, at the cost of many precious lives and less valuable prop
erty, these billows were finally broken and rolled back. The
nineteenth century has its martyrs no less noble than those of
mediaeval times— men and women falling at their posts of duty,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 299
bravely and cheerfully laying down their lives to beasts far
more fierce and bloodthirsty than those who, " to make a Roman
holiday," tore unresisting Christians in the arenas, while the
Csesars looked coldly on, grown weary of the monotony of death.
Yet Marcus Whitman and his little missionary band and many
another died not in vain.
And so we close this chapter. If the critical reader should
object that it generalizes too largely the Indian question in early
Washington, we must answer that to the more thoughtful mind
there will appear, especially to the pioneer reader, a satisfactory
concentration. The primitive original Indian of AVashington is
almost a thing of the past ; his successors, petted and cared for
on their ample and valuable reservations, are a compound of
" squaw men and half breeds so ameliorated or tainted, if it be
preferred, Avith the admixture of white blood, for the most part
of the lowest quality, that the original element is scarcely recog
nizable. Where it is to be found, gaze upon it, and we make you
welcome to any amount of poetry or sentiment which the most
ardent admirer of " the Siwash" can extract from the original
Big Fish Eater.
We shall devote one more chapter — the next— to recording
some of their peculiarities, which, if not particularly instruc
tive, are certainly amusing in the extreme.

CHAPTER XIX.
INDIAN PECULIARITIES — THE ABORIGINES OF WASHINGTON—
THEIR MANNERS, CUSTOMS, AND CHARACTERISTICS.
" Strange mysteries these that weirdly link
Wild fancies with the true,
To people wood aud lone lake brink
With forms of horrid hue,
Gruesome in shape as old gargoyle
Or idols of Japan,
Or Laocjon, where serpents coil
In deadly strife with man.
Here water nymphs and fountain sprite
Haunt every crystal stream.
Dwelling in solitudes that fright
The Indian hunter's dream." —Brewerton.
Indian eccentricities might possibly have furnished us with
abetter title for the peculiarities of that strange anomaly, the
North American Indian, and especially those who once roamed
the hills and fished the coasts of AA'ashington. A strange com
pound truly— darkest ignorance blended with supreme cunning ;
cowardly treachery with occasional desperation of fighting that
might have excited the admiration of Richard Lionheart him
self ; filth and dirt unspeakable in all their belongings and ways,
linked, as one might fancy swine with pearls, Avith a poetry of
speech and an eloquence of natural imagery that on great occa
sions might well compare and of ttimes rival the more rounded
periods of the white man's oratory. A dozen chapters — yes,
volumes themselves woukl fail to give even a tithe, of the weird,
wild legends told beneath the shelter of the tepee or by the glare
of their camp-fires, handed down from sire to son, with which
the Indian mystifies himself and vainly strives to penetrate the
unseen. Yet their fancies, after all, are but the natural children
of almost Oriental imaginations, wrought upon and heightened
by the savage surroundings of their lives. The insensible ab-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 303
sorption of nature's unspoken yet ever eloquent influences, the
misty seas over which they rode, the mountain fastnesses, with
their snow-clad peaks and solemn shadows, the lakes hidden
away amid the everlasting hills, the silence of the endless woods
broken only by the crash of some falling giant of the forest or
the hoot of the midnight owl — all these in the untutored mind
'of the savage bore fruit in fancies Avild as themselves. In a
higher sense, perhaps, they were the outcome, fantastic though
they might be, of that vague desire to find a first cause for
nature's perfect order and handiwork— a something, however
intangible, on which the human soul may lean in those dark
hours that come to all, when in some moment of despair man
realizes the need and existence of that unseen but all-pervading
presence — God.
The religion, if such it may be called, of the Indians of the
Northwest is a strange medley, a mingling, as it were, of all
faiths, ancient and modern, but which never seemed to exercise
a salutary influence, unless, indeed, superstition became a factor,
upon the morality or honesty of their lives. Like the old
mythologists, they deified animals, and had their fables of water
nymphs and river gods. The lakes were haunted by spirits who
made the rain, the seas by forms as fantastic as its fog wreaths,
while the mountains harbored demons as uncanny and vindictive
as those of the Hartz. India is far behind them in the doctrine
of the transmigration of souls or the rehabilitation of the lower
animals with the spirits of the ancient dead. The spiritualist
discovers a kindred faith in their seances of "dancing the
stick," which parodies the modern rappings and the attempts
of coyote and eagle to visit the island of the dead and com
municate with their long-departed friends. Like the Roman
Catholic, they have their purgatory or period of waiting, though
no place of torment save one which, Tantalus-like, presents
pleasures they are not permitted to enjoy. With the Universal-
ist, they expect that all will be ultimately happy. Theosophy
may strive in vain to rival their flights of theological mysticism,
while evolution should be charmed with a score of theories that
not only accepts the survival of the fittest, but preaches an
evolvement of decadence (if this be not a misnomer) as well as
one of gradual improvement ; to put it tersely, it evolutes both
ways. For instance, the rattlesnake when in his prime was a
14

304 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
three- headed horror, a gentleman of leisure, dwelling in a fine
stone house and spending most of his time in lounging in the sun
— a charming fellow, who shook his rattles till he crazed the lis
tener, whom he finally fascinated and then proceeded to devour.
The lobster, now only associated with salads, was once, accord
ing to the Yakimos, a monster crustacean, and god of the cray
fishes. He dwelt in a mighty lake. Here he ruled supreme, the
Neptune of this inland sea. His arms were as those of the
octopus, strong and far-reaching, with pincers that could crush
an Indian like a vice. His name was Castiltah. He kept a
sharp eye on the Indians, permitting them to fish ; but if he
thought they took too many salmon or clams, he pursued them
with a tidal wave or— possibly with some vague foreboding of his
oaaui future fate — set the lake to boiling ; and then, unless the
offender fled for his life, he was swallowed up. The residence
of this old-time aquatic terror is located on the site of the pres
ent Big Willows.
The cry of the lonely loon, disturbed in his desolate anchor
age, Avas also woven into a mystery. Their traditions tell us
that they are the spirits of children who formerly dwelt on the
borders of a lake, where they loved to dabble in the mud and
venture, spite of their mothers' command to the contrary, into
the water. One clay they ventured too far, and to punish them
were changed into loons, in which form they continue to cry for
the mother whom they disobeyed.
The mosquito, too, was also a god named Wawa, having no
settled place of abode, but variously located in places famous
for those winged pests. The Peshkoes placed him at the mouth
of the Satas. Here he had his home in a narrow place hemmed
in by the bluff. He was, dreadful to relate, much larger than
the tallest man. His bill— and he was a constant collector— Avas
a long one. some three or four feet. With this terrible weapon
he had a pleasant way of thrusting people through. He Avas
the terror of all tnivellers, and had killed so many people in this
bloodthirsty fashion that his superior, the god Coyote— of Avhom
more itnon— determined to destroy him, but was a little puzzled
as to the means. But Dr. Kuykendall has told the story of
Coyote's stratagem too prettily, as also the chipmunk legend,
for us to mutilate his narrative, so we make no apology for giv
ing it in his own words :

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 305
It seems that " Coyote or Speelyai had two sisters who lived
in his stomach, Avhom he always consulted when in doubt what
to do. These sisters were two kinds of berries, such as hail often
damages, hence they Avere terribly afraid of the hail. Some
times these sisters would refuse to advise Coyote, and then he
would look up to the sky and call for the hail to come. This
threat always terrified them, and they cried out, ' Hold, hold ;
don't bring the hail ; we will tell you anything you wish.'
AA'hen Coyote" (who seems to have been very much like a man in
this respect) "got their views he always said, 'That is just what I
thought— just my idea ; ' for whether he ever thought so or not
before, he wanted all the glory. On the present occasion his
sister oracles advised him to get five kinds of wood to make rods
to twirl, to make fire. ' Hide them in your bosom and go where
Wawa lives, and then follow our directions.' So he set forth on
his journey to the house of the giant mosquito. When he neared
AA7awa's place, the giant saw him and cried out, ' Where are you
going? You can't go by here. This is my road. I don't allow
any one to pass.' Upon this Coyote became very polite and
said, in his blandest manner, ' My friend, I see you are very
cold and have no fire in your house. Let me make a fire, so that
you may warm yourself. ' Wawa, not suspecting treachery, per
mitted him to go on, for the weather was really cold and damp,
and made the mosquito god feel uncomfortable and sluggish.
So Coyote took out his five fire-rods. He tried the four first in
vain, but the fifth ignited and the wood blazed up. When
Coyote got it well going he smothered it down and filled the
lodge with strong smoke. Old Wawa could not get his breath,
and so lay down on the ground to breathe. Then Coyote, taking
advantage of the old fellow's situation, said, ' You are not going
to kill people any more. You have been a terror, but your
power is ended. I will split open your head, and from it shall
come a diminutive race. They shall not have power to kill.
They may fly about people's faces and annoy them, and may
draw a little blood, but shall not take life any more.' So say
ing, Coyote raised his huge stone knife, and with a tremendous
blow split the giant's head open at one stroke, and immediateiy
there swarmed forth myriads of little mosquitoes, such as have
existed ever since. Since that time the mosquitoes cannot en
dure smoke, so the Indians learned to protect themselves by

306 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
making a smudge. " The scene of our story is said to be the
most infested by mosquitoes in all Washington — at least the
natives say so.
The legend of the origin of the stripes upon the chipmunk is
prettily told, as follows :
" In the long ago there lived a horrible old hag, Avho destroyed
infants wherever she could find them. She had long, sharp
claAVs, terrible teeth, and eyes that flashed like coals of fire.
She charmed the little babies by crooning to them and enticing
them till they came to her ; then she rent their soft flesh as a
wolf devours the lamb. She had been exercising her diabolical
powers for a long time, and many a poor mother in the land
moaned the loss of her little one. The wretch had become the
terror of every woman who had an infant. One clay this mon
ster caught a little Indian baby, and was about to devour it in
the sight of its frantic mother. The poor woman, Avild with
fear and grief, besought. the Great Spirit to save her child. In
ansAver to this prayer the baby was transformed into a beautiful
little chipmunk, which sprang away from the old wretch and
ran off. As it jumped she grabbed it with her hand, and her
sharp claws scraped along the little fellow's back and made
black stripes, which all chipmunks have since retained."
What old grandmother, crone, or young Indian mother, we
wonder, was it who first dressed in fiction the origin of these
common denizens of their forests to please some little copper-
colored audience, who gathered round her in the soft twilight
of the woods with the plea for " just one story more" ?
AArhatever their practice, Ave doubt if any Indian, however de
graded, can be found who in some form or other does not ac
knowledge and believe in the existence of that Great Spirit
whom the white calls God. They credit not only themselves,
but all other living things Avith a duality of existence, which
involves the possession of both spirit and matter, a body and a
soul. Some tribes, notably in Oregon, carried this so far as to
endow the different portions or organs of the body with separate
souls. Their realistic natures, however, subordinated spirit to
matter. Like many ol those who count themselves wiser in our
own day, they imagined that the soul could leave the body,
journey afar, make itself known in its earthly form to distant
friends, and then return to its tabernacle. This was their mode

tfn. J. Q. %u££^

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 309
of accounting for dreams and trances. They could even be
robbed of their souls by some evil magic, in which case the body
would still live on for a while, but ultimately pine away. Again,
the spirits of the departed might enter the bodies of beasts and
birds, float with the wild duck or make its abode with the
beaver, or even return in babes born to near relatives. We are
told that the sick and suffering, the poor and needy found com
fort in the thought that in the new incarnation of their souls
they would enter clay destined by its circumstances of birth to
be rich and fortunate. The ghosts of the dead were everywhere,
haunting the night and busy in the darkness, yet obliged to fly
when cock-croAv told the coming of the dawn.
The Indians of AVashington seemed to have peopled, and not
unnaturally, all solitary places, whether of wood or wave, with
some presiding genius of the place. Even the springs and
fountains have their "beaver women," beings visible to human
sight, wearing the form of an Indian girl, with face brilliant in
carmine and long, flowing locks, like those of the mermaid,
reaching to thei r waists. These water-nymphs never rose above
their middle from the water, all below, like the beaver, from
whence they took their names, being clothed in fur. These
were the spirits of the ancient dead — solitaries — for but one in
habits each separate pool. Says the authority from which Ave
ha\re already quoted, in substance :
' ' If the nymph was absent or about to appear, the passer-by
would hear the wail of a babe and the mother soothing it. On
coming nearer she would be seen half-way out of the water,
holding up her baby, painted scarlet like herself. If any noise
was made she immediately disappeared, leaving the water still
and clear, Avith no sign of recent occupancy. Sometimes the
prints of the baby's bare feet Avould be found in the soft mud.
If the ' beaver woman ' stopped soothing her baby and looked
upon the passer-by, her gaze, sooner or later, meant death to
the unlucky mortal who had thus unwittingly disturbed her.
Sometimes these beaver Avomen were represented to be maidens."
In the Yakima country there is a spring which, possibly to
vary this feminine monotony, is tenanted by the spirit of an
Indian, who appears clothed only in the garb of Adam. He
was wont to rise from the water, then suddenly vanish beneath
his crystal roof. The Indians tell us that some forty years ago

310 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
a number of old chiefs, Kamiakin among the rest, took a party
of twenty men and Avent to dig out this wonderful apparition.
They worked all day and stirred up the merman's residence
with long poles, but, strange to say, he failed to materialize.
The origin of fire, of which the Northwest Indian has almost
as many mythical theories as there are lives of Columbus, is by
no means the least interesting of their wild, fantastic dreams.
We come back again to Dr. Kuykendall, and select two of their
explanations as we find he records them, quoting the briefest.
Coyote, A\*ho appears to have been the Jupiter of their heathen
Olympus, it will be seen, as usual, figures largely, being the
master spirit in arranging for the comfort of his Indian friends.
The doctor says :
" Another legend known to all the tribes from Klamath Lake
to Northern AVashington runs somewhat as folloAvs : All the fire
in existence was formerly in the possession of two wrinkled old
hags, who would neither sell, loan, nor give it away. They were
deaf to all blandishments or threats. Do what he might, no
Indian could get any fire. Coyote was besought by the people
to do something to help them to obtain fire, for they were cold
and needed cooked food. After much thought, Coyote worked
out a plan. He expected a hard struggle and a big race, and so
he stationed the various animals out in a line reaching from
the old grannies' place of abode to the animal people's country.
The strongest and best runners he put on the station nearest the
old hags, and tapered off with the weaker. Coyote appointed a
man to secrete himself near the old Avomen's lodge, and in
structed him that at a given signal he should atta'ck them.
Everything being arranged, Coyote went up to the hut, complain
ing of cold, and begged permission to go in and warm himself."
(It will be noticed that his plan in this instance was just the
reverse of his strategy in overcoming the mosquito god. Then
he Avanted to warm ; noAV he wants Avarming.) " The old hags,
suspecting nothing wrong, permitted him to enter their wigwam.
All at once the concealed man jumped up and rushed at the
women. During the fighting and scratching that followed,
Coyote seized a firebrand and rushed off toward the Indian
camps. The old hags, seeing their fire going, struck out after
Coyote, pressing him hard. AVith lolling tongue and panting
breath he came up to the pauthei', who took the brand and went

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 311
on Avith it. Just as he was about to give out the bear relieved
him and carried it to another animal, and so the brand passed
from one to another, the old hags all the while closely pursuing,
trying to recover their stolen fire. Luckily the firebrand passed
safely along the line until it fell to the poor little squatty frog.
By this time there was not much left of the brand, and froggy
Avas never much noted as a runner. With his slow and labored
hopping the old women overtook him. It was no use trying to
run farther, as he was going to be caught. Just then he swal
lowed the fire and jumped into the river, going to the bottom
Avith the coveted fire in his belly. Between the racing and the
fire it had gone hard with the frog, for he had lost the tail of
his youth, and was but a stumpy representative of his former
self. He came up, however, and spit the fire out upon some
pieces of v\-ood. Consequently the Indians have ever since had
fire, for it remained in the wood, and they could extract it by
rubbing or twirling."
Another version places the fire in the hands of five old blind
women who lived together. They had five firebrands each (five
appears to have been the mystic number of the Indians, as seven
of the Avhites). These they were always engaged in counting
over to see if they had lost any. Being very doubtful of each
other, they were suspecting their sisters and guarding against
an attempt to steal their brands. While they Avere thus engaged
in counting them, Coyote, who never seems to do anything
openly, slipped up and stole one. The old woman immediately
discovered her loss, and accused the others of taking it. In the
battle royal that ensued Coyote gathered the firebrands and ran
off with them to the Indians.
It seems strange, and a proof that no nobility of nature enters
into the character of the qualities the Indian attributes to his
gods, that not only should they select that cowardly, cunning,
and contemptible animal, the lowest order of wolf, for the name
of their superior being, but in all his actions for their benefit
consistently endow him with the treacherous characteristics of
the creature after whom he is entitled, the coyote. It is a curi
ous question, too, from Avhat source did they get the ideas so
closely paralleling the mythology of the Roman gods ? Did
the mermaids or sirens suggest the " beaver woman" \
Now, too, we find the guardian angel of the Swedenborgian

312 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
or patron saint of the Roman Catholic closely copied in the
spirit supposed to be specially appropriated by each individual
and tribe. Whether as a unit or in the aggregate, every Indian
believed himself to be specially under the watch-care of some
familiar spirit, whose " totem" or charm he wore. Nor was
this guardian always a living thing. The Tamwaters, for in
stance, above the Dalles had their mascot in a great white lumi
nous stone, which flashed forth its fires to aid the Wishams in
their nightly fishing. Coyote, however, appears to have had
the general oversight of all, the individual or tribal gods being
merely deputies and local agents to carry out his Avill.
The Indian, who must have a reason for everything, refers all
that he cannot understand in the operations of nature to Coyote.
He is, moreover, the general benefactor of their tribes. It is he
Avho brings the salmon, rules the tides, controls the Avinds, and
rides upon the storm. An eclipse to them means a surreptitious
attempt, for the time being causing great anxiety, of a huge
codfish to swallow the darkened luminary. The roll of the
thunder is nothing more than the noise produced by the flagel
lation by the Great Spirit of his rebellious wife, a mode of domes
tic discipline much in vogue with the primitive savage. Indeed,
the writer was told upon the plains that the squaw who passed
six weeks Avithout such a visitation regarded herself as a neg
lected wife.
The Chinook wind, a warm breeze familiar to every dweller on
the Sound, the Indian supposes to be the production of five
brothers ; and his rival and foe, the Walla AAralla Avind, the
cold, they ascribe to a similar agency — a state of affairs which
engendered hatred, ending in a challenge and Avrestling contest
— boxing seems to be unknown to any but our own savages —
whose consequences were too dire and far-reaching to be recorded
in detail here.
Their ideas of heaven, with its music, fair fields, ever-flowing
streams and flowers, has, of course, more of the sensual nature
of the Turkish paradise than that of the Christian's rest. Never -
theless, they accord with both in their belief that good and evil
in the earth life seals or discredits their passport to the " happy
hunting-grounds. ' '
But when it comes to a practical application of this belief to
the morality or honesty of their every-day lives, its influence is

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HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 315
as nought compared with the temptation to pleasure or wrong
doing, in Avhich respect they are not unlike the average white
man. ~We regret that our space does not permit us to give the details
of their weird and most dramatic legend of the " Island of the
Dead," where "the Indian girl follows her dead lover to the
spirit land, and is reunited with him there in his earthly form,
to find herself in the morning clasped in the arms of a hideous
skeleton with sunken eyes and grinning teeth. The air was
filled with stench ; she was surrounded by mouldering corpses.
AVith a shriek she sprang from her bridal couch and fled to earth
again ; but here she found but cold welcome in her childhood's
home. She had been duly paid for when betrothed, according
to Indian custom, and was directed to return, being assured that
she should have slept all day and not. by night, and she Avould
not have been aware of the mouldering corpses. So she re
turned, and was received with great warmth and pomp of cere
mony. She found her lover there, bright, beautiful, and happy
as ever. They enjoyed together the spirit pleasures of the night,
and slept through the revelations of the day. In process of
time a wonderful child was born to them in this spirit land, half
spirit and half of mortal mould. The young man," says Kuyken-
dall, " was anxious, as most young husbands and fathers are, to
have his mother see the little stranger, and told his spouse they
would send for baby's grandmamma to come, and that the baby
and its mother should then return to the land of the living, and
he himself would afterward follow and bring with him all the
dead people to live on earth again. A spirit messenger was
accordingly sent, who told the grandparents how happy the
young people Avere in the spirit land, of .the Avonderful baby, of
the plan of the father to bring back all the dead people to live
on earth again, and desired the grandmother to go with him
that she might accompany the mother and her child on their
return to the homes of the living. This was good news to the
old folks, who had heard nothing from their daughter for some
time. So the grandmother went to the land of the dead, and
was joyfully received by her children. She was cautioned,
however, that she must not look upon the baby yet. There was
to be a penance of ten days. The old grandmother was very
anxious to see the baby, and the longer she Avaited the more

316 HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON.
anxious she became. She finally concluded that she would lift
up the cloth that covered the baby-board and just peep in once.
One little look could do no harm, and no one would be the worse
for it. Her curiosity and anxiety thus overcame her prudence,
and she peeped in and saw the sleeping beauty. In consequence
of this stolen look, the baby sickened and died. This very much
displeased the spirit people, and they decreed that because of
her sin the dead should never return to the living again. So
the grandmother was sent back, and never heard of the young
couple any more."
Strange parody this on the biblical v-ersion of the bitter fruit
which blossomed from the sweeter, when our common mother,
Eve, yielding to the same sin of curiosity, ate the forbidden
apple in Eden, and wrecked the happiness of a world! From
whence did they get the foundation upon which they build in
this their legend of the dead man's isle (
It has another version, which Kuykendall thus relates : " Coyote
was returning to earth with all the dead people safely housed
in a basket" (it must have been a most capacious one) " on his
back. He Avas cautioned not to look behind him on any account
Avhatever, no matter what noises were made or Avhat happened.
He heard the spirits talking and rustling about, and was very
curious to see'Avhat they were doing. Finally, unable to stand
it any longer, he looked over his shoulder into the basket,
whereupon the spirit people flew off in every direction and van
ished, leaving Coyote foolishly standing Avith an empty recep
tacle." The corpse light of the European finds its mate in that of the
coast Indians, who sometimes left their dead in the shallow
water among the reeds. They claim to have seen witch fires
hovering about the bodies, doubtless the Ignis fatuus of natural
decomposition. With the white man, the Indian talks eloquently of his happy
hunting-grounds, their land of everlasting bliss beyond the set
ting sun ; but nevertheless, like the paleface, he is seldom anxious
to forestall the time and prove their pleasures, being quite con
tent to enjoy his terrestrial paradise, and take the higher excel
lencies of the celestial for granted.
Like all other Indians, those of Washington have their regular
religious, medicinal, or conjuring and social dances, the coast

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 317
Indians west of the Cascades holding them most frequently, the
rainy and foggy Aveather of the Sound making indoor amuse
ments more attractive. All take part in these, even the children.
Their saltatory exercises, it is needless to say, favor the antics
of a bear much more than the Terpsichorean graces of an Elssler
or a Taglioni.
Their marriages, like most savage and— sad to relate ! — some
Christian alliances, are a matter of bargain and sale, love figur
ing as a minor factor, if indeed such a passion exist, purified
from sensuality, among the Indians. The Oriental custom of
buying the childAvife for a son still of tender years by the boy's
parents is not uncommon. Such early betrothals are rather
favored than otherwise, as they reason that the young couple,
growing up together almost from infancy, would be better able
to allow for each other's peculiarities when permanently united.
In such a case, should the girl become disgusted or otherwise
attached and desire to break the bond, which is always consid
ered to be disgraceful on her part, her parents are obliged to
return the price paid for her. The higher the payment the less
likely is the match to be "declared off," as her family then
become deeply interested in its consummation.
It may gratify the damsels of this, our good State of Washing
ton, to know that a young Indian lady, according to her beauty,
graces, and accomplishments, the latter being confined to cook
ing, moccasin-making, and papoose-tending generally, was val
ued at from five to fifty horses among the Indians of the
plains, which dwindled down to from ten to twenty among those
of Eastern AVashington, the young squaws rather reversing the
order of things as compared with their palefaced sisters, whose
value increases, if only from rarity, as they journey toward the
setting sun. It was considered a delicate attention, and one
more likely to keep the future helpmeet faithful to her vows, if
a good round price was offered for the still unwedded damsel—
a theory, by the way, wliich the lady' s father was careful never
to discourage.
Indian methods bring to nought all our preconceived ideas as
to the relative advantages of sex in providing for their future.
With us a large family of daughters, however charming, suggests
certain expense and possible loss— responsibilities to be dressed
and dowered, yet, after all, to wither perhaps ungathered on the

318 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
parent stem ; while the Indian, the father of many squaws,
as he smoked a meditative pipe had only to multiply the num
ber of his daughters by the prevailing market price, according
to the quality of the goods on hand, to calculate what he might
safely count upon to dissipate the gloom of a financial rainy
day. Then, too, it was a stock that cost little to keep and still
less to decorate. Dr. Kuykendall very graphically describes the
usual espousals of an Indian maiden in the woods of old-time
Washington, or, as he elsewhere expresses it, her entrance into
penal servitude for life, for she becomes in all but name the
slave of her husband's family.
~SVe will suppose the young man to have made his selection
and broken the matter to his own family. The negotiations are
favorably ended, the price of the woman fixed and paid. If it
were a large one, the young warrior gains new importance in his
tribe, and becomes, as Ave may well suppose, an aspirant for the
social honors of the copper-colored "four hundred." But to
quote the doctor's own account of the wedding festivities, and a
ceremony whose principal rites seem to have been the barter and
delivery of the ' ' exchange gifts, and the rendition of the article
traded for." He says :
" AA'hen the agreement was reached, Avord was immediately
sent to the young man informing him of the success of the
negotiations. He was soon on the Avay to the lodge of his bride's
parents, some of his relatives driving the stipulated horses before
him. Buffalo, elk, and deer-skins and beadwork or articles of
apparel were also taken in trade. Arrived at the lodge, a crier
announced that such and such parties were to be married. The
friends gathered in and the ceremonies began. The Indian wed
ding rites were considerably longer than those of a modern jus
tice of the peace. Two robes were spread down side by side in
the lodge, and the bride Avas carried to the spot on the back of
female relatives and seated on one of the robes ; the young man
was then escorted to the other and seated by his affianced. The
young man's relatives then combed the bride's hair, and while
combing some of the friends poured over her head out of a
basket a lot of small beads or shells which Avere sportively called
' lice/ " (A rather needless addition, the author would remark,
having frequently witnessed an Indian family shampooing, where
catching and eating are almost simultaneous.) " The hair was

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 321
combed and braided and the beads gathered up, and then began
an ' exchanging ' of gifts over the heads of the bride and groom.
The bride's relatives placed on her head dresses of buckskin,
beadwork, and other trinkets, and the groom's friends took
them and placed on her head other articles instead, Avhich her
friends took away. The same ceremony was performed over the
young man's head. -It was customary to exchange articles of
female use or Avear over the bride's head, and articles used by
males over the head of the groom. During all this time great
interest was taken and much merriment indulged in by the
whole party. The girl's father and mother usually got a good
deal the best of the bargain in the exchanges. This was expected.
If the groom Avas pretty liberal in his offer and paid a good many
horses, the old man usually took a few from his own band and
presented them to the couple. This ' exchanging ' went on
until it seemed as if the young man was marrying the whole
clan, and that all the property, clown to pots and kettles, was
being married. Before the marriage ceremony ended the lady's
friends took her on one of her own horses to the groom's lodge,
and all her things were taken along. At the groom's lodge
further ' exchanges ' were made, and the young man Avas fortu
nate if he Avas not stripped of nearly everything. It Avas con
sidered beggarly in a man if he did not almost rob himself when
getting married, and remarks were made indicating that he was
little and mean. Then, too, his mother-in-law was likely to mar
the harmony between the young couple, for the Indian mother-
in-law is mother-in-law to the full extent, with the Indian part
extra. ' '
In all this exhibition of savage greed and cunning, is there not
a subtle resemblance to the less open but quite as effective matri
monial barter of the white I Are there no Christian maidens as
thoroughly bought and sold, perchance even in the State of
Washington, though the medium of exchange be real estate and
stocks, or possibly a competence and " a home ;" and is not that
oft-quoted mother-in-law quite as autocratic in the house of the
paleface as in the lodge of the Si wash ? In the Indian's case the
only hope of relief lies in a mother-in-law on both sides, thereby
leaving the young folks in peace Avhile the old women fight it
out between themselves. The Scotch, with all their fondness
for counting cousinship, cannot in this respect compare with the

322 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Indian, for the newly made Benedict marries not only his wife,
but all her kitli and kin — in fact, her whole tribe, gaining in so
doing on the decease of his wife the right to a new selection
from the same clan, possibly, as the English Army lists say,
" without purchase ;" or even a sister Avife if selected from the
same family, Avith whose excellencies by this time he has prob
ably become thoroughly acquainted. Should the lady " levant,"
she is obliged to leave all her belongings behind her, their tribal
laws being so arranged that the property, as in the wills of our
own great millionaires, is kept in the family. The woman may
depart ; but if so, she goes empty-handed.
It is not unusual for the Indians to give their children the
name of some animal, as, for instance, the beaver or the bear.
A young warrior, however, may of his own volition change the
name so bestowed once and again, or have a name forced upon
him by some incident of the chase or special exploit in war, as
" Rain in- the- face," or " Man-afraid-of-his-horses," "Sitting
Bull," etc. A child after the death of his parent might take
his father's name, but among the Chinooks this was not per
mitted till the body of the deceased was supposed to have mould
ered away. No Indian Avill AviUingly speak the name of a
person recently dead ; he is only referred to as " the man who
died," for fear that the spirit might be offended. Among other
queer fancies, it is believed that their babies and the dogs about
the lodge converse together, only losing the dog language as
they acquire their own ; hence it is not well to rashly attack a
canine belonging to an Indian, with whom it is " love me, love
my dog ;' ' and woe to him who forgets it. Some of their medi
cine-men of lesser note pose as dog and baby -talk interpreters,
for a baby is not supposed to die or even fall ill unless of his
oavii accord, and on such occasions always makes the dog its
confidant. There is nothing stranger than their laws relating to murder.
Homicide, like matrimony, among the Indians is a matter of
trade and barter. The value of the victim is appraised by his
friends, generally at a liberal rate, and the price fixed must be
paid by the murderer. This, however, does not end the matter
for the slayer. He has a form, or rather a complication of ex
piatory forms, to go through with, and indeed is sent to a sort
of temporary Coventry by his fellows till thus purified. This

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 323
social ostracism goes so far that he is not permitted to enter a
lodge or sit down Avith others. If food is being cooked, he must
remain outside and sit Avith his back to the fire. Should he
approach those av1io are eating, they Avill hide their food from
the sight of the guilty man, lest he should blight and poison it
by his glance. He must paint his face black, and wear only his
worst clothes. Then with the " totem" of his guardian spirit —
for every Indian has one — properly displayed, he must, says Dr.
Kuykendall, " take his bow and arrows and the weapon Avith
which he did the murder, and go aAvay into some lonely place
and there remain, sleepless through the night, while he waves
the Aveapon in the air or thrusts it into the ground. He must
then shoot off an arrow into the darkness, find it, return and
fire it off again in some other direction. Five times must the
instrument of death be thrust into the earth, as often waved in
the air. He must yell loudly, putting his hand rapidly to and
from his mouth, making a sound something like the Avar-whoop.
This he must keep doing for five" (again the mystical number)
" consecutive nights, taking neither sleep nor food. During the
night he must also climb a fir or pine and trim clown its branches,
leaving a tuft or crest at the top for a sign of murder. If after-
Avard the tree should wither and die it was regarded as an evil
omen, for so in like manner would the murderer perish. During
these nights of expiation it was the criminal's duty to drink
water and then produce vomiting by thrusting a twig down his
throat. This must be done again and again, as a kind of wash
ing away of the blood of his victim. The five days of vigil com
pleted, he was permitted to take food, but only to eat sparingly
with closed eyes. During the continuance of his penance he
was to visit the sweat-house and bathe and perspire during the
hours of daylight. He was fed by an old woman, to whom the
Klikitats give an unpronounceable name. This hag muttered
some charm over his food to prevent its otherwise evil influence.
He could not even touch his own hair, which was tied at the
back of his neck, nor comb it under any consideration, nor was
he permitted to scratch himself, however great the itch to do so,
unless with a stick." (The last two clauses, knoAving as Ave do
what the average Indian suffers from errant visitors, should have
brought homicide into disrepute among them, even without the
penitential programme the doctor enumerates.) " During the

324 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
five nights, though obliged to drink, he was not permitted to
empty the vessel ; part of the liquid must be thrown upon the
ground, and the cup finally fastened to the top of the trimmed
tree." The Indians thus explain the meaning of these ceremonies.
The thrusting of the weapon into the earth was the wiping away
of the blood of the victim ; the arrows shot off into the darkness
carried with them the sin and responsibility of his crime into
the unknown ; the water spilt upon the earth was lost in the
streams that Aoav on forever, so the murderer would still live on
and yet be purified. The criminal was obliged for some time to
sleep on his face, lest the blood of the murdered man should run
down his throat and choke him. Having attended to these
little matters, and, above all, paid the stipulated price — horses,
beaver skins, or Avhatever else might have been agreed upon — the
murderer was received back into the pale of good Indian society ;
and being thus rehabilitated in virtue, the friends of the deceased
were expected to receive him as a brother in good and regular
standing, and make no indiscreet all usions to former transgres
sions. The professional antics and tricks of their "medicine-men"
would fill chapters. He gets his original diploma and healing
power mysteriously enough in the classic shades of some xnne
forest at night, graduating Avith an M.D. through animal in
structors—Professors Coyote, Owl, and Bear, whose language,
through sudden spirit inspiration, he is enabled to understand,
becoming his instructors. The president of this institute is thus
cheerfully described by Dr. Kuykendall :
" He meets in some dark, lonely place a fiery, shining animal
or a walking human skeleton of huge proportions, illuminated
by a mysterious light. The eye-sockets shine and flash in a
singular manner and emit fiery gleams. AATithin the chest,
between the ribs, is seen a great heart beating and swinging
from side to side."
Of course so melodramatic a meeting suggests a background
of thunder and lightning, Avith the fainting away of the neophyte,
avIio Avhile in this condition is duly indoctrinated in all the mys
teries of healing. He is now fully fledged, and comes forth from
his swoon a " big medicine-man," living henceforth under a
spell from which through life he is unable to divest himself.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 327
In many of the tribes, before announcing himself as a candi
date for business this embryo practitioner retires to the moun
tains, where he fasts, communing with nature, till he suddenly
emerges lank, Avild, and diabolical, both in temper and appear
ance. " Raving and yelling like a maniac, he rushes among his
friends. Seizing their arms in his teeth, he bites out and devours
great morsels of flesh." So far from objecting to these little
familiarities, the Indians regard this as a proof of skill, straight
way retain him as their family physician, and in many tribes
are proud to exhibit the scars of injuries thus inflicted by these
self-appointed and highly endowed medicine-men.
The influence of these healing frauds is far-reaching. They
not only pretend to cure, but threaten to kill. The average
Indian will think twice ere he make an enemy of "the doctor."
They take fees for letting people alone, and not infrequently use
their power most maliciously, by breaking up marriages and
interfering generally in domestic and business affairs. Fortu
nately for us, they admit that their malign sorcery is limited to
their own race, though the " half-breed" — that is to say, if he
have an Indian heart, or, in other words, is fool enough to be
lieve in him— they can influence ; but the Avhite or " Boston man,"
never. It is curious to know in these days of microbes and bacilli that
the "medicine-men" of Washington long ago advanced these
theories in the form of " bug in the stomach" and "worms in
the limbs," their remedy in such cases being, if possible, to
pull them out — just what modern science is trying to do with
trichinse. The medicine-man had also power over the warm
Chinook wind, could influence the salmon run, and aid or retard
the huckleberry crop. In some respects this savage medico
resembles his more enlightened rival of the paleface. If his
patient dies the medicine-man blames the previous treatment of
the " other doctor," with whose diagnosis he is sure to disagree.
They make bad confreres for a consultation ; but their ways,
wily as they are, do not always lie in paths of pleasantness and
peace. A mistake in treatment or dissatisfaction on the part of
the surviving relatives may prove fatal to themselves, and, gen
erally speaking, their personal popularity is such that (strictly
in their absence) they are usually referred to as that rattlesnake
or wolf. 15

328 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Their treatment of disease was simply horrible. Rheumatism
called for cautery with hot irons ; nervous fever and prostration,
with yells that might wake the dead ; headache, with cutting the
scalp. Blood-sucking, practised literally, and always an extra
charge, was therefore very much in vogue with the doctor. In
cases of difficulty of breathing, the medicine-man would fill his
own mouth with worms, maggots, and beetles, or, if the case was
a grave one, a small frog, which he then pretended to extract from
the lungs of his patient, to the great relief of — his friends. In
sanity and delirium, always attributed to demoniac possession,
called for a five days' diet of black water beetles. A parody on
modern spiritualism in its lowest forms entered largely into their
jugglery. AVith the Indians the dead seemed to have been an object of
horror to the living. They feared the evil influence of their
departed spirits, and believed that those newly gone hence have
a desire to return and to haunt familiar paths and touch the
bodies of their beloved ones. They are, therefore, driven away
as soon as the breath has departed from the body and the wail
always set up on such occasions has died, by sweeping clean the
lodge, or, as among the Chinooks, by carrying flaming torches
through it. Some cast ashes into the air, thinking that the
spirits dread the dust. Ashes are also scattered along the route
by which the dead are carried to their graves. Here Ave find a
resemblance to the Chinese custom of strewing paper to occupy
the demons and direct their attention from the corpse.
Their mourning for the dead, as in Oriental lands, is for the
most part really hired, certain old hags volunteering, but ex
pecting to be paid for their services. This is done as the sun
rises. Strewing ashes on the head, as in olden days, is among
the Umpquas a sign of mourning. A Avidow does not wash or
comb her hair, and woe be to the reputation of the bereaved
wife if she howls not lustily, for should she neglect it, she is re
garded with contempt as already anxious to remarry. " East of
the mountains the tribes — possibly from dread of the spirits —
never mourned at night." To sum up this matter of Indian
grieving for the dead, the dirtier and shabbier the mourner, the
more sincere and consequently agreeable to the ghost of the de
parted was supposed to be his sorrow.
As regards the disposition of their dead, their modes of sepul-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 329
ture differ. Kuykendall tells us, and his narrative is so full and
interesting that it is difficult to resist the temptation to quote
Him even more fully than our space would admit, " that those
east of the Cascades burned their dead, while the Indians of
Puget Sound committed their corpses to canoes, putting the
body in a larger and turning the smaller canoe over it. These
canoes were propped up two or three feet from the ground."
How much more poetical it would have been if they had given
them, thus embarked, to the tides on which they had so often
floated, to drift to and fro, like the restless souls that had once
inhabited them, upon the equally restless ocean ! "On the
Columbia River the dead were left in houses built of bark or
cedar boards. The corpse was lashed to a post in an inclined
position till the fluids were entirely drained away, and then
placed horizontally. Their dead-houses were covered and kept
carefully closed. Islands on the Columbia were favored burial-
places, as being more secure from the ravages of wild beasts.
Some of the Chinooks put their dead infants into quiet, still
pools of water. Whatever mode of sepulture might be chosen,
much of the personal property of the deceased was placed about
the corpse. His pipe, weapons, and domestic utensils, his cloth
ing, ornaments, and money went with him to the grave, that he
should not go naked and unarmed to the spirit land. Yet all
Avere broken, so as to render them — doubtless to prevent theft —
useless to the living ; the robes and blankets in which the body
itself was enclosed were left perfect, the presence of the corpse
being considered a sufficient protection. The burial ceremonies
of the Columbia River Indians were more punctilious than those
of Northern Washington. In the old days slaves were killed
that their master might be waited on in the "happy hunting-
grounds." They were strangled, or — horrible to relate ! — lashed
face to face with the corpse, and thus left to die. His horses and
dogs were also put to death, that their owner might ride gal
lantly into the council chamber of the Great Spirit.
East of the mountains it was the custom to rehabiliment the
dead ; in other words, they took up their bones, cleaned and
redressed them in fresh robes and blankets, and then returned
them to their place of rest. Sometimes this was done several
times. The river tribes had regular ossuaries, where they stored
the remains of the departed. So history repeats itself— the Cata-

330 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
combs of Rome and the ossuaries of the land of which Bryant
sings in his " Thanatopsis" :
" Where rolls the Oregon, and hears no sound
Save his own dashings ; yet the dead are there,
And millions in those solitudes,
Since first the Bight of years began,
Have laid them down in their last sleep."
" At the Cascades there was formerly one extensive ossuary,
mentioned by Lewis and Clarke ninety years ago, when in much
better condition than it was sixty years later. It was mostly
destroyed by the building of the postage railroad over the Cas
cades." The Indians of Klamath Lake at one time burned their dead
chiefs and their living slaves with them.
There is much of romantic suggestion in the fact that the
Indians of the Northwest believed that there was some mystic
influence connected with the wild rosebush, whose perfume, so
exquisite to the living, they imagined most offensive to the
dead ; hence their use of it to drive away the ghosts of the de
parted. They placed these rosebushes about the beds of their
sick and dying, that the spirits might tangle and wound them
selves with their thorns, and so be driven from those whom they
were striving to win and beckon away to join them in the silent
land. The Indian dreads and avoids the grave even of his dear
est friend, ghosts and spirits being about them, especially at
that midnight hour when we are told
' That churchyards yawn,
And graves give up their dead."
Brave, indeed, would be the squaw who could be induced dur
ing the hours of darkness to visit or even pass by the resting-
places of those silent sleepers. Should she be obliged to do so
while carrying her babe, she does it with infinite dread, and sur
rounds the papoose-board on AAdiich her infant rests with the
wild rosebushes already mentioned, to fright away the spirits,
whom they believe have a particular love and affinity for these
little ones, and are always on the watch, striving to snatch away
their souls and bear them to the unseen land.
"Neither salmon nor berries may be eaten after touching a

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 333
corpse without five days of previous purification ;' ' consequently
the dead are only handled by persons supposed to be specially
ghost-proof, a guild of spiritual undertakers. Should the eyes
of the corpse remain open, the spirit is looking back upon some
member of its family doomed erelong to follow it. The lodge
in which the soul departed is speedily torn down, lest the spirit
should linger there, thus realizing the thought of Longfellow' s
exquisite poem, which tells us that
" All houses wherein men have lived and died
Are haunted houses."
If a camp-fire be built "over the grave of the dead or where
blood has been spilt by murder, it is believed that the apparition
of the deceased will appear in the flame and cast its shadow
beside the fire upon the earth.
" At a funeral, if anything is dropped, though it be but a hair,
they imagine that the individual who drops it will soon sicken
and die. They never look back on leaving a graveyard or point
to a grave ; it is an insult to the dead which their ghosts will
surely resent. Should an Indian accidentally sleep w-here some
one has been buried or died, the ghosts will draw his mouth or
eye to one side. The effects of facial paralysis are thus ac
counted for. They have a generic name for such maladies,
called, as translated from the Klikitas tongue, " the ghost dis
ease." The historian to whose research and erudition we are so deeply
indebted, Dr. Kuykendall, very wisely suggests that our own
superstitions and weaknesses can hardly afford to point the
finger of derision at those of these densely ignorant aborigines.
Antiquity called the radiant orbs which roll in the fields of
illimitable space after their gods and goddesses and even the
lower animals, and the astrologer of to-day talks of their occult
influences over human lives and fortunes. Indeed, unless his
tory belie him, the great Napoleon himself was a firm believer
in signs that bore upon his fate for good or evil. The " sun of
Austerlitz" was not more potent in his imagination than the
malign or fortunate agencies of the new moon, as it may be seen
over the right or left shoulder of the beholder, is to many a man
counted wise by the generation of to-day.
So much for the Indian of the past ; we will devote our next

334 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
chapter to the Washington Indian of to-day, premising that,
as it narrates occurrences fresh from the pen of a most intelligent
observer, it will be found both entertaining and instructive, most
original withal, for a " give-away party" of all one has on earth,
while still in the land of the living, is to the white man at least
a thing hitherto unknown.

CHAPTER XX.
WASHINGTON INDIANS OF TO-DAY — PATSY, THE POTLACn-GIVER.
" ' Bis dat qui eito dat,' he sings,
Who in Italia dwells.
' He giveth twice who quickly gives,'
As our translation tells.
Poor Patsy's ' potlach' party done,
Behold him stripped of all
The wealth by years of labor won,
Scattered beyond recall.
Yet most ungrudgingly he yields
To kith and kin his store,
Who thankless take each proffered gift,
Then hasten from the shore.
And while with paddles deftly plied
Their homeward way they wend,
The ' potlach' giver only fears
Lest he forgot some friend. ' ' —Brewerton.
The following is Judge James Wickersham's interesting de
scription of a Toanhooch Indian Potlach, as read before the
Academy of Science :
" The word ' potlach ' in the Chinook means a gift ; ' cultus
potlach ' means that something is given that is of no conse
quence or not valuable ; but the real idea expressed in speaking
of a ' potlach ' — without qualification — is of a great meeting of
the friends of some Indian who has accumulated Indian wealth,
and who will, at such gathering, after the proper religious and
other ceremonies, give away all his possessions — stripping him
self and family in one hour of a fortune won by years of hard
work and economy— out Bellamying-Bellamy, and practically
illustrating the scriptural injunction that it is better to give than
to receive. With this general idea of a ' potlach ' in myT mind,
and in obedience to the expressed wish of the Washington His
torical Society, I undertook to attend a ' potlach ' announced

336 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
far and near by the ' Boston man's ' papers to take place at
Port Hadlock, on Port Townsend Bay, July 4th, 1891. Just
across the bay from Port Hadlock, probably a quarter of a mile
away, we could see the white cloth roof of the low, long building
erected by Patsy7, the wealthy potlach-giver, for the uses of his
friends, and under the roof of which the ceremonies would take
place. Down the bay could be seen coming potlach ward many
canoes loaded with aborigines from Skagit, Snoqualmie, Skoko-
mish, Port Madison, Neah Bay, and even from Quillayute,
Quinalt, and " Kaouk," or Lake of the Sun, on the Pacific Coast.
At dark the opening ceremonies were to take place, and while
the Indian is slow, dignified, and quiet, while he is reserved and
stoical, yet he is fond of ceremony, and will make every effort
to be present at the opening of every great pow-wow. By dark
on the evening of the 3d, fully five hundred Indians were camped
in and around the potlach grounds. As the sun descended
behind the Olympics its last rays, falling across the Avaters of
this beautiful bay, lit up a scene truly barbaric. Upon the
beach, pulled high above the tide, were the great war canoes of
the coast tribes, as well as the smaller but equally well made
and gaudily painted ' canims ~ of the Sound Indians. On a
grassy spot of about two acres in extent and not more than
ten feet above the ' salt-chuck,' Patsy, the potlach-giver, had
erected of old boards and refuse lumber a building one hundred
feet long by forty wide, and had covered the entire structure
with thin white cloth purchased at the Hadlock mill store.
The balance of the open space was filled with tents and every
variety of Indian shelter. The whole space was crowded Avith a
moving throng of Indians, talking and shouting, Avith many
motions and much excitement, carrying their property of every
description from their canoes to their temporary homes, and all
engaged in getting their quarters into proper shape for the night
and the coming ceremonies.
" Patsy, the potlach-giver, went around among the arrivals and
distributed stores of crackers and other eatables, so that every
person present Avas supplied with food and shelter. After a
hearty supper, everybody, including the ' Boston ' present,
gathered in the great potlach house. A door at each end gave
entrance and exit. There was no window, and no necessity for
one, as the nature of the roof afforded a light equal to that out-

sTT^u^ /^2

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 339
side in the daytime, the whole building being lighted at night
by coal-oil lamps fastened to great posts down the centre of the
room. On either side, the full length of the building, a shelf -
like platform had been built about two feet high and four feet
wide, and upon this reclined all these five hundred Indians,
clothed in their many-colored and ill-fitting garments and smell
ing of fish, good, bad, and indifferent, but especially indifferent.
Patsy, the giver of feasts, the open-hearted potlach-giver, is a
native of the Skokomish country, and was born on the portage
between North Bay and Hood's Canal. His Indian name is
' Shupald.' He is a heavy-set man, bow-legged and fishy, and
wears an old cap, heavy brogans, brown and very greasy over
alls, a checkered shirt, and a cast-off coat of ancient pattern,
with a bright handkerchief around his neck, a stubby beard, a
flat nose, broad face, thick lips, and black, beady eyes, with a
complexion originally bronze, but colored and grimed with the
smoke of full sixty years — a sketch which completes a rather
flattering picture of the host of the evening.
" It was whispered that part of the ceremonies in the next two
days would be the binding in marriage to Patsy of the new
wives, the daughters of Snohomish ; but the Prince of Wales, the
head of the noble House of York, who sports brass buttons and
represents the whole dignity of the United States Government
by his appointment on the Indian police force, assured inquirers
that no polygamous marriages were allowed by him ; that in the
past, in ' Ahncutty,' in good old days the giver of feasts, at the
ceremonies of the ' potlach,' would take new wives ; but a vulgar
prejudice on the part of the Indian agent now prevents this old
custom. ' Aunt Sally ' is the Boston name for Shupald's wife.
She is an ancient Klootchman, pierced- nosed, flat-headed, and
frowsy, and born Squaxinward, many, many years ago. A
great cub of a son, heir to Shupald's honor, completes the family
that is for the time the centre of attraction, the potlach -givers,
the most aristocratic of Twana aristocrats. The Si wash four
hundred are gathered in the great hall, and a Snohomish brave
advances to the centre of the room and announces in a loud
voice the opening ceremonies. He speaks of the coming potlach,
of the goodness of Shupald, of his wealth and the glory that he
obtains by giving in potlach. He then turns Snohomishward,
and many an Indian face streamed with tears as he spoke of the

340 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
great gatherings of their fathers, of the times that would never
return, of the departed glory of their race, of the dwindling
tribes, and the fading away of their olden customs.
" He then announced that the Snohomish people would enter
tain the assembly by exercises, and at once proceeded to call out
in a loud voice the words of songs. Slowly, laboriously, and
coldly the Snohomish joined in the guttural song, keeping time
by walking and leaping around the room. A verse would be
announced by- the leader during a moment of silence and wait
ing, which would at once be taken up by the tribe and sung
three times over, and ending with a general squatting motion
and a loud ' ho.' At an opportune moment the leader would
again recount the glories of the tribe, and this Snohomish enter
tainment went on in this way until a late hour at night. When
we saw the last, the dance was in the dizziest whirl, and loud
rose the voices of the dancers, while the raised platform along
the sides of the ' rancherie ' were lined with sleeping forms that
even excitement and the traditions of the ' Snoho ' people had
not kept awake. GIVING AWAY HIS SUBSTANCE.
" On the morning of the Fourth the throng gathered again in
the banquet hall, and Patsy — Shupald— the potlach-giver, divided
boxes of eatables, crackers, and other prepared foods of ' Bos
ton ' manufacture among his friends. They were seated around
the hall, silent and grave ; the host's assistants were carrying the
loaded boxes in from the storehouse, and while some were break
ing them open, Patsy, with pride and happiness fairly beam
ing upon his face, was engaged in handing out to others their
contents, who distributed them, laying each gift at the feet of
the person for whom it was intended, informing him that it was
from Shupald. That ' it is better to give than to receive ' is fully
exemplified by these unorthodox Siwash, for so little do they
think of the receipt of potlach valuables, that they take it as a
matter of course, and utter no word of thanks, wdiile to the
giver lifelong credit attaches.
" Late in the evening the Indians began to congregate upon the
potlach ground from the Boston man's Fourth of July festivi-

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 341
ties, and when we crossed the bay at dark to the camp every
thing was excitement in anticipation of the event of the season.
All Siwashdom, the entire four hundred, would hold a great ball
in the potlach house, given by the Clallam people, and it was
expected to be the grandest for many years.
" The dance began early in the evening, and between the songs
and the dances different old Indians made speeches in their
native tongue of a character to excite the dancers all the more.
The glories of the Clallam nation were recounted ; the daring of
Makah whale-hunters, of Quilla-ayute elk- slayers, of Snohomish
salmon-catchers, and of the various feats of daring performed
by various individual members of their tribe were retold to an
interested and thoroughly appreciative audience. The dancing
waxed faster and the music louder as the songs and oft-repeated
tales warmed the blood of the listeners. The Siwash audience
applauded each new song, and shouted with pride at every tale
of glory.
' ' Of the dancers, about one third were women ranged in a line
up and down the hall on the south side, while the men occupied
the centre. They danced backward and forward, lengthwise of
the hall, and as the stories grew louder and the songs more fre
quent, the dancing became more animated. Guns, paddles,
spears, and war clubs were waved in the air by the fur-covered
aborigines, who danced rapidly from one foot to another, while
occupying positions with their arms above their heads, and every
power of lung exerted in song or in shouts of approval and
triumph. The row of blanket-covered Klootchmen, with flying
feathery white hair and faces streaming with perspiration, rap
idly dancing backward and forward, up and down the length of
the hundred-foot ' potlach ' hall, filled to the roof on either
side by the crowd of gayly colored and highly excited Indians,
made indeed a barbaric scene. Decrepit old hags, toothless and
bent with years of clam-digging, became young and vigorous
under the inspiration of the occasion, and danced like howling
demons, flying from end to end of the great hall as though age
and rheumatism of sixty years of tent life had not touched
them. Old men, aged and gray, straightened and danced Avith
the suppleness of youth, and as the music grew louder and the
dance faster their voices grew stronger, and possibly never in

342 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Clallamdom had a more thoroughly Indian dance been danced
or an Indian song been sung.
THE POTLACH PROPER.
"Bright and early on Sunday morning the 'potlach' proper
began. All else had been ceremony — social, religious, and patri
otic ; but the purpose of the assemblage was the ' potlach, ' which
now began. The entire multitude was gathered in the house,
and quietness and peace ruled the hour. The visitors had per
formed their part, and now merely waited for Shupald to do his.
At the west end of the hall boxes and packages were being
broken open and the contents arranged on the floor by Shupald
and his friend, ' Skokomish Jim,' Di-Dah-Quah. Great bolts
of calico of the hues so pleasing to the Indian eye were being
unrolled and cut into lengths sufficient for a dress by the Indian
women. Upon a motion from Shupald, Sally, the frowsy7, the
aristocratic wife, who smelled of flsh and various other things,
was loaded with strips of calico about six yards long, of all
colors and varieties. They put as many pieces of cloth across
her arm as she could conveniently manage, and she started down
the hall, distributing the cloth to every female in the house.
The crisp, new calico dragged in a long trail behind her, and she
continued to load her left arm and drag the cloth around the
room until every Klootchman had received a dress, and thus dis
tributing more than fifteen hundred yards of new calico to the
friends of her husband, Patsy, the noble Shupald, the potlach-
giver. Many baskets and other feminine trinkets were also dis
tributed by Sally. During the time of the distribution of the
calico Patsy stood amid the packages of goods and spoke to the
people ; he told them how much he loved his friends, and spoke
particularly of many with whom he had been raised ; and when
he referred to his age and numerous friends who were dead, and
of the possibility that he would never again meet those who
were present at a potlach, he broke down and cried, and many
an old Indian around the room showed equal signs of feeling
and sympathy. A fitting reply was made to Patsy's speech by
an Indian, who was applauded when he spoke of Patsy's gener
osity and of the honor due him for giving the potlach.
" After distributing the calico and other feminine trinkets, the

EngZfyF G_K&man 1

^^Cl^^v a^i^r oLe^t

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 345
' chickamin potlach ' took place — in other words, Patsy's money
was distributed. The money was entirely in silver, and the bags
containing it were carried into the centre of the room and it was
poured out on the floor. Patsy' s son furnished about one third
of the money, and from the interest that Aunt Sally exhibited
in this part of the ceremony, it was quite clear to my mind that
she, too, had assisted in gathering the purse. These three
squatted around the pile and, assisted by the " Prince of Wales,"
sorted the money into various little heaps. After consultation
a sum— say two dollars — would be handed to Di-Dah-Quah, the
master of ceremonies, who would rise on his toes and hold the
money at arm's length above his head and call out the name of
the person for whom it was intended. A carrier would then re
ceive the money and take it to the person named, who would
slip it in his pocket without a word of thanks or otherwise.
Slowly and carefully the whole of Patsy's money was distributed
in this wray to his friends, and by two o'clock in the afternoon no
one Avas so poor as Patsy. The saving of a lifetime had been
potlached to his friends. About two thousand dollars in cash
had been given away in one day, and his entire worldly posses
sions now consisted of his family and the clothes upon his back.
But he had gained social distinction. He was the Ward McAl
lister of the Siwash Four Hundred ; of the select, the selectest ;
of the blue-blooded, the bluest. He now sailed upon the top
most crest of the social wave, and was the envy of all, save
possibly some degenerated Siwash that had learned that money
among the ' Bostons ' counted for more than social distinction
among the Siwash.
" The moment the last dollar was potlached the meeting broke
up and everybody hastened to load the canoes for departure.
Some of the young men quickly stripped the white cloth roof
from the house, the tents were pulled down, and all the ' iktas '
kids and cats were hastily packed into the canoes, and soon the
entire assemblage was homeward bound. Aunt Sally, however,
lingered. After the last canoe had pushed off she entered the
banquet hall, now deserted and roofless, and struck up a wild
Indian song in glory of Patsy, the potlach-giver, and accom
panied her loud, cracked voice by beating upon a board. Quickly
we gathered around and assisted the old lady to the best of our
ability in the performance. For a short time she continued to

346 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
sing and dance and then subsided, and the potlach was
ended." Who shall say, after reading Judge Wickersham' s graphic
account of the potlach party, that the Indian is degenerate ? If
the Vanderbilts and Astors of to-day were to follow so laudable
an example, what scribe would not be pleased to sit an honored
guest at so generous a feast ?

CONTINUED IN VOLUME II.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

INTRODUCTION.
The mass of biographical matter with which some unthinking critics may be
disposed to consider our historical text unduly encumbered has a deeper mean
ing than might at first sight appear. It is neither wanting in utility nor question
able in taste to blend these humble logs of life's every-day, commonplace voyages
with the grander story of the birth, struggles, rise, and progress of the sovereign
State whose history we have followed. As for these recorded lives, whether its
subject be a simple farmer, learned judge, or accomplished professional, the out
come of the workshop or the ripened brain fruit of academic training, each and
all are but units in the sum total of Washington's success — a factor more or less
important in the founding and upbuilding, morally and politically, of its newly
born commonwealth, none so poor or unfruitful as not to become a teacher to
those who scan her progress aright, nor yet any so apparently prolific in success
as to discourage emulation. They have a common lesson, each in its way bear
ing evidences of earnest struggle, of difficulties overcome, obstacles ignored or
even turned into elements of final triumph by victories hard wrung from adverse
circumstance. It may be objected that these personal narratives are oppressive
in their sameness— a prairie land, so to speak, of dreary, monotonous flatness
unrelieved by striking incidents, and only here and there diversified by eminences
of legislative, judicial, or professional celebrities, occurring so few and far be
tween as only to enhance its general wearisomeness and render it more notice
able. The majority of our subjects are, as will be perceived almost at a glance,
farmers, men of small beginnings, stock-raisers, lumbermen, merchants, or
traders, whose story runs somewhat as follows : A common school education in
the Eastern or Middle States, necessarily limited by their surroundings, followed
by apprenticeship to some trade or even harder labor in the paternal fields ; then
come years of wanderings, object lessons in the stern and bitter school of daily
experience ; a journey across the plains ; unwritten dangers, privations, and migra
tions ; then settlement in Washington Territory ; the taking up of a claim ;
the battle with the wilderness ; the breaking of the virgin prairie, or yet more
difficult assault upon the primitive forest — all resulting after years of toil in the
acquisition of that financial independence which is the hope and ultimate crown
of "that unconquerable effort, so peculiarly American, that goes to prove the
true and unquestionable manhood of him who exercises it. Let none call these
lives useless, or attempt to confine their influence to the individuals in question.
What constitutes a State, in the truest acceptation of the term, if it be not the

348 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
existence and presence of such as these, the pith and marrow, the bone and sinew
of every land ? And braided with and inseparable from them in the unity of
usefulness are those more highly favored ones who entered the arena full armed,
Minerva-like, springing from the Jovian brain of Education to adorn the bench,
the legislature, or some field of professional research, each in his or her place —
for to her pioneer woman the State of Washington owes as much, or more, than
to her men as set in the order of Almighty Providence working and " building
far better than they then knew," for though apparently only striving for self,
they were in reality laying the foundations and raising the pillars upon which in
the years to come was to rise the superstructure of this glorious "Evergreen
State." What, then, have they wrought ? Our answer must be but a repetition
of that made to him who, lost amid the grandeur of St. Paul's Cathedral, looks
about among the crowded testimonials to departed worth and genius, in vain for
that dedicated to its builder, but finally discovers the inscription, " If you ask
his monument, look around you and see." Look about you, then, if you would
behold inscribed upon the face of nature, as she stands regenerated from the
savagery of the wilderness, the story of these hardy pioneers. They speak to
you in smiling homes, in fields ripe to harvest, in the hum of busy cities, in the
white sails dotting the placid waters of Puget Sound, in the temples of trade and
the spires that point heavenward, in the laden orchard trees, the clustering hops,
and the cattle upon a thousand hills. And not only in these material things, but
in the voice of eloquence, the wise and just exposition and application of law,
the elaboration of an educational system which offers to the child of the poorest
settler far greater advantages than their fathers ever enjoyed. All these and
many more are born of such lives and experiences as you will find recorded here
— evidences of success and monuments of encouragement to those just putting
on the armor of life's battle, weapons welded and annealed in the furnace of
humble endeavor and patient endurance by those who are about laying it aside
forever, but whose example will live after them to strengthen the hearts of
strivers still unborn, and leave their impress upon generations yet to be. Who,
then, but the superficial observer shall dare to declare that these life histories are
less valuable than the record of the State planted by their courage, wisdom, and
determination on tbe shores of this Northwestern coast — lives which are not an
external, but an integer and inseparable part of the State itself, for they grew up
together, as intimately associated as the grain, the blade, and the tasselled ear in
the ripened corn.
Stevens, Hon. Isaac, was born at Andover, Mass., March 18th, 1818 ; gradu
ated from AVest Point in the class of 1839, of which he stood at the head, and
was immediately thereafter commissioned Second Lieutenant of Engineers. In
1840 he was promoted to a first lieutenancy. In the war with Mexico (184(5-48)
he served on the staff of General Scott, and for gallant and meritorious services
at Contreras, Churubusco, and Chapultepec earned the brevet rank of Major.
He was severely wounded in the capture of the city of Mexico, from the effects
of which he suffered during life. At the close of that war Alexander Dallas
Bache, Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, appointed him Chief
Clerk in charge of the office at Washington, D. C, a position he resigned in

/%u

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 351
March, 1853, and also his commission in tho United States Army, to accept the
first governorship of Washington Territory. He journeyed thither across the
continent, exploring a route from the headwaters of the Mississippi River to
Puget Sound.
He entered the Territory on September 29th, 1853, and assumed the perform
ance of his gubernatorial duties. He issued his proclamation thereof at the
crossing of the dividing ridge on the summit of the Rocky Mountains bearing
that date. During the years 1854 and 1855, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs,
he concluded treaties with the native Indian tribes within the Territory, by which
the so-called Indian title to an area of land including 100,000 square miles was
extinguished. In the latter year he served as a member of the Joint Commission
to effect peace between the tribes divided by the Rocky Mountains — viz., the
Blackfeet and other nations in the buffalo country east of the mountains, and
those tribes upon the western side whose necessities compelled them to cross the
mountains in quest of buffalo, at that time and prior thereto the great source of
supply of food and raiment to the aborigines. During his absence at the Black
feet Council, the Indian war of 1855-56 had been inaugurated. Upon his return
to Olympia he called out one thousand volunteers, assumed general direction as
Commander-in-chief, and prosecuted the war with vigor until peace was restored
in the fall of 1856. In July, 1857, he was chosen Delegate to Congress, and
served with credit to himself and benefit for his Territory for two terms, ending
March 3d, 1861.
Early after the breaking out of the Rebellion he hastened East, and offered
his services for the preservation of the Union and the perpetuity of the life of the
nation. They were accepted, and he was appointed Colonel of the Seventy-ninth
Regiment, New York Volunteers (the Highlanders). Eight companies of that
regiment, dissatisfied with being commanded by a West Point officer, mutinied ;
but his resolute courage and energetic conduct restored discipline, and he soon
became the idol of his regiment. Gaining distinction in many engagements in
which he took a conspicuous part, he had been promoted (July 4th, 1862)
Major-General United States Volunteers.
On the morning of September 1st, 1862, his division encountered the Confed
erate forces near Chantilly, Va. Major-General Stevens, with his characteristic
dash, seized the colors of his old regiment (their color sergeant had just fallen,
and the line was wavering). On foot, at the head of that regiment, bearing aloft
those colors with his own hands, and while cheering his old comrades, his gal
lantry animating the whole division, he was shot through the head and instantly
killed, and when his body was found among the piles of slain, in his death giip
was clenched the flagstaff he had so gallantly borne in the face of the foe. That
check of the Confederate advance, which he there and then had caused, afforded
the precious time and opportunity so needed on that day of gloom and saddened
memory to put the nation's capital in a state of defence, and prevent its fall into
the hands of the enemy.
Baker, Dr. Dorset S., was born in Wabash County, 111 , on October 18th,
1823. It was this section of country that produced so many illustrious men, of
whom Lincoln, LogaD, and Edwin S. Baker were notable examples. Dr. Baker
16

352 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
came of Puritan stock, and numbered among his ancestors General Ethan Allen,
of Ticonderoga fame. While young Baker was a boy in his teens his father was
engaged in milling and merchandising, in the management of which he assisted ;
he thus acquired business experience and training that was useful in later life.
In 1845 he graduated from the Jefferson Medical College, of Philadelphia. After
practising his profession for a short time at Des Moines, la., he determined to try
his fortune on the shores of the Pacific. Accordingly, in 1848, prior to the dis
covery of gold in California, he set out for Oregon, where, in the fall of the same
year, he arrived, without friends or fortune. He began at once the practice of
his profession at Portland, then a small town.
Gold was discovered in California the following year, and the young doctor
joined the rush to the gold fields. He remained in California till the spring of
1850, when he returned to Portland and entered into a partnership with L. B.
Hastings in the general merchandise business. He again went to the mines the
following spring, taking an ox team loaded with supplies to Yreka, then a newly
discovered mining camp. Returning to Oregon in May of the same year, he
located in the Umpqua valley, where for several years he was variously engaged
in stock-raising, milling, and general merchandising. In 1858 we find him again
in Portland engaged in the hardware business. In 1860 he established a store in
Walla Walla, and placed William Stevens in charge as manager. In 1861 he
took personal charge of the business, and in 1862 formed a partnership with his
brother-in-law, John F. Boyer, and established the firm of Baker & Boyer, so
well and so favorably known in Eastern Washington. In 1862 he associated
himself with Captain Ankeny, H. W. Corbett, and Captain Baughman, and
organized a steamboat company for the purpose of running a line of boats on the
Columbia and Snake rivers. This company built the steamer Spray for the upper
river trade, and put a steamer named the E. D. Baker on the lower Columbia.
These lines were sold out the following year to the O. S. N. Co.
Some nine years later we find him engaged in the construction of a line of
railroad from Walla Walla to the Columbia River. This he built almost unaid
ed, and from his own personal resources, after overcoming unnumbered difficul
ties. Despite prophecies of his friends and enemies alike that this undertaking
would end in disaster, he lived to see it a great success, not only adding largely
to his personal fortune, but bringing great prosperity to the entire Walla Walla
country. It was ever his pride and boast that during his ownership and manage
ment of the Walla Walla and Columbia River Railroad it was never encumbered
with a mortgage and never had a floating debt. This road was finally sold in 1878
to the Villard syndicate, and became a part of the Oregon Railway and Naviga
tion Company's system.
Dr. Baker devoted the remaining years of his life to banking and the inaugu
ration of various enterprises in and about Walla Walla. He died at his home in
Walla Walla, in July, 1888, at the age of sixty-five years, universally lamented
by the community in which he had lived for so many years, and who had come
to regard him as their ablest and most enterprising citizen. A fine monument of
granite, emblematic of his rugged strength of character, in the city of Walla
Walla cemetery, marks his resting place. His most lasting monument, however,
is in the grateful memory of his appreciative fellow-citizens.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 353
In the history of communities and States there are always figures that stand
up like lofty mountain peaks, that lift themselves above their fellows. In the
history of Washington there is no more commanding figure than that of Dr.
Dorsey S. Baker. His life was an illustration of what can be accomplished by
energy, courage, perseverance, and self-denial, coupled with integrity of char
acter. Haller, Colokel Granville O., U. S. A., retired, was born in York, Pa.,
January 31st, 1819. His father, George Haller, died when he was but two years
old, but through the devotion and self-sacrifice of his mother he was enabled to
acquire a liberal education. It was her intention that Granville should be fitted
for the ministry, but conscientious scruples on his part prevented him from adopt
ing that profession. In 1839 a vacancy belonging to his district occurred at
West Point, and he became an applicant for the place. The Hon. Joel R. Poin
sett, Secretary of War, decided that the applicant receiving the recommendation
of the Representative of the district should secure the appointment. Haller re
ceived the recommendation, but failed .to secure the appointment. Walter S.
Franklin, of York, Pa., Clerk of the House of Representatives, and a. warm friend
of Hon. James Buchanan, Senator from Pennsylvania, had recently died, when
Senator Buchanan strongly urged that his son, William B. Franklin, be appoint
ed to the vacant cadetship. The latter was thereupon appointed to West Point,
and Haller was invited to appear before a board of military officers in Washington
City, for examination as to his fitness for the military profession. He presented
himself, was examined, and on November 17th, 1839, was commissioned a Sec
ond Lieutenant in the Fourth Regiment, U. S. Infantry, being at that time not
quite twenty-one years of age. Lieutenant Haller served in the Seminole War in
Florida in 1841-42, and is frequently mentioned in Sprague's history of " The
Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the Florida War." He was Adjutant of the
Fourth Infantry from January 1st, 1843, until his resignation, September 10th,
1845, and was promoted to be First Lieutenant July 12th, 1846. He was Brigade
Major of the Third Brigade, U. S. Regulars, under General Taylor, in Texas, in
1845, until relieved for duty as Assistant Commissary of Subsistence to the bri
gade. He served under General Taylor in Mexico until after the capture of Mon
terey, when the Fourth Infantry was transferred to General Worth's division and
ordered to join General Scott's command at Vera Cruz. Lieutenant Haller was
iii every battle and capture of the city of Mexico with General Worth's division.
For " gallant and meritorious conduct" at the storming of Molino del Rey, Sep
tember 8th, 1847, he was breveted Captain, and was breveted Major September
13th, 1847, for "gallant and meritorious conduct" at Chapultepec. January
1st, 1848, he was promoted to Captain in the Fourth Infantry.
In 1852 Brevet-Major Haller, under command of Major Rains, Fourth Infantry,
embarked on the Fredonia, a U. S. store ship, with his company, "I," and
Brevet-Major Larned's company, "A," Fourth Infantry, in charge of the regi
mental baggage, and sailed via Cape Horn, reaching Washington Territory in
June, 1853. After a brief rest at Fort Vancouver, Haller was ordered to Fort
Dalles, Oregon. Toward the fall of 1854 news was received of the massacre by
Indians, on the Boise River, of Mr. Ward and family and other immigrants, when

354 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Major Haller, with a command of twenty-six soldiers, with Lieutenant MacFeely
as Acting Assistant Quartermaster and Acting Assistant Commissary of Subsist
ence, and Dr. Suckley, Assistant Surgeon U. S. A., were dispatched to give pro
tection to immigrant trains, and, if possible, to punish the Indians. On the road
they were re-enforced by a party of mounted volunteers, under Captain Nathan
Olney. They suffered many privations in consequence of short rations, due to
numerous immigrants joining voluntarily to punish the assassins. They arrested
four Indians who had been engaged in the murders, were examined by a military
commission and admitted their guilt. One was shot while trying to escape, and
the others were hung on the massacre grounds, about thirty miles east of the
Hudson's Bay Company's old Fort Boise.
In the following spring General Wool ordered Major Haller, with parts of two
infantry companies, and a detachment of Third Artillery, under Lieutenant Day,
"to return to give protection to immigrants, and again make a search for the mur
derers. This expedition was more successful, owing to the fact that it learned
that the murderers had retained one shod horse and one mule that belonged to
the Ward train, and finding their tracks, the savages were pursued as far as Foit
Lemhi, on the headwaters of tbe Missouri River ; on the retuin trip by another
route they again discovered the trail, pursued and captured the band, and hung
tlie guilty ones. On his return to Fort Dalles, Major Haller found that the Yakima
Indians were about to take the war-path, and that Major Bolan, the Indian sub-
agent, had been murdered. He organized two companies of fifty men each, be
lieving that he would be ordered against the hostiles with all the forces avail
able, but the report sent to Major Rains, who had been transferred to Fort Van
couver, made little impression. Finally Acting Governor Mason requested that a
command be sent into the Yakima country to demand the murderers of Mattice
and another, miners who had been killed while passing through the country.
Major Rains ordered one company at Fort Dalles, Oregon, to be sent, but by the
time the order was received Major Haller had the provisions packed and across
the river, and assumed the responsibility of going with the two companies rather
than send one. The march began October 3d, 1855. Late in the afternoon of
October 6th, while descending the heights along Toppimish Creek, they discov
ered a considerable body of Indians in their front. After a vigorous charge the
Indians fled, and darkness coming on, the command camped for the night near
the battle-ground. Early next morning they were surrounded by the enemy,
variously estimated from five to seven hundred in number, who were greatly re-en
forced at intervals during the day, increasing their number to about fourteen
hundred. The Indians were led by Kamiaken's brother, the war chief. Major
Haller's troops, though greatly outnumbered, maintained their position all
that day, and by repeated bayonet charges drove away numerous Indian war
riors who had made, or were making, rifle pits within close quarters. Up to
Sunday night the loss had been two soldiers killed and thirteen wounded. Find
ing the force inadequate, it was deemed advisable to return to Fort Dalles while
the march was practicable and get a sufficient force to subdue the enemy. The
movement began on the 7th ; soon after the Indians withdrew, proceeding to the
north near sundown. In making the march in the dark the rear guard became
separated from the advance, and a halt was made near the summit of the moun-

^U^^p^^6^ Ux^mw,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 357
tain to wait for them, but they had taken a different trail, so early on the morn
ing of the 8th the march to the Dalles was resumed, when the Indians pursued,
and a running fight ensued which lasted several hours, when the command halted
to re3t, fill their cartridge boxes and clean their muskets. Before sundown the
Indians were again charged and driven out of the timber, after which the troops
were not molested. The command overtook the rear guard that night, and reached
Fort Dalles on the morning of October 10th, bringing with them the wounded, leav
ing four dead on the field. Trie total loss was five killed and seventeen wounded.
The great number of Indians to oppose this expedition alarmed the whites and
roused the people to a sense of their danger ; volunteers were called out, and the
department commander, Major Rains, took the field with all the Regulars at his
command. Major Rains, with six companies of Regulars, and Colonel Nesmith,
with six companies of mounted Oregon Volunteers, shortly after invaded the Yaki
ma country and met the forces of Kamiaken near the Two Buttes, at the mouth of
Attanum Creek, and held them there until sunset, when they were driven from
the plain and butte by a charge of Major Haller's company, supported by that of
Captain Augur's, both of the Fourth U. S. Infantry. On the next day the Ind
ians fled across the Columbia River, snow having fallen, which would betray the
lurking places of the hostile Indians and deprive the cavalry horses of pasture,
causing them to turn back to the Dalles for forage, and, no enemy within reach
of the infantry, the campaign was ended by a return to Fort Dalles. In the fol
lowing Spring Colonel George Wright arrived from the East with the Ninth In
fantry and assumed command. The day he marched out from Fort Dalles intend
ing to overawe the Indians of the Walla Walla country the massacre at the Cas
cades occurred, which caused him to countermarch his command and proceed in
steamers to the Cascades of the Columbia River to drive away the hostiles. Re
turning to the Dalles, he crossed the Columbia and invaded Kamiaken's country.
At Quiwiches Creek, three miles in front of the Natches River, he met a large
body of Kamiaken's warriors prepared to resist his advance. Colonel Wright
sent for Major Haller's company to increase his force, and then offered the Indians
peace on condition that they would cease to molest the whites, return to their
homes, and obey the agents appointed for their protection, or he would overrun
their country and destroy the very last hostile Indian. Kamit.ken advised his
people to accept the terms, and Owhi, his brother, the next in rank, agreed to
meet Colonel Wright at the crossing of the Natches River. At this interview all
was satisfactory until Owhi was told that his people must give up all the horses
and mules stolen from the whites. As they from time immemorial regarded a cap
ture as valid as a purchase, the Indians thereupon declined to give up the stolen
property and dispersed, leaving Colonel Wright without an enemy. Selecting
Simcoe for a military station, he left a battalion under Major Robert Garnett,
Ninth U. S. Infantry, to erect the building and garrison it, while he located the
companies of Brevet-Major Haller, Fourth Infantry, and Captain Archer, Ninth
Infantry, in the Kittitas valley to observe and threaten that region.
In the fall of 1856 Haller was ordered to establish a military post on Puget
Sound, near Port Townsend. He located his barracks some three miles up the
bay, and with much difficulty erected the necessary buildings for the garrison, as
the Caribou gold mines caused constant desertions, in consequence of the fabu-

358 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Ious reports of gold found there. The garrison at this post, while under Haller's
command, made frequent excursions against the Northern Indians, and rendered
valuable assistance in protecting tbe settlers.
In 1859 General Harney, having been assigned to the command of the Depart
ment of the Columbia, visited the posts on Puget Sound for inspection. He
ordered Captain Pickett's company to remove from Fort Bellingham to San Juan
Island, and Major Haller's company to repair to Fort Steilacoom. This was at
the very moment the commissioners appointed by the United States and Great
Britain were engaged in determining the water boundary between the United
States and British possessions, and involved the location of San Juan Island. At
this time the Navy Department had transferred to the Quartermaster Depart
ment, U. S. Army, the steamship Massachusetts, four guns, to cruise the sound
and remove the foreign Indians. Major Haller's company was assigned to this
duty, and while patrolling the waters of the sound he met a boat sent out to ad
vise him that the Nooksachk Indians had entered Whatcom in war paint, which
resulted in their killing a citizen, when the inhabitants fired on them, killing
four Indians. Haller landed his company at Whatcom, marched out to the Nook
sachk River, and demanded the war party as hostages to preserve peace. They
were surrendered, and the boundary commissioners were thus enabled to pursue
their surveys, etc., without fear of hostile Indians. This was followed by the
San Juan Island difficulty, when Haller was directed to land on San Juan Island,
to which all General Harney's forces had been ordered, and participated in the
occupation. He was in command of the American forces when General Scott
arrived — Lieutenant-Colonel Casey being absent on court-martial duty at Van
couver barracks. The intimate relations of Major Haller with his district com
mander and with Captain Pickett made him familiar with every phase of the San
Juan difficulty. Tlie offensive position assumed by Captain Pickett toward the
claims of the British Government rendered him obnoxious to the Governor of
British Columbia and Her Majesty's officers of the navy, and at their request
General Scott relieved Captain Pickett and stationed Captain Hunt's company,
Fourth Infantry, on the island. General Scott readily conceded what Captain
Pickett had refused — viz., joint occupation by a limited number of soldiers until
the boundary question was definitely adjusted.
Major Haller was assigned to the command of tbe military post of Fort Mo-
jave, Arizona, in 18G0, and early in 1861 was ordered to San Diego, Cal., and
finally to New York to join the Union army, then being organized by General
McClellan. On his arrival he found he had been promoted to Major of the
Seventh Infantry, September 25th, 1861. This regiment had become prisoners of
war in Texas, and were not at liberty to engage against the Confederate troops
until exchanged. Accordingly, Major Haller reported to General McClellan,
and was attached to the Piovost-Marshal-General's staff. Soon afterward he
was appointed Commandant-General of the general headquarters on McClellan's
staff, and the Ninety-third New York Volunteers were placed under his command
as general headquarters guard, and, when required, as guard to prisoners of war
captured on the field. He was thus employed during the Virginia and Maryland
campaigns under McClellan, the subsequent campaign of Burnside, and a short
time under Hooker. He was then designated to perform the duties of Provost-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 359
Marshal-General of Maryland, but upon the invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee, he
was attached to General Couch's staff, whose headquarters were at Harrisburg.
He was detached to York and Gettysburg to muster in volunteers, obtain informa
tion of the movements of the Confederate army, and to order the citizens to re
move their horses, wagons, and farm stock across the Susquehanna, as a visit
from the rebel army in that direction was apprehended.
In July, 1863, General Couch received orders to relieve Haller, who, upon re
porting to the Adjutant-General, United States Army, was informed that he had
been dismissed July 25th, 1863, " for disloyal conduct and the utterance of dis
loyal sentiments." Haller's appeals for a hearing were peremptorily refused.
By joint resolution of Congress, March 3d, 1879, sixteen years afterward; he was
allowed a court of inquiry. The trial took place in Washington City, and he was
completely exonerated, the court holding . that there was not sufficient evidence
of disloyalty in conduct or sentiment to justify the allegations, and the dismissal
which had been made sixteen years before was " wrongfully." The court find
ings were approved by President Hayes, and upon the nomination of Major Haller
to be made Colonel of Infantry, United States Army, he was promptly confirmed
by the Senate, to rank from February 19th, 1873, the date he would have been
commissioned had he remained continuously in the military service. Upon the
death of Colonel Jeff C. Davis, of the Twenty- third United States Infantry, Colonel
Haller was assigned to the command of that regiment, which assignment was
confirmed by the Senate ; and thus he received a second commission, that of
Colonel of the Twenty-third Infantry, from December 11th, 1879. He served
with the Twenty-third Infantry at Camp Supply, Fort Dodge, and at Fort
Union until retired on account of age.
After his dismissal from the service in 1863 he resided in Washington Terri
tory, a great portion of the time on his farm on Whidby Island. He was also
engaged in mercantile pursuits, and conducted a water-power saw-mill near Port
Townsend for some time, which was an unprofitable venture forced upon him in
liquidation of a debt. Having established a branch store on Whidby Island, he
disposed of his interests at Port Townsend and located his family at Coupeville,
where he conducted a general merchandise store for some years. He was very
generous in furnishing goods to families on credit who were dealing their land,
some of whom he supplied year after year until they could meet their payments.
This liberality was the cause of serious embarrassment in closing his mercantile
career. In 1882 Colonel Haller was placed upon the retired list, and taking his
family back to Washington Territory, located at Seattle, where he has ever since
resided. With his estimable wife and family he is now passing his later years
quietly on Puget Sound, superintending his farming interests, and resting from
the busy life of usefulness he had given to his country.
Browne, Hon. J. J., was born in Greenville, Stark County, 0., April 28th,
1843, and at an early age removed to Columbia City, Ind. His father was a
farmer and blacksmith. His mother died before he was two years old, and he
was reared by his grandparents. He attended the common schools of Columbia
City, but desiring the advantages of a more liberal education, at the age of
eighteen he entered Wabash College, working nights and mornings to pay his

360 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
board and tuition. During his summer vacations he worked to earn means to
purchase books and clothing.
These early hardships and necessities but fitted him the better for filling the
position that later years were to bring to him. After leaving college he took a
course in law at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, graduating from the
Law Department of that institution in the class of 1868. He immediately began
the practice of his chosen profession at Oswego, Kan., remaining there until
1874. In that year he removed to Portland, Ore., and practised in that city for
the next four years. While there he served as School Superintendent of Mult
nomah County in 1876-78, having been elected to tnat office as a Democrat by
more than one hundred majority wheu the county on the general ticket was car
ried by the Republicans by more than eight hundred majority. In 1878 he set
tled at Spokane, and here engaged in the practice of law, his business extending
over Eastern Washington and Idaho, and was very remunerative for so new a
country, he realizing about $5000 a year.
Appreciating the peculiar advantage of the place for a city site — the tremen
dous water-power, the timber and mines north, and the iich agricultural lands to
the south — Mr. Browne at once set about to help build a city. After informing
himself thoroughly as to the surrounding country, he purchased a one-fourth
interest in the town, which then contained but fifty-four inhabitants, and located
a homestead claim where his home now stands. This is!now in the heart of the
best part of the city. His private interests in a few years became so large that
he was obliged to relinquish his extensive law practice and to devote his whole
time to his business affairs. Together with Mr. A. M. Cannon he built the Audi
torium Theatre Block, the handsomest structure in the city and one of the finest
in the State. In politics Mr. Browne is a stanch Democrat, and has served his
party in various capacities with distinction and ability. He was delegate from
Kansas to the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore in 1872, and was
also a delegate to the National Convention at St. Louis in 1888, serving there as
a member of the Committee on Platform and Notification. He is President of
the Browne National Bank, President of the Spokane Investment Company, ex-
President of the Spokane Mill Company, and editor and proprietor of the Spo
kane Chronicle.
Mr. Browne is a man of close observation and broad experience, eminently
practical, and of unimpeachable integrity. While engaging most actively in
commercial affairs, he has at the same time shown a deep interest in public mat
ters, and has done much to advance the causes of education and good govern
ment, serving for many years as a School Director, and he has been chiefly instru
mental in building up at Spokane a system of public schools equal to the best in
the country. He is also Chancellor of the Washington State University, located
at Seattle, in wliich institution he takes a deep interest, as he does in all matters
appertaining to education.
After Washington wa3 admitted as a State, although Mr. Browne was in the
East at the time the convention was held, without his knowledge or consent he
was nominated as a member of the Constitutional Convention and elected. He
was a prominent member and leader in that body, which was composed of the
ablest men in the State. He was Chairman of tho Committee on State, County,

niSTORY OF WASHINGTON. 363
and Municipal Indebtedness, and the article under this caption in the State Con
stitution was adopted, almost word for word, as originally written by him ; and
it is safe to say that no State in the Union has a constitutional provision upon
this subject better calculated to protect the interest of the people against extrava
gant or dishonest officials, and at the same time sufficiently elastic and liberal to
meet the growing needs of a progressive people and a great State.
Mr. Browne was raised upon a farm, and his early attachment to agriculture
and country life still clings to him. He owns a farm of about two thousand acres
some five miles from town, where he spends all the time he can spare from his
other enterprises. He gives it personal supervision, and derives a great deal of
pleasure from his farming operations — perhaps more pleasure than profit, as he is
frequently heard to say, when talking to his friends, " I am farming for pleasure
rather than profit."
Mr. Browne is pre-eminently a self-made man. His parents and grandparents
were poor and unable to give him many advantages, and yet he has been success
ful to a degree very seldom reached. He obtained an education in the face of
difficulties that but few boys in a generation have the courage or ability to over
come. Without means or influential friends, he has moved forward and upward
step by step until he has become one of the leading business men and financiers
of the Northwest, and at the same time stands high as a writer and public
speaker. He is classed to-day as one of the wealthiest men in the State, as he
certainly is one of the most influential. His love of learning and his literary taste
may be inferred from the fact that he possesses the largest private library west of
St. Paul, in which he spends all of his leisure time.
Cathcart, Isaac — Among the citizens of Snohomish who have won a high
place in the estimation of their fellow-men, and who by their exemplary lives and
energy and ability for business have made themselves a part of the history of the
State, Isaac Cathcart deserves especial mention. Coming to the Sound Country
twenty-five years ago with no other capital than a rugged constitution and a de
termination to succeed, he has, by the exercise of economy, industry, sound
business judgment, and financial ability, gained a prominent place among the
most successful business men of the Pacific Northwest. At the founding of Sno
homish he became identified with and a recognized leader and important factor
in the development and growth of the city, and his interest in her material wel
fare has never lagged.
Mr. Cathcart was born in Fermanagh County, Ireland, October 13th, 1845,
and is the son of Isaac F. and Charlotte (Bushfleld) Cathcart. He resided at
his birthplace until nineteen years of age, acquiring his early education in the
church schools. Believiug that the best chance for a young man would be found
in a newer country, he came to America in 1864. From New York he went to
Patrolia, Canada, where he spent two years in the lumber woods. He then went
into the lumber region of Michigan, where he was employed for eighteen months.
At the end of this period he determined to try his fortune in the then compara
tively unknown Northwest. Ascending the Missouri River to Fort Benton,
Mon., he set out from that place on foot, and finally reached Wallula Junc
tion, Wash., having walked six hundred and forty miles. He at once proceeded

364 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
down the Columbia to Portland, Ore., where he took passage on the steamer
Active for Port Townsend, arriving at the latter place in September, 1868, and
soon after settled at Snohomish. For the next four years he was employed in the
lumber woods along the Snohomish River. In 1 872 he built the well-known and
popular Exchange Hotel in Snohomish city, which he still owns, and a few years
later he erected the Cathcart Opera House. After operating the hotel for sixteen
years he leased it to other parties and engaged in the general merchandise busi
ness, which he still continues. Besides his extensive mercantile business, he
owns and operates one of the largest saw-mills in the county, with a capacity of
thirty thousand feet per day, and is one of the best-known lumber men on the
river, owning six thousand acres of choice timber and farming lands. He also
has extensive real estate holdings in the city.
In politics Mr. Cathcart is a zealous Republican. He was elected County
Treasurer in 1882, serving four years, and has been a member of the City Council
one term. He was married August 9th, 1876, to Miss Julia J. Johns, of Seattle,
a native of the State of Ohio. They have had four children — Isaac C, Lizzie M.,
William, and Amy (deceased).
Cole, George E. — There is probably no man in the entire State who has ex
perienced a more varied and interesting career than that covered by the life of
ex-Governor George E. Cole, of Spokane. The period was one full of the "dan
gers and excitement of frontier life, and in its variable and changeable situations
extending through a period of nearly forty-three years in Oregon as it formerly
existed — now comprising Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and that part of Montana
lying west of the Rocky Mountains. Upon his advent into this vast region ten
thousand white persons and many times that number of Indians, divided into
numerous tribes, many of whom were warlike and troublesome, constituted its
inhabitants. Governor Cole was born in Trenton, Oneida County, N. Y., December 23d,
1826. His father, Nathan Cole, was a well known character throughout the coun
ty, serving the public as a Justice of the Peace for many years. Young Cole's
early youth was spent on a farm, attending the district school during the winter
months, and putting in the summer in active out-of-docr life. After attending
the district schools, he was a student at Hobart Hall Institute, at the village of
Holland Patent, .during which he taught school in winter and attended school
during the rest of the year. In the spring of 1846 he moved to Fulton, Oswego
County, N. Y., where he clerked in a store for six months, after which he taught
school for a year and a half. In 1848 he went to the village of Corning, Steuben
County, N. Y., where ho accepted the position of Principal of the Union School.
This position he held until March, 1849, when he started overland for California.
The trip at that time, to one in this age of railroads and electricity, would seem
primitive, going down the Chemung and Susquehanna rivers on a raft to Colum
bia, Pa., thence by packet via the Juniata Canal to Hollidaysburg, and thence
over the Alleghany Mountains via the Inclined Plane Transit to Johnstown, from
there to Pittsburg by packet boat, and thence by steamer to St. Louis, arriving
there during the cholera epidemic of 1849. Here he took the cholera, and was
detained until too late to cross the plains that season. Determined not to turn

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 365
back, he went up the Mississippi River to Muscatine, la., by steamboat, thence
walking to Iowa City, the capital of the State. Here he taught school and did
copying in the office of the Secretary of State.
In March, 1850, just one year from the time he left New York, he started
overland for California. His trip to California was made with what was known
as the Iowa City Company. On May 6th they crossed the Missouri River at
Trader's Point, eight miles below what is now Council Bluffs, camping about five
miles from the river. Here he had his first experience in standing guard, the
Indians being troublesome. They reached Salt Lake City on June 26th, then a
city of about five thousand inhabitants, and camped near by for a week for rest
and supplies, starting again on their journey and arriving in Sacramento City,
Cal., on August 13th.
After his arrival Mr. Cole went to mining, operating on the American River.
About this time the war between the squatters and the city authorities occurred,
in which Mr. Cole experienced his first taste of Western martial law. Not suc
ceeding in his mining venture, he went to San Francisco, and on October 24th,
1850, took passage on the brig Reindeer, bound for the Columbia River and Port
land, touching at Umpqua River, at which place he disembarked. He and four
other passengers clubbed together and bought a canoe of the Indians and pro
ceeded to Scottsburg, then consisting of two tents and a log house with no roof.
Cole, with a companion, started on foot to go to Old Fort Umpqua, the Hudson's
Bay trading, post, then commanded by Captain Gamier, a Frenchman. There
his companion remained, Cole going on up Elk Creek to Yoncella Valley, the
home of the three brothers, Jesse, Charles, and Lindsay Applegate, Oregon
pioneers of 1843. From there he went on to Ct rvallis, known then as Marysville,
arriving November 14th, 1850. It then consisted of two houses and a log school-
house. About six miles from this point he took up a donation claim, and in the
following June was elected to the Oregon Legislature. He was re-elected the
following year. A portion of the time he engaged in placer mining in Southern
Oregon in the Rogue River valley.
On the first Sunday in June, 1853, he, with Major Lupton, rode into an Indian
ambush a few miles above Table Rock, which proved to be Cut-Face Jack's wild
band of Upper Rogue Rivers. Having met the redoubtable chief on a former
occasion, by dint of good talking — i.e., by satisfying Jack that they were not the
" Bostons'' he wanted — they were permitted to continue on their journey to Jack
sonville, their point of destination.
In 1863 he married Miss Mary E. Cardwell, of Corvallis, who had crossed the
plains from Illinois with her parents the year previous. After this Mr. Cole en
gaged in the steamboat business on the Willamette River, operating a boat from
Canema, above the Oregon City Falls, to Corvallis. Subsequently he engaged in
the mercantile business until 1858, at which time he removed to Portland, and
was appointed First United States District Clerk for Oregon upon its admission
as a State in 1859. In September, 1860, he removed with a stock of goods to
Walla Walla, then a small trading point in the Walla Walla valley. In the spring
of 1861, upon the discovery of the Oro Fino mines, he established a store there
and also at Pierce City. In 1802 he was actively engaged in the commission and
forwarding business at Lewiston.

366 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
In 1863 he was elected Delegate to Congress from Washington Territory. In
the Thirty-eighth Congress he made the acquaintance of James G. Blaine,
Samuel J. Randall, George H. Pendleton, and many others, with whom the
acquaintance was kept up for many years. He was the first Delegate to Con
gress from Eastern Washington. In 1866 he was commissioned by Andrew
Johnson as Governor of the Territory of Washington, serving until March 4th,
1867. During that year he returned to Portland, and in 1868 became actively
engaged in the construction of the Oregon and California Railroad, then being
built from Portland to Roseburg, serving there in different capacities until 1873,
at which time he was appointed Postmaster at Portland by President Grant. He
was reappointed by President Hayes, and served in that office for eight years and
three months.
In the latter part of 1881 and during the entire year of 1882 he was engaged
as contractor in the construction of the Northern Pacific Railroad along Pend
d'Oreille Lake and Clark's Fork. In 1883 he located in Spokane County, having
purchased a section of land lying between Cheney and Medical Lake, upon which
he resides. In 1888 he was elected Treasurer of Spokane County, and re-elected
in 1890, which office he held until January 9th, 1893. He contemplates spend
ing the remainder of his days on his farm as a practical farmer, an occupation in
which his boyhood days were spent, and to which more than any other he has
been attached. Though in his sixty-seventh year, he is by no means an old man,
but is strong and active, and capable as ever of laborious work both physical and
mental. Whitman, Marcus, M.D.* — A volume might be written in regard to the life
and death of this man. Hence, in the brief space here given to him, only a
synopsis of his life can be given. He was born at Rushville, N. Y., September
4th, 1802, and was the son of Beza and Alice (Green) Whitman. His father
having died in 1810, he was brought up by his paternal grandfather, at Plain-
field, Mass. There he was converted in 1819 ; and in January, 1824, he joined
the Congregational Church at his native place, of which he remained a member
until 1833, when he united with the Presbyterian Church at Wheeler, N. Y., of
which he was elected a ruling elder. In 1838 he was one of the original members
of and the elder in the Presbyterian church at Walla Walla, the first church of
that denomination on the Pacific coast.
He studied medicine under Dr. Ira Bryant, of Rushville, receiving his diploma
in 1824. He practiced four years in Canada, and afterward in Wheeler, where,
in the winter of 1834-35, he became interested in Oregon, through Rev. Samuel
Parker. He started the next spring with Mr. Parker, and went as far as the
rendezvous of the American Fur Company on Green River, when it was thought
best for the doctor to return for more missionaries, while Mr. Parker should pro
ceed and explore. On his journey he performed some very important surgical
operations on some of the mountain men, which gave him a reputation that was
of great service to him afterward. On his return he took with him two Indian
boys, who went to school that winter, and returned to Oregon with him the next
* From '.' History of Pacific Northwest."

POST FALLS— UPPER CHANNEL, NOR. PAC. R R.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 369
year. That winter he was married to Miss Narcissa Prentiss, a daughter of
Judge S. Prentiss. She was born at Prattsburg, N. Y., March 14th, 1808.
Having procured Rev. H. H. Spalding and wife and Mr. W. H. Gray, as
colaborers, in 1836 he again started for Oregon. Mrs. Whitman, with Mrs.
Spalding, made this journey mainly on horseback, the first white women to cross
the continent, an event which proved to be of very great importance to Oregon,
as far as homes and settlements were concerned. The doctor, with great diffi
culty and with no little opposition fro r othen, but with great perseverance,
took a wagon as far as Fort Boise, an event which likewise greatly affected the
destinies of Oregon.
On September 2d they reached Fort Walla Walla, one day in advance of Mr.
Spalding, and were received with great demonstrations of joy. Having visited
Fort Vancouver, in order to consult with Dr. McLoughlin, Governor of the
Hudson's Bay Company, he returned to Walla Walla and settled among the
Cayuse Indians at Waiilatpu, on the Walla Walla River, six miles from the
present city of Walla Walla.
There Alice Clarissa Whitman, the only child they ever had, was born, March
4th, 1837, believed to be the first white child born on the Northwest coast ; but
she lived to be hut little more than two years old, when, June 23d, 1839, she was
accidentally drowned in the Walla Walla River.
That was their home until the time of their death. They labored earnestly
and faithfully to teach agriculture, civilization, morals, and the Christian re
ligion ; and although but few if any of the Indians united with the Church, and
some of them helped in the massacre, yet subsequent events have shown that
some of those Cayuses were true Christians ; and the seed then sown is still
growing in the Protestant Church on the Umatilla Reservation.
In the winter of 1842-43 Dr. Whitman made his famous winter journey across
the Rocky Mountains to the Eastern States, with Hon. A. L. Lovejoy, amid great
suffering and hardships. There has been much discussion in regard to his
reasons for doing so, the editor-in-chief of this work, Colonel Elwood Evans,
taking one view and the writer another. This is not the place for much discus
sion of the subject ; but perhaps the writer may be permitted to say that to his
mind, and to that of many others, the evidence is such as to induce the belief
that he had at least four objects in view :
1. To induce the American Board to rescind the order which they had given
in 1842 to abandon the stations of Dr. Whitman and Mr. Spalding. 2. To induce
Christian lay families to come and settle in the regions of the missions, as a
nucleus for further settlements, and as a support to the missions. 3. To induce
emigrants of all kinds to come to Oregon. 4. And to do what he could to convey
such information to the authorities at Washington, that they should know of the
value of Oregon, and not trade off any part of it to Great Britain.
In the first of these objects he succeeded ; in the second he failed. According
to almost universal testimony, he did very much to aid the immigration of 1843,
the first with wagons to come successfully through ; and, in regard to the fourth,
opinions differ.
After his return his work went on until suddenly, November 29th, 1847, at his
station, the massacre occurred, in which he and his wife were killed by the

370 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Indians. On that day, and a little later, twelve others lost their lives ; and the
missions of the American Board in Oregon were broken up.
A wide discussion has taken place as to the causes of this massacre ; but this
is not the place to consider them. They fell at their post, died a martyr's death,
have been honored with a martyr's memory in this world, and a martyr's crown
in heaven. Colman, James Murray. — In a summary of the forces and agencies which
have made the city of Seattle, within the last two decades, take such rapid
strides in material greatness, the part borne by the subject of this sketch should
not be omitted. For more than twenty years he has been a conceded power for
good iu the commercial, intellectual, and moral progress of the city, and has
left in many places and on many things the impress of his individuality. Every
step of his career has been one that shows the innate strength of his character — an
iron will that no difficulties could daunt, and that failure only served to strengthen.
Mr. Colman was born in Dumferline, Fifeshire, Scotland, June 17th, 1832.
He received a thorough technical education as a machinist, and engineer in his
native country, and in 1854 came to the United States. After a brief sojourn at
Paterson, N. J,, he removed to Milwaukee, Wis., in the same year. Obtaining
employment in a large machine shop in Milwaukee, in six months' time he was
promoted to the superintendency of the shop, and continued to fill that position
until 1861. In the latter year he came to the Sound Country, and was offered
and accepted the management of a large saw-mill at Port Madison. In the
spring of 1864 he left Port Madison to assume charge of the Port Orchard Mill,
which he had purchased from Renton & Howard. In 1868 he tore down and
entirely rebuilt this mill. In the following year the property was entirely de
stroyed by fire, leaving him bankrupt and penniless. His reputation as the most
skilful machinist and millwright in the locality being thoroughly established, he
readily found employment. Hanson, Ackerman & Co., owners of the largest
saw-mill in Tacoma, were desirous of rebuilding their mill, and engaged Mr.
Colman to superintend the work, which he did to their entire satisfaction, build
ing for them one of the largest and best equipped mills on the Sound. On its
completion Mr. Colman was retained as Superintendent of the mill, and remained
in that capacity uutil June, 1872. He then removed to Seattle and leased the
old Yesler mill for three years from Preston, McKinnon & Co., of San Francisco,
and took charge of the mill. On July 23d, 1873, the Seattle and Walla Walla
Railroad Company was organized, Mr. Colman being one of the trustees and prin
cipal stockholders. On May 1st, 1874, ground was broken and the grading of
the road was begun. Some five or six miles were graded that year, but here the
enterprise languished. Capital was lacking, and the future of the road looked
dark. At this crisis Mr. Colman was urgently requested to take charge of the
road and endeavor to complete it. This was in the spring of 1875. Mr. Colman's
private business interests required all his time, but at a great personal sacrifice
he was induced to take charge of the affairs of the company. By risking every
dollar of his owu savings and straining his resources to their very utmost, he was
enabled to complete and equip the first fifteen miles of the road by March, 1877.
" In the building of the railroad he did such work as no other man ever did in

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 371
this country. He was time-keeper, book-keeper, superintendent of construction,
and master mechanic. Not a dollar was ever paid out except for a good dollar's
worth of work, and every item of expenditure was as closely watched as in the
most carefully and economically conducted private business. Every detail of the
construction was under the close personal attention of Mr. Colman, who, in addi
tion to his work on the railroad, retained the management of his own mill."
In 1879 the road was sold to Mr. Henry Villard, and in 1880 became the prop
erty of the Oregon Improvement Company. After its sale to Mr. Villard Mr.
Colman was retained as superintendent of the road, which position he filled until
failing health compelled him to retire. Iu 1876 the Yesler saw-mill, which Mr.
Colman had purchased, was entirely destroyed by fire. He erected another mill
near the railroad depot, which was sold with the road to Mr. Villard. After
leaving the employ of the railroad company in 1883 Mr. Colman made an exten
sive European trip. Returning in 1884, greatly improved in health, he invested
in coal property on the line of the Columbia and Puget Sound Railroad, and in
company with other capitalists organized the Cedar River Coal Company, and
opened the mines of that name, which he has since operated.
Mr. Colman was married in Waukesha, Wis., in 1858, to Miss Agnes Hender
son, by whom he has two sons living.
The foregoing is merely an outline of Mr. Colman's career, and gives but a
limited view of the many directions in which his active energies have found an
outlet. It furnishes but a feeble idea of the man, and no insight into his marked
individuality or the peculiarities which distinguish him from other men. Few
men possess a greater amount of physical and mental energy, or have had a more
varied experience with men or affairs. Quickly grasping any subject toward
which his mind is turned, he is fertile and original in applying means to meet
every emergency. Whatever he undertakes he goes at it with a determined
energy which seemingly has not stopped for a moment to think of defeat. While
he has been eminently successful in a personal sense, his success has been achieved
in channels which* have contributed to the public good, and he has been the
largest employer of labor in the community. He has large real estate invest
ments, and owns some of the handsomest and costliest structures in thecity. He
has a delightful social side, and finds perhaps his greatest pleasure in associating
with congenial friends. His home life has been a singularly happy one. His
wife, of refined and cultivated mind, has been truly a helpmate and companion,
and has done her full share toward creating a happy home.
Drum, Henry.— Among the younger citizens of Washington, who by their
energy, perseverance, and business tact have made a mark for themselves, no one
ranks higher than the subject of this sketch. Mr. Drum is in the truest sense of
the word a self-made man. Without inherited capital or influence, he has fought
his way from poverty and comparative obscurity, until he has attained a position
among the foremost men of Washington. He is one of the representative business
men of Tacoma, and has always taken a lively interest in its development and
prosperity. His superior executive abilities have been long recognized, and
through his well-directed energy and enterprise he has contributed much to the
commercial activity of the city.

372 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Mr. Drum was born in Girard, Macoupin County, 111., on November 21st, 1857.
His paternal grandparents were natives of South Carolina, and emigrated to
Illinois when that State was admitted to the Union, settling in Macoupin County.
Their son William, born in 1831, married Mary 8. McConaughy. She was born
in Ohio in 1830, and died in April, 1861, leaving Henry as her only child. The
father afterward married Julia F. Stewart, by whom he had two children.
William Drum is still living at Girard, 111., engaged in mercantile business.
Henry attended the public schools of his native place during his childhood,
but desiring the benefits of a more liberal education, he set to work to fit himself
for teaching, to acquire the means for the expenses of a college course. In 1874
he secured a school in his native county, where he taught successfully during the
following winter and summer. In 1875 he entered the Illinois State University
at Champaign, remaining about two years, after which he again engaged in
teaching and other employments for about a year. Again entering the univer
sity, he continued his studies until he had finished the course, working during
the interval to aid iu defraying his expenses. In 1880 he located in Farmer City,
111., and engaged in brick-making in company with R. J. Davis, now of Tacoma.
This venture did not prove a success, and in 1881 he removed to Hebron, Neb.,
and again engaged in teaching. After his first term he was offered and accepted
a position in the bank of Hon. Walter J. Thompson, of Hebron, with whom he
has ever since been associated. The year following they bought some large
tracts of wild land in Nebraska, and engaged extensively in stock-raising, in
addition to their banking interests. In the fall of 1883 Mr. Drum and Mr.
Thompson visited Washington Territory, and they were so favorably impressed
with the wonderful advantages and great future of the Pacific Slope, that they
determined to dispose of all their interests in Nebraska and settle in Tacoma.
Returning to Tacoma in the following December, they bought the Bank of New
Tacoma, the oldest financial institution in the city. They at once reorganized it
as the Merchants' National Bank, of which Mr. Drum became First Assistant
Cashier. He was soon afterward elected Cashier, and performed the duties of
that position with distinguished ability and fidelity until 1889, when he was
chosen Vice-President, which position he still holds.
In 1887 he was chosen a member of the School Board of Tacoma. His fine
business qualities and previous experience as a teacher enabled him to perform
valuable services in this position, and the present high standard and efficiency of
the public schools of the city are largely due to his efforts. He retired from the
Board as its President. In politics Mr. Drum is a strong, conservative Democrat,
but never has supported a corrupt official or candidate or a questionable party
measure. In 1888 he was nominated and elected Mayor of Tacoma, a Republican
city, over a prominent opponent ; the Republican Party at the same election
giving a majority of about three hundred for all its other candidates. To this
office he brought the same energy and public spirit which had characterized him
in his private business. TJie aggressive and business-like methods used by Mayor
Drum made him and his work appreciated, his characteristics being uniform
courtesy, intense local pride, and unswerving justice. He inaugurated public
improvements which reflect great credit on his sagacity and foresight, and entitle
him to be forever remembered with gratitude by his fellow-citizens. He was a

^Lw/^^f.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 375
faithful public servant, and his administration was in the highest degree credit
able. He was repeatedly urged to accept a renomination, but his growing private
business interests required his attention and compelled him to decline.
Upon the admission of Washington as a State, in 1889, Mr. Drum was elected
a member of the first State Senate, and was the only Democratic member of that
body. His manly course and fidelity to his duties won for him the esteem and
respect of his constituents of both parties. He exerted a great influence upon
legislation, drafting and advocating many important measures which are now on
the statute books of the State. Upon the recommendation of the Governor, Mr.
Drum was in 1889 appointed by the President Commissioner for Washington to
the World's Fair at Chicago. Iu addition to his large interest in the Merchants'
Bank he is a stockholder and director in several other important financial and
manufacturing enterprises, and has extensive investments in real estate in Tacoma
and vicinity. Mr. Drum is a prominent Mason, and has held many important
official positions in that order, including Grand Treasurer of the Grand Chapter
of Washington. In religious matters he is a Unitarian, and was one of the
founders of the Unitarian Society.
In November, 1884, Mr. Drum was married to Miss Jennie M. Thompson, a
sister of Hon. Walter J. Thompson. They have three children : Howard, Laura,
and Barbara.
Personally Mr. Drum is an unusually popular and liberal-minded gentleman.
In his social relations he is genial and unostentatious. His life has been and still
is a very busy one ; and if he has prospered beyond many of his acquaintances,
it is conceded that his prosperity is only the legitimate reward of enterprise and
earnest and honest endeavor. Of such a man the State of Washington has a
right to be proud. He commenced at the bottom of the ladder and has ascended
higher than most men ever get. He has been successful for himself and family,
and kind, helpful, and generous to the poor, and has contributed largely to the
public good in numerous ways.
Ferguson, E. C. — The development of the city of Snohomish has been largely
the result of the personal efforts of one man, E. C. Ferguson. He was born in
Westchester County, N. Y., March 5th, 1833, and enjoyed only the educational
advantages of the district schools of his native place. Believing that the best
chance for a young man was to be found in a new country, he left home at the
age of twenty-one and came to the Pacific coast via the Isthmus of Panama,
arriving in California, May 1st, 1854. There he engaged in mining and merchan
dising until 1858, and in July of that year left for the Frazer River gold fields.
In November of the same year he returned to Steilacoom, Wash., and March 1st,
1869, located on the site of the present city of Snohomish. At that time an
appropriation had been made by Congress for opening up a trail between Forts
Steilacoom and Whatcom, and anticipating the passing of this trail, Mr. Ferguson
obtained a small stock of goods and started a trading post. The appropriation
giving out before the completion of the road, Mr. Ferguson with others deter
mined to open up a trail eastward over the mountains.
In August, 1860, they packed horses by way of the Skykomish River to the
Similkameer, the Wenatchee, and the Columbia to Rock Creek and into the
17

376 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Okanogan mines. After his return from this trip Mr. Ferguson again embarked
in the merchandise business at Snohomish, which he successfully continued until
1884, when he retired. Mr. Ferguson is recognized as the father and founder of
Snohomish. He laid out the town iu 1871, and from that time to the present has
been a leader in every enterprise calculated to promote its growth in business,
wealth, and population. His financial success has been gained in channels
through which the entire community has been enriched. He owns a large amount
of city real estate, is President of the Snohomish National Bank, the Snohomish
Land Company, and the Snohomish, Skykomish and Spokane Railroad Company.
He is a stockholder in the Snohomish Electric Light Works and the Snohomish
and Everett Electric Road, and is identified with many other important enter
prises, which have felt the impress of his influence and support. Much credit is
due him for securing for the city the benefits of the Seattle, Lake Shore and
Eastern and the Great Northern Railroads.
Starting out early in life with few advantages, he has by hard labor and per
severance acquired a leading position among the business men of Washington,
and by a life characterized by sterling integrity has won the respect and confi
dence of the people. He has at different times held almost every position of
trust in the gift of his county. He was a member of the Territorial Legislature,
five terms in the Council and two teims in the House, being Speaker of the latter
body one session. At present he is serving his second term as Mayor of
Snohomish. He was one of the Commissioners from Washington to the New
Orleans Exposition, and is at present the World's Fair Commissioner for Snoho
mish County.
Mr. Ferguson was married in 1869 to Miss Lucetta Morgan, of Olympia, Wash.,
by whom he has two daughters and one son. The elder daughter is the wife of
Elmer Linfest, a prominent civil engineer of this place.
Jenkins, David P., a prominent resident and retired attorney of Spokane, was
born in Jefferson County, O., August 25th, 1823, of Quaker parents. He was the
youngest child of Israel and Elizabeth (Horseman) Jenkins, natives of Eastern
Virginia. In 1800 the father went to Eastern Ohio and bought land there, and in
1802 he moved his family to what is now Jefferson County, and resided there
until his death, in 1863. The mother died in 1827. David P. spent his early
youth on the farm, and attended the common schools and the Quaker seminary at
Mount Pleasant, O. He began the study of law with General Samuel Stokely, at
Steubenville, O., but soon moved to Cincinnati on account of better facilities
there afforded for the pursuit of legal studies, and was graduated from the law
school of that city in 1845. On his admission to the Bar he began practice at
Lafayette, Ind. His health becoming impaired, he returned to Cincinnati, and
remained there until 1847. Continued ill health compelled him to seek a more
agreeable climate, and in the latter year he settled in Putnam County, 111. Three
years later ho removed to La Salle County, in the same State, where he resided
upward of eighteen years.
At the outbreak of tho Civil War he was appointed by Governoi Yates as
Major of the First Regiment Illinois Cavalry, so ranking from July, 1861. He
was first field officer of cavalry who engaged the Confederate enemy. His first

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 377
year of service was spent in Missouri. At the siege of Lexington he was taken
prisoner, but after a short term of confinement he was exchanged, and served at
New Madrid and in several other engagements. In the spring of 1863 he was
commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment, Illinois Cavalry,
then just raised. In Kentucky and Eastern Tennessee, where he served under
General Burnside, he did gallant service, and at the battle of Knoxville had com
mand of a brigade up the valley east of Knoxville. He was afterward transferred
to Sherman's command, and served under that great general in the famous march
to Atlanta. He served with distinguished bravery under the greatest generals of
the war — viz., Grant, Sherman, Pope, and Burnside. At the close of the war
Colonel Jenkins resigned, notwithstanding he was offered by his commanding
officer flattering inducements to remain in the service.
Settling in Knoxville, Tenn., he resumed the practice of his profession. He
practised principally in the federal courts, and conducted some of the most im
portant cases in the South connected with the Civil War. In 1867 he was ad
mitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the United States. After about four
years' residence in Knoxville he lemoved to Logansport, Ind., where he remained
until 1872. His physical condition had again become impaired by reason of too
close application to his legal business, and he removed, in 1872, to Georgetown,
Col. After a brief residence there he came to Washington Territory, in 1873, set
tling first in Seattle, where he practised until 1879. June 1st of the latter year
he located at Spokane Falls, being the first settler north of the river.
Colonel Jenkins is extensively interested in real estate investments in Spokane,
owns a farm in the Colville valley, and one half of the town site of Chewelah,
also gold, silver, copper, and iron claims near the latter place. He has had a
most successful career ; but the prosperity which has come to him through his
enterprise, energy, and superior business ability has also had a positive influence
in promoting the best interests of his adopted home, to whose development and
growth he has contributed much. He is a liberal contributor to church and
charitable organizations. He has given to the county a block of land for a court
house site and $1000. He donated some twenty-six acres of land for the support
of a college, which was started under the name of Spokane College. This project
failing, the land reverted to Colonel Jenkins, and later, when the Jenkins Uni
versity was incorporated, the same property, now estimated worth from $250,000
to $500,000, was deeded in trust to the latter institution as an endowment, the
principal to remain intact.
Colonel Jenkins was married in 1848 to Miss Hannah A. Lobdell, who died in
1875. Their union was blessed with three children — Annie, who died young ;
George M., a resident of Chicago ; and Emma F., wife of William H. Rice, the
last two of whom are now living.
In his social relations the colonel is genial and deservedly popular, and is high
ly esteemed by a wide circle of friends. He is a charter member of the Grand
Army of the Republic and of the Masonic Lodge,
Semple, Eugene, was born June 12th, 1840, at Bogota, New Granada, South
America. His father, James Semple, of Illinois, who had been Attorney-General,
Speaker of the House of Representatives, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,

378 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Senator in Congress, Colonel of a regiment in the Black Hawk War, and Briga
dier-General of the militia of that State, was at that time the Minister of the
United States to New Granada. General Semple served two years as Minister,
first under Van Buren and second under Tyler, who was a relative. Eugene was
the youngest child and only son of General Semple. He was five years old when
his parents returned to Illinois, and spoke the Spanish language only. He spent
his life in Madison and Jersey counties until about sixteen years old, attending
the country schools in winter and working on the farm in summer. Afterward
he went to the St. Louis University, studied law with Krum& Harding in St. Louis,
and finished his education by graduating from the law school of the Cincinnati
College. As soon as he received his diploma he carried out his long-cherished
intention of going to the then far-off State of Oregon, and arrived at Portland in
the fall of 1863 via New York, Panama, and San Francisco. He practised law
in Portland continuously, except two summers spent in the mines of Idaho and
Washington, until 1868, when he engaged in newspaper work, first as a reporter
and afterward as the editor of the Baily Oregon Herald, the leading organ of the
Democratic Party in the Northwest. He was preceded as editor of the Herald by
Sylvester Pennoyer, now Governor of Oregon, and succeeded by C. B. Bellinger,
now United States District Judge of Oregon. Mr. Semple kept at the head of
the Herald the motto formulated by him : " In all discussions of American policy
with us Liberty goes first." The Herald was a strenuous opponent of Chinese im
migration, and an advocate of railways, claiming, however, always that their
aggressive tendencies should be held in check by proper laws, so that they would
be the servants of the people and not the masters of the people. It was under the
leadership of the Herald that the great victory of the Democracy in 1870 was gained.
The result of the victory was to make Mr. Semple State Printer, which position
he held until 1874. The years from 1870-74 comprised what was known as the
Holladay regime. It was the first period of railway construction in Oregon, and
a, furore was worked up which disturbed all the political, social, and commercial
relations of the State. Mr. Semple maintained a very aggressive attitude in the
Herald, demanding that the railways should be the servants of the people ; but
they were the masters of the people, for the time being at least, and the Herald
went down before their opposition, ruining its owners financially. The war was
waged with especial fierceness around the Legislature at the session of 1872, re
sulting in several personal encounters and finally iu a pitched battle, in which the
Chief of Police of Portland, the President of the Senate, and one of the Senators
was engaged on one side, and the State Printer on the other ; weapons were
used, and the parties engaged were severely injured. At that time Ben Holladay
published the Dully Bulk-tin in Portland, and the paper was devoted almost exclu
sively to the abuse of Mr. Semple. Every unfavorable comment on that gentle
man that appeared in any outside paper was reprinted in the Bulletin with
complimentary allusions to the writer. As a result, nearly every paper in Wash
ington and Oregon took up the cry, and the atmosphere became very sultry. In
self-defence Mr. Semple started a small daily paper at Salem called the Mercury.
This paper, was mainly devoted to attacks upon Ben Holladay and his adherents,
and finally began publishing a " Life of Ben Holladay." The first chapter con
tained so many disclosures that Mr. Holladay, who was not proud of several inci-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 381
dents in his life, was constrained to ask for a truce. Upon his agreeing to there
after suppress all allusions whatever to the State Printer in the Bulletin the Daily
Mercury was suspended, its mission having been accomplished. These two epi
sodes illustrate the condition of politics in Oregon at that time. ¦
While State Printer, Mr. Semple printed the Code of 1874. Judge Deady was
Chairman of the Code Commission, and furnished " copy" in which the name of
the principal river of Oregon was spelled "Wallamet." Mr. Semple insisted
that the proper way to spell it was " Willamette." The two gentlemen had pre
viously had a newspaper controversy over the matter, and now the issue was re
duced to the " personal equation." As neither would yield, and neither cared
to push his opinions to the extreme, the word was left in the text " Wallamet,"
and the word " Willamette" placed in brackets, Mr. Semple claiming that a
printer had the right to make correction where a word was obviously misspelled.
In 1874 Mr. Semple leased a farm in Lane County, Ore., and afterward pur
chased one in Columbia County, following the occupation of his youth until 1883,
when he engaged in the manufacture of cedar shingles, being the first to practi
cally inaugurate in the Northwest the great industry that is now making the State
of Washington famous throughout the Union.
In 1884 Mr. Semple built the Lucia Mills at Vancouver, Wash., and became a
citizen of that city. He was appointed Governor of Washington Territory by Presi
dent Cleveland, and was the candidate of the Democratic Party for the office of
Governor at the first State election, running nearly six hundred votes ahead of his
ticket. While in Oregon, Mr. Semple held the office of Police Commissioner of Port
land, and was once the Democratic candidate for Mayor of that city. He also
held the office of Clerk of the Circuit Court in Columbia County, and was ap
pointed Brigadier-General of the National Guard by Governor Grover, but was
compelled to decline the honor on account of severe financial reverses.
While a member of the Vancouver Board of Trade Mr. Semple was the prime
mover in forming the Columbia Water-way Association, designed to secure the
opening of the Columbia River to free navigation, a project which he began to
agitate in 1869 and has constantly agitated since.
In 1878 he offered in the Democratic State Convention of Oregon a resolution
in favor of forfeiting the land grant of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company
and using a portion of it to build locks at the Cascades and The Dalles of the Co
lumbia. The resolution, however, was not entertained, the furore over railways
not having sufficiently subsided, and the importance of an open river not then
being fully appreciated. At the second session of the Columbia Water-way As
sociation Mr. Semple read a carefully prepared paper on river improvements, in
which he outlined a comprehensive scheme for economically navigating the Co
lumbia River and its tributaries. He was appointed by Governor Ferry a mem
ber of the State Board of Harbor Line Commissioners, and while acting in that
capacity had charge of the harbors of Seattle, Ballard, Blaine, Vancouver, Sid
ney, and Shelton.
Mr. Semple is now a resident of Seattle and a member of the firm of Semple &
Hale, in active practice of law.
He was married in 1870 to Ruth A. Lownsdale, of Portland, the issue of the

382 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
marriage being three daughters— Maud, Zoe, and Ethel— and one son, Eugene.
He has been a widower since 1883, devoting himself to the care and education of
his children.
Mr. Semple's family has been connected very prominently with the affairs of
the Pacific coast. His father took a leading part in the " Fifty-four-forty or
fight" campaign, making speeches in the Mississippi valley as early as 1842 in
that behalf, and on January 8th, 1844, he introduced in the United States Senate
a resolution requesting the President to give notice to Her Britannic Majesty of
the desire of the Government of the United States to abrogate the treaty of joint
occupation of the Oregon country. His uncle, Robert Semple, was editor of the
first American newspaper printed in California, was President of tbe Constitu
tional Convention of that State, and founded the city of Benicia. His half
brother, Lansing B. Mizner, was a pioneer of California of 1849, held many offi
cial positions, including Collector of the Port of San Francisco, President of the
State Senate, Presidential Elector and Minister to Central America. His cousin,
Will Semple Green, was one of the founders of the city of Colusa, Cal., and has
been for thirty-five years editor of the Colusa Sun, in which capacity he has
yielded a potent influence in public affairs. Mr. Green in the Sun was one of the
greatest leaders of the people in the fierce " Slickens" agitation, which at one
time threatened civil war between the farmers and the hydraulic miners, and has
been most prominent in advocating dyking the rivers and excavating the great
irrigation canals of the Sacramento valley.
Metcalfe, James B., of Seattle, one of the most prominent attorneys of the
State of Washington, was born in Adams County, Miss., January 15th, 1846.
His father, Oren Metcalfe, was of English ancestry, while his mother was of
Irish descent. His early education was received under the direction of a private
tutor up to the age of ten years, after wliich he attended the public school. At
the age of fifteen he left scliool to enlist in the Confederate service, joining the
Tenth Mississippi Cavalry. His first active service was in the defence of Mobile,
where lie acted as a commissioned officer of his company. He afterward served
under the gallant cavalry officer, General N. B. Forrest, paiticipating in many
important engagements. He served with distinguished bravery until the close of
the great struggle, sharing in the dangers and privations which befell the Confed
erate forces during the last two years of the war. In 1865 he was paroled at
Jackson, Miss., by General Canby.
Returning to his old home, he bravely began the battle of life on his own ac
count, supporting himself by his own exertions, and gaining that strength and
self-reliance which comes only to those who are compelled to make their own way
in the world. For eight years he worked most industriously, a part of the time
in mercantile pursuits and later as a clerk in a banking house at Natchez. Iu
response to the promptings of a laudable ambition, he determined to prepare him
self for the legal profession, and with this purpose in view began reading law in
the office of Hon. Ralph North, at Natchez, still retaining his position in the
bank, and devoting his leisure hours to the acquirement of legal knowledge.
Desiring a wider scope for his abilities and greater opportunities for advance
ment, he removed to San Francisco in 1873, where he obtained employment in the

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 383
Pacific Bank. In 1874 he entered the law office of Bartlett & Pratt, and after a
year's hard study was admitted to practice by the Supreme Court of California.
Forming a copartnership with the junior member of the firm of Bartlett & Pratt,
he began practice under the firm style of Pratt & Metcalfe. His success from the
start was most gratifying, and year by year his practice and reputation increased
and his abilities and legal attainments were rapidly pushing him forward to the
front ranks of the San Francisco Bar, when in January, 1883, his business called
him to Seattle, at which time he became so favorably impressed with the city
that he determined to link his fortunes with its destiny, and in May of the same
year located here. At this early period of his career he had already attained
considerable prominence in California politics, having been one of the delegates
to the Democratic National Convention at Cincinnati in 1880. With the reputa
tion he had already earned, General Metcalfe at once took a high place at the
¦ Seattle Bar, and his success here has been conspicuous in all the branches of legal
litigation. For some three or four years he practised alone, after which he was
for about two years associated with Junius Rochester, under the firm name of Met
calfe & Rochester. In 1887 he was appointed by Governor Semple the first At
torney-General of Washington Territory, which position he filled with marked
industry, integrity, and ability until the admission of Washington as a State. In
the great Seattle fire of June, 1889, he lost his entire law library, at that time one
of the most valuable private collections of law books in the city. While the
ruins were still burning he secured the lease of a lot on Third Street, where he
lias since erected a fine three-story block known as Temple Court. In partner
ship with C. W. Turner and Andrew F. Burleigh, under the firm name of Met
calfe, Turner & Burleigh, he opened offices in this building, equipped with one of
the largest and most complete law libraries in the Northwest. Mr. Burleigh after
ward retired, and the firm continued as Metcalfe & Turner until January 1st,
1892. Subsequent to this date he associated with him in his practice Hon. Gil
bert F. Little, of the State of Kansas, and Mr. John S. Jurey, Jr., who had been
the managing clerk in his office for three years, and the new partnership became
the firm of Metcalfe, Little & Jurey, Mr. Turner having retired. The practice of
this firm, which has grown to be very extensive, pertains largely to corporation
business and general commercial law, and among its principal clients are many of
the largest corporations in the State. As a lawyer General Metcalfe is earnest
and honest in the assertion of the rights of his clients, careful in the preparation
of cases, well versed in the principles of his profession, discriminating in the ap
plication of precedents and in the citation of authorities and skilful in the con
duct of his causes. To these elements are combined those mental and moral
qualifications requisite for an accomplished and successful advocate and coun
sellor. In politics General Metcalfe has always been a Democrat, and his unflinching
adherence to and able defence of party principles endeared him to his party asso
ciates, while his keen practical sense, honesty and integrity and strong person
ality naturally made him a leader.
He possesses many qualifications which are essential to an effective public
speaker. He is a man of fine presence, has a strong and flexible voice, and is
impressive and dignified in manner. He has a fluent command of language and

384 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
a fertile imagination, which, accompanied with an earnest and impassioned deliv
ery, never fails to arrest and hold the attention of his hearers. His. style is
ornate, but nothing in force is lost by his evident purpose to make every sentence
pleasing in its effect. In many public addresses outside the lines of his profes
sion he has thoroughly established a reputation as a speaker of unusual power
and grace.
Outside of his profession General Metcalfe has been an active factor in
Seattle's prosperity, and takes a lively interest in everything calculated to advance
the public good. He is a friend of every public enterprise, a man of large liber
ality, using his prosperity for the growth and improvement of the city. During
the memorable anti-Chinese excitement in Seattle he was Lieutenant of Company
D, National Guard, and at that critical period of the city's history performed the
duties imposed upon him with gratifying success.
It should here be stated that General Metcalfe is a man of great personal brav
ery. This was strikingly shown on an unusually cold night in February, 1887,
when he and a companion, Hon. D. M. Drumheller, then attending the Territorial
Legislature from Spokane Falls, were about to take the steamer at the Olympia
wharf. The deck of the steamer was covered with ice, which in the darkness
was not perceived, and Mr. Drumheller slipped and fell into the water. Without
a moment's hesitation General Metcalfe plunged in after his friend, and at the
risk of his own life saved that of his companion.
He was one of the organizers of the first cable line in Seattle, and his efforts
in a large measure contributed to the success of that project. He was one of
the delegates from the Seattle Chamber of Commerce to the Pacific Board of
Commerce, which met in San Francisco in September, 1890. He is a man of fine
business attainments, and in all of his enterprises has achieved a high degree of
success, while as a citizen he deservedly holds an honorable position in the com
munity. General Metcalfe was married in 1877 to Miss Louise Boarman, of San Fran
cisco, by whom he has two sons. His unselfish devotion, appreciative nature,
generous kindness and supreme loyalty make him an idol in his household, over
which his charming wife presides with exquisite grace and dignity, assuring to
ber husband a life of happiness and to all friends a hospitable welcome.
Monks, William. — In reviewing the names of those who have been promi
nently identified with the pioneer history of Washington, that of Munks is one
not to be last mentioned. No name is more intimately blended with the history
of Puget Sound than his, and the measure of his influence upon the development
and growth of the sound country can hardly be overestimated. Mr. Munks was
the first white man to locate within the present bounds of Skagit County, then a
part of Whatcom. He was born in Canton, O., and at the early age of six years
he suffered the loss by death of his father. Upon the breaking out of the war
with Mexico, in 1846, he enlisted in the Fifteenth United States Volunteer In
fantry, under Colonel George W. Morgan, and he followed the fortunes of that
regiment until the termination of hostilities. His grandfather served in the Revo
lution, his father in the War of 1812, and his only brother in the war of the Re
bellion.

^ & Qu&

<^?S^

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 387
In 1849, moved by the migratory spirit which was then becoming especially
strong, he determined to follow the course of the empire to the Far West. Mak
ing the toilsome journey across the plains, he spent a season in hunting and trap
ping on the western slope of the Rockies, and then came on to Oregon. Glowing
descriptions of the fortunate finds of the gold hunters drew him to the mines of
Northern California, where he followed mining with fair success until 1855.
During this time he took part in two Indian wars, and had many skirmishes with
the savages. In the fall of 1855 he returned to Oregon and entered the service
of the Indian Department. He was one of the nine men sent by the department
to gather and bring in the hostile Rogue River Indians and place them on the
coast reservation, and during this trip he had many exciting adventures and
hairbreadth escapes. Afterward he served for a time as express messenger for
the Indian Department.
Severing his connections with the Department, he started on a trading and
prospecting trip to the headwaters of the Columbia. This was a perilous under
taking, but his intimate knowledge of the character of the Indians and his ready
faculty of obtaining their friendship enabled him to pass through the hostile
region from The Dalles to Pend d'Oreille in safety. After making this trip he
came to the sound country and served one season on the United States Boundary
Commission, then locating the line between Washington Territory and British
Columbia. At the breaking out of the great Frazer River gold excitement he
established the first trading post above Fort Yale, and also successfully engaged
in mining operations.
In 1859 Mr. Munks decided to retire from the life of a mountaineer, and in
the latter part of that year settled on Fidalgo Island, his nearest white neighbor
being twenty-five miles distant. The Indians were numerous in the vicinity at
that time, but he was never molested. In the following spring he again caught
the trading fever, and going to The Dalles, he purchased pack horses, loaded
them with goods, and took them to the Similkameen mines, where he sold horses
and goods at a handsome profit. Returning to The Dalles, he joined a govern
ment exploring expedition under Major Stein, for the purpose of exploring the
Harney Lake region. In the fall of 1860 he returned to Fidalgo Island, where
he has since resided.
Mr. Munks has one of the finest farms on the sound, and has been extensively
engaged in the general merchandise business for the past twenty-two years, also
in breeding heavy Percheron draught horses for market. He has taken an active
interest in political matters, and has filled various offices of public trust. He
has been Postmaster at Fidalgo for twenty-five years. The influence of the
Fidalgo City Land Company led to the change of the post-office name to East
Auacortes ; but Mr. Munks made a trip to Washington, D. C, and through his
efforts the name of Fidalgo was restored. Mr. Munks has large property inter
ests in Skagit, Whatcom, and King counties. His investments have been made
with rare judgment, and have placed him in affluent circumstances. When the
first railroad was projected from the East to Puget Sound, Mr. Munks believed it
would be built to Anacortes ; and if Jay Cooke & Co. had not failed, his prophecy
would undoubtedly have been fulfilled, and Tacoma would not have been built.
In August, 1888, he gave to the Seattle and Northern Railroad a tract of fifty

388 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
acres in the heart of Anacortes and the right of way through his property. Ana
cortes is now built upon a portion of this property, which is valued at $200,000.
He also bonded fifty acres to the Anacortes and Fidalgo City Electric Motor Line,
and deeded ten acres to the Northern Pacific to induce them to come to Anacortes
in 1891. Northern Pacific trains are now running to this place. He has also
bonded twenty acres to the Union Pacific. He has plotted twenty acres in Cen
tral Anacortes, known as Munks's First Queen Anne Addition, and sixty acres at
Fidalgo Station, on the Seattle and Northern Railroad, and has made application
to purchase three hundred acres of tide land at Fidalgo Bay. The life of Mr.
Munks furnishes a notable example of men who by enterprise, diligence, and in
tegrity have risen from poverty to honor and wealth. A man of great originality,
intensely practical in his ideas, and possessed of that rare good sense so essential
to the highest success, he has been quick to perceive and turn to account the
opportunities for advancement which this portion of the Northwest so plentifully
offers. Loomis, Edwin G., was born in Lansing, Tompkins County, N. Y., December
30th, 1825. After working several years at the carpenter's trade, he started for
Oregon in the spring of 1849 with the Elijah White Company. This company,
consisting of about fifty persons, arrived in the California mines, after a weary
march of nine months across the plains. It was not until the latter part of 1850
that he reached his destination at the mouth of the Columbia River. Here White
developed the germ of the modern boom theory, which, theoretically, was to
make the primeval solitudes blossom into the glory of great populations, and he
named the place Pacific City. The typical saw-mill was immediately com
menced, which Mr. Loomis became identified with and worked upon until its
completion. Like some later enterprises, the scheme failed and was abandoned.
He then took up a portion of the claim, upon which he lived five years.
During this time he was summoned to serve upon the jury of the first federal
court held in the now State of Washington, after the territorial organization in
March, 1853. This court was held at Chinook, Pacific County, in the early sum
mer of 1853, and was presided over by Judge Victor Monroe, on his first arrival
in the territory, to which he had been appointed by President Pierce as one of
the first acts of his administration.
Being an ingenious workman in wood and in iron, Mr. Loomis's services were
sought by oystermen who were starting a new industry in Shoalwater Bay, now
Willapa Harbor. Consequently, he removed to Oysterville in 1856, and by the
improvements which he introduced in boats and implements helped greatly to
develop the lucrativeness of that industry. He was a builder, and with his own
hands constructed and sailed the yacht Artemisia, which took the Centennial
Cup, contributed by Portland to the Shoalwater Bay Yacht Club for the winner
of the centennial yacht race.
Having an eye to the future value of ocean beach property, he secured some
hundreds of acres, and then he passed the last years of his life with his brother,
L. A. Loomis, whom he tenderly loved. He died in Portland, where he had gone
for medical advice, of gastric trouble, which terminated in heart disease Novem
ber 5th, 1889. His remains were brought to Oysterville for burial. There the

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 389
sea moans a perpetual requiem, and where surviving friends cherish the memory
of a useful and a kindly life.
" Out on the sea, whose other shore
Lies in the land of Evermore —
His yacht has sailed.
" The skies are blue, the waves are still,
There are no clouds portending ill —
His yacht has sailed.
" Rest to his tired head and hands,
Peace in the unknown, untried lands —
His yacht has sailed.
" After him over the purple sea
The loved and the left gaze wistfully —
His yacht has sailed.
" They would not call him back, and yet
Their eyes with bitter tears are wet —
His yacht has sailed."
There is a pathos about doing even the simplest thing for the last time. Mr.
Loomis's love for doing well what was done and his fondness for yachting turns
our attention once more to the Artemisia. He had disposed of the beautiful and
fleet craft, which was taken to Gray's Harbor, remodelled, and made into a steam
er, in which capacity she sailed until 1889, when she was wrecked, and the hull
came floating home, as it were, and was cast by the waves of the ocean upon the
beach in front of Mr. Loomis's residence. In conversation with the writer about
this accident, a short time before his death, Mr. Loomis said he could never look
upon that wreck without a feeling of strange pain.
Loomis, Hon. L. A., the subject of this sketch, is a man to whom, perhaps
more than to any other, the people of Pacific County, Wash., are indebted for the
prosperity surrounding them. History will sustain this statement. Old in years,
yet young in the stage of development, Pacific County stands to-day as one of the
most productive and attractive counties of Southwestern Washington. Bordering
south upon the Columbia River, the waves of the Pacific Ocean lash ner western
shores, while the northern and eastern limits join with regions in which are found
natural resources equally as noted as, but by no means superior to, those which
have made Pacific famous. Pacific has a stretch of sea-coast thirty miles north
from Cape Hancock, at the mouth of the Columbia River, which has been designat
ed and is known as North Beach, the finest summer resort in the world. Besides
all this, Pacific County has within her limits numerous salt-water bays and har
bors and fresh-water streams, which not only figure conspicuously in the com
mercial sense, but aggregate the value of the locality as an inviting spot for sum
mer visitors. The flats of Willapa Harbor are deep with oysters, and the delicious
exotic clams abound in numerous places along the shores of sea and bay.
But it was not the purpose of the writer to give a description of this bountiful

390 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
region as it appears to-day, nor compare it to what it was when Mr. Loomis took
up his home here, but more to furnish the reader with a sketch of him as he has
been and may now be found in the midst of the busy scenes of 1893. As Mr.
Loomis was, we may say, the very first to conceive the best methods of rendering
this delightful region accessible to the people of the interior, and as his efforts
have been crowned with success in spi'e of those obstacles which always beset
the pathway of progress, we shall endeavor to give the facts in as concise lan
guage as possible. In 1874, as President of the llwaco Wharf Company, Mr.
Loomis built up the first wharf in the county adequate to the necessities of land
ing freight and passengers from a steamer. In 1875 he put a stage line on the
route from Hwaco to Oysterville, and organized the llwaco Steam Navigation
Company, which immediately built the steamer General Canby to connect with
llwaco and Astoria. This stanch little craft was built at South Bend, on the
Willapa River, at a cost of $22,000. Of this amount all but a few hundred dol
lars was subscribed by the citizens of the county, and the boat was constructed
almost entirely by home labor. Afterward the company built the General Miles,
a larger and finer steamer, and, still later, purchased the Dolphin, to meet the re
quirements of the constantly increasing trade between Astoria and llwaco and
different points on Willapa and Gray's harbors.
During the first few years of the opening up of Pacific County to the travel of
the surrounding counties, the mail service was so inefficient that five days were
required for all communications by post between Astoria and Olympia. Through
the efforts of Mr. Loomis, whose influence and labors accomplished what at that
time to others seemed an impossible thing, this time was reduced to less than one
half, and a daily mail was established between Astoria and Oysterville, and be
tween Moutesario and Olympia, thus effecting a complete change in mail and
transportation facilities along the whole route.
In 1881 Mr. Loomis organized the Shoalwater Bay (now Willapa Harbor)
Transportation Company, which built the Montesano, the first steamer of im
portance put on Gray's Harbor. They afterward built the Garfield and the Gov
ernor Newell. This company, however, dissolved in 1886 and sold off their
steamers. From Astoria to the head of Gray's Harbor was now a steam route,
with the exception of the stage from llwaco to Oysterville. From five to ten
thousand visitors were coming to the beach every summer, and the whole circuit
bad quite a respectable permanent traffic. The next step was to supply this
missing link with steam. The llwaco Steam Navigation Company, therefore,
enlarged its powers, becoming the llwaco Railway and Navigation Company. A
stretch of sixteen miles of rails north of llwaco was projected, and in 1888 five
miles were completed. The rest is now also in running order, and the line is
well equipped with rolling stock, providing amply for the enormous summer
traffic along the beach. Mr. Loomis has been the leading spirit in this enter
prise ; and it is a fact, established by the records, that lands in the vicinity of
these improvements, worth then from but $8 to $10 per acre, have advanced to
$200 per acre and more.
Mr. Loomis is a pioneer of the West. He first came to the Pacific Coast in
1852 and joined the army of gold miners in California. Three years later we
find him at what was then known as Pacific City, a point between Fort Canby

0>2 iZZ^i^i^- O.

-&C&Z/

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 393
and llwaco, where had been begun the city which was to rival San Francisco.
Here he met his brother, E. G. Loomis, who had arrived five years before and had
become identified with the place. Soon after this news of rich discoveries of
gold in the region of Lake Pend d'Oreille reached Pacific City, and took away
nearly all of its enterprising and leading citizens, the Loomises and a man named
Caruthers. This move led them into a world of adventures. Putting themselves
and their goods into a boat, known in that part as a dingey, they took the path
way of the waters up the Columbia, camping by night on the shore. Ten days
of hard rowing brought them to The Dalles, and there buying ponies, they pushed
on across the great plains as far as Spokane Falls. Here word came to them
simultaneously that the mines were a failure, and that the Indians were begin
ning a promiscuous killing of settlers and travellers.
This turned Mr. Loomis and his companions about, and their trip back to the
Des Chutes was amid sullen savages, whose only reason for not massacring them
seemed to be the fact that they were unarmed and had plenty of Indian trinkets,
which they offered for sale. The soldiers guarding the fords of the river in
formed them upor. their arrival that they had been lucky to get through safely.
At The Dalles Mr. Loomis joined the mounted volunteers, just then organizing,
and served through the war, participating in the battle at Walla Walla, wliich
lasted four days, and being present at the capture and death of Peu peu-mox-
mox, or Yellow Bird, of the Walla Wallas. It was just after this battle tbat Mr.
Loomis received his commission as an officer in the army, being elected Second
Lieutenant of Company B of the First Regiment of Oregon Volunteers, serving
with Captain 0. Humason, Colonel James W. Nesmith, and Lieutenant-Colonel
James K. Kelley until the close of the war, when the company disbanded, after
which Mr. Loomis was employed by the Quartermaster in work on Forts Dalles
and Simcoe. In 1857 the death of his elder brother in New York laid upon
him the filial obligation of returning to the East to care for his mother. In 1864,
during the war of the Rebellion, he went South and had charge of a constiuction
car in building and repairing railroads for araiy movements. After the war be
went to Michigan from his New York home. He remained in that State till 1872
engaged in business. But the spell of life on the Pacific Coast had never with
drawn its influence, and in that year he returned to his home near llwaco, on the
ocean beach of Washington, improving his farm and building a handsome resi
dence — deemed the finest in the county — and entered upon the enterprises that
have made him influential and wealthy. He is a wide-awake man of sterling
qualities and one who could not live long in a place without his presence being
known. The wife of Mr. Loomis is a daughter of Philip Glover, of Marion County,
Ore. She is a lady well calculated to be the companion of her husband in his
arduous undertakings and to make happy his domestic life.
Prosser, Colonel William F., of North Yakima, was born March 16th,
1834, near Williamsport, Pa., was educated in the common schools of that State,
including an attendance of three terms at the Johnstown Academy ; engaged in
teaching scliool, studying law. and surveying until twenty years of age, when he
emigrated, in 1854, across the plains to California ; engaged in mining, chiefly

394 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
in Trinity County ; was Second Lieutenant of the Trinity Rangers, a company
organized to assist the Regular troops of the Indian wars of 1858-59 about Hum
boldt Bay ; was the first candidate of the Republican Party in Trinity County
for the Legislature of California in 1860 ; went East at the breaking out of
the war of the Rebellion in 1861 ; was tendered a commission in the Regular
Army by President Lincoln, which he declined ; enlisted as a private in the
Anderson Troop ; served in the Army of the Cumberland throughout the war •
took patt in the battles of Shiloh, Stone River, Chickamauga, siege of Knoxville,
and many others ; was commissioned as Major of the Second Tennessee Cavalry
Regiment in March, 1863 ; Lieutenant-Colonel same regiment in March, 1864,
and Colonel in June, 1865. Mustered out of the service with his regiment July
6th, 1865. After the war, located on a farm seven miles from Nashville, Tenn. ;
was elected to the Tennessee Legislature in 1867 ; was elected to Congress from
the Nashville district in 1868 ; was Postmaster at Nashville for three years ; was
one of the Commissioners from the State of Tennessee to the Centennial Exposi
tion at Philadelphia in 1876 ; was appointed Special Agent of the General Land
Office for Oregon and Washington in March, 1879 ; served in that capacity for
six years ; was elected Auditor of Yakima County for two years in 1886 ; was a
member of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Washington, which met
at Olympia July 4th, 1889, elected thereto from Yakima and Klickitat counties ;
served on several of the important committees and took a prominent and active pait
in the deliberations of that convention ; was appointed by Governor Elisha P.
Ferry a member of the Harbor Line Commission of the State of Washington, and
served as Chairman of that Board from July, 1890, until January, 1893, when it
expired by limitation of law ; was elected Mayor of the city of North Yakima
in May, 1893.
Colonel Prosser was married April 6th, 1880, at Seattle, in the State of Wash
ington, to Miss Flora L. Thornton, daughter of H. G,- Thornton, an old Oregon
pioneer. They have three children. In 1882 he located in Yakima County, and
founded the town of Prosser, a growing place at the falls of the Yakima River.
In politics Colonel Prosser has been a lifelong Republican.
Schulze, Paul, was born in Germany in 1848, and received a collegiate and
university education in his native country. He came to the United States in
November, 1868, at the age of twenty. After having been engaged in various
occupations in California, in November, 1871, he entered the service of the Land
Department of the Oregon and California Railroad, in Portland, Ore. During a
visit in Germany in 1874 he met Henry Villard, who soon after became President
of the Oregon and California Railroad, and Mr. Schulze was appointed Land
Agent of that road in July, 1874, which position he held until April, 1884. In
August, 1882, he was appointed General Laud Agent of the Northern Pacific,
and was otherwise connected with various enterprises with Mr. Villard. In 1885
the General Land Office of the Northern Pacific was removed to Tacoma, Wash.,
since which time he has been identified with that city.
He is President of the Tacoma Railway and Motor Company, which practically
controls all the street railways in the city ; Vice-President of the Tacoma Smelt
ing and Refining Company ; President of the Northern Pacific, Yakima and

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 395
Kittitas Irrigation Company, which has nearly completed the largest irrigating
canal in the State of Washington ; is a director in the Fidelity Trust Company
and Traders' Bank, and identified with a number of other enterprises in this city
and State. By his marked ability and unquestioned integrity Mr. Schulze has
won a position among the foremost business men and leading citizens of Wash
ington, and it is but logical to infer that still higher honors await him.
Pomeroy, Joseph M., deceased, an eminently worthy pioneer of Washington
Territory, was born in Ashtabula County, O., March 20th, 1830. In 1850 he re
moved to Kendall County, 111., and two years later crossed the plains to Oregon
and engaged in mining. In 1853 he rented a ranch near Salem, Ore., and worked
it for nine years in connection with a wagon shop. In the spring of 1863 he came
to Washington and took charge of a ranch and stage station near the present site
of Dayton. In December, 1864, he purchased the land on which the city of
Pomeroy now stands. Here he farmed and raised fine stock until 1877, when he
laid out the town of Pomeroy. In 1878 he built the Pomeroy Hotel, now the St.
George. He was married in 1857 to Miss Martha J. Trimble, in Salem, Ore., by
whom he has three children, all of whom have reached their majority and hold
distinguished places in the community where they dwell.
The widow of Mr. Pomeroy is a native of Iowa, being the daughter of Ed
ward and Abbarilla Trimble, of Scotch descent. She came west with her
parents in 1846, a journey of nine months across the plains. On the way her
father was killed by the Indians, leaving her mother with a family of five chil
dren to make a home among strangers in a far and almost unknown country.
The murdered man had been entrusted by the commander at Fort Madison with
correspondence and orders to be delivered to the commander at Fort Vancouver.
On his death the widow took and kept them until she delivered them up to Gen
eral McCarver. They announced the cession to the United States Government of
the territory then claimed by the British, and on their receipt the British flag
was lowered and the Stars and Stripes floated over Fort Vancouver. The lady
who brought these glad tidings still lives at Halsey, having reached the good old
age of seventy-seven years.
The subject of our sketch was public spirited and generous to a fault, kind
hearted, and everywhere known for his hospitality. No needy man was turned
empty handed from his door. A lover of justice tempered by mercy, wise
in council, firm of purpose, his memory is still honored and cherished by those
who knew him best. His three children worthily represent him. They are
Clara L., wife of E. T. Wilson, National Bank Examiner for Washington and
Idaho, who represents Kittitas County in the State Senate of Washington ;
Edward, proprietor of the East Washingtonian, published at Pomeroy ; and Alva
E., wife of P. McClung, a newspaper man.
Day, Jesse N., farmer, of Dayton, Wash., was born in West Virginia in 1828,
emigrated to Oregon in 1848, and engaged in lead-mining in Grant County. In
1850 he settled in the Willamette valley, and up to 1857 was engaged in the same
occupation in Yreka ; then in stock-raising in another locality. He afterward

396 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
emigrated to Leavenworth, Kan. In 1859 he located his homestead on the
Touchet River, in Walla Walla County (now Columbia). He was the first white
settler in that section of Washington. He took with him one hundred breeding
cows from Oregon, which had increased to two hundred and fifty in 1865. He
bought one hundred and sixty acres of land, the site of the present city of Day
ton, for $4000, and later on added two hundred and forty acres, for which he
paid $3000. He then turned his attention to farming and stock-raising until
1871, when he filed the plot of the town site of Dayton, forty houses being built
the first year after plotting, erected on donated lots. Mr. Day naturally felt a
warm interest and no little pride in the remarkable growth and progress of the
town which bears his name and of which he was the founder. He had the hon
orable distinction, withal, of being one of Washington's veteran pioneers, one of
those for whose gray heads the almond-tree long blossomed.
Boone, W. E.— This well-known citizen, though not among those who came
to Seattle at the earliest day of the city's history to lay here the foundations of
municipal and commercial greatness, is a. prominent and representative man of the
re-enforcement that came when the place was beginning her larger growth ; and
to this re-enforcement much of the credit of the city's remarkable advancement is
due. Mr. Boone is a native of the Keystone State, and was born in Luzerne
County, September 3d, 1830. He received the benefits of a common school edu
cation in his native town, but the school of experience and self-study has been
the chief means of preparing him for the part he was to perform in life's battles.
He began life as a breadwinner in 1853 in the employ of the Illinois Central Rail
way Company, having charge of their work in Dunleith, 111. After leaving their
employ he went to Minneapolis, Minn., then a town of but seven thousand peo
ple, where he engaged in the business of architecture. In 1860 he removed to
San Francisco, where he engaged in contracting and building. This business he
continued successfully for about twenty years. During this time he was identi
fied with the building of many of the finest business blocks, public buildings,
and churches in the city of San Francisco and on the Pacific Coast.
In 1881 he came to Seattle and immediately took an active part in building
and architecture in this region. Mr. Boone is a master of every detail pertaining
to his business and its requirements, and many of the most prominent public and
private buildings in the city are monuments of his skill and ability. His opera
tions extend to every part of the Pacific Northwest. Mr. Boone has always been
a hard worker and a man of most industrious habits. He has, in truth, been the
architect of his own fortune. From the most humble financial circumstances, by
diligent work, by making right use of his opportunities, and by honorable busi
ness methods he has risen step by step until to-day he is regarded as one of Seat
tle's most successful business men. Although he has almost exclusively devoted
his time and attention to his private business affairs, he has not failed to take a
helping part in public enterprises or such undertakings as seemed likely to ad
vance the material interests of the city. He was selected by the Board of Land
and Building Commissioners as the architect for the State University buildings,
and his plans have been adopted by the Board.
Mr. Boone was married in 1872 to Miss Mercie Slocum, of Syracuse, N. Y.

x* w® ^

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n-&vui*y.At4 ,,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 399
Huggins, Edward, ex-Auditor of Pierce County, for over forty years a resident
cf Washington, was born in London, England, June 10th, 1832, and acquired his
education in the schools of that city. At the age of fifteen years he entered a
broker's office as clerk, and served in that capacity and in other positions of
minor importance until he reached his seventeenth year. In 1849 he took pas
sage in the Hudson's Bay Company's ship, the Norman Morrison, and after a long
and tedious voyage around the Horn, arrived at Vancouver's Island, where is now
Victoria, B. C. He at once entered the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company as
clerk, and was sent to Fort Nisqually, Washington Territory, where he served for
about ten years under Dr. W. F. Tolmie, agent for the fur company at that place.
In 1859 Mr. Huggins succeeded the doctor as agent, and remained in charge there
until 1870, at which time the Hudson's Bay Company and the Puget Sound
Agricultural Company surrendered the rights they claimed under the treaty of
1846 between the United States and Great Britain for a large money considera
tion. Mr. Huggins was ordered to take charge of the fur company's agency at
Fort Kamloops, British Columbia, but refused to go. Resigning his position in
the company's service, he entered the site of old Fort Nisqually as a pre-emption
claim, having become an American citizen as early as 1856.
He has, at different times, added to the original claim, until he now owns
nearly a thousand acres there. During the first few years he dealt quite exten
sively in furs, but afterward gave it up and devoted his attention to farming and
stock-raising, which he continued with success and profit until 1886, when he
removed to Tacoma, his present place of residence, having in that year been elect
ed to the office of Auditor of Pierce County as the candidate of the Republican
Party. At the expiration of his term he was re-elected to the same office. Hi
also served three terms as Chairman of the Board of County Commissioners. He
is Vice-President of the National Bank of Commerce, and is identified with sev
eral other business enterprises. In all matters of public or private life Mr. Hug
gins has won the confidence and esteem of all who know him, and his integrity
in business matters is proverbial.
He was married in October, 1857, to Miss Letitia Work, daughter of Chief
Factor Work, of the Hudson's Bay Company. They have had six sons and one
daughter. The latter died at an early age.
Calkins, Hon. William H., was born February 18th, 1842, in Pike County, 0.
In 1853 he emigrated to Indiana with his father's family, and for the next three
years worked on their farm. In 1856, his father being elected County Auditor,
young Calkins acted as his Deputy for two years. From 1858 to the spring of
1861 he was city editor and bookkeeper of the Indiana Daily Courier at Lafayette,
employing his leisure hours in the study of law, fir3t under the instruction of
Major Daniel Mace and afterward in the office of Colonel William Wilson. He
also attended the Commercial and Law Scliool at Louisville, Ky., for about three
months. At the breaking out of the late Civil War he enlisted as a private in the com
pany of Captain W. J. Templeton, from Benton County, Ind. This company was
intended for three months' service, but the quota being filled, it was transferred
to the State service for one year, and temporarily attached to the Fifteenth In-
18,

400 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
diana Regiment, and the following August it was disbanded. Mr. Calkins then
went to Iowa, and assisted in raising a company in Jones County in that State,
and in 1861 he entered the three years' service as First Lieutenant of Company
H, Fourteenth Iowa Infantry. He fought at forts Henry and Donelson, and at
the battle of Shiloh. At the close of the first day's fight in the last-named bat
tle the remnant of his regiment surrendered, and he, with the other officers, was
taken prisoner.
He was confined in the prisons of Macon and Madison, Ga., and in the famous
Libby, and in October, 1862, he was paroled. While in the prisons the treat
ment he received was most severe. After his release he joined his regiment, and
was ordered to Springfield, Mo., to repel the invasion of the Confederate General
Marmaduke. He was then sent to Cairo, 111., and thence to Paducah, Ky.,
where, in 1863, he left the regiment with his health seriously impaired from im
prisonment and exposure. He re-entered the army in October, 1863, and was
temporarily assigned to the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Indiana Infantry,
then being recruited. In February, 1864, be was promoted to the rank of Major
of the Twelfth Indiana Cavalry, with which he remained until he was mustered
out of service in December, 1865, commanding it more than half the time during
active service. At the close of the war he was brevetted for meritorious service.
On June 20th, 1864, he was manied to Miss Hattie S. Holton, formerly of
Maysville, Ky. In December, 1865, he returned to Valparaiso, Ind., to which
place his father had in the mean time removed, and immediately entered upon the
practice of law. In October, 1866, he was elected Prosecuting Attorney for the
district composed of nine of the northwestern counties of the State, and served
to the entire satisfaction of his constituents, as is evinced by the fact that he
was re-elected in 1868.
In 1870 he was a member of the Forty-seventh General Assembly from Porter
County. In May, 1871, he removed to La Porte, Ind., and entered upon the
practice of his profession with Judge Osborn. In 1874 he was nominated for
Congress by the Republicans, and was defeated by Dr. Hammond, of Monticello.
In 1876 he was again nominated, and was elected by eleven hundred votes over
his old competitor, and was re-elected in 1878. In 1880 he was re-elected from
the Thirteenth Congressional District, and was re-elected from the same district
in 1882. He was nominated for Governor of Indiana at the Republican State
Convention held in June, 1884, and was defeated at the ensuing election, the
total vote being 550,000. He continued his practice of law in Indianapolis until
February, 1889, when he removed to Tacoma, Wash. Terr. In April, 1889, he
was appointed one of the four Supreme Judges of the Territory of Washington,
wliich position he held until the Territory was admitted as a State ; since that
time he has been practising law in the city of Tacoma.
Saunders, James C, of Port Townsend, Wash., was born in Memphis, Tenn.,
December 31, 1854 ; attended the private academy of Stewart Brothers ; in 1869
entered the University of Tennessee, and remained until 1871, and then spent
three years on his father's farm. We next find him in the national capital Acting
as Private Secretary to Congressman Casey Young, during which time he read law.
He was afterward" Clerk of two committejs of the House of Representatives. In

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 401
1880 he went to Fort Smith, Ark., and established the Fort Smith Herald, being
the first daily sheet ever published in that locality. In 1883 he returned to
Washington, D. C, as Clerk to the Committee on Commerce (of which Hon.
John H. Reagan was Chairman), a position which he retained for a year and a
half. During the campaign of 1884 he was Private Secretary to Senator Gorman,
who managed the campaign. After Cleveland's inauguration he was appointed
Executive Clerk to the President, in which capacity he continued to serve until
1888, when he accepted the office of Indian Inspector, being assigned to duty in
Washington Territory. On May 20th, 1893, he was appointed by President
Cleveland Collector of Customs for the Puget Sound district. Few lives have
been busier or more fully occupied in positions of trust and confidence than that
of Mr. Saunders. His repeated promotion is the best evidence that his work was
well done and to the satisfaction of his employers.
In 1882 he was married to Miss Alice E. Sample, daughter of Rev. W. A.
Sample, of Fort Smith, Ark. They have three children.
Charlton, A. D., the Assistant General Passenger Agent of the Northern
Pacific Railway, is a genial gentleman that it is always a pleasure to meet. He
is a native of Canada, and was born in Hamilton, November 15th, 1859. His
early boyhood was passed in his native town, where he received the advantages
of an excellent common school and collegiate education. He terminated his
studies at the early age of sixteen, and entered the Auditor's office of the Great
Western Railroad, now part of the Grand Trunk system ; he had early evinced
an interest in railroad life which deepened as his knowledge expanded. He re
mained in this office two years and then removed to Chicago, where a larger scope
was opened in which to exercise his ambitions ; he accepted a responsible position
in the General Passenger and Ticket Department of the Chicago and Alton Rail
road. He held this office six years, which attests the fact of his duties being
ably and efficiently discharged. His abilities being recognized, he was given
charge of all Western passenger business of the Northern Pacific Railroad, and
arrived in Portland, Ore., February 15th, 1884, to enter upon his new field of
duty. A few months later he was given the more responsible position of Assist
ant General Passenger Agent, with full control over all passenger business west
of Helena, Mont. He is now filling the many requirements of this office to the
general satisfaction of the company and travelling public ; his long and faithful
services in connection with the road have made him thoroughly familiar with the
work in every detail. His systematic and economical administration of the affairs
under his control entitles him to great credit. With men of his. stamp assisting
in the conduct of the Northern Pacific's affairs, it is easy to comprehend why the
system of this great railroad has reached such perfection, and why the future
prosperity of the line is most substantially assured.
Mr. Charlton was married October 9th, 1889, to Miss Ida M. Comstock,
daughter of one of Oregon's most prominent pioneers, and a lady of refinement
and culture.
Forrest, Robert W., deceased, the subject of this brief memoir, was born
at Brandywine Manor, Chester County, Pa., in the year 1833. His early life was

402 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
spent upon a farm, and his educational advantages were of the most limited
nature. Until the age of twenty-five most of his time had been passed in labor
upon the farm. In 1857 he relinquished that occupation and embarked in the
mercantile business at Lionville, Pa. After following that calling successfully
for nearly five years, he became enthused with the spirit of the times, and offered
himself to the great cause which demanded the services of every patriotic citizen
— the suppression of the great Rebellion. He enlisted in September, 1862, in a
Pennsylvania regiment, and served with distinction and bravery as Color-Sergeant
of the regiment.
Returning home at the expiration of his term of service, the restless spirit of
ambition led him westward. Crossing the Mississippi at St. Louis' in 1866, he
finally settled at Norborne, Carroll County, Mo., where for a period of ten years
he was successfully engaged in mercantile business. During this time he took an
active interest in public affairs, and was elected to several offices of public trust
and honor, the duties of which he performed with the same energy and public
spirit which had characterized him in his private business. In 1878 he removed
with his family to Tficoma, and one year later to Spokane. At the latter place
he again embarked in the mercantile business, which he continued with success
and profit until 1884, when, on account of failing health, he was obliged to retire
permanently. On the incorporation of Spokane, in November, 1881, Mr. Forrest was elected
the first Mayor of the city, and by re-election held that important office until
April, 1883. Without any disparagement to his honorable successors, it may be
truthfully stated that Spokane has never had a more progressive Mayor, one who
better understood its wants and made provision for meeting them. There was no
portion of the city's affairs with which he did not at once make himself intelli
gently familiar, and he inaugurated many public improvements which reflect
great credit on his sagacity and foresight, and entitle him to be forever remem
bered with gratitude by his fellow-citizens. In 1885 he was elected to the City
Council from the First Ward for a term of two years. Mr. Forrest was a pioneer,
in fact, of the great Northwest, and always took an active part and laudable
pride in the development of its many and great resources. He was a director
and stockholder in the Traders' National Bank, the Ross Park Electric Railway
Company, Spokane Falls and Big Bend National Bank, Davenport, Wash., and
was for several years President of the Pennsylvania Mortgage Investment Com
pany, of Spokane Falls. He died at Brandywine Manor, September 14th,
1892. Mr. Forrest was successful in life not as the result of any single stroke, but
rather as the result of patient, persistent, and well-directed effort. He possessed
fine business judgment, excellent executive ability, and an evenly balanced mind.
No man in the community stood higher for integrity, business probity, and faith
fulness to every trust and obligation. Spokane was benefited in many ways by
his ready willingness to promote every deserving public enterprise. For his
friends and intimates he had a frank, warm, and loyal attachment — as warmly and
loyally reciprocated. Such, in brief, are some of the prominent characteristics of
this man, whose career was one of constant and unflagging devotion to duty, of
generous deeds, and active usefulness.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 405
Gross, Ellis II., the senior member of the firm of Gross Brothers, of Tacoma,
was born in Rypin, Poland, December 10th, 1 853. He came to America in the
spring of 1874 a poor and friendless emigrant, and after spending a few weeks in
New York City went to Cincinnati, O., where he joined his brother, David, who
preceded him to this country, and began life as a peddler in and near the city
of Cincinnati. He continued that occupation until 1876, when he went to San
Francisco and opened a small dry goods store with the very limited capital saved
from his peddling business. In partnership with his brother, David, he suc
cessfully continued business in San Francisco until 1878, when they came to
Tacoma and opened a small store, with a stock of about $1500 worth of goods —
the beginning of the present large establishment of Gross Brothers. The firm
uame was at first Gross & Rudee. The latter retired about six months later, and
Morris Gross joined the firm, which has ever since been known as Gross Brothers.
In 1881 the management of the Tacoma store was turned over to Morris Gross,
and a branch store was established at Port Townsend, under the management of
Ellis H. After remaining there two years he sold out and went to Europe. He
returned to this country in 1887, and has since resided at Tacoma. While in
Europe he was married to Johanne Olsehewitz, of Strasburg, Germany. They
have two children, Lydia and Carl. Mr. Gross is a thirty-second degree Mason
and a member of the Mystic Shrine. He is the eldest of the four- Gross brothers.
The parents are still living in Rypin, Poland, the father at the age of eighty and
the mother seventy. In a personal sense Mr. Gross has had a most successful
career, and has also been a potent factor in promoting the growth and develop
ment of the city of Tacoma. He is a man of affable manners and pleasing ad
dress, and is respected and esteemed for his genial social qualities, as well as for
integrity and sterling worth of character.
Gross, Morris, was born in Rypin, Poland, February 19th, 1859. At the age
of thirteen he left school and began learning the tailor's trade, at wliich he wotked
for some years before coming to this country. In 1879 he came directly to
Tacoma, having been sent for by his brothers, and immediately took a position
in their store, employing his leisure hours in the study of the English language.
Since 1881 he has been the active manager of the Tacoma store, and the marvel
lous growth of the business bears ample testimony to his ability and enterprise.
When he took charge of the store in 1881 all the work was done by himself and
one assistant ; now about sixty clerks are employed. The magnificent palace of
trade known as the Gross Building, situated at the corner of Ninth and Railroad
streets, is owned and occupied by the Gross Brothers, and is one of the finest
buildings, as well as one of the most extensive mercantile establishments in the
State of Washington. Mr. Gross is connected with many secret and social frater
nities ; is a thirty-second degree Mason, member of the Mystic Shrine, Knights
of Pythias, Ancient Order United Working-men, Chamber of Commerce, and
Commercial Club. He has travelled extensively in Europe. In political prefer
ence he is a Republican and an ardent protectionist. He is actively interested in
nearly all the public institutions of Tacoma, is ready at all times to lend his in
fluence and aid to any meritorious project looking to the advancement of the
city's welfare, and is in all respects an estimable citizen. The success he has

406 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
achieved in business has been very gratifying, and the community has been a
large gainer by his endeavors.
r Gross, David, was born in Rypin, Poland, August 23d, 1854, and came to
America April 4th, 1873, being the first of the family to emigrate to this coun
try. He learned the dress-making trade in bis native country. After a short
stay in New York City he drifted to Cincinnati, O., where he and his brother,
Ellis H., followed the occupation of peddlers for several years. Their subsequent
mercantile career has already been noticed. When the Tacoma store was opened,
David remained in San Francisco as the buyer for the firm, and to his skill and
judgment in this department is largely due the remarkable success and phenome
nal growth of the business of Gross Brothers. He has the reputation of being
one of the keenest and best buyers in the country. He now lives in New York
City, where he is resident buyer for the firm, the San Francisco market proving
inadequate for the growing demands of the business. Mr. Gross was married
June 7th, 1882, to Miss Jennie Friedman, of San Francisco. They have three
sons, Leonard, Mendes, and Jeffrey.
Gross, Abraham, was born in Rypin, Poland, April 5th, 1866, and attended
school in his native town until the age of fifteen. At that time his brothers,
Ellis H., David, and Morris, who had recently established their dry -goods business
in Tacoma, sent for him, and he left Poland in the spring of 1881, and arrived in
Tacoma on July 14th of the same year. After attending school six months at
Tacoma, he went to San Francisco and took a thorough course of instruction in
one of the leading business colleges of that city. On his return to Tacoma he
entered his brothers' store as bookkeeper and general utility man. His faithful
service in this capacity was fittingly rewarded when on April 5th, 1887— his
twenty-first birthday— he was made an equal partner in the business of Gross
Brothers. Mr. Gross is an aggressive, energetic business man, and though but
twenty-seven years old has, by his enterprising, keen business foresight and untir
ing industry, already attained a prominent position among the leading merchants
of the Northwest. He has dealt quite extensively in real estate, in which he has
displayed excellent judgment and acquired a considerable property. His admi
rable social qualities have attracted a wide circle of warm friends, by whom lie is
held in the highest esteem. Like his brothers, Ellis H. and Morris, he is a thirty-
second degree Mason and a member of the Mystic Shrine. He is also a member
of the Knights of Pythias and of the Chamber of Commerce, and is a charter
member of the Commercial Club of Tacoma.
The truly marvellous career of the four bi others so briefly noticed in the pre
ceding paragraphs furnishes an example of courage, perseverance, and enterprise
that has seldom been equalled. Their success has been achieved in enterprises
which have contributed to the general good, and their charities and benefactions
have been bestowed with a liberal hand. Their lives are in every particular worthy
of the highest commendation. Starting on the lowermost rung of the ladder of
life, they have worked themselves up to the top by the exercise of those qualities
which distinguish born leaders of men. During their whole business career they
have borne a high reputation as honorable, straightforward business men. Every

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 407
obligation they have assumed has been faithfully and fully discharged. Their
lai'ge business has been built up by honorable dealing, by hard and persistent work,
and the exercise of excellent business sagacity. They are recognized in the com
munity as men of the highest integrity, and enjoy the perfect confidence of the
business public.
Turner, George, was born in Edina, Knox County, Mo., February 25th,
1850. At the age of nineteen years he removed to Mobile, Ala., where he was
admitted to tho Bar in 1870. He remained at Mobile until 1876, and then re
moved his residence to Montgomery, in the same State. He practised his pro
fession in the latter city until 1884, when he was appointed by President Arthur
as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Washington Territory. He had
previously held the position of United States Marshal for the southern and mid
dle district of Alabama by appointment of President Grant. From 1876-81 he
was Chairman of the Republican State Committee of Alabama, and was Member-
at-large of the delegations to the National Convention of that State in 1876, 1880,
and 1884. He was one of the famous " 306" in the convention of 1880 for Gen
eral Grant. On his appointment to the Supreme Court Bench he took up his resi
dence at Spokane Falls, where he has since remained. February 15th, 1888, he
resigned his position as Judge and resumed the practice of law in Spokane. He
is now a member of the firm of Turner & Graves. He is a successful lawyer of
acknowledged ability in every branch of a most difficult profession, is a forcible
speaker, and possesses the tact, sound judgment, and eminently practical views,
without wliich the most brilliantly endowed men often prove such lamentable
failures. As a citizen he takes a deep and active interest in everything he deems
calculated to promote the prosperity and improvement of the city he has chosen
for his residence.
Feighan, John W., a leading attorney of Spokane, is a native of the State of
New York, having been born in Buffalo in 1845. He removed with his parents
to Indiana, and later to Kentucky when he was quite young. At the early age
of fourteen years he was left an orphan. After attending the country schools he
began an academic course ; but the breaking out of the Rebellion diverted for a
time the lad's thirst for the knowledge of books, and he determined to enlist iu
the service of his country. Owing to his extreme youth he was twice rejected,
but a third appeal was more successful, and at the age of seventeen years he en
tered the service in the Eighty-third Indiana Regiment, attached to the Second
Division of the Fifteenth Army Corps, and with his gun and knapsack went to
the front. He was never absent from duty a single day during his entire service,
and earned and received a commission for his services at the front. His regi
ment was under fire two hundred and thirteen days.
At the close of the war Mr. Feighan, having a natural bent for legal pursuits,
determined to adopt the profession of the law, and with this object in view en
tered the Miami University, at Oxford, O., from which institution he was gradu
ated in the Class of 1870. He then took the prescribed course of study at the
Cincinnati Law School, graduating in 1872, teaching school, in the mean time, in
order to obtain the means to defray the expenses of his college education. He

408 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
began the pra.ctice of his profession at Owensborough, Ky., in 1872, where he
remained till the fall of 1880, when he removed to Kansas and settled at Emporia,
Lyon County, in that State, where he soon built up a lucrative practice. While
at Emporia he was three times elected Prosecuting Attorney, and creditably dis
charged the duties of that office. In 1887 he was elected Department Commander
of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Kansas. As a token
of esteem his comrades sent to him, after he removed to Washington, a handsome
commander's badge of gold studded with diamonds.
In 1888 Colonel Feighan removed to Spokane Falls, Wash., where he has
since resided. Iu the practice of his chosen profession he has been eminently
successful, and the firm of which he is a member enjoys a large and increasing
practice. His prominent characteristics as a lawyer have been cool, dispassionate
judgment, plain common sense, devotion and diligent loyalty to bis client, and
thorough hard work for the mastering of the matter in hand. He has always
taken a deep interest in political matters, and is a devoted member of the Repub
lican Party. His popularity has been attested by repeated calls to positions of
public honor and trust. Before his removal to Kansas from Kentucky he was the
candidate of his party for Member of Congress from the Second District in the
latter State, and made a number of able and brilliant speeches for his party. He
was elected a member of the first Legislature of the new State of Washington
from Spokane County, and was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives
without opposition. As a presiding officer he was fair, able, and popular, and
won the confidence and esteem of the body over which he presided. As a citi
zen he takes a deep and active interest in everything which he deems calculated
to promote the prosperity and improvement of the beautiful town he has chosen
for his residence. In all the kindly relations of acquaintance, neighbor, and
friend, the genial and manly elements that constitute the truest bond of human
intercourse are conspicuous ingredients in his character.
Griggs, Chauncey Wright, President of the St. Paul and Tacoma Lumber
Company, was born in Tolland, Conn., December 31st, 1832, and is descended
from that brainy, thrifty New England stock which has given to this country so
many of its ablest men. His father was Captain Chauncey Griggs, a man of
more than ordinary ability, an officer in the War of 1812, and a member of the
Legislature of the State of Connecticut for a number of years. Through his
mother, Heartie Dimock, Colonel Griggs is connected with the nobility of Eng
land — the Dimocks in New England, through Elder Thomas Dimock, an early set
tler of Barnstable, Mass., tracing their descent from the Dimocks of England,
who from the time of Henry II. to that of Victoria, have held and exercised the
office of Hereditary Champion of the Kings of England, and for their services
have been knighted and baroneted. In this country the Dimocks have always
been worthy and influential citizens, and were especially prominent in the Revo
lution, many of them being officers in the Continental Army.
Colonel Griggs attended the common schools of his native town, and at the
age of seventeen went to Ohio, where he was clerk in a country store for a short
time. Returning home, he finished his education at the Monson Academy, Massa
chusetts, and after his graduation taught school. In 1851 a second time the

POST FALLS— MIDDLE CHANNEL, NOR. PAC. R. R.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 411
activity and possibilities of the West led him out from his old home. Starting
first in a bank at Detroit, Mich., then iu Ohio again in the mercantile business,
then to Iowa, then back to Detroit, where he engaged for a time in the furniture
business with one of his brothers. He finally, in 1856, located at St. Paul, where
he engaged in the general merchandise business, contracting, dealing in real
estate, etc.
At the breaking out of the Rebellion Colonel Griggs organized a company for
the Third Minnesota Infantry, and was, for honorable and brave service, promot
ed through the various grades to that of Colonel, and undoubtedly would have
been breveted General had he not been obliged to resign in 1863 on account of
sickness. Returning to Minnesota, he was for several years located at Chaska, a small
town thirty miles west of St. Paul, as a general merchant, and also engaged in
the brick-making business, dealing in wood, contracting for the government and
railroads, etc. At this time he represented his county for some years in the
Legislature of the State. In 1869 he returned to St. Paul and embarked in the coal
and wood business, first with J. J. Hill, now the well-known railroad magnate,
President of the Great Northern, then with General R. W. Johnson, and finally
with A. G. Foster. He organized the Lehigh Coal and Iron Company, and was
for some time its President, but in the spring of 1887 he sold out his entire inter
est in the fuel business. While best known as a coal and wood merchant, Colonel
Griggs was extensively interested in many other business ventures. In 1883 he
formed a partnership with others as Glidden, Griggs & Co., and engaged in the
wholesale grocery trade, and at present he has considerable capital invested in
the firm of Griggs, Cooper & Co., one of the largest wholesale grocery houses in
Minnesota. Of this firm his eldest son, Chauncey Milton Griggs, is a member and
one of its chief managers. Colonel Griggs has been particularly prominent as an
investor in lands, having handled much property in St. Paul and Minneapolis, as
well as throughout Minnesota, Dakota, and Montana. He has also made large
investments in the pine lands of Wisconsin and in Montana property, and is still
the President of the Beaver Dam Lumber Company, a concern that exhibits the
same energy and prosperity which characterize all of his enterprises.
In the future, however, Colonel Griggs will be best known as one of tbe mill
ionaire lumber men of the Pacific Coast, and together with Henry Hewitt, Jr., as
having carried through the largest lumber purchase ever made. In May, 1888,
these two gentlemen obtained from the Northern Pacific Railroad contracts for
the sale of some eighty thousand acres of land and timber lying near the city of
Tacoma. This is the finest body of timber in the United States, and will cut
from eight to ten billion feet. Associated with many other prominent men in the
East and West, as the St. Paul and Tacoma Lumber Company, of which company
he has been President since its organization in 1888, Colonel Griggs has become
one of the prominent figures in the business circles of the Pacific Coast, and
through the company's extensive foreign trade is known abroad, and along all
the shores that are washed by the Pacific Ocean is building up a name that is
synonymous with energy, ability, and integrity. He has found many other op
portunities for the exercise of these faculties besides the lumber business. As a
prominent railroad contractor he has had charge of and has completed several

412 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
extended branches of the Northern Pacific Railroad, and during the last three
years, in the various interests of which he has had the chief executive manage
ment, his employes have numbered from fifteen hundred to eight thousand men
daily. To employ and control so many men is an immense undertaking in any
event ; but to do it successfully, at a profit, and without any labor disputes and
to the entire satisfaction of the employe's, as Colonel Griggs has done, is at this
time almost a marvel. The colonel is a born leader of men. He controls them
without friction ; is quick to see a man's good points, and is ever ready to reward
ability and energy. In spite of his wealth and large corporate interests he is a
true Democrat at heart, and in all his dealings with men his virtues never fail to
win their confidence and esteem.
Notwithstanding his enormous private interests, Colonel Griggs has found
time to serve the public efficiently in many important capacities. In politics he
has always been a strong, conservative Democrat, but has never supported a cor
rupt candidate or a questionable party measure. He was a member of the State
House of Representatives of Minnesota for two terms, and State Senator three
terms. He served as Alderman for seven terms in St. Paul, and held various
positions of honor and trust on important city committees and boards, his dis
tinguished financial and executive ability making his services invaluable. In
1889 and 1893 he received the full vote of the Democratic members of the Wash
ington Legislature for United States Senator. He was a member and Chairman
of the Washington delegation to the Democratic National Convention which nomi
nated Cleveland at Chicago in 1892, and owing to his intimate acquaintance with
Mr. Cleveland's closest supporters and warmest friends and to the Republicans who
realize his worth and the great value he would be to the State if put into the
Senate, Colonel Griggs has held the full Democratic vote against a large Repub
lican majority, and throughout a very long and weary " deadlock" and always
with an admitted possibility of election owing to his personal magnetism and to
the confidence which the people of the State generally have in him, as a man of
large experience, tried and honorable service and broad views.
The business career of Colonel Griggs has been one of great energy, courage,
and commercial enterprise. His success has been remarkable, but he has the sat
isfaction of feeling that it has been deserved and is the legitimate reward of
worthy exertion. His generosity has kept pace with his prosperity, and in the
practical affairs of life he has the happy faculty of helping people to help them
selves, and of bestowing charities in the most graceful and unostentatious way.
Colonel Griggs was married April 14th, 1859, to Martha Ann Gallup, of Led
yard, Conn. Their children are Chauncey Milton, born February 19th, 1861, of
whom we have already spoken ; Herbert S., born February 27th, 1862, a busy
lawyer of Tacoma ; Heartie Dimock, December 12th, 1866 ; Everett Gallup, De
cember 27th, 1868, engaged in the lumber business and other pursuits in Tacoma ;
Theodore Wright, September 3d, 1872, at present a student at Yale College ;
and Anna Billings, June 17th, 1874.
Parker, Hollon. — His father, Preston R. Parker, was an early resident of
New York, who located his farm about thirty miles east of Rochester, in the
northwestern part of the State. After serving in the War of 1812, here with his

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 413
own hands he cleared his farm of a heavy growth of timber and reared his large
family of ten children, serving his community and his God by nearly half a century
of active work in the ministry. Of this family there were six boys and four girls,
the sixth being Hollon Parker, born October 2d, 1832, in Arcada, near Palmyra,
Wayne County, N. Y. His early education was that of many of our more cele
brated leaders, acquiring the rudiments in the old-fashioned log school house of
our forefathers. His later successes in life may be due not only to his own in
domitable spirit and firmness of character, but also to the atmosphere of his early
youth and the worthy example of his honored father and most estimable mother.
The latter was a Sanford, of Staten Island, one of the foremost families in New
York State at that time. With that spirit of indomitable courage which marks
the lives of those rugged characters of our pioneer history, Hollon, at the age of
nineteen years, started for the Far West, intending to return in two years and
enter college. Crossing the Isthmus of Panama, part of the way on foot, he
arrived in San Francisco on May 22d, 1852, following the rush into the mines in
the northern part of the State. Although fatigued with his long journey, and
emaciated by the fevers of the swamps of Panama, he finally succeeded in reach
ing them alive. It was here that the true grain and fibre of his most commend
able nature showed out to the best advantage. Fully seven thousand miles from
home, $500 in debt, a veritable walking skeleton, alone and among strangers,
with not a dollar in his pocket, and a hard cold winter at hand. Can we wonder
at the failure of many with less stamina who with him reached this elysium of
their hopes to be disappointed ? After various efforts, he finally obtained a posi
tion indoors at $50 per month for tbe winter, at a time when flour was worth
$1.25 per pound, and salt $16 per pound in the more remote mining districts.
This was in the winter of 1852-53. He afterward taught school in the northern
part of the State, saving his earnings, and finally, October 28th, 1853, went
into business with a partner under the firm name of Parker & Roman, in Yreka,
Siskiyou County, Cal., handling a line of books, stationery, and notions. He
continued in this line for seven years, until lie had accumulated about $40,000
worth of real estate and other property. These investments, mostly brick stores
and merchandise, were lost during the dry winters which proved so disastrous to
that country at that time, and being deceived in those in whom he confided, and
after closing his store at this place, and one at Jacksonville, in Jackson County,
Ore., he started North in the spring of 1862 for the then celebrated Orofina min
ing camp in Northern Idaho, arriving at Portland, Ore., in the following April.
Continuing north, he reached Walla Walla about the middle of July, 1862, which
has been his home ever since. His intention had been to visit his brother, Esbon
B. Parker, who had come West and owned some valuable mining property at that
place, and then back by the way of San Francisco, where he had his dental in
struments and dental stock, to Lima, South America, to practise dentistry, as he
had studied and practised and become an expert in that profession, But after
looking around at Walla Walla he decided to embark again in the mercantile
business in his old line of books, stationery, and variety.
In 1863 he procured the papers necessary, and organized what was known as
the Union League, for the purpose of promoting a spirit of patriotism among the
citizens of the community, and was an active and zealous worker in the Union

414 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
cause throughout the entire time of the war. The League, although it met with
some opposition, proved a success, and gave to the country the impetus necessary
to clear it of the blacklegs and thieves who had secured such a vital hold upon
the community that a vigilance committee had to be organized to protect the lives
and property of the citizens. During this time Mr. Parker, ably assisted by Mr.
Thomas K. McCoy and Anderson Cox, worked incessantly, openly and in secret,
to secure for the people an honest and just government, and more favorable con
dition of judicial affairs.
In 1856 Mr. Parker returned to his home in New York State. While there
he attended the Wayne County Convention as an active member, which supported
James Buchanan for the Presidency. After the election, Mr. Parker attended the
inaugural, and while there was one of over four hundred victims who, with Presi
dent Buchanan, were poisoned at one of the leading hotels in Washington, of
whom forty or more died, and many left injured for life, he himself not recover
ing for many years from its effects. While living iu the East he became a Master
Mason at Palmyra Lodge No. 248, Wayne County, N. Y. He also took the third
degree in the Odd Fellows of East Palmyra Lodge No. 463. Some years after
ward he took a demit and a travelling card from these societies. But his busi
ness has required so much of his time that he has not affiliated to any great extent
on the coast with these bodies.
Mr. Parker was an active member of the first National Woman's Suffrage Con
vention, held in New York City in May, 1869. In the summer of 1863 Mr. Parker
was elected as a delegate to the Territorial Republican Convention, held at Vancou
ver, Wash. Terr. While there he entered into a contract with the Registrar and
Receiver of the United States Land Office, and agreed to pay their expenses,
which the United States refused to do, in order that they might come to Walla
Walla and give settlers an opportunity to secure title to their lands before it
could be bought by speculators, as there was to be a Government land sale of the
same lands the following month. In this he was successful, and saved for the
community over $15,000, which otherwise would have been lost had the settlers
been obliged to have gone to the Land Office.
In 1864 Mr. Parker, in connection with his other business, opened a Land
Office at Walla Walla, at an outlay of several thousand dollars, to enable the set
tlers to file on their land claims without going to the Vancouver and Oregon City
Land Offices, and commenced at the same time the practice of law. Although
this business had now assumed such proportions as to require almost his entire
time, he practised one year in the United States District Court, and became inter
ested in politics very successfully until 1869. It was during this time that the
annexation of Southern Washington, lying south of Snake River (now the coun
ties of Walla Walla, Columbia, Assotin, and Garfield, of the State of Washington)
became agitated, and was favored by Mr. Anderson Cox and many others. Mr.
Cox, having been elected to the Washington Legislature, instead of reaching the
Washington Legislature at Olympia, the capital, brought up at Salem, Ore.,
and endeavored to get a memorial passed by the Oregon Legislature, praying Con
gress that that Territory might be annexed to the State of Oregon. Mr. Parker
hearing of this, at once opposed it secretly, and succeeded, by his influence with
the political leaders of Washington, in preventing its consummation (as he under-

.*?*

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6 . rs.j

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 417
stood it). The direct import of this move may not have been evident to those of
less foresight : but that portion being Democratic, was all that was necessary to
throw Oregon that way, and would have changed the entire political status of the
nation. For his services and zeal in behalf of the country and his party Mr.
Parker received the consideration and confidence of the Government, and it may
be safely said that he could have procured almost any office or position in their
gift pertaining to Washington Territory had he so desired.
On February 4th, 1869, Mr. Parker started to attend the inaugural of Presi
dent Grant. By means of a stage-coach, a sled, and a mud wagon, he succeeded
in reaching the terminus of the Union Pacific Railroad at a little town called
Wasatch, a distance of some eight hundred miles, to find the road blockaded with
snow. After a few days the railroad company transferred the party to Rawlins,
where they found two hundred more delayed passengers, many without provisions
and money. Mr. Parker was selected as leader and one of a committee of three
to devise ways and means of securing transportation and relief. After an unsatis
factory interview with the railroad officers, they started afoot, and after much
trouble and many narrow escapes, they succeeded in reaching Cheyenne. From
Rawlins they wired the Congressional Committee on Railroads, at Washington,
at a cost of $40, a repeated message, for aid. After much suffering the party
finally reached Omaha, and then Washington, three days after the inaugural.
Mr. Parker was introduced by Horace Greeley, May 18th, 1869, to the Farmers'
Club, American Institute, New York City, and given a hearing before this body
as to Walla Walla valley and its various resources. This was published in many
of the leading papers throughout the East in a circulation of over half a million
(see report of said meeting in the New York Herald, Tribune, San, World, Times,
Scientific American, Independent, Rural New Yorker, and many other papers), and
this was the first legitimate advertising of the Walla Walla valley. As a result
of this, Mr. Parker received a great many letters from various parts of the United
States, which were faithfully answered. For two months or more he worked,
serving the public at Washington City in working for better mail facilities and
other important measures. Realizing the immense value of such work to them,
Mr. Leland Stanford, President of the Central Pacific Railroad, and the authori
ties of the Union Pacific Railroad, and John Haley, Sr., of the stage lines,
placed their transportation at the disposal of Mr. Parker gratis.
In August, 1855, Mr. Parker, in company with several others on an exploring
undertaking, made the ascent of Mount Shasta, although reported impossible by
Fremont. Of the party three were physicians, two of whom were overcome by
the gases and sulphurous vapors escaping fiom the boiling springs of the old
crater on top of the mountain. It was several weeks before their recovery, as the
poison in the gases caused their faces to peel.
In 1869, while in Washington, it was through Mr. Parker's efforts that the
Commissioner of the General Land Office changed the rules of the department so
that the settlers could prove up by deposition instead of the personal appearance
of witnesses, thus saving the cost of their journey to the Land Office, which was
over $100 in each case.
After repeated efforts and failures for nearly two years made by the judges of
the Supreme Court of Washington Territory, the delegate to Congress, and

418 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
others, to have Registrars in Bankruptcy under the United States bankrupt law,
Mr. Parker, through his private influence with Chief Justice Chase, succeeded in
having three lawyers of his own selection appointed to fill these positions.
Mr. Parker was elected delegate to the Columbia River Waterway Convention
at various places for five consecutive years by the Walla Walla Board of Trade,
to aid and encourage the movement to open the Columbia for navigation, and it
was through his work that much was done toward agitating this important ques
tion, as the people now living in the great Columbia basin drained by the Colum
bia River, a country whose area is over two hundred and fifty thousand square
miles, equal in extent to the whole area of New England, New York and Ohio,
and a portion of the State of Pennsylvania, would receive untold benefit by open-
icg up the Columbia for navigation, as this area is teeming with the wealth of
mines of gold, silver, copper, iron and the baser metals, an area capable of sup
porting many millions of people. Each year Mr. Parker was on the Committee
for Memorial to the United States Congress, the most important committee ; and
in October, 1890, he was unanimously elected their President, and continues to
hold that position. (See Smattey's Magazine, St. Paul, August, 1887, on this and
other subjects, and also referring to Mr. Parker and other documentary reports.)
After nearly a quarter of a century of close application to business indoors,
Mr. Parker found it necessary to seek employment in the open air, and took to
the saddle, superintending for four years the fencing and cultivation of several
thousand acres of land which he had acquired in various counties. His diligence
rewarded him by a return of from thirty to forty bushels of wheat to the acre on
land (wheat only bringing thirty cents per bushel, owing to exorbitant transporta
tion charges and interest on money at the bank at 18 per cent, per annum) which
ten years before he would not have paid the taxes on. He has been engaged
since in superintending his farming and various other properties which his dili
gence has acquired.
On January 13th, 1872, he married Miss Laura Belle Glenn, of New Lisbon,
Columbiana County, O., sister of Dr. J. G. Glenn, of Portland, recently deceased.
Of three children, he buried two beautiful twin daughters, who died of diph
theria in the winter of 1878-79. He has one son now living, Orrin Glenn Farker,
born June 2d, 1876.
After Mr. Parker's arrival in the beautiful Walla Walla valley, although, he
had travelled extensively throughout the United States in almost every latitude,
the various and wonderful attractions of the valley, the mild, healthful, invigorat
ing climate, the various and prolific resources, producing almost every kind of
vegetable, fruit, and grain, have kept him so charmed since first he saw the
Eureka of his travels, that no place on the Puget Sound, or in Oregon, or Cali
fornia, or any part of the United States has induced him to change his home for
the last thirty years.
Mr. Parker is now in the ripe, full years of a perfectly matured life, and has
reached that point along the journey where he may pause and look back with a
retrospective eye upon the ascent up which he has travelled, with a feeling of sat
isfaction that he has at least done his duty to his fellow-men. Although the road
has been rough and the last few years fraught with pain and sickness, he has now
reached the summit and regained his better health.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 419
His life has been exemplary in all worthy things ; charitable to the needy, and
giving largely out of his bounty to any and all public enterprises tending to its
welfare. He lived strictly temperate, even through years of early settlement, while
intemperance hurried many of his acquaintances and companions into untimely
graves. His advice to all is, as the result of nearly forty years' actual litigation from
the lowest to the highest courts in the land, and after mature deliberation and
judgment, that it is far better for all disputes to be settled by arbitration rather
than in the courts, although he has secured two peremptory mandamuses from
the Supreme Court of the United States. He then could not get a just and equita
ble ruling in the lower courts on the merits of the case.
Now, last but not least, Mr. Parker's life has been a busy and a successful
one, devoted to merchandise, the school-room, law practice, politics, and farm
ing. He has now reached the evening of his day, and glancing over his past, he
is impressed with the goodness of God that has followed him, and the promise
of the future awaiting them who love the Master. During these later years he
has given much attention to thoughts of the future life, and to those who may
peruse these pages, he commends the study of the Bible and the glorious hope
which faith in the Lord Jesus Christ holds out to all men.
Kilbourne, Dr. Edward C. — There are few business men more favorably
known in the city of Seattle than the gentleman of whom we write. His opera
tions in real estate have been of the most reliable character, and the services that
he has rendered the city in calling attention to her advantages have been very
great. In his personal character he has maintained an integrity worthy not only
of the highest commendation, but of the imitation of young men.
Dr. Kilbourne was born in St. Johnsbury, Caledonia County, Vt., January
13th, 1856. Two years later the family removed to Aurora, 111., where the youth
and early manhood of our subject were passed. After attending the public
schools he studied dentistry with his father, with whom he was afterward asso
ciated as a partner. In 1880 he gave up practice on account of ill health, and
spent the next two seasons in Colorado. He then went to Chicago, 111., where
he remained until November, 1883, when he came to Seattle. Opening an office
in this city, his high professional attainments were at once recognized, and he
soon had an extensive dental practice. He was one of the principal organizers of
the Washington Dental Association and its first Secretary. He was also first Presi
dent of the Territorial Board of Dental Examiners ; and largely through his influ
ence the present dental law, which has been the means of maintaining the stand
ard of the profession, was passed. Becoming interested in real estate, he retired
from practice in 1888 to devote his whole attention to other enterprises. In addi
tion to his real estate transactions he became much interested in electric street
railways, together with L. H. Griffith and F. H. Osgood. He was one of the
organizers of the Seattle Electric Railway and Power Company, which put in
operation the first successful electric railway on the Pacific Coast. Of this com
pany he was successively Secretary, President, and Treasurer, retaining his offi
cial connection with the company to within a short time of disposing of his in
terests therein. He is President of the Union Electric Company, which furnishes
lights for all the streets of the city and three fourths of the commercial houses,

420 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
besides running a large number of stationary motors furnishing power for indus
trial purposes. He is also interested in many other important enterprises, includ
ing the Fremont Milling Company, of which he is Vice-President. Dr. Kilbourne
is a friend of every public enterprise ; a man of large liberality, using his pros
perity for the growth and improvement of the city. He is a man of great busi
ness sagacity, whose affairs and judgment are rarely at fault as to private under
takings or public enterprises. He is a Director of the National Bank of Com
merce, and President of the Seattle Building and Loan Association. He is a
leading member of the Young Men's Christian Association, and for the last three
years has acted as President of that organization. He is a Trustee of the
Plymouth Congregational Church, and is deeply interested in church and chari
table work. A source of much pleasure and pride to him is his Sunday-school
class of fifty young ladies. Early in life Dr. Kilbourne has attained to a position
that would satisfy the ambitions of most men ; but his career, already brilliant
in its achievements, promises to be of still greater benefit to the city and State in
the years to come.
Dr. Kilbourne was married in 1886 to Miss Leilla Shorey, an estimable and
accomplished lady, only daughter of O. C. Shorey, a pioneer and one of Seattle's
most highly respected citizens.
Jones, Daniel. — Few American cities can furnish so many instances where
men have achieved success in the course of a very few years simply by well-
directed effort as Seattle. The subject of this sketch is a striking example of
the truth of this statement. Coming to Seattle only five years ago, practically
without money, but possessed of good health and plenty of pluck and energy, be
has rapidly pushed his way onward and upward until to-day he occupies a promi
nent place among the leading business men of the city. He was born in Bloss-
burg, Pa., March 14th, 1856, and was reared on a farm at Williamsburg, la. He
acquired his education at Iowa College, Grinnell, from which institution he was
graduated in 1880. He attended Columbia Law School, New York City, for one
year, and was admitted to the Bar in 1882 at Fargo, Dak., where he began prac
tice. One year later he removed to Minneapolis, Minn., where he engaged in the real
estate business and remained for four years. The next year was spent in Duluth,
also in the real estate business. Then, in 1887, he emigrated to San Diego, Cal.
During his six months' residence in the latter place he gained considerable in
formation concerning tbe sound country, and resolved to try his fortune there.
Accordingly he came to Seattle June 10th, 1888, and at once embarked in the
real estate business as a member of the firm of Bowman & Jones. A few months
later he opened an office for himself under the firm name of Daniel Jones & Co.,
and has so continued to the present time. With Mr. Guy C. Phinney he built
the Butler Block soon after the great Seattle fire. This building he afterward
sold to Chicago capitalists. Mr. Jones is a large owner of real estate in Seattle,
and his operations in this line have exhibited sagacious foresight. He is also
largely interested in mining at Monte Cristo, Wash., and is President of the
Hannah Gold and Silver Mining Company. During his whole business life Mr.
Jones has borne a high reputation as an honorable, straightforward businessman.
Every obligation he has assumed he has faithfully performed. He is progressive

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 423
in his ideas, has firm belief in the future of Seattle, and to the extent of his abil
ity lends his aid to every project to advance and beautify the city. Personally he
is a man of pleasant and winning manners, and has a wide circle of intimate
friends. In 1890 he was appointed President of the first Board of Park Commis
sioners for Seattle.
Mr. Jones was married January 4th, 1889, to Miss Kate Gregg, of Wheeling,
W. Va.
Chilberg, Andrew, bauker, of Seattle, was born near Laholm, Sweden,
March 29th, 1845. When still a lad his parents emigrated to America, settling
in Iowa, where he received his early education in the county school near Ot
tumwa in that State, and left there with his father and older brother for Pike's
Peak during the gold excitement of 1860. He returned to Iowa, and in 1863
crossed the plains by wagon train, arriving at Sacramento, Cal., September 24th,
after a trip lasting five months. He visited a brother in Yolo County, Cal.,
then worked for two years on a farm, using his savings to complete his educa
tion. Removing to Stockton, he found employment for a year in West Brothers'
nursery, during which time he attended the Stockton Business College, though
suffering continually from poor health, brought on by exposure while crossing
the plains. In 1866 he visited Iowa and obtained a teacher's certificate at Ot
tumwa, and taught school there for three years. He then engaged as clerk in a
dry-goods store, remaining in that employment for six years. In 1875 he settled
at Seattle, where he still lives. He occupied himself first in the grocery business
with two brothers, the firm being Chilberg Brothers. He sold out in 1882 to en
gage in insurance. In 1878 he was elected to the City Council. In 1879 he
received the appointment of Vice-Consul for Sweden and Norway. In 1882 he
was elected by an overwhelming majority as County Assessor. He was appointed
City Treasurer in 1885. In 1886 he accepted the position of City Passenger and
Ticket Agent for the Northern Pacific Railroad, which he resigned in 1892 to
assume the Presidency of the Scandinavian-American Bank of Seattle. He was
married November 5th, 1874, at Ottumwa, la., to Miss Mary Nelson. They have
one son. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the
Ancient Order United Workingmen.
Dillman, L. C— The active career of Mr. L. C. Dillman, of Spokane, offers
to our readers and ambitious young men everywhere an example of pluck and
energy worthy of emulation. Probably no State in the Union ever afforded the
varied and flattering inducements for the exercise of financial ingenuity offered
by Washington. But even under advantageous circumstances few men have dis
played the genius which has marked the career of Mr. Dillman, who has so quick
ly and successfully sprung to the front in the growth of Spokane.
Mr. Dillman is a scion of the Blue Grass State, being a native of Louisville,
Ky., where he was born in 1856. His early education was acquired in the public
schools, and it was not until he came to Spokane in 1883 that his remarkable
financial ingenuity and executive ability were first shown. Accepting the first
business opportunity offered, he took a salaried position for a short time, and
then embarked in the real estate and investment business for himself. His pub-
19

424 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
lie spirit and energy soon placed him in a position of prominence and importance,
and no public enterprise in the interest of the town was undertaken without his
material assistance and advice. One of the foremost in the ranks of public work
ers, he has guided, directed, and led in the development of that prosperous city
with a diligence and determination which have brought Spokane to its present
condition of commercial importance and prosperity.
He has now under his personal control and supervision real estate and mining
properties to the value of over $5,000,000. One of the most powerful corpora
tions in the State, the St. Paul Land and Improvement Company, owes its exist
ence to Mr. Dillman, who has charge of its interests in the city. It is a syndicate
which owns large tracts of land, and some of the most valuable real estate in this
city and in Eastern Washington ; and the interests of the company are entrusted
entirely to the hands of Mr. Dillman. He has guided the operation and super
vised their interests in the Northwest in a faithful, honest, and most successful
manner. Another most important enterprise which owes its existence to the supe
rior business qualifications and foresight of Mr. Dillman is the Pacific Bullion
Mining Company, with a capital stock of $1,000,000. The mines of this corpora
tion embrace several of the richest claims in the Kootenai country. Some are
being developed very profitably, and have demonstrated the fact that the Kootenai
region produces some of the richest and best paying ores of any mining region in
the world. He has now inaugurated in connection with the Pacific Bullion Min
ing Company an organization which has for its object the opening up and de
velopment of the entire Kootenai country. They intend to build railroads and
steamers to bring their mines in closer communication and effect easier trans
portation with and from this city. His spirit to aid in the general welfare and
development of Spokane has manifested itself in the many liberal offers which
Mr. Dillman has made with a view of fostering the industries in this city. He
has offered sites for factories, and has donated without any compensation valu
able tracts of land upon which to locate an iron foundry, a glove factory, woollen
and paper mills, a furniture factory, and a knitting factory. The aggregate
value of these donations is not less than $75,000. In addition to these Mr. Dili-
man made the most magnanimous offer to the Exposition Corporation. He
was instrumental in the donation of a tract of land 300 x 300 feet, and valued at
$60,000, in order to aid the enterprise, and the magnificent grounds upon which
the imposing building is located was in part his gift. Mr. Dillman is the senior
member of one of the most prominent real estate and investment brokerage firms
in Spokane, and is also identified with many of the soundest and most substantial
banking institutions here.
The building of the Great Northern Railway to Spokane was the result of the
earnest and untiring work of Mr. Dillman in its behalf. For two years he was
engaged in the effort to secure the road for this city. He pointed out to the
President of the road the fact that by coming here he would secure a large and
lucrative business for his road. He patiently answered all questions, and by
ceaseless effort and unremitting energy overcame the many obstacles which pre
sented themselves. Since the building of the Great. Northern Mr. Dillman has
had entire control of the town sites along the road, which are destined to become
some of the most important points in the State. Barren Ferry, Albany Falls,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 425
Rock Island, and a number of other town sites between the Cascade Range and
Spokane are under his exclusive control and management.
The future magnitude of his business and financial interests can only be esti
mated, as the State is yet in its infancy ; but in addition to the above-mentioned
enterprises, Mr. Dillman is a Director in the Washington National Bank, Presi
dent of the Pacific Bullion Mining Company, Director in the Spokane Hydraulic
Mining Company, and Vice-President of the Union Stock Yards, besides serving
as a Director in the Northwestern Industrial Exposition and numerous other
institutions. Mr. Dillman has resided in Spokane but ten years, but during that short
period he has done more for the interests of the city than many accomplish in a
lifetime. He enjoys the confidence and esteem of all he comes in contact with.
Affable, courteous, aud liberal, he numbers among his friends and acquaintances
many of the most prominent men in the country. Untiring energy, integrity of
purpose, and honest dealing have been the foundation upon which he has built
his most successful career. To the character and business push of such men as
Mr. Dillman the new Northwest is indebted for its rapid development and great
strength. Durham, Nelson W. — Among the newspaper men of Washington deserving
of honorable mention is Nelson W. Durham, editor of the Morning Revieic.
Though only in his thirty-third year, Mr. Durham has achieved an enviable posi
tion in the held of journalism. Educated at the printer's case and early taught
the practical lessons of life, he has gained his present position through constant
work and patient industry. He was born in the State of Missouri, and at the age
of fourteen years left school and began the study of the drug business. Finding
that employment unsuited to his tastes, he entered the office of the Atchison
County Journal, and served an apprenticeship at the printer's trade.
Iu 1879 he went to Denver, Col., and in 1881 came to Portland, Ore. He pub
lished and edited the Oregon Tribune in 1882, and in the following winter en
tered the editorial office of the Portland Oregonian. He served on the staff of
that great and controlling journal, under the able direction of Harvey W. Scott,
until October, 1889, when he began his duties as editor of the Morning Review.
Mr. Durham is a man of alert mind, and speaks and writes with admirable force.
He is steadfast in his friendships, and has intellectual qualities that would bring
him to distinction in any situation.
Clough, C. F., was born in Cumberland, Providence County, R. I., December
26th, 1843. His parents were of the humble walks of life, his father being en
gaged in freighting between Woonsocket and Providence, R. I., before the advent
of the railroads. The father died in 1848, leaving the care of three young chil
dren to the mother, whose health and means were inadequate to the demands of
so large a family, and at the age of ten years our subject went to live with a rela
tive on a farm, remaining there in various capacities for about seven years. What
little education he had acquired by this time was obtained in the district schools
where he attended during the winter months. At the early age of seventeen
years he enlisted in the Fourth Regiment Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry. Sep
tember 8th, 1861. After a campaign with General Burnside in North Carolina in

426 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
the early part of 1862, at the battles of Roanoke Island, Newbern, and the
bombardment of Fort Macon, in the summer of 1862 he was transferred to the
Army of the Potomac, serving later in the yeai in engagements at South Moun
tain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. In the spring of 1863 he was transferred to
Suffolk, Va., where he was engaged in various skirmishes until 1864 ; re-enlisting
in the same regiment, he was transferred from camp near Portsmouth, Va., to the
Army of the Potomac, in front of Petersburg, arriving on July 1st, 1864, in time
to take part in the attack upon the Confederates at the time of the explosion of
the Burnside mine. He engaged in several skirmishes until the general advance
of the army on Petersburg and Richmond, and was in active service continually
until Lee surrendered, April 9th, 1865, at Appomattox.
After taking part in the general review of the army at Washington his com
pany was sent home, and mustered out July 25th, 1865.
From 1865-76 he was engaged in various mercantile pursuits in Rhode Island.
In 1876 he went to California, and until 1884 filled a position as a commercial
traveller for a San Francisco book and stationery house. It was during these
trips that he became convinced of the possibilities of Washington Territory, and
noting the advantages of Spokane Falls, located there in the spring of 1884, open
ing a book and stationery store. Continuing in this for three years, he acquired
some property, and in 1887 sold his store for the purpose of embarking in the
real estate business, which from the start proved successful. He associated him
self later with J. P. Graves, his present partner.
The sound judgment displayed in his selection has been fully substantiated by
the flattering success which has attended his efforts, placing him at the head of a
business, the sales from which for the year 1889 exceeded $2,000,000.
In 1886 and 1887 Mr. Clough served as a member of the Spokane City Coun
cil, and in 1890 was elected Mayor of the city, filling the position with credit to
himself, satisfaction to his constituents, and to the best interests of the commu
nity in general, as has been evidenced by the fact that he has been urgently re
quested to accept the position at various times since.
On July 3d, 1866, Mr. Clough was married at Providence, R. I. By this wife,
since deceased, he had one son, Lester F., now associated with his father. Subse
quently he was married to Miss Carrie H. Signor, of Spokane.
O'Neill, Major James, was born in New York State, February 8th, 1826.
His mother was a native of New York, and his father was from the north of Ire
land. His preliminary education was obtained in the public schools of Schenec
tady County, and after completing a course at the Albany Academy at the age of
nineteen years he returned home to Duanesburg, and entered his father's store as
clerk. After spending two or three years in this capacity, he engaged in the
commission business in Albany, N. Y. He afterward removed to New York
City, where he continued in the same business until 1853. In that year he start
ed for the Pacific coast via the Isthmus of Panama, and reached Portland, Ore.,
March 5th. 1853. He was employed by the Wells Fargo Express Company as
agent at Oregon City and Portland until 1858, then engaged in the general mer
cantile business until 1861. In the latter year he was appointed by Agent C.
Hutchins, United States Agent, Superintendent of Teaching in charge of the Ind-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 427
ian training school at Fort Lopwai, Idaho ; in 1864 as United States Indian Agent.
In 1866, while at the Nez Percys Agency as Agent, he selected and located the
present Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation.
In 1869 Mr. O'Neill returned to New York on a visit, remaining there until
1878, when he came West again to fill another government position at Colville
Agency, and from that time until 1887 was farmer in charge of the Colville and
Coeur d'Alene Agencies. While located at Fort Lopwai Mr. O'Neill was Secre
tary of the Vigilance Committee at Lewiston, ex-Governor Cole being President.
Mr. O'Neill has filled many positions of public trust. He was Mayor of Portland,
Ore., in 1856 and 1857, serving also in the City Council at various times, and in
other public offices. In 1888 he was elected Auditor of Stevens County, which
position he held until the fall of 1890. In the latter year he was elected State
Senator for the Second District, embracing Stevens and part of Spokane counties,
which position he now holds. In 1849 Mr. O'Neill was married to Miss Caro
line M. Grinnell, of Fulton County, N. Y., daughter of Clark S. Grinnell. One
daughter was born to them, now Mrs. W. M. Tompkins, of New York City.
Mrs. O'Neill died while on a visit to the East in 1871.
Mr. O'Neill's life has been an active and varied one, filled with the excite
ments incident to the times in which he has lived. He has watched and assisted
the development of the Territory and State, and is enjoying a peaceful and serene
old age. Still hearty and robust, he is actively interested in the politics of his
adopted State.
Weed, Alfred B., Mayor of the city of Yakima, was born in Wisconsin in
1850. His father, Oscar F. Weed, was a native of New York and a leading at
torney of that State ; his mother, Laura A. (Conger) Weed, being a native of the
same State. Educated iu the public schools of Wisconsin, young Weed began
life as a clerk, and was for a time in the insurance business. He was then Secre
tary and Treasurer for a manufacturing company at Grand Haven, Mich. He
came to Washington Territory in 1879 and located at Walla Walla, entering the
banking house of Baker & Boyer, in whose employ he remained for five years.
He then removed to Yakima City and established himself in the hardware busi
ness under the firm name of Weed & Rowe. They continued until the town was
chartered in 1888, when Mr. Weed bought out his partner. He promoted the
organization of the Yakima National Bank, of which institution he was Vice-
President. He is the present Mayor of the city. In 1892 he was elected on the
Republican ticket to represent the county in the State Legislature. In his work
as representative Mr. Weed introduced and caused the passage of a bill establish
ing the permanent location of the State Fair at Yakima, with appropriations
therefor. He is extensively interested in hop culture, and is a speculator in that
product. He was married in 1882 to Miss Alice Gordon, of Wisconsin, whose
parents were pioneer settlers of that State, her father, Abram Gordon, having
been a member of the Legislature. Mr. Weed has a pleasant city home and other
valuable property both city and country. He is a Mason of the Knight Templar
rank. Bowman, A. C, of Seattle, Wash., was born in Cass County, Mo., March
24th, 1859, and at the age of two years removed with his parents to Topeka, Kan.

428 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
He received a good practical education in the public and high schools of Topeka,
and at the age of eighteen years began his business life as a stenographer in the
Arkansas Valley, Kan. He remained there two years, during which time he
acted as the official stenographer for the Ninth Judicial District of Kansas. In
the mean time he devoted his leisure time to legal studies, and was admitted to
the Bar of Kansas. In December, 1881, he went to San Francisco, Cal., and
thence in the following month to Seattle, Wash., where he still resides. He has
given his attention principally to shorthand reporting and writing. He is recog
nized in the community as a man of the highest integrity, and possesses the confi
dence and respect of all who know him. Socially he is genial and popular, and
is steadfastly loyal in his friendships. Fraternally he is deeply interested in the
Knights of Pythias, having joined that order in 1884. He was a charter member
of the Uniform Rank, and served as Lieutenant of the Division for two years.
Upon the organization of the Brigade Uniform, Knights of Pythias, he was ap
pointed Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of the Brigadier-General, with
rank of Colonel.
Mr. Bowman was married August 20th, 1881, to Miss Georgie E. Matthews,
of Providence, R. I. Two children have graced their union, a son and a daughter.
Stinson, F. L., of Seattle, General Agent of the Mutual Life Insurance Com
pany, of New York, for the States of Washington and Oregon, is one of the most
energetic and successful young business men of the Northwest, to whom much
credit is due for the industry he has displayed in working his way onward and
upward. Mr. Stinsou was born in Pittsfield, Somerset County, Me., March 17th,
1863. He received his preparatory education in his native town and was gradu
ated from the Maine Central Institute. He began life, as a school-teacher in his
native county, and followed that vocation for four years. He then began the
study of medicine, but three years later, on account of poor health, caused by too
close application to study, decided to turn his attention to other pursuits. In
1888 he accepted a position with the Mutual Life Insurance Company, of New
York, and acted as their Agent in his native State. In February, 1889, he came
directly to Seattle, and assumed charge of the company's affairs in Washington.
His success in this field has been conspicuous and rapid. Under his able direc
tion the business has steadily increased until it now reaches about $5,000,000
annually, the result of steady, persistent endeavor. He is now General Agent for
the States of Washington and Oregon. In the management of the affairs of his
company Mr. Stinson has shown a high order of executive ability, and the pies-
ent prosperous condition of its business in this section is wholly due to his ener
getic exertions. It is unnecessary to state that Mr. Stinson is an indefatigable
worker, yet he is so easily master of his business that he accomplishes readily an
immense amount of work. He is warmly attached to the home of his adoption,
and as a public-spirited citizen takes an enthusiastic and active interest in the
prosperity of Seattle. During his short residence here he has made many warm
friends, while his integrity of character commands the respect of all who know
him. He is First Lieutenant of Company E, First Regiment National Guard,
Washington, and a member of the fraternities of Masons, Odd Fellows, and
Knights of Pythias.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 429
Stowell, Hollis L., merchant, of Ellensburgh, Wash., was born forty-six
years ago in Waverly, N. Y., the son of Rev. A. B. Stowell, a Baptist clergy
man, and Lucy (Le Baron) Stowell, a native of Pennsylvania. Educated in the
public schools and the Chester, Vt., Academy, besides obtaining his commercial
training in a practical manner, he began the business of life as a travelling man,
in which capacity he journeyed extensively throughout the Southern States, and
then engaged in merchandising at Waverly, where he remained for eighteen years.
Coming West, he located in Kittitas County, at Ellensburgh, and established his
present general merchandising business, in wliich he has invested a considerable
capital. He took in a partner two years ago, the firm being now known as
Stowell & Steinman. They do a very successful business. Mr. Stowell was mar
ried in New York in 1872 to Miss Hattie E. Sager, of Wisconsin. They have one
child, a son, who is now a student in the State University at Seattle. Mr.
Stowell is Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee, and was
elected Mayor of the city at the last municipal election. He is a Royal Arch
Mason, was Master of Waverly Lodge No. 407, New York, for four years, and As
sistant Grand Lecturer of the same for the State of New York for two years. As
his record shows, he is deservedly popular with his fellow-citizens.
Cook, Hon. Francis H. — Perhaps in the histories of nations, ever since that
great tide of empire started westward, and, following the trend of time, has
passed from Orient to Orient again, carrying with it the destinies of this great
world of ours, and leaving in its wake the markings of its ponderous course upon
the great page of history, no time, no age, no moment has held within its grasp
the issues and the questions which we of the present now have and have had be
fore us.
Who knows but what we, the Washington of to-day, the gateway to the
Orient, from which and to which all time and things have gone and returned,
shall not be also in herself the embodiment of all the wondrous past ? The lives
of all those gone before, the beacons of intelligence wliich shine with all the light
of ages past, the ponderous billows of the great ocean of evolution and matured
fact but lay at her command, subservient to her will, obeying the direction of
those who guide her course, and she offering within herself all the functions
necessary to correlate this great issue with herself — what can prevent it ?
For all the centuries past there has been waiting within the borders of the
sun-kissed domain of the Pacific's blue the wealth of the forests, the treasures of
the mountains, the verdure of the hills and valleys, and all the flower of nature's
best creation to meet the coming of the time which is now so close upon her.
True, indeed, at one time it seemed as though this great trend was to be
broken, and the domain of the Pacific pass into the care and jurisdiction of an
other nation. Had not Whitman made his famous ride of 1843 and carried to the
seat of government the intelligence which saved it to the Union all this might
not have been. Yet incident is but the order of creation ; and Whitman and his
band were as unconscious of the part they were playing in the future as many
here to-day are of what is yet to come.
Little, indeed, did those stragglers who arrived with Whitman at Walla
Walla in September, 1836, and later came north across the plains of the Palouse

430 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
and Snake rivers to the Spokane, dream of the homes and villages and cities
which now abound in what seemed then to them a wilderness. A city on the
Spokane — an inland empire of wealth and power, with railroads, newspapers, and
all the multitudinous agencies which have brought about the present high social
and industrial condition of the Washington of to-day— the very suggestion would
have seemed then almost ridiculous.
But so it is, and the story is just begun. To these first-comers must be given
the credit of the finding. To those who came afterward and laid the foundation
stones of a coming civil government, who built the first walls of the cities, who
started the newspapers and planted the standards of Christian civilization and
religion amid the wilds of the then unknown territory must be given the credit of
the making.
Among these, and one who belongs to that fair young city in the east of the
State, around which the interests of all the inland empire seem to cluster, none
could be found who has done more or taken greater interest in its advancement
than has Hon Francis H. Cook, of Spokane.
Born in Marietta, O., in 1851, he spent his early youth in learning the printer's
trade ; following his first bent, he afterward became one of the owners of the
paper upon which he had been employed in Magnolia, la. After conducting it
for a year and a half his journalistic experience opened up to his mind a broader
field of observation, and feeling the necessity of a more complete intellectual
equipment, the young journalist sold out his interest and attended the Iowa State
University. At the end of the second year at this seat of learning his studies
were cut short by the failure of his debtors to meet their notes, and with but $15
in his pocket he started out into the world, travelling as a journeyman printer all
over the United States, working at various times on the Burlington Hawkeye, the
New York Tribune, and other papers on the Atlantic seaboard.
In 1871 he started West, going to San Francisco, and from there to Olympia,
Wash. Here he obtained employment on the Olympia Courier, then starting, and
in a few weeks became its foreman.
In 1874 he bought the Olympia Echo, mainly for the experience it would
afford, and conducted it as editor and proprietor, as an independent journal.
This paper he published successfully for three years, taking an active part in
political and economic questions of the day, and by his energetic and able efforts
succeeded in securing the enactment of some important measures by the Terri
torial Legislature, changing the contract system then in vogue at the insane asy
lum to the highly successful and humane system of to-day. In 1877 he moved
to New Tacoma and started the Tacoma Herald, the town then boasting of a
population of only forty-five souls. This paper he conducted for three years, two
of which as a daily.
While editing this paper, he published the first series of articles ever printed
concerning the Territory east of the mountains, known as the Spokane District,
and in 1871) he established the first newspaper iu Spokane Falls, then a frontier
town of only seventy-five inhabitants.
His many public efforts throughout the Territory brought him prominently
before the people, and he was nominated for several offices, being elected in the
face of strong corporative opposition as a member of the Upper House of the

,'¦•

°^Vfc^w

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 433
Territorial Legislature, representing Pierce, Mason, and Chehalis counties. Upon
taking his seat, in 1879, he was chosen President of the Council, although he was
the youngest member in either House at the time, where, as a presiding officer,
he served with the greatest satisfaction to the Council.
During this session the present Revenue Bill was passed and the meeting with
General Grant arranged. With his usual keen foresight, Mr. Cook visited Spo
kane Falls in February, 1878, purchased property, and began vigorously adver
tising the coming city and its marvellous surroundings in his Tacoma paper,
removing later to Spokane.
As an editor Mr. Cook was fearless in his advocacy of right, and always urged
as well as practised a high standard of morality and strict integrity. While not
refusing others the right to do as they think proper, Mr. Cook himself has
always abstained from the use of tobacco and intoxicating drinks, and it is a
notable fact that he never, under any cii cumstances, used profanity.
In 1880 he was married to Miss Laura C. McCarty, of Sumner, Wash.
After three years of successful operation, the last nine months as a daily with
telegraphic dispatches, Mr. Cook sold out his paper at Spokane and purchased a
large tract of land immediately adjoining the little town of his adoption, and
lying three or four hundred feet above it, and retired from public service.
Since relinquishing his editorial duties he has devoted his entire time to the
building of a motor line through his property and plotting and improving it,
until now it is one of the most available residence portions of the city of Spokane.
It is supplied with the most improved system of electric street car service, of
which Mr. Cook is sole owner, also with spring and city water, electric lights,
broad avenues and parks, and all that is essential to a sightly and desirable resi
dence poition.
Mr. Cook is one of the few men who, coming early to Spokane, became con
vinced of its assured future, and has, through his good judgment, become one of
the wealthiest men in the State. He has gained his success by honest persever
ance and far-seeing, sound business judgment. He has overcome obstacles which
most of his fellow-citizens have thought unsurmountable.
Since retiring from the newspaper business he has remained entirely out of
politics, declining all nominations for public offices of any kind, and devoting his
time entirely to his family and his private affairs.
He is at present erecting the most commodious residence in the State, being a
reproduction, with improvements, of a beautiful villa located near Tarrytown, on
the Hudson. This is to be the home of his large family, consisting of a wife,
four, daughters, and three sons, the children all being born in Spokane. There
are few other men in the State who have taken a more active part in its develop
ment than has Mr. Cook. He is liberal and public-spirited in every way. His
late gift of over $100,000 worth of property to the city for a stand-pipe, water
reservoir, and city park but demonstrates the nature of the donor.
Mr. Cook's life has been an active one, full of ups and downs, and varied with
experience which has fitted him to hold the enviable position in the community
which he has attained, with a sense of having earned it.
His career as a newspaper man was marked with character and success, and
but gave to his perception that keenness of experience in grasping situations

434 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
which has marked his career in Spokane during its growth. Indeed, few could
have seen in Spokane that which the perception of Mr. Cook discerned when he
started that first creditable sheet out in the world to spread abroad the story of
the coming nf that pageant of industrial growth which has since been seen ; and
from his sightly residence, which offers the finest perspective view in the State,
he can sit and view beneath its horoscope the throbbing city of which he was one
of the founders, with its bands of steel and threads of flashing wires which tie it
to the vast arterial system of the universe.
Denney, Hon. John C. — Among the citizens of the State of Washington who
have attained prominence in professional and commercial life are many who are
still young in years. One of the most successful of tliese younger men is the sub
ject of the present sketch. The structure of his success is not only conspicuous
but solid, for ability, fidelity, industry, and integrity are its broad foundation
stones. Judge Denney was born in Delaware County, O., November 18th, 1852.
His father was a native of Pennsylvania, and his mother was born in England.
His parents removed in 1865 to Johnson County, la., where the early youth of
our subject was spent upon a farm. He attended the district schools during the
winter months, and afterward took a three years' course at the Northern Indiana
Normal Academy, at Valparaiso, Ind. He began the study of law with
James Brown, of New Castle, Ind., and was admitted to the Bar in 1878.
The same year he located in Rooks County, Kan., and began the practice of his
profession. During his residence in Kansas Judge Denney was actively interested
in the politics of the State and county, and was Probate Judge for Rooks County
from 1880-83. In June, 1888, he came to Washington, and, locating at Sno
homish, continued the practice of his profession. Here he has been prominently
identified with public matters, political and otherwise, and has taken an active
interest in the growth and welfare of the community. He served as a member
of the State conventions of 1889 and 1890, and in both was a member of the
Committee on Resolutions and Platform. He served as City Attorney for one
year, was Prosecuting Attorney for Snohomish County for one year, and has
been a School Director for a number of years. On March 6th, 1891, he was ap
pointed Superior Judge for Snohomish and Kitsap counties, which position he
still holds.
Judge Denney was one of the original incorporators of the S. S. S. Railroad,
projected from Port Gardner to Spokane, and is still a stockholder. This road
was afterward merged into the Everett and Monte Cristo Railroad. He is also
prominently identified with the opening up of the Monte Cristo and Silver Creek
mining districts, and was one of the principal factors in bringing these districts
into publicity and promoting the building of the railroad to those points.
Judge Denney was married December 31st, 1879, to Miss Hattie McNeeley, of
Stockton, Kan., formerly from Ohio, and a graduate of the Wesleyan University,
of Delaware, O. This union has been blessed by two sons.
Judge Denney is a self-made man, having attained his present position entirely
through his own efforts. As a judge he has served the public faithfully and
well, and has given the most unbounded satisfaction. His mental and tempera
mental qualities admirably adapt him to the Bench. He has acute perceptive

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 435
and analytical faculties, a good memory, rare power of discrimination, a full
measure of forbearance, patience and courtesy, with suitable firmness and dignity,
and no pretension or pride of opinion, and a conscientious arid inflexible fidelity
to the duties of his position, which render him a model judge.
Hogan, Francis Pierce, was born in the town of Ballingarry, County of Tip-
perary, Ireland, on April 23d, 1848. His father, a well-to-do farmer, who had
suffered severe pecuniary losses by the famine that had overrun his native land
the previous year, now determined to emigrate to America, that land of liberty
crystallized in song as flowing with milk and honey. On Christmas Day, 1848,
the family found themselves located upon a quarter section of land which they
had purchased from Uncle Sam in the then wild regions of Columbia County,
Wis. Here the battle of life began anew to this family. They continued with
varying success to brave the many vicissitudes of frontier life, and the menaces
of a savage Indian foe for many years. Gradually the country became settled,
and as the tide of emigration pressed Westward the dusky native disappeared
from the scene, leaving the land tranquil and prosperous.
Scarcely had this condition of things begun to be realized when the country
was suddenly plunged into internecine war. Twelve children, six boys and six
girls, had graced this family circle, when, on February 2d, 1865, the subject of
this sketch, then scarcely seventeen years of age, in response to a call from the
President for three hundred thousand volunteers to recruit the ranks of a deplet
ed and bleeding army, fired with true patriotism, tendered his services to his
country. As he was not of age, the military authorities refused to accept him,
and required the consent of his parents, which they were loath to give. His de
termination so appealed to his father that he resolved to accompany him, and
both enlisted in Captain A. J. Cheney's company, K, Forty-ninth Wisconsin
Infantry, commanded by Colonel Fellows. They were mustered into service at
Madison, and were immediately sent to the front, and at once began picket
duty. Shortly afterward young Hogan, on the recommendation of his First
Lieutenant and former school-teacher, John Smith, was detailed to go on the
staff of General Beverage, to carry dispatches to the different outposts adjacent
to Rolla, Mo.
He held this position, which required both coolness and daring, until June,
when the war was declared at an end. His regiment then went to St. Louis to
do guard duty at the military prison, and was discharged at Benton Barracks on
November 15th, 1865.
In the spring of 1866 young Hogan accompanied his family to Pope County,
Minn., where he engaged in various pursuits, principally farming, freighting,
and lumbering, until 1872. In the mean time he graduated in commercial studies
at Bryant & Stratton's College, St. Paul. In the fall of 1873 he resolved to test
the virtue of Horace Greeley's " Go West, young man," advice. After much
travelling about on the Pacific slope he finally settled in Southern Oregon, at
Roseburg, where he begau the study of law in the office of Watson, Lane &
Willis. He was appointed District Attorney of Douglas County, and subse
quently elected Sheriff as a Democrat, though the county was largely Republican.
He was elected a second term, and declined a third nomination to engage in the
mercantile business.

436 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Mr. Hogan was eminently successful as a Western Sheriff, and during his resi
dence of fourteen years in Southern Oregon ai rested more desperate criminals
with rewards' on them than any officer on the Pacific Coast. During this time he
was employed by Wells, Fargo & Co. Express to hunt down the robbers that
preyed upon the company's treasure and United States mail of Southern Oregon
and Northern California. He served as Mayor at Roseburg, and was a delegate
from Oregon to the National Democratic Convention at Cincinnati in 1880, and
espoused the candidacy of General Hancock. In 1884 he was elected a delegate
to the Chicago Convention from Oregon, and was an enthusiastic supporter of
Mr. Cleveland from the very beginning, believing that he was most thoroughly in
accord with the reform movement then uppermost in his party.
Mr. Hogan, in 1876, married Miss Mary Flood, daughter of J. C. Flood, the
pioneer merchant of Roseburg, and granddaughter of General Joseph Lane, by
whom he has five children, all daughters.
In 1887 his anxiety on account of the poor health of his family induced him
to visit Spokane, Wash. Being favorably impressed with the healthfulness of the
climate, as well as with a belief in the commercial growth and importance of the
place, he removed there at once, and engaged extensively in real estate and build
ing, and by his energy and public enterprise has done much toward building up
Spokane to her present importance.
Mr. Hogan is a man of great push and determination, and is broad-gauged in
all business transactions. He is liberal to an extreme with his means in anything
that will promote and advance the prosperity of his people or locality. His busi
ness sagacity and frugality have made him a comfortable competence. Having
lived on the frontier all his life, he is thoroughly cosmopolitan in his views and
habits and is a fair type of the genuine Westerner. In politics he has always
been a Democrat, conservative in expression of his views, and scrupulously exact
ing in party morals. He was again called by his party, in 1892, to represent
them in national councils, being elected a delegate by acclamation to the Chicago
Convention, and, believing that the people and not the politicians of his party
demanded the nomination of Mr. Cleveland, he lent his voice and vote to the
accomplishment of that end.
Oowley, M. M., was born in Rathdrum, County Wicklow, Ireland, May 9th,
1841. His early education was obtained in a private school of the first class in
his native town, which he finished at the monastery of Clondalkin, near Dublin.
In 1856 he emigrated to America, arriving in the city of New York in the month
of July of that year ; went to Rochester City in the same month, where he had
some relatives, and remained until the spring of 1858, when he concluded to go
to California. He crossed the plains, arriving in Placerville in December of the
same year, taking six mouths to make the journey. He found employment clerk
ing in a large mercantile business iu the southern part of the State of California,
which be followed for three years. He amassed quite a capital, and concluded
to seek his fortune in the mining country of Idaho.
In the spring of 1862 he started from Portland, Ore., for the new Eldorado,
the Salmon River mines, where he met with varying fortunes until iu 1867 he
located at Bonner's Ferry, on the Kootenai River, Ida., where he remained for
five years, keeping store and conducting a ferry on the river.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 437
On July 4th, 1872, he moved to Spokane Bridge, about seventeen miles east
of the city of Spokane, Wash., where he engaged in the general merchandise and
cattle business, which business he followed for seventeen years, attaining a great
measure of success, and amassing considerable means. During his residence in
this place, in 1877, the Nez PercrS War broke out, and spread consternation
throughout the country. General Howard and all the Regular soldiers in the
Department of Columbia were engaged in fighting them, and there were times
during this war when it was a question who was going to come out best, General
Howard or the Indians. When the scattered settlers left their homes and sought
safety in the larger towns of Colfax and Walla Walla, Mr. Cowley remained at
Spokane Bridge, having confidence in the Cceur d'Alene Indians, which, as events
turned out, was not misplaced.
He became identified with the Traders' National Bank in 1885, was elected a
director at its first annual election, and every election up to the present writing.
In 1889 he sold his stock of general merchandise, rented his buildings, and re
moved to the city of Spokane, where he accepted the position of Cashier, and was
elected President in January, 1892, which position he now holds. The bank, under
his management, has achieved a phenomenal success, and stands to-day the lead
ing financial institution of the great city of Spokane, Wash.
Mr. Cowley was married in Walla Walla, Wash., in October, 1873, to Miss
Annie Connelly, and has two daughters, young ladies, living with him at his beau
tiful home in this city.
Mr. Cowley is an active member of the Catholic Church, and is prominently
identified with various educational and charitable institutions, giving cheerfully
and generously of his means in furtherance of every woi thy cause. His life has
been a life of labor and hardships, and the well-merited success he has attained
is the result of untiring energy and determination of purpose. He has not made
his money, as many others, by the rapid increase of property, but by hard, un
ceasing effort ; little by little he has saved, investing his earnings judiciously,
until now he is accounted among the most wealthy and influential citizens of
the State. He is loyal and generous in his friendships, and a great favorite in
both social and business circles.
Getchell, L. W. — Foremost among the financiers and promoters of large
business enterprises in the great Northwest stands L. W. Getchell. In the work
of organizing companies and enlisting capital in various enterprises he has had
no superior in this region. He was born in Whitneyville, Washington County,
Me., June 12th, 1849. His father, who died March 22d, 1892, was a prominent
lumberman and shipbuilder of Machias, Me. Our subject received a common
school education. From early youth to the age of twenty he attended the dis
trict school during the winters, and in the summer worked at his father's various
enterprises. Fired with the restless spirit of enterprise, and desiring to see some
thing of the great world, he left his New England home in 1869 and went to San
Francisco. After spending some time in the red wood timber region engaged in
lumbering, he returned to San Francisco, and for the next two years worked as a
contractor and stevedore with considerable profit. Having accumulated a sub
stantial sum of money, he next went into the Yuba and Nevada Company's mines,

438 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
engaging in mining there and at various other places. He was at Virginia City
during the great Bonanza excitement, and from there went to Austin, Nev., where
he leased the famous Ward mine. This venture proved very successful, and he
operated the mine for several years and amassed a considerable fortune. He next
took charge of the Manhattan mines in the same county, which he operated for
about ten years.
In 1884 and 1886 he served as a member of the Nevada House of Representa
tives. He was elected Regent of the University, and had charge of the erection
of the university buildings at Reno, and the sale of State school lands. In 1888
Mr. Getchell came to Seattle and invested quite extensively in real estate. This
departure opened a new field of operations, in which he has since shown rare
judgment and unusual executive ability. He soon afterward purchased the town
site of Machias, Wash., which he plotted and sold, and then bought the town site
of Getchell, which he also plotted and sold. He has extensive real estate inter
ests in the towns of Hartford and Snohomish. In July, 1888, while operating his
town sites, his attention was directed to the Monte Cristo mines by a prospector
who brought down a specimen of the ore. Mr. Getchell's experienced eye at
once detected its value, and he sent the prospector back for more ore and a de
tailed report. Upon receiving these, he determined to make a personal examina
tion of the region, and went at once into the district. After looking over the
ground and examining the nature of the ore deposits, he became convinced of its
great magnitude and value, and set about to buy and bond as many claims as pos
sible, thus securing thirty-one claims in the Monte Cristo, Silver Creek, and Cas
cades districts. Returning then to Seattle, he formulated his plans, went East,
and incorporated the Silver Queen Mining and Smelting Company, with a capital
stock of $5,000,000, taking the position of General Manager. This was in 1890.
At present the company is engaged iu developing and working the various mines
in the district, securing patents and putting them iu shape to work, awaiting the
completion of the Everett and Monte Cristo Road, now building from Everett.
Mr. Getchell was the original discoverer and agitator of the Monte Cristo dis
trict, and it was his information which led to the subsequent development and
the founding of the new city of Everett. In December, 1891, the discovery of
the Black Bear and War Eagle mines in the Loomston district was made and
brought to the notice of Mr. Getchell. After examining the property, he formed
a company consisting of himself, F. W. Dunn, and James Wardner, and bought
the claim. The small mill was increased to thirty stamps, which will soon be in
operation. With ten stamps the output was over $10,000 in bullion per month,
and it is estimated that with thirty stamps in operation the output will reach
$50,000 per month. The company is capitalized at $1,000,000.
All of these enterprises, aggregating an immense amount of capital and repre
senting varied and vast interests, owe their success principally to Mr. Getchell's
rare business abilities and aggressive energy. He possesses that boldness in busi
ness methods which is so necessary to the highest success of great projects in new
communities, and a persistency of purpose which never stops to think of defeat.
He has been remarkably successful in a financial sense, and has accumulated a
handsome fortune. He is a man of pleasing address and affable manners, and
has many warm friends.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 439
Mr. Getchell was married June 12th, 1872, to Miss Lizzie Farnsworth, of
Johnstown, Me. She died at Oakland, Cal., December 25th, 1875, leaving a
daughter and a son, both of whom now reside in Seattle. Mr. Getchell was mar
ried a second time May 20th, 1880, to Miss Lilian Booth, of Austin, Nev. From
this union there are four children, all sons.
Seaborg, Hon. B. A., was born in Finland, July 29th, 1841, and in 1867 he
came to the United States, and settled in the northwestern portion of New York.
After a short residence there he removed to Pennsylvania, and became engaged
in contracting and building, and also had charge of the Construction Department
of the following railroads : Dunkirk, Warren and Pittsburg ; Ashtabula, James
town and Pittsburg, and Painsville, Jamestown and Pittsburg. In the fall of
1873 he went to San Francisoo,Cal., where he remained a few months, thence
going to Portland, Ore., where he remained two years. In 1875 he removed to
Astoria, engaging in the salmon fishing business, where he lived five years, after
which time he took up his residence at llwaco, Wash., where he at present re
sides, extensively engaged in salmon fishing and merchandising, under the name
of the Aberdeen Packing Company, doing a large business, their trade extend
ing to Alaskan waters.
At one time he was a large stockholder of the llwaco Railroad and Navigation
Company, and was mainly instrumental in causing the road to be built, but later
disposed of his interest to Mr. Jacob Kamm, of Portland, Ore. He has large in
terests in several steamers and transportation lines, and owns most of the town of
Sealand, Wash. Mr. Seaborg, although not a politician or aspirant for political
honors, received the nomination for the first Senate of the State of Washington,
much against his inclination, and was elected to represent the counties of Pacific
and Wahkiakum as Joint Senator by a very large majority. He was prominently
identified with all legislation on the fishery question, and his maiden speech on
that subject in the Washington Legislature was commented upon as a master
effort. In 1883 he was elected County Commissioner for Pacific County, and after
ward served as Chairman of that body. He is also one of the Pilot Commis
sioners, and the present School Director of llwaco, and has held those offices for
several years. He i3 a very liberal man, and has given generously to all chari
table enterprises, is a staunch Republican and wise legislator. He owns three
salmon canneries, one at llwaco, one at Gray's Harbor, and another at Bay Cen
tre, Wash.
In November, 1863, he was married to Miss Charlotte Hagglund. Seven chil
dren have graced this union, two of whom are dead Personally Mr. Seaborg is
of magnificent physique, kind and genial in manner, and with a pleasant smile,
which seems to be always on his face, and which reminds us in every sense of a
typical son of Thor and Odin. Being in the prime and vigor of manhood, and
having already achieved great results in the financial and political woild, we can
safely predict still greater honors for him in the future.
Post, Frederick, the founder of Post Falls, Kootenai County, Ida., was born
in Nassau, Germany, September 16th, 1821, the son of Frederick William Post, of

440 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Nassau, Lieutenant in the German Landsturm Army against Napoleon I. Until
the age of fourteen he remained at home attending the schools of Nassau, then
worked at mining engineering until he was twenty years old. At this time he
entered the German Army, and served seven years under the Duke of Nassau. At
the age of twenty-nine he came to this country and settled in Kendall County,
111., where he remained for twenty-one years engaged in saw-milling, flour-mill
ing, quarrying, farming, etc. In 1871 he came to the present site of Post Falls,
and purchased from the Cceur d'Alene Indians the site and water-power privi
leges where the town is now located. By act of Congress, passed March 3d, 1891,
the Government authorized the issue of a patent confirming his title to the prop
erty and rights granted by the Indians. Mr. Post has been engaged since the
year 1871 in the work of improving and developing his property, first blasting
rocks and building a saw-mill and canal for milling and manufacturing purposes.
In the fall of 1886 the Spokane Falls and Idaho Branch Railroad was built,
and the town of Post Falls was laid out, Mr. Post personally superintending most
of the work. He is still improving his water-power and the river for navigation.
Post Falls is twenty-four miles east of the city of Spokane Falls, and is located
on the north side of the river in the beautiful Spokane valley. It is reached by
the Spokane and Idaho Railway, leaving the main line of the Northern Pacific at
Hauser Junction, only four miles distant from Post Falls. There is free water
navigation from Post Falls to all points on Lake Cceur d'Alene and for many
miles up the Coeur d'Alene, St. Joseph's, and St. Mary's rivers, which reaches
into vast forests of the finest timber to be found in the country, which can be
floated down stream directly to the water-power at Post Falls, making it the best
possible location to manufacture everything made from the timber of this coun
try. And the climate is the most healthful to be found.
The town site adjoining the water-power is one of the most beautiful known
— a high, level plateau, and laid out square with the Government surveys with
broad streets and avenues. The population is estimated at five hundred, with a
splendid school employing three teachers, good churches, and all lines of busi
ness well represented.
There is yet a good chance for profitable investment, as property can still be
bought at reasonable figures.
Hale, Charles E., was born in Spencer, Worcester County, Mass., July 14th,
1848. His educational advantages were limited to the instruction afforded by the
common schools of his native town, and at the age of sixteen years he left home
and began the battle of life for himself. Going to Milford, Mass., he learned the
trade of watchmaker and jeweller. He remained at Milford three years, and
then went to Worcester in the same State, where he worked at his trade for about
a year. Desiring to engage in some occupation which offered greater opportuni
ties for advancement, he removed to Lafayette, Ind., and entered the employ of
O. W. Pierce & Co., wholesale grocers. He spent five years in their service as
travelling salesman, and at the expiration of that time embarked in the wholesale
grocery trade for himself in partnership with C. C. Robinson, under the firm
style of Robinson & Hale. They continued business successfully for three years,
when Mr. Hale's health failed, and he disposed of his interests to Mr. Robinson.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 443
After a year of rest Mr. Hale, in 1 882, again engaged in the wholesale grocery
trade, this time at Peoria, 111., as a member of the Hale-Sloan Grocery Company.
In 1888 the members of this company sold their business at Peoria, came to
Tacoma, established the Tacoma Grocery Company, and have continued to do
business under that style ever since. The success and growth of the business of
this house has been very remarkable, and the firm ranks as one of the first in the
State of Washington. This gratifying condition has in no small measure been
due to Mr. Hale's exertions, his constant watchful care, and the exercise of a
high order of business ability, no less than his well-recognized high personal in
tegrity. The most conspicuous attribute of Mr. Hale's character has been that
of energy. This has been the main secret of his success. Beginning life without
the bestowed advautages of wealth or liberal education, he has pursued his plans
and work with untiring and steadfast industry, and has steadily pushed onward
and upward to financial success and a prominent place in the business world.
On men of work and worth like him the prosperity of communities depends.
Mr. Hale was married in November, 1883, to Miss Fannie Taylor, of Lafayette,
Ind. Four children have been born to them, three of whom are now living —
Florence, aged seventeen ; Robert, fourteen ; and Louise, eleven.
Joab, Colonel Albert Emerson. — Among the progressive, intelligent, and
enterprising young men who have brought to our coast a business capacity and
enthusiasm of progress which augur well for the future of the Pacific Northwest,
the popular attorney whose name heads this sketch is deserving of mention.
Colonel Joab was born December 14th, 1857, in Pomeroy, Meigs County, O., and,
at an early age he removed with his parents to Terre Haute, Ind. He attended
the public schools of the latter place, graduating from the High School in June,
1876. After visiting the Centennial Exposition, at Philadelphia, in that year, he en
tered the Phillips Exeter Academy, one of the oldest and best institutions of
learning in the United States, at Exeter, N. H. Graduating from this the fol
lowing June, he entered Yale University in the autumn of 1877, where he com
pleted his education. On leaving his Alma Mater, he made a tour of the West,
and in Colorado was caught in the whirlpool of excitement then prevailing in the
rich mineral districts of the Centennial State. All of his available funds were
soon exhausted in ill starred mining ventures, and he entered the educational
field, in which he soon attained a high position, becoming City Superintendent
of Schools at Colorado Springs.
In 1884 he went to Chicago, where he held the Chair of Mathematics in the
University School. During all the time he had been engaged in the educational
work he pursued a course of study, with a view to entering the legal profession.
This he continued in Chicago under able instructors, and on returning to Colo
rado he was admitted to the Bar of that State, on a certificate from the Supreme
Court, entering at once upon the practice of his new profession.
In 1888 he came to the Puget Sound country on a tour of inspection, in the
interest of certain Eastern capitalists. On hi3 arrival at Tacoma he was so favor
ably impressed with the magnificent scenery and delightful climate, the intelli
gence aud enterprise of the people, and the splendid opportunities for a prosper-
20

444 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
ous professional career, that he decided to make Tacoma his future home. He
began the practice of his profession here, and has been successful in securing the
confidence and esteem of a large number of desirable clients and building up a
large practice. Colonel Joab is a man of liberal education and broad culture sup
plemented by travel. His practice in Tacoma has demonstrated a high order of
ability, which will enable him to attain a leading position at the Bar. He takes
a lively interest in political affairs, and has won an enviable reputation as a pub
lic speaker. He is deeply attached to the home of his adoption, and takes an
enthusiastic and active interest in all matters tending toward the city's advance
ment. On April 6th, 1893, Governor John H. McGraw appointed him Colonel
and Assistant Commissary General on his staff.
Davis, G. W. H. — The subject of this sketch is one of the young and enter
prising men who have done and are doing so much for the advancement of the
new Northwest. He was born November 29th, 1866, on his father's farm in
Freeborn County, Minn. His father, C. A. Davis, and mother, Ann Davis, were
among the early settlers of Minnesota, and from their arrival in the then Terri
tory until their son, G. W. H., had reached twelve years of age, continued to re
side on and manage a farm. The subject of this sketch at the age of twelve years
removed with his parents to the village of Alden, in the same county, where he
attended school and worked in his father's general store ; from Alden the family
moved to Pelican Rapids, Otter Tail County, Minn., where the son continued his
schooling and assisted his father in his store at that place.
At the age of eighteen his long-cherished plan of entering the profession of
law began to be realized ; ho entered the law office of Henry Dressier, and later
the office of Hon. Charles L. Lewis, now Judge of the District Court at Dulutb,
then the County Attorney of Otter Tail County, at Fergus Falls, Minn. Except
ing the time occupied in teaching two terms of school, young Davis studied in
the office of Judge Lewis until his admission to the Bar in 1887. In June, 1888,
he arrived at Tacoma, Wash., and secured a position in the firm of Carroll &
Coiner, who were at that time the legal counsellors for both the city and county.
His services were so satisfactory that at the end of a year he became a member of
the firm of Carroll, Coiner & Davis. This firm was recognized as one of the lead
ers in its locality, and Mr. Davis contributed in no small degree to its success.
In the summer of 1891 the firm dissolved by mutual consent, and each continued
the practice of his profession.
Mr. Davis ranks well in his profession ; is active, careful, and conscientious
in the performance of his duties as an attorney ; and if the past and present are
of value in judging the future, he has a much more than ordinary career before
him. He has been associated with some of the most important litigation of the
State, and has shown himself a safe adviser and good advocate. He is an en
thusiastic Republican in politics, but has carefully avoided allowing his position
in politics to inferfere with his business.
Woodhouse, Charles C, Jr., was born in Beaver, Utah, February 14th,
1858. His father conducted a mercantile business in mining camps of Utah and
Nevada. Young Woodhouse developed early in life a liking for the profession of

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 445
mining engineer. At the age of sixteen his parents sent him to Knox College,
Illinois, where he took a special course in chemistry, mineralogy, geology, natu
ral philosophy, surveying, mathematics, and mechanics. At twenty-one years of
age he engaged with the Frisco Mining and Smelting Company, at the Horn Sil
ver mine, Utah. There, under the tuition of Frank Godbe, he learned practical
assaying. At the end of two years he removed to Marysvale, Utah, and there
was Assayer and Assistaut Manager for the Pluto Mining and Milling Company.
In 1882 bustling Butte City, Mont., attracted his attention, and now, at twenty-
five years of age, he went there, and on February 15th assisted in blowing in the
Bell Smelter. After a successful run, which smelted all the ore on hand, the
manager of the Bell Smelting Company secured him a position as Assistant
Chemist at the Parrott Silver and Copper Company, Butte City. During three
years' residence in Butte City Mr. Woodhouse was a hard student, and took ad
vantage of the favorable opportunities offered by the numerous mills and smelters
of Butte City to learn practical ore reduction. While not engaged in the
laboratory, and believing in theory and practice combined, he would don his
working clothes and engage in practical work with the workmen in the mills and
smelters. In the year 1885 he was called to his old home, Beaver, Utah, on
temporary business, and there detained three years. Although a Republican, he
was appointed Postmaster at Beaver by Postmaster-General Vilas, for loyalty
to the general Government during Mormon troubles. Believing Puget Sound
basin to be tbe future centre for ore reduction, he settled in the Evergreen State
in 1889, following his profession of mining engineer and economic geologist. He
has been successful and gained the confidence of all with whom he has had deal
ings, and built up a good trade in Washington, Idaho, and British Columbia,
and it is safe to predict for him a successful career in his chosen profession.
Coiner, B. W., one of the prominent young lawyers of the city of Tacoma,
was born in Leon, Decatur County, la., December 20th, 1857. His father, Rev.
E. T. Coiner, a Methodist clergyman, enlisted September 25th, 1861, in the
Fourth Iowa Cavalry, and died in the service of his country, July 3d, 1862, at
Batesville, Ark. The early years of our subject were passed in Mount Pleasant,
la., to which place the family removed in 1861. Here he attended the public
schools until 1870, when he removed to York, Neb., and engaged in farm work.
In the fall of 1874 he returned to Mount Pleasant and entered the preparatory de
partment of the Iowa Wesleyan University, from which institution he was gradu
ated in 1879. During his college course he entered the office of Woolson & Bott
as a law student, and in the fall of 1879 was admitted to the Bar. He remained
with Woolson & Bott until the fall of 1880. On November 1st of that year he
was married to Miss Ida Hare, of Mount Pleasant, and shortly afterward went
with his bride to Maranhao, Brazil, as teacher of English in the Government
Lyceum. At the end of one year ill health compelled him to relinquish this posi
tion, and he returned to Mount Pleasant in January, 1882, and entered upon the
practice of his profession. His abilities were at once recognized, and he soon
had a lucrative practice. Successful management of private business is sure of
public appreciation. In the spring of 1882 Mr. Coiner was elected Mayor of
Mount Pleasant, and filled that position with marked ability during the remainder

446 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
of his residence there. In April, 1884, he removed with his family to Tacoma,
Wash., where he formed a law partnership with Hon. Thomas Carroll.
In the fall of 1886 he was elected by the Republican Party as Prosecuting At
torney for the Eleventh District of Washington Territory, and discharged the
duties of that position until March, 1889. Mr. Coiner possesses in an eminent
degree the qualities that go to make up a successful lawyer, and he has a large
and varied practice. His professional career has been distinguished by untiring
industry, strict integrity, and fidelity to his clients. Both as a lawyer and a citi
zen he enjoys the confidence and esteem of the entire community, and is regard
ed as one of the substantial characters upon whom the present and future pros
perity of the city so largely rests. Notwithstanding his numerous professional
duties, he has found time to take an active interest in military affairs, especially
in the order of Sons of Veterans, and is now Colonel in command of the Division
of Washington. Eshelman, J. F. — Among the active and enterprising men who in the early
history of Seattle organized its institutions and gave character to its government
and commercial affairs, none are entitled to more of honor than Mr. Eshelman.
He is a most worthy representative of Seattle's business community, and is recog
nized as one of its most valuable citizens. He has won an enviable name for
energy, reliability, and integrity, while his efforts have largely contributed to the
prosperity of the city and State.
Mr. Eshelman was born at Springville (now Florin), Lancaster County, Pa.,
August 10th, 1852, and at the age of three years removed with his parents to
Canton, O. He received his early education in the common scliool and academy,
and at the age of seventeen became a clerk in the bank of Isaac Harter & Sons,
whom he served faithfully for nine years. At the expiration of this time he
joined other capitalists in the organization of the banking house of Zollars, Eshel
man & Co., which afterward became the Lake County Bank of Leadville, Col.
Mr. Eshelman was made President of this institution, and continued as such after
it was succeeded by the First National Bank of Leadville. During the period of
the great mining excitement at Leadville Mr. Eshelman severely taxed his strength
by overwork, and he was compelled to resign the presidency of the bank on ac
count of failing health. After engaging for a time iu the lumber business with
indifferent success, he sold out and started for New Tacoma, Wash. Terr. Hardly
had he arrived in this part of the country, however, when he determined to settle
in Seattle, where he located in 1882. Coming to the place before it had out
grown the proportions of a good-sized hamlet, he had the business sagacity to
foresee that its geographical position and natural advantages would ultimately
cause it to become a great and populous commercial centre. Forming a partner
ship with W. H. Llewellyn and others, he embarked in the real estate business
under the firm style of Eshelman, Llewellyn & Co., in which Mr. Eshelman and
Mr. Llewellyn are now the sole partners. The business of the firm has from the
beginning been conducted on a large scale, and many of the most important real
estate transactions in the history of the city have been consummated by them.
They are the acknowledged leaders in their line, and the prosperity Seattle now
enjoys is in no small measure due to their enterprise and the assistance they have
rendered to promote the general welfare.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 447
During his whole business career Mr. Eshelman has borne a high reputation
as an honorable, straightforward business man. Every obligation he has assumed
he has faithfully and fully performed. His business operations have brought him
into close contact with men in every part of the State and have given him a wide
and intimate acquaintance. He is an active factor in Seattle's prosperity, and
takes a lively interest in everything calculated to advance the public good. Be
sides his real-estate business he is extensively interested in cable and electric
street railways, banks, and numerous other business projects. In all of his enter
prises he has achieved a high degree of success, while as a citizen he deservedly
holds an honorable position in the community. Mr. Eshelman has now retired
from the real-estate business to devote all his time and energy to the Eshelman-
Llewellyn Mortgage and Trust Company, a company recently organized, of which
he is President.
- Bellinger, Jacob Herkimer. — It is a noteworthy fact that many of the pub
lic men and men of affairs of the Pacific Northwest come of that sterling stock
which has made American history. The descendants of our Pilgrim fathers and
the good old Dutch stock of New York and Pennsylvania are fitting foundation
stones for the building up of the great West and establishing the Pacific Coast.
There is as much romance connected with the settlement of the Pacific Coast as
there was of the landing of the Pilgrim fathers on Plymouth Rock, the hard
ships of the plains, the Indian massacres, and the discovery of gold in California.
The Indian wars and hardships endured by the pioneers of the State of Washing
ton will throw a halo of glory and romance that will not be equalled by similar
records of the settlements and civilizations of the world, although it needs the
hoary finger of time to throw its mantle gradually over the whole and the pic
ture is complete.
The subject of this sketch, Jacob Herkimer Bellinger, is a direct descendant
of General Herkimer, of New York, of colonial fame, and was born iu Black
Lake, Oswegatchie, St. Lawrence County, N. Y., April 15th, 1841, and was edu
cated in the district school, and afterward attended the academy at Gouverneur,
N. Y. He was brought up on a farm. His father engaged in dairying and
diversified farming. At the age of twenty he went to Boston, Mass., where he
engaged in wholesale produce and commission with King, Hovey & Co., where
he remained until 1865, and then travelled for that concern until 1867. In this
year he married Miss Hannah A. Smith, at Salem, Washington County, N. Y.,
and removed to Ogdensburgh, where he resided until 1877, principally engaged
in farming. Iu 1877 he made up his mind to come West aud locate in Portland,
Ore., and upon arrival there he accepted a position with the firm of Knapp, Bur
rell & Co., with whom he remained until 1889. During this time one of the firm,
Mr. Martin S. Burrell, died, and the individual company was incorporated into a
stock company known as Knapp, Burrell & Co., in which company he was a
stockholder. From the year of 1879 until the year 1889 he was Manager for that
company in Colfax, Wash., for the territory north of the Snake River. February
1st, 1889, he resigned his position with that company and sold his stock and
directed his attention to cultivating land, dealing in real estate and money
loaning, etc.

448 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Mr. Bellinger, with Mr. M. S. Burrell, organized the First National Bank of
Colfax, and was Vice-President and still retains that position. Mr. Bellinger is
also connected with the Farmers' and Traders' Bank of Pullman, and the Farm
ers' and Traders' Bank of Johnson, of which Mr. D. P. Thompson, of Portland,
is President. He is the owner, in connection with Mr. W. F. Burrell, of over
three thousand acres of land in Whitman County, all improved and under culti
vation. He also manages the Burrell estate agency in Whitman County. Mr.
Bellinger is one of the Regents of the State Agricultural College and School of
Science. He is also a stockholder in the First National Bank of Colfax, the Col
fax Hardware Company, the Colfax Electric Light Power Company, Whitman
Abstract Company, besides conducting a real estate, loan and brokerage business
unler the firm name of J. H. Bellinger. He is prominent in the fraternal orders,
and in 1891 was Grand High Priest of the Grand Chapter of Washington,' of
Royal- Arch Masons, and one of the charter members of Colfax Lodge, Ancient
Order United Workingmen, of which he is one of the three residents now alive.
Mr. Bellinger has been eminently successful in his adopted State, and has
reached a prominence as one of its foremost men. He is public-spirited and is
identified with nearly every enterprise tending to the building up of the town and
county in which he lives. He received no extensive education in his youth,
and owes his success largely to his own efforts. He certainly may feel proud of
the position he has won as one of the leading business men of Eastern Washing
ton. He has been Mayor of Colfax and member of the City Council a number of
terms. Anderson, David F., of Rosalia, Wash., was born in Cincinnati, O., in 1849.
His father was a native of Scotland. Fourth in a family of nine, young Anderson
was taught in the common schools of Iowa and Kansas. A sterner school, how
ever, awaited him, from which he was to graduate with honor, for he enlisted ;n
the Eleventh Kansas Cavalry, and immediately went to the front, receiving his
" baptism of fire" under Grant and other commanders in numerous engagements
of the Civil War. Being honorably discharged, he located at Emporia, Kan.,
where he engaged in stock-raising until 1868, when he re-enlisted in the Eight
eenth Kansas Volunteers, and served under Custer during the Cheyenne War,
holding the rank of Sergeant. He was engaged in business in Kansas from
1870-73, then back to stock-raising till 1879, when he removed to Washington
and located on a farm near the present site of Rosalia. Coming to Rosalia in
1887, he established the hardware, grain and lumber business, in which he is still
engaged. Has held the post of County Commissioner, Mayor of Rosalia, and
various other offices with credit and acceptance, besides being a delegate to all
the State conventions. In 1892 he was elected Representative of the Sixth Dis
trict to the State Legislature, and served with credit and distinction. He intro
duced House Bill No. 93, known as the Anderson Bill, reducing freight rates on
grain. Of the seventy-one bills passed by the Legislature of 1893 three were in
troduced by Mr. Anderson. He married, in 1873, Miss Mary Roberts, of Illinois.
They have five children. He is a large pioperty-holder, a Director of the Spo
kane Bank, and the President of the Rosalia Bank, a member of the Odd Fellows
and Grand Army of the Republic. He is a man of marked ability, faithful in

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 449
office, courteous in manner, esteemed by his fellows, a safe counsellor, and a reli
able friend.
Miller, Dr. Fred C, was born in Minetto, Oswego County, N. Y., March
31st, 1857. He lived in Oswego County until November, 1868, when he moved
with his parents to Kendall County, 111. He received a public school education
in Aurora, 111., and in the fall of 1876, with his parents, moved to Maryville,
Mo., where soon after his parents both died. He studied medicine with Dr.
S. V. Campbell, of Maryville, Mo., and later with Dr. R. Rice, of Council Bluffs,
la. He attended a medical college in St. Louis during 1881 and 1882, and was
married in March of the latter year to Miss Jennie Gaunt, of Maryville,
Mo. He attended lectures in Bennett Medical College, of Chicago, 111., where
he graduated in the spring of 1883. He began the practice of medicine with
Dr. S. V. Campbell, of Maryville, Mo., continuing until the spring of 1884, when,
owing to the sickness of Mrs. Miller, he removed to Hot Springs, Ark., where
they spent the most of the summer without much benefit to the invalid. Having
heard glowing accounts of the climate of the Pacific slope, on September 8th,
1884, he took his wife and eight-months' old baby, and went to Tacoma, Wash.,
where Mrs. Miller soon regained her health, and where, by hard work and strict
attention to business, the doctor soon established a lucrative practice. By judi
cious investment he has acquired what in his boyhood home would be considered
a fortune. The doctor is devoted to his profession, but for the past year has
only devoted a few hours each day to office duties, the balance of his time being
spent with his family and friends in his elegant home at 610 North G Street.
His family now consists of his wife and two boys — Tom, aged nine, and Thad,
aged five years. To all young men of energy and push who wish to attain
health, wealth, and happiness, the doctor's advice is, " Come to Western Wash
ington, where you will find the best climate, the best people, and the best oppor
tunities in the world."
Ringer, L. M. — The subject of this sketch is one of the leading business men
of the town of Pullman, Wash. During his brief residence here he has devoted
himself largely not only to his extensive private business affairs, but to every
thing which concerned the material growth and development of the town. By
strict integrity, good judgment, and close attention to business he has accumu
lated a competency and gained for himself a high position in financial and com
mercial circles. He was born in Hagerstown, Md., June 17th, 1834, the son of
Thomas and Elizabeth Ringer, both natives of Maryland. His early education
was acquired at the Hagerstown Academy. He removed with his parents to Am
herst County, Va., where he remained until lie was nineteen years old. He then
removed to Bloomfield, Mo., and obtained a position as clerk in the office of the
Clerk of Wayne County. Later he embarked in the mercantile business at
Bloomfield in the firm of Ringer & Leach. After two years he sold out to his
partner and removed to Arcadia, Iron County, Mo., where he carried on a gen
eral store business until the breaking out of the Civil War. During the war he
lost all of his property, went North, and was Clerk in the Commissary Depart
ment under Colonel Van Frank, in General Davidson's Division for about six

450 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
months. He then returned to Bloomfield, and was twice appointed Sheriff of
Stoddard County, and was once elected to the same office. He was appointed
Adjutant of the federal post at Bloomfield, and had command of a detachment
of cavalry of forty-two men until the close of the war. In 1870 he moved to
Eugene City, Ore., where he remained for two years. During his residence there
he was interested in the Eugene City Guard, a Democratic newspaper, and was a
silent partner in the saddling business with his brothers-in-law, George J. Buya
and L. P. Bragg.
Determined to locate in AVashington Territory, he came to the Palouse coun
try in the summer of 1873, and settled on a ranch three miles from Colfax, taking
up a pre-emption claim. Here he engaged in sheep-raising. Two years later he
sold out and removed to Almota, where he built a flouring mill, and later en
tered into partnership with Adams Brothers, of Walla Walla, in the general mer
chandise business, under the firm name of Adams Brothers & Co. He afterward
sold his flouring mill to his partners and bought of them their interests in the
mercantile business, which he successfully conducted alone for fourteen years.
In 1890 he moved his stock to Pullman and organized the Pullman Mercantile
Company. This company, incorporated November 1st, 1890, of which Mr.
Ringer is President and Manager, does a large and profitable business. He is
also President of the Pullman Land and Investment Company, and President of
the Empire Opal and Onyx Mining and Milling Company, whose works are located
in Garfield County, and whose business office is in Pullman. Mr. Ringer was
a member of the Lower House of the Legislature in 1875 and 1877 and a member
of the Territorial Council in 1879. He was married September 22d, 1859, to
Miss Sophie W. Owen. Ten children have blessed their union, six of whom are
living. The eldest daughter is the wife of F. D. Richardson. Mr. Ringer is
eminently a self-made man, inheriting from his ancestors only those qualities of
mind and heart that have enabled him to command- success. Throughout a life
of constant activity and frequent change he has ever maintained an enviable
reputation for honesty and fair dealing.
Richardson, F. D. — Among the energetic young business men who are creat
ing industrial enterprises upon which the future development and prosperity of
the State must depend, Mr. F. D. Richardson, of Pullman, is deserving of notiee.
He was born in Monticello, Lewis County, Missouri, March 17th, 1860. When
he was about three years of age the family removed to Quincy, 111., where they
remained until 1866, thence to Newark, Knox County, Mo., and six years later to
Monroe City in the same State. In the latter place the subject of our sketch re
ceived a common scliool education and learned the trade of harness-making. The
family subsequently went to Dunklin County, Mo., where young Richardson en
gaged in the harness business on his own account. He continued there for one
year and a half, when failing health compelled him to give up the business.
Disposing of his interests in Missouri, he came to Washington in the spring of
1879. Locating at Colfax, he found work at his trade as journeyman. Four
months later the shop where he was employed was shut down on account of de
pression in trade, and he was obliged to seek other employment. After working
for William H. Bishop for a short time as cleik in a small general store in Colfax,

¦:i/./..

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 453
he was engaged by Mr. L. M. Ringer to take charge of the latter's store at
Almota during the owner's absence at Olympia as a member of the Legislature.
In the following spring he returned to Colfax, and was employed as bookkeeper
by Bishop & Burgunder. He remained with them until the firm was dissolved
and with their successors, Burgunder & Schwabacher, one year. He left them to
accept a position as bookkeeper with L. M. Ringer, his former employer, with whom
he remained until July, 1890, when the business portion of Pullman was burned.
Previous to this occurrence Mr. Richardson had himself organized a general
merchandise business under the firm style of Richardson & Wilkinson, and after
the fire the latter firm purchased the stock of Mr. Ringer, who became a silent
partner in the firm, and removed it from Almota to Pullman. In November of
the same year Messrs. Richardson, Wilkinson & Ringer were incorporated as a
joint stock company. Their business has steadily grown, necessitating an in
crease of the capital stock to $50,000. They carry a stock of goods averaging
$70,000 in value. Their merchandise sales in 1892 exceeded $200,000 and their
grain business $250,000.
In addition to his mercantile business Mr. Richardson is interested in the
Pullman Land and Investment Company, wliich was organized by himself and
Mr. Ringer, with a paid-up capital of $20,000, and does a general investment and
real-estate business. Mr. Richardson was married January 1st, 1884, to Miss
Effie Ringer, the daughter of his partner. Two children, Frank W. and Lula,
have blessed their union.
The life of Mr. Richardson has been one of great activity and frequent
change. Forced from an early age to earn his own livelihood, he has, by pluck
and perseverance, attained thus early in life a prosperous position in the com
mercial world. He is in touch with all enterprises for the development of Pull
man and the Palouse country generally. Socially he is genial and popular, and
is a member of the orders of Knights of Pythias and Good Templars.
Wilkinson, J. A., was born in Vernon, Oneida County, N. Y., September
8th, 1861, and received the benefits of a common school education in his native
town. In 1877, at the age of sixteen years, he began life on his own account as
delivery boy in the grocery house of John Dygert, of Oneida, with whom he
remained about nine months. He then returned to Vernon and served as clerk
in the general merchandise store of C. H. Phister for five years. Desiring to see
something of the world, he went to Colorado, and thence in a short time to Cali
fornia. Going from place to place in search of employment, he finally reached
Sacramento, where he worked during the winter of 1884 in a rolling mill. In
the spring he went to Almota, Whitman County, Wash., where he obtained em
ployment in the general store of L. M. Ringer. He remained there until the fall
of 1889, when he came to Pullman and associated with F. D. Richardson, under
the firm style of Richardson & Wilkinson, dealers in groceries, hats, caps, and
men's furnishing goods. In July, 189n, the business portion of Pullman, includ
ing the store of Richardson & Wilkinson, was burned, and in November of the
same year Messrs. Richardson & Wilkinson, together with Mr. L. M. Ringer,
established the Pullman Mercantile Company, which is noticed in another part
of this volume.

454 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Mr. Wilkinson was married July 4th, 1886, to Miss Ella Sasenbery, of Vernon,
N. Y. He is a member of the Ancient Order United Workingmen, the Knights
of Pythias, and the Good Templars. He was elected a member of the City Coun
cil of Pullman in May, 1890, and was re-elected in the fall of 1891. He is also
Vice-President of the enterprising real-estate firm of the Pullman Land and In
vestment Company mentioned elsewhere in this volume.
De Pledge, H. G. — one of the prominent young business men of Wliitman
County, and Cashier of the First National Bank of Pullman, is H. G. De Pledge,
who was born in Newcastle, Northumberland, England, February 16th, 1860.
His early education and training were received onboard H. M. S. Conway, where
he served for two years. He then went on board of an East Indiaman of the
Waverly Line as Midshipman, and after four years in that position he returned to
England, passed examination as Second Mate, and left the service at the age of
nineteen years. In 1879 he came to America with Close Brothers, who founded
the Plymouth colony in Le Mars, la. After one year at the latter place he went
to San Francisco, and later made several trips to Central America. After an ab
sence of two years he returned to Iowa, and one year later removed to Portland,
Ore. Here for three years he was principally engaged in civil engineering, act
ing for a part of that time as Deputy County Surveyor of Multnomah County.
He came to Colfax, Wash , in 1885, and to Pullman in 1887. where he engaged
in buying and shipping grain for two years. At the expiration of that time he
was offered a situation as Bookkeeper and Assistant Cashier in the Bank of Col
fax, and he filled that position for about a year and a half. He then returned to
Pullman, and succeeded Mr. W. V. Windus as Cashier of the Bank of Pullman,
now the First National Bank of Pullman, and continues in that responsible posi
tion. Steady and reliable in all his transactions, upright in character, sound in
his views, and popular with all who enjoy his acquaintance, he is regarded in a
most favorable light by the people of Pullman. He was married September 23d,
1890, to Miss Jane Crockett, of Portland, Ore. He is a member of the Masonic
fraternity. Snell, William Hedding, was born in Mechanicsburg, Pa., July 2d, 1852,
and when five years of age moved with his parents to Mount Pleasant, la., where
he received a common school education, and then entered the Iowa Wesleyan
University, where he remained until he had finished the sophomore year in the
classical course of that institution. In 1868 he moved to Lincoln, Neb., with his
parents, and upon the opening up of the Nebraska State University entered the
junior class of that institution, and was graduated in June, 1873, receiving the
degree of B.Ph. He then commenced the study of law in one of the offices of
that city, maintaining himself in the mean time by teaching in the public schools.
In 1874 he was admitted to the Bar of Nebraska, and a short time afterward re
moved to Georgetown, Col., where he soon established a good practice in his
profession. On account of ill health he was driven from that climate, and re
turned to Nebraska, locating at Fairbury, where he pursued his chosen profes
sion. His ability and devotion to his clients' interests won for him a lucrative
practice in the State and federal courts of Nebraska. In the fall of 1884 he was

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 455
the Republican nominee for State Senator from his district, and was elected by a
large majority. He was one of the most prominent and efficient members of the
Nebraska Legislature of 1885, and in 1886 was re-elected by an increased majority ;
and he again served his constituents with the same fidelity that had characterized
his previous term in that body.
In March, 1888, he removed to Tacoma, Wash., and in the spring of 1889 was
elected City Attorney on the Republican ticket. Before his term of office expired
he was appointed by Governor Elisha P. Ferry to the office of Prosecuting At
torney, to fill the vacancy caused by the promotion of Fremont Campbell, then
Prosecuting Attorney, to the Bench. In the summer of 1890 he was nominated
by the City Council and elected as a member of the Charter Commission to form
a new charter for the city of Tacoma, In the fall of 1890 he was elected to the
office of Prosecuting Attorney of Pierce County, which office he filled with dis
tinction and remarkable success. In his administration he was conceded to be a
profound lawyer and a most effective advocate before a jury. With a delicate
sense of the responsibilities of the office, he was always ready to dismiss an
action when he was convinced of the defendant's innocence, while he would fol
low a criminal with the persistence of a bull-dog and force of an avalauche. In
the fall of 1892 he was renominated by the Republican Party for the office of
Prosecuting Attorney and again elected to that position.
Mr. Snell is small of stature, very pleasant in address, with the faculty of mak
ing friends. He is a member of the Commercial Club and a member of the Inde
pendent Order of Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias lodges.
White, Harry. — This well-known citizen of Seattle, though not among
those who came to the city at the earliest day of its history to here lay the
foundations of municipal aud commercial greatness, is a prominent and represen
tative man of the re-enforcement that came when Seattle was about to begin her
larger growth, and to this re-enforcement much of the city's remarkable progress
is due. Mr. White was born January 5th, 1859. about five miles from Columbia Junc
tion, Louisa County, Iowa, and is the son of R. A. and Hannah E. (Newbro)
White. His paternal ancestors were early settlers of the State of Virginia, and
his mother was of an old Pennsylvania family. Our subject was reared on a
farm, and acquired the rudiments of an English education in the district sehool.
An attendance of three months at the Eastern Iowa Normal Scliool completed his
limited opportunities in this direction. The scliool of experience and self-study
have been the chief means of preparing him for life's duties and struggles. At
the age of nineteen he left home to make his own way in the world. His father gave
him a horse, and with another young man he fitted up a team and started West.
They arrived in Hamilton County, Neb., in March, 1878. Here young White
rented some land, put in a small crop on shares, employing his time while not
thus engaged in working for the neighboring farmers. The following winter he
taught school, and the proceeds of this work, added to the returns from his crop,
netted him $1100. With this sum he was enabled to purchase from the Union
Pacific Railroad two hundred and forty acres of land, which he put under culti
vation during the summer, and in the following winter he again taught school.

456 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
In the fall of 1880 he was elected Assessor of his district, and was re-elected for
a second term, but continued to devote his attention principally to his farm,
which he brought to a high state of cultivation. In his youth he had acquired a
thorough knowledge of the nursery business, and this knowledge he found an
opportunity to utilize in 1883, when he connected himself with the York (Ne
braska) Nursery as Manager, which position he filled with ability and credit for
three years. During this time he made several successful ventures in real-estate
speculation, dealing quite largely in railroad lands, and accumulated considerable
capital. Having made several trips to Seattle, and foreseeing that it must be
come one of the great commercial cities of the Northwest, in 1886 he became
interested in the real-estate business here with the firm of A. E. McPhelridge & Co.
In the following year ne removed to Seattle and founded the real estate and
brokerage firm of Harry White & Co., in which his two brothers, W. R. and
W. H., are now partners. This venture proved a profitable one. Their business,
large from the start, increased rapidly and has grown to immense proportions.
Many of the most important real-estate transactions of Seattle have been consum
mated through them, aud no firm stands higher in the State. They began pur
chasing large tracts of land in the city and suburbs early in their career, and for
some years past they have handled their own property exclusively. The senior
member of the firm has always been a conspicuous leader in enterprises calculated
to promote the best interests of the city. In addition to his real-estate business
he is extensively interested in several manufacturing industries. He was formerly
a large stockholder in the Daily Press Publishing Company, of which he was also
the President.
Mr. White has always been an ardent Republican, and during his residence in
Seattle has borne a prominent part in shaping the political affairs of the city.
His municipal service began in July, 1889, when he was elected a member of the
City Council, being the first Republican ever elected from the First Ward. It
was a most important period in the history of the city. The great fire of a few
weeks previous had destroyed the most valuable portion of the city, and incidental
to the rebuilding of the town there was much important work to be done by the
municipal authorities. Mr. White was one of the most active and useful officials
in the service of the city. A man of calm judgment, of marked intelligence, of
keen perceptive faculties, abounding in sensible practical ideas and of unsullied
integrity, his opinions never failed to receive the careful consideration of his
colleagues. The interests of his constituents were carefully and conscientiously
protected, and his entire record met with the hearty approval of the most intelli
gent, liberal-minded element of the entire commuuity. In July, 1890, he was
elected Mayor of the city. This was a magnificent compliment, and showed the
appreciation in which his past services were held by the people. Under the new
charter, adopted October 1st, 1890, he was re-elected for a term of two years. To
the office of Mayor he brought the same energy and public spirit that had charac
terized him as a member of the Council. There was no portion of the city's affairs
with which he did not at once make himself intelligently familiar ; and without
any disparagement to his predecessors, it may be truthfully stated that Seattle
never had a more progressive Mayor, one who better understood its wants and
made provision for meeting them.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 457
A deservedly high reputation, both as a business man and a public officer, has
been attained by Mr. White earlier in life than falls to the lot of most men. At
an age when many have barely commenced their careers he is thoroughly estab
lished in the confidence and good opinion of the people, which, with his exem
plary habits and character, and the possession of unusual good judgment and
business sagacity, make him a most creditable representative of the young busi
ness men of Seattle, and one whose future, judged by his past, is bright with
promise. Mr. White was married December 31st, 1885, to Miss Anna Morrow, daughter
of Colonel John Morrow, of Harvard, Neb.
Hutchinson, R. H., is the second son of James Sanford and Annie Harper
Hutchinson, who came from England and settled in Illinois in the pioneer days
of that State, where they passed through the ordeals and trials incident to fron
tier life. They were blessed by a family of eight sons and two daughters. Of
these two died in infancy, four still reside in Illinois, and four are living in the
State of Washington. The mother died May 11th, 1880, and the father is still
living. R. H. Hutchinson was born at the home of his mother's parents in Will
County, III., November 24th, 1858. A few weeks after his birth his mother
returned to her home in Lee County, where the early days of our subject were
passed on the farm, where the conservative and home traits which characterized
his future life were formed. He attended the district schools for a few years,
working on the farm during the summer months after his eleventh year, and at
tending school about four months iu tbe winter. By diligent application to his
studies be managed to lay the foundation for a fairly good education, which he
secured for himself later in life. On arriving at maturity he started out for
himself, and after working on a farm the ensuing summer and making a few
dollars over and above his wages, he attended an academy during the following
winter, and in the spring passed a successful examination for a teacher's certifi
cate. The next five years were spent in teaching. He very successfully handled
some of the best schools in his county and received the highest salary paid in his
grade. During the last three years he taught his leisure moments and vacations
were spent in the study of law in the office of Captain A. C. Bardwell, in Dixon,
111. After passing a successful examination for admission to the Bar, he came
to Whitman County, Wash., in April, 1887.
During his brief residence in Washington, Mr. Hutchinson has held many
positions of honor, and has always proved himself worthy of every trust. He is
at present Mayor of Farmington, and has been a member of the City Council of
Farmington for several years. He spent the summer of 1889 iu the Land Office
of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company as First Clerk. In the fall of
that year he was nominated for representative to the first Legislature of the new
State of Washington, and in the following November was elected. He was justly
considered as one of the ablest and most useful members. Returning home in
the spring of 1890, he resumed the practice of law, and this was really the begin
ning of his career as an attorney. Notwithstanding he started in life without
means and has been obliged to make his way unaided, he owns a beautiful home

458 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
in Farmington and other valuable property. He is President of the Farmington
Trading Company and the Secretary of the Farmington Hardware and Furniture
Company, owning stock in both concerns. Mr. Hutchinson is regarded as one of
Farmington's most reliable and trustworthy citizens, a man of perfect integrity of
character, and possesses the respect and esteem of all who know him. Full of
energy, and possessed of rare business ability, he cannot fail to achieve well-mer
ited success in a new and rapidly growing country, and this success will be
gained in channels through which the entire community will be enriched. Socially
he is genial and popular, and enjoys the esteem of a large circle of warm friends.
Mr. Hutchinson was married January 5th, 1888, at Eldena, Lee County, 111.,
to Miss Ida A. Eastman, by whom he has two children, Clara I., aged four, and
Robertus Ward, aged two.
Beverly, Judge John, was boru in Oppenheim (now Fulton) County, N. Y.,
June 18th, 1828, and received the benefits of merely a common-school education.
He worked on a farm until he was twenty-one years of age, after which he
became a clerk iu a dry-goods store at Brockett's Bridge, N. Y., remaining there
four years. Leaving there he served as Deputy Sheriff and Under Sheriff for six
years in Herkimer County, during which time he read law. He entered the army
in 1861 as Captain of Company K, Thirty-fourth New Yoik Volunteers, serving
with his company until the expiration of his term two years later. He was pro
moted to Major, and mustered out as Colonel of the regiment at Albany. He
then took up the practice of the law, being admitted to the Bar in November,
1868, and practised in Chenango County. Judge Beverly was engaged in the
practice of law in that county until 1877, when he sold out and came West, and
with a friend engaged in railroad building. He was married January 18th, 1851,
to Miss Margaret Smith, of New York, who died October 5th, 1862, leaving him
two daughters, both now married, and residing at Amsterdam, N. Y., with their
families. Judge Beverly came to Washington May 1st, 1883, and spent one summer rail
road building, and in the fall of that year opened an office at Puyallup, and re
sumed the practice of the law. He was elected Justice of the Peace November
24th, 1884, of Puyallup Precinct, serving in that capacity two terms of two years
each, at the end of which time, June 12th, 1890, he was elected Probate Judge for
Pierce County, and in November, 1890, was elected Judge of the Superior Court.
He is a member of the Loyal Legion of the Uuited States, also of various branches
of the Masonic Fraternity. Judge Beverly's characteristics as a lawyer have
been a cool, dispassionate judgment, plain common sense, devotion and diligent
loyalty to his client, and thorough hard work for the mastery of the matter in
hand. Upon the Bench he has won not only the confidence of the general public,
but the highest respect and esteem of the Bar by hi3 profound knowledge of the
law, wise decisions, and independence of character.
Alexander, Elmer E., was born July 14th, 1861, at Avoca, Iowa County,
Wis. His father, Peter P. Alexander, a blacksmith by trade, was born in Broome
County, N. Y., married Eliza McClure, and died in 1882, aged sixty-two. His
widow is still living, aged_seventy-four. They had eight sons and one daughter,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 459
The early life of our subject was spent on a farm. At the age of twenty he emi
grated to Iowa, and after spending a year in that State, removed to Central City,
Col., where he soon found an occupation suited to his tastes, studying the
precious minerals in their natural state. Working at whatever presented itself,
he soon started farther west. Going through New Mexico, Arizona, and Cali
fornia, stopping occasionally to earn a few dollars to help him on his way, he
reached Spokane February 1st, 1884, with only a few dollars in his pocket. He
took up a ranch near Waterville, but the mining excitement in the Colville coun
try soon brought him to that section. He was among the first to discover new
mineral deposits in the mountains of Colville, Kootenai, Okanogan, and Pend
d'Oreille River countries, also on Similkameen River ; and he has contributed
many interesting articles for the Spokane papers concerning the discovery and
development of these districts. In 1885 he discovered the Old Dominion mine,*
one of the leading silver-producing mines iu the State, and in 1887 he located
the Capital iron mines, a property which in 1891 shipped one thousand tons of
ore and extracted two thousand tons more. The ore is of a very superior quality,
and Bessemer steel may be made from it at one heat. It addition to his mining
interests, Mr. Alexander is interested in farming, and owns a large ranch east of
the city limits. He was among the first to locate farming lands in the Big Bend,
and he has worked earnestly for the forfeiture of the unearned land grant of the
Northern Pacific Railroad, which he considers was unjustly taken from the peo
ple. In 1890 he became a partner with his brother in the Union Printing Co.
Mr. Alexander is actively interested in the business development of the city,
and has done much to promote its material welfare. His business judgment has
been so. often vindicated by results, and his integrity has become so firmly estab-
* In April, 1885, Mr. Alexander, with A. E. Benoist and one other, left the town of Embrey (now
extinct) to seek the location .of a rich mineral deposit said to have been found several years before by a
soldier from Fort Colville, whose boasts of his rich And were ridiculed by his comrades until he was
glad to throw the ore away and drop the theme. Another party— a half breed-found the ore and
brought it to his father, with the request that the latter visit the place and do some work, but nothing
more was done. The " Daisy" and " Wellington11 mines across the Colville Valley, about twenty miles
southwest, led to the belief that the old find must be on the same line of contact in Colville Mountain.
That line of contact of dolomite limestone and granite was what Mr. Alexander and his companions
were seeking, and which they f ouud April 12th, 1885. They had been to the top of the mountain, looked
over the country, and concluded that the limestone did not appear in the vicinity, so decided to go to
Colville in the afternoon for some supplies, and to continue their prospecting farther northwest. But
they had not been travelling an hour when, seeing limestone of the right nature, concluded to camp.
Not leaving the trait, Benoist, who was ahead, broke off from a large boulder, without dismounting
from his horse, good-looking ore ; handing it to Alexander, he said, " What do you think of that for rich
rock ?" The latter, leading his horse to a level place, rushed up to the ledge, and with a piece of float
mineral, broke off a piece from the lode, saying at the same time, " Here^ mineral in place.'1 A few
seconds later Benoist broke off with his pick some mineral twenty feet away on the side of the cliff.
The other party was standing beside the lode, but not knowing ores from country rock, haviDg just ar
rived from New York, did not see it, of course. This party has boasted of being the discoverer, and in a
certain newspaper interview put Mr. Alexander in the background about three hundred feet or yards.
Being around the hotels, and having leisure, he always managed to meet correspondents to various news
papers, and ignored Mr. Alexander, who in those days was too modest to assert his rights. L. C. Dili-
man is a friend of N. M. Hudgins, who was the book-keeper, and made up the hooks to suit Pat Kearney,
who owned the largest interest (being a purchaser of Benoist's interest), and these books of tbe Old
Dominion Mining Company were made to read that Mr. Alexander was in debt to the company, when
actually the company owed him several hundred dollars. While Major Waters was there to look up the
records, these same books were duplicated and the original perhaps destroyed, according to his report.

460 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
lished, that he possesses the confidence and respect of the whole community. He
was married February 22d, 1888, to Bertie E. Lewis, and has three children.
Little, Gilbert F., Attorney-at-Law, of Seattle, Wash., was born, reared,
and educated in the good old State of Pennsylvania, and belongs to one of the
oldest families in the United States, his ancestors landing on our shores in Sep
tember, 1640. He was graduated in " honors" in 1867, and located in the State
of Indiana in 1869, where he achieved marked professional and political success.
In 1876 he was married to Miss Martha L. Mason, by whom he has one child, a
daughter, fourteen years of age. His wife is a near relative of the late United States
Senator James Monroe Mason, so well known iu connection with his capture in
company with Slidell while en route on the British mail steamer Trent, to fill their
functions as Confederate, commissioners. Since Mr. Little's arrival in Seattle he
has devoted himself, as a member of the law firm of Metcalfe, Little & Jurey,
entirely to the practice of his profession, in wliich he has been eminently success
ful. It may well be said of him that he comes to the Bar by inheritance, as his
family are now, and have been since their advent to this country, eminent as
lawyers, jurists, or law writers. The subject of this notice has inherited all the
peculiar qualities and distinguishing characteristics of a strong, able lawyer, to
which can be added a splendid personal presence, calm, reserved, dignified, and
courtly ; of unquestionably high character, he is very justly regarded by the
Bench and Bar of Washington and by all who know him as a very strong, reliable
lawyer, especially on corporation law. Not only that, but he has achieved quite
a reputation as a writer on philosophic themes, being a frequent contributor to
leading papers and magazines all over this country. He is a cogent reasoner and
a keen and convincing debater, and is counted as one of the most forceful, elo
quent, and fluent speakers, not only at the Seattle Bar, but on the Pacific coast.
Politically Judge Little is a Republican, and his political star is not yet at its
zenith, and the grand young State of AVashington may yet do herself proud by
elevating Judge Little to the Supreme Bench of the State or to a seat in the
Senate of the United States, either of which he would fill with distinguished
ability ; and if his party prevails, he is very soon to be called into the public
service of his State.
Simmons, Daniel W., of North Yakima, Sheriff of Yakima County, was born
in Oregon in 1861. His father, James T. Simmons, was a Wisconsin farmer, his
mother, Martha M. Bennett Simmons, having been born in Ohio. Educated in the
public schools of Oregon, and a student also for 'a year at Columbia College,
Portland, Ore., he removed to Yakima County, Wash., and began active life as a
Deputy under Sheriff J. J. Tyler, a position which he continued to hold until his
election by the Republicans in 1890 to the office of Sheriff. He was re-elected in
1892 on the same ticket for a further term of two years. Mr. Simmons was mar
ried in 1883 to Miss Mary A. Mabry, a native daughter of the Evergreen State.
They have a family of three children. Mr. Simmons is a property-owner, the
possessor of a valuable hop yard and other desirable realty. Fraternally he is
a Mason, Odd Fellow, and Knight of Pythias of the uniformed rank. He is a
Republican in politics and an influential factor in the progress of his party, and
has proved himself efficient in the offices committed to his care.

'i'W

^^J.%. J&Z

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 463
Ellis, Myron H., of North Yakima, Auditor of Yakima County, was born in
Iowa October 22d, 1863. His father, Amos Ellis, was a farmer and a native of
Ohio, his mother, Elizabeth (Robertson) Ellis, being from Tennessee. Myron
obtained his early education in the public schools of Iowa, supplemented by a
commercial course at Des Moines, but in reality he was essentially self-taught.
His first occupation was in the life-insurance business at Des Moines, where he
continued a year. He then engaged as Manager for L. E. Alyn's mercantile es
tablishment at Steamboat Rocks, la., with whom he remained until he came West
in 1888, locating at North Yakima, and finding employment in the sheriff's office
for a year. He then engaged with A. B. Weed, hardware merchant of Yakima,
the present representative-elect for that county. He left this position to under
take business for himself, in which he continued until he sold out in 1890, having
been elected to the office of Auditor of Yakima County. He was re-elected in
1892 on the Republican ticket. He was married in 1890 to Miss Clara J. Sinclair,
a native of New Brunswick. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, the
Knights of Pythias, Uniform Rank Knights of Pythias, and Past Grand of the
Odd Fellows. The son of an old Western pioneer, Mr. Ellis shows a record
worthy of the stock from which he is descended.
Thronson, Joel A., of Dayton, Sheriff of Columbia County, Wash., was
born in Santa Clara County, Cal., June 30th, 1864. His father, Willis Thronson,
was a Norwegian farmer, and his mother, Annie Thronson, was of the same
nationality. Educated in the public schools of California and Washington, though
practically a self-educated man, in September, 1873, Mr. Thronson located on
a farm near Dayton, and followed agricultural pursuits until about three years
ago, when he became a dealer in grain. He was elected, in 1890, Sheriff of Co
lumbia County, on the Democratic ticket, to hold office for two years. He is
engaged in the real-estate business under the firm name of Raymond & Thron
son. He is the owner of one of the finest residences in the city. Fraternally he
is a member of the Knights of Pythias, Ancient Order United Workingmen, and
Woodmen of the World. Politically he is a Democrat, and one of the leading
men of that party in Eastern Washington. He makes hosts of friends, thanks to
his genial and generous nature, and is the youngest man who may claim to hold
the office of Sheriff in the Northwest.
He was, in January, 1893, united in marriage to Miss Etta Fouts, the estimable
daughter of the present Postmaster of Dayton.
Mathews, John W., a talented and promising young attorney-at-law, de
servedly occupies a prominent place among the leading citizens of Pullman,
Wash., and furnishes an instance of a worthy exception to the text that "a
prophet is without honor in his own country," for local prints speak of him as
"an industrious, energetic, and close student of law, with a high and noble
regard for his profession," and numerous other excellent things relative to his
private life and character which the space allotted to a biographical sketch does
not permit us to recall.
Mr. Mathews is a native American, born in Allen County, Ind., April 27th,
1864, being the seventh child of Samuel and Elvira Mathews, natives of Ohio.
21

464 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
His school days were spent at the little frame schoolhouse on his father's farm ;
at the Methodist Episcopal College of Fort Wayne, Ind.; at the Eastman National
Business College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and in the Law Department of Michigan
University, at Ann Arbor, Mich. He commenced the study of law in the office of
Spencer & Jenkinson, at Fort Wayne, Ind., read one year, then went to Auburn,
Ind., and read one year in the office of Hon. D. D. Moody, and then entered the
Law Department of Michigan University, taking the full two years' course, and
graduating from that famous institution in the Class of 1889. When seventeen
years old Mr. Mathews resolved to get a college education without any assistance
in a financial way from his parents. He started in with $75, remaining at college
until that was spent ; then taught school to earn more money to enter college
again. Thus he continued until he had laid that splendid foundation for the
practice of his chosen profession, at which he has been and now is very successful.
In the month of July, 1889, soon after graduating at Michigan University, Mr.
Mathews formed a copartnership with Hon. D. D. Moody, of Auburn, Ind., for
the purpose of practising law. The partnership existed for one year, and was
then dissolved by mutual consent, as Mr. Mathews desired to go West. In May,
1891, he came to Pullman, Wash., where he opened a law office and commenced
to practise his profession, where he has built up a lucrative and increasing busi
ness and has made for himself the reputation of liking nothing better than to try
and to win a farmer's cause ; for, being a farmer's son, he well understands the
trials and needs of the agriculturist, and has for him always a most hearty sym
pathy. Although most thoroughly equipped, and already a man of many attain
ments, Mr. Mathews is, from both habit and principle, a close student, still giving
the most earnest attention to all business committed to his hands, well knowing
that, earnest, conscientious labor is the sure and only true means by which the
lawyer may secure future substantial prominence.
Snell, Marshall K., an able and successful lawyer of Tacoma, was born at
Ottumwa, la., January 4th, 1860, and is the son of Dr. John Marshall King, who,
as a physician and surgeon, served during the War of the Rebellion. Having
acquitted himself creditably, and being dangerously wounded, Dr. King returned
to his wife and family November 1st, 1864, and died three days thereafter. A
few days later the terrible disease of small-pox broke out, and the mother and
other members of the King family excepting Marshall were laid to rest beside
the veteran father. During the excitement that prevailed at the time, Marshall
was sent to the pest-house and afterward to the State Orphans' Home at Farm
ington, la., where he remained till past seven years of age, when he was adopted
by William J. Snell, a farmer, and his name changed from J. Marshall King to
Marshall K. Snell. His foster parents moved to Western Wisconsin shortly after
his adoption.
Mr. Snell's boyhood was spent on a farm, working during the summer
months and attending school during the winter, and many times, after working
in the field all day, he would sit up by the dim light and study his books, and by
untiring perseverance he obtained a good common schooling. When eighteen he
commenced teaching school and reading law ; afterward attended the Wisconsin
State University and Law School, graduating in June, 1881, and in July took up

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 465
his residence in the city of Seymour, Wis., where he practised his profession, and
held city and county offices until 1888. At this time, hearing favorable reports
of Tacoma, he went to that city.
On January 4th, 1882, Mr. Snell was married to Jennie R. McDonah, of Cen-
treville, Wis., and has one son, William Arthur.
But few know the untiring efforts of Mr. Snell to gain his present rank in the
legal profession. The little room at the farm-house where he spent the hours after
his day's work in summer, and the wood stove by whose flickering light he read
his books in the winter evenings, could tell something of it, as could also the
cheap room and board at college ; but these are seldom mentioned. It is rather
the kind words of cheer received from friends during this period of his life that
are proudly remembered by him.
Mr. Snell inherits the strongest patriotism, and to him the words " Union
veteran" are synonymous with gallantry, devotion to country, and the sacrifices
of one who has fought and endured danger and hardship for the republic and its
institutions, all of which he loves, honors, and reveres.
Though a busy lawyer, he is an active member of tbe National Guard of Wash
ington, and a commissioned officer, being a Colonel of Cavalry on the staff of the
Brigadier-General. As a lawyer in the civil practice, Mr. Snell represents railroad and other cor
porations, and his practice extends throughout the State. His clients have faith
in him for his integrity, ability, shrewdness, and faithful guardianship of their
legal interests. Illustrative of Mr. Snell's success as an advocate in criminal cases,
the fact is noted that he has successfully defended and thereby obtained the ac
quittal of seven men charged with murder in the first degree ; and of the large
number of persons charged with different crimes whom he has defended, all but
six have been acquitted.
Mr. Snell is reserved in his manner, a man of good habits and close applica
tion, yet withal an athlete, well versed in the science of self-defence, an excel
lent shot, and one of the best horsemen in the State.
By careful attention to business, becoming economy, and commendable enter
prise, he has acquired property to an extent that ranks him among the wealthy
men of Tacoma. Among his possessions is a rich law library second to no private
collection of the kind in the State of Washington. He is also the owner of one
of the largest improved farms in Western Washington, " Valley View Farm,"
where fine horses and cattle are raised and kept.
Mr. Snell is not a politician, but takes much interest in all public matters.
As a citizen he enjoys the confidence and esteem of a host of people, and while
he cherishes the friendship of the worthy among the humblest, he is also the
associate and peer of the most prosperous and exalted of his fellow-citizens.
Ham, David T., one of Latah's most prominent citizens, was born in Minne
sota in 1857. His father, Edwin, crossed the plains in the " ox team" emigra
tion of 1859, locating at Red Bluff, Cal., where he engi ged in farming and stock-
raising. In 1869 we find him a hotel-keeper in Nevada ; then in 1872 in the
cattle business at Elko, Nev., until 1883, when he came to Washington, estab
lishing himself at what is now Latah. Buying land, he started the first store in

466 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
that place with his sou, the subject of this sketch, as partner. They continued
to do a successful business until 1888, when they sold out ; but many other en
terprises occupied and continued to engage the attention of this active and far-
seeing firm, such as stores in Cceur d'Alene and the buying and selling and
improvement of land. The father died in 1890, a strong and earnest worker in
the Methodist Church, of which he was a member, and for the Republican Party,
to which he was a close adherent. No man did more for the advancement of the
city in which he dwelt than this pioneer citizen of Latah. His useful life found
recognition in the respect of his fellows and left many tokens to preserve and
dignify his memory. David T. was educated in the public schools of Oakland,
Cal., receiving the final finish in the University of the Pacific, at San JosS. In
1887 he went to Spokane and took charge of the firm's business in that city till
1890. Fortunate in all things, he married, in 1880, Miss Emma Daniels, of New
York. Like his father, he is an enthusiastic Republican, and a, successful worker
in the enterprises in which he engages.
Caesar, Philip Vasderbilt, President of the Metropolitan Savings Bank, Ta
coma, was born in Franklin, N. J., June 21st, 1866. In his infancy he removed with
his parents to Staten Island, and four years later to Mobile, Ala., where he resided
until his eleventh year. He then removed to Newburgh, N. Y., and attended
the high school of that city. In 1880 the family returned to Staten Island, and
there young Philip continued his studies under a private tutor. In 1884 he en
tered the Columbia College School of Art, where he pursued a course of study
for two years. At the expiration of this term he entered the service of the New
York Central Railroad Company as Clerk in the Treasurer's Office in New York
City. Six months later, failing health compelled him to give up this position,
and he entered the employ of W. S. Nichols & Co., of 33 Wall Street, N. Y., in
whose service he continued about three years, first as Clerk and afterward as
Cashier. In July, 1889, Mr. Caesar came to Tacoma, Wash., where he became connected
with the Tacoma Building and Savings Association (now the Metropolitan Sav
ings Bank). He began as Assistant Cashier ; in January, 1891, was promoted to the
Cashiership, and in November, 1892, was made the President. He also has charge
of the interests of Mr. George W. Vanderbilt, of New York City, who owns the
Pacific National Bank Building, and the Vanderbilt and Barker Building in
Tacoma. Mr. Cresar is an excellent example of the energetic young business men
who are doing so much for the growth and development of the Pacific Northwest.
In the management of affairs he has shown a high order of executive ability, and
the prosperous condition of the enterprises with which he is connected is largely
duo to his energetic exertions. He is warmly attached to the home of his adop
tion, and takes a lively interest in all enterprises tending toward its advancement.
He was married April 29th, 1890, to Miss Fanny L. Little, daughter of Judge
John W. Little, of New York City. Mr. Cresar is a grandson of Captain Jacob
II. Vanderbilt, of Staten Island, N. Y. His father was Major Erastus Sparrow
Purdy, son of Governor Samuel Purdy, formerly of California, and President of the
Senate of that State for several years. Major Purdy died in Cairo, Egypt, where
he was Pasha on the staff of the Khedive. He was the third white man who ever

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 467
put foot in Darpoor, Abyssinia. He led about fifty thousand Egyptian troops on
an exploring and surveying expedition into Abyssinia, where he made many im
portant discoveries. The natives, intimidated at such a large body of men, were
not inclined to fight, and hence but little bloodshed occurred. Major Lovell
Purdy, uncle of our subject, was killed at Fredericksburgh.
Parker, John A., was born in Clay County, 111., in 1859, and when one year
of age removed with his parents to Fountain County, Ind., where he received an
academic education and commenced to teach school at the age of eighteen years.
He taught long enough to take a course at college, and entered Central College
in 1876, graduating from that splendid institution with distinction in 1880.
Immediately upon his graduation he began the study of law, and in 1882 was ad
mitted to the Bar. He began the practice of his profession in Crawfordsville, Ind.
Hearing of the wonderful advantages of the Pacific Northwest, he decided
to come here, and on September 15th, 1883, he left Crawfordsville, coming di
rect to Tacoma. Here he applied himself with renewed energy to his profession,
entered at once into a good practice, and his business has been steadly and rapidly
increasing ever since. He has closely and diligently devoted himself to his pro
fession, and to-day ranks with those lawyers who lead the Pierce County Bar. Mr.
Parker is a man of firm judgment and practical business sense, and his personal
integrity and high character are well known to the entire community. He is
naturally a man of positive, well-grounded convictions, and he is open and
candid in the expressions of his views. On questions of public policy, his position
is always clear and emphatic. In politics he is a firm believer in the principles
of the Democratic Party, and an active promoter of its interests whenever op
portunity offers. In the fall of 1892 he was nominated on the Democratic ticket
for Superior Judge, and, though defeated, ran several hundred ahead of his
ticket. He was one of the organizers of the Commercial Bank of Tacoma, of
which he is a director, and he is also the attorney for the bank. He is a member
of the Chamber of Commerce and of the Commercial Club.
Madigan, Francis E., was born October 4th, 1859, in an old log house in
Dodge County, Wis. His father was one of the pioneers of that county, having
purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land from the Government in 1842. In
1844 he married Miss Elizabeth Mulvaney, daughter of a neighboring pioneer
farmer. This union proved a happy one, and prosperity soon blossomed on the
little farm. Eight children blessed their home, five girls and three boys, Francis
E. being the seventh child. When he was four years old his mother died, and in
the next year his father married Miss Ellen McCarthy. The father being of a
cold, stern nature, and having no education, cared little for company himself and
kept his children at home. Thus debarred from the society of their neighbors,
these children grew up with unusual love and affection for one another. Only
three are living— a brother, who has been County Attorney of Redwood County,
Minn., for the last six years ; a sister, who still resides at the old homestead, and
Francis E. The latter early took a great liking for study. The school which he
attended was the best country school in the neighborhood ; two teachers were
employed in winter. Francis diligently applied himself to his studies, and at the

468 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
age of sixteen was acknowledged to be the best scholar in the school. Desiring
the advantages of a, more liberal education, and fearing to ask his father for
money, he determined to earn for himself the means to continue his studies.
After working a year and a half, and saving $200 in cash, he went to visit his
brother in Lamberton, Minn. After working there nearly a year, he attended,
during the winter, the school of his brother, who was County Superintendent and
the teacher at Lambertou. The next spring he worked on the railroad as a section
hand and also on the grade. Late in the following fall he determined to take a
course at the St. Paul Business College. After paying travelling expenses and
tuition and purchasing books, he had no money left, but he found a place where
he could saw wood, care for horses, build fires, etc., and for two years he worked
for his board while he attended the business college and high school.
After leaving St. Paul, he began his career as a teacher by teaching two terms in
Dunn County, Wis., and afterward attended the Normal School at River Falls, in
the same State. He next attended Carleton College, Northfield, Minn., for a short
time, when his money gave out, and being unable to obtain employment as a
teacher, he worked during the summer in a stone quarry near Owatonna, Minn.,
and in the following fall attended the Baptist Academy at Owatonna, until he
obtained a situation as teacher of a country school seven miles north of that place.
The next spring he visited his brother, and then went to Chippewa Falls. After
teaching three terms in Chippewa County, he went to Madison, Wis., determined
to continue the modern classical course at the State University, followed by a
course in the law school. Making known his intentions to the Faculty, he was
advised, on account of his age and the education he had already acquired, to
begin the law course at at once. After attending the law school one year, he
taught the village school of Birnamwood, Wis., for nine months, then returned
and finished his course, graduating June 20th, 1888.
After graduating, he had but very little money left, and was in doubt what to
do. Having received a letter from the West Publishing Company of St. Paul,
soliciting his services as a clerk, he visited them, but the terms were so unsatis
factory he would not accept them. He found employment at the rooms of the
Republican State Central Committee, and four weeks later was sent out by the
committee as a campaign speaker. For six weeks he spoke nearly every evening
in different parts of the State. After the election he determined to go AVest, and
with a thousand-mile ticket and $80 in his pocket, he took the St. Paul, Minneap
olis and Manitoba train for Great Falls, Mon. When the train arrived at Fort
Buford the conductor declined to accept his ticket for further passage, as it was
limited to that point. He was obliged to pay his fare with the $30 in his pocket,
and reached Great Falls on Sunday without a cent. Business was very dull, but
after travelling about the town for a few hours, he met James Lawyer, a con
tractor, who told him he did not need any one, but would give him a few days'
job for charity's sake. He replied that it was work, not charity, he wanted, and
turned to go away. Mr. Lawyer called him back, and told him that he did need
a man for about a week, and would pay him $2 per day, and on Monday morning
Mr. Madigan began carrying the hod for masons who were building chimneys,
and a few weeks later obtained employment in the Cataract Flour Mills. After
saving a few dollars, he determined to see Spokane, and on his arrival there

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 469
found employment as Solicitor and Correspondent for the Review. This gave
him an excellent opportunity to see the eastern part of Washington and Northern
Idaho. Visiting the beautiful Wenachee valley, he determined to make his future
home there, and gave up the newspaper business for the real estate and law, and
represented the pioneer real-estate and law firm of the Wenachee valley. The
great fires in Spokane, Seattle, and Ellensburg destroyed his business, the people
of those cities finding use for their capital at home. Mr. Madigan had purchased
one hundred and sixty acres of land from the Northern Pacific Railroad Company,
which took all the money he had, and was obliged to walk from Ellensburg to
Seattle, arriving there without a cent. He first obtained employment for awhile
in the brick yard of Smith Brothers at West Seattle, and afterward worked as
Solicitor for the Tacoma Globe for six months. This gave him an opportunity to
see the Sound country and Western Washington. He also taught school on Orcas
Island, in King County and in the Wenachee valley, where he has returned to
stay, with plenty of work and bright prospects for the future.
Lane, Franklin Knight, Editor and Orator, was born near Charlottetown,
Prince Edward's Island, July 15th, 1864, and received his education in the public
schools and university of the State of California, his parents having removed to
that State early in his life. After a course of study in Hastings College, he was
admitted to the Bar, but never practised, taking up journalism as a profession.
He was editorial writer on several California papers, then removed to New York,
where he served as correspondent for Western papers and special writer for the
New York dailies, also contributing to various magazines. He is widely known
as a political speaker ; stumped California when but eighteen years of age, and
in succeeding campaigns has spoken in all the Pacific Coast States, New York,
Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. In 1890 he became one of the proprietors of
the Tacoma Daily News, the leading Democratic paper of the State of Washing
ton, and is now its editor. As a newspaper man Mr. Lane is exceptionally bold,
believing it to be a newspaper's duty to lead rather than follow. Mr. Lane is
Scotch, English, and Irish in ancestry, belonging on his mother's side to the
Morrow family, which for many generations represented Ireland in Parliament.
Metcalf, Ralph, was born in Providence, R. I., in 1861, studied at Brown
University and the University of Michigan, and graduated from the latter insti
tution in 1883. After serving on the staff of the Pioneer Press of St. Paul, Minn.,
for two years, he bought the Winona (Minnesota) Herald in 1885, and edited the
same until the fall of 1889, when he bought a half interest in the Tacoma Morning
Globe, and was editor-in-chief of that journal as long as it was published. The
Globe was considered one of the strongest and most influential papers in the
Pacific Northwest. In the campaign of 1890 it was a very powerful factor, and
to its influence was ascribed largely the overwhelming victory of its city and
county ticket. When depression came in 1892, and it became impossible to sup
port two morning papers, the Globe was merged in the Ledger.
Mr. Metcalf was elected Secretary of the Board of Public Works of Tacoma
in 1890, and resigned in June, 1891. In May, 1892, he was induced to again
take the position, and still holds it. He is interested in several mining and real-

470 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
estate enterprises, and was one of the first to foresee and profit by the possibilities
of Everett, although pinning his faith and residence to Tacoma. He was married
in the spring of 1887 in Minnesota.
Lillis, Henry M., Chief of the Tacoma Fire Department, is a fair example
of what energy and perseverance will do for a man. Chief Lillis, as he is popu
larly called, was born in Lansing, Mich., February 14th, 1856. At the age of
three years he removed with his parents to Stillwater, Minn., and two years later
to St. Croix Falls, Wis. Here he resided until he reached the age of sixteen,
alternately attending school and learning the trade of millwright. Shortly after
reaching his sixteenth year he went to Stillwater, Minn., where he attended the
high school two years and graduated with honors. The next three years were
devoted to teaching school in Polk County, Wis., holding at the third year the
position of President of the Polk County Teachers' Association. His first politi
cal honor was his election as a member of the County Board of Commissioners of
Polk County, Wis. Becoming anxious to visit other portions of the country, he
travelled through the Southern States, finally reaching Texas, where he remained
three years, working at his trade in the cities of Galveston, Houston, San Antonio
and Waco. His next trip was to the mining districts of Nevada and California,
remaining about one year in the mining districts lying in and about Virginia City,
Carson City, Bodie, and Candelaria. Becoming dissatisfied with mining, he
went on horseback from Reading, Cal., to Roseburg, Ore. He settled at Albany,
Ore., and became interested in a saw-mill at Waterloo, and in the construction
of the Oregon Pacific Railroad from Corvallis to Yaquina Bay.
After spending about one year in Oregon, he moved to Washington Territory
in May, 1881, and located in the First Ward of the city of Tacoma, then known
as Old Tacoma, where, with the exception of six months spent at La Conner,
teaching school, he has since resided. In 1883 he became principal of the Long
fellow School, in which position h'e remained six years. While engaged at school
work he pursued the study of law, and was admitted to the Bar in November,
1887. In April, 1885, he was nominated by the Republican Party to represent the
First Ward in the City Council, and was elected unanimously. In 1888 he was
re-elected, holding his seat in the City Council continuously for five years. In
August, 1884, he became an active member in organizing the Eagle Hose Com
pany No. 2 of Tacoma Volunteer Fire Department. In April, 1886, he was
elected First Assistant Chief of the Volunteer Fire Department of the city and
held the position for three years. In November, 1886, he was elected Justice
of the Peace from the First Ward, and served two years, holding court after
sehool hours each day. In May, 1889, he was elected by the Republicans of the
Twenty-first District, of Pierce County, to represent said district in the Constitu
tional Convention, which framed the present State Constitution. On March 1st,
1890, he was elected Chief of Tacoma paid Fire Department, and under his man
agement the present department has grown, until to-day it stands without an equal
on the Pacific Coast.
Mann, Champion B., the present Treasurer of Thurston County, is a native of
Pennsylvania, having been born in Crawford County, Pa., in 1844. Like that of

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?<x^<S 70. /-e&^L C^=n^

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 473
so many of the self-made men of this country, his early life was spent upon the
farm. At the age of twenty years he came via Isthmus route to Oregon, locating
in the Willamette valley, where he taught school for six years, being Principal
during two years of that time of the Collegiate Institute, of Jefferson, Marion
County. He came to Olympia in 1870, and after teaching school for six months,
purchased the Puget Sound Drug Store, and has continued that business ever
since. This was the pioneer drug store on the sound, having been established in
1853. In 1873 he was married to Miss Evangeline S. Brewer, of Olympia.
During the whole term of his residence in Olympia, Mr. Mann has taken an ac
tive interest in public affairs. He is an earnest, zealous Republican, and has
repeatedly been the recipient of honors at the hands of his party. In 1872 he
was appointed Deputy County Treasurer, which office he filled for one year. He
was elected to the office of City Treasurer for three successive terms. In 1884 he
was elected County Treasurer, and has, by successive re-elections, held that
position ever since. The satisfactory manner in which he has discharged the
duties of his office has won the good will of all, irrespective of party. He is
justly regarded as one of the most reliable and trustworthy citizens of Olympia, a
man of perfect integrity of character and untarnished reputation. He is a man
of pleasant address, of generous and kindly instincts, and possesses many warm
friends. He is a Past Grand in Olympia Lodge, No. 1, Independent Order Odd-
Fellows, the first Odd Fellows Lodge organized in the Territory of Washington,
and is also a Past Master in Washington Lodge, No. 9, Ancient Order United
Workingmen. King, C. B., of Avondale Farm, was born in Iowa, March 16th, 1843, the son
of David King, a prosperous farmer of Lee County. His early years were spent
on his father's farm, attending during this time the district schools of the neigh
borhood. At the age of ten years he crossed the plains to Oregon with his par
ents. The family settled at Corvallis, and young King assisted his father in his
business of milling and farming until he was seventeen years of age, and then
started out for himself. He followed various pursuits, travelling through
Southern Oregon and California, trading, mining, and handling stock until 1861,
when he came to Walla Walla, Wash. The years 1861 and 1862 were spent in
Walla Walla, the Salmon River mines and Florence, and in the fall of the latter
year he returned to Oregon. In 1864 he again removed to Walla Walla, and en
gaged in packing, going into the Boise Basin in Southern Idaho with supplies,
and to Montana in the fall of 1864. Crossing the Mullan trail in 1865, he re
turned to Montana with pack trains, and went to Reynolds City, on Bear Gulch,
then a placer camp. After his return he went to Elk City, Ida., then a booming
placer camp, and there engaged in handling beef, operating his pack train and
supplying the miners with milk, doing a profitable business.
Iu 1868 Air. King returned to Walla Walla, and married Aliss Mary A. Cox,
daughter of Anderson Cox, of Walla Walla County. After his marriage he
returned to Oregon, and remained there until 1870. In that year he came to
Washington again and located a farm on Union Flat, afterward taking up a ranch
on what is now the town site of Colfax, Wash. Here he engaged in the cattle
business with Tom Smith, now State Senator, until the fall of 1873, when he re
moved to Colfax, then just starting up.

474 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
There he engaged in the diug business, kept a livery stable, and operated a
stage line to Lewiston, Ida., Palouse City, Spokane Falls, Fort Colville, and
other points. In 1880 he removed to the present site of Spokane Falls, then a
frontier village, and associated with his present partner, Mr. Monaghan. They
carried on a livery business until 1882 and built the first telegraph line from Spo
kane Falls to Fort Spokane. In 1882 they established the sutler's store at Fort.
Spokane, and purchased the one at Fort Sherman. Mr. Monaghan operated the
former while Air. King managed the latter for four years. During this time they
established a line of steamers between Cceur d'Alene City and the mission, which
was afterward sold to D. C. Corbin, and is now a part of the Northern Pacific
system. In 1886 Mr. King removed again to Spokane, where he engaged in the real-
estate business for a number of years, and became thoroughly identified with the
growth and progress of the town. Having secured a large tract of land adjoining
Hayden Lakes, he determined to make his home there, and he has erected a
beautiful residence overlooking the smaller lake, called Fernwood Lake, in one
of the loveliest spots in the State. His farm of over eighteen hundred acres is
level and beautiful. The lake is a popular summer resort, and bids fair to become
one of the most attractive places in the State.
In 1883 Mr. King, with his partner, laid out the present town of Coeur d'Alene
City, most of which they now own. The new electric railway which is being
built from Spokane to this place will make it one of the most attractive and pros
perous towns in the State, and will greatly enhance the value of the property of
Messrs. Monaghan & King.
Mr. King lost his first wife in 1878, and in 1880 he married Aliss Belle Wimpy,
daughter of Major Wimpy, of Spokane. He has been blessed with three chil
dren—Homer, aged nineteen ; Guy, fifteen ; and Jennie, ten — all living.
The above is but a plain, brief outline of the principal events in the career of
our subject, and inadequately tells the story of Mr. King's life. It is difficult in
few words to accurately describe a character. Only the more salient features can
be fitly expressed. The lights and shades can be understood only by those who
come in contact with the man under various circumstances. Air. King is a sa
gacious business man, on the alert to legitimately promote his business interests ;
by wise investments and the prudent conduct of his personal affairs he has ac
cumulated a competence which places him in an independent financial position,
able to use his best energies and best faculties in discharging the duties of his
trust, lie is a public-spirited citizen, in harmony with advanced ideas, intelli
gent progress, and the best methods of promoting the good of his country gener
ally. Withal, he is genial and warm-hearted, aud beloved by a large circle of
friends. His lovely home is constantly filled with visitors, who carry away with
them the pleasantest memories of their host and his happy family.
Marks, T. E. — Many of the most observant writers who have visited the State
of Washington have remarked the youth of its leading men. While it is true
that some of its most honored citizens are well advanced in years, it is equally
true that most of the men who have aided in bringing the State to its present
prosperous and flourishing condition are still young in years. Such an one is the

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.

475

subject of this sketch. T. E. Marks, the present City Clerk of Snohomish, was
born in Wellington County, Ont., July 19th, 1867.
His preparatory education was acquired in the primary schools of his native
town, after which he attended the High School of Listowel, graduating and
receiving his first grade certificate in 1884. He then entered the Ontario Com
mercial College, completed the full course in the remarkably short space of six
weeks, and graduated in 1885. Soon after this he became bookkeeper in a large
dry-goods house at Listowel, and later entered the employ of Roth Brothers, grain
merchants of the same place, remaining with them several years in the capacity
of cashier and bookkeeper. He next became Manager of the Harriston Flax
Mills, and so continued for one year. He came to the Puget Sound in 1888, and
after spending some time at Vancouver and Victoria, B. C, and Seattle, Wash.,
he finally settled at Snohomish, where he has since resided. He began his busi
ness life in the latter place as bookkeeper for England & Paul, and shortly after
ward became bookkeeper and cashier for Isaac Cathcart, with whom he remained
about two years.
In 1890 he became a partner of C. E. Paul, in the real-estate business, form
ing the firm of Paul & Marks. The combination proved an excellent one, and
the business of the firm has reached an immense magnitude. They own a large
amount of valuable property in Northwestern Washington, including three addi
tions to the flourishing town of Everett, an addition to Alarysville, bay view
additions to Edmonds and Mukilteo, five hundred acres of choice land adjacent
to Everett, and considerable valuable property in the city of Snohomish. They
are also the owners of several valuable mining properties, and were prominently
identified with the opening of the Monte Cristo and Silver Creek mining districts.
Mr. Marks is a notable example of the energetic young business men of the coast.
He came to Washington without means less than five years ago. To-day he is
the directing spirit of an establishment which has been an important factor in
the material growth of the State, and promises to be a still greater power in its
future prosperity.
Wilbur, Lot, the popular druggist of Snohomish, Wash., is a notable exam
ple of the progressive, intelligent, and enterprising business men who are devot
ing their energy aud strength to the development of the material interests of the
State of Washington. He was born in Lapeer County, Mich., in 1846, and re
ceived a common school education. Early in life he embarked iu the lumber
business in his native State, which he followed for six years. He then engaged
in the drug business in Mentorville, Dodge County, Minn., continuing the same
for nine years. In 1875 he came to Puget Sound, arriving at Seattle in Novem
ber of tbat year. Soon afterward he located in Snohomish, and again engaged
in the drug business, which he has continued to the present time. By careful
attention to details, keen business foresight, and untiring industry, he has built up
a large and lucrative trade. His charming personal qualities, his rugged integ
rity, and his open-hearted manner attach him to all those who come in contact
with him. Throughout his long residence in Snohomish few have been more
prominently identified with its welfare and progress than Mr. Wilbur. Always
strong in his faith in the city's future, he has been an enthusiastic supporter of

476 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
every movement to advance its material interests. Intensely practical in his
ideas, and possessed of that rare good sense so essential to success, he has been
quick to perceive and turn to account every opportunity for advancement. He
is a large property holder in Snohomish, and is justly regarded as one of the
leading, substantial business men of the city, which has no more sincere and loyal
friend than he. He was a member of the first City Council of Snohomish, served
as County Treasurer for two terms, and was Probate Judge one term. He is a
member of Snohomish Lodge No. 12, Independent Order Odd Fellows, and of
Forest Lodge No. 46, Ancient Order United Workingmen. He was married in
1808 to Miss Jennie Moore, of Alarshall, Mich. They have no children.
Johnson, Jonathan, Cashier of the Farmers' and Traders' National Bank of
Johnson, Wash., was born near Cadiz, Harrison County, O., January 20th, 1846.
His parents were Quakers, honest and industrious. His mother died when he
was but six years old. His father, Robert Johnson, owned a small farm of about
twenty-three acres, and it required hard work and rigid economy to earn a living
and educate his three children. Jonathan, the only son, received a good common
school education, but was obliged to work on the farm when not attending school.
At the age of seventeen he taught his first term of school. When Jonathan was
about twenty years of age he removed to Alissouri with his father, who bought a
farm there, and continued teaching school winters and working on the farm sum
mers. He began trading in a small way, and was successful ; but his first important
venture, the purchase of a patent right, was a flat failure, and at the age of twenty-
four he found himself $50 in debt, with nothing to show for it. After teaching
another term, he attended business college in Alacon, Mo. He received a first
grade teacher's certificate, and again set to work in the school-room and upon the
farm, to get a start for himself in the world. Two simple precepts which his
father taught him early in life have ever been of great benefit to him : " Strive
to excel ;" " Always try to do right." He labored hard and accumulated slow
ly for some four or five years, when a bank failure left him stranded again. This,
which seemed the greatest misfortune of his life, proved the greatest blessing,
from a financial point of view.
Having heard of government land in Washington, he gathered together the
fragments of his savings and started for the Northwest, arriving at AValla Walla
July 4th, 1877, with but a few dollars in his pocket. He soon obtained work
driving a header wagon, and after the harvest went to the Palouse country to
look for land. It was in the time of the Nez Perce Indian troubles, and though
no depredations took place in the Palouse country, the settlers thought there was
danger, and many left the country. Mr. Johnson purchased the right to a fine
quarter section of land, where the town of Johnson now stands, for $40, and
the former owner departed for Iowa. He also took up an adjoining claim, thus
starting with three hundred and twenty acres. Tho next season a fire burned his
wagon and harness aud all the rails he had beeu hauling for several weeks, caus
ing a loss of $200, an exceedingly severe blow at that time. Walla Walla, ninety
to one hundred miles distant, was then the base of supplies for this region.
With no market, high prices for supplies, high rates of interest and low prices
for produce, money was exceedingly scarce. Only land was cheap. Mr. Johnson

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.

477

taught school in winter (five years in one school-house) and improved his land in
summer, working early and late. He raised crops of wheat, barley, flax, etc.,
which convinced him that the region was destined to become a rich agricultural
section. By hard work and just dealing he established a reputation in business
circles for honesty and prudence, which enabled him to command credit ; so
when the Union Pacific Railroad was built to Moscow, twelve miles away, he
ventured to buy more land. When tickets were placed on sale at Moscow he
bought the first through ticket from that place to New York City, went East,
and revisited the scenes and friends of his earlier days, returning the next spring
better satisfied than ever with his humble home in the Palouse country.
The next year was an important one in Mr. Johnson's life, for on June 26th,
1887, he was married to Ella, daughter of J. H. Lewis, a large landholder of
Whitman County. She has proved a true wife and worthy helpmate. On their
wedding trip they rode on the first through passenger train on the switchback of
the Northern Pacific Railroad over the Cascade Mountains, to Tacoma. The
same year the Spokane and Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific was built
from Spokane to Genesee, Ida., passing through Air. Johnson's land, where a
siding was located to allow farmers a. convenient place to ship their grain. The
large shipments of grain each year and the fertile territory on all sides suggested
the idea of a town ; Colton, the nearest station, being five miles away. A post-
office named Johnson was established in October, 1888, and in 1891 the town
of Johnson began building. Business developed rapidly, the Farmers' and
Traders' Bank was organized, Mr. Johnson was chosen Cashier, and the bank
was opened for business February 9th, 1892. It has done a profitable business
from the start.
Through a life of great activity and frequent changes, Mr. Johnson has main
tained an unblemished character and adhered to pure and elevated principles,
winning deserved success by honest business ability and untiring energy.
Ayer, Charles H., County Attorney, is among the prominent and successful
men of the State of Washington, and has been a resident of Olympia for a number
of years. He was born in April, 1862, in Saybrook, Middlesex County, Conn.,
was raised on a farm, aud educated in the public schools of Saybrook and at
Seabury Institute in the same place, leaving there in 1880 to take a course of
law in the Law Department of Yale College, from which he graduated in the year
1883. In June of that year he was admitted to the Bar of the same State. He
came to Olympia in the spring of 1884 and opened a law office in the November
following. In 1885 he entered into copartnership with Gerret T. Thorn, continu
ing until elected City Attorney in the spring of 1886, which office he held
continuously until elected County Attorney in January, 1890. He is now partner
in the firm of Allen, Ayer & Franklin, Judge T. N. Allen, formerly of Lexington,
Ky., being the senior member, and Mr. H. R. Franklin, of New Haven, Conn.,
the junior member. This growing young State affords a promising outlook for
men of his calibre, and offers one of the most fertile fields for legal talent in the
United States. As a lawyer, Mr. Ayer has many qualifications that would gain
him prominence in any community. An industrious student, an incessant, me
thodical worker, he has thus early in his professional career made for himself a place

478 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
among the ablest lawyers of the State. The official honors already conferred
upon him bear testimony of the high regard of his fellow citizens, and give
promise of a brilliant future.
Peterson, Frank AIillard, born in Portland, Ore, March 21st, 1855, left
there with his parents in August, 1858, and came to what was then known as
Chehalis Point, now Peterson's Point, whore his father had located in 1857. He
remained there until March, 1862, when he and his mother returned to Portland,
and his father went east of the mountains. Frank remained in Portland with his
mother until 1864, when they returned to Washington, and in 1869 moved to
Olympia. In 1870 his parents returned to Peterson's Point, and he went to the Quinaiult
Reservation, as interpreter for the Government. He filled that position until the
spring of 1871, then returned to the Point, and later moved to North Cove, Pacific
County, aud engaged in the hotel business in partnership with Thomas Roney,
also running a stage line from there to Peterson's Point. This partnership had
continued about two years when Mr. Peterson became the sole owner, and con
tinued the hotel business for two years, and the stage line for three years. He
carried the mail from North Cove to Peterson's Point for sixteen years and drove
the stage eighteen years.
In 1890 he again located at Peterson's Point, where he is successfully engaged
in stock-raising, owning twenty-five hundred acres of valuable land. A portion
of this property is laid out into town lots, which are offered for sale. This is one
of the most desirable locations for sea-bathing on the coast, and bids fair to
become a thriving pleasure resort in the near future. A fine steamboat touches
here every day in the year, and during the summer months three or four steamers
land here daily. Air. Peterson was married July 6th, 1887, to Miss Alary A.
Tanger, of llwaco. They have one son, Millard, born December 13th, 1889.
Mr. Peterson has a fine home at the Point, and is one of the solid business men
of Chehalis County, esteemed and respected by all classes.
Hill, John M., was born in Osceola, St. Clair County, Alo., December 14th,
1852. In the summer of 1853 the family crossed the plains with ox teams, going
direct to Yamhill County, Ore., and settled near the town of Lafayette. Our
subject was raised on a farm, and at McMinnville, Ore., received the benefits of a
good common school education. At the age of twenty he began teaching school,
which vocation he followed for two years. In 1874 he was married to Miss
Elizabeth Arthur, of Hillsborough, her family and Mr. Hill's having crossed the
plains together. After his marriage he removed to Whitman County, Wash.,
where he took up a homestead and pre-emption claim and engaged in farming
and stock-raising, being one of the first settlers in that locality. He was elected
County Commissioner of Whitman County for a term of four years, and during
his service in that office removed to Pullman, Wash., his present residence. Here
he engaged in the farm-implement business, which he has continued ever since,
and is now one of the proprietors of the Pullman Hardware Company. He has
been successful in his business ventures, and is a large owner of real estate in
and around Pullman. Mr. Hill has always been a zealous Republican, and his

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 479
repeated success in political life fully attests his popularity with the people. In
1888 he was elected a member of the first City Council of Pullman. In 1890 he
was elected Chairman of the Republican Central Committee, and in the same
year was appointed by President Harrison Supervisor of the Census for Eastern
Washington. He has served public interests with the same diligence and fideli
ty manifested in his own business, and he belongs to that class of men who can
always be counted on to do their full share in enterprises for the public good.
Socially he is kind and genial and is highly esteemed. He is a member of the
fraternal orders of Knights of Pythias, Free Masons, and Ancient Order United
Workingmen. Bakeman, Charles H. — To some extent, at least, man is the creature of his sur
roundings and opportunities ; still, no matter how many opportunities are offered, if
he has not within himself the materials that ensure success, he will not profit by
them. Charles H. Bakeman is a young man — so young that few of his age, unless
aided by family influence or wealthy personal friends, are more than ready to start
upon life's work. Still, he has shown what can be done by one skilful, active,
and energetic, ready to take advantage of favorable conditions, in establishing
himself, and by strictly honorable means achieving a business success that many
an older man might justly feel proud of. His success illustrates the splendid
opportunities offered by this favored region to the right kind of men, whether
they chance to have capital at their command or are compelled to start with small
means, but aided, as he was, by an active brain, a trained hand, and an honora
ble ambition to use all worthy means to ensure success.
Air. Bakeman was born of German parentage at Peshtigo, Marinette County,
Wis., in 1861. He was raised on his father's farm and educated in the com
mon schools. He learned the trade of carriage-builder at Green Bay, Wis., and
while working at his trade attended the night sessions of the business college
at that place. He also spent a season, prior to 1883, at cabinet work, in
Wisconsin. In 1883 he left Wisconsin for the Pacific Coast. He spent some time at Port
land and Tacoma, and in the fall of 1883 reached Snohomish. Before finally
locating here he spent nearly four months inspecting this whole region. After
carefully examining the timber, mines, and farming lands of this county, he be
came satisfied of the wonderful resources to be developed here, and that at Sno
homish were all the opportunities he needed to make for himself a successful
future. His parents and the rest of the family came here in 1884. In that yesr
the Portland Board of Trade placed Mr. Bakeman in charge of the bankrupt stock
of the defunct Snohomish Trading Company. As soon as he was through with
this trust he began working for W. W. Pettit, and did all of his cabinet work for
one and one half years. At the close of this job he began business for himself.
His property then consisted of two residence lots, which he still retains, a kit of
tools worth $100, and $40 worth of lumber.
Soon after starting work for himself he finished the first buggy ever made in
Snohomish County. It was all hand-work. His first furniture order was for $35
worth of chairs, sent to Jennings Brothers, Portland, Ore. At first he made all
kinds of furniture by hand. His trade increased so that by 1887 he found it im-

480 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
possible to make chamber sets and other furniture fast enough to fill his orders,
so gradually began to purchase and fill his store with a general stock of goods.
In the spring of 1887 he purchased on Avenue C, in Snohomish, a business lot
60 X 128 feet in size, and put up a building 22 X 60 feet, one story, for store
room and workshop. In the following spring he raised this building to two
stories, and extended it so it was 22 X 100 feet on the ground. He kept this
full of goods all the time, and did the leading trade of the county in his line.
In the spring of 1891 he purchased the Ault Block, now known as the Bakeman
Block, ou Front Street, in Snohomish, and moved his business to it. This fine
business block is 32 X 70 feet, five stories high. His business fills the four lower
stories. He carries an average stock of $10,000 worth of goods, and his annual
sales exceed $75,000. In the spring of 1887 Air. Bakeman married Miss Mina
Blackman, an educated and accomplished young lady, formerly of Oakland, Cal.
They now have an interesting family of two children.
Mr. Bakeman is a young man of exemplary habits and sound business judg
ment. Starting in life without capital, carefully avoiding debt, he has done a
safe and conservative business, extending his operations as his means increased,
and has already accumulated a moderate competence. The substantial success
which has rewarded his efforts has placed him, while young in years, among the
leading business men of Snohomish.
Deutsch, William, was born in Prussia in 1826. He attended the public
schools of his native country from his sixth to fourteenth years, and received a
fair common school education. In 1848 he entered the army, serving until 1851.
On receiving his discharge, he left his native country and came to America, July
7th, 1854, being the date of his arrival in this country. He remained a week in
New York, and then went to Chicago, where he soon obtained employment on the
Burlington and Quincy Railroad, then building, at which occupation he worked
for nearly a year.
In 1856 he removed to Minnesota on account of his health, Alinnesota being
then opened for settlement. Here he went right into the wilderness, took up a
tract of land, and engaged in farming, continuing till the outbreak of the Rebel
lion. He then enlisted in Company D, Fifth Alinnesota Volunteer Infantry, as a
private, and served through the war. He participated in numerous engagements
iu Louisiana, Arkansas, Alissouri, Mississippi, and Tennessee under General A. J.
Smith, was mustered out at Demopolis, Ala., June 5th, 1865, and discharged at
Fort Snelling, Afinn., September 26th, 1865, as Captain of the company. He re
turned to Alianesota, and until 1870 resided at Alinneapolis. His health had
broken down after the war, and believing that a change of climate would be bene
ficial, he came to the Pacific Coast, first to California and later to Oregon.
June 6th, 1870, he went to Seattle, Wash., remaining there two months, and
about September 1st, 1870, removed to Anacortes, Ship's Point, and took up a
claim, since which time he has enjoyed excellent health.
Air. Deutsch is a gentleman of genial and affable manners, and is highly
esteemed by a large circle of friends. He has a beautiful home in Anacortes,
and has acquired a considerable property. He gave forty acres of land to the
Oregon Improvement Company and five acres to the Northern Pacific Railway

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 483
Company ; also ten acres to the Washington Farmer. He is a member of the
Grand Army of the Republic. In 1878 he was married to his brother's widow,
and has two daughters.
Abrams, William Rollins, banker, of Ellensburg, a member of the firm of
Ben E. Snipes & Co., bankers, an organization effected in 1886 with a capi
tal of $150,000, was born in 1848 in Alabama. He is the son of W. P. Abrams,
a pioneer lumberman of Oregon, and Sarah (Phelps) Abrams, a native of New
Hampshire. Educated at the Portland schools and the Portland Academy and
Seminary, he began life in the lumber business with his father, but afterward
with his father's partner. Later he engaged in sheep-raising in Eastern Oregon
for several years. He commenced banking on the opening of French & Co.'s
bank at The Dalles, Ore., in 1878, and in 1884 severed his connection with
that concern and engaged in the hardware business personally from 1884-86. Iu
September, 1886, he sold an interest in the hardware business. Leaving the busi
ness in the hands of his partner, W. M. Stewart, he removed to Ellensburg. In
this rapidly growing city he met with great success, but was burned out in the
great fire of 1889. In 1890 the fine bank building they now occupy was com
pleted. It is one of the handsomest business structures in the city. Mr. Abrams
was tlie first President of the Ellensburg Board of Trade, was elected and served
as Mayor in 1889, and was for the first year Treasurer of the Washington Bankers'
Association. He has been four years a member of the Board of School Directors,
and is the President of the Board of Trustees of the Washington State Normal
School. He was mairied in 1870 at The Dalles, Ore., to Miss Alice McFarland,
a native of Washington. They have three children. Mr. Abrams is a man of
property, a Knight Templar, a Mystic Shriner, and a thirty-second degree Mason.
Such a life, so filled with social and business success, is its own best com
mentator. Actor, Charles, farmer, of Dixie, Walla Walla County, Wash., was boru in
1834 at Cincinnati, O. His parents were Prussians, born on the " classic Rhine."
Young Actor, who had the misfortune to lose both father and mother while still
an infant, was cared for by a cousin. Receiving his early education in Cincin
nati, he went to St. Louis, and after years of wandering and different pursuits
came to Washington Territory with Governor Stevens in 1855, in the Government
employ. In 1859 he took up a claim on the present site of Dixie. He was a
volunteer in the Indian War and received several wounds. He now owns eight
hundred acres of productive soil. Mr. Actor was married in 1863 to Miss Sarah
Davidson. Six children are the result of this union, one of whom, Margaret,
married George Lane, the Treasurer of Whitman County ; another, Mary, is united
to Lincoln Cantonwine, a farmer ; Louisa has become Mrs. Bowman ; Frank sells
real estate in Colfax, and Arthur is a student in a Dixie school.
Adams, Harris Allen, merchant, of Pomeroy, Wash., was born in Smith
County, Tex., in 1858. His father, A. J. Adams, was a native of Indiana,
and by occupation a farmer and merchant ; his mother was Eliza (Irwin) Adams.
Eight in a family of nine, young Adams attended the public schools of his native
22

484 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
State and then entered as a student of Overton College, Texas, took a classical
course, and graduated in 1879 with tho degree of A.B. Locating in Elizabeth-
town, Tex., he engaged in 'farming and mercantile pursuits until 1888, when he
sold out and came to Washington, locating at Pataha as a merchant. Removing
to Pomeroy, he established himself in the same business, which he still con
tinues. He was married in 1886 to Miss Mattie Allen, of Texas. They have
three sons — H. A., Jr., C. A., and C. D. Mr. Adams was appointed City Treas
urer in 1891 and reappointed in 1892 ; was nominated in 1892 for County Treas
urer of Garfield County, aud elected for two years. He has a fine city residence,
is a member of the Knights of Pythias, and a Democrat in politics. The capital
invested in his rapidly increasing business is large, but he enjoys a still larger
popularity and holds a warm place in the esteem and confidence of his fellow-
citizens. Adams, Herman H., a thrifty German, has a fine farm of three hundred and
twenty acres, all under cultivation, located a mile and a half southeast of Fair
field. Mr. Adams' father came to the United States in 1851, and began farming
in Tennessee. The subject of our sketch was the eldest of three children, and
was born in Germany in 1839. His early education was confined to the common
school teaching in his native land up to the age of eleven, supplemented by an
other year after emigrating to this country. A helper on his father's farm, he
accompanied him to Iowa, where he remained for ten years, then went to Oregon,
where he took up a farm. Eight years of labor in that locality satisfied him that
he could do better in Washington, to which State he removed in 1881, settling
upon his present location. Six children are the result of his union with Miss
Moore, of Indiana, whom he married in Iowa in 1866. Like many another of his
nationality, Air. Adams proved his devotion to the flag of his adopted country by
enlisting in 1861 in Company K of the Fifteenth Iowa, serving till 1863, when he
was honorably discharged. Though actively present at more than one battle of
the Civil War, he escaped without a scratch. He is a Republican in politics, a
member of the Lutheran Church, with as fine a farm and prosperous surround
ings as an old soldier could wish to gladden the evening of his days.
Amunds, Amund, Vice-President of the Scandinavian-American Bank of Seat
tle, Wash., was born in Racine County, Wis., October 8th, 1844. His early life
was spent upon the farm and in attendance at the public schools of his native
State. In 1864 he removed with his parents to California, and after a three
years' residence in that State settled in Cowlitz County, Wash. Terr. In 1869 he
came to Seattle, and selecting Alki Point as a place suitable to continue his avoca
tion, spent several years there in farming, logging, and other business enterprises.
He still owns valuable realty in that locality. He was married in 1872, at Monti-
cello, King County, Wash., to Aliss Arabella, only daughter of Noyes Stone. One
daughter, Miss Barbara Alay, now a young lady of nineteen years, graces their
union. For several years Mr. Amunds was associated with P. Wickstrom in the
hotel business at Seattle, and so popular were the genial hosts that their house
was continually crowded with guests. After the great fire of 1889 Mr. Amunds
turned his attention to real estate and speculation, in which he has been very

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 485
successful. He is a stockholder, Director, and First Vice-President of the Scan
dinavian-American Bank of Seattle. In all of his enterprises he has exhibited
rare judgment and a high order of financial ability. Progressive and public-
spirited, he is ever ready to lend his influence in every movement for the general
advancement of tbe material interests of the city. In business and financial man-
agementhehas proved himself to bea force in the community, while the integrity
of his course commands respect and esteem. He is charitable, and generously
contributes to aid worthy objects. His success in life has been gained by his
own exertions, in legitimate business channels, and through the attainment of his
present position of power and influence the city and State of his adoption have
been enriched in many ways.
In October, 1881, Mr. Amunds became a member of Columbia Lodge, Ancient
Order of United Workingmen, and at once became an enthusiastic worker in that
order, steadily working his way through the chairs until he received the highest
honors in the gift of his lodge. He is the present Grand Receiver for the juris
diction of Washington. The beautiful flag owned by Columbia Lodge was pre
sented by Mr. Amunds.
Personally he is affable and pleasant in manner and has the same genial greet
ing for all, be they rich or poor, which has made him deservedly popular with
all classes. Anders, T. J., was born near the town of Republic, Seneca County, O., April
4th, 1838, and resided on a farm with his parents until he reached the age of
twelve years, when they moved into the town of Republic. Here our subject at
tended the public schools until fitted for the academy of that place. After finish
ing his academic course, he became a teacher and followed that honorable calling
until 1858. He then removed to Michigan and entered the Law Department of
the State University, from which he was graduated in 1861. Going to Wiscon
sin, he engaged in teaching for a year, subsequently removing to Montana, and
thence to Walla Walla, Wash., where he opened a law office in November, 1871.
He was City Attorney of Walla Walla, and was five times elected Prosecuting
Attorney for that district. He has been actively connected with much of the
important legislation of Washington ; has been Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court, aud is now one of the judges of that court.
Armstrong, Jared, farmer and stockman on the Atahnam, near North Yaki
ma, Wash., was born in Pennsylvania in 1841, being the fifth in a family of nine
children born to Samuel and Catherine (Bartlet) Armstrong, who were natives of
Pennsylvania and Germany respectively. He accompanied his parents to Minne
sota in 1852, where they lived eight years, and then to Denver. His education
was acquired in the common schools, and in 1860 we find him in the Indian Ter
ritory beginning the business of life as a grist miller. He returned to Minnesota
during the war, and remained until 1864, when he crossed the plains by ox team
with a strong party of one hundred and twenty-five wagons. The train divided
at the Black Hills, and Mr. Armstrong came through to Walla Walla, and from
thence to Yakima City. The train made an attempt to get through the Naehess
Pass, but owing to the deep snow the party sold their teams and went to Vancou-

486 HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON.
ver. In 1871 Mr. Armstrong came to Yakima and engaged in milling for five
years on the Atahnam. In 1876 he moved to the farm where he still resides,
owning and cultivating one hundred and twenty acres. He is also a raiser of fine
horses and cattle. He was married in 1871 to Miss Jane Pieburn, daughter of
George Pieburn, a well-to-do farmer of Vancouver. They have a family of nine
children. Mr. Armstrong is a Populist, and a member of the Farmers' Alliance ;
withal a prosperous agriculturist, who well understands how to obtain the most
generous returns from a willing soil.
Arundell, William, merchant, of Roslyn, Wash., was born in Henry County,
111., twenty-seven years ago. His father, Timothy Aiundell, was a native of Ire
land and by occupation a blacksmith ; his mother, Mary Walsh, was of the same
nationality. His parents emigrated to the United States and first located at
Baltimore. Educated in the public schools of his native State, young Arundell
engaged in various pursuits. In 1886 he came to Washington and located at
Roslyn. Here he associated himself with Mr. Eaden and became half owner of
a valuable business property in the heart of the city. He is a member of the
Knights of Pythias, a Democrat in politics, and is personally identified with the
best interests aud progress of the city where his business interests are placed.
Atkinson, George E., mill man, of New Whatcom, Wash., was born in New
Brunswick in 1836. Brought up and educated in the British provinces, he be-
'carne interested at an early period in saw mills, which has ever since been the
occupation of his life, having acted as manager of very large lumber mills before
coming to the United States. In 1869 he relinquished milling in New Brunswick
and came to Tacoma, Wash., to take the position of Alanager and General Super
intendent of one of the largest lumber mills on Puget Sound. Here he remained
until February of 1889, when he built the great mill at Gig Harbor, near Tacoma,
in which he was part owner, but soon after sold his interest and removed to New
Whatcom to take charge of the extensive mills of the Bellingham Bay Improve
ment Company at that place. He was City Treasurer and Justice of the Peace of
what is known as " Old Town," Tacoma. He was also a Trustee of the Insane
Asylum for five years, and a Councilman of Tacoma City. He was married iu
1888 to Aliss Garretson, of Tacoma. Two boys and two girls grace their union.
No man connected with the lumber business on Puget Sound is better known or
more highly appreciated than Air. Atkinson. This is especially true of the for
eign trade.
Atwood, William AI., merchant, of Roslyn, AVash., was born in Texas in
1846, the son of Simeon and Eliza (AIcGeary) Atwood. His mother was a native
of Illinois, his father of Kentucky. Largely self-educated and of a practical
character, he began his early life in the Lone Star State as a farmer and stock-
raiser. After following these occupations for a number of years, he relinquished
them to become interested in lumber mills in Northern Arkansas. In 1874 he
migrated to California, where he returned to farming in San Joaquin County, near
Lockford. Remaining in the Golden State for four years, he then removed to
AVashington Territory, locating on a ranch in Columbia County (afterward Gar-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 487
field). After nine years' experience in this section, he selected Roslyn as a per
manent home, and established himself in that place in 1881 as a general mer
chant. The wisdom of his choice has been proved by his complete success, a
result due to his constant and energetic supervision, and possibly in part to the
very eligible site chosen for his fine store. He was married in 1869 to Miss Mollie
E. Woodruff in Northern Arkansas, and has five children. He is a Democrat,
and a Past Grand in the Independent Order Odd Fellows.
Ault, Charles A., M.D., of Colfax, Wash., a young physician, but experi
enced and highly educated in the profession of his choice, was born in Alontreal,
Canada, in 1863. His father was Dr. Alexander Ault, of Canada, his mother a
native of Scotland. Young Ault, the only son, was prepared by private tutors
to enter the McGill University of Montreal, where he took his A.B. degree, and
also that of M.D. CAL in 1890. Going south, he located at Lampasas, Tex.,
where he practised for a year, and then removed to Colfax, Wa3h., a step which
he finds no reason to regret, as he is building up a large and increasing practice.
Dr. Ault was married in 1891 to Aliss B. A. Moore, a niece of Colonel John A.
Moore, an old pioneer of the Lone Star State and at one time an Aide to General
Sam Houston. They have two children. The doctor is a Democrat and a mem
ber of various secret societies. A rising man, he bids fair to take an enviable
place in the home of his adoption.
Babcock, Chester N., hotel-keeper, of Waitsburg, was born in Oneida
County, N. Y. , in 1836. His parents, Richard and Sarah Babcock, were natives
of the same State. Fourth in a family of twelve, the subject of our sketch was edu
cated in Wisconsin, his parents having removed thither while he was still a child
in 1844. His first occupation was farming, in which he continued until 1857, when
he went to Missouri to take a position on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad,
wliich he held for two years. The Pike's Peak excitement drew him to Colo
rado ; from there crossing the plains in the fall of 1859, he located at Walla
Walla, took up land and. resumed farming, a vocation in which he labored for
eight years, when he settled at Waitsburg and devoted himself to the hotel busi
ness, iu which he has been eminently successful. Mr. Babcock married in 1872
Aliss Ruth Col well, a native of New York, a lady of English descent. They
have two children. He has held the offices of Mayor and City Councillor of Waits
burg, proving himself a most efficient officer. He is tbe possessor of consider
able property, not only in Washington, but Oregon, owning some of the best
ploughing land in the latter State. Personally he is a gentleman whose genial
manners win the regard of all with whom he is brought in contact. Mr. Babcock
counts his friends by scores, not only in Waitsburg, but throughout the State
of Washington. Babcock, W. H., farmer and extensive land-owner, of Eureka Junction,
Walla AValla County, Wash., was born in New York in 1843, of which State his
parents were also natives. His father was a veteran soldier, having seen service
in the War of 1812. Young Babcock received his early education in the Empire
State, and learned the trade which the famous " learned blacksmith" so distin-

488 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
guished. After years of wandering, he came to California in 1873, where he came
into conflict with hostile Indians. After working for some years at his trade in
the Golden State, he removed to Walla Walla, Wash., in 1880, thence to Eureka
Flat, at the junction. He now owns four thousand acres, averaging a heavy
yield, and takes great pride in his improved breed of stock. He was married in
California in 1874 to Miss Mary Hale, whose father was a soldier of the Mexican
War. Three children have blessed their union. Mr. Babcock has served as
County Commissioner. He has his own system of irrigation. His farm is one of
the finest and best equipped in the State.
Ballard, L. W., M.D., of Slaughter, Wash., was born in Hillsborough
County, N. H., in 1815. A public school education fitted him to enter the Han
cock (New Hampshire) Academy. Graduating from that institution in 1837, he
remained as a teacher for one year, and afterward taught for two years in the
common schools of New Jersey. Removing to Ashland, O., he studied midicine
with a prominent physician of that place, and finally completed his professional
education by graduating in 1844 from the Medical College of Cleveland, O., with
the degree of M.D. Opening an office, he began active practice as a physician at
Ashland County, O., where he remained until 1852, when his wife died. Leav
ing his two children with their grandfather, he then crossed the plains and visited
California, but after a few months' stay returned to Ohio. Journeying once
more westward, he went to Cascade Falls, Wash., and thence to Southern Ore
gon and took up land. In 1857 he returned again to Ohio, where he was mar
ried again. Going by the Isthmus, he reached Oregon ; but desiring to obtain
the larger advantages of tbe University at Seattle for his two older children, he
settled in King County, where he took up a claim, on which the town of Slaugh
ter is now built. The doctor may well be said not only to have grown up with
the place, but assisted at its birth. He is emphatically its pioneer inhabitant.
Five children have been born to himself and wife. One son is a distinguished
lawyer of Seattle, and one is President of the Seattle National Bank. He is a
member of the Independent Order Odd Fellows fraternity, and was Surgeon of a
regiment that participated in the Rogue River Indian War.
Ballard, W. R., banker and capitalist, of Seattle, Wash., was born in the1
State of Ohio, August 12th, 1847, and is the son of Dr. Levi W. and Phoebe
(McConnell) Ballard. He received an excellent academical education at Wilbur
and Umpqua College, Oregon, and removed with his father in 1865 to Puget
Sound, settling near the present site of Slaughter. Here he worked on his
father's farm until 1868, when he entered the University of Washington. He
remained there until 1869, then for two years following taught school iu various
locations, being especially noted for excellence in mathematics. In 1873 he
turned his attention to surveying, in which he soon became so proficient as to re
ceive a contract from the Government to survey tbe Yakima Indian reservation.
A business visit to AVashington, D. C, was followed on his return to the Territory
by his taking a position as mate on a steamer owned by bis brother, running be
tween Olympia and Seattle. A few months found him Captain and finally sole
owner. It was through the operations of this steamer (the Zephyr) that Captain

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 489
Ballard laid the foundation of the handsome fortune he now possesses, for she
did a large and most profitable business in his hands until he sold her in 1887.
In the beginning of his steamboat career he began speculating in real estate.
One of his most fortunate investments was in 1883, when, with Judge Burke and
John Leary, he purchased seven hundred acres, the present site of Ballard, a
suburb of Seattle. This land, which then cost but a few dollars per acre, has
since sold as high as $6000 per acre. They still own the greater portion of it,
which is held by a corporation known as the West Coast Improvement Company,
of which Captain Ballard has been the Manager since its incorporation. He was
also one of the organizers of the Seattle National Bank, whose original capital
was $250,000. Of this institution he is now President and Manager. They have
erected one of the finest bank buildings on the Pacific coast. He is also Presi
dent of the First National Bank of Waterville, Wash., and a Director in others.
He is largely interested in local electric roads and elevators. He is a man of fine
business judgment, progressive ideas, and great public spirit. No man stands
higher in the commercial circles of Seattle. He was married in 1882 to Estelle
Thorndyke, of Maine. They have had four children, of whom only one, an in
fant son, survives.
Baker, J. E., banker, of New Whatcom, was born in Illinois, February 5th,
1857. After the usual rudimentary instruction he entered the Illinois Wesleyan
University, graduating with the degree of B.A. He then busied himself with
telegraphy, and was an Operator for five years, devoting his leisure moments to
study. Settling in Logan County, 111., he became a stock-raiser, a pursuit which
he followed profitably in connection with speculating in real estate. The fall of
1888 found him travelling westward. After spending six months in Helena,
Mont., he journeyed to Spokane, and thence to New Whatcom, where he has set
tled permanently, and is interested in banking, being the Cashier of the Colum
bia National Bank of Whatcom, a position which he very creditably fills. He
was married in Logan County, 111., iu 1880, to Aliss Olive E. Clark, of that locality.
They have two children. Mr. Baker is a member of the Alasonic fraternity, the
President of the Fair Haven and New Whatcom Electric Street Railway, and a
stickler for political purification and greater integrity in official life.
Barlow. Byron, of Tacoma, a man of many occupations, but displaying rare
executive abilities in all, was born in Plymouth, Wayne County, Mich., June
5th, 1838, aud received a common school education in his native place. In 1852
he made the slow and tedious journey of those days across the plains, locating in
Portland, Ore. Here, after a sojourn of a year and a half, he removed to Rainier,
Ore., where he remained till he reached his majority, finishing his education in
Vancouver in the Catholic school. Returning to Rainier, he entered into part
nership with A. P. Minear, establishing a dry-goods and grocery business, which
he continued four y«'ars ; thence to Idaho and Montana, where he engaged in
mining and packing for two years. He was appointed, in 1865, First Lieutenant
of Company K in an Oregon Infantry Regiment, serving for one year till mustered
out at Vancouver, Wash. Mr. Barlow was married in December of 1864 to Miss
Frances Bartlett, of Du Pago County, 111. They have one child, a son, who grew

490 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
to manhood. After marrying, Mr. Barlow located in Cowlitz County, and occu
pied himself for two years in farming. In 1869 he was elected to represent the
people of Cowlitz and Wahkiakum counties in the Lower House, in which capac
ity he served one term. In 1870 he was appointed Farmer in charge of the Puy
allup Indian Reservation, and so continued for four years. He came to Tacoma
in the spring of 1875, and engaged in various pursuits — lumbering, merchandis
ing, milling, real estate, etc. — in which he still continues to interest himself.
He is at present the contractor for the Port Orchard Dry Dock. Few men can
equal him in versatility and power of adaptation in all that he undertakes.
Barnes, Sarah A., a pioneer resident and farmer of Dixie, Walla Walla
County, Wash., was born in Indiana in 1835. Her parents were also natives of
that State, and ber father was a soldier of the War of 1812. Mrs. Barnes rectived
her early education in the " subscription schools" of that then primitive region.
In 1849 she became the wife of William T. Barnes, of Alissouri. She lived and
farmed with her husband in Holt County, Alo., until 1852, when they removed to
Oregon, took up a farm in the Willamette Valley, and continued to reside in
Washington County, Ore., until 1864. They then came to Walla Walla County,
Wash., and settled on Dry Creek, twelve miles east of Walla Walla City, wheie
Mr. Barnes died in 1892. Mr. Barnes had the reputation of having been an im
portant factor in the progress and substantial improvement of the neighborhood
where he dwelt, a good man and a true. The widow has eight children, some of
whom are married. She herself sustains a high character in the community.
Her journey across the plains was full of adventure and much disaster, the party
with which she travelled being attacked with fever and cholera in addition tQ the
ordinary difficulties and dangers of the way. It is to the sterling courage,
energy, and patient endurance of women like Alls. Barnes that the Northwest
owes its prosperous and highly civilized condition of to-day.
Barnes, S. W., collector and loan and mortgage negotiator, of Ellensburg,
Wash., was born in Richmond, Va., fifty-one years ago. He is the son of Jacob F.
and Sarah A. (Osgood) Barnes of the same State. Educated in the public schools
of Virginia, with some additional academical advantages, young Barnes began
the business of life by enlisting, in 1861, in the Confederate artillery, serving
under Stonewall Jackson. He was in the battles of Big Bethel, seven days' fight
around Richmond, Seven Pines, and nearly all the great battles of the Civil AVar
up to the time of Lee's final surrender, an event at which Mr. Barnes was pres
ent and an interested observer. After the war he engaged in farming ; went to
the oil regions in West Virginia in 1869, remained there until 1880, then removed
to Kansas to engage in merchandising. After various changes of location, he
Teached Ellensburg, Wash., in 1886, and began the prosecution of his present
business, in which he has been eminently successful. He has been a member of
the City Council, and was for three years Secretary of the Board of Trade. He
was married in 1878 to Miss Fannie L. Thompson, a native of West Virginia.
They have one child. Air. Barnes owns a pleasant city home and other valuable
property. He is a Democrat in politics, and a public-spirited and upright
citizen.

^(r^T^/y^ ^i^-^*^

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 493
Bartholet, Joseph, a citizen of North Yakima, was born in Germany,
in 1814. Though of humble origin, Air. Bartholet has woiked his way up
ward until he finds the evening of his days crowned not only with positions of
honor which he has been called upon to fill by his fellow-citizens, but blessed
with a sufficient competence to render him independent of pecuniary anxieties.
The subject of our sketch received his early education in the public schools of his
native land. He came to the United States iu 1845, locating in Wisconsin, en
gaging in farming for eight years. In 1854 he removed to Minnesota and kept a
hotel for twenty-two years. Coming to the Pacific Coast in 1875, he first settled
in Oregon, but after four years' pursuit of the same business he migrated to
North Yakima, when the town was just emerging from the wilderness. He is, in
fact, one of its oldest surviving pioneers. Mr. Bartholet married in 1850 Miss
Annie AI. Alechtel, a German lady, who died in 1887, leaving a family of seven
children, all of whom are prominent and highly respected in the positions they
have been called to occupy. Mr. Bartholet filled the office of Assessor in Minne
sota, was at one time Alayor of Yakima City, and is one of the Board of Directors
in the Yakima National Bank. Notwithstanding his advanced life, he takes
great interest in all that pertains to the welfare and advancement of Yakima and
the State at large. He has a handsome residence in the city, and is also pos
sessed of valuable country property.
Bartholet, John, hotel-keeper, of North Yakima, was born in Port Washing
ton, Wis., in 1852. His father, Joseph Bartholet, was a native of Germany and
one of the oldest settlers cf Yakima County. His mother, Annie Mary (Mechtel)
Bartholet, was also an emigrant from the " Fatherland." Educated in the pub
lic and Catholic schools of Alinnesota, he began life in the hotel business, and
followed it for nearly two years in that State. Coming to Washington in 1879,
he located at Yakima City and became a farmer and freighter until 1885, when
he removed to North Yakima, and returned to the hotel business, which he con
tinues to carry on, being the proprietor and sole owner of the Bartholet Hotel, a
fine house, well located, which he manages personally. He was married in 1874,
at Jordan, Minn., to Ali.ss Mary C. Lee, a native of Wisconsin. They have an
interesting group of five children. He is the owner of valuable city and country
property, and is connected with various associations, both religious and secular.
Bartlett, E., rancher and hop-grower, of Puyallup, was born January 17th,
1853, in Manchester, N. H. At the age of fourteen he removed to Providence,
R. I., with his parents. His early education was obtained through the medium
of the excellent New England common schools, supplemented by a course in Bry-.
ant & Stratton's Business College, which he attended evenings while working
during the day as an apprentice to a machinist. Having completed his time, he
followed contracting until 1875, when he removed to San Francisco, Cal., where
he remained until 1878, when he settled at his present location at Puyallup.
Here he engaged in the manufacture of barrels for eleven years, but relinquished
it to devote himself to hop-growing, general ranching, the raising of fancy stock,
and similar avocation3. Mr. Bartlett was married in May, 1881. to Aliss Millie
Ross, of Puyallup. He is a member of the Masonic and Odd Fellows fraternities.

494 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Bartlett, Nelson, a farmer, of Latah, Wash., was born in the State of New
York in 1868, his parents being Thomas B. and Samantha (Periey) Bartlett. His
father was an English farmer who came to America and located in Ohio, after
ward removing to Alissouri, where he remained for a number of years. The sub
ject of our sketch came to Latah in 1880. Mr. Bartlett married Miss Sarali Ayrs,
by whom he has nine children, of whom seven are living. He is a careful and
painstaking agriculturist, having a fine farm, good orchards, and all that goes to
making cultivation a success. Himself and wife are efficient members of that de
nomination (the Alethodist) which has done so much for the religious advance
ment of the Far West.
Bassett, Henry W. , conti actor and builder, of Palouse, Wash., was born in
Minnesota in 1857. His father, I. S. Bassett, was a Pennsylvanian, his mother
being a native of New York. Ninth in a family of ten children born to his
parents, young Bassett gained his early education in the common and higher
schools of his native place, and then for five years became a teacher himself in
Minnesota and Wisconsin, his wife having been one of his pupils. Leaving this
occupation for railroading, he was employed until 1888 in the service of the
Canadian and Northern Pacific. Coming to Washington, he located at Palouse
City, where he devoted himself to contracting and building, in which he is still
engaged. The best buildings in the city of Palouse stand as monuments and ex
ponents of Air. Bassett's faithfulness and professional skill. He married in 1886
Miss Emma AIcLean, a native of Minnesota. They have one child. Air. Bassett
owns the electric light plant of the city, and also conducts a sash and door fac
tory. He has a pleasant city residence, is half owner of the First National Bank
building, the handsomest structure in Palouse, and has a similar interest in the
Sunnyside real estate addition. In polities he is a Republican. He has served as
a member of the City Council, and is in all respects a valuable and progressive
citizen of the town he has done so much to beautify and enrich.
Bean, Charles W., of Wawawai, Wash., a past master of that most difficult,
and, in many respects, thankless profession, school-teaching, was born in Indi
ana in 1854. He was the eighth of a family reaching the patriarchal number of
eleven born to his parents, his father being an Indiana farmer, aud his mother a
native of Tennessee. His parents moved to Kansas while he was yet in his in
fancy, and thus he grew up with only the very meagie educational advantages
offered in a frontier territory during the troublous times of the early history of
that State. Notwithstanding these disadvantages of environment, he was pre
pared, largely by his own effort, to enter the freshman class of Lane University
at the age of eighteen, aud graduated from tbat institution with the degree of
A.B. in 1878. Adopting the calling of a teacher, ho followed his profession in
the public schools of Kansas, occupying the position of Superintendent of the
Schools of Nortonville, and later of Aferiden, which latter position he resigned in
1882 to accept the Principalship of AVashington Seminary in the State of AVash
ington, where he continued till 1885. Removing to Whitman County, he en
gaged for a time in fruit-growing and stock-raising, but in 1888 was recalled to
the educational field by his election to the office of Superintendent of Common

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 495
Schools of the county. He was re-elected in 1890, and in 1892 was elected on
the Republican ticket as State Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Mr. Bean was married in 1880 to Miss Sarah E. S. Wenrich, of Iowa, a daugh
ter of Rev. David Wenrich, of that State. They have three children, and have a
pleasant home on their fruit farm in the valley of the Snake River. Popular and
efficient in his arduous work, he has every reason to congratulate himself on his
well-deserved success and abundant appreciation. He is a member of the Odd
Fellows and Woodmen of the AA'orld, a close student, a genial gentleman, and a
ripe scholar.
Bean, John W., M.D., a leading physician and accomplished surgeon of
Ellensburg, Wash., was born in Oregon in 1858. His father was a Missouri
farmer, and his mother, Julia A. (Sharp) Bean, was a native of Ohio. Receiving
his rudimentary education iu the common schools, supplemented by a scientific
course in the State University at Eugene, from which institution he graduated in
1880 with the. degree of B.S.. he entered the Jefferson Medical College, at Phila
delphia, from which he graduated as an M.D. in 1882, aud began the active
practice of his profession at Dallas, Polk County, Ore. Two years later he re
moved his office to Salem, Ore., and after a stay of one and a half years there
located at Ellensburg in 1887, where he has since remained, building up a large
and constantly increasing practice. Dr. Bean was married in 1885 to Miss S. L.
Lee, at Dallas, Ore., she being a native of that State. They have one child. He
has a handsome city residence and considerable stock range. He is a worthy
member of the Masonic fraternity (is now Grand High Priest of the Grand Chap
ter of Royal Arch Masons of Washington), a Republican in politics, a member of
the State Board of Medical Examiners, aud a gentleman whose marked abilities
and genial character adorn the circles in which he moves.
Bell, Charles R., farmer, of Latah, was born in Hardwick County, Ind.,
the youngest of the eight children of Charles C. C. and Catherine (Reid) Bell.
His father was a Democratic politician, on which ticket he was elected to office
in Indiana. His mother was a native of Kentucky, the daughter of a pioneer
made prisoner by the savages during the Virginia Indian War. He afterward
moved with his family to Davis County, la , where he died. The early life of
our subject was passed upon a farm. Coming to the front, he served three years
with the Third Iowa Cavalry during the Civil War. Mr. Bell was one of the very-
early settlers of Latah, coming to that .then wild and dangerous region in 1876.
He had many adventures, which be is still fond of relating, with the savages,
then more or less troublesome. The first school-house built in Latah still stands
upon his farm, and is known as the old Bell school-house. It was a rude structure
of logs. The new one now occupies a corner of his land. Mr. Bell married Miss
Mary Ann Scholds, of Wayne County, la., by whom he has had eight children.
He is a Methodist in his religious and a Democrat in his political faith ; a man
honored and respected by his neighbors, with all the regard wh'ch should be
accorded to a worthy " old pioneer."
Bell, Thomas, of Latah, Wash., whose fine farm the cessation of savage war
fare that so disturbed the early settlers of Washington and Oregon territories now

496 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
permits him peacefully to till, was born in Canada in 1848, being the son of Rob
ert and Labella (Morrow) Bell. His father, a Scotch farmer, was reared in that
thrifty school of careful and painstaking agriculture which well fitted him to in-
stiuct, both by precept and example, the son who was to make his way in the
world by the same vocation. Coming to the Territory in 1875, he finally settled
at Latah, where for a time he suffered from the fear and reality of Indian assaults
and depredations. In 1884 Mr. Bell married Miss Etta Bartlett, by whom he has
three children. His farm aud improvements show what patient labor can extort
from the unwilling wilderness, making the domain of primitive nature to " blos
som as the rose."
Bellamy, Frank C, banker, of Ritzville, Wash., was born in Connecticut in
1857. His father, Cornelius Bellamy, was a Superintendent of Mills in that State,
of which his mother, Adelia (Pritchard) Bellamy, was also a native. He received
his education in the public schools, and then entered a factory in the town where
he was born. Coming westward in 1877, he located at Ritzville, Wash., and
engaged in general merchandising until 1891, when he entered the employ of the
Adams County Bank as bookkeeper and teller, a position which he continues to
fill. Mr. Bellamy was married in 1890 to Miss Alinnie J. Munson, of Winsted,
Conn. He is a Past Master of the Masonic fraternity, and has real estate interests
in various parts of the State. He is a Republican in politics, genial in manner,
and enjoys as a business man the respect and esteem of his fellow-citizens.
Bennett, Burton Ellsworth, attorney at-law, of Seattle, AVash., was born
at North Brookfield, Aladison County, N. Y., April 17th, 1863. After passing
through tho common schools of his native town he entered the Brookfield Acad
emy, the seventh in rank in the State of New York, graduating therefrom in his
seventeenth year. Thereafter he received the diploma of the State of New York
admitting him to the rank of Academic Giaduate. In the fall of 1881 he matricu
lated at the Cornell University at Ithaca, N. Y. , and graduated therefrom in 1885
with honors for general excellence, being one of three in his course to obtain so
high a standing. He was elected Orator of his class, and delivered the class-day
oration at commencement. In 1884 and 1885 he was editor of the Cornell Daily
Sun, and during his senior year was President of the Irving Literary Society.
Leaving Cornell with her honors lavished upon him, he began the study of law,
and in 1887 was admitted to practise as an attorney and counsellor-at-law in all
the courts of the Slate of New York. He thereupon entered upon the practice of
his profession in Utica, N. Y., but the same fall came to Seattle with his younger
brother. Byron L. Bennett, who was in poor health. The climate not agreeing
with him, they both went to California. In the fall of 1889 his brother's health
had improved so much that ho returned East to enter upon a course of medical
study. Air. Bennett thereupon returned to Spattle and entered upon the practice
of law. In 1891 his brother, too, came to Seattle, but his health was too far gone
to be recovered, and on December 10th, 1891, he died.
In politics Mr. Bennett is a staunch Democrat. In 1892 he was made a mem
ber of the Board of Park Commissioners of the city of Seattle, being appointed
for a five years' term. He was a member of the Democratic city convention and

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 497
of the two county conventions in 1892 ; he also sat in the State convention at
Olympia in 1892, being elected a delegate from the Forty-third Representative
District. The same fall he was elected a member of the Democratic Executive
Committee of King County for a two-year term. A thoroughly educated, gifted,
and equipped man, Mr. Bennett takes pride in his descent from one of the old
New England Puritan families, whose deeds in our struggle for independence are
matters of history. He is a thirty-second degree Mason and a member of the
Eastern Star. He is recognized as an effective speaker both on the stump and
before a jury, and as a lawyer stands high in his profession. A man still young
and so eminently fitted for the battle of life cannot but succeed.
Bennighopp, George F., hotel-keeper, of Sprague, Wash., was born in Ger
many in 1851. His father, George, and mother, Annie Alalia (Roth) Bennighoff,
were natives of Rhinefalz. in the "Fatherland." Our subject emigrated to
America in 1868, and located at Philadelphia, working as a mechanic until 1870,
when he went to sea as ship carpenter. After a three years' cruise he returned
to New York and subsequently removed to Massachusetts, where he followed his
trade until 1875, when he removed to California. He left the Goiden State to
return to the sea, taking service on the State of California school ship. He
reached Washington Territory in 1879, settling at Walla Walla, and then at Col
fax. He .visited Idaho, and made a trip to Europe in 1880, returning the same
year. After a brief sojourn at Portland and at The Dalles, he finally settled at
Sprague, where he engaged in the hotel business, having one of tbe largest and
best equipped houses in that section of the State. It represi nts an invested capi
tal of $30,000. Mr. Bemiighoff has other property interests, is counted a thriv
ing man, well adapted both by tact and enterprise to succeed iu that most diffi
cult calling, keeping a hotel.
Benson, Edwin F., real-estate broker and attorney-at-law, of North Yakima,
was born in Alaine in 1861. His father, Freeland H. Benson, a seafaring man,
and his mother, Elizabeth H. (Sadler) Benson, were also from the Pine Tree
State. Educated in the public schools of Boston, noted for their thorough-going
training, young Benson supplemented their teaching with a law course in the uni
versity of that city, graduating in 1881, and being admitted to the Alassachusetts
Bar in the year following. He began active practice in Boston, but after a few
mouths' experience concluded to remove to California, from whence he migrated
to Washington Territory, locating in the city of Spokane. Going to Lincoln
County, he engaged in stock-raising and other pursuits, remaining in that section
of the State until 1891, when he became the first Agent of the Land Department
of the Northern Pacific Railroad in Yakima City, a position which he still holds,
discharging the important duties committed to his charge, which are very large
in this section, to the entire satisfaction of that corporation. Mr. Benson was
married in 1884 to Miss Eppia Kimball, a Boston lady. They have one child.
Mr. Benson was elected Probate Judge of Lincoln County, being the first to fill
the position in that county. He has a pleasant home, i3 the owner of valuable
realty and stock in various localities, including six hundred acres under cultiva
tion in one body. He is a Democrat in politics, and withal a shrewd, prompt,

498 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
and enterprising business man, who believes thoroughly in the assured and pro
gressive future of the Evergreen State.
Benton, H. M., a farmer in the Atahnam, was born in Connecticut in 1836,
being the older child of a family of three born to George and Moriath (Bishop)
Benton. His early education was intended to fit him for Yale, but a passion for
the sea militated against the classical course his parents marked out for their son.
Leaving home in 1852 at the age of sixteen years, he shipped at New Haven for a
voyage to Ireland, returned and sailed coastwise till 1854, then came to San Fran
cisco, making that city his home until 1862, when he moved to Oregon, entered
the employ of the Oregon Steamship Navigation Company, being in charge of
their boats until 1867. He then migrated to Yakima County, locating on his
present farm, where he has ever since resided. Mr. Benton was one of the build
ers of Fort Sod, on the Atahnam, for defence against the Indians, and also of
the old centennial building of Noith Yakima, which was barricaded for a similar
purpose. He was one of the company who arrested the Indian murderers of Mr.
and Mrs. Perkins, finding them after many days' pursuit in Chief Moses' land nd
bringing the criminals and Chief Aloses to justice. The chief was afterward re
leased, but the murderers were hanged. Air. Benton cultivates and owns one
hundred and seventy-seven acres of fine farming land. He was married in 1865
to Aliss Mary A. Allen. They have two children. Air. Benton is a Alason, a Re
publican, and a man generally esteemed — a pioneer of the day when the Indian
was a menace to the progress of settlement.
Bewley, John M., County Surveyor and Justice of the Peace, of Colville,
Wash., was born in Van Buren County, Alo., June 10th, 1845. He was the son
of John W. and Catherine B. (Ellis) Bewley. Going with his parents to AVilla-
mette valley, Ore., his eldest brother was mercilessly killed in the horrible
massacre by the Indians at the mission in Whitman County, AVash. ; his sister
was captured at the same time and dreadfully treated until her release upon the
savages being obliged to give up their captives. Young Bewley was educated at
the Willamette University, at Salem, Ore., taking the full course, and graduating
in 1866. Moving to California, he taught school in various localities until 1868.
Returning to Oregon, he was married there in 1870. He engaged at Inde
pendence, Polk County, in the practice of dentistry for some years. Wholesale
grain-selling occupied him from 1875-80, when he removed to AVashington Terri
tory, locating at AValla Walla ; from thence to Spokane iu 1881. From 1881-82
he assisted Contractor D. W. Small on the Northern Pacific Railroad. He came
to Colville in 1883 and took up a homestead claim, which he subsequently sold
at a profit. In 1884 he was elected Justice of the Peace at Colville, an office
which he continues to fill with marked efficiency. Since 1885 he has been the
County Surveyor of Stevens County.
Bicknell, Henry J., farmer, of Sunnyside, Wash., was born in Penobscot
County, Ale., in 1834, being third in a family of five children born to Henry and
Betsey (Foster) Bicknell. His parents came of old New England stock, the one
being a native of the Pine Tree State, and the other coming from Rhode Island.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 499
When but nineteen young Bicknell rounded the Horn, reaching California in the
spring of 1853. He became a money broker in San Francisco until 1858, when
he returned to Maine, and after a short stay removed to Virginia, thence to Illinois
in 1861, where he engaged in the retail grocery business for two years, but ex
changed for a wholesale business in Jacksonville, where he unfortunately asso
ciated himself with a partner whose misrepresentations led him to failure. Re
turning to San Francisco, he engaged in mining in South California, but without
success. Still undiscouraged, he became a day laborer in a Los Angeles mill for
two years, and speculated in land only to find it a losing venture. After various
but more remunerative changes he came to Yakima in 1881, where he has since
resided, being engaged in farming and fruit-raising. Did space permit, it would
be instructive to follow the difficulties which Mr. Bicknell encountered only to
overcome. Suffice it to say that the path which finally led him to comparative
wealth and prosperity was of the hardest. Air. Bicknell's fruit farm is said fo be
the finest in Yakima County. The lives and early struggles of such representa
tive men as Mr. Bicknell cannot fail to encourage those who are in similar straits.
There is eminent virtue in will power sensibly applied.
Bigelow, I. N., President of the Seattle Dime Savings Bank, was born in
Nova Scotia, May 15th, 1838. He is a descendant of the noted Bigelow family
of England, and traces his family back for many generations. He received a
good common-school education in his native province, and began life for himself
as a ship-builder at the age of nineteen years. He followed that business and
merchandising until 1868, when he removed to Lynn, Mass. There he engaged
in the real-estate business and contracting, which he continued until 1875. In
the latter year he came to Seattle, where he has since remained. Here he fol
lowed carpentering and contracting until 1879, when he embarked in the grocery
trade. For two years he carried on a successful business in that line, then dis
posed of his interest, and engaged in the real-estate business, which he has con
tinued more or less extensively ever since. In 1890 he began the erection of a
fine business structure, which is known as the Bigelow Block. In 1892 he pur
chased a controlling interest in the Seattle Dime Savings Bank, and became its
President. Mr. Bigelow organized the company which built the first street rail
way operated in Seattle, but has disposed of his interests in that enterprise. As
a business man interested in the welfare and advancement of the city of his adop
tion, Mr. Bigelow has taken a front place. His character is above reproach, and
every obligation he assumes is fully and faithfully discharged. In manner he is
genial and affable, and is esteemed by a large circle of admiring friends. Mr.
Bigelow was married November 25th, 1863, to Miss Emeline Davison, of Nova
Scotia. Three children have blessed their union — two sons and a daughter.
Black, Alfred L., attorney-at-law, of New Whatcom, Wash., was born in
Burlington County, N. J., November 16th, 1858. Educated by a private tutor
and taking a preparatory course, he entered the sophomore class of Princeton
College in 1875, and graduated with high honors in 1878. Determining to devote
himself to the law, he became a student in the office of James Wilson, at Trenton
N. J., was admitted to the Bar in 1881, and practised in Camden, N. J., and

500 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Philadelphia until 1889, when he removed to New Whatcom, opened an office.
and connecting himself with Mr. Leaming, established the law firm of Black &
Leaming, whose business continues to grow in a highly satisfactory manner. Mr.
Black was married May 7th, 1883, to Miss Ada F. Abbot, of Trenton, N. J.
Their union has been blessed with two children.
Black, Henry, a thrifty farmer, of AVhetstone Hollow, Dayton, Columbia
County, Wash., was born in Kentucky in 1819, being the fourth of eight children
born to John and Sarali (Myers) Black. His parents were natives of Virginia.
Young Black, after the average amount of desultory school education, where the
hours of field work exceeded those of study, which in those early days fell to the
lot of farmers' boys, left home at the age of eighteen, going to Jackson County,
Mo., where he remained two years. In 1840 he crossed the plains, travelling by
mule .teams, with the American Fur Company traders as far as Whitman Station.
From thence he journeyed alone to Oregon, and a short time later went to Cali
fornia in the Government employ. Returning to Oregon, he took up a claim near
Portland, and lived on it thirty-seven years. Removing to Columbia County
(then Walla Walla), he settled in 1878 on the farm which he still owns and culti
vates. He has five hundred and forty acres, growing all kinds of grain, a splen
did orchard, loaded in its season with many kinds of fruit, ample barns, and a
spacious lesidence. He was married in 1848 to Mary A., daughter of Alexander
Thackeray, a well-to-do farmer of Oregon. Twelve children have been born to
them. Mr. Black is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and in politics affiliates
with the Republican Party.
Blackwell, William B., an able financier and representative citizen of
Tacoma, was born in Milford, Conn., September 10th, 1837. When but a child
of ten he removed to Utica, N. Y., and received his early education in the com
mon schools of that city. Going gallantly to the front at the breaking out of the
war, he enlisted in the Twenty-sixth New York Regiment, was made Regimental
Quartermaster, and served as such until 1863, when the regiment was mustered
out. After. the war he went to Chicago and Portland, Ore., where he engaged
in the hotel business, but relinquished it November 1st, 1883, for a field more
suited to his natural ability and financial genius. Then, in company with Gen
eral T. W. Sprague and J. AV. Anderson, he organized the Tacoma National Bank,
destined to become one of the most substantial and flourishing in the AVestern
country, with a capital of $50,000, since increased fourfold. Mr. Blackwell was
its Vice-President until 1888. Since then he has acted as its President. Tacoma
has no more popular, energetic or public-spirited citizen than William B. Black-
well. Blalock, J. B. — The subject of this sketch was born July 21st, 1856, in
Sevierville, Sevier County, Tenn., and received a common-school education in his
native town. At the age of twenty years he learned the shoemaker's trade, and
in 1878 came to Spokane Falls, Wash. Here he found work at his trade, and
soon afterward purchased a stock of boots and shoes and engaged in trade as a
merchant, which he continued until 1887, when he sold out to Mr. M. B. Dolan,

^sjr c^^^Zd~e^

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 503
and made investments in real estate. In this field he has been eminently success
ful, and has achieved a reputation for financial skill and business tact. After the
great fire he erected the handsome and imposing Blalock Block, a credit to the
builder and to the city. Mr. Blalock was married September- 27th, 1886, to Miss
Martha Hyde, of Spokane, by whom he has one son, Shirl Blalock, six years of
age. Socially Mr. Blalock is genial and popular. He is a member of the Masonic
order. In business and financial circles he holds a position of influence and
power which he has deservedly earned. A capable and successful business man,
thoroughly progressive in his ideas, he is an excellent type of that young man
hood which has done so much for the rapidly growing State of Washington.
Boatman, Willis, banker, pioneer, farmer and hop-grower, of Puyallup,
Wash., was born October 6th, 1826, in Jessamine County, Ky. When but an
infant his parents removed to Sullivan County, Ind., where he attended school
and worked on the farm until 1850, when he went to Alacon County, 111., and the
following spring to Sangamon County in the same State. In 1851 he married
Aliss Mary Richardson, of that county. Seven children have resulted from their
union. Starting with an ox team for Portland, Ore., he arrived October 22d,
1852, and remained there until February of the following year, when he deter
mined to visit Puget Sound, hoping thereby to restore his health, in which he en
tirely succeeded. Looking about for occupation, he determined to establish a
boarding-house in Steilacoom, and in January, 1854, located on the farm where
he still resides. He has been an extensive hop-grower since 1874. In' October,
1855, he was driven from bis home by hostile Indians, and remained away for two
years, during which he found employment in the Quartermaster's Department at
Fort Steilacoom. In the fall of 1889 he organized the Bank of Puyallup, of
which he is the President. Mr. Boatman is an old and justly esteemed citizen of
Puyallup, and an active worker in the Alasonic and Odd Fellows fraternities, of
which organizations he is a distinguished member.
Boggs, George W., born May 30th, 1857, in Shelby County, Ind. ; left that
section when but a year old, being taken to Moultrie County, 111. There he was
raised on a farm till the age of fifteen, receiving such education as the common
schools at Decatur and Bloomington could afford. In 1872 he began clerking in
a general merchandise store, in which occupation he continued for two years,
when he became a drug clerk for three more. Then, launching out for himself,
he established a drug store in Rooks County, Kan., where he remained ten years.
During this time he was also interested in the cattle business, to which he added
banking, having organized the State Bank of Stockton. Then, attracted by the
greater charms of Tacoma, he decided to join his future to that of the City of
Destiny, sold out his interest in bank, cattle, and drugs, and settled himself in
1888 in that city. Here, though suffering from ill health, he engaged in the drug
and livery business, being Vice-President of the Wynkoop Drug Company. He
was elected City Treasurer of Tacoma after one and a half years' residence, and
proved himself a faithful, efficient, and honest public officer. Mr. Boggs mar
ried, August 20th, 1883, Miss Ella Cook, of New Hampshire, by whom he has
three sons and a daughter... He is a member of the Masonic, Ancient Order
23

504 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
United Workmen, Knights of Pythias, and Red Men Fraternities. A self-
made and self-reliant man, he has always taken a prominent part in all matters
pertaining to the city of Tacoma and State of Washington. He is a direct
descendant of Governor Boggs, ana a warm friend of the late General Kit Carson,
the celebrated scout, Indian fighter, and guide.
Bowen, Walter, Special Deputy Collector of Customs, Puget Sound District,
a man who has filled with credit to himself and advantage to the people various
important offices, was born in Warren County, Va., December 17th, 1850.
Graduating from its common schools, he engaged at the age of eighteen as clerk
in a general merchandise establishment in White Post, Va., remaining there for
two years, until 1870, when he removed to New York to become assistant book
keeper in Wheatley, Williams & Co.'s sugar refinery. In 1874 he migrated to
California, making Los Angeles his home for three years, acting as book-keeper
for the Los Angeles Street Railroad Company, as also in the District Attorney's
office. Going to Mono County, Cal., in April, 1878, he devoted himself to mer
chandising and mining until 1881, when he journeyed to Washington Territory,
settling at Port Townsend in the year following to accept a position with
C. C. Bartlett & Co., a leading mercantile house of that city. With this firm he
remained for upward of two years. In 1887 he was appointed Deputy Collector
of the Port, Puget Sound District, retaining this office for two years, until his
resignation in 1889 to devote himself to real estate brokerage. In November,
1889, he was appointed City' Treasurer of Port Townsend, a position he held
until July 1st, 1893, resigning to accept the Chief Deputyship of the Puget Sound
Collection District. Mr. Bowen was married in Victoria, B. C, in September,
1883, to Mrs. Ruby R. Weeks, of San Francisco. Mr. Bowen is an active Demo
crat, and a member of the State Central Committee of that party, in which connec
tion he is serving his second term. He organized the first Democratic Club in
Jefferson County in 1889, and is its present secretary.
Boyle, James G., City Clerk of Ellensburg, Washington, was born in Egypt,
111., thirty-one years ago. He is the son of Thomas B. and Alary (Kilpatrick)
Boyle, of Ireland, who came to America in the forties. Educated in the public
schools of Sparta, 111., young Boyle took a higher English course, and then began
life as a book-keeper. Moving to Pendleton, Ore., he remained for two years,
then migrated to Washington Territory, locating at North Yakima, where for
two and a half years he acted as an attorney's clerk. In 1888 he removed to
Ellensburg aud resumed book-keeping. He was elected Justice of the Peace, to
hold office for two years, succeeding himself in the fall of 1892. In May, 1892,
he was elected City Clerk, and was re-elected in 1893. He is also Clerk of the
School Board. Air. Boyle was married in May, 1888, at North Yakima, to Miss Anna
Hawkins, by whom he has one child. He has a comfortable city home, consider
able outside property, and a fine library, of which he is a close student. He is
interested in the mining development of the region, and does an abstracting
business, for which his official position gives peculiar facilities. An honorable
man and most worthy citizen, Mr. Boyle has no reason to be dissatisfied with the
present, or dread a future which only promises to increase his popularity.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 505
Boynton, Charles Harvey, was born in Canton, N. Y., November 13th,
1847, being a direct descendant of John Boynton, who came to Massachusetts
from England in 1638, and of John Boynton, who was an officer during the War
of the Revolution, being Colonel of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment of
Infantry, when peace was declared. His father, Frederick Boynton, was for ten
years in the regular army, participating in the Black Hawk and Seminole wars, and
was Adjutant of the One Hundred and Sixth New York Infantry in the late war.
Charles H. Boynton received a common school and academical education at
St. Lawrence University at Canton, and in 1862, at the age of fourteen years,
enlisted in the First United States Volunteer Cavalry, serving until mustered out
at Memphis, Tenn., in June, 1865. Returning to New York, he worked on the
Malone Palladium until 1868, when he purchased an interest in the Chateaugay
Journal. In 1869 he sold his interest in that paper, aud after a year's travel in
the South and West located at Neenah, Wis , where he established the Neenah
Gazette, which he successfully conducted for five years.
Selling that paper in 1875, Air. Boynton accepted a position as news editor of
the Alilwaukee Sentinel, being promoted to the position of managing editor,
which he left in 1880 to become news and night editor .of the St. Paul Pioneer
Press. This position he occupied until 1884, when, with Air. Ralph Metcalf, he
purchased the Herald at Winona, Minn., soon establishing the Daily Herald and an
extensive printing establishment. In 1889 Boynton & Metcalf purchased the
Tacoma Daily Globe, which firm afterward became the Globe Publishing Com
pany, of which Mr. Boynton was treasurer. In 1892, the Globe being purchased
by the Tacoma Ledger Company, Mr. Boynton removed to Everett, Wash., where
he is connected with the Herald, the first paper in that city. He is Secretary of
the Chamber of Commerce and a stockholder of the Mitchell Land Company, one
of the most prosperous corporations in that young city, and also a member of
the Everett Transportation Company, operating steamers on the Sound, and ex
tensively handling building materials.
Mr. Boynton has a wife, four daughters, and one son.
Branam, William, a leading citizen and capitalist of Cle Elum, Wash., was
born in 1854 in Kentucky. His parents were natives of that State, in whose
common schools the subject of our sketch received his early education, and after
ward began life as a farmer. At the age of seventeen he removed to Jackson
County, Mo., and from thence to New Alexioo, where he was engaged for a short
time in railroading. In 1882 he came to the then territory of Washington,
locating at Snoqualmie. There he followed lumbering until 1883, when he came
to Cle Elum. Here he prospected for coal, finding it in large quantities. Selling
out his mining rights to the Northern Pacific Coal Company, he took up a pre
emption claim near Cle Elum, which he disposed of to the same corporation.
Mr. Branam is a Democrat in politics, a member of the Independent Order Odd
Fellows. He owns valuable real estate in the city of Cle Elum and also in Seattle.
He takes an active interest in all that relates to the education and substantial
progress of his fellow-citizens, by whom he is universally esteemed.
Brand, G. E., a loading business man of Mt. Vernon, Wash., was born in
Aurora, Dearborn County, Ind., December 13th, 1849, and was educated in the

506 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
common schools of his native place and at the Moore's Hill College in Dearborn
County. After leaving school he served for two years as clerk in the mercantile
house of Chambers, Stevens & Co., at Aurora. In 1868 he migrated to San Josg,
Cal., where he remained for four years, first as clerk in a mercantile house and
afterward in business for himself as a manufacturer of and dealer in lime, cement,
and building materials. In 1873 he sold out this business and embarked in the
stationery trade at Nevada City, Cal., conducting the same successfully until
1890. In the latter year he came to Fairhaven, Wash., and secured franchises
from the cities of New Whatcom and Fairhaven for gas works. He afterward
secured a franchise for an electric-light plant at Mt. Vernon, which he built and
now operates. He is largely interested in the Mt. Vernon Shingle and Lumber
Company, is Secretary of the Shingle Manufacturers' Association of Washington,
and also Secretary of the Skagit County Shingle Association. Air. Brand is
recognized in the community as a man of the highest integrity, and has the per
fect confidence of the business public. He is a hard worker, a man of exemplary
habits, and possesses the knowledge and experience which, with his vigorous
health, give promise of still greater achievements in the years to come. Frater
nally he is an Odd Fellow, being a member of three different lodges of that
order. Mr. Brand was married January 1st, 1889, to Aliss Julia D. G. Kinsman,
of Great Falls, N. H. Two children have been born to them — one son and one
daughter. Bresee, Darius, was born June 20th, 1830, at Berkshire, Chittenden County,
Vt. When he was nine years old his father died, and from this early age he was
obliged to provide for himself, being put out to work by an older brother until
he reached the age of seventeen. At the age of eighteen he went to Burlington,
Vt., to learn the trade of carpenter and builder. In 1848 he joined the Aleth-
odist Episcopal Church, having experienced religion at the age of fourteen. In
1851 he went to Sheboygan and Plymouth, Wis. He built the Half- Way House
between Sheboygan and Fond du Lac, for Air. A. Ehle. This was the same
house in which Air. Ehle's whole family were burned about 1887. In 1853
Mr. Bresee went to La Crosse and purchased a tract of land where the city now
stands. This would have brought him a fortune had he been able to keep it,
but he was taken with chills and fever and compelled to abandon it. In 1854 he
made a journey south to visit his oldest brother, and on his return went to Eau
Claire, Wis. In 1857, in Chippewa County, he was elected Justice of the Peace,
receiving all but three votes cast. In 1859 he made a visit to Richmond, Va.,
and was offered flattering inducements to settle in that locality, if he would not
oppose slavery. He witnessed the execution of John Brown, and in the same
year, 1860, he returned to Wisconsin. He took an academic course at Lawrence
University, then entered the Northwestern University at Chicago, but before
finishing the course he entered the Garrett Biblical Institute, from which he
graduated in 1805. About this time he was married to Jennie S. Webley, and
accepted the principalship of Eau Claire Wesleyan Seminary. He retained this
position for two years with gratifying results, raising the seminary to a prosperous
condition. He joined the Western Wisconsin Conference on probation, and dis
continued in two years. In 1868 and 1869 he studied law, and was invited to a

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 507
partnership with one of the leading lawyers of the city, but declined and engaged
in the real estate business. He served several years as a Justice of the Peace,
besides holding other offices. February 28th, 1875, his only child, a son, was
born. December 9th, 1877, his wife died, and his health failing, he soon after
ward gave up his business. Later on he went to New Richmond, P. Q., and
preached during the winter of 1882-83. In the fall of 1883 he came to Puget
Sound, and after visiting Portland, Ore., arrived at Anacortes, Wash., with his
son, February 19th, 1884. Being convinced that Fidalgo (Anacortes) was the
site of a great city of the future, he was invited to deliver the oration at Rosario
Anacortes (Fidalgo), July 4tb, 1885. Six years afterward, October 1st, 1891,
this oration was republished in full by the Anacortes American. Mr. Bresee
furnished the means to educate the colored minister, George M. AlcClelland, at
Fish University, Tennessee. In 1887 he was invited to return to Eau Claire and
assist in the building up of that place. He accepted the invitation, and formed a
syndicate to put in manufacturing plants. They erected six extensive ones in
twenty-one months. Returning to Washington, he bought a fine tract of land at
Anacortes. In the mean time, he purchased two miles of deep water frontage on
Burroughs Bay (Anacortes), including nearly one thousand acres of land, with
fine clay beds, which will undoubtedly become very valuable. Some evil-disposed
persons, moved by jealousy and covetousness, caused an eighty-acre timber claim
held by Air. Bresee to be contested, but after a litigation lasting between two
and three years he won his case, receiving a deed in July, 1892. He was his own
attorney in the lower and higher courts also. Air. Bresee is; now Deputy Most
Worthy Chief of the World, in the Temple of Honor (of Temperance), and for
over thirty years he has been a Good Templar. He has travelled over every
mountain range, and from ocean to ocean upon every transcontinental railway on
this continent, and ou sea voyages upon the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and all,
by the providence of God, without an accident. Mr. Bresee's home will be
Anacortes, Wash.
Briggs, W. N., a prosperous farmer and stockman of Kittitas Valley, was
born in Indiana in 1847. His parents were natives of Pennsylvania, where his
father died in 1848. His mother married a Mr. Smith in 1856, leaving young
Briggs to the care of his paternal grandparents, who brought him up until the
age of thirteen, when he returned to his mother, with whom he migrated to
Iowa in 1860, and there received his education. Af t"r a sojourn in Nebraska and
Minnesota, Air. Briggs removed to Oregon in 1875, where he engaged in farming,
and from thence in 1877 to Kittitas, Wash., where he took up land which he
still cultivates and considers highly productive. He was married in 1877 to Miss
E. L. Hutchinson, who was born in Wisconsin in 1858, and by whom he has
three children. He and his wife are members of the Christian Church. He is
also a member of the Farmers' Alliance.
Brookes, Albert M., a veteran of the war, an enterprising business man and
ex-postmaster of Seattle, was born in Galena, 111., September 2d, 1842, and re
ceived his education at the Milwaukee Academy, Wis. Mr. Brookes was one of
the first to respond to President Lincoln's call to arms for the protection of the

508 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Union, and on August 15th, 1862, enlisted in Company K, Twenty-fourth Wis
consin Infantry, under the command of Colonel Larrabee, serving for three years
under such generals as Nelson and Phil Sheridan. He saw service in many a
hard battle, never missing a day's service during his active enlistment. Having
faithfully performed his duty as a patriot soldier, he rejoined his parents at the
end of the war in San Francisco, whence they had migrated in 1863. Securing
a clerkship in the post-office, he served the Government for twelve years, gaining
a most valuable experience in this branch of the Federal service. In 1F77 he
resigned his position to remove to Seattle, where he engaged in the commission
business with his brother-in-law, S. Baxter. In 1885 he removed with his family
to Black Diamond, but returned to Seattle in 1887 to take the presidency of the
Northwestern Cracker Company, a position he still holds with other important
interests. Mr. Brookes is one of the oldest members of the Grand Army of the
Republic on the coast ; was elected Department Commander for Washington in
1889. He was appointed Postmaster of Seattle in 1889, and won unqualified
praise for the efficient discharge of its duties till his resignation to accept the
position of cashier of the Boston National Bank. Mr. Brookes was married in
1873 to Miss Laura Hannath, of California.
Browder, Charles O., of Colfax, who fills the responsible position of Auditor
of Whitman County, Wash., was born in Tennessee in 1864. His father,
William J., and his mother, Nancy A. Browder, were both from that State, in
whose public schools young Browder received his earliest education. Supple
menting this with a collegiate classical course, he graduated and took his degree
in 1882. Coming to Washington in 1885, he located at Colfax, where he engaged
in various pursuits, more especially in farming, in which he is still interested.
Mr. Browder was married in 1891 to Miss Monta McCroskey, of Colfax, a lady of
excellent family, being the daughter of Hon. J. P. T. McCroskey. They have
one child, Allene. Air. Browder has filled the position of Deputy Postmaster of
Colfax (1887-88), and was appointed to his present office in 1891, wliich does not
expire until 1893. He is a member of the Knights cf Pythias and Ancient
Order of United Workmen, and a devoted Democrat. Easy and natural in
manner, a good conversationalist, and a clear-headed man in all business affairs,
Mr. Browder enjoys that confidence which is founded upon a solid and well-
earned reputation for honesty in all things.
Brown, Charles A., of Oaksdale, Wash., was born in Oregon in 1863. His
father, Samuel Brown, was a Pennsylvania farmer, his mother a native of Illinois.
Mr. Brown received his early training in the schools of Salem, Ore., took a classi
cal courae at the Willamette University, and on the completion of his studies
located in the Palouse country, where he engaged in farming for four years.
Coming to Oaksdale at the end of that period, he interested himself for a year in
merchandising. Upon the organization of the First National Bank, in 1889,
with a paid-up capital of $50,000, Mr. Brown accepted the position of Cashier,
an office which he still retains. He was married in 1883 to Miss Emma Miller, a
native of Oregon, by whom he had one child. Possessed of a pleasant city home
and other monetary interests, the confidence of the community, aud that of the

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 509
officials of the institution with which he is connected, the subject of our sketch
may well be counted among the leading citizens of Oaksdale. He is a Republi
can, and a member of the Knights of Pythias.
Brown, Eugene, of Colfax, Wash., insurance and real estate broker, was
born in Orange County, N. Y., in 1848. His father, George W. Brown, was a
farmer, and his mother, Sarah (Johnson) Brown, were both natives of the Empire
State. Educated in the public schools, young Brown emigrated to Iowa and
engaged in farming. Five years later he removed to Nebraska. Enlisting in
1863 in the First New York Light Artillery, he immediately went to the front
and joined the Army of the Potomac. He was present at the battle of the
Wilderness under Grant, and afterward did garrison duty until honorably dis
charged, June 30th, 1865. He was one of those who passed in the grand review
at Washington after the conclusion of the war. Mr. Brown was married in 1866
to Miss Slocum, a native of Oswego County, N. Y. They have one child, a
daughter. Mr. Brown is a member of the insurance and real estate firm of Actor
& Brown, and one of the most enterprising citizens of Colfax.
Brown, George D., the son of John and Mary Brown, was born in Denmark
in 1855. He came to this country in 1868, located in Minnesota, and engaged in
farming. Wearying of this, he pursued various occupations, latterly railroading,
which he abandoned to become a merchant in 1882 in Colorado. From thence
he moved to Salt Lake City, Utah, where he engaged in real estate, but allured
by the charms of Washington, left it in 1885 to settle in Tekoa. Here, under
the firm name of George D. Brown & Co., he engaged in general merchandising,
changing its style about a year ago to the Tekoa Mercantile Company. Mr.
Brown married in 1884 Miss Annie Nill. From this union there are four chil
dren. He has filled various local offices with credit, and shown marked adminis
trative ability. A Congregationalist in religion and a Republican in politics,
Mr. Brown possesses the higher qualities which distinguish a man whose profes
sion and practice agree, for his fellow-citizens of Tekoa speak with pride of one
who owes his business success to the fact that he is actuated by principle in all
he undertakes, and well deserves the esteem and confidence bestowed upon him.
Brown, Joseph M., Clerk of Yakima County, and an old pioneer of AVashing
ton Territory, was born in Missouri in 1857. His father, James Brown, was an
Indianian and a miller, his mother, Mary, being a native of the same State. After
receiving such education as the public schools could afford, young Brown went
to Nebraska in 1875 and began farming, remaining till 1882, when he removed to
Washington and located in Yakima County, resuming the agricultural labors
which he still continues. He was married in 1879 to Miss Jessie F. Wells, a
native of Wisconsin. Seven children have blessed this union. Besides a com
fortable city home Mr. Brown is the possessor of considerable valuable farm
property. He has held the office of County Commissioner of Yakima, and was
elected on the Republican ticket to his present office, the duties of which he
assumed in January, 1893. He is a man of ability, well esteemed and popular in
the community where he dwells.

510 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Brown, Robert, farmer, near Buckley, Wash., born in England in 1834,
was the eldest of three children born to Joseph and Lydia Barron Brown. His
parents emigrated to America, locating at Rochester, N. Y., in 1846. Young
Brown left home and went to work on a farm at the age of thirteen. In 1857 he
journeyed to Ohio, where he lived until the spring of 1861, then moved to Ken
tucky, and from thence journeyed through several States engaged in various pur
suits, remaining in Indiana until 1865, then in Minnesota until 1867, then to
New York, from whence he sailed via the Isthmus for San Francisco. In 1868
he made the journey to Oregon on horseback, suffering many privations by the way
in that sparsely settled region, being finally obliged to abandon his horse and
proceed on foot, walking the greater part of the way and feeling on more than
one occasion the pangs of hunger. Arriving in Oregon, he passed two years in
farming ; then removed to Pierce County, and in 1882 to his present location.
Returning to Oregon, he brought out his family by covered wagon to the fine farm
he still cultivates near Buckley. He has been a member of the Board of School
Directors for two years. He is a Populist in politics and a member of the Farmers'
Alliance. He was married in 1864 to Miss Nancy Davis, daughter of a prominent
farmer of Indiana, and by her he has four children.
Brown, William L., farmer, of Walla Walla County, Wash., was born in
Indiana in 1855. His father, Jacob Brown, also a farmer, was a native of Penn
sylvania, his mother, Sarah (Starbuck) Brown, being from South Carolina.
Young Brown obtained his early education in Iowa, and began farming in that
State. At the end of three years he removed to Columbia County, Wash., and
engaged for two years in lumbering. Going to Walla Walla County in 1881, he
resumed the occupation of a farmer, which he still pursues. He owns a half
section of superior land, its yield averaging twenty-five bushels to the acre.
Mr. Brown was married in 1876 to Miss Catherine C. Kennedy, a native of
Illinois. They have five children. Mr. Brown is a member of the School Board
and prominent in the Methodist Church, with which he and his family are con
nected. Active and energetic, he takes great interest in the educational and
religious welfare of the community where he resides, and proves himself helpful
to the extent of his ability in all good works.
Browne, Hon. George.- — An excellent example of the energetic business men
who are creating industrial enterprises upon which the future growth and devel
opment of the great Northwest must depend, is George Browne, of Tacoma. De
scended from a long line of New England ancestors, he inherits those sturdy
qualities of mind and heart which have made the sons of New England leaders in
every part of this great country. He was born in Boston on July 25th, 1840, the
eldest in a family of seven children. His mother was Joanna C, daughter of
Charles C. Nichols, of Boston, the inventor of rubber clothing, and whose factory
at Lynn, Mass., turned out the first goods of this character ever manufactured.
The early education of our subject was acquired at Saybrook, Conn., in 1849,
but the family removing to New York soon afterward, he had all the advantages
of the public schools of that city. When scarcely fourteen years of age he
became a clerk in a large dry-goods house having an exclusively Southern trade.

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. , 511
Here his business capacity early gave promise of a brilliant commercial career,
but on the breaking out of the Civil AVar he resigned his position to take up the
life of a soldier. He enlisted in Company K, Ninth Regiment, National Guard,
State of New York, and was at once summoned to Washington, where his com
pany was equipped as a light battery. During the Peninsular campaign this
command so distinguished itself by gallant and meritorious service, that the
grade of horse battery was conferred upon it, and from this time until the close
of the war the Sixth Independent New York Horse Battery was the only volun
teer command of its kind in the Federal Army. The company first served in
Virginia under General Pattison, and participated with distinguished bravery in
the battles of Harper's Ferry and Ball's Bluff. It next passed under the com
mand of General Hooker, and at the battle of Chancellorsville was largely instru
mental in saving the day, as it was this battery which checked and finally stopped
the onslaught of Stonewall Jackson, after breaking through the lines of the
Eleventh and Twelfth Corps. At the battle of Malvern Hill the battery received
additional honor. In this engagement the first gun from the land forces was
fired by Air. Browne's order, received through General Griffin. The battery
was constantly engaged in hazardous and dangerous work, and finally passed
UDder the command of General Sheridan. Under that intrepid commander it
shared in the dangers, marches, and fatigues of the campaign of the Wilderness,
as well as in that final and masterly manoeuvre which brought the war to a close.
Mr. Browne enlisted as a private and rose to the rank of senior first lieutenant.
He was repeatedly offered promotion, but preferred remaining with his old com
mand. Just previous to Lee's surrender he resigned his command and returned
to New York. He soon afterward became a clerk in the banking house of
H. A. Stone & Son, and the following year became a member of the New York
Stock Exchange. For years he continued to share in the successes and reverses
of Wall Street. In 1873 he was married to Ella, second daughter of Leonidas
Haskell, an early pioneer of California and a native of Gloucester, Mass. This
union has been blessed with three sons. Having acquired an independent fortune,
Mr. Browne retired from active business in 1882, and in May of that year started
with his family on an extended foreign tour. They visited England, Belgium,
and Holland, and in the following winter took up their abode at Florence, Italy,
visiting all points of interest in that country. In 1883 they went to Paris, re
maining there until 1885. Removing thence to Dresden, they spent a year in
Germany, which ended their sojourn in Europe. Immediately after returning to
America Mr. Browne accompanied the officers of the Northern Pacific Railroad
on their annual tour of inspection. During this trip he made his first investment
in the Northwest and at Tacoma. This was in 1886, and his purchases increased
in value so rapidly, that with the contemplated improvements it became neces
sary for him to remove to Tacoma in 1888, in order that he might give his per
sonal attention to his interests there. It was during this second visit that he
met Colonel Griggs and Henry Hewitt and the great St. Paul and Tacoma Lumber
Company was formed, of which Mr. Browne became secretary. He is also presi
dent of the Tacoma Smelting and Refining Company, and is prominently identi
fied with many other important enterprises. He built the first suburban street

512 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
car line, of which he was president. Mr. Browne has been somewhat active in
political matters as a member of the Republican Party. He was elected in 1889
a member of the first State Legislature of Washington, and served as Chairman
of the Committee on Tide Lauds. He is a man of calm, mature judgment, wide
grasp, a sympathetic and kindly spirit, and possesses a high order of executive
ability, which eminently fits him for the management of large business enter
prises. Browne, J. Vincent, Civil Engineer, of Tacoma, a man of large experience,
varied pursuits, and great administrative ability, was born in Boston, Mass., July
22d, 1844, was educated at Northampton, Mass., and entered into the auction
business with his father, George Browne, in New York City, remaining in his
employ up to the age of sixteen. Desiring to see the world, he shipped in July,
1860, as a sailor on a merchant vessel plying between New York and San Fran
cisco. Having finished his " two years before the mast," he accepted a position
with Dent & Co., of London, England, as tea and cotton buyer, in which em
ployment he continued for three years, when he returned to New York, and be
came proficient in civil engineering, to which he devoted himself until 1890. Com
ing to Tacoma, he built the Tacoma and Puyallup Steam Motor Liue, and then took
the contract to build the Northern Pacific Railroad between Tacoma and Olym
pia, completing the same in 1891. Mr. Browne was married to Aliss Eliza Leach
Edwards, of Philadelphia, Pa., August 12th, 1872. They have two children.
He is a member of the Masonic and Elk fraternities, and a trusted and progressive
resident of the city where he makes his home.
Burcham, Dudley B., a leading merchant and citizen of Cle Elum, born in
Illinois in 1858, is the son of Alonzo and Cornelia (Schermerhorn) Burcham, his
mother being a native of Pennsylvania, while his father was born in New York.
Educated in the public schools of his birthplace, young Burcham began active
life as a farmer, which he followed till the age of nineteen, when he removed to
Minnesota in 1879, to engage in merchandising. Remaining in that State until
1886, he removed to Washington and located at Cle Elum, where he occupied
himself for awhile in various matters, but finally resumed his mercantile pursuits.
Air. Burcham was married in 1888 to Miss Rettie Atwood, a native of the Golden
State. One child has been born to them. He is also the happy possessor of a
pretty city residence and other valuable real estate. He is a member of various
secret societies, and bears the reputation of being a public-spirited citizen, identi
fying himself with the progress aud upbuilding of the locality of his choice.
A genial gentleman, he is held in high esteem by those best qualified to estimate
his worth.
Burgan, E. S., of Latah, Wash., merchant, was born in Ohio in 1849, of
which State his parents were natives. After completing his education in Indiana,
he located there as a merchant, but removed to Washington in 1871, where he
entered a firm engaged for a time in general merchandising, but returned to
Indiana in 1873, where he engaged in the grain business for three years. In
1875 he removed his business to Rossville, 111. After various changes 1882 found

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 513
him back in Washington, where he re-established himself in mercantile pursuits.
In 1888 he engaged in the crockery business in Spokane, where he remained until
a year ago, when he came to Latah and opened his present store, stocking it
liberally and attractively. In 1877 he led to the hymeneal altar Miss Emma Hefby,
a native of Indiana. The result of this union has been three children, two of
whom have passed into the farther land. The survivor is a daughter. Mr.
Burgan is a Mason and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in which
his wife is also a communicant. He is an earnest worker, a progressive and reli
able man, rapidly taking the prominent place and earning the recognition which
his business talents and industry must sooner or later accord.
Burgess, William Warren, a thriving farmer on the South Fork of the
Cowiche, was born in Indiana in 1865, being the oldest of a family of four children
born to Herman and Laura Ann (White) Burgess. His parents were from New
York and Vermont, respectively. After the usual common school education,
young Burgess left home in 1883, coming to Wallula, Wash. Terr. He remained
there but one year, removing to Yakima County, where he engaged in lumber
ing. After a brief visit to Minnesota, he settled permanently in Yakima on his
present farm. He owns forty acres at Cowiche and one hundred and twenty on
the Atahnam, where he raises all kinds of grain, hay, and hops. He has, more
over, a fine orchard and his own system of irrigation. Mr. Burgess was married
in 1887 to Miss Minnie Wilcox, a daughter of Edward Wilcox, a farmer of
Oregon. They have one child.
Burke, Thomas. — Few citizens of Seattle have done more to advance the
moral and commercial progress of the Queen City than Judge Burke, a resident
of that metropolis for the greater part of his active career. He was born in
Clinton County, N. Y., December 22d, 1849, and removed with his parents to
Iowa in 1861, remaining there for four years. He worked on a farm at Ypsilanti,
Mich. (1868), until he obtained money enough to pay his way in the seminary,
from which institution he graduated, teaching school meanwhile for support. In
1870 he spent six months in the University of Michigan. The following year
was occupied in alternate teaching and the study of the law. In 1872 he went
to Marshall, Alich., where, after two years of close application, he was admitted
to the Bar. In May, 1875, he removed to Seattle, began practice, and in less
than two years was elected Probate Judge of King County. In 1880 and again
in 1882 he was nominated for Delegate to Congress by the Democrats, but was
defeated, the Republican majority being too great to overcome. Since then he
has declined to be a candidate for any office. In 1880 he formed a partnership
with Unit M. Rasin, the firm taking a leading place until its dissolution in 1885,
when he entered into business with G. Morris Haller, a connection which was
severed by the death of Mr. Haller in 1889. In the following year the firm of
Burke, Shepard & Woods was inaugurated, which numbers among its clients
some of the most substantial corporations now operating in Washington. Any
sketch of this distinguished jurist would be incomplete which did not refer to his
brief but notable career as Chief Justice of Washington Territory. In 1884 the
District Court of the Third Judicial District was in a doleful plight. The sick-

514 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
ness and death of its two successive justices had left the docket crowded almost
to hopelessness. Attorneys and litigants were in despair ; for three years no
civil case had been tried. In this emergency the bar turned to Judge Burke for
relief, and without regard to party lines unanimously urged him to accept the
office of Chief Justice. He consented to serve, with the proviso that be should
at the end of a few months be permitted to retire. He was appointed in 1888,
aud resigned in April following. During this brief period he cleared the calendar
of its most important cases, bringing order out of chaos. His retirement was
universally regretted. Our space forbids the enumeration of the many enter
prises in which Judge Burke is a prominent factor. He is a man of broad intel
lectual culture, a wise and prudent counsellor, an able lawyer, and most convinc
ing pleader, well fitted in all things for the life work he has undertaken and so
successfully carries out.
Burton, I. L., yet another of those sturdy tillers of the soil without whom
no land can prosper, dwells upon his fertile homestead acres some five miles
northeast of Ellensburg, in the Kittitas Valley. Mr. Burton was born in New
York in 1844. His father, also a native of the Empire State, died in the year
1853, leaving a widow and five children, of whom the subject of our sketch was
the second, to mourn the loss of their parent and bread-winner. Receiving his
early education in Pennsylvania, he removed to Wisconsin in 1857, and thence
to Iowa, reaching California in 1875, in all of which States he followed the
pursuit of his choice — farming. Then, coming to Kittitas Valley in the spring of
1877, he took up a homestead, and now owns and cultivates one hundred and
sixty acres. He was married in Wisconsin in January, 1866, to Aliss Alary J.
Banister, who was born in Pennsylvania in 1846. Three children bless their
union. Mr. Burton is a veteran of the Civil War, having served as a volunteer
in Company F, Second Wisconsin Cavalry. He was wounded, and is an honored
member of the Grand Army of the Republic.
Cahill, C. I. — The traveller who explores the pleasant surroundings of Fair
field will find some three and a half miles east of the town the farm of the gentle
man whose name heads this sketch. Of Irish descent, Mr. Cahill was born in
Western New York in 1833. The Cahill family was a large one, the member in
question being the sixth out of nine children born to his parents. Mr. Cahill
moved to Wisconsin with his father's family in 1848, attended the district school
there about three months in each year until he was nineteen years old, when he
took charge of his father's farm till he was twenty-four. He then married Miss
Jane Vader, a native of New York, and began farming for himself. Five chil
dren have been born to them— four boys and one girl. In the fall of 1872 they
removed to Kansas, and after farming in that State for five years came to AVash
ington Territory. After living on a farm near Dayton for ten years Air. Cahill
moved to his present home. He has a farm of one hundred and twenty acres,
all improved, with fine orchards and comfortable buildings.
Cameron, Martin, Clerk of Kittitas County and a prosperous citizen of
Ellensburg, the son of Alexander and Mary Stewart Cameron, was born in Nova

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 515
Scotia in 1861. Educated in the public schools of his native town, he began the
active business of life in the city of Boston as a clerk in a grocery house, remain
ing in that employ for three years, when, attracted by the wider field the far
West offered to his enterprising nature, he migrated thither and engaged in rail
roading in various States and Territories, finally coming to Washington in March of
1887, where he located at Ellensburg and found employment as foreman in the
car shops of the Northern Pacific Railroad, a position which he relinquished to
fill the office of County Clerk, to which he was elected in 1892, as the nominee
of the Republican Party, for a term of two years. Air. Cameron is an eminent
Mason and an ardent Republican. He is the owner of valuable city and mining
property, and enjoys, as he well deserves, the confidence and esteem of his fellow-
citizens, taking great interest in the progress and doing all in his power to assure
the substantial good of the location of his choice.
Cameron, Samuel J., farmer, of North Yakima, on the Moxie, was born in
Inverness, Scotland, in 1864. Emigrating at an early age to America, he engaged
in farming and stock-raising, and now, thanks to his own indomitable thrift,
energy, and enterprise, is the owner of a fine farm in the Moxie Valley, near North
Yakima. He is an enthusiastic breeder of fine stock, raising the best sheep in
the county. His farm is well provided with all the essentials for carrying on
bis business, which is principally that of a sheep-raiser. He has a pleasant resi
dence, and everything about the place bears that unmistakable look of careful
management so suggestive of the " canny Scot," than whom America welcomes
no more advantageous and excellent emigrants. As the name suggests, Air.
Cameron comes of a family or, to speak more correctly, " clan" distinguished in
his own land, who carry with them the same high character wherever they are
found. Campbell, George L., banker, of Pomeroy, Wash., was born in Indiana in
1861. His father was B. B. Campbell, a native of Alrginia, his mother, Mary T.
Campbell, being from Indiana. The subject of our sketch was the youngest in a
family of five. He received his rudimentary education in the public schools of
Iowa, supplementing it with a course in the business college of Des Moines, pre
vious to which he had perfected himself as a rapid telegrapher. Being thus pre
pared for the active duties of life, he located at Pataha, Wash., and became a
bookkeeper with C. G. Austin, a leading hardware merchant. At the end of a
year in this service he was appointed Clerk of the District Court. In 1883 he
removed to Pomeroy in a similar capacity, taking charge from 1883 to 1886,
when he relinquished it to engage in the real estate business, but returned to
Mr. Austin's employ. He filled with ability the office of Auditor of Garfield
County, which he, was elected to hold for two years ; then became cashier of the
First National Bank of Pomeroy, which position he still continues to occupy.
Mr. Campbell married in 1886 Miss A. A. Gibson, of Oregon, by whom he has
one child. He is the owner of a pretty city home and other valuable real estate,
and is also interested in sheep-raising. A Republican in politics, he is a worthy
citizen and is highly esteemed.
, Campbell, James P., a veteran of the war and a highly respected citizen of

516 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Latah, first saw the light in Missouri in 1844. His father was a farmer and
native of that State, and his mother a daughter of the Old Dominion. Mr.
Campbell was the eldest born of a family of eight children. After the usual
rudimentary school education he entered as a student of Christian College in the
Willamette Valley, proposing to take a, scientific course, but did not finish.
Locating a farm soon after leaving school, he removed with his parents to Latah,
AVasb., in 1877. There had been a break, however, in his peaceful occupation,
for the summons to arms called young Campbell to the field, where he saw the
smoke of battle in many engagements. Now in his pleasant suburban home he
flnd3 that refuge to which his labors in business and the field so well entitle him.
He has the satisfaction of knowing that he is held in high esteem by his fellow-
citizens, who appreciate his many good qualities and sterling worth. Mr. Camp
bell was married in 1867 to Miss Flora Smith, a native of Illinois, by whom he
has six children. This estimable lady shares the regard which her husband's
popularity secures for him.
Campbell, V. E., jeweller, of Mt. Vernon, Wash., was born in Hamilton,
Canada, October 15th, 1857, and removed in infancy to Port Huron, Mich., where
he received his education in the public schools. After reaching his majority he
engaged in the cooperage business, which he continued to follow for two years.
In 1880 he went to Trinidad, Col., where he followed the lumbering and mill
business for three years. Removing thence to Raton, N. M., he became an
apprentice to the jeweller's trade, and worked at the same for about three years.
At the expiration of that time he located at Fontana, Kan., where he was em
ployed in his father's jewelry store for a year and a half. In 1887 he settled in
Mt. Vernon, Wash., and established himself in the jewelry business, which he
has ever since continued. He has a fine store, a well-selected stock, and a pros
perous and growing trade. Progressive and public-spirited in his ideas, Mr.
Campbell is deeply interested in the welfare of Mt. Vernon, and is active in all
projects which seem likely to advance the city's prosperity. He is a man of
sterling integrity, and is highly esteemed in the community. He is the owner of
valuable real estate in Mt. Vernon. Fraternally he is a member of the Odd
Fellows Order. Mr. Campbell is married to Aliss Laura J. Pruette, of Virginia.
They have five children, all daughters.
Cantonwine, Geoijge, a flourishing farmer of Walla Walla County, was born
in Pennsylvania in 1822. His father, a Hollander, emigrated to America in
1797. Mr. Cantonwine received his early education in the schools of his native
State, and removed to Iowa in 1839. Removing from thence to Washington in
1863, he took up a homestead, and now owns nineteen hundred and twenty acres
of highly productive land. Progressive in his ideas, he has also introduced a
uew system of farming which largely increases the yield, nearly doubling its
results and constantly increasing the fertility of the acres under cultivation. He
is not only an enthusiastic but most successful agriculturist, devoting his whole
time to that pursuit. He was married in Iowa in 1844 to Miss Mary Lewis, the
daughter of a prominent farmer. She has borne him three children.
Cantonwine, AVesley J., a farmer, of Walla Walla County, was born in

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 517
Iowa in 1853, his father being a Pennsylvanian and his mother a native of Ohio.
Educated in Iowa, he came to Washington, taking up one hundred and sixty
acres of land ; and availing himself of the improved methods of farming, Mr.
Cantonwine finds it exceedingly profitable. He is, moreover, a breeder of blooded
stock — Holstein cattle aud Hamiltonian horses — hoping not only for personal
remuneration, but to establish a higher standard generally. He has a pleasant
home, having married in 1875 Miss Clara E. Cram, a school-teacher of Oregon,
whose father was a wealthy sheep-raiser and the holder of various civil offices in
the county where he resided. They have three children. The subject of our
sketch is a man of fine musical tastes, in which respect his sons resemble him.
He is prominent in the Methodist Episcopal Church and the Independent Order
of Odd Fellows, being a leading officer in both.
Carlisle, Hon. Samuel S., of Seattle, attorney-at-law and late United States
Minister Resident and Consul to Bolivia, was born in Philadelphia, February
11th, 1838 ; was taken to St. Louis by his parents while still an infant, and spent
his boyhood in that city. He received a liberal education at Wyman's High
school, and completed his studies at the University of Missouri. At the close of
the war he settled in New Orleans and engaged in commercial pursuits. He
studied law and was admitted to the Bar in 1875, a profession which he has pur
sued with industry and success. In 1880 he was appointed by the Governor of
Louisiana a Director of the Public School Board of New Orleans, of which he
became the President, a position which he filled with marked ability, advancing
the educational interests of the children of both races by his wise administra
tion. In 1884 he was elected a Member of the State Senate to represent the
Garden District of New Orleans, which office he held until his appointment to a
foreign mission. He specially distinguished himself as a member of this body.
After his recall as Minister to Bolivia, where he served his Government most
acceptably, he settled at Seattle, and at once resumed the active practice of the
law. He was married in 1868 to Miss Sallie Holmes, of New Orleans. Frater
nally Mr. Carlisle is a member of the Knights of Pythias. He has always been a
stanch Democrat, and his appointment to a foreign mission gave satisfaction to
the people of Louisiana. Personally he is a man of education and refinement,
possessing great quickness of perception and remarkable activity and firmness.
He is an able lawyer, and in his legislative career exhibited rare powers of debate
and oratory.
Carpenter, Charles, hop dealer and grower, of North Yakima, was born in
Vermont in 1838. His father, Orin Carpenter, was a farmer of that State, and
his mother, Jane (Bassett) Carpenter, was from the same locality. Fifth in a
family of eight children, young Carpenter attended tbe public schools of his
native State, and was for a time a student at the Malone Academy ; but his busi
ness training of a practical character began in active life in California, whither
he went in 1859, and engaged in various pursuits. After a sojourn of four years
in the Golden State he removed to British Columbia, and from thence to Wash
ington Territory in 1868. He is, therefore, one of the pioneer settlers in Yakima
County. Here he engaged in ranching and hop-raising, which he has followed

518 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
ever since. He was the first to experiment with hop-growing, an undertaking
which proved a wonderful success, until this section is famed for its hop yield
throughout the United States. He is also interested in fruit culture and farming
generally. He was married in 1868 to Miss Lena Webber, a native of Germany.
They have four boys and two girls. Mr. Carpenter is the owner of a handsome
city residence and other valuable property, being one of the heaviest holders of
realty in Yakima County. He is Vice-President of the First National Bank, in
which he is a large stockholder. This is the leading financial depository of that
region. Success speaks for itself, and requires no laudation at the hands of the
biographer. Carr, John, a popular citizen of Dayton, Wash., was born in Wisconsin in
1851. His father, Nicholas Carr, was a New Yorker and a farmer by occupa
tion, his mother being from Wisconsin. Young Carr was educated in the public
schools of his native State and resided there until 1873, when he came to Wash
ington, stopping one year at Salt Lake City on, his way thither. Locating at
Dayton, ho found employment in a planing mill, then became interested in furni
ture and undertaking. After three years he returned to milling, in which he is
still engaged. Mr. Carr married, in 1871, Aliss Anna Nims, of New York. They
have two children. Mr. Carr has filled with great acceptation various civil
offices, having been a Member of the City Council of Dayton, and being the
present Chief of its Fire Department. He is also prominent in national guard
matters. His handsome residence now in course of construction bids fair to
supply all the external needs of a home. His library is extensive and his interest
in educational matters unfailing, having been a member of the School Board for
upward of twelve years. He is a Mason of the thirty-second degree, and a
member of the Knights of Pythias. He is a Democrat in politics, a worker in all
matters for the advancement of the city where he dwells, and is generally
esteemed by his fellow-citizens.
Carroll, Hon. P. P., one of the leading members of the Seattle Bar, is a
Pennsylvanian, having been born in Alontgomery County in that State in Alarch,
1844. Judge Carroll's life has been an eventful one. He is not alone an able
lawyer, but he is a veteran of the late war, and the scars upon his person bear
eloquent testimony to his valor on the field of battle. Young Carroll attended
school at Phcenixville, Chester County, Pa., but before his education was com
pleted the war broke out. When Sumter was fired upon, and President Lincoln
called for volunteers, Carroll, then but seventeen years of age, was among thosa
who responded. He enlisted in an independent battalion, and participated in the
first battle of Bull Run. At the end of ninety days our young soldier offered
himself to a recruiting office of the marine corps, but he was considered too
youthful and was not, received. Nothing daunted, however, he placed himself
under the wing of an acquaintance at Philadelphia, who acted as his guardian,
and in that guise gave his formal consent to his ward's enlistment. This time
he was accepted, and was enrolled as a member of the Volunteer Marine Battalion.
The battalion first saw service in the Potomac flotilla, and was afterward reorgan
ized and sent as a part of Dupont's expedition to Port Royal. After the fall of

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 519
Hilton Head and Beaufort it was sent back to Washington, and the members
were there mustered into Commodore Wilkes's West India Flying Squadron. In
the summer of 1863 young Carroll left the marine corps, his term of enlistment
having expired, and joined the Forty-eighth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers.
From this time on to the close of the war he saw some very active service. In
the campaign of 1864 he was with Grant's army, and participated in the battles
of the Wilderness, Seven Pines, Spottsylvania, and Cold Harbor, and the siege
and attack on Petersburg. Carroll was the first man who broke ground for
the mine before Petersburg, and one of three who were the last to leave it.
When the great mine was exploded, and the awful charge was made which le-
sulted in the fall of the city, Carroll fell among the wouuded. After he became
convalescent he was, because of conspicuous gallantry on the field of battle, rec
ommended for promotion. After a course of study in Taggart's Military School
he received a commission in the army. Tbe war was now drawing to a close,
and shortly after the grand review at Washington, Lieutenant Carroll resigned
his commission and left the service. His constitution, naturally a most vigorous
one, had been sadly impaired by his arduous service in the field and his wounds,
and upon the advice of his physician he went to New Orleans. There he studied
law, was admitted to the Bar, and practised his profession, with the exception
of a term of service upon the Bench, until 1879, when he came to Puget Sound,
locating first at Olympia, where he resided three or four years. He then settled
in Seattle, and has since resided there.
Carter, C. W., capitalist, of New Whatcom, was born in Portland, Ore.,
August 9th, 1855. His early education was confined to the teachings of the
public schools in his native city, supplemented by one year's training in a busi
ness college at Keokuk, la. He then began business for himself in South
Sioux City, general merchandising. After a short time he moved to the Red
River Valley of the North, and two years later to Dalton, Ga. His next move
was to Van Buren, Ark., where he was in business for two years and a half. In
1884 he migrated to New Whatcom, and opened a similar establishment. He
was one of the organizers of the Bellingham Bay National Bank, and is still on
its board of directors. He is also one of the charter members of the Blue Canyon
Coal Alines situated in Whatcom County, in whose future he has great faith, and
he works earnestly for their development. He was married, November 6th, 1879,
to Miss Anna Dracskert, of Sioux City, la. Two children grace this union.
Mr. Carter is a prominent member of the Knights of Pythias.
Carver, George W., farmer, dairyman, and stock-raiser, a man of large and
varied experience, located his homestead three miles east of Ellensburg when
he came to Washington in 1876. He was born in Ohio in 1839, his parents being
also natives of the same State. His father, born in 1807, was Sheriff of Lincoln
County, 0., and held other offices. Young Carver received his rudimentary
education in the Buckeye State. He enlisted in Company E, Ninety-fourth
Illinois, and did gallant service during the Civil War, being wounded at Pea
Ridge. He came to Oregon in 1869, crossing the plains with a company of sixty
wagons, having several skirmishes with Indians en route. After farming for six
24

520 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
years in Oregon, he removed to Washington in 1876, where with a fine breed of
Jersey cattle he has found his dairy farm a great success. Mr. Carver was mar
ried in Nebraska in 1868, and has seven children. Eminently and in the best
sense of the term a self-made man, Mr. Carver is a living exponent of what may
be accomplished by persistent, determined effort to achieve success.
Case, Alanson B., of Tacoma, was born in Rochester, N. Y., where he
remained until his fourteenth year. At that time he removed to Ann Arbor,
Mich., and entered the State Normal School of that city. His parents followed
one year later, and his father built a flouring mill at Ann Arbor. After leaving
school young Case entered a general merchandise store at Allegan, Mich., and
after two years bought out the stock and became a merchant on his own account.
He also bought a flouring mill at Allegan, and successfully conducted both estab
lishments. At this stage of his career the war for the overthrow of the Union
had begun to assume the aspects of a great struggle, and at the sacrifice of his
personal interests, he determined to enter the service of his country. He raised
a company of one hundred and eight men for the Thirteenth Michigan Volunteer
Infantry, and in recognition of that service was made second lieutenant of the
company. Being mustered into the United States service January 18th, 1862,
they proceeded directly, by slow marches, to Pittsburg Landing. In 1863
Mr. Case was' detailed as aide-de-camp on tbe staff of Brigadier-General James A.
Garfield, and continued as such until the latter was succeeded by General C. G.
Harker, under whom Mr. Case became Brigadier Inspector. On the death of
General Harker Air. Case rejoined the Thirteenth Michigan as first lieutenant.
He served under General Sherman in the memorable march to the sea, when he
received his commission as Alajor, but declined to muster under his new rank, as
his term of service had expired, and was mustered out of service at Savannah,
Ga., January 18th, 1865. At the close of his military service he returned to
Allegan, and resumed his former business occupations. In the fall of 1868 he
disposed of his interests at Allegan and removed to Detroit, where he became the
junior partner in the mercantile house of Charles Root & Co., of which firm Gov
ernor Marshall Jewell, of Connecticut, was a special partner. Mr. Case remained
with the firm until 1888, at which time he came to Tacoma on a pleasure trip.
Becoming charmed with the Puget Sound country, and especially with Tacoma,
he determined to settle here permanently, and in February of that year he estab
lished at Tacoma the first rubber house on the Puget Sound, which he has since
successfully conducted in partnership with his son under the firm name of A. B.
Case & Son. They are sole agents for the Goodyear Rubber Company, of New
York, and the Cleveland Rubber Company.
On May 10th, 1893, Mr. Case was appointed Postmaster of Tacoma by Presi
dent Cleveland, and assumed the duties of that position on the first of the follow
ing July. Though a Democrat in politics, his appointment was eminently satis
factory to all classes irrespective of party.
Mr. Case was married in November, 1862, to Aliss Isabella A. Weeks, of
Hudson, O. Two children have blessed their union— a son, Fred E., now a
partner and manager of the firm of A. B. Case & Son, and a daughter, who died
at the age of two years.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 521
Chalenor, W. F., grain dealer, of Palouse, was born in Boston, Mass., in
1860. His father, Frederick W. Chalenor, was an English mechanic, his mother,
Margaret J. (Livingston) Chalenor, being from Ireland. Educated in the public
and high schools of Boston, from which he graduated with honors, our subject
located in Boston and obtained employment as a clerk in a wholesale grocery
house, where he remained four years. The next five years were spent in various
pursuits, after which he journeyed to Montana, where he followed railroading
and mining until he came to Washington in 1886, locating at Spokane, where he
engaged in the grain business for three years. He then removed to Palouse and
established himself in the same business. He was married in 1891 to Miss
Myrtle M. Smith, a native of Illinois. They have one child. He is manager of
the Farmers' Alliance Elevator Company, and is an expert railroad man, his ser
vices in that capacity being always in demand. Fraternally he is a Mason, Odd
Fellow, and Knight of Pythias, also Benevolent Protective Order of Elks and
Encampment. He is also a member of the City Council. He owns a nice city
home and other valuable realty. In politics he is a Democrat, but is esteemed by
the leading men of both parties as an able and energetic young man, whose busi
ness success is assured.
Chamberlain, James L., of North Yakinia, farmer, of Nachess Valley, was
born in 1830 in-Kentucky, second in a family of four born to Paul P. and Eliza
beth (Hatten) Chamberlain, He removed with his parents to Missouri in 1844,
remaining in Andrew County until 1851, when he crossed the plains by ox-team.
At Bear River he rescued a train in their rear which had been attacked by Indians
and defeated, with loss of one man killed and a man and girl wounded. The
train in front of them was also molested. They left a forked stick in the road
with a note asking Mr. Chamberlain's train to reinforce them at Grand Tullies,
they having had a fight in which several Indians had fallen. After many priva
tions, being obliged to subsist on parched corn, they reached the Willamette,
where Mr. Chamberlain settled and engaged in the wood business. He was
snow-bound while en route to California, where he mined for sixteen months.
Returning, he lived at Salem eight years. Many changes and various employ
ments followed, all suggestive of the enterprise and energy of the man until
1886, when we find him in Old Yakima engaged in the livery and hotel business.
In 1889 he removed to his present location, and settled a fine farm of 160 acres,
where he raises crops of hops, grain, and grass. He has a fine orchard, and is a
stock-raiser also. He was married in 1853 to Miss Christina Kincaid, daughter
of Samuel Kincaid, a wealthy Missouri farmer. They have eleven children.
Mr. Chamberlain is a Democrat.
Chambers, T. J., farmer and pioneer of North Yakima, born in Ireland, was
the third in a family of eight children born to Thomas and Laticia (Debzel)
Chambers, both of whom were natives of Ireland, but came to America and
settled in Tennessee. From thence they migrated to the territory of Washington
in 1845, crossing the plains by ox -team and. settling on Puget Sound, where they
spent the rest of their lives. The subject of our sketch was reared a farmer, and
has never seen reason to change his occupation. He crossed the plains with his

522 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
parents at the age of twenty-one, and resided for eighteen years on Puget Sound.
In 1856 he was married to Miss America McAllister, who bore him seven children
and died in 1886. He removed from the Sound to Klickitat County in 1866,
where he remained four years, and then settled on his present farm in the Yakima
Valley. Here he has a fine location, cultivating 160 acres of excellent soil and
raising superior stock, having at present a herd of no less than forty head of
highly bred cattle. His orchard is a marvel of beauty in the time of bloom, and
fulfils its promise in the season of bearing. He is also a producer of small fruits.
Politically he is a Democrat, personally a genial and whole-souled man, like most
of the old pioneers full of reminiscences of the dark and gloomy days of trial,
privation, and Indian hostility which menaced the early settlers of Puget Sound.
Chandler, G. G., was born in Potsdam, St. Lawrence County, N. Y., Decem
ber 16th, 1857, and received the benefits of a common school education in his
native town and at Massena Springs, N. Y. He has been eminently a railroad
man, his first connection being with what was then the Keokuk and Des Moines
Valley Road, now a branch of the Rock Island, at Dowds Station, la., in
September, 1875. From there in 1876 he transferred his services to the Rome,
Watertown and Ogdensburgh, being stationed at Potsdam Junction. Here he
remained until 1879, and then connected himself with the Central Vermont,
making his home at Brandon, Vt., where he sojourned until October, 1882.
Coming to the Northern Pacific in 1882, he was located at Helena, Alont., for five
years as chief clerk of the general agent of the Northern Pacific. In making the
trip to Helena at that time he journeyed 125 miles by stage. Air. Chandler was
transferred to Tacoma in August, 1887, as General Agent of the Northern Pacific.
On April 1st, 1890, he was also appointed General Agent of the Puget Sound and
Alaska Steamship Company, occupying that position together with his general
agency until October 1st, 1892, at which time the Puget Sound and Alaska
Steamship Company was absorbed by the Northern Pacific Railroad and operated
as a division of that company. He was married January 19th, 1887, to Miss
Jean Alice Christie, of Brandon, Vt. He is a high Mason, having taken the
thirty-second degree, a member of the Knights of Pythias, and also of the Alystic
Shrine. Mr. Chandler is an eminent example of what intelligent devotion to
duty, combined with industry and sterling integrity, can accomplish. He is not
only a successful but a self-made man.
Chappell, Samuel, merchant, senior member of the firm of Chappell & Cox,
of North Yakima, was born in Livingston County, N. Y., his father, William
Chappell, being a native of that State, also his mother, Alaria (Deal) Chappell.
He is related on his father's side to Governor Tilden. He received his rudimen
tary education in New York and Oregon, to which State he removed at an early
age. Coming to Washington Territory in 1866, he located in Yakima County,
being one of the oldest settlers in that section. His first occupation in the terri
tory was farming and stock-raising. In 1881, however, he relinquished it to
establish himself in mecantile business in Yakima City, which he has built up
and continues to pursue. Mr. Chappell was married in 1861 to Miss Melvina
Carmack, a native of Memphis, Tenn. She died in 1881, leaving a family of four

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 523
daughters. Mr. Chappell was married again in 1883 to Mrs. Josephine J. Staton
(maiden name, Josephine J. Thon), by whom he has two children. He is the
possessor of considerable property adjoining the city, all of which is under culti
vation. He has filled with acceptance various civil offices, having been County
Commissioner for two terms, also a member of the City Council. It is needless
to add that he enjoys the confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens.
Charlton, C. A., a well-known farmer and stock-raiser of Kittitas Valley,
was born in West Virginia in 1829, his parents being natives of the same State.
His father, who was born in 1794, was a Virginia planter, and died in 1858, leav
ing a wife and nine children, of whom our subject was the fourth. Educated in
the common schools of West Virginia, Mr. Charlton removed to Kentucky, and
after many years of adventurous travel in those early days, migrated to Oregon
in 1850, making the perilous but picturesque journey across the plains by ox-
team, losing many of their small party by cholera en route. He then became a
gold-seeker in California, but finally turned his steps toward Washington Terri
tory, where he arrived and settled in Kittitas Valley in 1883, buying one hundred
and sixty acres of land eight miles northeast of Ellensburg. Mr. Charlton was
a soldier of the Oregon Indian War, serving as a volunteer under Captain Rice in
the Rogue River campaign, and doing gallant duty in that eminently dangerous
service. He married in Oregon Miss P. C. Newlen, a native of Missouri, born in
1843. Their union has been blessed by no less than ten children.
Cheasty, Edward C, Police Commissioner of Seattle, was born in Island
County, Wash., October 9th, 1864. Young Cheasty had reached the age of eight
years when his parents removed to Seattle. Here he received the benefits of a
common school education, after which he entered the dry-goods store of W. P.
Boyd & Co. as salesman, in whose employment he continued for seven years.
Going to San Francisco at the end of that time, he connected himself with the
house of J. J. O'Brien & Co., doing business in that city, and remained in their
service for three years. In 1888 he returned to Seattle and established himself
in the men's furnishing goods and hat business, which he still continues. Mr.
Cheasty is a member of the Roman Catholic Church, and has worked his way up
as a successful mercantile man, making many friends in the community of which
he is a member. He was appointed one of four Police Commissioners in April,
1892, and is still serving his first term in that office.
Chilberg, I., the popular restaurant-keeper of Tacoma, was born September
19th, 1844, at South Hallen, Sweden, and there received his elementary educa
tion. He came to America in 1853, landing in Boston, and went to Moline, 111.,
where he attended school one year. He then went to Wapello County, la.,
where he remained four years, attending school and working on a farm. His next
move was to Geneseo, Henry County, III., where he was employed in a soap and
candle factory until 1864, when he enlisted in Company L, Seventeenth Illinois
Cavalry. He was mustered out of the service at Leavenworth, Kan., Dece:i ber
20th, 1865, and received his final discharge at Springfield, 111., on the 28th of the
same month. He then returned to Geneseo, where he resided until 1867, being

524 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
engaged as travelling salesman a part of that time. From 1867 to 1875 he resided
at Burlingtou, la., employed principally as wood-turner in the furniture factory
of J. G. Jaggar, and as carpenter for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Rail
road Company. After the great fire in Chicago, in 1871, he worked in that
city about two months at carpentry. He was married in Burlington, November
4th, 1867, to Miss Martha Dixon. In December, 1875, Mr. Chilberg removed to
Virginia City, Nev., where he worked at his trade until June, 1877. At the
latter date he came to Tacoma, Wash , and soon after went to Wilkinson, Wash.,
where he assisted in the construction of the first coal-bunkers built by the North
ern Pacific Railroad. After the completion of this work he returned to Tacoma
in 1878 and embarked in the restaurant business. One year later he engaged in
the same business in Olympia, where he remained one year, then removed to
Walla Walla and conducted a restaurant there until 1885. In the latter year he
returned to Tacoma and opened a small restaurant seating only about sixteen
people. The business increased and prospered and has been enlarged at various
times, until now he has seating accommodations for three hundred people. Air.
Chilberg has achieved success in business by persistent, unflagging industry, and
careful attention to detail. In his dealings he is thoroughly honest and reliable,
and he enjoys the confidence and respect of the community.
Chilberg, J. E., wholesale flour merchant of Seattle, was born in Iowa, June
19th, 1867, and received his early education in Seattle, to which city his parents
removed when he was but a boy of five. His first employment was as an appren
tice in a printing office, but he relinquished this a year later to enter the store of
his father, then conducting one of the largest grocery houses in the city, as book
keeper. He continued to take an active part in this business, and so proved his
efficiency that on Christmas, 1887, his father presented him with a half interest
in the concern, and at once enlarged its scope. In October, 1888, his father sold
out his interest to the son, who at once formed a copartnership with four other
young men and built up an immense trade, until it became the largest house of
its kind in Seattle, Mr. Chilberg being its sole manager and conducting its affairs
with gratifying success, until the great fire of June 6th, 1889, swept the city, the
firm losing all and having their store burned to the ground. Nothing daunted,
Mr. Chilberg made another venture in business, starting a wholesale grocery in
his own name, but sold out after a year's trial to engage in the wholesale flour
trade. He now represents the C. & C. Roller Mills of Spokane Falls, and is also
head bookkeeper of the City Water Works. He was married December 10th,
1889, to Miss Abbie Rinehart, of Seattle. He is a member of the Ancient Order
of United Workmen and P. S. of A., and also of the Young Naturalists of
Seattle. Clapp, Cyrus F., a leading citizen and business man of Port Townsend,
Wash., was born in Medford, Piscataquis County, Me., July 29th, 1851. He
received a good academic education at Foxcroft and East Corinth, in his native
State, and in 1866 went to Belfast, Ireland, where he entered the Royal Belfast
Institution. He afterward attended the D. J. Smeaton Educational Institution
at St. Andrews, Scotland, from which he was graduated in 1869. Returning to

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 525
Maine, he went to Charleston, where he remained until March, 1870, when he
came to the Pacific Coast. After a brief sojourn in San Francisco he came to
Port Townsend in the fall of the same year, and obtained a position as clerk in
the Cosmopolitan Hotel. Six months later he returned to San Francisco and
became a clerk in the dry-goods house of D. Samuels, serving in that capacity
for two years. Returning again to Port Townsend, he bought out the Cosmo
politan Hotel business, and continued the same with success and profit for three
years. He then removed to New Dungeness, Wash., and established himself in
the general merchandise business at that place. In addition to this he was
actively interested in logging, sealing, and numerous other enterprises during his
ten years' residence in New Dungeness, meeting with marked success in all his
undertakings. In 1887 he returned to Port Townsend and organized the Mer
chants' Bank, of which he was President until November, 1889, when he disposed
of his interests to W. S. Ladd, of Portland, Ore. Mr. Clapp has extensive real
estate interests, both in Port Townsend and elsewhere. He is a large stockholder
and one of the principal factors in the Port Crescent town site, which is situated
on the Straits of San Juan de Fuca, occupying the nearest point to any harbor
between United States and British possessions on these straits, being but nine
miles distant from Port Beecher, B. C. He also has large investments in timber
lands in Clallam, Thurston, Chehalis, Mason, Skagit, and Island counties. Mr.
Clapp has led a remarkably active life, has a natural capacity for business, is
noted for the soundness of his judgments, is a plain and unassuming man, pos
sesses great force of character, has innumerable friends and no enemies. He has
been more than ordinarily successful in business, which may be ascribed to keen
ness of perception in financial matters, and well-directed and persistent work.
He was married January 21st, 1875, to Wilhelmina M. P. Lacy, of Port Town-
send. Four daughters and one son have been born to them, of whom the son
and one daughter are deceased.
Clark, J. H., of North Yakima, farmer, was born in Ohio in 1823, fifth in a
family of eleven born to Abner and Jane (Stigers) Clark, of Pennsylvania. He
left home with his parents after receiving the ordinary education of a common
school in 1844. At the age of twenty-one he went to Missouri, where he re
mained fifteen years. In 1848 he was married to Miss Mary J. More, a daughter
of William H. More, a thriving farmer of that section. They have six children.
He removed to Kansas and stayed there until 1876. In 1877 he crossed the plains
to Walla Walla, and in the spring of 1880 came to Yakima and settled on his
present farm, which he finds wonderfully productive and amply sufficient for his
wants. He is also a stock-raiser. A pioneer of Western life, having seen many
changes and endured much of the innumerable hardships inseparable from frontier
existence, it is a pleasant thing to see a career like Mr. Clark's crowned with
those home comforts so prized by age and needful to declining years.
Clary, J. C, a citizen largely identified with the best interests and material
progress of Cle Elum, was born in Kentucky thirty-two years ago. He is the son
of Joshua and Eliza (Prader) Clary. His parents were both Kentuckians. Edu
cated in the public schools of Maysville, young Clary began active life as a horse
dealer at Mays Lick, Ky., an occupation which he followed for thirteen years at

526 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
that place. Coming to Washington Territory in 1885, he located in Yakima City,
where he engaged in merchandising ; then, moving to Ellensburg, he resumed
horse-dealing, and from thence moved to Cle Elum, where he still follows the
same business. Mr. Clary married at Cle Elum in 1891 Miss Alary McNett, a
native of Alichigan. They have a pleasant home in the city, where Mr. Clary is
possessed of valuable real estate. A conservative and clear-headed business man,
active and progressive, Mr. Clary is evidently destined to succeed.
Claypool, Charles Ethebert, a Colonel on the staff of Governor Ferry, a
State Senator, a fluent speaker and ready debater, holds a recognized place among
the lawyers of Tacoma, and bids fair with his talents and energy to become
equally prominent in political life. Colonel Claypool was born in Crown Point,
Lake County, Ind., December 7th, 1861. His father. Rev. J. H. Claypool, was
a Methodist minister. Colonel Claypool received his education and early training
at Lafayette, Ind., where he was admitted to the Bar and practised for two years.
Removing to Washington iu 1887, he met with business reverses which obliged
him to become a printer, a trade which he had learned when a boy, but soon
returned to the practice of the law. A brief but eloquent endorsement of Harri
son and Morton, which he delivered at a presidential ratification meeting, became
the stepping-stone to the active part in politics which the Colonel, who is a stanch
Republican, has ever since taken. From local positions in the interest of his
party, we find him nominated and elected State Senator in 1890, taking his seat
as the youngest Senator, being only 29 years of age, in that branch of the State
Legislature. Notwithstanding his youth, he was made Chairman of the Library
Committee, and carried through more measures than any other member from
Pierce County. Educated, genial, and entertaining, Colonel Claypool makes
many friends, both in his professional and social life. His position on the Gov
ernor's staff was that of Judge Advocate-General, which gave him the rank and
title of Colonel. He married October 22d, 1890, Miss Annie B. Cowles, of
Olympia. Cleman, Jacob, another representative of that important class who have done
so much to develop the resources of the State of Washington, is a farmer and
stockman of Kittitas County, and was born in Yakima County in 1866. His
parents were natives of Missouri, his father, like himself, being a tiller of the
soil. They emigrated to Oregon in 1852, coming by the slow and dangerous
route across the plains. From thence they removed in 1879 to Kittitas County,
where the father died, October 29th, 1881, leaving a wife and eight children, of
whom the subject of our sketch was the sixth. Air. Cleman received his early
education in the public schools of Kittitas Valley, where he afterward engaged
in farming, and now cultivates a fine farm of two hundred and eighty acres situ
ated four miles west of Ellensburg, tbe fertility of which fully rewards his
labors. Finding a mate in the valley where he resided, he married in 1886 Miss
Nora B. Sharp, a native of Oregon, born in 1868. They have three children.
Mr. Clcman's interest in cattle is considerable, amounting to no less than one
hundred and twenty-four head. He is also a stockholder in the Ellensburg
ditch, and takes a lively interest in the welfaie of the county where he resides.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 527
Clemon, Rebecca A., born in Missouri in 1834, is a representative woman,
who arrived in Washington Territory at a date which involved a full share of the
many privations and dangers to which in that early time all her pioneers were
exposed. Mrs. Clemon is the widow of the late Augustin Clemon, one of the
most prosperous farmers and stockmen of Kittitas County. The parents of Mrs.
Clemon were natives of Kentucky, her father having been born in 1806 and her
mother some two years later. They removed to Missouri and thence to Oregon
in 1850, making the jouruey across the plains with a train of fifty wagons, whose
captain, Air. Mansfield, succumbed to cholera on the way. Mrs. demon's father
settled in Warren County, where l)e died in 1891, leaving six children, of whom
Mrs. Clemon was the oldest. She received the education of her girlhood in Mis
souri, and was married to Mr. Clemon in Oregon in 1852. Mr. Clemon was born
in 1815 in Tennessee, and removed to Washington the same year as herself. For
fifteen years after their marriage they made their home in Oregon, engaged in
farming, then removed in 1865 to Washington, locating in Yakima County, where
her husband became a successful sheep-grower. They migrated to the Kittitas
Valley in 1879, where they purchased land. Mrs. Clemon is still the owner of
five, hundred and sixty-seven acres. Her husband died on the homestead, Octo
ber 29th, 1889. Eight children survive him.
Clemens, Clifton, farmer, of North Yakima, Wash., was born in Missouri in
1845, being the eldest of a family of nine born to Augustus and Mary Jane Clemens,
natives of Tennessee and Virginia respectively. He received a common school
education in Oregon, to which State he accompanied his parents, crossing the
plains with them by ox-team in 1850. They had little trouble with the Indians,
but lost his mother, who died en route, at Independence Rock, on July 4th,
After a journey of eight months he reached Oregon and remained there until
1868, when he removed to Yakima, where he has lived ever since, fourteen years
of the time having been spent on his present farm. He is the owner of three
hundred and eighty-eight acres, raises large crops, principally grasses, has a fine
orchard, a private irrigating ditch, and is moreover a breeder of blooded stock.
He was married in 1870 to Aliss Sara A. Henson, daughter of Alfred Henson,
farmer, of Selah Valley, Yakima County. They have eleven children. Mr.
Clemens is a thriving, thrifty agriculturist, popular with his neighbors, and suc
cessful in the business of his choice. In politics he is a Democrat.
Clothier, Harrison, founder of the town of Mt. Vernon, Wash., was born in
Saratoga County, N. Y., July 9th, 1840, and is descended from an old and promi
nent Whig family. Like most other farmers' boys, he went to school and also
learned to assist in the farm work at an early age, remaining on the home place
until his twenty-second year. He then found a somewhat wider scope for his
abilities in teaching in the district schools. He followed this vocation in 1862
and 1863 in his native county and met with gratifying success, not only main
taining excellent order in his schools, but keeping his pupils interested by the
use of quick methods and practical suggestions. In the spring of 1863 he went
to Rensselaer County. N. Y., where he worked on a farm for about nine months.
On the first of the following January he went to New York City, and later visited

528 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
his father, with whom he spent the remainder of the winter. In the spring he
was employed on a farm in Ocean County, N. J. Returning home in July, he
took charge of the home farm for about two months, and then removed to Monroe
County, N. Y., where he was employed on a farm until July, 1866. His father
dying at that time, he again returned home to take charge of the paternal estate,
and after disposing of his interests there, took a ten weeks' course of study at
Macedon Academy, in Wayne County, N. Y. He then went to Trempealeau
County, Wis., where he engaged in farming until the fall of 1868. At that time
he again engaged in school-teaching and continued for six terms, working on the
farm during the summer months. In 1872 he engaged in mercantile business at
Farmhill, Minn., and continued until the fall of 1874. In the following spring
he started for the Pacific Coast, but stopped at Reno, Nev. After working on a
farm near that place for about three months he resumed his journey and reached
San Francisco. Tarrying there but a week, he embarked for Seattle, Wash., on
the historic steamer Pacific, which was afterward lost with several hundred pas
sengers. From Seattle he went to La Conner, Wash. ; worked on a farm there
for two months ; thence to Salem, Ore., where he taught scliool about two months.
The next four months were spent in teaching at Walla Walla, Wash. In August
of the same year (1876) he returned to La Conner, worked at farming until the
following November, and then taught school for three months. In February,
1877, he built a store on the present site of Mt. Vernon, and in the following
month opened the same with a stock of general merchandise, in company with
E. G. English. Mr. Clothier bought ten acres of land and platted part of the
present town of Mt. Vernon. He gave the town its name and acted as its first
postmaster. A man of intelligence and enterprise and a Democrat in political
faith, Mr. Clothier has beeu repeatedly called by his fellow-citizens to fill posi
tions of public trust. In the fall of 1880 he was elected Auditor of Whatcom
County and served as such for two years. In November, 1883, when Skagit
County was organized, he was elected one of its first County Commissioners,
filling that office for one year. In the fall of 1886 he was elected Probate Judge
of Skagit County, and held that position for two years. In May, 1889, he was
elected a member of the Constitutional Convention for the new State of Washing
ton. In May, 1891, he was appointed Treasurer of Skagit County, to fill a
vacancy caused by the death of the Treasurer-elect. In 1892 he was the Demo
cratic nominee for State Treasurer, but failed of election. In the various public
positions which he has held. Air. Clothier has carefully and conscientiously pro
tected the interests of his constituents, and his entire record merits and receives
the heartiest approval of the most intelligent, liberal-minded element of the
entire community. A man of calm judgment, of marked intelligence, of keen,
perceptive faculties, abounding in sensible, practical ideas, and of unsullied integ
rity, he enjoys the universal esteem of his fellow-men.
Cobaugh, J. C, Assayer and Alinoralogist, was born June 5th, 1838, in Lan
caster County, Pa. His father was a wagon-maker. Young Cobaugh was the
eldest of ten and received very little education, his father being in straitened cir
cumstances. He was, therefore, compelled to obtain employment at an early age,
working as a farm hand up to the age of twenty, after which he travelled for two

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 529
years with a circus ; then, drifting to Louisville, he enlisted in the army, and
was sent to Nebraska. This was in 1865. Here he was engaged in frontier ser
vice, the Indians being very troublesome. Being honorably discharged, he pro
ceeded to Virginia City, where he engaged for seven years in placer mining with
varying results. He commenced quartz-mining in 1875 at Trapper Camp, Mont.
After two years' experience, he sold out his interests. Migrating to Iron Rod
Mountain, he made considerable money in mining ventures, and followed the
same pursuit with success at Wood River, Ida. The Cceur d'Alene mining ex
citement drew him thither, thence to Colville, discovering the Bonanza, and sell
ing out that interest for $2000. He then devoted himself to assaying ; made a
trip to Kettle River, B. C, and in 1887 visited the Hall Aline in the Kootenai
District, where he was given an interest for assaying services. Here he remained
for four years, selling out to great advantage and receiving not only a round sum
in cash, but two ranches near Colville of one hundred and sixty acres each, also
valuable city real estate. Mr. Cobaugh, who is still unmarried, is a striking ex
ample of the success which awaits patient effort and persevering industry, even
when hampered by great early disadvantages.
Cobb, Judge Warner, has his pleasant home and well-stocked farm of three
hundred and twenty acres all under cultivation, with ample orchard of six hun
dred trees and many other good things, within a mile and a half of the busy
town of Fairfield, Wash. The Judge was born in Breckenridge County, Ky., in
1832. His father, a Virginian, was a lifelong farmer in Kentucky ; his mother,
also a Virginian, still survives, and makes her home with her son. Until the age
of seventeen the Judge received such teaching as a district school might supply ;
since then his naturally active brain has been self-taught. He moved from the
East and " homesteaded" his present farm in 1880. In 1867 he married at Jack
son County, Mo., Miss Alice Carter, of Kentucky, by whom he has seven children.
He is a Democrat, a member of the Masonic Fraternity, the owner of a fine herd
of cattle, and as pleasant a home as often falls to a farmer's lot. The Judge has
repeated claims to his legal title, having been elected a Justice of the Peace in
Missouri in 1868, serving on several occasions as one of the judges of the County
Court. In Washington he was elected in 1882 on the Democratic ticket Probate
Judge, serving until 1884 ; was re-elected in 1886 as County Commissioner, serving
until 1888. He then declined all overtures to accept office, having retired from
political life.
Coe, William G., physician and surgeon, of North Yakima, was born in
Baltimore, Md., in 1854. His father, William G. Coe, was a Methodist clergy
man, and his mother, Annie (Armstrong) Coe, was a native of Maryland. He
received his classical education at the Washington and Lee University, of Lex-
ingtou, Va. His medical diploma was received from the College of Physicians
and Surgeons of Baltimore, from which he graduated in 1877. Immediately
beginning to practise in the State of West Virginia, he remained there nine years
and then removed to the Indian Reservation at Fort Simcoe, Wash., and after a
three years' stay there came to North Yakima in 1889, and has here built up a
large practice. He was married in 1879 to Miss Helen Feamster, a daughter of a

530 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
well-to-do farmer of West Virginia. They have a family of four children, two of
whom are students at the Sisters' Academy. The doctor has a fine residence in
the city and other valuable property. He was elected Coroner in 1892 and is also
City Health Officer, besides holding the office of local surgeon for the Northern
Pacific Railroad. Fraternally he is a Alason and member of the Knights of
Pythias, Uniform R ink. He takes an active interest in the affairs of the city.
He has a fine library, both of general and professional literature, and is a close
student. Cohn, Bernhard, of Pomeroy, Wash., was born in Germany in 1857. His
father, Gaza Cohn, a merchant, and his mother, Josephine, were both of that
nationality. Fifth in a family of nine, he received his education in the public
and high schools, with physical training in the gymnasiums of his native land. In
1872 he came to the United States, located in San Francisco, and became a clerk
and bookkeeper in that city and other sections of California. Removing to
Washington Territory iu 1883, he established a general merchandise business and
continued it until September, 1892, when the Pomeroy Alercantile Company was
formed with a paid-up capital of $30,000, Air. Cohn being a large stockholder.
He became its General Manager, and still continues to conduct the affairs of its
large and increasing business. He is evidently well fitted for the task he has
undertaken, being one of the most energetic and enterprising business men in the
community, with an enviable reputation for industry, honesty, and that business
sagacity whose strongest foundation is undeniable common sense ; yet with all
this he does not neglect mental cultivation, being a close student and a ripe
scholar. Cole, Fremont, attorney-at-law, of Seattle, was born September 18th, 1856,
in Covert, Seneca County, N. Y. ; received his education in the district school
and at Farmers' Village Academy, studied law at Watkins Glen, and was admitted
to the Bar of New^York iu 1880. He practised at Watkins Glen for ten years.
In 1884 he was elected to the State Legislature, and was re-elected for five suc
cessive terms. In January, 1888, he was elected Speaker of the lower branch of
the Legislature, and was re-elected to the same important position in the follow
ing session. He came to Seattle in June, 1890, and at once began the active
practise of the law, forming a partnership with Alessrs. E. F. Blaine and
L. Devois, under the firm name of Cole, Blaine & Devois. He withdrew one
year later, and now practises alone. He was married in September, 1888, to Miss
Charlotte Roberts, of Watkins, N. Y. They have one daughter.
Collier, E. L., Auditor and Recorder of Whatcom County, AVash. , was born
November 1st, 1858, at Campbellsburg, Washington County. Ind., and received
a common-school education in his native place. Losing his mother when he was
but four years old, he early became acquainted with the hardships of life, and at
the age of twelve years we find him earning his own livelihood by laborious farm
work. He continued his agricultural labors in his native State until 1878, at
which time he started for Montana. Stopping at Clay Centre, Kan., he spent
one year there engaged in farmiug pursuits. Going thence to Virginia City,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 531
Mont., he worked in the mines there until 1884, when he migrated to California.
He remained in San Francisco until the spring of 1888, when he came to New
AVhatcom, Wash., where he has since resided. In 1890 he was elected Auditor
and Recorder for the county of Whatcom, was re-elected in 1892, and is now
serving his second term in that office. As a public officer Air. Collier is con
scientious and painstaking in the discharge of every duty, winning the respect
and esteem of the people of the county, whose interests he has honestly guarded
and earnestly endeavored to promote. In manner he is genial and affable, and
numbers his friends by the score. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of
Pythias. Collins, John, a thrifty farmer of Walla Walla County, was born in Ohio in
1843, his parents being natives of Ireland, who emigrated to the Buckeye State
in 1840. The subject of our sketch, after receiving such limited education as the
district schools of his section could bestow, entered upon the active business of
life by becoming a miner in Colorado, near Denver. From thence in 1868 he
removed to White Pine, Nev., where he still engaged in the same pursuit. After
many years of adventurous wandering Mr. Collins finally settled upon his present
farm in Walla Walla County. He tills no less than seven hundred and sixty
acres of choice land which well rewards his labors, his heaviest crop often reach
ing thirty-five bushels to the acre. His improvements are extensive, and were all
built by himself. He is married and has had six children. AVhat more could a
Western farmer ask — a fine farm, a pleasant home, abundant conveniences, and
children growing up about him.
Collyer, Samuel, Cashier of the Merchants' National Bank of Tacoma, is
the eldest son of the Rev. Robert Collyer, the eminent Unitarian preacher of New
York City. He was born July 6th, 1847, near Keighley. Yorkshire, England,
and at the age of seven came to America with some friends of his father, locating
near Philadelphia, Pa. In 1859 the family removed to Chicago, and Samuel
received his education in the public schools of that city. At the age of seventeen
he began his business life as clerk in the office of the purchasing agent of the
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company, and also acted as stationer
of the system for three years. He then entered the employ of Messrs. Bates & Co.,
wholesale lumber dealers, remaining with them for twelve years. In the spring
of 1880 he removed with his family to Silver Cliff, Col., where he engaged in the
lumber business and ranching for four years. This venture being unsuccessful,
he entered the employ of the Bradstreet Commercial Agency at Denver, Col.,
and removed his family to that city. In 1885 he was appointed the Superinten
dent of Bradstreet's Salt Lake City office, and fifteen months later was transferred
to the Portland, Ore., office, where be remained in charge for fifteen months. In
1888 he severed his connection with the Mercantile Agency to accept the position
of Cashier of the Merchants' National Bank of Tacoma, which office he has since
filled. He is a director and stockholder in this bank, President of the Western
Washington Industrial Exposition Company, Vice-President of the Tacoma Cham
ber of Commerce, Treasurer of the World's Fair Commission, and is connected
with various other business enterprises. His life throughout has been that of an

532 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
active, useful, far-seeing man. He is keen and sagacious in business, and pos
sesses the highest order of financial ability. As a citizen of Tacoma he has been
vigilant in promoting the interests of the community with reference to all public
enterprises and improvements. Frank and genial in manner, kindly and generous
in his nature, he is deservedly popular with a host of friends. Mr. Collyer was
married October 11th, 1871, to Miss Rebecca Moore, of Chicago. She died in
December, 1876, leaving one daughter, who is married and resides in Chicago.
December 9th, 1879, he was married to Miss Louise Dewey, of Chicago, and by
her he has one son, Norman.
Conover, Charles T., of the firm of Crawford & Conover, investment brokers
of Seattle, was born in Schoharie County, N. Y , August 7th, 1862, and there
received his early training and education. At the age of sixteen he went to
Amsterdam, N. Y., and began to learn the printer's trade, but soon abandoned
it, and in 1880 became a reporter on the Troy (New York) Times, under John A.
Sleicher, the present editor of the New York Mail and Express. Returning to
Amsterdam, he became city editor of the Evening Recorder, and so continued for
about a year. He then returned to his native county and took charge of the
weekly Cobleskill Herald, which he conducted until his twenty-first year, when
he disposed of his interest in that paper. About this time he came into posses
sion of quite an estate left him by his father, and, impressed with the advantages
of the West, removed to Port Moody, B. C, where he engaged in the lumber
business and lost the most of his means. He then went to Tacoma, Wash., where
he obtained a position as reporter for the Tacoma Ledger. A few months later
he was offered and accepted the city editorship of the Seattle Post Intelligencer,
and removed to that city, where he has since resided. After one year's service on
the Post Intelligencer he resigned, and this closed his career as a " newspaper
man." He then, in 1888, formed a partnership with S. L. Crawford, also of the
Post Intelligencer staff, under the firm style of Crawford & Conover, and embarked
in the real estate business. The venture proved a Successful one, and Craw
ford & Conover are household words throughout the Pacific Northwest. Mr.
Conover is a director in the First National Bank of Seattle, and is identified with
many important enterprises. Although a young man, he has attained a leading
position in financial circles, and has a highly honorable reputation. The popular
and appropriate title, the Evergreen State, the official sobriquet of Washington,
was first suggested by Mr. Conover. He was married in June, 1891, to Miss
Louise Burns, of New York City.
Conover, Dr. S. B., a practising physician of Port Townsend, Wash., was
born in New Jersey, September 23d, 1840. He received his early education in
Trenton, N. J., aud his medical training in Philadelphia. He served in the
United States Army as Acting xVssistant-Surgeon at Nashville, Tenn., Philadel
phia, Pa., and Cincinnati, O., until 1865, when he resigned to engage in private
practice at Trenton, N. J. One year later he again entered the army as Acting
Assistant-Surgeon, and served as Post Surgeon at Lake City, Fla., until 1868,
when he became State Treasurer of Florida, a position which he filled until the
expiration of his term in January, 1873, when he was chosen United States Sen-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 533
ator. He entered upon this important office March 4th, 1873, and served with
distinguished ability until the expiration of his term in 1879. Dr. Conover took
an active and influential part in the reconstruction of the State of Florida, served
as delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and was Speaker of the State House
of Representatives. In 1880 the Republicans chose him as their candidate for
Governor, and while he firmly believed he was honestly elected, the Democratic
Party being in control of the political machinery, the certificate of election was
given to his opponent. Dr. Conover was chairman of the Florida delegations to
the National Republican Conventions of 1868 and 1876. After attending several
courses of lectures at the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, he again
took up the practice of his profession in Florida, and continued there until his
removal to Port Townseiid, where he enjoys an extensive aud lucrative practice.
He is a member of the World's Fair Commission of the State of Washington.
Dr. Conover is progressive and public-spirited in his ideas, and one whose entire
career has been synonymous with integrity and manliness. He possesses in an
eminent degree the qualities most needed in a public official. During all the
years of his public life he so acted as to leave the impression under all circum
stances of being animated by a conscientious purpose to faithfully discharge every
trust, regardless of consequences — a record which firmly established him in the
confidence and respect of the public. He is genial and social in nature, easily
wins and retains friends, and is deservedly popular in the city of his adoption,
where he has justly earned the good opinion of his fellows.
Conrad, James H., a representative farmer of Tampico, Wash., was born in
New York in 1840, being the eldest of a family of three children born to Samuel
and Keziah (Hollister) Conrad, both of whom were natives of the Empire State.
Leaving home at the age of sixteen, young Conrad began life for himself, spend
ing three years in Maryland, and then returning to his native State, where he
remained until he reached twenty-one. Migrating to Illinois, he engaged in
various occupations for a period of eight years, when he removed to Missouri and
thence by the overland Salt Lake route to Portland, Ore., whence, after a long
sojourn, he went to Yakima, Wash., and took possession of the fine farm which
he still cultivates. He is also a considerable land-owner in other localities, has
acres of hops, fine hop houses, a beautiful orchard — in short, all that goes to
make the life of an agriculturist an enviable one. Mr. Conrad was married in
1S63 to Aliss Mary A. Greeve, the daughter of a prominent merchant of Illinois.
Their union has been blessed with six children.
Cook, Lucian F., of Tacoma, a son of Silas and Catherine F. Cook, was born
in Watertown, O., February 26th, 1849. His father was an inventor of some note
and one of the pioneers of Tacoma, coming there when the great city of the
present was but a place of some seveu hundred souls. Young Cook received a
common school education, removed with his parents to Western Iowa in 1846, and
entered the Commercial College of St. Joseph, Mo., but did not complete its
course. He engaged in newspaper work in 1883, and published the Dunlap
Reporter for eight years in Dunlap, la. ; then sold out and began to conduct
the issue of the Harrison County News, which he edited for two years. He

534 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
came to Washington in 1884, located at Tacoma, and became a real estate dealer,
being also identified with other enterprises. He organized the Puget Sound
Pressed Brick and Terra Cotta Company. For two years he was President of the
Young Men's Christian Association of Tacoma, and was President of the Humane
Society. He is an owner and director of the Lake Park Railroad and Improve
ment Company, and a very large real estate owner in the counties of Pierce and
King, aggregating half a million dollars. He is President of the Around the
World Publishing Company ; patentee of a system of elevated and electric rail
roads, now building an experimental line in Tacoma. Mr. Cook is a business
man, largely identified with the later history and progress of Tacoma. He is a
devoted member of the Congregational Church.
Cook, Mortimer, capitalist, of Sedro, Wash., was born in Mansfield, O., Sep
tember 15th, 1826. Like many another farmer's boy, he attended the district
school in winter, working on the paternal acres during the summer months. This
lasted until he reached the age of twenty, when he enlisted in the First United
States Infantry, at Burlington, la.; was sent to the frontier of Southwestern
Texas, and served under the biographer's command until his discharge in 1850.
He then entered the Quartermaster's employ at Eagle Pass, Tex., in which he
continued for two years. In the spring of 1852 he went to California, travelling
alone from San Antonio, Tex., to Alazatlan, Mexico. Reaching San Francisco,
May 23d, 1852, he embarked in mining and speculating, starting a mining store
at Rabbit Creek, Cal. Attracted by the Frazer River gold excitement of 1858,
he journeyed thither and started a ferry on Thompson's River, known as Cook's
Ferry, a great success. He was also the proprietor of a general mining store at
Lytton, on the same river. In 1864 he returned to Ohio, purchased the old
homestead and resided there for three years, but finding its dull monotony too
wearisome for an adventuresome spirit, sold out and removed to Topeka, Kan.,
where he built the iron bridge across the Kaw River, and remained for four years.
Then he went to Santa Barbara, Cal., where he established the First National
Gold Bank of that city, of which institution he was President for five years. He
came to Skagit County, Wash., and located on the present site of Sedro, invest
ing heavily in land both in Skagit and the neighboring counties. He also started
a shingle mill and store, and is now giving his attention to the cultivation of six
hundred acres, which he purposes making a model farm. He was married Jan
uary 14th, 1863, to Miss Nancy F. Pollock, of Alansfield, O. They have three
daughters. Mr. Cook has filled the office of Alayor of Santa Barbara, Cal., for
three years, is a worthy Alason and an Odd Fellow. It has fallen to the lot of
the biographer to trace the history of one of his old soldiers from the humble
position of high private in the regulars to the larger dignity of capitalist and
ex-Mayor. His old commander congratulates him ou his success.
Cooke, E. N., a farmer and stockman, and also interested in mining, is noted
as being the discoverer of borax and soda deposits in the Crab Creek country.
He cultivates his farm of seven hundred acres nine miles east of Ellensburg, in
the fertile Kittitas Valley. He was born in Oregon in 1854. His father was a
native of Ohio, his mother of New York. His father was a veteran of the Mexi-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 535
can War, a pioneer of the Pacific Coast, coming to Oregon in 1850, and removing
to the Kittitas Valley twenty years later, where he died, October 1st, 1888,
leaving a widow and nine children. He was for four terms a member of the
Territorial Legislature, Auditor of Yakima County, prominent in the organization
of Kittitas County, and afterward its School Superintendent. The subject of our
sketch received his education in the common schools of Oregon and Washington.
He followed the cattle business, took up land, aud by thrift and enterprise has
achieved his present success. He was married in 1881 to Miss Yocum, a lady of
education, who was born in Minnesota in 1860. They have three children.
Cooper, John H., M.D., a prominent physician and leading citizen of Farm
ington, Wash., was born in Sidney, Shelby County, O., October 30th, 1851. His
father was John Cooper, a planter, of Virginia, and his mother a native of the
Keystone State. Dr. Cooper received his rudimentary education in the district
schools of Ohio, and then entered Westfield College, 111., intending to take a
scientific course, which, however, he did not fully complete. He received his
medical training at the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, graduating in
1875, with the degree of M.D. Locating in Illinois, he remained two years there,
then returned to Monticello, where he continued to reside for seven years. Mov
ing to Washington in 1885, he located at Farmington, where he has ever since
remained actively engaged in the practice of his profession. The doctor married
in 1882 Aliss Mary H. Piatt, a cousin of the famous Washington journalist of that
name. Three children have blessed their union. The doctor, who is the owner
of a pretty city residence besides other valuable real estate, has held the office of
Mayor and also that of City Councillor, and has been largely instrumental in the
improvement of the city, both morally and materially, during his term of office,
especially in the matter of its water supply. He is a Mason, a Knight of Pythias,
a Republican in politics, a public-spirited citizen, and in all respects a representa
tive man.
Cooper, Trandell M. , farmer and politician, of Sprague, Wash., was born in
New York in 1848. His father, John Cooper, was a farmer and merchant of
Rutland, Vt. ; his mother, Louise A. Cooper, was a native of Oswego, N. Y.
Young Cooper was educated in the public schools of Illinois and by private
tuition. He removed to Illinois with his parents, who located in Bushnell in that
State, where he lived until he reached his majority, when he went to Iowa, re
mained a year, then returned to Illinois, and after two years' stay went back to
New York. During these years he was engaged in clerking for various mercan
tile firms. In New York he interested himself in the dairy business, and so con
tinued for four years. In 1877 he migrated to Oregon and followed the same
pursuit until January, 1880, when he went to Spokane, and spent seven years in
farming. He was elected Treasurer of Lincoln County in 1886 and Auditor in
1888, offices which he filled with marked ability. He has served two terms as
City Councillor, and has been elected to all tliese positions in the Democratic
interest, in every instance ruuning ahead of his party ticket, though the county
is strongly Republican. He was married in 1888 to Miss Alice M. Bassett, of
Maine. It is needless to speak of Mr. Cooper's personal popularity ; his election
to office tells the story.
25

536 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Coplen, A. D., of Latah, Wash., assayer and mining engineer, was born in
Iowa, December 15th, 1862. He received his education in the public schools,
Spokane College, and Kent Academy, Maine. Determining to devote himself to
mining, he pursued his geological studies at Colorado College, obtaining the
indorsement of that institution as an expert in mines and assaying. Coming to
Latah he formed a partnership with his brother, engaging in farming, but with
out relinquishing his prospecting. Eminently successful in this, he not only dis
covered several miues, but in company with his brother located valuable deposits
of fire and pottery clay in the vicinity of Latah, which finds a ready market in
Portland. The brothers have also been so fortunate as to unearth during their
subterranean researches some wonderful remains of prehistoric men and animals.
These bones were in a fine state of preservation, have formed the theme of lec
tures, and been carried by the railroads free of charge throughout the State for
the information of the people at large. They are now in Chicago. They include
tusks of some unknown animal whose dimensions wfren living must have been
stupendous ; they measure over ten feet in length by as many inches iu diameter,
the shoulder-blade being forty-four inches and the pelvis six feet. The brothers
are not without hope of making further discoveries.
Coplen, George W., A.B., of Latah, Wash., was born in Iowa in 1856, being
the eldest child of his father's third wife. He gained the rudiments of knowl
edge in a preparatory school at Vancouver, Wash., from whence he entered the
Pacific University of Forest Grove, Ore., graduating in 1881 with the degree of
A.B. Locating at Latah, he took up a pre-emption claim. Returning to Forest
Grove, he engaged in business, which he followed until his return to Latah,
where he devoted himself to farming for a time. In additioii to this he associ
ated himself with his brother, A. D. Coplen, and engaged in mining in the Coeur
d'Alene district. Their success iu this " search for hidden treasure" is shown
by the increase of their holdings, the brothers being not only large owners of
valuable mining property in tbe district above mentioned, but real estate in the
cities of Latah and Spokane. Mr. Coplen is a candidate for Representative on
the " prohibition ticket," a member of the Methodist Church, Farmers' Alliance,
and other societies, a man of education, versatility of talent, and shrewd business
common sense. He married in 1882 Miss Sarah E. Bowlby, of Oregon. They
have two children.
Cox, James W., a representative citizen of Cle Elum, was born in 1858 in
Indiana. He was a son of Samuel Cox, a merchant of that State, and Rachel
(Miller) Cox, a native of Kentucky. Young Cox received his early education in
the public school of his native district. His first employment was in railroading,
a pursuit which he followed in different States of the Union for a period of seven
teen years. He came to Washington Territory in 1888, locating at Cle Elum,
where, after three years spent in his old occupation, he engaged in merchandising,
to which he still devotes his attention. He is counted not only a capable and
enterprising business man, but well worthy of the esteem iu which he is generally
held. Mr. Cox was married at Holton, Ind., in 1879, to Miss Frances E. Parker,
a native of Indianapolis, Ind. He has, in addition to his handsome cottage resi-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 537
dence, other valuable city property. In politics he is a Republican. He is a
member of the Knights of Pythias, and one of those progressive men whose inter
est in events aids in no small degree to advance the best interests of the com
munity at large.
Crabtree, George Washington, a prominent business man of Waitsburg,
Wash., was born in Kentucky in 1850. His father, Z. Crabtree, was a Kentucky
farmer, his mother, Marie J. Crabtree, being also a native of that State. In 1852
his parents crossed the plains by ox-team and located in the Willamette Valley,
where George received the rudiments of education until the age of seventeen,
when he engaged in farming, a pursuit which he continued for upward of five
years. He then removed to the vicinity of Waitsburg and became foreman of
W. H. Iugalls's ranch, in whose employ he remained four years. Then he came
into the city and established himself in the livery business. He keeps a large
and well-cared-for stable, and finds no reason to complain of a lack of patronage.
He was married in 1870 to Miss Laura Mitchell, a native of Oregon. Two chil
dren were born to them, but neither survives. Mr. Crabtree is the owner of a
pleasant city home, and feels a warm interest in the progress and substantial im
provement of Waitsburg. He is an active member of the Christian Church,
taking an active part in every good work ; is a Democrat in his political convic
tions, works for his party and sincerely desires its success. Personally he may
without egotism claim to be a popular and highly esteemed citizen, possessing
the confidence and regard of all who know him.
Crawford, John H., of Ellensburg, a leading farmer and stockman of Kit
titas County, was born in Illinois in 1832. His parents were Virginians, his father
being a planter of that State and a veteran of the War of 1812. They died in
Wisconsin in 1846, leaving four children, of whom the youngest is the subject of
our sketch. Mr. Crawford received those rudiments of education which fitted
him for busy pursuits of after life in that State, where he also engaged both in
mining and farming, till his removal to Oregon in 1852. Making the tedious
journey across the plains with pack animals, he reached the Willamette Valley
in July, where he busied himself for ten years in the same pursuits, removing to
Idaho in the spring of 1863. Returning to Oregon in 1871, he was attracted to
the Sound country in Washington, where, like Adam of old, he gardened ; then,
crossing to the Kittitas Valley, August 6tb, 1879, he took up land, and still owns
over three hundred fertile acres. Mr. Crawford was married in Wisconsin in
1860 to Miss Hannah S. Woods, a native of Maine. Three children are the happy
result of their union. They are members of the Methodist Church, and enjoy
the esteem of the community in which they reside.
Crawford, S. L., real estate broker of Seattle, was born in Oregon City,
Ore., June 22d, 1855. He received his education in the schools of Walla Walla,
Wash., Salem, Ore., and Olympia, Wash., to which place his parents removed in
1870. Upon the completion of his studies he entered the office of the Washing
ton Standard in Olympia, where he learned the printer's trade. In the fall of
1875 he accepted the post of Assistant Clerk of the House of Representatives.

538 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
He was then engaged in printing the laws of that session, and afterward worked
on the Morning Echo of Olympia, until he left the capital city to take a position
on the Daily Intelligencer of Seattle (afterward, in 1882, by its absorption of the
Post, known as the Post- Intelligencer), one of the first journals on the coast. Mr.
Crawford has filled every position on this paper from pressman to proprietor
during thirteen years of faithful service. In October, 1888, he severed his edi
torial connection to engage in the real estate business with Mr. Charles T. Con
over, for three years his associate on the Post-Intelligencer. The high standing,
established integrity, and extensive acquaintance of these gentlemen made their
new venture a success from the start, and assured the future of their undertaking,
its results exceeding their most sanguine expectations. Air. Crawford was mar
ried at Sacramento, Cal., to Miss Clara M., youngest daughter of Dr. W. F. Clay
ton, of that city. They have one son, Frank Clayton Crawford, now a lad of
tliirteen. Creighton, Dr. J. R., a leading physician of Rockford, Wash., was born in
New York in 1836, and was the eldest child of David and Isabel (Ray) Creigh
ton. His father died in Washington County, and the mother still resides at her
old home. The ancestry of the Creightons is Scotch. The subject of our sketch
was reared in Washington County, where he attended the public schools. He
began the study of medicine in 1858 with a preceptor, attended lectures at the
Albany Medical College, graduating therefrom in 1863. He proved his devotion
to the flag by enlisting in Company E, Twenty-first New York Cavalry, and was
soon appointed Assistant Surgeon in the army then serving under General Sheri
dan and operating in Virginia and Maryland. He was stationed at Harper's
Ferry Hospital at the close of the war, thence to Washington, D. C, and was
present at the grand review in that city in 1865. He was then ordered on duty
to St. Louis, where he was honorably mustered out in July. Returning to civil
life he located in Chicago, where in four years' time he built up a practice ; then
changed his abode to Butler County, Kan., where he remained five years ; thence
to Lincoln County till 1889, when he came to Washington and established himself
at Fairfield, removing from thence in January of 1891 to Rockford, where he
now does a flourishing business. In 1892 he was appointed Surgeon to the Indian
Reservation of the Colville Post at Fort Spokane. He has been married twice,
first in 1860 to a lady who died in 1866, leaving one child, now married and
residing in New York. His second wife, whom he espoused in Chicago in 1867,
was Miss Sarah Farnsworth, who bore him four children. The doctor is a Alason
and a member of Magnolia Post No. 41. He is a genial gentleman and an excel
lent physician, greatly liked by all who know him.
Crews, W. E., attorney-at-law, of Seattle, was born in East Portland, Ore.,
August 4th, 1861, was educated in the public schools of that State, and studied
surveying at home under a private tutor. He then graduated from the Portland
Business College and became bookkeeper for Wheeler Brothers, at Pendleton,
Ore. Taking up the study of the law, he entered the office of Gearin & Gilbert,
and also attended the Law Department of the State University at Portland. He
graduated in 1885, was admitted to the Bar, and at once began active practice.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 539
In June, 1889, he came to Seattle, resumed his professional work, and is now a
member of the law firm of Justin, Gearin & Crews, which still continues and does
a large business. Mr. Crews was married in Portland, Ore., June 6th, 1886, to
Miss Louisa Rush, of Eugene, Ore. Fraternally he is a Knight of Pythias and a
member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. He was nominated for
Superior Judge of King County in 1892, on the Democratic ticket. As Webster
remarked, " There is always room at the top," in every profession.
Cronce, S. L., County Clerk and Clerk of the Superior Court of Adams
County, Wash., was born in Pennsylvania in 1853. His father, Samuel Cronce,
was a native of New Jersey and a physician ; his mother, whose maiden name
was Longenecker, being from the State of Pennsylvania. Mr. Cronce was the
second in a family of three children born to his parents. He received his educa
tion in the. high schools of Illinois, and was entered as a student in the Mechanics-
burg Academy of that State. Locating in Whiteside County, 111., he engaged in
teaching for many years, going thence to Macon County, 111., to continue the
same pursuit. Migrating to Washington in March, 1889, he settled at Ritzville,
where he acted as clerk to the Probate Court. He was afterward nominated and
elected to the office of Auditor and County Clerk and Clerk of the Superior Court
of Adams County. In 1891 he was admitted to the Bar, and has held other offices
of a local character. Mr. Cronce married in 1887 Miss Addie N. Malone, a native
of Illinois. They have one child, Grace A. He was renominated in 1892 by
acclamation in the Republican Convention for the office of County Auditor and
Clerk, and elected by a large plurality, three candidates being in the field. Mr.
Cronce is deservedly popular, owns a pleasant home and a fine wheat farm, and
is in all respects a representative citizen of the Evergreen State.
The FrRST National Bank of Palouse City, Wash. — Banks have their
biographies as well as mortals — more or less interesting to their stockholders and
the community at large. Air. Charles T. Cross, cashier of the Bank of Palouse
City, Wash., favors us with the following historical sketch of the life up to date
of the financial institution over whose cashiership he so ably presides. The
Bank of Palouse City was organized in January, 1888, first as a private enterprise,
with A. M. Cannon as its proprietor, but afterward, on June 2d, 1890, as a
national bank, with a capital of $50,000, which was increased at a later date lo
$75,000. The surplus now is $25,000. Its officers are : A. M. Cannon, Presi
dent ; L. C. AVheeler, Vice-President ; Charles T. Cross, Cashier. Mr. Cross is
also interested in the insurance business. The bank does a large business, and
with such backers and bright expectations bids fair to outlive its founders, grow
ing and increasing to a financial good old age.
Croup, Dr. O. J., dental surgeon and citizen of Ellensburg, is a native of
the Keystone State, where he first saw the light some thirty-two years ago, the
fifth in a family of nine children born to Jacob and Sarah (Henshaw) Croup of
that State. Educated in the public schools of his native State, he determined to
devote himself to the study of dentistry, and began the practise of that profession
in Pittsburg in 1883. Here he remained but a year, removing to the territory of

540 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Washington in 1885 and locating at Walla Walla, where he opened an office and
worked successfully until five years ago, when he moved to Ellensburg, and has
ever since remained, building up, as a recognition of his ability, a large and lucra
tive practice. The doctor married at Walla Walla, in 1887, Miss Mary E. Bender,
a native of Ohio, a daughter of H. A. Bender. They have a family of two children
to add to the charm of a comfortable home. Dr. Croup is also the owner of con
siderable property on the Sound. He has been a member of the City Council, is
Republican in politics, a worthy member of various societies, a close student, and
keeps well up with every advance of his specialty, yet finds time to interest him
self in all that bids fair to forward the best interests of the town of which he is a
most worthy and generally esteemed citizen.
Cudihee, Edward, Acting Captain of Police of the city of Seattle, was born
in Rochester, N. Y., January 26th, 1853, received his early education in his
native city, and finished it in a seminary at Jackson, Mich., after which he re
sided with his parents until the age of twenty-four. He then engaged in the
grocery business at Jackson. Going from thence to Leadville, Col., he was
elected Chief of Police, an office which he held for two years. He then followed
mining until the winter of 1890, when he removed to Seattle, where he has been
a member of the police force ever since, having been specially connected with its
secret service, and doing the work committed to his charge with the entire appro
bation of his superiors. He is at present acting as captain of police. It is a part
of his official record that he declined to become a member of the Vigilance Com
mittee in Leadville, when it was a much easier and possibly safer matter to accept
such an invitation than to decline.
Dale, John S., County Commissioner and a prosperous farmer of Skagit
County, was born in Venango County, Pa., September 7th, 1853. One year later
his parents removed to Pierce County, Wis., where our subject was reared on a
farm and received such educational advantages as the common schools of that
vicinity afforded. He began life as a bread-winner at the age of twenty-one,
going to Davidson County, Tenn., and in 1874 he was married to Aliss Lucy J.
Brown, of that county. Four children have been born to them, the sexes being
equally represented. Mr. Dale followed farming in Tennessee for twelve years,
but meeting with indifferent success, determined to try his fortune in a new field.
Coming directly to Skagit County, Wash., he purchased ninety acres of fertile
land twelve miles from the town of Mt. Vernon, where he is now an active, enter
prising, and successful farmer. His acres are well improved, and amply repay the
care and labor bestowed upon them. Mr. Dale was elected one of the County
Commissioners of Skagit County, and on the organization of the board was
elected chairman, and is now discharging the duties of his office in a highly
creditable and satisfactory manner. Personally Mr. Dale is a gentleman of
pleasant and winning manners, and favorably impresses all with whom he is
brought in contact. He is a hard worker, progressive and public-spirited in his
ideas, and one whose entire career has been synonymous with manliness and
integrity. Fraternally he is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 541
Darby, James A., hardware merchant,, of Pomeroy, Wash., was born in Wis
consin in 1849, and was educated in the public schools of the State of New York,
where he moved with his parents when two years old. He located, on the com
pletion of his studies, in Missouri, and engaged in railroading for nearly fifteen
years. He then removed to Washington Territory, locating in 1885 at Pomeroy,
where he engaged iu the hardware business. He was married in 1873 to Miss
Mattie Cox, of Missouri. A family of six children grace their union and enliven
their pleasant city home. Mr. Darby is a property-owner and an esteemed citizen
of Pomeroy. Fraternally he is a member of the Ancient Order of United
Workmen, and politically a Prohibitionist. A thoroughgoing business man, he
makes many friends and receives from his many good qualities the regard of all
who know him.
Darby, Walter L., hardware merchant, of Pomeroy, Wash., was born in
Iowa in 1858. His father, Hubbard Darby, was a New York mechanic, his
mother, Margaret (Armstrong) Darby, being a native of Ireland. After a prepar
atory course in the public schools of Missouri, Walter became a student in Thayer
College, Kidder, Mo., taking a classical course, which, however, he did not com
plete. He then engaged in business with his father at Kidder, and in 1883 came
to the Pacific Coast, locating at Pomeroy and engaging in his present business,
with the firm of Darby & Co. In 1885 he sold out, and a year later the firm of
Darby & Sons was organized with a capital of $10,000, which enables them to
carry a stock fully sufficient to the needs of their rapidly growing trade. Mr.
Darby was married in 1885 to Miss Kate Benjamin, a native of Oregon, by whom
he has five children. He has been a member of the City Council, and is a Repub
lican iu his political convictions. A firm believer in the grand future which
awaits the still infant State of Washington, he looks hopefully forward to its
speedy increase and full development.
Dashiell, Benjamin F. — A half mile northwest of the town of Waverly,
Wash., locates the farm of Mr. Dashiell, who was born in Louisville, Ky., March
28th, 1838. His father, Dr. George W. Dashiell, was a native of Maryland, and
practised as a physician till late in life. His mother came from that city so noted
for its beautiful women, Baltimore. Her father, James Corrie, was a merchant
of that city, and was one of the French spoliation claimants. When Congress
voted that these claims should be paid, under Arthur's administration, Mr.
Corrie's claim was paid to the children of his only child, though the amount
paid was greatly reduced from the original claim. Our subject was the tenth of
eleven children born to his parents. He was almost literally self-taught, for his
schooling was limited to six months in the district school, as he was obliged to
labor upon his father's farm, who was both an agriculturist and practitioner.
Nevertheless he managed by his own unaided efforts to pick up a fair education,
for there is really no help like self-help. In 1860 he went from Iowa to Oregon,
where he located at Pendleton, taking a farm and improving it until 1872. Sell
ing out, he located on the farm of one hundred and sixty acres he homesteaded
near Waverly, and later purchased one hundred and sixty acres of the railroad,
making three hundred and twenty acres in all. He was one of the three persons

542 IITSTORY OF WASHINGTON.
who laid out the town of Waverly, a portion of the land being taken from his
throe hundred and twenty acres, reducing his farm to two hundred and ninety
acres. He still owns about seventy town lots in Waverly. His farm is all im
proved and under cultivation. Add to this an orchard of six hundred trees bear
ing fruit of various kinds, and a pleasant home with its useful and ornamental
accessories, and it becomes a matter of wonder that the owner of all these good
things is still unmarried.
Davidson, JohnB., attorney-at-law, of Ellensburg, Wash., was born in Indiana
in 1859, being the youngest in a family of six children born to Stephen and
Catherine B. (Brown) Davidson. The father was a native of Ohio and the
mother of South Carolina. His elementary education was obtained in the public
schools of his native State, supplemented by a course at the Northern Indiana
Normal School, to which he added, a course at Ann Arbor. His legal education
was received at the Albany (New York) Law School. He was admitted to the
Bar of Indiana in 1882, and began practise at Ellensburg, Wash., where he re
moved in 1883 and associated himself with Samuel C. Davidson. They have
built up a large practice, their clientage being of an excellent character. Their
offices in the Davidson Block are convenient and commodious, the building in
which they are located being one of the finest business structures in the city.
Mr. Davidson has filled the office of Mayor, to which he was elected on the
Republican ticket in 1889. He was married at Ellensburg in 1886 to Miss
Jean C. Schnebly, daughter of the editor of the Ellensburg Localizer, Mr. D. J.
Schnebly. Mrs. Davidson is a native of Washington. They have three children.
Mr. Davidson is the owner of a pleasant city home and other valuable realty.
Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of Pythias-, Uniformed Rank. He is
also City Attorney. In politics he is a Republican. He has a fine library, is a
close student, and a well-informed man.
Davis, A. J., of Colfax, Wash., a thoroughgoing business man, was born in
Wales in 1859, of which country his father and mother were both natives. His
parents came to the United States in 1870 and located at Pittston, Pa., in whose
public schools the subject of our sketch received such preparatory training as
fitted him to become a student of Wyoming Seminary, from whence he graduated
with honor in due course. He then became a weigher in the employ of the Dela
ware & Hudson Canal Company, wliich he relinquished at the end of two years
to remove to Colfax. Here he engaged in a lumber mill, but abandoned this
occupation to build a residence for himself. He then took a position with a
prominent Colfax firm as clerk and salesman, and after going through all the
Stages became General Manager, where his services are highly appreciated by his
employers in the department which he still retains. Mr. Davis was married in
1883 to Miss Elizabeth G. Thomas, a native of Centralia, Pa. They have three
children, but one of whom survives. Mr. Davis is a man of sterling worth and a
member of the Plymouth Congregational Church, of which he is a trustee. En
terprising and energetic, a property-holder, deeply interested in the progress of
the thriving city where he makes his home, he is justly esteemed as a possessor
of the best qualities both of head and heart.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 543
Davis, E. D., hardware merchant, of Mt. Vernon, Wash., was born in St. John,
Putnam County, Mo., October 9th, 1856. In 1865 he removed with his parents
to Sullivan County, in the same State, where he attended the common schools.
He began life on his own resources at the age of eighteen, and after working on
a farm for about a year, he attended school for eight months at Abingdon, 111.
He then resumed farming pursuits' uutil 1878, after which he taught school at
Pollock, Mo., and in Morgan County, 111., one term each. Removing to Keokuk,
la., he accepted a position as travelling salesman for Dr. Baker & Son's pro
prietary medicines. After spending one year in that occupation he returned to
Sullivan County, Mo., and resumed teaching for two terms. In 1883 Mr. Davis
came to Washington Territory, where he followed the same honorable calling
until 1889 ; first at Mt. Vernon, one term ; then one term in Snohomish County ;
then at Mt. Vernon again, and afterward in other parts of Skagit County. In
1889 he was elected Sheriff of Skagit County, and held that important office for
two terms, performing the duties of the same in a manner highly creditable to
himself and to the satisfaction of the county at large. During his term as Sheriff
he embarked in the hardware business at Mt. Vernon, in partnership with
O. Klement, under the firm name of Klement & Davis. Purchasing his paitner's
interest in 1892, he has since continued the business alone. He carries an exten
sive and well-selected stock, and has a large and constantly increasing trade.
Mr. Davis is an active factor in Mt. Vernon's prosperity, and takes a lively inter
est in everything calculated to advance the public good. He is recognized in the
community as a man of the highest integrity, and enjoys the esteem and con
fidence of all. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of Pythias. Mr. Davis
was married in October, 1890, to Miss Maggie R. Hastie, of Skagit County. Two
children, a son and a daughter, have been born to them.
Davis, J. S., hardware merchant, of Pomeroy, Wash., was born in Decatur
County, Ind., in 1839. His father, James Davis, was a Connecticut farmer, his
mother, Hattie (Ferguson) Davis, being a native of New York. Youngest in a
family of seven, our subject obtained his early education in the public schools of
his native State. He then located in Greenburg, Ind., but removed with his
parents to Missouri in 1856. In the spring of 1860 he went to California, where
he followed various callings ; thence to Oregon, where he farmed and afterward
took a clerkship, and in 1867 removed to Umatilla County, Ore., and from that
place to what was then. Walla Walla County, but now Garfield, Wash. Here he
became a fruit-raiser on Snake River, an occupation which he followed for eight
years with considerable success. Taking up his residence in Pomeroy in 1890, he
associated himself in the hardware business with Messrs. Hathaway and Thomas.
Mr. Hathaway having sold out his interest, the firm is now known as Davis & Co.
They have an invested capital of about $10,000, and carry a large stock. Mr.
Davis was married in 1864 to Miss Louise Jackson, of Yamhill County, Ore., by
whom he has four children. He has filled the office of County Commissioner for
two terms with marked ability, and is also a member of the City Council. In
politics he is an ardent Republican. He owns a pleasant city home and valuable
farm property, and, what is still more desirable and creditable, may claim the
sincere regard and respect of the community which respects his business talents
and sterling worth.

544 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Davis, Dr. W. Norton, the son of A. J. Davis, a gentleman farmer of
Toronto, Canada, and Laura Norton Davis, his wife, was born in Aylmer, Elgin
County, Ontario, Canada, January 10th, 1861. Overwork in his high-school
course so shattered the health of young Davis that it was not until the age of
seventeen that he was enabled to renew his studies, when he entered at Ann
Arbor, Mich., graduating at the head of his class. Still further to perfect him
self in the medical profession, and zealous to acquire a good foundation, he
became a student in the Chicago Homoeopathic College, took a thorough course,
and carried away its highest honors with the special commendation of the faculty.
Beginning practice in Chicago, he left the " Windy City" to establish himself in
Beloit, Wis., where he took a leading position in the healing art. Returning to
Canada, he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Toronto, and passed
a creditable examination in the regfilar school of medicine. Being, thus doubly
armed, and strongly attracted by the beauties of Los Angeles, Cal., he determined
to settle in that city, where he abode for five years, and was eminently successful.
Coming to Spokane in July, 1889, he had hardly established himself when the
great fire destroyed his outfit and threw him on his own resources. After a brief
sojourn in the East he returned with the rebuilding of the city, and is now,
thanks to his acknowledged ability and skill as a specialist, a leading physician
in the beautiful metropolis of Eastern Washington — Spokane. He numbers his
patients by hundreds al! over the Inland Empire, along the Pacific Coast, and as
far as the Atlantic Seaboard, and even in the old world. The doctor is married
and has one child, and is, moreover, wedded to the city of Spokane, where his fine
offices are thronged with those who constantly seek his services.
Dawson, L. M., farmer and superintendent ofthe poor farm, of Spangle, Wash.,
was born in Davisville, 111., November 13th, 1839, his father, Joseph Dawson,
and his mother, Sarah (Bright) Dawson," being of Scotch descent. He received
his rudimentary education in the public schools of his native State until the age
of nineteen, when he began the active business of life by farming in Illinois. He
afterward went to Jasper, AIo., and in 1879 crossed the plains to Washington
Territory and took up land about ten miles from Spangle, where he has a fine
ranch, well stocked. In 1889 he was appointed Superintendent of the poor farm,
to which is attached main and out-buildings sufficiently large to accommodate
seventy-five paupers. Under the able supervision of Mr. Dawson this institution
has been well kept up and excellently cared for. Mr. Dawson was married to a
Miss Hays, of Fayette County, O. She was born in 1847, and is a daughter of
William and Hannah (Redmond) Hays. Ten children have been born to this
union, but four of whom survive. Mr. Dawson is a member of the Dunkard
Church, and a Democrat in politics. He has achieved success in life in the face
of many disadvantages, and owing to his popularity and determination to over
come them all, has obtained both social and financial recognition at the hands of
his fellow-citizens.
Day, Henry B., an early pioneer of Washington, was born in West Virginia
in 1830. He with the family emigrated to AVisconsin in 1848, and engaged in
farming and lead-mining with two older brothers, Nicholas T. and Jesse N. Day,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 545
until the spring of 1850. He crossed the plains to Oregon, and in 1851 engaged
in gold-mining in Northern California, and in 1853 located a donation claim in
Douglas County, Ore., and engaged in farming and stock-raising. In 1859 he
went east of the mountains in what was then termed the Walla Walla country,
and continued in the stock-raising business until the discovery of gold in the Clear
water or Bitter Root Mountains. He followed mining, prospecting, packing, and
various occupations in Washington, Idaho, and Montana till 1871 ; then engaged
in sheep-raising in Garfield and Columbia counties with excellent results. He
was married in 1873 to Miss Anna M. Alley, of Dayton. Mr. Day was elected to
the first Washington State Legislature on the Republican ticket. He has served
two years as member of City Council, and was elected for a second term. He is
dow spending the evening of his life at a pleasant home in the city of Dayton, in
the interest of the education of his family of five children, three girls and two
boys. Day, Joseph H., druggist, of Dayton, Wash., a son of the founder and original
owner of the city site, from whom it takes its name, was born in Leavenworth,
Kan., in 1857. His early educational training was received in the public schools
of Dayton, and he was for a time a student in Whitman College, taking the
ordinary course ; but in point of fact he is for the most part a self-educated man.
The drug business in which he is engaged, and of which he is the manager, was
established in 1873. He took charge in 1877. It is the largest house of the kind
in the city, and its business is constantly increasing with the growth of the place.
Mr. Day was married in 1879 to Miss Emily B. Vanderbilt, by whom he has one
child. His residence is one of the handsomest in the city. He is a member of
the City Council, and Chairman of the Board of Water Works. In politics he is
a Republican. Personally he is a man of fine business talents, with a keen eve
to his own interests, yet ever ready to forward the best interests of his fellow-
citizens. Delany, David, farmer, of Farmington, Wrash., was born in Tennessee in
1828. His father, Daniel Delany, was an East Tennessee farmer, his mother,
Elizabeth (McGee) Delany, being from the same locality. Fourth in a family of
six children, young Delany received his early education in the district schools of
his native State. In 1838 he went with his parents to Missouri, where he re
mained until 1845 engaged in farming. He then removed to Oregon, to which
State bis parents had preceded him in 1843, thereby becoming pioneers of that
State. Here he located a few miles distant from Salem, and once more engaged
in agricultural pursuits. In 1883 he migrated to Washington Territory and
settled at Farmington. He is the largest property-holder in the city, and is also
a bolder of outside realty. He has been twice married ; first in 1855 to Miss
Jane Edgar, of Virginia, who bore him eleven children and died in 1885. In
1888 he was married to Mrs. Fultz, of Missouri. He has held various local
offices, is connected with the Farmington Trading Company and the Odd
Fellows Building Association. He is a Republican in politics and an earnestly
progressive man in all that concerns the interests of the city which he has made
his home.

546 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Demaris, Orlando, farmer, of Dixie, Walla Walla County, was born in Iowa
in 1857, his father being a native of Ohio, born in 1824, and his mother in 1832
in Kentucky. Coming to Washington Territory in 1863 with his parents, young
Demaris received such early education as fell to the lot of the rising generation in
those early days of the Evergreen State, but the time of his arrival was unfor
tunate, for it was just after "the hard winter," and a condition of privation
naturally followed. His first occupation was his present one — farming. He
bought a railroad tract located some two miles south of Dixie, where he owns
some five hundred acres, which abundantly rewards the labor he bestows upon
it. He was married in Walla Walla County to Miss Mary Lewis, in 1876. Six
children grace their union. He is a worthy brother of the local Odd Fellows
Lodge, numbering some fifty members.
Denney, Nathaniel B., farmer, of Waitsburg, Walla Walla County, Wash.,
was born in Delaware in 1840. His father, also a native of that State, dates back
to 1812. Receiving his early teaching in his native State, young Denney pushed
out into the world, and after many years of drifting to and fro upon the sea of
life, finally found harbor in Washington in 1859, making his way across the
plains with a company of which Captain Moore was the leader. In 1865 he re
turned to Iowa, but a stay of two years convinced him of the superior charms of
the Evergreen State, so he went baek to the territory in 1867, having twice made
his weary way across the dusty plains, on the second occasion losing one man,
killed by the Indians, and purchased a farm on Whiskey Creek (a stream evidently
not christened by a Prohibitionist). He went to California in 1875 with a herd
of cattle, purchased land and lived one year ; thence to Iowa for two years, re
turning to Washington in 1878, where he bought one hundred and sixty acres
half a mile east of Waitsburg, sold out at a large advance, aud in 1891 bought
four hundred acres six miles south of the same city. Air. Denney was married in
Iowa in 1866 to Miss Priscilla Hawkes. They have seven children, all of whom
fill creditable places in life, or bid fair to do so. One of them, Miss Addie, is a
graduate of the Normal College of California, and at present a teacher in the
public schools of Waitsburg.
Denny, Arthur Armstrong. — Among men now living there are none around
whom clusters so much of the history of the Sound country as the one whose
name heads this sketch — the pioneer and one of the founders of Seattle. As one
of the earlier pioneers of Washington he found a new arena for his powers, and
here for more than forty years he has exerted an influence upon political and
business forces eminently beneficial, while his whole career has been singularly
free from personal or selfish motives. The progenitors of the Denny family in
America were David and Alargaret Denny, natives of Ireland, who settled in
Berks County, Pa., before the Revolution. Their son, Robert, was born in 1753,
and early in life removed to Frederick County, Va. In 1778 he married Rachel
Thomas, and about 1790 moved to Mercer County, Ky. Here his son John, the
father of our subject, was born May 4th, 1793, and on August 25th, 1814, was
married to Sarah Wilson. He removed in 1816 to Washington County, Ind.,
where our subject was born June 20th, 1822. The next year the family removed

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 547
to Putnam County, six miles east of Greencastle, where they remained twelve
years, and then settled in Knox County, 111. The early educational advantages of
young Denny were limited, but he made tho most of his opportunities, and
acquired not only a good common-school education, but a thorough knowledge
of surveying, which profession he practised in his early manhood. He was mar
ried, November 23d, 1843, to Mary Ann Boren, who has ever since been a faithful
helpmate, and to whom he ascribes a great portion of his success. For eight
years after his marriage he was County Surveyor of Knox County, 111. , resigning
that position in 1851 to come to the Pacific Coast. Starting April 10th, 1851, he
made a long and tedious journey across the plains, reaching The Dalles August
11th, and arriving at Portland August 22d. On November 5th he sailed for
Puget Sound on the schooner Exact, and landed on Elliott Bay, November ?.3th.
With his hardy associates he began to lay the foundations of the future metropolis
of Washington. The early days of the little colony were days ol hardship and
privations, and they were constantly exposed to the treachery of the numerous
tribes of Indians who surrounded them on all sides ; but their courage never
failed. The year 1852 was marked by the arrival of many new settlers in the Sound
country. In November, 1852, a convention was held at Monticello, Cowlitz
County, to discuss the question of a division of the territory. Mr. Denny was
an influential delegate to this convention, wliich framed a memorial to Congress
praying that portion of Oregon north of the Columbia be set off as a separate
territory. The Oregon Legislature subsequently adopted a similar memorial,
and the division was finally secured by act of Congress approved by President
Fillmore, March 2d, 1853. Mr. Denny was elected a member of the first House
of Representatives of Washington Territory, and was re-elected for eight succeed
ing terms, serving as Speaker during his third term. During his legislative
career he was one of the most active and useful officials in the service of the terri
tory. The interests of his constituents were carefully and conscientiously pro
tected, and his entire record met with the heartiest approval of the most intelli
gent, liberal-minded element of the entire community. Many important acts
were introduced by him, and he did much toward moulding the early policy of
the territory. He was serving in the Legislature when the attack was made on
Seattle during the Indian War of 1855-56, and on his return to the town enrolled
himself in a volunteer company, and served for six months as First Lieutenant of
Company A, Second Regiment. He served as Commissioner of Thurston County,
Ore., when that county included all the territory north of Lewis County, and
was appointed Commissioner of King County when it was erected. In 1853 he
became the first Postmaster of Seattle, and received the first United States mail,
August 27th, 1853. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln as Registrar
of the United States Land Office at Olympia, and in all the important work of
that position he displayed a remarkable executive ability and an earnest zeal
worthy of the highest praise. In 1865 he was elected by the Republicans of the
territory delegate to the Thirty-ninth Congress. In this position he served the
young territory with his accustomed efficiency and ability.
Mr. Denny began his business career in Seattle with the very earliest period
of the city's history. Vessels coming to the Sound for piles and timber brought

548 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
cargoes of general merchandise to sell. On leaving the captains would turn over
the remainder of their merchandise to Mr. Denny to be sold on commission.
He continued this business until 1854, when he engaged in the general merchan
dise business with Dexter Horton and David Phillips, under the firm style of
A. A. Denny & Co. This firm was dissolved during the Indian War, and for
several years thereafter Mr. Denny was engaged in the public service, as has al
ready been stated. On the expiration of his term in Congress he returned to
Seattle and again engaged in private business. In 1870 his old partners founded
the banking house of Phillips, Horton & Co., and on the death of Mr. Phillips
in 1872, Mr. Horton adopted the firm style of Dexter Horton & Co. At this
time Mr. Denny entered the bank as executor of the Phillips estate, and
afterward purchased a half interest in the bank, with which he has ever since
been connected, and of which he is now Vice-President. Mr. Denny is one of
those strong, able men whose lives have been wrought into the history of Seattle
from the beginning of the little settlement to the present day. His strong hand
has been felt in every movement to advance the general prosperity of the city,
and no one from the beginning has had more confidence in the city's destiny as a
great centre of trade, commerce, and mechanical industry. He has amassed a
large fortune which was honestly won, and which he worthily enjoys. He has
always been a free and liberal contributor to every deserving public enterprise,
while to benevolent and charitable efforts he has been equally generous.
Denton, John F., farmer, of Ellensburg, Wash., was born in Arkansas in
1856, his parents being natives of Tennessee. After receiving such limited edu
cation as the public schools of Arkansas could in those early days afford, young
Denton devoted himself to what was destined to become his life work— farm
ing — an occupation in which he continued until his removal to Washington in
1881. Here he located himself two miles southeast of Ellensburg on a railroad
claim, where he now owns and cultivates one hundred and sixty acres of rich
soil, yielding an average of thirty bushels of grain to the acre. He has a fine
orchard and all that is needful to carry on his farm. He was married in Arkansas
in 1878 to Miss M. S. Johnson. Four children have been born to this union, all
of whom bid fair to be a credit to their parents. Mr. Denton is another evidence
of that slow but sure success which seldom fails to reward wisely applied and
persistent labor.
Desmond, Pat, farmer and stockman, of Ellensburg, in Kittitas Valley, was
born in New Brunswick in 1858, his parents being natives of that province. The
father was a farmer and lumber-handler. He died in 1867 and the mother in
1891, leaving six children, of whom Pat was the second. He received his early
education in his native province, and at the age of sixteen left home and went to
Michigan, where he followed lumbering. In 1879 we fiud him pursuing the same.
avocation at Victoria. In August, 1889, he removed to Kittitas and took up
land, but afterward purchased a farm two miles west of Ellensburg. He is the
owner of five hundred acres of fine fertile land returning an average of forty
bushels to the acre. He is greatly interested in the breeding of fine otock, espe
cially Hamiltonian horses. He also raises the short-horn thoroughbred Durham

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 549
cattle from Topeka, Kan. He is still unmarried. He is a stockholder in the
Ellensburg Irrigating Ditch. He is a Democrat in politics, a hard-working,
worthy man, who has won his way and deserves the substantial rewards that have
crowned his efforts.
Devin, H. L., postmaster, at Sedro, Wash., was born in Ottumwa, la., June
16th, 1861, his father and grandfather being among the earliest pioneers and
merchants iD Iowa. He received a common-school education in his native town
and entered Ann Arbor University, where he remained two years and then left it
for the larger school — the business of life. Four years were spent in farming.
In 1882 he opened a wood-working establishment at Oberlin, O., under the firm
name of J. C. Gilchrist & Co., which continued until 1888, when he removed to
Seattle. A year later he came to Sedro, where he settled permanently. He is
interested in Washington timber lands, is Postmaster and City Clerk (now serv
ing his second term), aud also School Director. He was married at Des Moines,
la., June 17th, 1885, to Miss Lenore Mosier, of that city, her father being one of
its oldest pioneers. Two children, both daughters, grace their union.
Dickinson, Abraham C, of Waitsburg, Wash., was born in Bartholomew
County, Ind., in 1832. His father, Henry Dickinson, was a New York farmer,
his mother, Mary (Finley) Dickinson, being from Kentucky. Educated in the
public schools of his native State, young Dickinson removed with his parents to
Missouri, and on the breaking out of the Civil War enlisted in the Ninth Missouri
Militia, serving until the regiment was disbanded. He was actively engaged,
especially with the command which captured the guerilla Poindexter. He was
married in 1854 to Miss Abbie C. Caiter, of Indiana, a daughter of Elijah S.
Carter. They have had eleven children, of whom seven are still living. Mr.
Dickinson crossed the plains with his family in 1865 and located at Waitsburg,
where he still resides, and is well known as an extensive and successful farmer.
He is the owner of a handsome home, a fine library, and very valuable farm
property. Fraternally he is a Mason and Knight Templar ; politically he was
originally a conservative Republican until two years ago, when his deep interest
in the temperance cause converted him to the views of the Prohibition Party, of
which he is now a radical supporter. He was nominated for Congress on that
ticket, but failed of election, to the great grief of his numerous supporters. He
is a member of the Christian Church, and bears the reputation of a generally
esteemed and deservedly popular citizen.
Dicks, James W., of Avon, Skagit County, Wash., was born in Wayne
County, Mich., December 29th, 1852. He was reared on a farm, and attended
the district schools of his native county. At the age of sixteen years he left home
and went to the Saginaw Valley, Mich., where he worked in the logging camps
during the winters and at harvesting during the autumn months, following these
occupations for thirteen seasons. During this time he had charge of the logging
camps of Merrill & Benjamin, lumber dealers, of Saginaw. In August, 1882, he
removed to Duluth, Minn., and engaged with Cutler, Gilbert & Pearson, lumber
merchants, as foreman and cruiser, estimating timber lands and looking after

550 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
their property generally. He continued with them until April, 1884, when he
came to the Sound country aud took up a ranch of one hundred and sixty acres
four miles from Avon. The next five years were spent in tbe cultivation and im
provement of thi3 farm, after which he sold it out and built a residence in Avon.
In the fall of 1890 he removed to Anacortes and engaged in the livery business,
but one year later sold out and returned to Avon. Mr. Dicks takes an active in
terest in public matters and deservedly holds an honorable position in the com
munity. In November, 1892, he was elected County Commissioner, and he is
now serving his first term in that office. He was married, January 1st, 1890, to
Miss Elizabeth Frances Pitts, of Nova Scotia, and they have two children, both
daughters. Dietrich, Walter N., music dealer, of Tacoma, the son of Isaac H. and
Clara E. Dietrich, was born in Philadelphia, March 14th, 1865. He received his
early education in the grammar and Central High Schools of his native city until
the age of eighteen. During his school days he improved his natural taste in
that direction by obtaining instruction in music under the most able and distin
guished professors in the Quaker City. Arriving in Tacoma in September, 1889,
he immediately engaged in his present avocation, dealing in all kinds of musical
instruments, being the only importer of every kind of instrument on the Puget
Sound, having special facilities through European correspondents. He has built
up a flourishing business during his residence in the City of Destiny, being vir
tually the leader in his line on Puget Sound. He is also a pianist of considerable
ability. He is a member of the Commercial Club of Tucoma, and is counted as a
popular and energetic business man among his many friends on the Pacific Coast.
Dill, W. H., lumberman, of Ballard, Wash., was born in Denton, Caro
line County, Md. He received his early education in his native town, and
at the age of eighteen learned the carpenter's trade. At twenty-one we
find him in business for himself as a carpenter and builder. With this he
combined saw-milling, cutting and shipping timber to tbe Philadelphia Navy
Yard. He continued to conduct this business till the fall of 1854, when he re
moved to Winona, Minn., and established himself as a lumber dealer, being
one of the earliest pioneers of that place, which on his arrival was but an incon
siderable village of few inhabitants, but wliich he saw grow to a city of three
thousand souls. Mr. Dill was one of its first aldermen. In 1859 he engaged in
contracting and railroad-building. In 1868 he was elected City Alarslial of
Winona, serving for three consecutive years, at the same time acting as Street
Commissioner and Health Officer. In 1873 he was again elected Marshal, and
still later Sheriff of Winona County, and was re-elected for three consecutive
terms, serving eight years, during which he pursued the " James boys" and the
" Younger brothers," bank and train robbers, thereby causing them to be finally
captured. He was elected City Assessor in 1883, the population of Winona hav
ing then increased to twenty-five thousand, and was re-elected in 1885. In May,
1890, he came to Washington and engaged in logging at McMurray and Green
Lake, a pursuit which he still continues. He was married in Greensburg,
Md., to Aliss Rebecca M. Allen. Twelve children were born to this union,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 551
of whom eight survive. He has seven of his own children, fifteen grandchildren,
and one great-grandchild residing in King County, Wash., and one daughter and
four grandchildren living in Dallas, Tex. Well done, old pioneer ! What wonder
that the wilds of Washington blossom likj the rose when families like this are
the outcome of a single roof-tree !
Disgranger, Rev. P., once a miner, but now a thriving farmer and pastor of
the Evangelical Church in the town of Rockford, Wash., was born in Germany
in 1826. He enjoyed the advantages of a good school education in his native
land, but none in the country of his adoption, whose language ho has learned to
speak with a fluency wliich is almost surprising. After his arrival in the United
States he became a coal-miner in New York, where he remained for several years.
Wearying of this, he left the delving beneath to cultivate the soil above, and farmed
it for thirteen years in the Empire State. Selling out his belongings, he removed
to Premier County, la., where he purchased a farm and labored for fifteen years.
Once more disposing of his property, he made a longer flight, settling in Spokane
County, Wash., where he has homesteaded one hundred and sixty acres. Rev.
Disgranger was married in Germany in 1851 to Miss Sofa Duschen, the daughter
of an iron-worker in one of the great iron mills of that country. She has pre
sented him with several children, all of whom survive, and, moreover, are all
married and have their home3 within a radius of six miles from the parental
abode, which is in the town of Rockford, where the pastor owns a fine residence.
He is also the possessor of a small farm of one hundred and sixty acres, seventy
of which are cultivated. An ardent Republican, a devout Christian, and a man
of affairs, the subject of our theme is to be congratulated on his exceptionally
pleasant situation, with its many blessings.
Disgranger, H. W., of Rockford, Wash., is the able editor and sole proprie
tor of the Rockford Enterprise, the leading Republican paper of that flourishing
town. Air. Disgranger was born in Waverly, la., in 1870, and was the youngest
son of eight. Educated in the common schools of Iowa till the age of ten, he
accompanied his parents in their migration from that State to his present loca
tion in Rockford. At the age of fifteen he entered the office of the Enterprise,
beginning, as the best men always do, at the lowest round of the ladder. A year
had hardly elapsed, and our young scribe had not yet reached the age of sixteen,
when he found himself in charge of the office, the youngest editor in the Terri
tory of Washington. The death of the proprietor left Air. Disgranger still
manager, till he became its owner in 1887. In February of 1887 its hymeneal
notices were adorned by the names of H. W. Disgranger and Miss Ada Hensley,
his bride, a native of Washington, and daughter of one of the pioneers of Day
ton. The foregoing record renders it superfluous to say that the subject of this
brief biography is all that a newspaper man ought to be — large brained, clear
headed, active, and energetic — a mind well fitted to mould public opinion and
keep up with the times.
Dix, John A., physician and surgeon, of Garfield, Wash., was born in Ohio in
1843. His father, Clark Dix, was a Pennsylvania farmer, his mother being also a
26

552 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
native of the Keystone State. Fourth in a family of eight children, John received
his rudimentary education in the public schools of Ohio, and then took a high
school course. His professional education was obtained at the Eclectic Medical
Institute at Cincinnati, where he received his degree of M.D. in 1871. Locating
at Troy Mills, la., he at once began practice. In 1878 he removed to Nebraska,
where he remained three years, and in 1881 returned to Troy Mills. In 1886 he
came to AVashington and settled at Garfield, where he has a large general prac
tice, which his popularity and skill are constantly increasing. He was married
in 1869 to Miss Cynthia Dresser, born in Ohio but educated in the State of Iowa.
She bore him three children, and died in 1875. In 1882 lie was married again to
Aliss Ida M. Fay, of Iowa, who has borne him four children. The doctor is a mem
ber of the Masonic and Knights of Pythias orders, also of the Grand Army of the
Republic, having enlisted in 1862 in the Ninety-fifth Ohio. He went to the
front ; was not captured with his regiment at Richmond, Ky. ; did gallant ser
vice ; was taken prisoner during the Sturgis raid ; confined at Andersonville ;
exchanged and honorably discharged in 1865. He is half owner of a business
block in the heart of the city. He is a Republican in politics, and is generally
esteemed as a faithful physician and a kind-heaited, scholarly gentleman.
The Yakima National Bank. — Institutions have their lives as well as indi
viduals. They are born, run their course, are liable to accidents, have their fevers
and their chills, their periods of depression and elation, and ofttimes of sudden
collapse or slow decay, and yet again they flourish in a green old age. Let us
hope that the latter will be the fate of the corporation whose financial record we
are about to chronicle. The Yakima National Bank was organized in 1888 with
a capital of $50,000, a surplus of $4000, and $20,000 of undivided profits. The
following is the list of its officers : George Donald, President ; R. R. Nichols,
Vice-President ; J. D. Cornett, Cashier ; F. Bartholet, Assistant Cashier. The
directors are J. D. Cornett, George Donald, R. R. Nichols, S. S. Taylor, Joseph
Bartholet, and L. L. Thorp. The character of this ins:itution is such as to invite
public confidence. It transacts a general banking business, and its managers and
financial backers are numbered among the most substaatial citizens of Yakima.
It is planted in the. midst of a growing and thriving city, and is in itself an evi
dence of the commercial enterprise and solid progress of the city and community
where it is established. Under such wise and prudent management its stock
holders feel assured that its customers will have no cause to doubt its assured
prosperity. Dorr, James Clarkson, deceased, physician and surgeon, late of Dayton,
Wash., was born in Dover, Ale., November 2d, 1831. He graduated from Dart
mouth College with the degree of M.D., and immediately went to California,
locating at Sacramento, where he was connected with the New England Hospital.
Removing to Chico, he was associated with General Bidwell, earning a large repu
tation as an Indian fighter. His life for some years seems -to have been a check
ered one, such as fell to the lot of nearly all early settlers. During the winter of
1855-56 he served as a member of the California Legislature, and voted for the
amendment abolishing slavery. He also held various local offices. He came to

[ HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 553
Washington in 1879 and settled at Dayton, where for four years he engaged in
railroading. In 1886 he established himself in the drug business with his son
Charles, investing largely with satisfactory results. The doctor was married in
1860 to Miss Ellen Reynolds, of Otsego County, New York, a daughter of Stephen
aud Malone Jacobs Reynolds. Mr. Reynolds was a farmer of the Empire State,
and his wife a member of one of its well-known families. Miss Reynolds re
moved to the Pacific Coast in 1859, and there met and married Dr. Dorr. Eleven
children were born to their union, all of whom have taken worthy and prominent
places in life. Mrs. Dorr is the owner of a pretty city home, replete with mod
ern comforts and those evidences of refinement which tell more strongly than
words the cultivated taste aud educated mind of its occupant. The drug busi
ness of her late husband is still conducted in the interest of his estate.
Dorris, E. P., hardware merchant, of Farmington, Wash., was born in Cali
fornia in 1860. His father, Benjamin F. Dorris, was a merchant of Waterville,
Tenn., his mother, Cecile Dorris, being a native of Switzerland. Educated in
the public schools of Eugene City, Ore., supplemented by a scientific course
which, however, he did not complete, young Dorris located in the State of Ore
gon, remaining there until the age of twenty-two, when he came to Washington
and located at Farmington. Here he erected a fine business block and engaged
in the hardware trade, establishing one of the leading houses in that trade in the
city. He has invested a capital of $25,000, and calculates his annual sales at
$35,000. He was married in 1886 to Miss Bertha A. Hazlett, of' California. They
have three children. His private residence is one of the finest in the city, replete
with every modern improvement and comfort. As one of the city fathers, Mr.
Dorris has been an ardent advocate of all that might conduce to Farmington's
progress and substantial improvement. Fraternally he is a Past Noble Grand of
the Odd Fellows ; politically he is in sympathy with the Democracy ; personally
he is a talented and courteous gentleman, justly and generally esteemed.
Doty, Daniel, a retired farmer, veteran of the war, and resident of Latah,
Was born in Indiana in 1836. His father was a native of New Jersey, while his
mother came from the Buckeye State. The eighth child of a family of ten, the
subject of our sketch was educated in the schools of Indiana, and, having com
pleted his studies, located in Iowa, where he engaged in farming. Here lie re-'
mained for over four years, then moved to Wisconsin, where he tarried for a year
and then returned to Indiana. Fired by patriotic zeal at the breaking out of the"
Civil War, Mr. Doty enlisted in the Fifty-first Indiana Volunteers, and joining the
Fourth Army Corps of the Army of the Cumberland, participated in all the bat
tles in which his regiment was engaged up to 1864, when he was honorably dis
charged with the rank of Sergeant. Returning to Indiana, he remained in that
State until 1867, when he removed to California and located in the Sacramento
Valley ; from there to Oregon, where he remained until his departure for Wash
ington in 1879, to settle upon the farm he still retains. Resting on the well-won
laurels of his soldier exploits, and content with the worldly goods acquired by
successful effort, he has retired from the active business of life, and now resides
in his pretty city home. Mr. Doty espoused Miss Amanda Dollarhide in 1855.

554 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
This estimable lady is a native of Indiana, of excellent family. Mr. Doty is a
member of the Grand Army of the Republic, General Milroy Post No. 62. He has
five children.
Doty, Morton, hardware merchant, of Latah, Wash., was born in Oregon in
1869, being the third in a family of five children. His father was a native of
Indiana. After finishing his preparatory studies in the public schools of Wash
ington—and there are none better — young Doty entered the Washington
University, at Huntsville, proposing to take a scientific course. Here he
remained from 1887 to 1889, but did not finish. He then located at Latah
and engaged in the hardware business, his present occupation. The firm is
the leading one in its line, having some thousands of capital invested and doing
the largest hardware business in that section of the State, farming implements
being a specialty. Mr. Doty was married in 1889. He is a member of the Odd
Fellows and Sons of Veterans, a man well posted on all the topics of the day,
shrewd and enterprising, a thoroughgoing business man. He has secured and
holds the confidence of the community in which he dwells, and is rapidly work
ing his patient way to that financial success which waits upon fair dealing aud
persistent effort.
Dougherty, AVilliam H., real estate, insurance and loan broker, of Tacoma,
Wash., is a native son of the Evergreen State, having been born in Pierce County,
six miles south of Tacoma, August 14th, 1856. He is the son of William P. and
Mary Jane Dougherty, who crossed the plains — the father in 1843, the mother in
1845 — and were united in marriage in Oregon City in 1846. They then removed
to Puget Sound, near Tacoma, where they still reside in the enjoyment of that
universal respect ever accorded to old pioneers. The father of Mr. Dougherty
deserves something more than a passing notice as a charter member cf the
first Masonic lodge organized on the Pacific Coast, as well as the second lodge
organized in Washington at Steilacoom. He is also the author of a valuable
work giving the history of the introduction of Alasonry on the Pacific Coast. He
was also one of the first Probate Judges and County Commissioners to exercise
those offices in Pierce County. He built the first frame house in the county in
1856. His wife was the first white woman that settled in Pierce County. The
Subject of our sketch received the benefits of the excellent common schools of
Pierce County, to which he added a business course at the Columbia Business
College of Portland, Ore. Being next to the. youngest son, he began life at an
early age, and it fell to his lot to take charge of his father's farm, which he con
tinued to oversee until 1888, when he became interested in real estate, insurance
and loans, but without neglecting the interests of the paternal acres. In 1892 he
was elected to the office of County Assessor of Pierce County on the Democratic
ticket, and is now serving his first term with great ability and general accept
ance. , Eminently a self-made man, Mr. Dougherty enjoys the respect and confi
dence of all who know him.
Drake, James C, of Tacoma, United States Marshal for the District of Wash
ington, was born in Cochecton, N. Y., September 2d, 1850. He received the

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 555
benefits of an excellent practical education at Damascus Academy, Pennsylvania,
Monticello Academy, Sullivan County, N. Y., and at Newburg, Orange County,
N. Y. After completing his studies he engaged in the flour and feed business in
his native town, and so continued for two years. He then followed the lumber
business on the Delaware River for about four years. Migrating to Iowa in 1875,
he located at Cresco, Howard County, and established himself in the grain busi
ness, which he continued for about five years. Going thence to Millbank,
S. Dak., he engaged in the general merchandise business and farming until 1887,
when he came to Washington and settled at Tacoma, where he has since resided.
Here he engaged in the real-estate and fuel business, and continued the same
successfully until he was appointed by President Cleveland as United States Mar
shal for the district comprising the State of Washington. Disposing of his pri
vate business interests in order to devote his entire attention to the responsible
office to which he had been appointed, he assumed the duties of Marshal, May 29th,
1893. A man of calm judgment, of marked intelligence, of keen perceptive facul
ties, abounding in sensible practical ideas and of unsullied integrity, his entire
record has been such as to win the confidence and respect of his fellow-men. His
career in Tacoma has been alike useful to the city and honorable to himself.
Mr. Drake was married November 18th, 1879, to Miss Bertie Sherman, daugh
ter of Henry D. Sherman, a capitalist of Cedar Rapids, la. Two children have
been born to them —a son, who died at the age of two years, and a daughter,
Bertie E., now ten years of age.
Drissler, John H., postmaster and merchant of Willapa, Wash., was born
May 27th, 1854, at Abenhaim, on the Rhine, was educated in the schools of his
native country, learned the shoemaker's trade, and began working for himself,
travelling, after the German fashion, as a journeyman for some time, but finally
settling at Frankfort-on-the-Main, where he established himself in business, pur
suing his trade and succeeding fairly well until the winter of 1880, when he emi
grated to America. Arriving at San Francisco, he determined to locate in the
Willapa Valley, where his brother was already established. Entering into a
partnership with his eldest brother, Jacob, they opened a general merchandise
store and jointly bought thirty acre3 of land, which has since then been greatly im
proved. Upon the mastery of the English language he bought out his brother's
interests and secured tbe appointment of Postmaster for Willapa City. He has
thriven beyond his expectations, his business being a great success. He was mar
ried on March 5th, 1888, to Aliss Ida V. King, of Portland, Ore. Though foreign
born, this gentleman evidently has no lack of steady, go-ahead Yankee character
istics eminently fitting him to fight the battle of life even against odds, and retire
victorious from the conflict.
Duff, Robert D., contractor and builder, of Tacoma, one of the most active and
reliable men in his profession in the City of Destiny, was born in Prescott,
Canada, March 15th, 1841, and was educated in the public schools of that prov
ince. He learned the carpenter's trade and worked at it in Ottawa for twenty
years. Removing to North Dakota, he remained in that land of bitter frosts for
another decade. Here he added a lumber yard to his business as a builder.

556 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Coming to Tacoma in 1888, he turned all his energies to literally " building up
the city," an occupation in which he has ever since been engaged, having erected
no less than one hundred and forty-eight buildings in Tacoma alone. Mr. Duff
married Miss Rose M. Bell in Prescott, Canada. They have seven children. No
man is held in higher esteem by all who know him. Faithful, honest, and
prompt in his business dealings, he is a representative mechanic. He is also the
owner of Duff's Patent Street Pavement, an invention whose excellence bids fair
to bring Mr. Duff's patent into general use.
Dunbar, M. B., the pioneer settler of Avon, Wash., was born in Hamden,
near Bangor, Me., September 21st, 1820, and received the benefits of a practical
common-school education. At the age of sixteen he began work in a tannery at
Bangor, where he labored for one year, after which he worked iu the sash and
door factory of his father, A. Dunbar, until his twenty-third year. In 1844 he
migrated to Chicago, where he remained about six months, being employed in a
chair factory, and afterward assisting in the construction of the Roman Catholic
cathedral. He then removed to Lockport, 111., where he worked at carpentering
for three years. During his residence at Lockport he was a delegate to the River
and Harbor Convention, the first convention of the kind ever held at Chicago.
He also made the models for the machinery wliich propelled the water from Lake
Michigan into the Illinois and Michigan Canal. The first boat to make the trip
through the canal was the Charles K. Porter, having on board Judge Dunbar, the
officers of the canal, and other prominent citizens of Lockport and Joliet. Upon
their arrival at Chicago the whole party was handsomely entertained. Returning
to his native State, Mr. Dunbar spent six months at Bangor, after which he took
passage on the sailing schooner Eudorus, bound for California via the Straits of
Magellan, and after a voyage of seveu months and sixteen days anchored at
Stockton, Cal. Joining the eager crowd of searchers for hidden treasure, he
mined in the Tuolumne River region for three years, and in Calaveras, Amador,
Shasta, and Siskiyou counties for seven years. In 1860 he went to Oregon and
located fourteen miles from Oregon City, where he kept a little country store for
one year. He next went to Eastern Oregon, and was one of the first settlers of
Canyon City. He remained there but a few months, however, going thence to
Boise Basin, Wash., a distance of two hundred miles, which he traversed on foot,
packing his goods with horses. The trip was an arduous one. part of the way
over mountains and through snow over four feet deep. He remained in the Boise
Bisin six years engaged in mining. In I860 he went to Salt Lake City, Utah,
and thence a few months later to Green River, AVyo., where he worked at car
pentering for the contractors on the Union Pacific until that road was finished in
1870. Then, returning to Utah, he engaged in the charcoal business at Piedmont
for six years. His next move was to Southern California, and after spending six
months there he went to Alaska and thence to the Stakeen River region in Brit
ish Columbia and to the head. waters of the Mackenzie, where he engaged in min
ing and store-keeping for three years. Then, returning to Oregon, he came in the
spring of 1880 to Skagit River, Wash., where, after many years of wandering, he
finally settled upon the present site of Avon, of which town he is still an honored
resident. Air. Dunbar married Aliss Harriet Foster, of England.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 557
Donbar, R. O., was born in Schuyler County, 111., April 26th, 1845, and
moved with his parents to Oregon in 1846, crossing the plains with ox-teams, and
settling near Salem. He was educated in the Willamette University, and taught
two years in that institution. He moved to Olympia, Wash., in 1867, studied
law with Elwood Evans, and was admitted to practice in the territorial courts in
1869. He was afterward appointed Clerk of the Supreme Court by Chief Justice
Orange Jacobs. On the appointment of Chief Justice Green he resigned, and re
turned to Salem. In 1871 he removed to Yakima, Wash., where he remained
until 1875, when he again returned to Oregon, locating at The Dalles. In 1877
he opened a law office at Goldendale, Wash., and soon acquired an extensive prac
tice there. He served one term as Prosecuting Attorney for Yakima, Clark,
Klickitat, and Skamania counties, and was City Attorney of Goldendale for several
terms. He was Speaker of the Territorial House in 1885, represented the
Eleventh District in the Constitutional Convention, was a strong candidate for
Congress at the Walla Walla Convention in 1889, and was unanimously nominated
for the Supreme Court Bench ; was overwhelmingly elected to that position the
following fall, and in January, 1893, was chosen by his brother judges to the high
position of Chief Justice of the State of Washington, which position he now
occupies. Duncan, AI. J., farmer, of Starbuck, Wash., was born in Arkansas in 1846.
His father, James Duncan, was a farmer of West Virginia, his mother, Sarah
(Culbertson) Duncan, being from the same section. He was educated in the pub
lic schools of Oregon, to which State he removed with his parents when but a
child. Upon the completion of his studies he devoted himself to farming, a pur
suit wliich he followed for fifteen years. In 1867 he went to Washington Terri
tory, where he remained six years, and then returned to Oregon. Ten years more
of sojourn in that State suggested a. return to AVashington, where he located at
Starbuck and engaged in farming and stock raising, an occupation which he still
finds remunerative. He was married in 1870 to Miss Nancy Aliller, a native of
Oregon. They have five children. Air. Duncan is a member of the Odd Fellows,
and a Republican. He is a large landholder, winning a reasonable income from
a soil which responds to his care, recognizing cultivation by quick and satisfying
returns. Dunlap, James, of Alount Vernon, Wash., the popular Treasurer of Skagit
County, was born in Lynn County, la., August 5th, 1859, and in 18G3 made the
long journey across the plains with his parents. The family settled in San
Joaquin County, Cal., where our subject was reared on a farm and attended the
common schools. At the age of eighteen years he came to Washington, his par
ents accompanying him, and settled ou the Skagit River, near what is now the
town of Mount Vernon. Young Dunlap took up a pre-emption claim and engaged
in agricultural pursuits, which he has ever since continued with marked success.
His farm is well kept and productive, and amply repays his careful personal atten
tion and supervision. In political preference Air. Dunlap is a Republican, and
his devotion to the interests of that party was rewarded in November, 1892, by
his election as Treasurer of Skagit County, an office wliich he still holds. Stead-

558 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
fast in his friendships, considerate of the feelings of his fellows, and scrupulously
careful of the rights of those with whom he is brought in business relations, he
possesses in a notable degree the confidence and esteem of the entire community.
He was married November 6th, 1885, to Miss Frances Chilberg, of Skagit County.
Three children grace their union — two sons and one daughter.
Dunn, Robert, Postmaster of North Yakima, was born in Glasgow, Scotland,
his father, Robert Dunn, being a native of that country and by occupation a
farmer, and his mother, Isabella (Shanks) Dunn, being of the same nationality.
Third in a family of twelve children, young Dunn was educated in the public
schools of the "land of cakes," and came to America in 1854 and located in
Lower Canada, where for a few months he followed farming. Removing to the
United States, he visited various sections of New York, going thence to Charles
ton, S. C, where he worked as a machinist. Turning his face westward, he trav
elled for some time on the Mississippi. In 1853 he enlisted in the regular army,
served five years, and was honorably discharged in Texas. In 1861 he went to
New Orleans and enlisted in Battery H, Fifth United States Artillery, serving
with the Army of the Cumberland throughout the war, during which he was
present at many noted battles and engagements, in all of which he did his duty
gallantly and to the satisfaction of his superiors. He was wounded at Shiloh,
and was honorably discharged in 1866 with the rank of Captain of Volunteers.
He then located in Jasper County, Mo., and engaged in farming. In 1876 he
came to Washington, crossing the plains by team. Straitened for means, and
starting with a capital of only $18, he was compelled to stop at various points on
the road to provide for the wants of his family. On reaching what is now Yaki
ma, he began farming, a pursuit which he still continues to follow. He was mar
ried in 1865 to Miss Annie M. Curoy, of Pennsylvania. They have five children.
He has a fine city residence, and owns a valuable farm near by. He was appointed
to the Postmastership by President Harrison, and has filled the office with credit
to himself and to the satisfaction of the public. He is a Alason and a member of
Meade Post No. 9, Grand Army of the Republic. Personally he is a popular gen
tleman, with tbe ease and knowledge of the world characteristic of the veteran
soldier who has looked upon war in its sternest forms, yet bears a kindly heart
toward all his fellows.
Durant, Joseph J., merchant, of Pasco, Wash., was born in Ohio in 1855.
His father, Peter Durant, was a native of France and by occupation a farmer ; his
mother, Elizabeth fBrocker) Durant, was of the same nationality. Seventh in a
family of eleven children, Joseph received his early education in the public schools
of his native State and then learned the shoemaker's trade, at which he worked
until he came to the Pacific Coast in 1877. Locating in Oregon, he continued the
s ime occupation for seven years. He then relinquished this to engage iu general
merchandising. Removing to Goldendale, Wash , he remained two years, doing-
business in that locality, until he went to Ainsworth, where he again worked at
his trade. In 1885 he established himself iu Franklin County, invested $5000 in
goods, and returned to mercantile pursuits. He is now building up a large and
remunerative business. He was married in 1882 to Miss Anna Putman, of Ore-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 559
gon. They have six children. Mr. Durant was elected by the People's Party to
represent Franklin County in the Lower House of the State Legislature, and has
held various local offices, among others that of Probate Judge of Franklin County.
It is needless to say that he takes an active interest in all that pertains to the
welfare and progress of Pasco, and especially in the success of the Populist move
ment, of which party he is a devoted adherent.
Eaden, Charles, a leading citizen of Roslyn, Ore., born in England, January
25th, 1853, is a son of John and Sarah (Miller) Eaden. Educated in the public
schools of his native country, he came to the United States in 1881, locating in
Iowa, where for six years he engaged in mining. He removed thence to British
Columbia, where he was the first man to descend into the mine after the terrible
catastrophe of six years ago. Migrating to Washington, after a stay of ten months
he established himself at Roslyn, where his business undertakings have met with
merited success. He was married in 1872 in Northumberland, England, and has
five children. He is a member of the City Council 'and the owner of valuable
property in various portions of the State ; is an Odd Fellow (having become a
member of that order at the early age of fourteen), a member of the Knights of
Pythias, and of the Ancient Order of Foresters. He is an independent in politics,
and withal a public-spirited citizen, and is held in deserved esteem.
Eames, Robert M., M.D., a practising physician, of Seattle, was born in Ashta
bula, O., January 6th, 1865. His preparatory education was acquired at the nor
mal school of New Lyme, O. He attended the Michigan University at Ann
Arbor and the Western Reserve University at Cleveland, O., graduating from
the Medical Department of the latter institution Alarch 8th, 1888. Coming direct
ly to Seattle, he began the active practice of his profession, which he has ever
since continued. In 1888 he was appointed Health Officer of Seattle, and in the
following year was appointed County Physician, in which capacity he has served
for four years. He is a member of the Board of United States Pension Exam
iners, having been appointed to that position in January, 1891. In 1892 he was
appointed Health Officer again, and is now performing the duties of that office.
Dr. Eames is a member of the fraternities of Elks, Knights of Pythias, Royal
Arcanum, and Foresters. He is a most capable physician and highly proficient
iu every department of his profession, and his career in Seattle has been alike
useful to the city and honorable to himself.
Eaton, John D., County Commissioner, of Colfax, Wash., was born in New
York State in 1833. His father, William Eaton, was a native of Massachusetts,
and by occupation a farmer ; his mother, Elizabeth (Perkins) Eaton, was born in
the Empire State. Eighth in a family of ten children, young Eaton received his
early education in the public schools of Ohio. Removing to the then Territory
of Washington, he located in Thurston County, where he became a stock raiser,
a business which he still continues to combine with other occupations. Coming
to Stevens County (of which Whitman, previous to its division in 1872, was a
part), he settled there in 1871. In 1882 he was elected County Commissioner.
He owns a valuable farm of thirteen hundred acres. He is a Democrat in poli-

560 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
tics, an old settler highly respected by all who know him, filling the office which
he holds with ability and to the general satisfaction of his constituents.
Eckler, George, of Dayton, Wash., was born in Vermilion County, 111., in
1837. His father, Jacob Eckler, was a Kentucky farmer ; his mother, Catherine
Peorer, was also a native of that State. Educated in the schools of Oregon, where
he removed with his parents at an early age, young Eckler taught school in different
parts of that State for two years, and then spent seven years in mining in Idaho,
Alontana, and British Columbia. In 1867 he returned to Oregon and engaged in
saw-milling for five years ; then removed to his present location at Dayton in
1872. Here he followed the same business, in which he still continues to employ
himself. He was married in 1869 to Aliss Catherine Carothous, a native of Mis
souri. They have four children. Mr. Eckler is the owner of valuable property,
both city and suburban, including four hundred acres under cultivation. The
whole amount of his holdings is twenty-two hundred acres. He has been a mem
ber of the City Council for six years, of the Biennial Legislature of Washington,
and of the Scliool Board for four years. Fraternally he is a member of the
Masons, with which order he has been connected since 1868. He is warmly in
terested in the cause of education, having been instrumental in passing bills
greatly to the advantage of the public schools. A Republican in politics, Mr.
Eckler is one of Dayton's most respected citizens, highly esteemed in the com
munity. Eddy, Colonel Thomas V. , of Olympia, AVash., was born in AlcIIenry
County, 111., October 23d, 1854. His father, John Eddy, was born in England,
July 15th, 1821, and died September 4th, 1880, at Alarengo, 111. He was Sheriff
of McHenry County, 111., for several years, and held various other public offices.
He was Captain of Company E, Ninety-fifth Illinois Infantry, during the Civil
War. At the close of the conflict he engaged in farming, taking an active inter
est in political matters up to the time of his death. Our subject's mother was
born in England, September 18th, 1825, and died in Clay Centre, Kan., in 1889.
Thomas V. received his early education in the district schools of his native county,
and at the age of eighteen entered the high school of Alemphis, 111., which he at
tended one year. After a short scientific course at the Elgin (Illinois) Academy,
he began the study of law in the office of Hon. A. B. Coon, at Marengo, 111., and
in 1880 was admitted to practice in the appellate courts of the State. In the
campaign of 1880 he stumped Northern Illinois for the Republican Party, and
during the following winter was Clerk in the United States Senate. In 1881 he
settled in Watertown, Dak., and there began the practice of his profession. In
1883 he was elected a member of the delegation of one hundred and fifty sent to
AVashington to plead the cause of Dakota for admission to statehood. Colonel
Eddy was selected by the delegates to make the address to the President, which
he did at the AVhite House in the presence of the entire delegation. In the presi
dential campaign of 1881 he made many speeches in the interest of the Republi
can ticket in various towns of Illinois, Iowa, and Alinnesota. He was Secretary
of the Republican Territorial Convention which elected delegates to the Conven
tion of 1885, when South Dakota adopted a constitution, elected State officers,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 561
and established a State government without an enabling act. He was elected a
member of the House of Representatives, and was unanimously chosen speaker of
that body. In the presidential campaign of 1888 he again took the stump and
spoke in various parts of Iowa and Alinnesota. In the spring of 1889 Colonel
Eddy located in Seattle, Wash., and engaged in law practice there. In the great
Seattle fire of June 6th, 1889, he was burned out, but continued to reside there
until the beginning of the State campaign the following fall. In this campaign
he took an active part, making speeches in all parts of the State in favor of the
Republican ticket. After the election he settled at the capital and again engaged
in law practice, which he has since continued. He is the senior member of the
firm of Eddy & Gordon, one of the leading law firms of the State. In the last presi
dential campaign he again stumped the State, delivering more than fifty speeches.
He owns considerable real estate in Olympia and vicinity. He is a member of
Harmony Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, of Olympia. Colonel Eddy is a
man whose strong common sense and business ability would enable him to attain
eminence in any community. Added to a cultivated mind, well grounded in the
principles of the law, he has a good voice and a graceful presence. He argues
with eloquence and with a good deal of action and rhetorical display, and is well
known as an orator through his political addresses. In all the kindly relations
of acquaintance, neighbor, and friend, the genial and manly elements that consti
tute the truest bond of human intercourse are conspicuous ingredients in his char
acter. Egbers, Francis M., farmer, of Ritzville, Wash., was born in Louisiana in
1835. His father, Charles Egbers, was a native of Germany, and by occupation
a farmer ; his mother, Magdalene Amons, was of the same nationality. He
located in Hancock County, 111., passed a year and a half in Colorado, returned
to Illinois, and engaged in farming, a pursuit which he has ever since followed.
In 1883 he migrated to Washington and settled at Ritzville. He was married in
1861 to Aliss Elizabeth Wilcox, a native of England and a resident of Illinois.
Five children grace their union. Mr. Egbers has been blessed not only in the
character and standing of his children in the community where he dwells, but in
the possession of a fine farm and a sufficiency of this world's goods. He is a
member of the Masonic fraternity. He was elected Treasurer of Adams County
in 1890 for two years, but declined re-election. He holds license as a local min
ister in the Methodist Church, of which he is a member.
Egbers, R. C, Superintendent of Public Schools of Ritzville, Wash., was
born in Hancock County, 111., in 1866. His elementary education was obtained
in the public schools of his native State, but it required the self-acquired knowl
edge of ten close years of study to make him the accomplished scholar of to-day.
Locating in his native county, he became a teacher, and iu 1886 came to AVashing
ton and settled in Ritzville, where he followed the same calling. He was ap
pointed a member of the Examining Board of Teachers, and in 1888 was elected
Superintendent of Public Schools, an office which he still holds, and which his
large experience and great ability abundantly fit him to fill. He was married in
1888 to Aliss Rhoda M. Bardwell, a native of Minnesota. They have one child.

562 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Mr. Egbers has a pleasant city home, and is a holder of both city and suburban
property. He is a member of the Good Templars, a Republican in politics, and
a candidate for re-election to the office he now holds. He is a man of fine mind,
improved by study and culture, a pleasing conversationalist, and a wise adminis
trator of the duties of his position.
Eglin, A. D., farmer, of Tampico, Yakima Couuty, Wash., was born in Can
ada in 1835, being the fifth of a family of eight children born to Cornelius and
Alary Ann (Folson) Eglin. His parents, who were natives of New York and New
Jersey respectively, went to Indiana, where they remained ten years, taking young
Eglin with thein. In 1854 he crossed the plains with ox-teams with only five
wagons in their train. The smallness of the party probably tempted the Indians,
who attacked them, one hundred and fifty strong, at Malhuer, killing some of
their cattle and endeavoring to surround them ; but being reinforced, they re
pulsed their attack and had no further trouble with them. They crossed Green
River on rafts which they built. Reaching the Cascades, they had their wagons
upset aud suffered somewhat from hunger, but finally reached Eugene City.
After a brief residence there Air. Eglin removed to Jackson County, Ore., where
he engaged in mining. Four years more in the mines of California were fol
lowed by twelve years' residence near Salem, Ore. He was married in 1859 to
Miss Martha Crews, daughter of Benjamin Crews, of Missouri. Eleven children
were born to this union. Removing to Yakima, AVash., Mr. Eglin settled on his
present farm, where he owns two hundred and two acres and raises over two
hundred bales of hops. He has hop-houses, a fine orchard, and all needful acces
sories, and is a breeder of fancy stock, having one hundred head, including many
fine horses. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and in
politics a Republican.
Eisenbeis, Charles, a pioneer of Port Townsend, and another eminent exam
ple of what business enterprise and energy can accomplish, was born in Prussia,
July 10th, 1832 ; received his early education in his native land, was apprenticed
to his father, a baker and miller, served his time, and continued to work at his
trade until 1856, when he emigrated to America. After two years' residence at
Rochester, N. Y., he came to Port Townsend in the spring of 1858 and opened
the first bakery in Jefferson County and also the first cracker bakery on the Sound,
with gratifying results. He was Port Townsend 's first Alayor, serving three suc
cessive terms. He built the first stone house ever erected in Jefferson County,
and is now one of its heaviest realty holders and taxpayers, owning among other
property several brick structures in the heart, of the city. He came to Port Town-
send a poor man, but industry and opportunity combined have made him inde
pendently rich. He was married in 1865 at San Francisco to Miss Elizabeth
Berghauser, a native of Prussia. They have eight children. His eldest son,
Charles, acts as his business manager. Mr. Eisenbeis is a Mason of twenty years'
standing, has served one year as Treasurer of Port Townsend and twice as a mem
ber of the Board of Health. He is a director of the Port Townsend Southern
Railway, and has been since its organization President of the Port Townsend
Mill Company and of the Dry Dock Company.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 563
Eklund, L. N., was born in Meeker County, Minn., in 1859, and at the age
of three years moved with his parents to Kandiyohi County in the same State.
Here he resided and attended school until he was niueteen years of age, then
moved to Kittson County, where he engaged in the grain and brokerage business
for some years with success. Seized with the ambition to strike out into new
paths aud make a career in some new part of the country, he came to Washington
in 1888 with Holcomb & Sweet, purchased eighteen hundred acres of land at
South Bend, and founded the town of that name. The project proved success
ful, and the property rapidly enhanced in value. One half of it was given to the
Northern Pacific Railroad Company in consideration of their building to South
Bend. Mr. Eklund was not only an indefatigable worker, but a man of fine busi
ness capacity. The substantial success which rewarded his efforts in business
placed him, while young in years, in affluent circumstances, and broadened his
opportunities to contribute to the material good of the community in wliich his
lot was cast. His integrity and nice sense of honor under all circumstances won
for him the respect and confidence of all with whom he had dealings. He was
Vice-President of the First National Bank of South Bend. He was married No
vember 4th, 1881 to Aliss Nellie Olney, at Appleton, Alinn. Air. Eklund died
November 8th, 1892, at Indio, Cal., where he had gone for his health.
Eldridge, H. D., farmer, of Dixie, AValla Walla County, Wash., was born in
Iowa in 1858. His father was a native of Ohio. He came to Washington Terri
tory in 1880. He is the owner of one hundred and twenty acres of fine land two
miles southeast of Dixie and of six hundred and forty acres north of Waitsburg,
all productive. He was married in 1884, at Dixie, to Miss Alary Barnes, the
daughter of a farmer of that section. Three children grace their union. Mr.
Eldridge is a man of marked individuality, strong principles, and good business
ability. He is one of the pioneer Prohibitionists of the State. His father, who
made many friends, is still living at the age of sixty-eight years, and is still
kindly remembered by those who knew him best. It is such men as these — the
quiet, progressive, unobtrusive laborers in the great army of the world's industry
— that have made Washington what she is — a State with a people of which any
commonwealth might be proud.
Eldridge, Hugh, capitalist, of New Whatcom, Wash., is a native son of the
Evergreen State, having been born iu Schome, now part of New WThatcom, on
December 14th, 1860. He received his early edu3atioh in his native town, in the
University of Seattle, and the Pacific Business College of San Francisco, Cal.,
and then remained on his father's farm until 1886, when he was elected County
Auditor of Whatcom County. He wa3 re-elected in 1888, but was taken ill dur
ing his second term, and obliged to travel for his health. He returned to New
Whatcom in 1891 and incorporated the electric street railways connecting Fair
Haven with Lake Whatcom, and traversing the principal streets of both cities.
He is also President of the Bellingham Bay Street Railway and one of the incor
porators of the Bellingham Bay National Bank of Whatcom and the Columbia
National Bank. He is also one of the directors of the Puget Sound Loan, Trust
and Banking Company, located in Whatcom. In politics he is a stanch Republi-

564 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
can, and active in the interests of that party. Fraternally he is a member of the
Knights of Pythias. He is also a director and President of the Bellingham Bay
and Eastern Railway Company, a director and Vice-President of the Bellingham
Bay Land Company, and a director of the Bellingham Bay Gas Company.
Ellsworth, Hon. P. C, attorney-at-law, of Seattle, was born in the State of
New York, January 18th, 1846. He received a common scliool and academic
education at Auburn and Aloravia, N. Y., became a law student in the office of
Judge Bateman, at Auburn, and was admitted to the Bar in that city in 1867.
After five years spent in mercantile pursuits he began the active exercise of his
profession in 1873 at Benton, la. In the fall of 1878 he removed to Nebraska
and continued to practise until April, 1879, when the Leadville mining excite
ment drew him thither in search of fortune. Removing soon after to Buena
Vista, he resided there five years, during which time he served as County Attor
ney, City Attorney of Buena Arista, and Associate Attorney of the Denver and
Rio Grande Railroad, until it went into the hands of a receiver. In 1884
he removed to Southern California, where he was actively engaged in politics,
serving as a judge during a portion of his stay there. In June, 1889, he located
at Seattle, Wash., where he at once resumed and still continues practice. He
was married in Washington, D. C, to Miss Alice Gregory, on February 8th,
1868. They have two sons, the elder being twenty-one, and now foreman of a
large printing house in California. The younger is also a graduate of the com
posing-room in the same establishment. Judge Ellsworth has been a Mason since
1871, a member of the Royal Arcanum since 1888, of the Foresters for two
years, and one year of the Order of the Golden Shrine.
Emery, Judge C. D., of Seattle, was born in Wellsborough, Pa., Alay 17th,
1833. He attended the academy at that place up to the age of seventeen, when
he entered the West Point United States Military Academy as a cadet. He
studied law and was admitted to the Bar at Williamsport, Pa., in 1853, being but
twenty years of age. He at once began to practise in that town, and in 1858
was elected District Attorney, serving three years, and actively interesting him
self in politics until 1872, when he removed to Seattle and immediately resumed
the active pursuit of his profession. He has held office as United States Commit-
sioner for seven years past, proving himself, as heretofore, capable and energetic
in the public trusts committed to his charge. He was married March 17th, 1858,
to Aliss Laviriia D. Evans, of Philadelphia. One son and three daughters grace
their union. *
Ericksen, Erick, farmer and stockman, of Ellensburg, was born in Norway
in 1830. His parents were both natives of that country, his father being born
there in 1790, where he farmed, and died in 1860, leaving nine children, of whom
Erick was the fifth. Receiving his early education in Norway, young Ericksen
emigrated to America in 1857 and located in Wisconsin, where he worked in a
saw-mill for five years. He then removed to Idaho, where he became a miner.
After a visit to his native country he came to Puget Sound and finally to his pres
ent farm in the Kittitas Valley, where he took up a homestead about ten miles

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 565
east of Ellensburg, and now owns two hundred acres. He was married in 1871
at Seattle, to Miss Katie Larson, who was born in Norway in 1850. They have
six children. Mr. Ericksen is the owner of a fine farm with good outbuildings
and many improvements, but still remembers the days when the Indians were a
constant menace to the peaceful settlers of Washington, and the rifle was no less
needful than the plough.
Erwin, David H., farmer and stoek-raiser, of Prescott, Walla Walla County,
Wash., was born in Iowa in 1850. His parents were natives of Ireland, the
father dating back to 1807 and the mother to 1811. Married at the age of nine
teen, the elder Erwin emigrated to America in 1828, working as a stone-cutter in
New York for ten years. In 1837 he became a farmer in Ohio, where he died.
Young Erwin was educated in the Iowa public schools, and attended one of
higher grade for two years. He then became a teacher, following this vocation
for two years, at the end of which time he removed to Oregon in 1878, where
he renewed his studies for a year and then returned to teaching. In 1880 he
came to Washington, worked for a while on the Union Pacific Railroad, then took
up a homestead claim, and now owns and farms three hundred and seventy acres
two miles west of Prescott, cultivating land which he finds both productive and
remunerative. He was married in Walla Walla County in 1883 to Miss Mandy
McCall, daughter of a prominent farmer. Three children have been born to
them. Erwin, Samuel H, farmer, of Prescott, Walla Walla County, Wash., was
born in Ohio in 1827. His parents were both natives of Indiana. His father was
County Clerk of Lynn County, Ore. Young Erwin rather singularly attributes
his lack of early education to the prevalence of the " shaking ague," then so
prevalent in the early days in Iowa, where his parents resided. He says also of
his dislike to the unaccustomed encumbrance of shoes, that when " first intro
duced, he would pack them under his arm until he got within sight of the church,
then put them on and remove them when the services were ended." Losing his
father at the age of twelve, he left Iowa in the spring of 1853, and made his
home in Lynn County, where he remained until 1859, and then removed to his
present place of residence. In 1852 he married Miss Harriet Bolden, of Iowa,
who crossed the plains and died in 1864. He then married Aliss Mary J. McCall,
of Lynn County, Ore., who was born on the overland route to the Pacific. Air.
Erwin had his share of the Rogue River Indian troubles, was County Commis
sioner for six years, and took an important part in the building of the Walla
Walla County Court House. He is the owner of eight hundred acres of fine land,
and prides himself on his orchard and nut-bearing trees. He says, " Every in
dustry I have thus far undertaken has proved a complete success." He was
a representative exhibitor of his horticultural triumphs at the World's Fair, and
practically demonstrated their productions to be excelled by none in the Walla
Walla Valley.
" Eshelman, Dudley, of North Yakima, Wash., and County Clerk of Yakima
County, was born in Scotland County, Mo., in 1861. His father, Frederick

566 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Eshelman, was a Pennsylvania farmer. Educated in the public schools, supple
mented by an academic course, and still further by teaching in California, he spent
the years from 1875-78 in the latter State. In 1878 he emigrated to Klickitat
County, Wash., where he engaged in school-teaching for six years, and then
devoted himself to mercantile pursuits. He filled the position of Deputy Post
master at Goldendale, being appointed to the full office by President Cleveland,
which he continued to hold until 1888, when he removed to North Yakima and
returned to merchandising. In 1889 he was elected County Clerk on the Democratic
ticket, and was re-elected in 1892 for a term of three years. He was married in
1881 to Miss Anna Billington, a native of Wisconsin. He is the owner of a pleasant
city home and other valuable property in the vicinity of Yakima. He is Lodge
Deputy of the Knights of Pythias and a member of the National Guard, being
Captain of Company E, Second Regiment. He is a popular young man in the
community, and has many friends.
Eshelman, Rev. Jacob T., of North Yakima, and State Senator from Yaki
ma and Klickitat counties, was b.irn in Scotland County, Mo., May 8th, 1852.
His father, Frederick Eshelman, was a Pennsylvania farmer ; his mother, Emily
(Cave) Eshelman, was a native of Kentucky. Second in a family of five children,
Jacob was educated in the academy at Alemphis, AIo., and at the Illinois State
Normal School, taking the higher English course and part of the classical. His
first location was in Illinois, and his initial occupation teaching. He took a law
course also in Missouri, but did not apply for admission to the Bar. Removing
to California in May, 1876, he joined his parents there and returned to teaching.
He came to Klickitat County, Wash., iu 1878, sent for his parents and brother, and
took up homesteads. In 1880 he was appointed Principal of the public schools
of Goldendale, filling that position for two years. He then filled the office of
Treasurer of Klickitat County for four years. He was ordained a minister of the
Christian Church June 21st, 1881. He was elected School Superintendent in
1880. He served as pastor of the Christian Church at Goldendale for six years,
then accepted a call to that of North Yakima, where he still serves. He was in
vited to take charge as business manager of an institution (religious) near
Tacoma, but gave up the position and returned to North Yakima. He was nomi
nated by the people of Yakima and Klickitat counties to represent them in the
Constitutional Convention, and was elected a member of that body, being highly
commended by the press for his work in this and other public positions, including
thai of State Senator for the twelfth district. He was married May 2d, 1880, to
Miss Prudie Billington, of Wisconsin, whose ancestors came over iu the Alay-
flower, and settled in Maine. They have three children. Air. Eshelman is a
Djmocrat and a large property holder.
Ettinger, U. L , attorney-at-law, of Palouse, Wash., was born in De Kalb
County, Ind., November 22d, 1860. His father, Reuben Ettinger, was a native
of Pennsylvania and a mechanic ; his mother, whose maiden name was Electa
Jackson, being from New Jersey. Fourth in a family of seven children, young
Ettinger received his education in the public schools of his native State, but is
practically self-taught. He studied law with Ruby & Wilson, of Palouse City,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON, 567
and was admitted to the Bar at Colfax, Wash., in 1889. His practice has been of
a general character, and he has been eminently successful. He was a member of
the first State convention, and seconded the speech made by the Chairman of the
Pierce County delegation which placed Governor Ferry in nomination. He has
been an active member of various bounty conventions. He was married April
8th, 1891, to Miss Josephine H. Stinson, a native of Illinois, and daughter of
J. H. Stinson, a leading lawyer of California. Mrs. Ettinger was one of the Board
of Lady Managers of the World's Fair from this State. A close student and pos
sessed of keen business judgment, it is needless to say that Mr. Ettinger is a suc
cessful practitioner, a man of natural ability, who has surmounted many obstacles
and overcome difficulties which would have proved stumbling-blocks to a less
persistent character.
Ewart, Captain James, of Colfax, Wash., was born in Scotland in 1831,
being the eldest child of Robert and Sarah Ewart. Educated in the schools of
his native land, he took a classical course in the Academy of Douglas, which,
however, he did not finish. He came to the Uuited States in 1851, locating at
Lonsdale, R. I. After working for a time as a mechanic in the machine shops,
he removed to Logan County, 111., and engaged in farming, and so continued till
the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in the Second Regiment of Illinois
Cavalry, which was attached to the Sixteenth Army Corps. He proved his devo
tion to the flag of his adopted country by service in many prominent battles of
our civil strife, supplementing his Rebellion experiences by fighting the Indians
on the Texas frontier, and was honorably discharged on January 3d, 1866, with
the rank of Captain. He then located in Missouri, where he remained for five
years engaged in merchandising. In 1871 he removed to Washington, settled on
the present site of Colfax and engaged in farming. The Captain espoused a
Scottish lady of good family in 1854. The result of this union has been ten chil
dren, of whom eight survive. Their children have grown up, married, and taken
prominent places in the localities where they reside. The Captain is a Mason
and a member of a Grand Army of the Republic post, of which he is the Past
Commander. He comes of an ancient Scottish family, who, unlike many of our
shoddy millionaires, can track back their ancestry to 1300. He was the first
Auditor of Whitman County, Clerk of the Washington Court of Colfax, and Jus
tice of the Peace. Though now retired from active life, he finds in his pleasant
home and in the esteem and regard of his fellow-citizens that abundant reward
which his energetic life and faithful discharge of duty well entitle him to receive.1
Fairchild, James C, of Tacoma, the prompt, popular, and energetic Treas
urer of Pierce County, is a native son of the Pacific Coast, having been born at
Santa Clara, Cal., June 1st, 1851. After a preparatory course in the public
schools of Santa Clara, he became at, the age of twelve a student in the Oakland
Military Academy, where he remained until the age of fifteen. At sixteen he was
apprenticed to learn the profession of civil engineer ; at twenty-one he entered
upon the active duties of that calling, being engaged in various governmental
and railroad surveys. In 1878 he became a member of the Ancient Order of United
Workmen. Removing to the Territory of Washington in 1882, he became imi
27

568 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
mediately connected with the Carbon Hill Coal Company as its Paymaster and
Engineer. In 1890 he was nominated by the Republican convention as Treas
urer for Pierce County, and was returned at the ensuing election by a majority
of 1759. He was unanimously renominated in 1892, and again elected by a large
majority. Mr. Fairchild stands high in the estimation of his fellow-citizens as a
man in all respects well worthy of the position he so ably fills.
Fairweather, H. W. — One of the most prominent men in banking circles in
Eastern Washington is H. AV. Fairweather, of Spokane. He was born Alay 20th,
1852, in St. John, N. B., and received a common school education. At the age
of fourteen years he began railroad work, first with the Old Colony and Vermont
Central Railroad companies, aud later with the Oregon Railway and Navigation
and Northern Pacific companies. In the employ of the latter company he came
West in 1871, and remained with them in various capacities, as Assistant Superin
tendent, Auditor, and Traffic Manager, until 1877, when he accepted the position
of Auditor and General Freight and Passenger Agent of the Oregon Railway and
Navigation Company. He succeeded the late Dr. D. S. Baker as Vice-President
and General Manager of the Walla Walla and Columbia River Railroad, which in
1878 became a part of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company. Mr. Fair-
weather continued as Superintendent of the latter company until 1881, when he
came to Ainsworth, Wash., and took charge of the construction and operation of
the Northern Pacific Railroad, continuing in that capacity until 1883, when he
resigned to engage in banking and mercantile business at Sprague, Wash. He
organized the First National Bank of Sprague, and was its President for about
seven years. In 1890 he came to Spokane and assisted in organizing the First
National Bank of that city, of wliich he is Vice-President. He is also a stock
holder in the Traders' National Bank of Spokane, the Spokane Savings Bank, and
the First National Bank of AVallace, Ida. Mr. Fairweather was a delegate to the
Constitutional Convention of AVashington and a member of the first State Senate.
He was married March 14th, 1875, to Miss Mattie Curtis, of Kalama, Wash., by
whom he has three sons and two daughters. He is an enthusiastic member of the
Masonic Fraternity, having attained the thirty-second degree. Air. Fairweather
is a man of great natural intelligence, with a well-developed mind and extensive
practical experience. The many trusts which during a busy lifetime have been
placed in his hands have been discharged faithfully and honorably.
Farnham, Captain John, a retired shipmaster, of Seattle, Wash., was born
in Wiscasset, Ale., November 6th, 1820, and became a seafarer when but a youth.
Coming in at the " hawser holes," he gradually worked his way aft from Second
to First Alate, and finally Captain of a Boston ship. At the age of nineteen he
went to a Boston college to finish his education, but abandoned scholastic train
ing to become the master of the ship Washington Irving, his first command. For
forty years he commanded ships sailing from the port of Boston. Duiing the
Mexican War he was at Arera Cruz. He had charge of the ship Titan, of Boston,
chartered by the French Government during the Crimean War as a troop trans
port. After three years spent in this service he sailed for New Orleans, following
the seas until 1865, when he settled in Seattle. He has acquired considerable

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 569
property on Puget Sound, and is counted one of the wealthy citizens of Washing
ton. He has reached the age of seventy-three, but retains his youthful vigor to
an extent which bids fair to make him a centenarian. Captain Farnham was
married March 27th, 1844, to Miss Helen Alack, of Boston. His wife, who is but
a few months younger than himself, has proved herself a faithful companion
through an unusually exciting and adventurous life, during which she has sailed
with him to all parts of the world. Age has laid its hand lightly and as yet
touched but tenderly this long-united and devoted pair. They have the best
wishes of all who know them for added years and continued prosperity.
Fay, John P., a distinguished lawyer, of Seattle, was born in Westboro,
Worcester County, Mass., August 1st, 1861, graduated from the high school of
his native town and also from Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire. He
took a two years' collegiate course at Harvard, with the addition of a year at the
law scliool of that institution. He became Principal of Public Schools in Upton,
Mass., aud served one year, at the same time pursuing his law studies. He was
instructor in Rhetoric and Greek for one year in Oxford Academy, Pa., and then
resigned for the purpose of continuing the study of law at Boston, Mass. He was
admitted to the Bar of Massachusetts in 1885, and began practice. He went to
Nevada in the fall of 1885, and practised for four years at Eureka, at the same
time taking great interest in school work, and filling the position of Principal of
the Public Schools. In the winter of 1889 he was Clerk of the Nevada Senate
until the close of the session in March, when he left for Seattle and formed a law
partnership with John P. Gale, of Boston, in May following, and at once took a
prominent place among the leaders of the Seattle Bar. He has been eminently
successful in many important cases, notable among which was the celebrated
" tide land contest," which involved millions of dollars and was of immense im
portance to the State. Upon the death of Mr. Gale, Mr. Fay organized the firm
of Fay, Gest & Henderson, which still continues. Mr. Fay successfully conduct-,
ed for his clients another most important case, involving a vast sum, in behalf of
the bondholders of the Oregon Pacific and Willamette Valley and Coast Rail
road Company, under the foreclosure of the $15,000,000 mortgage of the above
companies to the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company of New Yoik City. Mr.
Fay is retained as attorney for no less than eighteen corporations, both Eastern
and local, and the firm of which he is senior member has established offices at
Portland, Ore., and Seattle, Wash., with a large and growing practice ; yet he
started in life with no other capital than his own native talent and determination
to succeed. In his profession he is a close student of the law, an indefatigable
worker and eloquent advocate. Truly, as Webster said, " There is always room
in every profession at the top." An independent fortune has rewarded his
labors, as well as a business reputation which cannot but add largely to his gains.
Some lives tell their own story, and need no biographical flattery to point the
moral of their tale.
Fellows, George, farmer, of Spangle, Wash., was born in New Hampshire
February 22d, 1826. His parents, Stephen and Rachel (McGaffey) Fellows, were
also natives of that State. Young Fellows received his education at Mount Mor-

570 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
ris, Rock River, Seminary. He crossed the plains to California in 1850, and fol
lowed gold-mining for twelve years. Coming to Washington Territory in 1880,
he located on a section of land near Spangle, where he still resides. Mr. Fellows
is a careful farmer, having made many improvements. He is also a breeder of
fine draft horses. He has held various offices, and was a member of the sec
ond State Legislature. Mr. Fellows was married in 1856 to Miss Anne M.
McCabe, daughter of Thomas aud Maria AlcCabe, of Illinois. They have a family
patriarchal in size, reaching the number of fifteen. Mr. Fellows is a member of
the Farmers' Alliance, and in politics is an independent. He is a man of property,
and has made good use of both natural gifts aud educational advantages.
Ferguson, James, farmer and stockman, of Kittitas Valley, Wash., was born
in Indiana in 1839. His parents were Kentuckians, his father having been a
farmer of that State and a minister of the Gospel for thirty years. Young Fer
guson received his early education in Iowa, where he also worked on a farm.
Coming to the Sound in 1860, he reached Oakland September 14th of that year
and embarked in the lumber busiuess. He settled in his present location in the
Kittitas Valley in July, 1872, taking up a pre-emption claim of one hundred and
sixty acres, which cuts two tons of hay to the acre. His farm is situated four
miles east of Ellensburg. Mr. Ferguson was married in Victoria, Canada, Janu
ary 23d, 1867, to Miss Elizabeth AleCune, who was born in Iowa in 1851. They
have nine children. While Air. Ferguson's buildings are not all that he might
wish, he has reason to pride himself on his fine stock.
Fields, Fletcher R., farmer, of Walla Walla, Wash., was born in Ohio in
1845. His father, Nathan Fields, was a native and merchant of Virginia, his
mother, Sarah Aiken Fields, being from Ohio. Educated in the public schools
of Ohio, young Fields enlisted in 1861 in the Fifth Kansas Cavalry, and went to
the front, where he saw service under General Lane with the Army of the South
west. He was honorably discharged in 1864 at Fort Leavenworth, and engaged
in the freighting business between Leavenworth and Santa F6, in which he con
tinued until he came to Washington in 1869. Locating at Walla Walla, he re
turned to freighting, but discontinued it at the expiration of a year to devote
himself to agricultural pursuits. He has a farm of six hundred acres all under
cultivation, yielding forty bushels per acre, and considered one of the most fertile
in the county. Air. Fields was married in 1873. He is a member of Lincoln
Post, Grand Army of the Republic, and a Republican in politics. A careful
farmer, but not so much occupied with the bread- winning business of life as to
exclude a warm interest in the educational progress of the neighborhood where
he dwells, Mr. Fields is deservedly honored and respected by the whole com
munity. Fife, Colonel W. J., a pushing, energetic, and talented citizen of Tacoma,
Wash., was born at Aledford, Oetober 25th, 1857. He is the oldest son of W. H.
Fife, an early pioneer of the City of Destiny. Air. Fife came with his parents to
Tacoma when it was a settlement of only forty inhabitants, worked in his father's
store, and acted as its first Assistant Postmaster when the metropolis of the pres-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 571
ent was still a hamlet of the wilderness. Colonel Fife, always studiously in
clined, entered the California Military Academy in 1876, graduating at the head
of his class in the Business Department. While at the academy he made such
rapid progress that at the age of twenty he was appointed Post-Adjutant and
Military Instructor on the academic staff. After completing his course he re
turned home and became an able assistant to his father in his extensive business
enterprises. In 1880 he was elected First Lieutenant of the Tacoma Rifles, the
¦first military company organized in that city. He was also the first Secretary of
the Fire Department. In May of 1881 he married the oldest daughter of Senator
Levant F. Thompson, and has now three children. In 1882 and 1883 Colonel
Fife, anxious to extend his knowledge, became a student at the Columbian Law
University at Washington, D. C. Returning to Tacoma, he was elected Captain
of Company C. Tacoma Guards, N. G. W., and by his indomitable will and Arm
administrative ability has given his command a national reputation. Few men
have done more for the improvement of the military and National Guard of Wash
ington than Colonel Fife, whose company rendered valuable service after the
great fire in Seattle, June 7th, 1889, when for fourteen days they assisted in pre
serving order, to the infinite relief of the inhabitants of that stricken city. In
1891 Colonel Fife and his command were called out by the Governor to serve
at Black Diamond and Gillman during the mining trouble, which lasted for four
teen days. He retired from active service in 1892, taking with him the respect
and esteem of his brother officers and subordinates. In 1893 the Governor of the
State of Washington made Colonel Fife Chief of Ordnance on his staff, with the
rank of Colonel, to the satisfaction of the entire brigade of the State. A fine
speaker, an able writer and man of many friends, Colonel Fife and his amiable
wife enjoy a popularity second to none. He is a type of the men who do that
which is committed to their hands with all their might, and do it well, knowing
of no such word as fail. Tacoma owes much to his unwearied enterprise and
never-failing energy.
Finney, William, merchant, and Alayor of Davenport, was born in Ohio in
183-J. His father, James Finney, was a Pennsylvania farmer, his mother, Rebecca
(Briggs) Finney, being a native of the same State. Fourth in a family of twelve,
young Finney received a common school education, with the further advantages
of a course at the Washington Academy of Ohio, supplementing the knowledge
thus obtained by .graduating from Bryant & Stratton's Business College at Cleve
land. Beginning the active labor of life, he located in Morgan County, O., where
for ten years he devoted himself to agricultural pursuits. Removing to Illinois,
he engaged for sixteen years in the lumber business, which he relinquished for
the manufacture of brick and tile. In 1888 he migrated to Washington and estab
lished himself as a general merchant at Davenport, in which occupation he is still
engaged. He was married in 1859 to Miss Melissa Hayes, a native of Ohio.
They have four children. Mr. FiDney is not only the present Mayor of the city
of Davenport, but was also its first Treasurer. He is a member of the Masonic
fraternity and an independent in his political faith. He is a man of property,
having $10,000 invested in his business. He is the owner of city realty, a nice
residence, with all those pleasant surroundings that go to make up the material
happiness of a home.

572 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Fish, Daniel R., farmer, on the north fork of the Cowiche, was born in New
York in 1837, being second in a family of five born to Henry S. and Polly (Rus
sell) Fish. His parents were both natives of the Empire State. Leaving home
in 1855, young Fish went to Michigan, where he remained until 1860, when he
crossed the plains by team with a company of twenty wagons, and arrived without
special adventure in California in August of that year. Here he engaged in farm
ing, but removed to Salmon River during the gold excitement. After prospect
ing awhile he returned to The Dalles, where he remained until 1864, then migrated
to Umatilla, and after various changes, during which he traversed the greater
part of the Sound country, he came to Yakima in 1869. He bought his present
farm in 1888, where he has ever since resided. He has four hundred and fifty-five
acres under cultivation, two hundred head of fine horses and cattle, a splendid
orchard, and his own system of irrigating ditches. He was married in 1883 to
Miss Celesta Chapman, daughter of Andrew Chapman, a prominent farmer of
Oregon. This lady died in 1889, leaving one child. Mr. Fish has a pleasant
home, and is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows fraternity. He
is a Republican in politics, a fine farmer, and a genial gentleman.
Fish, Richard C, farmer, of Sprague. Wash., was born in Jackson, Alich.,
February 12th, 1852. His father, John Fish, was a mechanic, born in Batavia,
N. Y. , and his mother, Caroline G. Fish, was a native of Jackson. Third in a
family of five children, Richard received his early education in the schools of his
native State, aud then followed railroading for seven years. In 1874 he went to
California, where he farmed for six years, coming to Washington Territory in
1880. Here he located on the farm which he still cultivates. He has no less
than seventeen hundred acres, eleven hundred of which are improved, their crops
being wheat and barley, with an average yield of sixteen bushels to the acre. He
is the owner of city and suburban homes, and is in every way pleasantly estab
lished. He was married in 1886 to Aliss Dora J. Littlefield, daughter of William
Littlefield, of Pennsylvania. They have four children. Air. Fish was elected
a Justice of the Peace in 1882, holding office until 1888, when he was elected
Sheriff of Lincoln County, and again in 1890. He isa Republican, and is a mem
ber of the Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias. He has made an excellent record
in both the offices he has been called to fill, having proved himself a faithful and
efficient incumbent of each.
Fishback, Hon. Charles F., attorney-at-law, of Seattle, AVash., was born at
Independence, Warren County, Ind., July 9th, 1856. His family, being admirers
of General Fremont, gave the name of that distinguished explorer to their son —
his middle name being Fremont. When he was but three years old his parents
removed to Kansas, his father, AVilliam H., locating at Olathe, where young Fish-
back received his early education in the public school and Poole College, in which
latter institution he afterward became an instructor. While still a mere youth,
his ability as a teacher secured for him the position of principal of the Aubrey
High Sehool, wliich he resigned to organize an academy and business college at
Olathe, Kan. He began the study of law in the office of Hon. J. P. St. John,
afterward Governor of the State. He removed to Colorado, and going to Lead-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 573
ville, spent some time in the mines, leaving to resume his legal studies in the St.
Louis Law School, where he graduated with distinction, taking the work of both
the junior and the senior classes in one year, an achievement till then unknown
in the history of the institution. He began practice as counsel in a famous mur
der case, and after varied experiences in Colorado and California, came to Wash
ington in 1890 and opened a law office in Seattle. Appointed Assistant to Dis
trict-Attorney Carr, he retained that position until the close of the term. He is
now senior partner in the law firm of Fishback, Elder & Hardin, whose spacious
offices and library are located in the Squire-Latimer Building. The firm enjoys a
lucrative and ever-increasing business. In 1889 Mr. Fishback was married to
Miss Anna E. Derry, a most charming and talented young lady of Napa, Cal.,
who has already won a leading place in the social and intellectual life of Wash
ington. Mr. Fishback is an eloquent advocate, and being still a young man, may
well anticipate a most successful career in the future.
Fisher, David, farmer and stockman, of Kittitas Valley, was born in Penn
sylvania in 1835. His parents, who were both natives of Germany, emigrated to
America in 1820, locating in the Keystone State, where the father died in 1841,
leaving a wife and seven children, of whom David was the youngest. In 1845
the mother removed with her family to Missouri, and to the Far West in 1863,
where she died. Young Fisher received his early education in Missouri, and in
1855 came to Oregon, teaming from The Dalles to the Idaho miues. Here he
prospected successfully. He reached the Kittitas Valley in 1872 and took up land
two miles west of Ellensburg, where he now owns two hundred acres of fine
fertile soil. He is a breeder and raiser of fine stock, especially the thoroughbred
Galloway and Durham cattle. He is still unmarried. He is a member of the
Farmers' Alliance and a stockholder in the Ellensburg Irrigating Ditch. He is
an old pioneer, inured to its hardships and thoroughly conversant with the many
dangers and privations which beset the first settlers on our Western frontier.
Flint, Isaac A., deceased, a pioneer farmer near Yakima City, born in Che-
nano-o County, N. Y., was the youngest son in a family of three born to John and
Rachel (Purdy) Flint. He commenced his life's labors at eighteen as a farmer.
In 1844 he entered the ministry and preached until 1889. After leaving his home
in the State of New York he travelled to Michigan, much of the way on foot,
remained there a short time, and then in 1836 went to Chicago, and from thence
by team to AVisconsin, where he took up a claim. In 1844 he migrated to Mis
souri and engaged in the lumber business. In 1845 he crossed the plains with ox-
teams, being obliged to exercise great vigilance to prevent the Indians from kill
ing the cattle. Arriving safely at Sutter's Fort, on the Sacramento River, Cali
fornia, being the first to cross the Sierra Nevada with wagons, they wintered in
Sonoma County, Cal., then visited Oregon in the spring of 1846, where Mr. Flint
remained until 1847 in the Willamette Valley. He then left his farm and jour
neyed with a party up the Cowlitz to Puget Sound, and by canoes to Whidby
Island, suffering great privation, and narrowly escaping destruction in the break
ers. Saved by friendly Indians, they were cared for by the savages until suffi
ciently recovered to resume their march. Before arriving at Whidby they were

574 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
reduced to such a state of starvation that one eagle was all that six white men
and three Indians had to subsist on for three days. From Whidby Mr. Flint,
whose name and endurance seem to have been synonymous, made his difficult way
through twelve miles of timber, finally reaching the English fort at Nesqually
The other men came around with the canoe. Continuing their explorations
after recruiting their strength, they passed with canoes down to the Columbia
River, meeting with many adventures and not a few dangers. After taking up a
claim near Salem, Ore., Mr. Flint, attracted by the gold excitement, went to the
mines and remained three years. His first wife died in California in 1846. In
1852 he returned to Wisconsin, and married Miss Emeline L. Phinney in 1853.
He recrossed the plains by ox-team the same year, reached Rogue River, Oregon,
settled in Douglas County, Ore., moved to Salem in 1865, thence to Yakima
City in 1869, where be resided with his family until 1891, the time of his death.
A widow and six children survive and lament his loss. Few men had a wider,
more dangerous and varied experience of frontier life than the late Mr. Flint.
Flint, Edgene V., a farmer on Parker Bottom, near Yakima City, was born
in Wisconsin in 1841. He was the son of Isaac A. and Sarah (Bigelow) Flint, the
father being a native of New York and the mother born in Canada. While still
a child young Flint crossed the plains with his parents by ox-team in 1853, being
so fortunate as to escape the Indians, then so hostile to settlers, and arrived safely
in Oregon. Iu 1860 they removed to California. Mr. Flint there enlisted, and
was stationed in Arizona, and had numerous skirmishes with the hostile reds
while engaged in doing escort duty to the stages and government trains. Upon
his discharge he migrated to Washington Territory, engaging in various pursuits,
until he finally settled upon the farm which he still cultivates. He is a member
of the Grand Army of the Republic and politically a Republican. Few veterans
have a pleasanter location or brighter outlook for their declining years than Mr.
Flint. Flint, P. J., farmer and stock-raiser, of Yakima County, Wash., was born in
AVisconsin in 1842. His father, I. A. Flint, was a New York farmer, his mother,
whose maiden name was Sarah Bigelow, being a native of Nova Scotia. His
parents removed to AVisconsin, settling in the locality where our subject was
born. Young Flint travelled extensively at an early age through the then wild
West, visiting Oregon, California, and various frontier States with his father, and
was educated in the public schools of Oregon. He began life in the stock busi
ness and mining in Oregon and Idaho. In 1867 he came to Washington Terri
tory, locating in Yakima County, on the homestead which he still owns, and con
tinues to unite farming with stock-raising, in which he is largely engaged. The
hard winter of some five years ago inflicted great loss on Mr. Flint in the destruc
tion of his cattle. He has held the office of County Commissioner for two terms.
He was married in February, 1867, at Independence, Ore., to Aliss Lucy A. Burch,
of that State. He is the owner of a handsome city residence and valuable farm
property, which is nearly all under cultivation. His father was one of Washing
ton's early pioneers, full of interesting reminiscences of those trying times which
prepared the way for the ease aud comfort of the present, and was a fearless

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 575
preacher of the pure gospel of Christ. He organized what is now the Christian
Church at North Yakima, Wash., and is buried in the cemetery near that place.
Flowers, John L., was born in the province of Ontario, Canada, October 8th,
1841, and received a common school education in his native town. At the age of
fourteen years he went to Page County, la., with his parents, where he was engaged
in farming pursuits until May 1st, 1861, when he crossed the plains and settled
in Washington Territory, near tbe town of Walla Walla. Here he followed farm
ing part of the time until 1868, when he moved to Dayton, Wash., farming there
until 1878. In the latter year he settled in the Palouse country, taking up a
homestead claim, where he is still engaged in farming and stock-raising. His
property adjoins tbe town of Colton, of which Mr. Flowers was one of the organ
izers. He was elected Justice of the Peace for Colton precinct in 1886, and has
since been twice re-elected and once appointed to the same office. He was mar
ried Alay 10th, 1874, to Miss Valora Burge, of Dayton, by whom he has five
daughters aud four sous. Mr. Flowers is a public-spirited and progressive citi
zen, and is deeply interested in the development of the Palouse country.
Follansby, J. S., merchant, of Palouse, Wash., was born in Vermont in 1855.
His father was a New Hampshire lumberman, his mother, Amanda (Lucas) Fol
lansby, being a native of the same State. Second in a family of five children born
to his parents, young Follansby received such education as the common schools
of Vermont could afford. Emigrating to Oregon, he engaged in general mer
chandising, continuing for five years, until his removal to Washington, where he
selected Palouse City for his residence and opened a men's clothing and furnish
ing establishment, investing a capital of some thousands, which is increasing with
the growth of his trade. He was married in 1887 to Miss Ellen Jones, a native
of Oregon and daughter of J. M. Jones, a leading merchant of that State. They
have two children. Mr. Follansby is a member of Masonic Lodge No. 46, and
Royal Arch Chapter No. 12, of Oregon. He is a Democrat in his politics, pro
gressive in his views, having a large reliance on the brilliant future in store for
his adopted State, and, like most New England men, a thoroughgoing business
man. Ford, Mary, widow of David Ford, a farmer, and veteran of the Civil War,
of Elleusburg, Wash., was born in Ohio in 1837. Her father, a native of Penn
sylvania, was born in 1812, her mother, from the same State, in 1815. Mrs. Ford's
girlhood was passed in Indiana, where she received such limited education as the
district schools of that region could afford, and here too she was married to
David Ford, who was born in that State in the same year as herself. Her lato
husband was a farmer, but filled for five years with wisdom and ab'lity the office
of Justice of the Peace. He was, moreover, a soldier of the Civil War, serving
in Company A, Eighty-fourth Indiana Volunteers. He participated in many en
gagements, and was wounded in the service. They removed to Missouri in 1878,
where the husband engaged for flve years in agricultural pursuit's. From thence
they migrated to California in 1879, and finally to Washington Territory in 1880.
Their journey was a varied one — by water to The Dalles, thence by wagon to

576 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Yakima. They located at length at Ellensburg, one mile east of the city, tak
ing up a homestead claim, on which the widow still resides and cultivates one
hundred and sixty acres. Her husband was a Justice of the Peace at Ellens
burg for four years. He died in 1887, leaving four children, who still sorrow
for the loss of ODe whom his widow touehingly describes as being missed by all
who knew him. Two of the daughters are school-teachers, the third a student
in the Normal School.
Foster, Charles E., a popular citizen of South Bend, Wash., and ex-Mayor
of the city, was born in Bristol, Me., September 3d, 1844, and received his educa
tion in the common schools of his native place. At the early age of ten years he
began a seafaring life, which continued until the breaking out of the War of the
Rebellion, when he enlisted in the Thirty-second Massachusetts Infantry. He
was actively engaged in service with the Army of the Potomac until 1863, when
he was transferred to the naval service, and was assigned to duty on board the
war-ship Bienval. One year later he was transferred to the sloop-of-war Rich
mond, where he served until the close of the war. Receiving an honorable dis
charge from the service, he returned home and again took up his seafaring life,
which he continued without interruption until 1878. In the fall of that year he
came to Washington and settled at South Bend, where he has ever since resided.
Mr. Foster has been prosperous in his business relations, and is justly regarded
as one of the most substantial and valuable citizens of South Bend, and is one of
the foremost in all the public concerns of the city. In public life he has filled
several important and highly responsible positions, in which he has always been
found to be prompt, honest, and capable. In 1888 he was elected a member of
the first House of Representatives of the new State of Washington, and in that
capacity was conspicuously instrumental in securing good legislation for the new
commonwealth. He was elected Mayor of South Bend in December, 1889, and
discharged the duties of that office with credit to himself and to the entire satis
faction of the community. Mr. Foster is a self-made man, inheriting from his
ancestors only those qualities of mind and heart which have enabled him to com
mand success. With a kind and genial disposition and generous to a fault, he is
esteemed by all, and it goes without saying he has but few enemies. Mr. Foster
was married October 15th, 1865, to Miss Alary A. Foster, of Bristol, Me. Two
children have graced their union — Lilla AI. and Lenwood E.
Foster, J. S., farmer, on Parker's Bottom, near Yakima City, is a native of
Alissouri, being the youngest of six children born to J. S. Foster and Alargaret
(Adams) Foster, both of that locality. Educated in the common schools of his
district, young Foster's earliest occupation was farming, a pursuit in which he
has continued through life. In 1847 he left the parental roof, crossing the plains
by ox-teams and escaping serious difficulty with the Indians, then so troublesome,
except the additional watchfulness necessary to prevent them from stampeding
the stock. A six months' trip brought them safely to Polk County, Ore. There
he remained until 1867. Removing to The Dalles, he lingered there three years,
overseeing the education of his children. He then went to the Yakima Valley,
his present location, where he settled on a farm of one hundred and fifty-two

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 577
acres, eighty of which are under cultivation. He raises clover, alfalfa, and hops,
and has a fine young orchard representing every variety of fruit known to Wash
ington. He was married to Miss Louisa Birch, and has five children, nearly all
of whom have reached their majority. He and his wife have both been members
of the Methodist communion for upward of forty years. He is a Democrat in his
politics. Finding the shadows of life's late afternoon lengthening toward its
evening, he yet takes an interest in all about him and enjoys the many comforts
with which a life of labor crowned by the blessing of the All-Father has sur
rounded him.
Fowler, Charles V., of North Yakima, farmer in the Moxee Valley, was
born in Rush County, Ind., in 1824, being the fifth son in a family of eleven chil
dren born to Charles and Elemander A. Fowler. His parents were both natives
of Indiana. The father died in 1840, the mother in 1852. Educated in the com
mon schools and brought up a fanner, Mr. Fowler made the overland journey by
team in 1864, meeting with considerable difficulty from hostile Indians, who re
peatedly stampeded the emigrants' stock, making great trouble to regain them.
For fifteen consecutive nights Mr. Fowler stood guard, a self-appointed sentinel.
It was mainly through his vigilance that the train was saved from capture and all
the horrors of Indian massacre. Arriving at Sacramento, after a six months' trip,
he went to Yolo County, Cal., where he remained eighteen years, engaged in
farming. In 1879 he removed to Washington Territory, coming to Yakima City
and locating on his present farm of four hundred and forty acres. His orchard
is a marvel of no less than four hundred trees of fine variety ; twelve acres are
devoted to hops, and other crops give satisfactory results. Over one hundred
head of fine stock feed upon his meadows. Mr. Fowler was married in 1838 to
Miss Araminta Jones. Seven children have been born to them. He is a Republi
can in politics.
Fox, E. H., of Tekoa, Wash., the only child of James M. and Susan Fox, was
born in Pettis County, Mo., in 1854. Educated in the public schools of Kentucky
and Missouri, with the more exclusive advantages of a private academy, he read
law with the Hon. AI. M. Gardner, a leading attorney of the State, and after a
brilliant examination was admitted to the Bar of Washington in 1888. Novem
ber of the same year found our young practitioner elected to the responsible posi
tion of Prosecuting Attorney of Columbia County, an office which he filled with
marked ability. Coming to Tekoa in 1891, he entered at once upon an active and
lucrative practice, which his ability and popularity bid fair to constantly increase.
Though " arms must yield to the gown," Attorney Fox is in this matter doubly
armed, being not only a wearer of the forensic robe, but a Major in the National
Guard. He is, moreover, a large reader of a literary turn of mind, but finds time
to attend the duties of his membership as a Knight of Pythias, of which order he
is Past Chancellor and Sir Knight Captain. He is also a real estate holder in the
city of Tekoa. Mr. Fox was married in 1881 to Miss Mary Bushnell, a lady of
good family from Missouri. They have four children.
Frank, P., M.D., physician and surgeon, of Tacoma, and Coroner of Pierce
County, was born August 5th, 1844, in Vienna, Austria, and emigrated to America

578 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
with his parents in 1858. He became a student in Columbia College, New York
City, until his removal 'o California in 1864. He attended college at Louisville,
Ky., and graduated from the Kentucky State Institute in 1874. He became an
active practitioner in Oregon, and in 1884 removed to Washington, where his
talents and acknowledged professional skill ensure him a large and lucrative prac
tice. He has been for four years County Physician, and is the present Coroner
of Pierce County. He was married in Oregon in 1881. He is a member of
various secret societies, an agreeable gentleman and most popular man, diagnos
ing bis cases with care and availing himself of all modern advantages which sub
stantially assist the healer in his art.
Frederick, Martin, farmer and stockman, of Kittitas County, Wash., was
born in Nebraska in 1864. His father was born in Germany in 1836, and emi
grated to America in 1854. His mother, a native of Ohio, was born in 1838.
Mr. Frederick's father was a soldier in the Civil War, having served as a volun
teer in one of the Ohio regiments. Being honorably discharged, he returned to
the Buckeye State, where, like Cincinnatus of old, he once more held the plough.
In 1864 be removed to Nebraska, and in 1876 to the Territory of Washington,
locating in the Kittitas Valley, where he died November 10th, 1877. His widow
returned to Ohio, where she still resides. They had six children, of whom Mar
tin is the oldest. He received his early education in Nebraska and Washington,
his first employment being on a farm wliich he bought five miles east of Ellens
burg, and where he now owns one hundred and sixty acres of very productive
soil. He was married in Kittitas Valley in 1888 to Aliss Alartha Poynor, a native
of California, born in 1870. She is the daughter of old Pacific Coast pioneers.
She died December 9th, 1891, leaving one child, born on February 5th of that
year. Mr. Frederick is a Republican.
Frick, C. W., hotel proprietor, at Spangle, Wash., the son of G. W. and
Mary Miller Frick, was born in Lancaster County, Pa., June 6th, 1832. His
father, born in Pennsylvania, February 26th, 1808, was a farmer and Dunkard
preacher of that section ; his mother, born October 15th, 1810, was also a native
of the Keystone State. His grandparents were Swiss, and emigrated at an early
day to America, where his grandsire took part in the Revolutionary War, in which
he was severely wounded. Young Frick learned the cabinet trade, then entered
school, graduating at the head of his class from Buchanan College at the age of
twenty-two. He became foreman in a carpet and furnishing store. He volun
teered for the war and served in the first battle of Bull Run. He re-enlisted in
the regular army, and was honorably discharged at the end of three years at
Brownsville, Tex. He returned to Pennsylvania, thence to Illinois, where he
started a furniture factory. In 1870 he migrated to Walla Walla, Wash., where
he worked at his trade, and afterward started a store of his own. Two years later
he sold out and moved to Pomeroy and Dalton, but finally settled at Spangle,
where he has since remained, speculating and cabinet-making until he opened
the St. Charles Hotel, which he proposes to conduct. Air. Frick was married in
Maple County, 111., to Aliss Lucinda Hall, in 1806, u native of Illinois, but of
English and German descent. Ten children, seveu of whom survive, have blessed

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 579
their union. Mr. Frick is a landholder to a small extent, a member of the
Masonic and Odd Fellows fraternities, and a Democrat in his political faith.
Frink, William E., farmer, of Minnie Falls, Wash., was born near Syracuse,
N. Y., July 15th, 1836. His father, Elias Frink, was a farmer of the Empire
State, and his mother was a niece of the celebrated Dr. Marcus Whitman, one of
Washington's most honored pioneers. Mr. Frink was an only child. He re
ceived his education in the academy at Hillsdale, Mich. In 1839 he removed to
Ohio with his parents, and in 1844 to Hillsdale, where, as we have narrated, he
received his rudimentary education. In 1853 we find him in La Salle County,
111., engaged in farming and school-teaching ; then in 1878 in Republic County,
Kan. ; from thence he went to Washington in 1881, spent a year in Walla Walla,
where he followed various puisuits, but generally farming, stock-raising, and
freighting to the Okanogan country. In 1882 he removed to Lincoln County,
where he devotes himself for the most part to stock-raising. He has also nine
hundred and sixty acres uuder cultivation, seven hundred in wheat and other grain.
He was married in 1860 to Miss Orilla Kenyon, of Woodford County, 111. They
have nine children, all residents and worthy citizens of the State of Washington.
Mr. Frink is a Alason and a Grand Army of the Republic comrade, having enlist
ed in the One Hundred and Fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served with
the Army of the Cumberland, Fourteenth Army Corps, in all the engagements in
which it participated. He was honorably discharged at Chicago.
Frost, J. E., of Ellensburg, Auditor and Recorder of Kittitas County,
Wash., was born in Pennsylvania in 1865, and is the son of John W. and Sarah J.
Frost, his father being from Pennsylvania, while his mother was a native of New
York. Educated in the public schools of his native State, young Frost began his
business life in Pennsylvania, engaging in various occupations until his migration
to Washington in 1889. Here he was elected to the office of Auditor and Re
corder, a position he still holds, having succeeded himself at the last general elec
tion for another two years' term. He was the nonvnee of the Republican party,
and, thanks to his personal popularity, ran ahead of his ticket on both occasions.
He was married in Jamestown in 1887 to Miss Maude L. Fox, a native of the Key
stone State. They have two children. He owns a substantial city residence,
is a member of the State National Guard, with the rank of Captain, being the
commander of Company A, Second Regiment. His company is regarded by
military men as one of the best drilled in the State. He is, moreover, a member
of the Masonic, Odd Fellows, and Sons of Veterans fraternities, and a pronounced
Republican in his politics.
Fudge, William, stock rancher, of Waitsburg, Walla Walla County, Wash.,
was born in Ogle County, 111 , in 1838. His father, Adam Fudge, was a native
of Virginia and a planter, his mother, Catherine Whitiker, being a native of
Pennsylvania. Eighth in a family of ten children, young Fudge accompanied his
parents across the plains in 1847 to Oregon. His early education was obtained
in the district schools, and the first business beginning of his life was in his pres
ent vocation — stock-raising. In 1859 he came to Washington, locating in what

580 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
is now known as Huntsville. He has a stock ranch in Whitman County of no
less than fifteen hundred acres, large interests in cattle, and is the owner of val
uable realty. Air. Fudge was married in 1863 to Aliss Elizabeth Billaps, daughter
of W. H. Billaps, an old pioneer of Washington. Mr. Fudge represented Walla
Walla County in the Territorial Legislature in 1885. While a member of that
body he was the promoter of various important measures, among others one to
reduce railroad rates. He was also instrumental in locating the penitentiary at
Walla Walla and the granting of a charter to the city of Waitsburg. He was a
member of the City Council for five years, and in that capacity did all in his
power to promote its best interests. He is a Alasonic brother and a member of
the Ancient Order of United Workmen.
Gardiner, G. W., Police Judge and Justice of the Peace, of North
Yakima, was born in New York in 1827. His father, Elisha Gardiner, was a
tanner and currier of Springfield, Alass., his mother, Fannie E. Gardiner, being a
native of Connecticut. Young Gardiner was educated in the public schools of
the Empire State and in the Canton Academy, took a classical course, studied
law, and was admitted to practice in the courts of Illinois in 1849. In 1856 he
removed to Kansas and began practice there. He was elected Probate Judge of
Leavenworth County on the Free Soil ticket, and also to the State Legislature,
his commission being signed by Governor Denver, and also as Commissary, with
the rank of Captain, by President Lincoln. He enlisted in 1862, and served
under Grant at Vicksburg, doing gallant service under various generals, and
especially with the Thirteenth Army Corps. He resigned his commission, re
turned to Kansas, and resided there until 1881 ; then engaged in mining in Colo
rado for eight years, and in 1888 removed to Washington, locating at North
Yakima and returning to the practice of the law. He was appointed Deputy
Clerk of the United States District Court at Yakima and elected Justice of the
Peace on the Democratic ticket. He was married in 1849 to Miss Alarchia Walker,
of New Hampshire, a descendant of a family noted in that State. Four children
grace their union, one of whom is the widow of the distinguished Professor
Geary. The judge owns a pleasant city home. He is a member of the Knights
of Pythias. A recent convert to the People's Party, he ran as a candidate for
Superior Judge and polled a heavy vote. An able jurist and an agreeable gen
tleman, he has many friends and is warmly esteemed.
Garretson, A. H, nttorney-at-law, Tacoma, was born in Henry County, la.,
raised on a farm, and educated in the village schools of his native county, and
afterward attended the Whittier College, Salem, la. He also attended the State
University at Iowa City, graduating iu the law class of 1879. He was admitted
to the Bar, and in October of that year commenced his practice at Keokuk, la.
In 1871 he formed a partnership with his younger brother, J. G. Garretson, aud
did business with him under the firm name of Garretson & Garretson, continuing
the same until April of 1889, when he came to Tacoma, opened an office, and
has ever since beeu actively engaged in legal pursuits, getting his full share of
that class of business. He was elected to the Legislature of the State in 1890 and
served during the session of 1891.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 581
Geddis, Sylvanus Ray, a pioneer and citizen of Ellensburg, born in Penn
sylvania in 1838, was the eldest of a family of four children born to Robert and
Mary (Alarsh) Geddis. Removing with his parents to Iowa at an early age, and
from thence to Oregon in 1847, he completed his education and began the busi
ness of life at the age of sixteen as a stock-raiser in Iowa. After a year's resi
dence in British Columbia, he came to Washington Territory in 1869, locating in
Kittita3 County, where he became a farmer and stock-raiser, in which business
he still continues, combining it with a butchering establishment. He was a sol
dier in the war against the Rogue River Indians in 1886-87 in Southern Oregon.
He has held the office of County Commissioner for Kittitas and Yakima counties,
and before their division was elected from the district comprising Kittitas County.
He was married May 29th, 1859, in Linn County, Ore., to MissEmily Turman, of
Illinois, her parents being pioneers of that State and Oregon. They have nine
living children. Devoted to his family, the possessor of a pleasant city home and
other realty, both urban and suburban, the lines of life have certainly fallen in
pleasant places to Mr. Geddis.
Gerry, Robert, merchant, of Pasco, Wash., was born in Ellsworth, Me., in
1858. His father, Robert Gerry, was a native of Massachusetts and a merchant
and manufacturer ; his mother, Amanda Maddox Gerry, was a native of the Old
Pine Tree State, ber parents being also natives of that commonwealth. Young
Gerry was educated in the public- schools of his native State and in Eastman's
Commercial College at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. He began active life, on reaching
his majority, as a salesman with the well-known house of R. H. White & Co., of
Boston, in whose employ he continued for two years. Coining to Washington in
the spring of 1881, he accepted the position of Deputy Postmaster at Walla Walla,
which he filled for a period of about five years. In December, 1885, he visited the
East, remaining for a year, and on his return to Walla Walla he tarried but a
twelvemonth in that place. Going to Paseo, he established himself as a general
merchant, in which business he still continues and in which he has invested capi
tal to the amount of $15,000, carrying a full line of goods and doing a business
of thriving proportions uuder his own management. His store is one of the finest
in the city, and the building it occupies is the property of Mr. Gerry. He has
filled the office of Treasurer of Franklin County, to which he was elected on the
Democratic ticket, and also that of Mayor. He is the owner of valuable im
proved property and many city lots. He is generally regarded as a public-spirited
and progressive citizen, and personally a very popular man.
Gervais, P. T., merchant, of Yakima City, Wash., was born in Montreal,
Canada, in 1844. At the age of thirteen years he worked his way to Montana,
and in 1868 came to Yakima City. Being of independent and energetic charac
ter, not easily discouraged, and determined to make his way, he devoted himself
at first to manual labor, splitting wood and rails until, by utilizing the occupation
nearest at hand, he gained a foothold, and proceeded to show the stuff that was
in him. In 1871 he began trading for himself, and by his thorough business tact
and enterprise has built up a profitable concern. He is now the proprietor of a
fine brick store 30 X 60 feet, with si large warehouse for goods, and carries a stock

582 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
of general merchandise valued at $12,000. His trade is large and constantly in
creasing. Air. Gervais also owns forty acres of land worth $150 per acre, one
hundred and sixty acres worth about $25 per acre, and has an interest of $1400 in
an irrigating ditch. He is married to Katie Bartholet, and has five children. He
is a Democrat in politics.
Gibson, Edwin W., of Pomeroy, Wash., is a native son of Oregon, having
been born at The Dalles in 1870. His father, Daniel D. Gibson, was a merchant
and a native of Carolina, his mother being from Indiana. Edwin was educated
in the States of Oregon and Washington, and on the completion of his studies
located in what was then (1879) Columbia, but is now Garfield. Here he taught
school, was clerk in the Sheriff's office, and engaged in other occupations. He
accepted the appointment of County Clerk in 1891, to hold office until January,
1893, and was elected to the same office in 1892. He is the owner of valuable
real estate in the city, is a member of the National Guard, and prominent
among the young men of Pomeroy. He is the senior member of the firm of Gib
son & King, real-estate brokers, an enterprising firm which does a good business
in the line to which they devote themselves.
Gifford, ElihuB., farmer, of Latah, Wash., was born in Saratoga County,
N. Y., in 1830, being the son of John and Hannah (AVing) Gifford. His father
was a prominent lawyer and politician, who held the office of Justice of the Peace
for twenty-two years, and served one term as County Judge ; he died January
5th, 1863, and the mother in July, 1841. Young Gifford left the State of New
York in 1847 for Wisconsin, and resided there until his coming to Washington in
1878. He was married in 1862 to Miss Catherine Barrows, a native of New York.
Five children grace their union. Mr. Gifford, in common with a majority of the
early settlers of AVashiugton, endured more or less of those frontier privations
always incident to life in a new country ; but all this is a tiling of the past, and
he may well congratulate himself, as he looks around upon his comfortable home,
ample outbuildings, fields ripe for harvest, and trees laden with their luscious
fruit, and mentally compares the old times with the new, that the lines have
fallen to him in such pleasant places. He is a worthy member of the Baptist
Church, " not slothful in business, fervent in spirit, serving the Lord."
Gilbert, P., farmer, of Latah, Wash., was born in Ohio, May 20th, 1834, the
son of Lorenzo Dow and Helen (Belknap) Gilbert. His father was a mill-owner
and of English descent — possibly of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, of world-wide fame.
The eldest of nine children, young Gilbert accompanied his parents to Iowa in
1841, where he resided until 1847, and then removed to Oregon. In 1855 he mar
ried Miss Mary Watts, a native of New York State, a descendant of an old Eng
lish family. Six children grace their union — four sons and two daughters. Mr.
Gilbert, in common with other pioneer settlers of the Pacific Northwest, has had
many adventures with Indians, both in Oregon and after his arrival in the Terri
tory of AVashington, some of which were very interesting ; but their attempted
raids were not entirely without compensation, for the settlers left their mark upon
the hostiles as they crossed the plains, distributing measles in its worst form,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 583
which, with the advantage of Indian treatment, thinned out the red-skins consid
erably. Mr. Gilbert speaks the Chinook language as fluently as his own, an ac
complishment which has stood him in good stead both in Oregon and Washing
ton. He settled in Washington in 1877, endured many privations, and had more
trouble with the savages than most settlers. He is an earnest worker in the Sab
bath-schools of the Alethodist Church, of whose communion he is a member,
a contributor to all public institutions, and deeply interested in the cause of
morality and educational advancement. Pecuniarily he is well endowed, being
the owner of a fine farm in one of the most fertile valleys of the State, amply sup
plied with all needed accessories, and boasting a beautiful orchard prolific in
fruitage. Godman, AIelvin AL, attorney-at-law, of Dayton, Wash., was born in Mis
souri in 1850. His father, Granville Montgomery Godman, was a Virginia planter,
his mother, Frances Ann Johnson Godman, being a native of Kentucky. Fifth
in a family of six, the subject of our sketch attended the common schools of Mis
souri, and then entered the primary department of the Pacific Methodist College
at Santa Rosa, from which institution he graduated in 1887, taking a classical
course. He read law at Santa Rosa with I. G. Pressby and was admitted to the
Bar in 18S0. He came to Dayton and entered upon practice and has built up a
solid and constantly increasing business. He was a member of the last Legisla
ture and of the Territorial Council, being the only Democrat elected to that
office, and also a member of the Constitutional Convention. He was married in
1881 to Miss Alary B. Mustard, of Oregon. They have two children. Mr. God
man is the owner of a city residence and other valuable realty. He is a member
of the Knights of Pythias and a Democrat. Personally he is a man of large ex
perience and knowledge of men and things, a clear-headed lawyer and a shrewd
business man.
Goetter, Frank B., druggist, of Colville, Wash., was born at West Bend,
Wis., June 1st, 1860, the son of B. and Elizabeth Goetter, both of whom were of
German birth, his father having been a hotel keeper and proprietor. Young
Goetter attended a high school until the age of sixteen, when he was apprenticed
to a druggist in Alilwaukee, which lasted for three years. He then officiated as
drug clerk for another year, after which he took a two years' course in pharma
ceutical chemistry at Ann Arbor University. A diploma from that institution
ornaments his store in Colville. He continued cleiking in connection with the
profession of his choice in various localities in Illinois and AVisconsin for the two
succeeding years. Going to Spokane, Wash., in 1885, he remained there but a
year, and in Alay of 1886 began business for himself at his present location,
where he has now the finest and largest stock of drugs in Stevens County. He is
the owner of the building he occupies for business purposes and one of the pleas-
antest homes in the city. He was married in 1889 to Miss Mary A. Kohout, of
Wisconsin. They have one child, a boy. Mr. Goetter is a Democrat in his
political faith, and has always taken an active part in political campaigns. He
has served two terms as City Treasurer, and is at present County Treasurer, hav
ing been elected by the Democratic Party,, then the weakest party in the field.
28

584 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
He is a popular, enterprising, and successful business man, and proposes at an
early day to enlarge his business and erect a fine brick building for its accommo
dation. Goodwin, John AV., a farmer on Parker's Bottom, near Yakima City, was
born in Illinois, being tbe second son of William and Katherine (Roberts) Good
win, who were respectively natives of Illinois and Tennessee, but crossed the
plains by ox-team when John was but a child, taking their family with them.
Air. Goodwin, himself a pioneer of the frontier, says that, only six years old at
the time, he can still remember some of the hardships his parents endured for
want of the necessaries of life. A six months' trip brought them to The Dalles,
from whence they went to Clark County, Ore., where they resided until the
spring of 1870. In 1889 Air. Goodwin removed to the then Territory of Wash
ington, in which year the mother who had so patiently endured the discomforts
of the wilderness was gathered to her rest. His father still survives and resides
in the Sound country. Young Goodwin's first business for himself was with a
pack train, varied with other occupations, until he settled upon his present farm
of one hundred and sixty acres, where he raises &ne crops of grain and has a
splendid orchard of six hundred trees in full bearing. He was married in 1869
to Miss Catherine Irby. They have four promising children. Politically Mr.
Goodwin is attached to the principles of the Democratic Party.
Goodwin, Thomas B., farmer and stockman, of Thorp, Kittitas Valley, was
born in Indiana in 1846. His father, born in 1805, was a Kentucky farmer, and
his mother was born in the same State in 1808. They removed to Iowa in 1852,
where they died — the father in 1891 and the mother in 1864 — leaving a family of
eleven children, of whom Thomas B. was the tenth. Young Goodwin received
his early education iu Iowa, then worked on a farm, removed to Alontana in 1864,
but soon returned, came to California in 1873, thence to Portland, Ore., where he
became a dairyman at the mouth of the Willamette River. He afterward farmed
in 1874 in AVashington County, Ore. Aligrating to Washington Territory in 1877,
he settled in the Kittitas Valley, where he still resides, and took up land a mile
and a half west of Thorp, being now the owner of six hundred and eighty acres,
of which four hundred and forty is in meadow yielding two tons per acre. He
was married iu Iowa in 1865 to Aliss S. Cumberland, formerly a school-teacheT in
Iowa. Nine children grace their union. Airs. Goodwin is a member of the Chris
tian Church, and Air. Goodwin is a member of the Farmers' Alliance. He has
seen his share of the early troubles with the Indians, is a Democrat in politics, a
thrifty farmer, and a generally respected man in the community where he resides.
Gose, John R., AI.D., physician and surgeon, of Pomeyoy, AVash., was born
in Missouri in 1861. His father, J. AI. Gose, was a Virginia planter, and his
mother, Helena Gose, was a native of the same State. Fourth iu a family of
six, the subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools of Walla
Walla, and entered as a student in Whitman College in 1877. He then took a
course in the Jefferson Aledical College of Philadelphia, graduating as M.D. in
1887. He came to Washington and located at Pomeroy, where he began practice,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 585
and has built up a large business, which is constantly increasing. He was married
in 1885 to Aliss Minnie Aldrich, a native of Walla Walla, and daughter of New
ton Aldrich, a pioneer settler of Walla Walla. Two children have been born to
this union. The doctor has a pretty city residence. He is a Democrat in poli
tics, and takes great interest, without regard to party lines, in all that conduces
to the educational and substantial progress of the place where he resides.
Gose, Mack F., attorney-at-law, of Pomeroy, Wash., was born in Missouri in
1859, and was educated at Walla Walla, where he arrived at an early age. He
took an academic ond partly classical course. Locating at Walla AA'alla, he read
law in the office of Senator Allen, and was admitted to the Bar in 1883. He set
tled in Pomeroy and began the active practise of his profession, and has built up
a large business as a leading practitioner " learned in the law." He was married
in 1886 to Ali.-s Selah B. Seeley, of Illinois. They have one child. Air. Gose has
a pleasant residence, a fine legal and general library, with whose contents his
studious nature makes him thoroughly conversant, while the musical and artistic
tastes of his accomplished wife lend an additional charm to his home. He has
been a member of the City Council and City Attorney, and is Vice-President of
the First National Bank, in which he is a stockholder. Fraternally he is a mem
ber of the Knights of Pythias, and in politics a Democrat. He is an able man
and a clear thinker, a good reasoner, of that order of legal mind which is sure to
make its mark and makes ultimate success a foregone conclusion.
Gould, J. A., real-estate broker and capitalist, of Seattle, was born in
Uxbridge, Ont., January 15th, 1851. AVhen a child of but seven years his parents
removed to Illinois, where he received a common-school education. At fifteen he
accompanied his parents to Iowa, where he attended the high school until the
age of nineteen, when he became a teacher himself for three years. After study
ing law in the office of Judge Edward R. Duffie at Sac City, la., he was, in 1875,
admitted to the Bar, and at once began to practise at Pomeroy, la. He also
engaged in banking, having a half interest in the Pomeroy Exchange Bank.
Taking up his abode in Washington in Alay of 1888, he settled at Seattle, devot
ing himself to the real-estate business. He is now the head of the well-known
firm of Gould & Whitworth, and holds a third interest in the Marysville Bank.
He is also part owner, Secretary and Treasurer of the Reliance Loan and Trust
Company, a corporation controlled and managed by his firm. He was married in
1874, at Garden Grove, la., to Aliss Anna L. Cary, of that place. They have
one son, now a youth of fourteen. Fraternally he is a member of tbe Independent
Order of Odd Fellows and the Encampment. He is also a member of the Cham
ber of Commerce of the Queen City. Energetic, enterprising and industrious, he
holds an enviable place among the business men of the city where he resides.
Gragg, Hiram, farmer, of Garfield, was born in North Carolina, August 14th,
1844, the son of Nelson and Violet Gragg, both of that State. Educated iu the
district schools of his native place, he worked on a faim until the age of eighteen.
Upon the breaking out of the Civil War he enlisted in tbe Confederate Army
under General Bragg, serving for the most part in Tennessee. He was present at

586 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Chattanooga and many other important battles, and was with General Lee when
he surrendered at the close of the, war. He returned home, and after remaining
for a time removed to Oregon, and from thence to Washington. He located at
Garfield and took up a homestead claim, besides buying some railroad land of the
company. He was married in North Carolina in 1866 to Aliss Mary E. Baiid,
daughter of Luther Baird. Three children have been born to them. Mr. Gragg
is a Democrat. He owns six hundred acres of fertile and well-improved land,
producing some thirty bushels to the acie. He is also a stock-raiser, having
some fifty head in excellent condition. His residence is one of the finest in the
county. He has also an orchard of three hundred trees.
Graham, Fred S., an active and prosperous young business man, of Avon,
Wash., was born in St. John, N. B., January 22d, 1865. At an early age he re
moved with his parents to Grand Menan in the same province, where he was edu
cated in the public schools. He continued to reside at Grand Menan until his
twenty-second year, and was engaged as master of sailing vessels plying on the
Bay of Fundy and the Atlantic Coast for about one year. In 1886 he came to
Seattle, Wash., and thence to Skagit County, where he took up a pre-emption
claim on the Skagit River, near Sterling. Disposing of this, he located at Avon,
and in partnership with his brother, H. AV. Graham, opened a general mer
chandise store. This venture proved successful beyond their expectations ; their
well-stocked store is hbeially patronized and their trade is rapidly increasing
with the growth of the surrounding country. They own valuable real estate in
Avon, and are extensively interested in tbe shingle mills of the Avon Manufac
turing Company. In connection with the Thomas Brothers they have erected a
fine fishery plant at Waldron Island, for the purpose of catching herring for ship
ment. This enterprise promises to develop into an important industry and prove
of great value to the State. Our subject is a Democrat in politics, and a
thoroughgoing, progressive business man.
Grant, J. AV., general merchant and farmer, of Spangle, Wash., was born in
Clinton County, N. Y., September 19th, 1840, the son of Douglas B. and Eliza
(Vaughn) Grant. His father was born in Yeimont, September 22d, 1801.
Young Grant attended school in Clinton County. Finishing his studies at tbe
age of twenty-one, he entered the army under General Butler, enlisting in Com
pany I, One Hundred and Eighteenth New York. He was attached to the Eight
eenth Army Corps, and was present at several battles of the Peninsular Cam
paign. He served gallantly until the close Of the war, and was discharged at
Fortress Alonroe. Returning to New York, he remained there for eight years,
then went to Alinnesota and engaged in the grocery business. He sold out and
went to California, and from thence to Washington, finally locating permanently
at Spangle, where he is at present carrying on a general store, with an invested
capital of some $5000. He was married April 8th, 1865, to Miss Elizabeth
Alooers, daughter of John and Julia Mooers. Eleven children have been born to
them, of whom but four survive. He is a member of the Independent Order of
Odd Fellows and a comrade of the Grand Army of the Republic, a neutral in
politics, but in the affairs of life a decidedly thoroughgoing, popular and reli
able business man.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 587
Grates, Ovid Al., dental surgeon, of North Yakima, was born in Ohio in
1854. His father, H. C. Graves, was a farmer of the Buckeye State, his mother,
Josephine (Munson) Graves, being a native of the same locality. Educated iu
the public schools of Ohio, Air. Graves removed to Oregon about eighteen years
ago and studied dentistry with Dr. E. G. Clark, a, leading dentist of Portland.
He began practice at Dayton, Wash., in 1881, where he remained a year and a
half and then removed to Pomeroy. Here he devoted himself to his profession
for four years, coming finally to his present location at North Yakima, where "he
has built up a flourishing business. Air. Graves was married in 1885 to Miss Mat-
tie Sheffield, of Oakland, Ore., by whom he has one child. He has a very com
fortable home near the city. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias and the
Ancient Order of United Workmen, aud a Republican in his political faith.
He takes a warm interest iu all that concerns the welfare of the city where he
resides, and has confidence in its future, regarding with no little pride the rapid
progress not only of that locality, but of all other sections of the Evergreen State.
Gray, Samuel, of Palouse, Wash., flour miller, born in Wayne County, 111.,
in 1863, is the son of Robert Gray, an Indiana farmer ; his mother, Temper
ance R. (Chaney) Gray, was also a native of Indiana. Educated in the public
schools of Illinois, Mr. Gray came to Washington Territory in 1881. Locating at
Palouse City, he associated himself with Messrs. McGee and Skinner and erected
a large flouring mill. This partnership was dissolved in 1889, and Mr. Gray asso
ciated with his father and uncle, the present firm being Gray <fe Gray. They have
invested capital to the amount of $25,000, and their business is constantly increas
ing with the growth of the surrounding country. The mills have a capacity of
one hundred barrels a day. Mr. Gray was married in 1887 to Miss Olive Miller,
a native of Illinois. They have two children. He is a member of the Masonic
fraternity and a Democrat in his political faith. Though still a young man, Mr.
Gray has already amassed a fair competence, and his future success is assured.
Green, William Y., a retired citizen of Buckley, Pierce County, Wash., and
the present Mayor of that thriving place, was born in Kentucky in 1826, being
third in a family of twelve born to Robert R. and Elizabeth (Farmer) Green.
His father was an Englishman, his mother a native of Georgia. When he was
but a child his parents moved to Wisconsin, in which State young Green received
the rudiments of education which were to fit him for the duties of life. In 1850
he crossed the plains by team to California, arriving at Georgetown the same
year. Going down. to the American River, he engaged in mining, more especially
at Goodyear Bar. After a few years' experience in this business he sold his inter
est and made a brief stay in Eldorado County ; traversed the State, located in
Tehama, where he devoted himself to merchandising for five years. He moved
to Nevada in 1862 and remained until 1885. He lived a short time at David-
ville, Cal., and in October of the same year finally located at Buckley, Wash.,
where he has ever since remained. He took up one hundred and sixty acres of
land adjoining Buckley and bought one hundred and sixty more near the town,
where he raises all sorts of farm produce. He is the owner of a fine city resi
dence and enjoys the esteem and confidence of his fellow-citizens. He is a Re
publican in politics.

588 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Green, Nelson H., merchant, of Ritzville, was born in Pennsylvania in 1841.
His father, Orson Green, was a native of Connecticut, and by occupation a
mechanic ; his mother, Elsie Mead Green, was from Pennsylvania and a de
scendant of the Alead family who gave name to the city of Meadville, Pa. Edu
cated in the public schools of his native State, young Green first located in Oil
City, where he was " interested in oil." In 1884 he came to Washington Terri
tory and engaged in mercantile pursuits at Ritzville, in wliich he still continues.
He has au invested capital of $12,000. His place of business is one of the most
substantial structures in the city and his trade a thriving and constantly increas
ing one — a practical commentary on the enterprise and energy with which it is
conducted by its popular proprietor. Mr. Green was mairied in 1865 to Aliss
Lucinda Tuttle, a native of Warren County, Pa. They have two children, the
younger of whom is married to Mr. Benjamin Martin, a banker of Ritzville, while
the elder is connected with his father in business. Mr. Green is a member of the
United Workmen. He is a Republican in politics, and has been twice Sheriff
of Adams County. He is largely interested in real estate, owning property of
value near the city.
Greene, Pierce, Postmaster of Fairfield, Wash., was born in Boone County,
la., in 1859. His father, Ridner Greene, a native of Indiana, whose years date
back to 1833, is a lifelong farmer, residing at present in the vicinity of the town
where Pierce, his second son, the subject of our sketch, is located. His mother
also lives with her husband on their farm. Like most farmer boys, young Greene
acquired his rudiments of knowledge at a district school, which he attended
until the rather unusual age of twenty-one, after which he remained with his par
ents, assisting his father in his agricultural labors until his removal to Washing
ton in i883, when he began farming for himself. Realizing that it is not good
for mau to be alone, he took to himself a wife, marrying in 1888 Aliss Nellie Har
viy, of Latah, Wash. He is a partner with his father and manager of a general
merchandise store, which they opened in 1889, the year of Air. Greene's appoint
ment as Postmaster of Fairfield. He is, moreover, the owner of the building in
which he transacts business, with a, sufficiency of town lots to dissipate any fear
of a visit from that proverbially disagreeable animal, " the wolf at the door."
Greene, William E., attorney-at-law, of Pomeroy, AVash., was born in
AlcDonough County, 111., May 30th, 1863. His father, Willard Greene, was an
Ohio farmer, his mother, Elizabeth (Ellis) Greene, being also a native of Ohio.
William was educated in the public schools of bis native State, and read law with
Judge Scott, now Supreme Judge of AVashington. He was admitted to the Bar
February 29th, 1889. He was mairied January 29th, 1890, to Aliss Rose Griffith,
u native of Oregon. He was elected Piosecuting Attorney of Garfield County,
November 8th, prior to which he held the office by appointment. He has a
valuable farm eleven miles from the city, in whose progress and prosperity he
takes an unfailing interest. Fraternally he is a member of the Masonic brother
hood. In his political faith he is a Democrat. He is a non-commissioned officer
of the National Guard.
Greenwood, John F., farmer, of Ellensburg, Kittitas County, Wash., was

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 589
born in Philadelphia in 1841. His parents were natives of England, but came to
America in 1840 ; his father, born in 1805, was a cotton manufacturer in Penn
sylvania. Young Greenwood received his early education in his native State, and
began there his first efforts to be self-sustaining. In 1848 he migrated to New
Jersey, where he learned his trade as a machinist. In 1862 he enlisted in the
United States Navy at New York, was honorably discharged in 1863 at Philadel
phia ; went out again as Third Assistant Engineer on the Larkspur, serving until
1868; was shipwrecked in January of 1866 off Georgetown, S. C, and put on
special duty at the Philadelphia Navy Yard ; went to San Francisco, Cal., in
1867 in the Ossipee, and again wrecked ; took a trip to Central Alexico, returning
to California in September of 1868, and was finally discharged there, after a total
service of six years and two months ; took the position of Engineer on the
steamer T. C. Walker, plying between San Francisco and Stockton, remaining
until 1869 ; became Chief Engineer of the Stockton Water Works, which posi
tion he held until 1872 ; then a mining engineer in Nevada until 1874 — also in
Virginia City ; came to Oregon in 1872, where he was similarly employed ; re
moved to Yakima County, Wash., in charge of government arms for settlers
threatened by Indians ; came to Kittitas Valley and took up a homestead claim,
where he now owns one hundred and sixty acres of fine productive land. He is a
breeder also of fine horses (Norman stock) and half Jersey cattle, Mr. Greenwood
was married in Nevada iu 1875 to Miss Mollie Paddock, of Iowa, born in 1849.
They have one child. Few careers have been fuller of incident or more fortunate
in outcome than that of Air. Greenwood.
Grewell, Elijah, of Ellensburg, farmer and stockman, was born in Illinois
in 1852. His father, a cabinet-maker and carpenter, was a native of Ohio, born
in 1820, and his mother was born in Illinois in 1828. His father, even then fall
ing into a decline, removed to Iowa, and from thence across the plains for Oregon
in 1863, but sickened and died on the way at Sweet Water, Independence Rock,
Wyo., finding an uncoffined grave in the wilderness. The subject of our sketch
was the oldest of this little flock so suddenly bereaved. They reached Vancou
ver, Wash., in October, 1863. Here they remained for nine years, engaged in the
lumber business. Young Grewell received his early education in Washington, of
which State he may well be counted a pioneer. Here too at an early age he
began the busiuess of life, for the care of the family soon devolved upon him
self. In August, 1872, he removed to the Kittitas Valley, then almost unsettled,
took up a homestead claim, and now owns two hundred and forty acres of highly
productive land. His early life in the valley was not without a spice of adven
ture, being diversified by Indian alarms, one of which cost him a fine saddle
horse, and he has a personal acquaintance yet with certain loopholes in the walls of
the old block-house erected to stand off the savages. Air. Grewell was married
to Miss Lottie B. Marshall, a native of California, born in 1868.
Griffith, Jane Ann, widow of Ovid Griffith, deceased, a farmer, of Walla
Walla County, Wash., was born in Alichigan in 1833. Her father was a native of
\rir»inia, and, living on the frontier, experienced a full share of the hardships
which in those early days fell to the lot of every pioneer. Mrs. Giiffith received

590 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
her rudimentary education in Iowa, and was married to Mr. Ovid Griffith in that
State in 1853. lie was a farmer, born in Ohio in 1828. He served gallantly as a
Captain in the Civil War, having volunteered in the Twenty-first Missouri Regi
ment. At the close of the war he removed with his family to Iowa, where he
farmed and engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1875 he went to Colorado, and
the next year came to Washington by ox-team, the party numbering seventy-five
wagons, under the command of Captain Smith. They suffered from fever, and
several died by the way. They were on the plains at the time of Custer's defeat.
Mr. Griffith reached Washington September 29th, 1876, with only a $20 green
back in money. This they discounted at 10 per cent., and arrived at their new
home just in time to encounter the Indian difficulties. They bought one bundled
and sixty acres of railroad land two miles north of Dixie. In the spring of 1880
Mr. Griffith was attacked with inflammation of the eyes, becoming entirely blind.
While holding a restive team they became frightened and ran over him, breaking
his neck and killing him instantly. He left five children. The farm, now owned
by his widow, is productive, yielding a comfortable support. It has the usual im
provements and responds liberally to the labor bestowed on it.
Grimes, L. R., of Ellensburg, Wash., a man of large executive ability, was
born in Knox County, O., January 31st, 1839. He received his preparatory teach
ing in his native county, finishing his education at a point near Mount A'ernon, O.
Raised on a farm, he naturally followed this calling until the call to arms, when,
turning from the peaceful pursuits of agriculture to the animosities of war, he
enlisted in Company I, Twenty-second Iowa Infantry A'olunteers, serving till the
close of the war, when he was mustered out at Savannah, Ga. Returning to
farming in Iowa County, la., he sojourned there until 1870, when he removed to
Saline County, Neb. Being elected to the office of County Cleik and Clerk of
the District Court, he held the position for two years, during which he applied
himself to the study of the law and was admitted to practice in all the courts of
the State. In 1877 he began banking at Sutton, Neb., and followed this business
until 1881, when he removed to Portland, Ore., where he sojourned but a year,
when be removed to Washington. Returning to the East, he spent some time at
Memphis, Tenn., but finally settled at Colfax, Whitman County, AVash., where
he negotiated loans till his removal to Ellensburg in 1888, where he was lo
cated until January, 1893, when he moved to Olympia, Wash., the capital ofthe
State, having been elected to the office of State Auditor at the election in No
vember, 1892. Mr. Grimes was a World's Fair Commissioner for the State of
Washington and one of the Executive Committee. He married Aliss Alinnie Al.
Mosier, of Iowa, November 1st, 1866. They have one son. Air. Grimes's varied
career of farmer, soldier, lawyer, banker, and administration officer, in all of
which he has been successful, proves his energy, capacity, and sterling worth.
Grubbe, William P., M.D., the oldest physician of Rockford, Wash., and the
first to locate in that town, was born in Alissouri in 1845. He was the sixth in a
family of thirteen children born to B. J. and Eliza Grubbe. His father crossed
the plains in 1850, locating in Douglas County, where he still resides, having re
tired from active business. His mother died in 1858. Educated in the public

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 591
schools of Oregon, young Grubbe began life as a farmer, but at the age of twenty-
five determined to devote himself to the study of medicine, with which intent
he entered the office of Dr. E. R. Fish, a graduate of Harvard, both of the literaiy
and medical school. After a year of study with this physician he attended a
course of lectures at Willamette University at Salem, graduating in 1872, and
immediately began to practise at Amity, where he remained for a year, when he
removed to Pendleton, Ore. Here he joined his brother, George W., in mer
cantile pursuits without relinquishing his profession. In 1880 he settled at
Rockford, the first physician in the field, the town having at that time a popula
tion of not more than one hundred and fifty people. Though too healthy a local
ity to enrich a physician, the doctor has built up a large practice, and has become
the owner of two fine farms well improved, and is quite a stock-raiser. He is
also the holder of city property iu Spokane. He has erected a residence near
town. Dr. Grubbe married an Ohio lady of good family iu 1883, and has three
children. He is a Past Master of the Masonic fraternity, and has served a term
in the State Legislature. His universal popularity is tbe natural result of the
genial esteem in which he is held by all who know him.
Guilland, David, a highly respected citizen and old settler of Yakima
County, was born in Switzerland in 1825, his parents, Samuel and Elizabeth
(Guillod) Guilland, being both of the same nationality. Educated in his native
country, young Guilland emigrated to the United States in 1852 and located in
Memphis, Tenn., where he worked as a gardener for nine years. In 1860 he went
to St. Clair County, III., and engaged for two years in coal-mining. In 1862 he
crossed the plains by ox-teams to Albany, Ore., and going thence to Boise City,
Ida. In 1863 he returned to Oregon and became for three years a hotel-keeper
five miles from The Dalles, and afterward engaged in the stock business. In 1872
he came to Washington Territory and settled first in Klickitat County in the cat
tle business. In 1875 he located iu Yakima City, where he devoted himself to
the hotel busiuess and cattle-raising until 1882, in the winter of which year his
whole herd of cattle perished. In 1884 he came to North Yakima and established
himself in the hotel business, which he still personally conducts. He was mar
ried in 1852 to Aliss Alary Schmidtz, a native of Switzerland. They have five
children, one of whom is the wife of the Register of the Land Office at Burns,
Ore. Mr. Guilland is a large landholder and has valuable city property. He is a
member of the Alasonic fraternity and a Republican. A man of large popularity
and many fiiends, he has bravely met the many obstacles of life and turned de
feat into victory.
Hackett, AVilliam J., of North Yakima, Wash., a farmer on the Atahnam,
was born in Alassachusetts in 1848, being the third in a family of six born to
Peter and Pheba (Hall) Hackett. His father was an Irishman, his mother a native
of the Old Bay State. Young Hackett's early education was received in the com
mon schools, and his first occupation was that of a machinist. At the age of
fourteen he left home, went to Chippewa County, aud remained ten years, en
gaged in blacksmithing and saw-milling. In 1876 he came overland to Oregon,
and from thence removed to Yakima City, experiencing considerable difficulty

592 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
with the Indians. He assisted at the building of " Fort Sod," as it was called,
erected for defence against the savages. Returning to Oregon, he remained a
year, then came back to Yakima, where he has lived on his present farm since
1H85. He is the owner of one hundred and sixty acres of good land, productive
of cereals, has eighteen acres of hops, an excellent hop-house and all needful
buildings, and owns his own irrigating ditch. He also has an orchard which
bears abundantly. He was married to Miss Barbara Didcnthal, daughter of a
neighboring faimer. They have five children. Mrs. Hackett, now deceased,
was a member of the Catholic Church, and died greatly regretted by her many
frieuds. Air. Hackett is a member of the Hop Growers' Association.
Hall, George W., of Seattle, Wash., was born in Jackson County, Va., and
at an early age emigrated with his parents to Lawrence County, O. His paternal
grandfather was one of the pioneer settlers of Ohio. Our subject received a good
common-school education in Lawrence County, and began life as a bread-winner,
at the age of sixteen years, in a pattern shop. Under the instruction of his father,
an able mechanic, he thoroughly learned the trade of pattern-maker, and con
tinued to follow that business until his twentieth year. In 1863 he removed to
Montana, and there engaged in mining with moderate success until 1869. In the
spring of that year he located in Seattle and engaged in contracting and build
ing. Two years later he embarked in the furniture trade, establishing the house
of Hall & Paulin. Alter a successful career of fifteen years in that business he
disposed of his interests and engaged in the real-estate business, wliich he has
continued to the present time. During his long residence in Seattle, Air. Hall has
been active in all matters pertaining to the city's welfare, and has repeatedly been
called to fill positions of public trust and honor. He has served in the City Coun
cil for eight years, and in 1891 was elected Alayor. His honesty and integrity are
of the highest, and no man in Seattle possesses more firmly the confidence of its
business community. His success in life has been gained by his own exertions in
legitimate business channels, and through the attainment of his present position
of power and influence the city of his adoption has been enriched in many ways.
Air. Hall was married May 22d, 1872, to Alary V., daughter of W. N. Bell, a
pioneer of Washington. . Four daughters have been born to them — Edna, Iva,
Olive, and Aidiue.
Hamill, L. W., farmer and stock-raiser, of AIcKay Hollow, near Alto, Colum
bia County, AVash., is a native of the Emerald Isle, having been born iu Ireland
iu 1849. Air. Hamill is the oldest of a family of four children born to Daniel and
Jane Hamill, both of whom were natives of the green island. Living with
his parents till the age of seventeen and educated in a private academy of
his native land, young Hamill emigrated to Canada, living in various places and
engaging in farming. Removing to Iowa, he became a farmer aud stock-raiser ;
a residence there of fourteen years was followed by his migration to California,
where he sojourned for a year, coming to Walla AValla, Wash., in 1878. From
thence he removed to his present location near Alto ; here he cultivates his fine
farm of five hundred and sixty acres, growing all kinds of grain and raising some
superior stock, while his orchard furnishes him with choice fruits of many varie-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 593
ties. Air. Hamill is a member of the present Legislature (1893), has held the
office of Secretary of the Farmers' Alliance, and has long been actively connected
with the school boards of the county where he resides. He was married in 1877
to Aliss Amanda Sager, a daughter of Simon Sager, of Iowa. Eight children
grace their union, one of whom is evidently named after the present President ;
it is, therefore, needless to say that Air. Hamill is a Democrat. He is also a
member of the Alasonic fraternity.
Hammond, T. AL, Jr., of Port Townsend, Treasurer of Jefferson County, was
born in Port Townsend, Alarch 14th, 1860. He received his early education in a
private school, studied civil engineering, and at the age of twenty-five began to
devote himself to that profession, previous to which he had been engaged as
foreman and time-keeper for the Union and Northern Pacific Railroad Company,
serving in that capacity for nearly five years, and only relinquishing his position
to engage in land-surveying and civil engineering, to which he had determined
to apply himself. In 1888 he was elected County Surveyor of Jefferson County,
holding tbat office until 1890, when he was elected County Treasurer. He was
re-elected in 1892, and is therefore the present incumbent of the position and
most worthily fills the place. A stanch Republican, he takes an active interest
in politics, is a general favorite, and has proved himself so capable in the dis
charge of his duties that it would be difficult to supply his place. He is a de
scendant of T. AI. Hammond, Sr., one of the earliest settlers in Washington and
a California pioneer of '49. He is the owner of considerable real estate in Port
Townsend. Hanford, Hon. Cornelius IL, of Seattle, United States District Judge for
the District of Washington, has been a prominent man in the legal and political
history of the Pacific Northwest, and has left upon the annals of this section of
the Union the impress of his personality. In positions of honor and trust he has
maintained an exalted standard of excellence, and according to the dictates of
conscience and judgment his influence has been cast for the agencies he believed
to be conducive to the true interests of the people. It is only briefly that we can
give the salient features in the life and work of this illustrious pioneer of Wash
ington. Little more will be attempted than to allude to the more prominent
events in which he has been an actor, for these alone will illustrate a character
solid, firm, wise, and energetic.
Judge Hanford was born in April, 1849, in Winchester, Van Buren County,
la. In the spring of 1853 the elder Hanford sold his farm in Iowa and started
with his family for the Pacific Coast. Reaching the Puget Sound he took up a
donation claim at Seattle, which then consisted of a few scattered log cabins sur
rounded by an impenetrable forest. Here Cornelius passed the years of his early
boyhood until 1861, when he went to San Francisco and remained there until
1867, during which lime he took a course in a commercial college. This was the
only school training he ever had. His father having become impoverished
through the destruction of his property by the Indians in the War of 1855-56,
our subject was compelled from an early age to earn his own livelihood. Woik-
ing at wood-chopping, iu stores and factories and on the farm, or in whatever

594 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
capacity he could find employment, he devoted his leisure time to improving his
mind by reading and stuly. This habit he has continued through life. For a
time he carried the mail between Seattle and Puyallup, an employment at that
time attended with considerable danger, as the route for the most part was a
mere trail through a gloomy forest. When he became of age he took up a pre
emption claim, but ill health compelled him to abandon it. In 1872 he began the
study of law in the office of George N AlcConaha, and in February, 1875, was
admitted to the Bar. From this time forward his career has been one of rapid
progress. In 1875 he was appointed United States Commissioner, and held that
office until the following year, when he was elected a member of the Upper
House of the Territorial Legislature. Although the youngest member of that
body, he was chosen President of the temporary organization. In 1881 he was
appointed Assistant United States Attorney, in which position he continued until
1886. In 1882 he was elected City Attorney of Seattle, and was re-elected in
1884 and 1885. In the fall of 1888 he was elected Chairman of the Republican
Territorial Central Committee, and the sweeping Republican victory which fol
lowed was largely due to his judgment and skill as an organizer. In March,
1889, he was by President Harrison appointed Chief Justice of the Territory,
which he held until Washington became a State. After the admission of the
State the President, in deference to the strongly expressed popular wish, appointed
him United States Judge for the District of Washington.
Beginning the race of life without the bestowed advantages of education or
wealth, every step in Judge Hanford's career has been a step forward. His suc
cess at the Bar was instantaneous, aud in the trial of his first case he displayed
all the skill, fertility of resources, and confidence of a veteran lawyer. His suc
cess as a lawyer has been conspicuous in all branches of a most difficult profes
sion. Of his private character, his charity, his democratic tastes, his affability
and sense of honor, little need be said. As a judge he is especially marked for
his full and fair statement of the case before enumerating the principles of law
to be applied thereto. Positions he has been called to fill have come unsolicited
and have been accepted in obedience to the clearly expressed desire of his fellow-
citizens that his services were needed. Duty to the public rather than his own
inclination or personal interests has controlled his actions iu this regard.
Hanford, Edward, deceased, was born in Columbia, now a part of the city
of Cincinnati, O., January 10th, 1807. He is a grandson of Colonel Brown, who
served during the Revolution as a soldier of the Fifth Connecticut, and was
the recipient of a gold medal from General Washington. Our subject was
educated in the common schools and academy of Cincinnati, remaining at
home until the age of thirty, when he and his younger brother united their
fortunes, one going north and the other south to find suitable investments
for their capital, After much travel they returned to Cincinnati and started
together for Iowa, where they jointly invested in four hundred acres of land.
Edward was married in 1845 to Aliss Abby J. Holgate, of Van Buren County, la.,
sold his interests in tbat State and removed to Oregon in 1853, settling four miles
from Portland. Here he remained but nine months, journeying to Seattle in
1856. Hi3 home being destroyed during the Indian AVar, he went to San Fian-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 595
cisco, to educate his children, in the spring of 1861, remaining until the fall of
1866, wlun he returned to Seattle, making his home in that city up to the day of
his demise, which occurred September 25th, 1884, when he departed for a better
country, " mourned by his kindred and regretted by a host of fiipnds." When
the city of Seattle was attacked by the Indians he fought gallantly in its defence.
The three hundred and twenty acres acquired by settlement and owned by
Air. Hanford is now known as Hanford's addition to the city of Seattle. His
sons seem to have inherited the virtues and enviable record of the father, one of
them, C. H. Hanford, being appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
AVashington Territory, aud Federal Judge since its admission as a State, by Presi
dent Harrison ; another, no less distinguished, was editor and owner of the Intel
ligencer for years, a journal since merged in the Post Intelligencer of Seattle, than
which no newspaper is more creditable and progressive among the many which
represent the best interests of Puget Sound. And what is spoken of one may
well be said of all, for of the five sons bom to Edward Hanford all have proved
themselves worthy and eminently successful citizens, true to themselves and the
father whose unsullied record they are so justly proud of.
Hanger, AI. R., of Dayton, Wash., manager of the Farmers' Alliance Cor
poration of Columbia County, AVash., was bom in Virginia in 1840. His father,
AL R. Hanger, was a planter in the Shenandoah Valley ; his mother, Nancy (Reid)
Hanger, was also from Virginia, and a member of its old aristocracy. Sixth in a
family of eight children, young Hanger was educated in the Brownsburg Acad
emy. He resided at Lexington, Va., until the breaking out of the Civil War,
when he enlisted in the Virginia Volunteers, Jackson's Brigade (Confederate
Army), serving with the army of Northern Virginia until taken prisoner at
Spottsylvania Court Hon=e. After nine months' imprisonment he was discharged
in 1865. After a short stay in Virginia he removed to Alissouri, where he re
mained five years, engaged in milling ; from thence in 1872 to Southern Colorado,
where he passed another five years in the same occupation ; then in Arkansas
until 1884, when ho sold out and came to Dayton, Wash. Here he became a
farmer and still pursues that avocation. He is the owner of five hundred and
twenty acres of fertile land, valued at $40 per acre, and other realty. He was
married in Alareh, 1864, to Miss Naomia McCormick, of the famous family of that
name. This lady, who died in 1876, honored and beloved by all who knew her,
made him the father of six children. He married again in December, 1877, Aliss
Mamie AlcVayde, of Vicksburg, Aliss. They have five children. Mr. Hanger
was elected Assessor of Columbia County in 1888. He was the only delegate
from Washington to the Methodist General Conference (Methodist Church South)
held at St. Louis in May, 1889. He has also served as delegate to all of the
Democratic conventions held in the State. The firm of which he is tbe head
(agricultural implements, etc.) is the largest in Eastern AVashington, having a
branch house at Walla Walla, of which he is also the manager. He is a member
of the Masonic fraternity and a class-leader in the Methodist church, of which his
family are also communicants. His political faith is Democratic.
Hanna, Eugene K., attorney-at-law, of Colfax, Wash.,. is the son of Robert and
Lucy E. Hanna. His father, a native of Ohio, came to Oregon, in pioneer days,

596 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
and young Hanna was born in Oregon in 1859. He is tbe eldest of five children,
and received his education in the public schools of that State. He read law in
Walla Walla, Wash., and was there admitted to the Bar in 1882, and formed a
copartnership with Judge Langford (afterward Associate Justice of the Supreme
Court of Washington) and there entered into practice. In 1884 he was elected
Prosecuting Attorney for Walla Walla and Franklin counties, and at the expira
tion of his term he was appointed Probate Judge of Walla Walla County, served
one year, resigned, removed to Colfax, where he formed a law partnership with
R. L. McCloskey, the firm being Hanna & AlcCloskey. Judge Hanna was one of
the nominees of the Democratic Party for Supreme Judge in the election of 1892,
but, in common with the entire State ticket of his party, was defeated. He is
largely interested in grain and fruit-growing. He raised last year over fifteen
hundred acres of grain, and owns a fine body of fruit lands on Snake River. He
is a strong believer in the future of Washington State, and is aiding to the full
extent of his power in developing its resources.
Hannah, E., who finds his gold in the furrows of the plough, locates his one
hundred and sixty acres, all smiling with culture, some four miles east of Fair
field, Wash. He first entered on this mortal stage in the Buckeye State in 1854.
His father was an Englishman, but his mother, still living in Ohio, is a native of
the Old Bay State. Mr. Hannah enjoyed district-school advantages up to the age
of twenty-one, and then having reached his majority, began his career. Coming
to Washington in 1880, he homesteaded his present farm, having already provided
himself in March, 1873, with a wife — Aliss Alaria Ottis, a farmer's daughter,
whose parents reside in Rockford, Wash., but have retired from active life.
Their union has been blessed with two children. Our subject is both a church-
member and a Republican. Surely no man with such orthodox principles, a wife,
two children, and a farm, has any right to doubt that " the lines have fallen to
him in pleasant places."
Hannah, Mary A., widow of John Hannah, a farmer, and who continues to
conduct the farm of her. late husband near Ellensburg, was born in Alissouri,
December 27th, 1838. Her parents, also natives of that State, came to Oregon
in 1852, making the then dangerous journey across the plains with ox-teams,
thirty-five wagons being in their train. Attacked by cholera, they lost several of
their little company, her father being among those who fell victims to the scourge,
dying at Chimney Rook, and leaving a family of seven children, of whom Airs.
Hannah was the fifth. Receiving her early education in Oregon, she married her
first husband (Mr. Neal Rice) on February 28th, 1865. He was a native of Iowa,
born in 182:3, who only lived ten months after his marriage. In 1867 she was
again married to Air. John Hannah, of Oregon, a native of Canada, born in 1827.
After a period of farming in Alarion County, Ore., they came to Washington in
1877, settling in the Kittitas Valley, where they took up a homestead claim and
finally acquired three hundred and twenty acres. Air. Hannah, who was a large
sheep-grower, while taking his wool to The Dalles, crossed the railroad-track ;
the curve was sharp, the wind blowing violently — a moment more and his man
gled corpse was all that remained of the strong husband and loving father. He

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 597
sleeps beneath the sod of the little valley he helped to cultivate. He left a widow
and three children to mourn his loss. Airs. Hannah, with all the zeal aud energy
so common to AVestern womanhood, continues to conduct his farm and protect
the interests of those left to her care.
Hare, Dr. William H., of North Yakima, Receiver of the United States
Land Office, being the first Receiver appointed in the State of Washington for
the Yakima Land Office (June 22d, 1891), was born in Belmont County, O., in
1853. His father, William Hare, was an English physician, his mother, Anna M.,
being a native of Virginia. Educated in the district schools of his native State,
young Hare began life as a dentist, being a graduate of the Ohio Dental College
of the Class of 1874. He went to California and remained in Sacramento until
1883, when he came to Washington Territory and located at Yakima City, prac
tising there and in North Yakima until 1888, when he removed to Ellensburg
and continued as a dentist until appointed Receiver of the Land Office at Yakima,
a position which he continues to fill. He has been an active politician, having
been a member of various committees, both State and county, to advance the in
terests of the Republican Party. Ho is the owner of valuable realty in the city
of Ellensburg. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of Pythias, having
joined that order in Cincinnati. Professionally he has been a strong factor in the
formation of the State Dental Society, of which he was President during the
second year of its existence. He was appointed to the Receivership by President
Harrison, to succeed T. AI. Vance, a son of the distinguished Senator from South
Carolina, and has filled the office with ability and to the satisfaction of the peo
ple of Yakima County. Personally he is a genial gentleman, enjoying a well-
earned popularity and the esteem of his fellow-citizens.
Harford, Fred, banker and capitalist, of Pataha, Wash., was born in 1860.
Educated in Santa Barbara College, he took a scientific course and afterward
graduated from Heald's Business College in San Francisco, and located on a ranch
in San Luis Obispo County. In 1882 he came to Washington Territory and en
gaged in banking, a business which he still follows. His bank is a private one,
and has a capital of $50,000. Its business is constantly increasing with the
growth of the county. Mr. Harford was married in 1885 to a native of Ohio.
One child has been born to them. In politics Air. Harford is a Republican.
Harford, Captain John.— This gentleman, one of the principal owners of the
town site of Pataha, Wash., was born in Westchester County, N. Y., February
14th, 1828. In 1842 he removed to Kendall, and in 1850 to San Francisco. In
1852 he located in Placer County, Cal., and engaged in farming. Going from
thence to Marysville, ranching and other occupations employed his time until
1862, when he went to San Luis Obispo. There he erected the first wharf and
storehouse building at what is now known as Port Harford. In the mean while
he had married in 1855 Miss Maggie Harris. He became a member of the firm of
Schwartz, Harford & Co., lumber dealers. Beginning wi'h the modest capital of
$500 each, they realized in nine years' time what a moderate man would consider
a fortune. The captain then projected a railroad from Port Harford to San Luis

598 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Obispo. He had completed one mile of this when he associated himself with the
firm of Godall, Perkins & Co., under the title of the San Luis Obispo and Santa
Alaria Valley Railroad Company. They completed the nine miles of track needed
to connect the points in question, when the company was dissolved and the cap
tain retired from the business. In 1882 he removed to his present location and
engaged in banking and milling. He is a man of wealth, the fruit of his own
perseverance and industry, being the owner of a fine residence, bank buildings
and several business blocks, with eighty acres on the north and forty on the west
of Pataha City, besides water rights unsurpassed in the State. Though not a
politician, he has held various offices, having filled for four years the post of
County Commissioner in California, and also that of Captain at Port Harford.
He abounds in reminiscences of his experiences on the plains and memories of the
old pioneer days on the Pacific slope. Among others the captain was a member
of the company of emigrants, one of whom vowed to kill the first red-skin he saw,
and against the entreaties of his comrades shot a squaw, but was soon after seized
and skinned alive by her friends. This terrible incident has passed into history,
and Captain Harford vouches for its truth. If the same punishment had been
meted out to every red-skin who wantonly murdered a white, no small number of
the "reservation pets" would be shedding their skins, like the serpents they
emulate, yearly.
Harmon, Charles, deceased, was a farmer who cultivated his acres about
two miles from Walla Walla, where he owned a. fertile tract of one hundred and
twenty acres of fine bottom land. He was born in Berlin, Germany, April 19th,
1828, being the third son in a family of six. Emigrating to America in 1860, he
located at Amsteidam, N. A'., where he lived for nine years, working at wagon-
making. Tiling of this, he removed to Iowa, took up land, and followed fann
ing, in addition to his trade, for five years. In 1874 he came to AVashington, set
tling in AValla Walla County. For two years he resided on the Yellow Hawk
Creek, and then on his present farm, where he died. Thanks to her husband's
enterprise and good management, Airs. Harmon, who with her son still continues
to conduct the farm, finds herself very comfortably situated, the owner of a place
thoroughly stocked and well fitted for the business of the agriculturist. She has
a fine orchard and a comfortable residence and large barns, and is blessed with
abundant harvests. Her maiden name was Caroline Alorell. Five children were
born to herself and husband.
Harrell, Dr. Frank W., Alayor of Oilman, Wash., was born in Suffolk,
Va., July 24th, 1858, received a classical education in the University of Maryland
and the College of Baltimore, graduating with the degree of AI.D. in 1879, and
at once accepted the position of Acting Assistant Surgeon in the United States
Army, which he continued to fill until his resignation in the spring of 1882.
After practising medicine for a short time in the Indian Territory, he removed to
Edenton, N. C, where he remained until the fall of 1883. In the spring of
1884 he went to Japan and connected himself with the Episcopal Alission. In
1885 he entered the Imperial College as Professor of English Literature and
Latin, and assisting at the inauguration of that institution. He is a member of

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 599
the Imperial Surgical Society of Japan. In 1889 he went to Washington and
practised in Pierce County until his removal to Gilman in July, 1891. He was
elected Alayor of Gilman without a dissenting vote in April, 1892. He is the
Surgeon of the Seattle Coal and Iron Company. He is a member of the Royal
Society of Good Fellows, of which he is the Secretary and Aledical Examiner.
He was married in Yokohama in April, 1885, to Miss Carrie Ballagh. She was
the first child born in Japan of American parents. Two children grace their
union. The doctor is a Democrat, an active politician, and has been a member
of both the State and county conventions of that party.
Harrington, W. A., of Seattle, Wash., was born in the township of Mark
ham, Canada, Alarch 23d, 1843, and received the benefits of ji practica^common-
school education. Leaving home at the age of eighteen he migrated to Califor
nia, in which State he spent two years. He then went to Portland, Ore., and in
1865 entered the wholesale grocery house of Corbitt & Alacleay as clerk and sales
man, remaining in their employ until 1868. In the latter year he came to Seattle
and organized the firm of Crawford & Harrington, wholesale dealers in groceries,
hardware, and builders' supplies. Year by year their trade increased in magni
tude until it grew to large proportions. In the fall of 1880 Air. Crawford died
and Air. Andrew Smith was admitted to the firm, which then became Harring
ton ifc Smith, and so continued until January, 1892, when Air. Smith died. Air.
Harrington has since continued alone, but expects shortly to retire from business.
He possesses fine business abilities and has had a very successful career. The
management of his business has so thoroughly taken up his time and attention
that he has had comparatively little time to devote to projects outside the line in
which he is engaged. He is recognized in the community as a man of the high
est integrity and has the perfect confidence of the business public. He was mar-
Tied in 1881 to Aliss Anna Knighton, of Seattle, and has two children, a son and
a daughter. Harris, Hyman, merchant, of North Yakima, Wash., was born in California
in 1863. His father, Mark Harris, was a merchant of San Francisco, his mother,
Alary Hiosch, being a native of Germany. Educated in the public schools of the
Golden Gate City, supplemented by that business training which is taught by
experience, young Harris began life in Portland, Ore., and Seattle as a merchant
on his own account. In 1885 he came to North Yakima and established himself
in general merchandise, the concern being the first and largest of its kind in the
county, carrying a very large stock of goods. His place of business is large and
commodious and located in the heart of the thriving city. A shrewd calculator
and able manager, he lets no chance escape him to increase and build up his busi
ness. He is the owner of valuable real estate, both urban and suburban, is inter
ested in hop culture, is President of the Yakima and Tacoma Trading Company
and of the Union Ice Company, which embraces Washington and part of British
Columbia. He is also President of the Cle Elum National Ice Company, located
at Seattle and Tacoma. He takes a warm interest in the progress of the city,
where he is counted one of its most worthy and reliable business men.
Hart, John B., attorney-at-law, of Seattle, was born in Kentucky in 1862.
29

600 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
He was educated in Missouri and admitted to the Bar in 1883. His first practice
was in Alissouri, and afterward at Fort Scott, Kan., where he opened an office
and remained for about four years. Removing to AVashington, he located at Seat
tle in the spring of 1891, and immediately entered upon the same professional
pursuits, in which he is still engaged. He is a close student, safe in his deci
sions, and an indefatigable worker for his numerous clients. He looks forward to
the time when he will become a living example of the truth, so often emphasized
by distinguished jurists, that " there is always looni at the top" for those who
choose to so exercise their talents as to obtain its envied professional elevation.
Hart, Lee B., attorney-at-law, of Seattle, one of those energetic, pushing
men who adorn the Bar of the still juvenile Evergreen State, was born in Ken
tucky, July 2d, 1865. Receiving the rudiments of education in his native State,
he entered the State University of Columbus, Alo., graduated with honor, and,
being found qualified, was duly admitted to the Bar in 1887. Turning his face
westward, he selected the State of AVashington as the best arena in which to ex
hibit his legal skill. He established himself accordingly, and has been actively
engaged in the practice of his profession ever since. He is a member of the firm
of Messrs. Hait & Hart. During the late and successful Democratic campaign
he was an active worker for his party, which, coming as he did from a region
where Democracy rules, naturally inclined him to the winning side.
Hasbrouck, W. A., deceased, was born at Battle Creek, Alich., September
11th, 1859. After finishing his early education, wliich he received in his native
town, he began life for himself at the early age of fourteen years by engaging as
a clerk. One year later he entered the School of Pharmacy at Ann Arbor, Alich.,
where he remained three years, graduating at the head of his class, numbering
twenty-two students. Coming wTest, he settled at Gold Hill, Nev., being em
ployed in the drug store of A. B. Gilbert, then of Nevada, but now doing busi
ness in Seattle. His four years' experience in Gold Hill gave him an excellent
business training and practical insight into the profession of his choice. In 1882
be removed to Seattle, where his former employer, now established there, was
glad to welcome the renewal of his services, which he was enabled to retain for
two years until 1884, when Air. Hasbrouck began busimss for himself, forming a
partnership with Edward L. Terry, under the firm name of Hasbrouck ifc Terry.
In 1887 he bought out his partner's interest, assuming full control of their great
establishment on Front Street. The great fire of June 6th, 1889, wliich laid the
best part of Seattle in ashes, brought heavy losses to the young druggist, but
with characteristic energy he reopened his establishment on Second Street and
continued his business there till his old store was rebuilt and fitted for occupancy
in a style that rendered it one of the finest places of the kind on the Pacific Coast.
Here he continued his life-work, meeting with eminent success, until stricken
down by the lingering illness that finally ended his life September 21st, 1890.
Few men have passed away in the Queen City more generally mourned and deeply
regretted. Mr. Hasbrouck was married October 6th, 1887, to an estimable lady.
One child blessed their brief union.
Hastings, H. II. A., attorney-at-law, of Seattle, was born in Broome County,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 601
Quebec, December 18th, 1863, received his early education in his native city, at
tended the academy at Knowltonville and at Cowansville, then entered college at
Farnham, Quebec. At the age of twenty he came to the United States, settling
in Clay County, la., where in 1886 ho began the study of law in the office of J. E.
Steel, at Spencer. In Alay, 1888, he was admitted to the Bar, January 1st, 1889,
he formed a partnership with E. C. Hughes, which has continued ever since. Iu
1890 the firm opened an office in Seattle and at once obtained a large and lucra
tive practice, their former reputation naturally attracting a considerable clientage.
Air. Hastings was married in 1889 to Miss Alinnie Davis, of Spencer, la., and has
two children, a boy and a girl. He is a Mason and a Knight of Pythias. Mr.
Hastings is still another example of the bright young manhood which has sought
and found remunerative occupation for its talents on the Pacific Coast.
Hastings, L. B., Sr., of Port Townsend, was born in Vermont, November
18th, 1814, and received his education in his native State. At the age of twenty-
one he went to Ohio and remained there a year engaged in teaching school ; he
then removed to Illinois, where he spent ten years. In 1843 he was married in
La Harpe, 111., to Aliss Lucinda Bingman, of Middleton, N. H. In 1847 he migrated
with his wife and child to the Pacific Coast, journeying by ox-team across the
plains, the trip occupying nearly eight months. They finally reached Portland,
Ore., in December of that year, where they remained until 1852. Mr. Hastings
was one of the first Councilmen of Portland. He removed to Puget Sound, locat
ing a government claim of six hundred and forty acres on Townsend Bay, the
present site of Port Townsend. Here he engaged in mercantile pursuits until
1876, meeting with gratifying success, being the first merchant to open business
in that locality. In 1876 he retired, turning his interests over to two of his sons.
He had at that time four sons and two daughters. In 1881 this old pioneer ex
pired, after a lingering illness, surrounded by his family, dying at the ago of
sixty-six years, leaving his loved ones well provided for. The sons are all en
gaged in mercantile or professional pursuits, aud aie in every respect representa
tive yOung men, ranking among the most prominent citizens of Port Townsend,
where they control large interests and are making a record woithy of the high
reputation of their deceased father.
Hastings, L. B., Jr., is a native son of the Evergreen State, having been born
in Port Townsend July 18th, 1853, being_one of the first of " pale face" parentage
to see the light in that city, which indeed was then only a hamlet, a cluster of
but six houses among the pines, where now sits a city of six thousand inhabitants.
Receiving his early education in his native town, Air. Hastings at the age of seven
teen went as a sailor before the mast on a whaling voyage. Returning a year
later, he entered the St. Johnsbury Academy, from which he graduated with the
degree of A.B. , and then took a business course at Eastman's Business College,
Poughkeepsie, N. Y. At the age of twenty-one he returned to Port Townsend
and for a time devoted himself to farming. A year and a half in mercantile pur
suits in Seattle followed. In 1878 he again returned to his native city, where in
1881 he engaged in the steamboat business. In 1886 he established the hardwaie
firm of L. B. Hastings & Co. ; this is the largest hardware concern in Jefferson

602 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
County, and has been a successful enterprise. Air. Hastings is the President and
General Alanagcr of the Hastings Steamboat Company and its principal stock
holder, and a stockholder in the Mount Olympia Water Company and the Jeffer
son Land Company. He is one of the organizers and Vice-President of the Port
Townsend Southern Railroad Company, and also of the Electric Railway Light
and Power Company. He is, moreover, a large holder of city and suburban realty,
and has been an active member of the City Council for two consecutive terms.
He was married at Port Townsend October 21st, 1878, to Miss Emma Littlefield.
They have one child.
Hatfield, E. R , farmer and stockman, of Kittitas Valley, near Thorp, was
born in Tennessee in 1850. His parents were also natives of tbat State — the
father, a blacksmith by trade, born in 1807, and his mother in 1812. His father
emigrated to Texas in 1866, and died there in 1875, leaving eleven children, of
whom tbe subject of our sketch is the fifth. Receiving his early education in
Texas, young Hatfield, after a time spent in farming, came to Washington Terri
tory in 1883, where he bought land and settled one mile west of Thorp, where he
now owns and cultivates one hundred and ninety-nine acres of unusually produc
tive soil. He was married in Texas in 1871 to Miss Katy Smith, who was born
in South Carolina in 1847. Four children grace their union. Air. Hatfield is a
Baptist, a People's man in his political faith, and a member of the Farmers' Alli
ance. Haun, Samuel, farmer, near Garfield, Wash., born in Tennessee, August 8th,
1830, is a son of John Haun, born in 1790, who was for many years a magis
trate, and Jane Haun, who was born in 1792. After gaining such education as
the district schools of that early day could afford, he learned the millwright
trade and worked at it in various States for a number of years. He came to
Washington in 1887, locating near Palouse City, and then removed to his present
place of residence, where he purchased a quarter section of land which is all
under cultivation. He also works rented land. He was married in Tennessee, in
1854, to Aliss Elizabeth Ruble. Four children grace their union, three boys and
a gitl. Mr. Haun has a fine farm, highly productive, and is making many im
provements. It boasts of a thriving young orchard, and is in every respect a
remunerative place. He is a member of the Alasonic fraternity, votes the Repub
lican ticket, and is a thorough believer in the almost boundless possibilities still
in store for the young State whose rapid development he is witnessing.
Haviland, James S., Sr., of Prescott, Wash., was born in New York in 1814.
His father was a farmer and a native of the Empire State. He received his edu
cation in the common schools and began the business of life as a school-teacher, a
profession which he continued to follow for five years, after which he removed to
Michigan and became a farmer. In 1845 he changed his field of labor to Illinois,
and again in 1868 to Iowa, where he lingered for twelve years, and then came to
Washington Territory, locating in Walla Walla County, near what is now known
as Prescott, of which place he was the first Postmaster. Here he engaged in
various callings. He was married_in March, 1840, to Miss Marie Burchell, of

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 603
New York, who bore him one child, now dead. In 1848 he was married again
to Aliss Ruth Smith, also of the Empire State. They have a family of four living
children, all of whom fill creditable places in life and are highly esteemed mem
bers of the community. Though retired from the active cares and business of
life, Air. Haviland carries with him the regard and entire respect of his fellow-
citizens, who know and appreciate his worth. He is a property-holder in the city
and a Republican, strongly attached to the principles of the " Grand Old Party."
Haviland, James S., Jr., merchant, of Prescott, Wash., was born in Kane
County, 111., in 1851. Eldest in a family of five, he received the rudiments of an
education, which was for the most part practical, in the public schools of Con
necticut. His first occupation was farming, in which he engaged at the age of
twenty-four years, in Iowa, where he worked for four years. In 1879 he came to
Oregon and became a saw-miller. The year 1882 found him in AVashington,
where he located at Prescott and devoted himself to blacksmithing, leaving that
trade at the end of three years to become a merchant, a calling which he still
continues to follow with success. He was married in 1875 and has three chil
dren. A comfortable city home, a fine library and a productive farm add to the
pleasure of life and make Air. Haviland's lot in many respects an enviable
one. He holds the office of Postmaster, to which he was appointed by the late
President Arthur. He is a, member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows
and a Republican in politics.
Hayward, Walter AV., a farmer, and worthy member of the Alliance, Secre
tary of his Lodge and of the stock company called the Fairchild Elevator and Ware
house Company, pursues his agricultural labors on his farm of one hundred and
sixty acres situated three and a half miles east of Rockford, Wash. Born in
Minnesota in 1863 of English parentage, Air. Hayward attended the winter ses
sions only of a common school up to the age of twenty ; but though thus limited
by the necessity of summer labor, his aptness to acquire knowledge was such that
he would have graduated in another year. Raised on a farm, he abandoned the
parental acres and began life for himself on completing his twentieth year. Mr.
Hayward came to his present home in 1883. He is a member and regular attend
ant of the Episcopal Church, is still unmarried, a hard-working Democrat, and
Scliool Clerk of his district — in short, a man of many vocations, but busy, active,
and faithful in them all.
Hazlitt, Henry S., attorney at-law, of Farmington, Wash,, was born in
Henley, Cal., Alarch 10th, 1850. His father, Lewis AI. Hazlitt, was a native of
the State of New Jersey, and his mother, Matilda J. (Sager) Hazlitt, is a native of
the State of Ohio. Air. Hazlitt received no education except what he got from
the public schools of Siskiyou County, Cal. In 1876 he went to Crook County,
Ore., where he spent ten years riding on the cattle ranges and teaching school.
In 1886 he came to Washington and located at Farmington. Iu 1887, in company
with one John Aloak, he built the first general merchandise store at Tekoa, AVash.
Having studied law during his spare moments, he was admitted to the Bar in
1890, and immediately entered upon the active practise of his profession, in which

604 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
he is making rapid progress and gathering a valuable class of clients. He is a
member of the Masonic fraternity and the Knights of Pythias. He has filled
various local offices with honor to himself and the satisfaction of his constituents.
He is a Democrat in politics and feels a warm interest in the success of that party.
He is one of a family who have a record intimately connected with one of the
most sorrowful and dramatic episodes in the early history of Territorial Washing
ton, for his mother, now the wife of Mr. Delany, was a prominent figure in the
dreadful massacre of Dr. AVhitman and his family by the Cayuse Indians in 1847.
Heckman, Peter, Superintendent of the Northern Pacific Coal Company, of
Roslyn, was born in Pennsylvania some forty years ago. He is the son of George
and Julia (Yeager) Heckman, both of whom are natives of the Keystone State.
Educated in the public schools, young Heckman learned the trade of a machinist.
In 1866 be removed to Aurora, 111., remaining there and working at his trade for
two years. He then went to Nebraska, where he engaged in railroading in the
employ of the Union Pacific Railroad. We next find him farming in Aladison
County, Neb. , then, in 1870, with the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
Company, with whom he remained until 1875. Railroading and coal-miniug seem
to have filled up fifteen years more until in 1890 he came to AVashington and ac
cepted the position with tho Northern Pacific Coal Company which he still con
tinues so acceptably to fill. Mr. Heckman has held various local offices, having
been an Alderman at Streator, IU., for two successive terms. He was married in
1870, at Reading, Pa., and has a family of four children. Air. Heckman is a
Democrat and a member of the Alasonic fraternity. One of his daughters, Anna,
aged twenty, is a popular teacher at Roslyn, and another is a student in the
Tacoma High School. As may easily be imagined, Air. Heckman is a warm ad
vocate of progressive educational advantages for all, taking great interest in
everything which tends to bring about so desirable a result.
Heifner, Charles G., attorney-at-law, of Seattle, was born Alarch 15th,
1864, in Oxford, la. A common-school education, followed by farm labor, tells
his story up to the age of twenty. He then taught school for a single term, after
which he entered the Western Normal College at Shenandoah, la., graduating in
1887 with the degree of Bachelor of Science. He became Principal of Alanilla
High School, Iowa, a position which he held for two years, and then resigmd to
devote himself to the study of law, for which purpose he became a student at
Ann Arbor University. Here he pursued his studies fer a year until' August,
1890, when he went to Seattle to settle, and was admitted to the Bar of the State
of Washington. He takes an active part in politics, is Chairman of the City Cen
tral Committee, and holds the Secretaryship of the Board of Public AVoiks. He
was married April 2d, 1888, to Aliss Lydia Day, of Shenandoah, la., by whom he
has two children. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of Pythias, has
been District Deputy Grand Chancellor of Iowa, and is a member of the Royal
Arcanum. His early studies and large educational experience have laid a strong
foundation of mentality on which this young lawyer bids fair to build a super
structure of success which will not only bring him fame, but substantial results
of pecuniary reward.

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 605
Heiltg, A. R., attorney-at-law, a" popular and progressive citizen ofthe City
of Destiny, was born in Berks County, Pa., September 16th, 1859. The common
schools of his native place prepared him to graduate from the county high school,
which he left with honors at the age of fourteen. Two years later we find the
youth leading the young idea of Berks, wliich he continued to do up to the age
of eighteen. He then entered the law office of Cyrus G. Den, of Reading, Pa.,
where he completed his legal studies, being admitted to the Bar at the age of
twenty-one in 1880. He practised in Reading for some years for himself, then
re-entered the office of his friend, where he remained until 1887. Removing to
Kansas, he became Manager of the Pennsylvania Investment Company, loaning
nearly half a million on mortgages. Coining to Tacoma in 1889, he opened an
office and renewed the practice of law. He was made Secretary and Attorney of
a committee of one hundred prominent citizens, in which capacity he formulated
important municipal legislation ; was also Secretary of the committee to prepare
a new city charter for Tacoma, and subsequently compiled its ordinances ; was
Republican nominee for Comptroller. The firm of Heilig & Hartman are also the
attorneys for the Union Pacific Railroad system west of the Cascades, as also for
many other large corporations. He is an active politician, ever alive to the inter
ests of the Republican Party. Air. Heilig was married in 1883 to Miss Lillian W.
AVhitaker, of Reading, Pa., and the issue of this union is two children, a son
and a daughter. He is prominently identified with the Sons of Veterans, was
Division Inspector in 1891, and Adjutant the previous year.
Helm, Charles J., of Ellensburg, State Senator for Kittitas County, was
born in Oregon in 1852, being the fifth in a family of seven children born to
G. W. and Julia Helm, both of whom deserve honorable mention as pioneers of
those distant days when Oregon almost rivalled in danger and privation the inci
dents of early settlement in Kentucky's " dark and bloody ground." The sub
ject of our sketch was educated in the public schools of Oregon and the Willa
mette University. In 1868 he located as a stock-raiser in Klickitat County, Wash.,
a business in which he is still engaged. He is also largely interested in farming,
and holds valuable realty, both city and suburban. His handsome residence in
Ellensburg is well known. He is, moreover, the owner, with Mr. B. F. Reed,
of the Horton Hotel, one of the best equipped of its kind. Air. Helm was elected
Senator to represent Douglas and Kittitas counties in the Legislature by the Re
publicans at the last general election. He is also one of the proprietors of the
Okanogan Stage Company, whose headquarters are located at Virginia City,
Wash. Senator Helm has two brothers, leading divines of the Alethodist Church.
Like most pioneers, the Senator has a fund of personal incidents and experiences
to relate, which find many deeply interested listeners, though it may seem strange
to speak of so young a man as " an early settler ;" but it must be remembered
that the growth of Washington from wilderness to advanced civilization has been
wonderfully exceptional.
Helms, J. C, contractor and builder, was born near St. Catherines, Canada,
September 1st, 1853. He accompanied bis parents to Huron County, Alich.,
when but an infant, and received the usual common-school education of that

606 HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON.
vicinity. In 1869 he enlisted in the Sixth United States Cavalry, with which
regiment he served three years until honorably discharged at Peel Pine Canyon
in 1872. He then established himself as a builder and contractor in Denver, Col.,
where he remained until 1881. Going from thence to Washington, he located in
Seattle, following tbe same business. It is his boast — no small one in this specu
lative age — that he never earned a dollar since leaving the army that was not made
at his trade. His ability was recognized by his appointment in Alay of 1892 as
Superintendent of Buildings, Bridges, aud Wharfs, which office he still retains.
Air. Helms was married Alay 1st, 1874, to Aliss Rachel R. Wallace, of Olathe,
Kan., one child, a daughter, being the result of this union. He is Chief Ranger
of Court Alton, No. 866, Independent Order of Foresters. No man is better en
titled to ascribe his success to his own peisistent, unaided efforts than the subject
of this brief biography.
Henderson, J. Park, a young attorney, of Seattle, Wash., is a native of the
Golden State, having been born on a farm near Antioch, Cal., in 1809. His early
opportunities for gaining an education were very limited, and he is for the most
part self-taught. In 1880 he came to Seattle, and at an early age began to earn
his own living by selling papers. His business habits even at this time were most
exemplary, and his energy and business capacity won for him the favor and
regard of the business men of the city. In 1885 he secured a position with the
Lowman and Hanford Stationery and Printing Company, and soon rose to the
responsible position of Manager of the branch store then located on Yesler
Avenue. He had charge of the paper warehouse of the company, and later
learned the printer's trade in the job office. Devoting his leisure houis to the
study of shorthand, he soon became proficient in that art, and in 1887 entered the
office of tbe Attorney-General as a clerk and law student. Here his close appli
cation to business and study impaired his health, and he was obliged to take a
long vacation. After spending several months in California, he returned to Seat
tle and resumed his legal studies iu the office of Burke & Haller. On the motion
of Judge Burke he was admitted to the Bar on November 17th, 1890, his twenty-
first birthday, passing a most creditable examination. He at once began the
active practise of his profession, which he has successfully continued to the pres
ent time. His reputation as an able lawyer has steadily increased, and at the
present time he enjoys a lucrative and growing practice. Among his professional
brethren his talents and attainments are universally recognized and conceded to
be of a high order, their recognition of his merits and ability having been shown
on many occasions. He is a man of genial and social nature, who looks on the
bright side of life, and believes in extracting all the good out of existence possi
ble and consistent with right living.
Hendricks, Geohke AV., farmer, of Latah, Wash., was born in Franklin
County, Ind., in IS -14, being the son of L. AI. and Dealla (Hardesty) Hendricks.
His father was a farmer and of German descent, as the name seems to indicate,
while the mother came from English parentage. George was the seventh in a
family of ten children, lie followed the trade of a carriage painter in Illinois
for some years. He has been an extensive traveller, and has visited many couu-

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 007
tries. He came to Washington Territory in 1878 and located at Latah. He is
still unmarried, though the possessor of a pleasant home, a fine farm and all need
ful accessories. His aged parents still survive and make their home in Illinois.
The father has reached the ripe age of ninety, and the mother has added three
years to fourscore.
Hexter, V., merchant, of Oaksdale, is a native son of the Evergreen State,
having been born in Washington in 1847. The second son in a family of eight,
young Hexter received his rudimentary education in the common schools prepara
tory to a full course at Bryant & Stratton's Business College. Upon completing
his studies he located in Idaho, where he remained ten years, engaged in mer
chandising, then removed to Oaksdale, Wash., his present home, where he estab
lished himself in business, investing a capital of $80,000 and building up a trade
second to none. Blessed with large administrative talents, Mr. Hexter was also
an organizer of the State Bank of Oaksdale and is a director in this flourishing
corporation, whose paid-up capital is $60,000. He is also a director in the First
National Bank of Oaksdale. In 1888 Air. Hexter married Miss Pauline Webber,
of Alinnesota. They have two children. A leading citizen, much esteemed in
his section and wherever he is known throughout the State, Air. Hexter is a large
property-holder, besides owning the pretty town residence where he makes his
home. He is a Mason of high rank, having received tho thirty-second degree,
Mystic Shrine, and holds an eminent place in the Knights of Pythias. He is a
Democrat in politics and a thoroughgoing business man.
Hickey, Patrick, tbe proprietor of the Rockford Livery Stable, is of that
nationality which seems ubiquitous whenever strong arms and brave hearts are
needed. Born in County Cork, Ireland, in 1851, and uneducated in any school
save that of his own quick wit and observation, he managed, by devoting his spare
moments to study, to pick up a fair amount of knowledge. Leaving home at thir
teen, he became a miner for the precious metals, and continued in this work for
nearly nine years. Securing a railroad contract, he devoted live more years to
this occupation, after which he became a traveller, visiting many sections of the
Union, till, after four years of wandering, he determined to locate, and has been
for the past five years a respected citizen of Rockford. He is the owner of his
livery business, in which he has no competitor in the place, and finds it re
munerative. Air. Hickey married in 1891 Airs. Francis Osborne, of Dakota, where
his wife's parents still reside. He is a Catholic, a Republican, has beeu a delegate
to conventions on several occasions, is a member of Faiifield Lodge, No. 40, of
Odd Fellows, and a considerable property-owner, both within and outside of Rock
ford, besides the handsome outfit required to operate his extensive business.
Hicks, M. L., farmer and stockman, of Kittitas Valley, was born in 1839.
His father was a school-teacher, and died in 1843, leaving an only child, the sub
ject of our sketch. Receiving his early education in his native State, young-
Hicks, moved by that restlessness and desire to better himself so common to the
youth of New England, went West in 1859, reaching Port Gamble, Wash., by
way of Panama. Here he found work in the logging camps. From thence he

608 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
drifted to the White River, King County, where he became a farmer, and from
thence to his present location in the Kittitas Valley, where he bought land, and
now owns over one hundred and sixty-four acres, four miles north of Ellensburg,
which has turned out to be not only fertile but very productive. Mr. Hicks was
married in Kittitas Valley in 1883 to Aliss Viola Elliott, a native of Ohio, born in
1852. They arc blessed with three children. Air. Hicks is a member of the
Farmers' Industrial Union. He has suffered from " Indian scares," but holds the
somewhat singular belief, not altogether flattering to his neighbors, that "the
whites are bigger thieves than the red-skins."
Hill, George A., attorney-at-law, of Seattle, Wash., was born December
24th, 1842, near Memphis, Tenn., and left his native State in infancy with hi3
parents, who settled in Louisville, Ky. In 1853 the family made the long and
tedious journey across the plains and settled in Benton County, Ore., where young
Hill received his early education, completing the same in the common schools of
Albany, Ore. After leaving school he went into the mines of Eastern Oregon
and Idaho and remained there for two years. Aleeting with but indifferent suc
cess as a miner, he returned to Albany, Ore., where he engaged in the drug busi
ness with his father, R. C. Hill, continuing the same for six years. In 1874 he
was elected Clerk of Linn County, Ore., and served one term in that office. He
then removed to Wasco County, Ore., and engaged in stock-raising. This ven
ture did not prove successful, and in 1880 he removed to Seattle, Wash., where
he has since resided. Having pursued a course of legal studies, he was admitted
to the Bar at Seattle and entered upon the practice of the law, which he has
actively and successfully continued ever since, with the exception of an interval
of two terms' service as Police Alagistrate of the city. As a lawyer ho is in
genious and untiring in resource. Admirably equipped for every-day practice
and every vicissitude, he is thoroughly devoted to the cause of his clients, whom
he numbers by the score. He is highly esteemed as a citizen, and whatever tends
to the material welfare of the community finds in him ready support and encour
agement. He is a prominent Mason, being a member of the Blue Lodge and
Royal Arch Chapter of Seattle, and of the Ancient Order of United Workmen
and Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Air. Hill was married June 19th, 1870,
at Albany, Ore., to Miss Julia A., only daughter of Jeremiah Driggs, a pioneer
of 1847. They have two children living, both sons.
Hill, George J., M.D., physician and surgeon, of North Yakima, was born
in Yreka, Cal., April 17th, 1856. His father, Le Grand Hill, was an architect
and a native of Virginia ; his mother, Ethenia Owens, was also born in that
State. Educated in the public schools of Oregon and the University of Califor
nia, where he took a classical course, young Hill pursued his medical studies at
Salem, Ore., graduating in 1877 with the degree of M.D., and in 1881 with the
same degree from the Aledical Department of Ann Arbor. He then travelled
extensively in Europe, visiting the leading hospitals of England, France, Scot
land, and Germany. Locating, on his return, at Portland, Ore., he remained a
year constantly engaged in practice, then at Goldendale, and from thence to Ann
Arbor to further improve himself in his profession. In 1884 he came to Yakima,

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 609
where he soon acquired and continues to increase a large and lucrative practice.
He was married in 1881 to Miss Anna Williamson, of Oregon. She died in 1888,
leaving one child. In 1890 the doctor was married again, to Aliss Harriet Roherer,
of Illinois. He is the owner of a pleasant city home aud other valuable property.
He was one of the commissioners who located the Insane Asylum at Aledical Lake,
and has filled the office of County Coroner. He claims descent from a highly
respectable and wealthy ancestry. He is a member of the Alasonic and Odd Fel
lows fraternities, a Democrat in politics, and withal a man of strong individuality,
with a mind rich in culture, the result of education and extensive travel.
Hill, L. W., attorney-at-law, of Puyallup, Wash., was born in Minerva, Essex
County, N. Y., July 9th, 1843, and removed with his parents to Eagle, Clinton
County, Alich., in 1854, where he received the benefits of a limited education.
He attended the State University at Ann Arbor, graduating therefiom in the Law
Department iu 1877 ; was admitted to the Bar in 1879, and began practice in
Clinton County, Alich., where he remained for fourteen years. He then came
direct to Puyallup, where he has ever since continued his professional work, and
by diligent attention to its duties he has built up a lucrative business. He was
elected Alayor of Puyallup in December, 1892, on the temperance ticket. He
was elected to the House of Representatives of Michigan in 1887, serving one
term. He taught school for eight winteis. In 1885 he was admitted to practice
in the United States courts. In 1869 he was elected Township Clerk, School
Inspector in 1870, and Justice of the Peace in 1873. He was a candidate for sev
eral other important political offices while in Michigan, among others that of
Prosecuting Attorney, and received «. handsome vote in one instance during the
presidential campaign, running one hundred and seventy-three votes ahead of
that given to James G. Blaine. He was married June 15th, 1870, to Miss Alary
A. Dravenstatt, of Eagle, Alich., formerly of Ohio. One child graces this union,
a son, now in his twenty-first year. Air. Hill's varied and ever-creditable record
speaks well both for his perse vei ance and his industry, and promises a fruitful
harvest-time as the fitting reward of the unremitting effort of its spring.
Hill, William Lair, of Seattle, attorney-at-law, was born on August 20th,
1838, on a plantation iu AIcNairy County, Tenn. His eaily education was obtained
in the common schools of his native State. In 1853, while still a youth, he crossed
the plains to Oregon, where he attended the district school in Benton County,
and assisted his father on the farm. Four years later he became a student in a
college in Oregon, where he spent three years in study, teaching school in the
meanwhile to pay his expenses, and also beginning in a desultory way to apply
himself to the study of law, having determined to fit himself for that profession.
In 1860 he entered the office of G. II. AVilliams, a distinguished lawyer of Port
land. Air. Hill was admitted to the Bar in December, 1861, but immediately
entered the army as a civilian in the Pay Department, a position which he re
signed, after a year or more of service, to open a law office in Portland, Ore. Here
he practised his profession and devoted himself to editorial work until the fall of
1864, when he was appointed Judge of Grant County, but resigned before the
r ompletion of his term, returning to his practice at Portland, where he remained

610 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
until 1878, acting also from 1872-77 as editor-in-chief of the Oregonian. The
combined labors of his legal and editorial duties proved, however, too much for
his health, and he was obliged to seek the dryer climate east of the Cascades to
recuperate. Upon the partial restoration of his health he opened a law office at
The Dalles in 1879, and in 1884 began the codifying and annotation of the laws
of Oregon in two volumes, a literary labor which obliged him to visit San Fran
cisco in 1886 to supervise their publication by Bancroft. While attending to this
business he practised at Oakland until 1889, when, the book having gone to press,
he settled in Seattle, where he at once obtained a large clientage. In 1890 he
was appointed by the Legislature a special commissioner to gather together,
codify, and annotate the laws of Washington, then in a very confused condition,
a work which he performed in a very creditable manner and published in two
volumes in 1891. In 1892 he issued a second edition of the Code of Oregon,
bringing its annotation down to date. Mr. Hill, who is a radical Republican,
stumped the State for Garfield, and two years later for the State ticket, and has
been a speaker in many campaigns from 1860 to the present time, besides being
a constant contributor to newspapers and magazines on political and educational
matters. Ho was married in 1865 to Miss Julia Chandler, the eldest daughter of
Rev. George C. Chandler, D.D., who was president of the college Air. Hill
attended. Three sons and a daughter have graced their union. Air. Hill is a
thirty-second degree Alason. We add nothing to this life history by way of
comment — his record speaks for itself.
Hinchliff, Charles W., of Latah, Wash., was born of English parentage,
his father and mother, Henry and Alartha, being both natives of the island beyond
the sea, in March of 1853. His parents, turning their back on the dominions of
the British Queen, came to the land of freedom in 1854, and located in Alichigan.
Educated in the public schools of Illinois, the subject of our sketch engaged iu
business for awhile, but attracted by tbe charms of the Evergreen State, moved
West in 1878 and located in Washington. Here he followed various callings till,
coining to Latah in 1892, he opened a store for general merchandise, which will
compare favorably with any establishment of its kind in this beautiful section of
Eastern Washington. His invested capital is estimated at $25,000 in merchan
dise alone, in addition to which he is interested in milling, and the owner of
large stores at other points in the State. Mr. Hinchliff married in 1884 Miss
Annie Steel, of California. Their union is blessed with two children. He is a
Masonic brother, and was a Councilman of the city of Spangle, Wash., a position
he filled with acceptable ability.
Hogan, John W., merchant, of Ellensburg, Wash., was born thirty-eight
years ago in Fayette, Seneca County, N. Y., sixth in a family of nine sons born
to Patrick and Alary (Alurphy) Hogan. His parents emigrated from Ireland in
1S45, settling in the Empire State. Young Hogan obtained his early education
in the public schools, supplementing their instruction with a course in the higher
English branches at the Geneva Academy. He followed fanning up to the age
of nineteen, then engaged in the dry-goods business as a clerk at Auburn, N. Y.,
in which he continued for eleven years in that place, and afterward at Chicago

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 611
until 1883, when he removed to the Pacific Coast, locating at San Francisco,
where he continued the same occupation for five years in various prominent dry-
goods houses of that city. Removing to Spokane, he associated himself for two
years with the Great Eastern, a leading house. In 1889 he came to Ellensburg,
and with T. C. O'Conner established his present business, investing a large capital
in dry goods and men's furnishings. Under the able management of Mr. Hogan
the firm has built up a large business, which is constantly increasing. Mr. Hogan
has twice held the office of City Councilman. He was married in 1889, at
Spokane, to Aliss Lulu E. Haas, a native of Wisconsin. They have one child.
Air. Hogan is a substantial and public-spirited citizen, a thorough business man,
ever anxious to advance the best interests of the community where he resides.
In politics he is a Democrat.
Hogan, Paul S., of Alt. Vernon, Wash., County Clerk of Skagit County,
was bom in Palmetto, Campbell County, Ga., April 1st, 1866, and in 1877 came
to AVhitman County, Wash., where his parents settled on a farm. Here the early
life of our subject was passed, attending the common schools in winter and
assisting in the laborious duties of the farm during the summer months until he
was twenty years old. At this time, through the courtesy of J. W. Arrowsmith,
he was enabled to enter the Territorial University at Seattle, where he profitably
spent three terms. On leaving the university he came to Skagit County, and
after working at logging about a year became a clerk in the store of Clothier &
English, at Mt. Vernon. He remained with them until the fall of 1892, when he
was nominated on the Democratic ticket for County Clerk. In the ensuing elec
tion he received flattering evidence of his personal popularity, being elected by
a majority of sixty-nine in a county giving an average Republican majority of
three hundred. In the short time he has held the office of County Clerk he has
shown marked fitness for the position, and without any disparagement to others,
it is only simple justice to say that the county never had a more conscientious or
useful official. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of Pythias.
Hogue, J. D., son of Westley and Ann Hogue, was born at Millbrook, Mercer
County, Pa., September 4th, 1837. March 26th, 1889, he was appointed Post
master at Tacoma, and filled that important position with satisfaction to the com
munity until the appointment of his successor in 1893.
Holcolm, George U. — Among the prominent factors in the wonderful devel
opment and growth of Washington during the last few years, the name of George
U. Holcolm deserves prominent mention, not only on account of his conspicuous
position in the community, but also by reason of his notoriety in all forward
movements, to say nothing of his high character for sterling integrity and worth.
Independent, full of courage, self-reliant, and possessing naturally great business
sagacity, he has achieved results which place him among the most successful busi
ness men and financiers in the State.
Mr. Holcolm was born in Jledina, O., March 9th, 1853, and was educated at
Oberlin College. Graduating from that institution in 1874, he entered the office
of Bostwick & Barnard, Medina, as a law student, and three years later was

612 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
admitted to the Bar. The next three years were spent as a Government scout in
New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado, after which he settled in Kittson County,
Minn., and engageel in law practice. His natural talent, steady application to his
profession, and strict reliability of character inspired confidence, and he was soon
doing a lucrative business, which he continued with gratifying success until
1887. In tbat year he removed to Great Falls, Mont., in the interest of the
Manitoba Railroad, now the Great Northern, and remained there in charge of
their law business for one year. In the spring of 1888 he came to Whatcom,
Wash., where he organized what is now known as the South Bend Land Com
pany. This company purchased the principal portion of Fairhaven, Wash.,
which they sold in the spring of 1889 to Nelson Bennett, of Tacoma. In the
following fall they bought sixteen hundred acres on AVillapa Harbor, and laid
out the present town of South Bend. Mr. Holcolm was made General Manager
of the company, which had a paid-up capital of $1,200,000, and has acted in
that capacity to the present time. He is also General Alanager of the Coos Bay
Land Company, which owns the three principal harbors in Southwestern Oregon.
In 1890 he was elected President of the Coos Bay and Umpqua River Railroad
Company, and the same year became a Director of the First National Bank of
South Bend, both of which positions he still holds. Although he has taken no
active part in politics, he was elected and served as Probate and Municipal Judge
of Whatcom. In the management of his private affairs Mr. Holcolm has shown
a sagacity and sound business judgment which have secured him a large fortune.
At the same time the State has been a large gainer through his enterprise, and
the work of no one man who came to Washington during the last decade has had
a more positive and far-reaching influence upon the material growth and develop
ment of Southwestern AVashington. His talents for financiering, the creation
and carrying on of great business projects, are universally conceded, and his con
nection with any enterprise commends it to public support.
Air. Holcolm was married September 15th, 1880, to Miss Ida AI. Beauchemin,
of Argyle, Minn. . They have one daughter, Effie M.
Hollis, William H., of Tacoma, County Auditor of Pierce County, a most
worthy and popular official, was born on a farm in Edgar County, 111., near Paris.
Here he remained until the age of twenty-one — like many another farmer's boy,
doing the work in summer and gaining such education as district schools could
afford during the winter months. On attaining his majority he removed with
his parents to Western Illinois and became a dry-goods clerk, an occupation which
he followed for seven years. During this period he became a member of the
Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Jephtha Lodge, No. 100, of Clayton, 111., and
formed a more important union with Miss Delia Hamilton, daughter of J. E.
Hamilton, a leading real estate broker, to whom he was married about this time.
Going from Clayton to Ford County, he became the assistant cashier of Madison
Wilson & Co.'s bank. Iu 1884 he journeyed to Harper County, Kan., and en
gaged in the real estate business as a member of the firm of Hamilton & Hollis.
He moved to Kiowa in 1885 and became editor and proprietor of the Greensburg
Republican, which newspaper he continued to conduct until his emigration to
Washington in 1887. Here he entered the office of the Auditor of Pierce County.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 613
In 1890 he was nominated on the first ballot for Auditor, and in the election fol
lowing received seven to one votes cast for his competitor, being elected by the
largest majority of any candidate on the ticket— 2132. A genial gentleman, a
most efficient and popular public officer. Air. Hollis is highly esteemed by all
who know him.
noLLowELL, Thomas J., farmer, of Waitsburg, AVash., was born in Indiana
in 1837. His father, Jonathan Hollowell, was a Carolina farmer, his mother,
Hannah Cappell, being from the same locality. He was the elder of two chil
dren born to his parents, and received his early education by private tuition in
Indiana and Illinois. In 1856 he removed to Illinois, and began the business of
life by engaging in faiming, to which pursuit he devoted himself in that section
for nine years. In 1865 he removed to Washington, locating in Walla Walla
County, settling on unsurveyed land, which he afterward pre-empted and paid for
at the rate of $1.25 per acre. He has about three hundred acres under cultiva
tion, having sold his original pre emption at $54 per acre. He was married in
1858 to Afiss Sarah H. Bundy, a native of Illinois and daughter of Edward Bundy„
They have had twelve children, three of whom survive. Mr. Hollowell is a
stockholder of the Waitsburg Hardware Company, in the mercantile house of the
S. W. Smith Company, and also in the First National Bank. He owns a hand
some city residence and a valuable farm, is a Democrat with prohibition leanings,
and a member of the Christian Church. Personally he is a man generally re
spected as a progressive, earnest citizen who has the best interests of Waitsburg
at heart and desires the highest good, both moral and financial, for the community
of which he is an honored member.
Holm, Charles H. , was born in Finland, January 7th, 1842. He remained
at home with his parents until 1864, when he began life as a sailor, shipping first
to England. From there he made a voyage to the United States and back to
England. His next voyage was to Valparaiso, thence to Callao, from there to
Hamburg, and from the latter port to San Francisco, where he arrived in 1868.
From the latter place he shipped to Hong Kong, China, and after the return
voyage abandoned his sea life. Going to Portland, Ore., he started out on a
prospecting tour, looking for a suitable place to settle. The time from May to
September of 1871 was spent in travelling from place to place, and in the latter
month he landed at Shoal Water Bay. In making the circuit of the bay be came
to the mouth of the Nasel River, where he sounded the depth of water, and ascer
taining the facilities for crossing the bar at all times to the Pacific Ocean by deep-
sea ships of all sizes, he foresaw that the present location of Stanley would at
some future time become a great seaport city. Accordingly he located there,
taking up one hundred and sixty acres of Government land. On November 26tb,
1890, the Stanley, Cascade and Eastern Railroad Company was incorporated, con
sisting of Mr. Holm and the following named gentlemen — viz.. Hon. W. C.
Whitthorne, United States Senator, of Tennessee ; Hons. W. H. Stewart and
John P. Jones, United States Senators, of Nevada ; H. AI. Yerington, of Nevada,
President of the Carson and Colorado and the Virginia and Truckee Railroads ;
R. J. Laws, of Nevada, Chief Engineer and Assistant Superintendent of tl.e

614 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Carson and Colorado Railroad ; and Charles Gilchrist, of Washington, President
of the Lewis County Bank of Centralia. Stanley was made the terminus of the
new road, Mr. Holm giving two thirds of his one hundred and sixty acre tract to
the company for a town site. Considerable improvements have already been made,
a large hotel has been erected, a wharf built, several houses are completed, and
others are in course of erection. Mr. Holm's estimate of the value of the prop
erty has been fully verified, the Government survey showing the greatest depth
of water here of any port on the bay. The harbor is an almost perfect one, being
completely landlocked and just far enough from the ocean to be free from surf
or action of the waves, and having a nearly straight channel to the sea, eighteen
miles distant. The town of Stanley possesses all the natural requirements of a
great seaport city, and gives promise of a brilliant future. Its location is one of
the finest on the whole coast, looking out upon the ocean. Mr. Holm is the
oldest pioneer of this section, having been the first settler on tbe river. He is a
man of progressive ideas, ready and willing at all times to lend his aid to any
project tending to advance the material interests of this section or the country
at large. He is thoroughly reliable in business, and enjoys the respect and con
fidence of all who know him. He is one of the directors of the new railroad
company and of the Stanley Land and Improvement Company. He was married
at Shoal AVater Bay in December, 1874, to Miss Lucy Smith, of New York City,
by whom he has three daughters and two sons.
Holm, N. N., farmer, of Kittitas County, Wash., near Ellensburg, was born in
Denmark in 1853, his parents being also natives of that country. The father,
who served as a soldier in the war of 1848 between Germany and Denmark, was
born in 1809 and died in 1884, leaving a family of five children, of whom our
subject was the youngest. He received his early education in Denmark and emi
grated to America in 1878. After working for seven years in Nebraska as a
farmer, he came to Washington Territory in 1886 and settled on one hundred
and sixty acres of land three miles east of Ellensburg, which will average a yield
of full thirty bushels to the acre, and wliich he still continues to cultivate. He
was married in Denmark in 1877 to Miss Anna Powlsen, a native of that country,
born in 1853. Two children were born to this union, both girls, and students in
the Ellensburg schools. Mr. Holm is a careful farmer and may be numbered
among the enterprising settlers who are making the once wild valley of the Kitti
tas beautiful with blossoming orchards and fair with harvest fields that well repay
the toil of the cultivator.
Holman, John W., of Dayton, Wash., was born iu Indiana in 1842. His
father, Thomas Holman, was a native of Kentucky, his mother, Laura (Parker)
Holman, being from New York. Tenth in a family of eleven, young Holman was
educated in the public schools of Illinois up to the breaking out of the Civil
War, when in 1862 he enlisted in the Seventy-seventh Illinois Infantry, Com
pany H. Going to the front he joined the Thirteenth Army Corps under General
Grant. He was present and actively engaged at many battles, doing his duty
gallantly as a soldier in the field until discharged for disability at New Orleans
in 1865, when he returned to Illinois and engaged in farming for three years.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 615
He then removed to Nebraska, following the same occupation until 1876, when
he migrated to the Pacific Coast and located in Columbia County, Wash. Here
he established a plauing-mill, the first ever started in Dayton, the firm being
Holman & Ritter. He took up a homestead claim near Dayton. He was nomi
nated for Sheriff on the Republican ticket, but was defeated at the polls by a
small majority, the county being largely Democratic. He then became a con
tractor and builder, which he followed until 1888, when he was appointed Deputy
Sheriff, and was afterward elected Justice of the Peace, an office which he still
holds, together with that of Police Justice. He has served as a member of the
Dayton City Council. He was married in 1869 to Miss Louisa Linn, of Nemahaha
County, Neb. They have six children. He is a member of the Independent
Order of Odd Fellows and of the Grand Army of the Republic.
Hornbeck, G. W., of Ellensburg, merchant, was born in Iowa thirty-five years
ago. His parents, James and Emily Hornbeck, were natives of Indiana. Edu
cated in the public schools of his native State, he began life by learning the
plumber's trade. Removing to Kansas in 1877, he became a hardware merchant,
remaining until 1883, when he returned to Iowa. Migrating to Washington
Territory in 1885, he established himself in his present business. In 1891 he was
burned out in the great fire of July 4th, but started again with renewed energy
and most successful results. He was married at Ellensburg to Miss Lulu Mayer, a
native of New York. He has two children, one by a former wife. A ten-thou
sand-dollar house, replete with all modern conveniences, and valuable mining
property render their circumstances more than easy from a pecuniary point
of view. He is an independent in politics, a member of the Masonic fraternity,
and retains and expresses that interest in the progress and well-being of the com
munity which should ever characterize the good and progressive citizen.
Hoyt, John P., was born in Ashtabula County, O., October 6th, 1841. His
early life was spent in work upon his father's farm, in attendance at the public
school, and subsequently in teaching school. In 1862 he enlisted in the volunteer
service and served in the Eighty-fifth and Eighty-seventh Ohio Infantry and
Second Ohio Artillery, continuing in the service until the spring of 1866. He
then entered the Ohio State and Union Law College at Cleveland, graduating in
1867. Removing to Michigan, he there began the practice of his profession. In
1868 he was elected Prosecuting Attorney of the county in which he lived, and
was re-elected in 1870. In 1872 he was elected to the House of Representatives
of Michigan, was re-elected in 1874, arid served as Speaker of the House. He
was appointed Secretary of Arizona by President Grant in 1876, was promoted
to the Governorship of that Territory in the spring of 1877, was appointed Gov
ernor of Idaho in the fall of 1878, but preferring a judicial position, was appointed
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Washington Territory in 1879, serving
as such until 1887, when he left the Bench to assume the duties of manager of a
banking house in Seattle. He was elected to the Constitutional Convention from
King County, and was chosen by that body as its President.
Hudgin, John H., physician and surgeon, of Waitsburg, Wash., was born in
Pennsylvania. His father, R. H. Hudgin, was a mechanic of that State, and his
30

616 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
mother, Elizabeth (Call) Hudgins, was also born there. Young Hudgins was
educated in the public schools of Pennsylvania and Illinois, and took his medical
diploma in 1875 at the State University of Iowa. He located in Illinois and
began to practice, remaining until August, 1881, when he came to Washington
Territory on account of his health and located at Waitsburg. Here he resumed
practice and has ever since continued to build up and increase his business, which
is now quite lucrative. He was married in 1875 to Miss Frances M. Bught, of
Pennsylvania, whose father was killed in crossing the plains at an early day.
They have had two children, but one of whom survives, Hamilton, a boy of four
teen and a student in the public schools. The doctor was appointed Grand Lec
turer of the Masons in 1889, and has been constantly on the road in the interests
of that order ever since, his duties requiring him to address the various lodges
throughout the State. He has a pleasant city residence and a fine collection of
medical books. He takes a warm interest in the cause of education, is a Repub
lican in politics, owns a fine ranch in Whitman County, and Tealty in other parts
of tbe State. He holds the position of Regimental Surgeon to the Second Regi
ment, Washington National Guard, having been appointed to that office in 1887.
He is a man of fine mind, cultivated by study, with a large knowledge, not only of
books, but of human nature.
Huffman, I. N., Postmaster at Waverly, Spokane County, Wash., was born
in Virginia in 1841. His father, a lifelong farmer, continued in the same pursuit
after his removal to Oregon. Young Huffman attended the district school till
the age of seventeen, when he gave up study to assist his father in the labors of
the farm. On attaining his majority he learned the blacksmith's and carpenter's
trades, and followed them up to 1874. Desiring a broader field, a natural wish
to better himself drew him westward, to grow up with a country wliich promised
a larger return for the enterprise and energy he felt conscious of possessing.
Reaching Oregon he resumed farming, but wearying of the " webfoot State"
migrated in 1878 to Washington, where he settled at Waverly on land which he
homesteaded. He was appointed to the office of Postmaster, which he still
holds, in 1890. In 1860 he married in Maryland Aliss Esther Shaffer, by whom
he has five children. In former days a Democrat, he is now a People's Party
man. His fine farm originally covered five hundred and sixty acres, but he has
deeded away to his married children all but eighty, which he retains under culti
vation. He is also the proprietor of town lots in Waverly, owns the store in
which the post-office is located and some fine cattle. He is, moreover, school
director in his district, an office which he has held for more than a decade, to the
advantage of educational interests in that vicinity.
Hughes, E. C, attorney-at-law, of Seattle, was born in Bloomsburg, Pa.,
August 25th, 1855. At the early age of twelve he took a two years' preparatory
course at the Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, and then removed to Illinois,
where at eighteen years of age he entered Carthage College, took a post-graduate
course of one year in Wittenburg College, then became a college tutor for two
years, one at Carthage and one at Mount Morris University. He then completed
his legal studies, was admitted to the Bar, and commenced his practice at

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 617
Spencer, Iowa. Two years later he was elected President of Carthage College,
but declined the position, removed to Seattle, resumed his professional work, and
at once built up a large and remunerative business. He is the senior member of
the law firm of Hughes, Hastings & Stedman, and too completely engrossed wit h
his clientage to take any active part in political life. He was married in Decem
ber, 1880, at Carthage, 111., to Miss Emma De Hart, of that city, a lady of fine
intellectual attainments and a college graduate. They have two children, a boy
and a girl. Fraternally he is a member of the Masonic order, a Knight Templar,
and an Odd Fellow, being a Past Grand of the latter organization. Few lives are
fuller of labor and careful preparation, few are more prolific in success.
Hull, S. G., farmer and stock-raiser, of Ellensburg, Kittitas Valley, was born
in Ohio in 1817. His parents were natives of that State. His father, a farmer,
who lived to the ripe age of ninety-two, died in 1887, leaving three children, of
whom Air. Hull was the third. Coming west to Colorado in 1860, the subject of
our sketch devoted himself to farming, but removed two years later to Oregon,
from whence he returned to Idaho in the spring of 1863. With that desire to
¦return to the Pacific Coast so characteristic of those who have once settled there,
we find him revisiting Oregon, and going from thence to his present location in
the Kittitas Valley in 1887. Here he bought land, and now cultivates one hun
dred and twenty acres of fertile soil four miles north of the thriving city of
Ellensburg. Mr. Hull was married in Ohio in 1840 to Miss Margaret Ann Donny.
Seven children grace their union, one of whom, married to a native of Oregon,
has provided the old couple with no less than eight grandchildren. Who shall
venture to say that the far West is not a great and growing country, or that the
American race is likely to die out upon the Pacific Slope ?
Humphries, John E., of the firm of Thompson, Edsen & Humphries, of
Seattle, is a native of Illinois. He was an only child, and his father, also a
lawyer, died when Mr. Humphries was two years of age. His father had not
accumulated any property, and left the boy and his mother without means. Mr.
Humphries inherited a desire for his father's profession, and resolved, when a
small boy, to attain it. He laid his plans and bent all his energies to that pur
pose. His early life was employed in working upon a farm and attending the
common schools. He completed a course in the high school, attended the Indiana
State University, and then taught school four years. While teaching he devoted
his spare time to the study of law, purchased his own books, and began the for
mation of a library. In the vacations he spent his time in the law offices of Max
well & Puett and Hon. D. H. Maxwell, at Rockville, Ind. In 1872 he was ad
mitted to the Bar. He still continued studying, teaching school, and practised
as opportunity offered until 1875, when he opened a law office at Rockville, Ind.
He was appointed Deputy Prosecuting Attorney, and served in that capacity until
1878, during which time he had charge of all the criminal business of that
county, and prosecuted some of the most noted criminal cases in the history cf
Indiana. During his stay in Rockville he was in partnership with Hon. A. B.
Carleton, of Terre Haute, who was afterward on the Utah Commission. In 1878
he moved to Crawfordsville, Ind., and there formed a partnership with Hod.

618 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
G. W. Paul, of that city, which continued until 1880, when he formed a partner
ship with ex-Judge Albert D. Thomas, which partnership continued but a short
time, when he again went into partnership with Hon. G. W. Paul and Hon. M. D.
White, ex-member of Congress. He was afterward in partnership with Hon.
W. AV. Thornton, the law writer, now of Indianapolis. In 1889 he moved to
Seattle, Wash. During his professional life he has been associated with lawyers
of experience, talent, and learning, and has continually been engaged in an active
litigated practice. He has continued his purchase of law books, has kept his
library up with the times, and now has one of the finest law libraries on the coast.
Mr. Humphries has devoted his time and attention to a general practice, and has
had large experience in damage cases and in the defence and prosecution of crim
inals, and during his life has had remarkably good success. It is only necessary
to refer to the Supreme Court reports of Indiana from Volume LVII. down to
the present time, and the Washington State reports, to see the character of legal
business with which he has been connected. He is a Republican and takes an
active part in the political campaigns. He is also a member of the Uniform Rank,
Knights of Pythias.
Hunt, H. S., farmer, of Elberton, was born December 27th, 1838, in New
York. His father, H. N. Hunt, was a farmer and stock speculator, and a native
of the Empire State, his mother, Eliza (Isham) Hunt, being from Massachusetts.
His education was obtained in the district schools of his native State, supple
mented by university instruction and a course at the Chicago Business College,
from which he graduated. Beginning life as a fireman on a dredging machine,
he became a steamboat engineer, and served for three years on the Mississippi and
Lake Superior. An equal length of time was spent as a farmer in Illinois. He
then passed two years in Texas, followed by six in California, running an express
and freighting business. Coming to Washington in the fall of 1877, he located
near Elberton, took up three hundred and twenty acres of land, and has added
to his farm, until now H. S. Hunt & Son are the owners of twelve hundred and
fifty acres, all under cultivation. His home place boasts one of the finest orchards
in tbe vicinity. Mr. Hunt was married in Illinois, in 1864, to Miss Georgia Park-
hurst, a daughter of Horace Parkhurst and Nancy (Hill) Parkhurst, of New York
State. She was born in November, 1844. They have two children. Mr. Hunt
is a Mason, is not only a prosperous farmer, but has just finished one of the finest
country-home residences in Whitman County. He is, moreover, the owner of a
fine herd of cattle and horses, numbering over one hundred head.
Hye, Thomas F., bookkeeper, of Farmington, AA'ash., was born in Providence,
R. I., in 1863, his father, Frank Hye, being a carpenter and builder of that city,
and his mother, Catherine Golden, being a native of Ireland who came to the
United States when a child. Thomas was the second in a family of seven.
He was educated in the public schools of Pawtucket, R. I., and in the high
school of the same place, from which he graduated. He lived in Pawtucket until
1879, when he removed to New Mexico to fill a clerkly position. He remained in
that employ for ten years, then went to Cooper City, N. M., where he engaged
as bookkeeper with the San Alagel Mining Company, worked there five yeais, and

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 619
then left to become a salesman in a large carpet house at Denver, Col. Two
years later he came to Washington and located at Farmington, engaging with,
J. Kasper until the Farmington Trading Company was formed, when he became
their bookkeeper, a position which he continues to fill. He is a stockholder in
the concern, as well as in the Odd Fellows' Hall Association. Fraternally he is a
member of the Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Daughters of Rebecca, Wood
men of the World and Good Templars. In his political faith he is a Democrat.
Though one of the youngest business men of the city, he has already made for
himself an enviable record as one fully identified with its best interests and most
substantial progress.
Inman, Judge William A., of Colfax, Wash., a leading lawyer and a veteran of
the Civil War, was born in Alabama in 1843. His father, William R. Inman, was
a Tennesseean, his mother, Minerva (Kellogg) Inman, a native of the same State.
Sixth in a family of seven children, our subject was educated in Missouri, to
which State his parents removed when he was quite young. He read law in
Arkansas, and was admitted to the Bar of that State ; was elected Prosecuting
Attorney for the Third Judicial Circuit for six years. In 1875 he removed to
Washington Territory, and for the next five years alternated between Port Town-
send and Seattle, being associated at the former place with C. M. Bradshaw, one
of the ablest lawyers in the State. He came to Colfax in 1879, was elected Pro
bate Judge in 1880, and filled that office for two years, and was again appointed
Probate Judge in 1889, holding over for sixteen months. In 1861 he enlisted in
a Missouri regiment commanded by Colonel J. S. Phelps ; re-enlisted in the
Eighth Missouri Volunteers (cavalry), serving as Captain of Company K during
the last eighteen months. He was present at the battle of Pea Ridge, Pilot
Hill, Northwest Arkansas ; was also with General Davidson at the storming of
Little Rock and numerous other engagements until his discharge in 1865. He
was married in 1865 to Miss H. A. Crasson, a native of Illinois. They have four
children living. Judge Inman is the owner of a fine home and other valuable
property. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Ancient
Order of United Workmen, and Grand Army of the Republic, General .Lyons Post,
No. 19, and has good reason to be proud of his highly honorable and soldierly
war record. He is a Republican in politics, an able lawyer, a fine conversation
alist, and a most genial gentleman, beloved and respected by all who know him.
Irwin, H. D., Postmaster of Garfield, Wash., was born in Illinois in 1853.
His father, Samuel Irwin, was an Ohio farmer, his mother, Isabella, being a
native of Illinois. A common-school education, supplemented by a course of
study at Carthage College, prepared him for the business of life. After;a residence
of four years in De Kalb County, Mo., where he engaged in teaching, he removed
to Washington in 1889 and located at Colfax. Here he continued his avocation
as an instructor until appointed Postmaster at Garfield, a position he has con
tinued to fill under the administrations of Arthur, Cleveland, and Harrison. He
was married in 1882 to Miss Mina Syron, a native of Oregon. Three children
bless their union. Mr. Irwin is a Democrat in politics, a Methodist in religion.
He is the owner of a city home and suburban realty, a stockholder in various

620 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
banking and mercantile enterprises, and withal holds a large investment in the
esteem of his fellow-citizens.
Jenkins, F. E , farmer, of Walla Walla County, Wash., was born in Arkansas
in 1842. His father, a native of North Carolina, born in 1800, after some years
of not unremunerative wandering, went to Kentucky, where he met and mar
ried Allie E. Patrick, the mother of our subject. She was a native of Ken
tucky, born in 1810. They removed to Tennessee. Provided with such educa
tion as the district schools of that early day could afford, young Jenkins began
farming in Arkansas, and then journeyed across the plains in a company of which
a Mr. Baldwin was captain, in 1874, to Washington Territory, experiencing the
usual amount of hardships and dangers then inseparable from the overland trip.
He is at present a successful farmer near Waitsburg, and, to quote his own words,
" is now upward of fifty years old, but still enjoys the privileges of a single life."
Jensen, O. C, hardware merchant, of Sprague, Wash., was born in Denmark
in 1851. His father, H. C. Jensen, was a farmer and a native of that kingdom,
and his mother, Marie (Nelson) Jensen, was also of the same nationality. Young
Jensen came to the United States in 1873 aud located in California, where he
pursued various occupations. After ten years' sojourn in the Golden State he
removed to Sprague, Wash., where be established himself in the hardware busi
ness with Air. Brook. This Arm existed for six years, and on its dissolution the
firm of Jensen & King was formed, with the large invested capital needful to
sustain a business constantly growing more profitable. Mr. Jensen was married
in 1886 to Miss Maggie Adams, a native of Scotland. They have three children.
He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias.
He is a Republican in his political faith, and has been a member of the City
Council. He owns a pleasant home and other valuable realty. He is one of
those adopted citizens who not only adapt themselves without friction to the
land of their choice, but must ever be welcome guests, adding to its wealth, pros
perity, intelligence, and moral tone.
Johnson, A. G., of Fairfield, Wash., a prosperous farmer, represents a
nationality who are valuable additions to any community where they locate. In
dustrious, temperate and thrifty, Mr. Johnson may be proud to confess himself a
Swede, in which country he was born in 1844. His father and mother were both
born and died in Sweden. Educated up to the ago of eleven in the common
schools of his native land, he came to this couutry when quite a young man. He
speaks and writes English with fluency, though a stranger to the language -when
he first reached our shores. A Republican in his political faith, he is, like many
of his countrymen, a member of the Lutheran Church. His farm of one hundred
and fifty-four acres, with its fruit-laden orchards, is located but a mile from
Fairfield. Mr. Johnson has not yet found a wife among the maidens of his
adopted land.
Johnson, H. A., of Starbuck, Wash., was born in Canada in 1844. His
father, W. G. D. Johnson, was a Canadian farmer, and his mother, Catherine

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 621
{Aliller) Johnson, was a native of the same section. Educated in Canada, he
located, on the completion of his studies, in Chicago, where he engaged in rail
roading and building. In 1875 he removed to California and settled in Sonoma
County, where he became an engineer. His next migration was to Washington
-Territory, locating first at Walla Walla, and removing thence to his present place
of residence at Starbuck, where he devoted himself to farming and stock-raising
until four years ago, when he sold out aud returned to Canada, after an absence
of twenty years from his native province. Returning to Starbuck, he established
himself in the butchering business, which he still continues. He is the owner of
a large farm and stock ranch within half a mile of Starbuck, which bids fair, with
the increase of the city, to become very valuable property. He is a Mason and a
Republican. He is one of the pioneer settlers of Starbuck and one of its most
enterprising citizens.
Johnson, James Le Baron, Secretary and Cashier of the Metropolitan Savings
Bank, was born in Boston, Mass., August 17th, 1869. Mr. Johnson, who is a son
of Archdeacon Johnson, rector of Christ Church, New Brighton, Staten Island,
N. Y. , comes of ancient ecclesiastical and highly intellectual stock, his great-
great-grandfather having been the first President of Columbia College, while his
ancestry for many generations have been noted clergymen of the Episcopal
Church. He was educated in Trinity School, New York City, where he prepared
to enter Columbia College, but received so flattering a business offer from the
firm of Haddock, Spouk & Co., of New York City, to enter their employ as a
salesman that he determined to accept it and forego a collegiate course. He
remained with them until February, 1889, when he resigned to accept the position
of bookkeeper to the Tacoma Building and Savings Association (now the Metro
politan Savings Bank), of which corporation he became the Assistant Cashier in
December, 1890, from which he was promoted to his present position as Secre
tary and Cashier, a highly responsible trust, which he still holds. He is also one
of the directors of the institution. Tacoma, in common with her sister cities
of the Sound, is certainly to be congratulated on the high character and com
mercial enterprise of her young business men.
Johnson, J. R., merchant, of Pullman, Wash., was born in Minnesota in 1865.
His father, Rasmus Johnson, was a native of Norway and by occupation a
mechanic. Educated in the schools of his native State and those of Washington,
on the completion of his studies he came to Pullman and engaged in merchan
dising. He has now a capital of $15,000 invested in his business, besides being
a large real estate owner and a stockholder in the paper mills. He is a Republi
can in politics, and though still a young man, is one of those whose active minds
and clear-sightedness in all that he finds to do promises well for his future suc
cess and gives him an enviable position in the community where he dwells and
among whom he is highly appreciated as an enterprising, energetic business man.
Jones, E. A., merchant, of Palouse, Wash., was born in Franklin County,
Iowa, in 1858. His father, Alphene Jones, was a merchant of AVest Virginia, his
mother, Ziba (Evans) Jones, being from Indiana. Third in a family of five chil-

622 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
dren, he received his education in the public schools of Oregon, and on the com
pletion of his studies engaged in mercantile pursuits in that State for three years.
In 1858 he came to Washington Territory and settled at Palouse City, where lie
found a position as clerk to J. H. Milley, Herman & Kimmerskey. After three
years of this service he began business for himself. At the end of a year he asso
ciated himself with his father, the firm name being Jones & Son (general mer
chandise). They were afterward fully incorporated with the Farmers' Trading
Company, with an invested capital of $23,000, constantly enlarged to meet the
demands of an increasing business, which amply remunerates its promoters. Mr.
Jones was married in 1879 to Miss Sophia Jones, a native of Oregon. They have
four children. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and a Republican in
politics. He is warmly regarded by his fellow-citizens as a thorough business
man, genial and generous in his nature, and always alive to the best interests of
the community where he dwells.
Jones, Frank R., grain dealer, of Pomeroy, Wash., was born in England in
1852. His father, William Jones, was an English merchant, his mother, Sophia
(Bright) Jones, being also a native of the same country. Young Jones emigrated
to America in 1870 and located in Canada. In 1879 he removed to Washington
Territory and settled at Pomeroy, where he devoted himself to farming for several
years. Prior to coming to Washington he had been in the Government employ
as a Surveyor. Giving up farming he engaged in the grain business in the city
of Pomeroy, in connection with the firm of Cranatell & Brothers, in whose employ
he remained three years, when he left them to identify himself with the Pacific
Coast Elevator Company, dealers in grain. The facilities of this company for
handling grain are the largest of any on the Pacific Coast. Air. Jones is Alanager
of the Pomeroy office. They do an annual business of about 750,000 bushels.
Mr. Jones was married in 1882 to Miss Annie Humphrey, a native of Wisconsin.
They have four children. A pleasant home and a fine collection of books add to
the comfort of our subject, and speak well for his devotion to mental culture.
He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Ancient Order of
United Workmen, a Republican in politics, and altogether a man of that class
whom our free republic is ever welcome to receive and glad to utilize, a man of
that class who make good citizens wherever the fortunes of life may lead them.
Jones, Seymour, attorney-at-law and City Attorney of Anacortes, Wash.,
was born in Springfield, 111., in 1862. At the age of twenty-one he was admitted
to the Bar and practised law for flve years in his native city. In the spring of
1889 he came West, spent a few months at Tacoma, and then located at Ana
cortes, where he has ever since resided, and is engaged in the practice of his pro
fession. In the fall of 1890 he was elected Prosecuting Attorney of Skagit
County for the term of two years on the Democratic ticket, though the county is
a strongly Republican one, his personal popularity overcoming all opposition.
Mr. Jones takes an active part in politics, and is at present a member of the
Democratic State General Committee. He is also City Attorney of Anacortes.
Jones, W. R., farmer, and a pioneer of Moxee Valley, North Yakima, Wash.,
was born in Coshocton, O., in 1826, being the fifth son in a family of nine chil-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 623
dren born to his parents. A common-school education, such as usually fell to
the lot of the Western boy in those early days, prepared him for the varied and
adventurous life he was destined to encounter. Leaving home in 1837, he went
to Virginia, where he remained until 1845, and then removed to Missouri. In
1847 he enlisted for the Mexican War ; was engaged in keeping down the Indians
on the road on his return to Missouri. He was married to Miss Mary Helen
Splawn, daughter of Dr. Splawn, an eminent physician of that State. Three
children were born to this union, of whom the eldest son is still living. In 1852
he crossed the plains by ox-team, escaping trouble with the Indians, and after a
six months' trip arrived at The Dalles. He settled in Linn County, Ore., where
he remained until 1880, then removed to Old Yakima, and from thence to his
present home in 1881. Since then he has been engaged in farming, having two
hundred and forty acres, fertile and largely productive, both in fruit and grain.
He is also a stock-breeder. He worked at the carpenter's trade for many years.
He is a Democrat in politics, going serenely down life's pathway, hopeful and
buoyant, with the wife of his youth, yet feeling, as well he might, the effects of his
pioneer days and early hardships.
Judkins, Joseph, farmer, of Latah, Wash., was born in California in 1857.
His father, Lawrence Judkins, was an American miner. His mother, Annie
(Darnell) Judkins, was also a native of the United States. Joseph was the second
child born to his parents. He came to Washington in 1880 and established him
self as a farmer. He has a fine farm and still cultivates his fertile acres at Latah.
He was married in 1880 to Miss Carrie De Havre. Two children, Frank and
Clarence, are the result of their union. Mr. Judkins's place is a big crop-raiser,
is well improved, and not only repays the labor of the present, but promises well
for the days to come.
Keiser, Millard H., a farmer, of Waitsburg, Wash., is a native son, having
been born in the Willamette Valley, Wash., in 1854. His father was a native of
Pennsylvania, born in 1824, his mother in Iowa in 1828. His father, who was a
soldier of the Mexican War, came to Oregon in 1849, being one of its earliest
pioneers. The public schools of that State prepared young Keiser mentally for
the life work before him, which he began by farming in Washington. In 1883
he bought four hundred acres seven miles south of Waitsburg ; it proved to be
productive soil, and he still cultivates it with excellent results. He married Miss
Clara McBride in 1884. She is of pioneer stock, received an academic education
in Oregon, and previous to her marriage was a popular teacher for some years.
They have two children. Mr. Keiser is not only a cateful but a successful tiller
of the soil.
Kellogg, Jay A., of Dayton, real estate and insurance broker, was born in
Belvidere County, 111., in 1850. His father, Eli Kellogg, was a Vermonter and
a farmer, his mother, Margaret (Passage) Kellogg, being a native of New York.
Eldest in a family of four, and educated in the schools of California, to which
State he removed at an early age with his parents, he finished his studies in
St. Joseph's College (Humboldt County), from which institution he graduated.

624 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Remaining for a time in California, he engaged in the lumber and flour-milling
business. Coming to Washington in 1879 he located in Columbia County and
devoted himself to merchandising, in which business he continued for three years,
until elected to the office of County Auditor, a position which he filled with dis
tinguished ability for six years. On retiring from office he became a real estate
and insurance broker, a business wliich he continues to follow. His office is said
to be one of the handsomest and best equipped of its kind in the State. His
sales and underwriting of policies are constantly increasing with the settlement
and progress of the rapidly growing neighborhood where he resides. He was
married in 1881 to Miss Coleson, a native of Belvidere, 111., and a daughter of
A. D. Coleson, a farmer of that State. They have two children, a boy and a girl.
Mr. Kellogg has been Mayor of Dayton for three terms, and is at present the State
Senator-elect from Columbia County. His father before him, Mr. Kellogg re
members with pride, was elected to the California Legislature on the American
party ticket. Mr. Kellogg owns a handsome city residence, with other valuable
improved property in the city of Dayton. He is a stockholder in various banks
and corporations. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows,
and in politics a Republican. He is a very popular citizen, ever anxious for the
progress and prosperity of his chosen home.
Kelly^, Thomas, of North Yakima, a farmer, of the Wemas Valley, Wash.,
was born in Kentucky in 1829, being the youngest of the then not unusual num
ber of eleven children born to his parents. His father was a Virginian, his mother
from the Old North State. Young Kelly, with that eagerness to begin the battle
of life so peculiarly American, left home in 1846 and went to Covington, Ky. In
1847 he crossed the plains by ox-team, " paying," as he expresses it, " the usual
tribute to the Indians" in the shape of flour and other goods by way of " black
mail" or passport to journey in safety with their teams. They met with special
difficulty in crossing Green River and also at old Fort Boise on the Snake. Ou
reaching the Cascade Mountains they overtook soldiers feasting on roasted hoise
meat, their provisions having failed while engaged in service against the Indians,
then giving trouble in that locality. A six mouths' trip, however, brought them
safely to Oregon City, where they arrived October 12th, 1848. Here Air. Kelly
settled on a donation claim in the Willamette Valley. In 1856 he removed to
Milwaukee, Ore., where he erected a saw-mill. Going from thence to Hillsbor
ough, he engaged in farming. In 1871 he settled on the farm of two hundred
and forty acres where he still resides. He is also a breeder of fine stock. He
was married in 1853 to Miss Christina Sunderland, a daughter of Benjamin Sun
derland, whose fine farm lies near Portland, Ore. They have eight children.
Mr. Kelly is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and a Republican.
•Kent, Burdett M., an extensive farmer and landholder, of Waitsburg, Walla
Walla County, Wash., was born in New York in 1837. His parents were natives
of New York State, but removed to Illinois, where Burdett received his early
education. In 1874 he crossed the plains in the primitive fashion of those days,
and located in Linn County, Ore., finding employment in the Lebyman Mills.
In 1878 he removed to AVashington Territory and took up a homestead on Dry

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 625
Creek, near Dixie. He is new the possessor of no less than ten hundred and
twenty acres of richly productive land lying four miles west of Waitsburg. It is
finely improved and furnished with outbuildings of the newest and most con
venient class. Mr. Kent has added a barn, on which he especially prides himself.
His wife, Mrs. Ella (Frink) Kent, of Waitsburg, was formerly a school-teacher,
highly esteemed and beloved in that connection, in which she labored for several
years. Four children are the fruit of their union. The outlook for Mr. Kent's
declining years, if judged by the happy surroundings of the present, is certainly
propitious and serene.
Ketner, Richard A., of Tacoma, Auditor of Pierce County, Wash., was
born at Millersport, O., January 26th, 1851. His parents removed in 1859 to
Leavenworth, Kan., where young Ketner was instructed in the common schools,
taking two years of supplementary study in the Ohio Wesleyan University, having
saved money enough to enter, but leaving on account of lack of funds. Fired by
the military enthusiasm then permeating the loyal element at the North, he
obtained, when but a youth of fourteen, the consent of his parents and entered
the service of the Union Army, enlisting as a drummer boy in the Seventeenth
Kansas Volunteers ; but on the day that he was mustered in his brother, who
was a major in the First Kansas, returned from the field and cut short his mili
tary aspirations by compelling him to return home. He was, however, afterward
employed as orderly in the Quartermaster's Department at Fort Leavenworth,
serving in that capacity until the close of the war. We next find him in the
employ of the Government as Surveyor of public lands in the Indian Territory,
which occupied him for five years ; beginning as chainman, then compassman,
but finally running some most impoitant lines. During this service thirteen of
his men were killed by hostile Indians. Returning to Fort Leavenworth, he
engaged in insurance and then in the lumber business until 1888, when he located
at Tacoma, Wash. Here he became the junior partner of the well-known insur
ance firm of Sampson Guiles & Ketner. They were also adjusters of losses to
various underwriter corporations. Receiving the Democratic nomination for
Auditor of Pierce County, he was elected to and still fills that very important
office, discharging its difficult duties with marked ability and zeal. He was
married June 23d, 1874, to Miss Harriet A. Gosline, of Pennsylvania. Six chil
dren grace their union, the sexes being equally represented. Such lives as Mr.
Ketner's are living lessons and examples to the youth of our land. Self-made,
energetic, not relying on outside aid — for he began life at the age of fourteen, and
even then, when almost a child, contributed to the support of parents who needed
his aid— Mr. Ketner is a worthy and distinguished member of various secret
societies, being Eminent Commander of Ivanhoe Commandery, Knights Templar,
a thirty-second degree Mason, and an active brother in that ancient fraternity.
He is a Noble of the Alystic Shrine, and its principal officer in the State of Wash
ington. Kiefer, James, Assistant United States Attorney, of Seattle, was born near
Easton, Pa., March 6th, 1860, and graduated from the Keystone State Normal
School in 1880. He taught in the public schools near Carlisle and at Leighton,

626 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Pa., for about a year, and during this time began the study of law. He was
admitted to the Bar in June, 1883, and began the practice of his profession at
Mauch Chunk, Pa., where he continued until his removal to Seattle in 1889.
Here he resumed practice, which he has since continued with gratifying success.
He was appointed Deputy District Attorney for the counties of King, Kitsap, and
Snohomish, under AV. W. Newlin, and held that position until the death of Mr.
Newliti. He was appointed United States Commissioner by Judge C. H. Han
ford. January 3d, 1893, he was appointed Assistant United States Attorney, and
is now discharging the duties of that responsible position. A deservedly high
reputation, both as a lawyer and as a public officer, has been attained by Mr.
Kiefer earlier in life than falls to the lot of most men. To say that he has proven
himself thoroughly competent iu every position to wliich he has been called, is
not only the truth, but surely a record of which he has a right to feel a pardon
able pride. His exemplary character and habits and the possession of unusually
good judgment and business ability make him a most creditable representative
of the young professional men of Seattle, and one whose future, judged by the
past, is bright with promise. It is pleasant to note that in his domestic life Mr.
Kiefer is blessed with all the elements which contribute to real contentment.
He was married September 9th, 1886, to Miss Olive E. Swank, of Alauch Chunk,
Pa., and their union has been blessed by one child, a daughter.
Killmore, W. D., farmer and stockman, of Kittitas Valley, Wash., was born
in New York in 1841, his parents being natives of that State. His father was
born in 1794, died 1859 ; his mother, born in 1796, died 1871, leaving ten chil
dren, of whom Air. Killmore is the eighth. Educated in New York, he found
employment as a fireman on the New York Central Railroad. After serving in
that capacity for two years he was promoted to engineer, and so remained till the
war fever sent him to the front as a soldier of Company F, First Colorado Cavalry
(Captain S. H. Cook) in 1861. He was in mauy desperate conflicts, and after
Lee's surrender was honorably discharged at Denver in 1865. With the soldierly
spirit still strong upon him, he then enlisted under Benito Juarez, served in
Mexico, and was an engineer in that employ for years. Returning to New York,
he journeyed thence to Missouri in 1870, where he purchased a farm. He came
to Washington in the spring of 1873 and was attacked by the measles in Seattle,
where he was detained some time. In August of that year he reached the Kittitas
Valley and took up land nine miles west of Ellensburg, where he now owns and
cultivates five hundred acres, which will average thirty bushels of wheat. He
has a fine orchard and other conveniences. He was married February 18th, 1872,
to Miss Josephine Rego, a native of Indiana, born in 1854. Six children have
been born to them. Air. Killmore is a member of Alasonic Lodge No. 117, of
Elgin, 111., and of the Farmers' Alliance, being a Populist in politics. He is the
owner of valuable irrigating ditch interests.
Kincaid, Campbell M., attorney-at-law, of Colfax, AVash., was born in Mis
souri in 1841. His father, William AI. Kincaid, also a lawyer, was a Kentuckian ;
his mother was also a native of that State. Youngest of a family of seven chili
dren, young Kincaid was educated in the public schools of California, to which

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 627
State he had removed with his parents in 1849. On completing his common-
school education he entered the University of the Pacific at Santa Clara, taking
the full classical course and graduating in 1861. He read law with Tilden &
AVilson, of San Francisco, and was admitted to the Bar in 1873 ; removed to
Portland, Ore., and practised until 1878, when he came to Washington and
located at what is now the city of Colfax, where he resumed his professional pur
suits, in which he has been actively engaged ever since 1881. Judge Kincaid
was Probate Judge of Whitman County for two terms, an office which he filled
with distinguished ability. He was also nominated by the Democrats in 1892 for
the office of Superior Judge. He married in 1869 Miss Medora Arnold, a native
of Missouri, but then residing in California. They have flve children. The
Judge is a member of the United Workmen and Farmers' Alliance, has a fine
farm near the city, and is regarded as a man of business probity and intellectual
strength, whose books are not merely casual but intimate acquaintances.
Kincaid, W. H., farmer, of Pullman, Wash., was born in Illinois in 1844.
His father, G. W. Kincaid, was a Kentucky farmer ; his mother was Lydia
(Smith) Kincaid. Educated in the district schools, young Kincaid emigrated to
California, the goal of so many golden and, alas, too often disappointed hopes, in
1864 and engaged in mining for two years. Returning East he passed two years
in Iowa, thence to Omaha, Neb., where he found employment with the Northern
Pacific Railroad till 1869. He then removed to AVhite Pine, Nev., and for three
years tried mining again, which he then relinquished to become a stock-breeder.
In 1876 he came to Washington, locating at Walla Walla, where he devoted him
self to farming. He was married in 1879 to Miss Christina Kempad, a native of
Utah. They have five children. Mr. Kincaid is a member of the Ancient Order
of United Workmen and a Republican in hi3 political belief. One of the oldest
settlers in the community where he dwells, he enjoys the regard and confidence
of his neighbors as a man who is possessed of many estimable traits of character.
Kineth, John H., merchant, of Orting, Wash., a highly successful and enter
prising business man of that thriving place, was born at Whidby Island, Wash.,
October 28th, 1864. In those days the common schools, now so thoroughly sys
tematized, were probably far less influential in teaching the " young idea how to
shoot" the target of after life than they are at present. Young Kineth probably
realized this when he divided his time between the acquisition of such instruc
tions as they could afford and the practical duties of farm work upon the parental
acres, where he did his share of labor up to the age of fourteen. He then served
a two years' apprenticeship in the Washington Iron Works at Seattle. Eight
years of steamboat life followed, during which period he worked as an engineer
on the Puget Sound lines, a pursuit which he relinquished in 1889 to enter his
present avocation,' general merchandising in Orting, where he has built up a pros
perous and remunerative trade. He was married in December, 1886, and has one
son. Mr. Kineth is a man of reputation in the community where he resides, and
is an active member of the Odd Fellows.
King, Selah S., Cashier of the Everett National Bank, was born in Michigan,
November 28th, 1846. Until the age of seventeen he attended the common

628 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
schools of his native county, and then enlisted in the Nineteenth United States
Infantry, Army of the Tennessee, serving faithfully until the spring of 1865, when
he was honorably discharged. The close of the war found him at Battle Creek,
Alich., where he attended the high school for about eighteen months, and then
entered Olivet College, at which institution he remained for a year and a half,
leaving it to teach school in various localities. In the spring of 1870 he went to
Wichita, Kan., remaining there until his departure for Oregon in 1887. Here he
located at Portland and engaged in the loan business with the Lombard Invest
ment Company until 1889, when he removed to Tacoma, taking charge of the
same company's interests for Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. He continued
this until the spring of 1892, when he went to Everett and assisted in the organi
zation of the Everett National Bank, of which he is the Cashier. He was identi
fied with the Lombard Investment Company while in Wichita, being its chief
examiner and travelling auditor. He was married on Christmas Day, 1872, to
Miss Anna J. Mosher, of Kansas. One child, a boy of fifteen, graces their union.
Nowhere, perhaps, save in America, could an example be found of a young man
returning from serving during a long and bloody war in the field and then settling
quietly down to an academic life, becoming once more a student and at length a
teacher himself, and passing from thence to a position of trust in a financial insti
tution, and all this without friction or sense of strangeness in so doing.
Kirby, William A., of Waitsburg, Wash., was born in Indiana in 1852. His
father, David Kirby, was a Kentucky farmer, his mother being a native of
Indiana. Third in a family of seven children, his rudimentary education was
obtained in the public schools of his district, but he was in reality almost self-
educated, like many others of his class, who achieve success where men of larger
acquirements have most lamentably failed. In 1862 he went to Iowa and engaged
for six years in farming. He nex,t became a railroad engineer, a calling his fail
ing health did not permit him to continue. He was married in 1872 to Miss
Emma Teel, a native of Oregon. They have two children. Ella, the elder, sus
tains an enviable reputation as a public-school teacher in Enterprise, while Rosa,
the younger, is still attending to her studies. Mr. Kirby is prosperously placed
as regards worldly possessions, owning his pretty city home and other valuable
realty. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and a Repub
lican in his political faith. He is a man of progressive ideas, and in ardent sym
pathy with the best interests and advancement of the community at large.
Kline, R. L., of New Whatcom, Wash., Assessor of Whatcom County, was
born August 7th, 1858, in Cambria County, Pa., and received the benefits of a
practical common-school education. At the age of eighteen years he began the
struggle of life, going into the coal mines of Clearfield County, iu his native
State, where he spent seven years as a coal-miner. He then became the Super
intendent of the Blaine Run Colliery, and continued to discharge the duties of
that position until the fall of 1885, when he determined to try his fortunes in the
Pacific Northwest. Resigning his position, he came directly to New Whatcom,
Wash., where he has ever since resided. In November, 1890, he was elected
County Assessor of Whatcom, and so satisfactorily did he perform the duties of

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 629
that position, that in 1892 he was re-elected to the same office, and is now serving
his second term. He is a conscientious and capable public official and a highly
esteemed citizen. He was married September 27th, 1881, to Aliss Etta Gates, of
Pennsylvania. Two children grace their union, one son and one daughter.
Kloeber, J. S., M.D., a skilful and popular practitioner of Seattle, Wash.,
was born in Baltimore, Md., March 1st, 1862. He graduated with honor from the
Lynchburg (Virginia) Academy in 1880. Returning to Baltimore, he attended the
Aledical Department of the University of Alaryland, taking his medical degree
therefrom in 1885. Determined to thoroughly perfect himself in the profession
of his choice, he took a post-graduate course at the same school. He remained in
Baltimore until 1887, beginning his practice in the hospital of the university.
From thence he removed to Washington, D. C, in 1887, and remained for a year
pursuing bis profession. He then passed a year in the Chicago College of Dental
S argery until January of 1889, when he resigned his position in that city to locate
in Seattle, where he has ever since been engaged in active practice. The doctor
was elected to the House of Delegates of Seattle in October of 1892, and upon
the reorganization of that body became its President. He married on August 2d
Miss Mattie P. Walker, of Lawrence, Kan., a niece of ex-Senator Pomeroy of
that State. Dr. Kloeber is an active member of the Masonic fraternity, Inde
pendent Order of Odd Fellows, and Knights Templar.
Kretzer, Philip L., a substantial citizen of Ritzville, Wash., was born in
Pennsylvania in 1854. His father was a native of Germany, by trade a miner
and mechanic, and his mother, Caroline (Neeb) Kretzer, was also of German birth.
Young Kretzer, the eldest of seven living children, was educated in the public
schools of Iowa, but for the most part was self-taught. Locating in Iowa, he
began life as a machinist, becoming the senior member of the firm of Kretzer,
Finley & Co. Selling out his interests in this concern, he came to Washington
and located at Ritzville, where he engaged in well-drilling and the sale of imple
ments, being also in charge of the land interests of the Northern Pacific Railroad
Company, which he still retains. He was married in 1877 to Miss Lydia E.
Sherrod, of Iowa, daughter of Joseph Sherrod, an esteemed citizen of that State.
They have two children. Mr. Kretzer has held the offices of Mayor of Ritzville,
President of tbe Board of County Commissioners of Adams County, and member
of the Democratic State Central Committee. He is well situated as regards
worldly goods, being the owner of improved city property, business blocks, and
the finest residence in Ritzville.
Kribs, Lewis W., Postmaster of Roslyn, was born in Guelph, Canada, but
removed early in life with his parents to Illinois. His father, Paul Kribs, was a
Pennsylvania millwright ; his mother, Sarah Van Buren, was a native of New
York, and related to the " Sage of Kinderhook," who so wisely filled the Presi
dential chair. Educated in the public schools of Elgin in the highest English
branches, young Kribs emigrated to California and began life there in 1861,
engaging in mining, both in the Golden State aud also in Nevada, where he
erected mills and remained five years. Returning to California, he located in

630 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Valejo, working as a mechanic. He afterward removed to Los Angeles, where he
was interested in steam-heating and railroad-building. He next went to Port
land, Ore., and thence, after a brief stay, to Seattle, Wash., where he became
a builder, erecting the home to hold that factor of progress, the first printing-
press of that excellent journal, the Intelligencer. After two years' stay at Seattle
he removed to Tacoma, putting up the first business houses occupied in that city.
Settling permanently at Roslyn, he built and operated a leading hotel, but was
burned out in 1889, and afterward devoted himself to the book and stationery
business. He was appointed Postmaster in 1891, and efficiently fills that office.
Mr. Kribs was married at Puyallup in 1874 to Miss Ella Hocker, a native of
Pennsylvania. He is Justice of the Peace, and was at one time a member of the
City Council. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and
Past Grand of that order. He is a Republican.
Kribs, Rolland H., millman, of Dayton, Wash., was born in Wisconsin in
1869. His father was A. H. Kribs, a Canadian and a skilled mechanic, and his
mother, Mary E. Kribs, was also from the provinces. Educated for a time in
the public schools of his native State, the subject of our sketch came to Wash
ington in 1883 with his parents, who located at Dayton, and here it was that he
finished his studies and engaged at an early age in milling flour. His care and
experience soon enabled him to superintend understaudingly the business of his
choice. The Phoenix Mill, erected in 1891, is one of the largest and best equipped
in Eastern Washington, involving the investment of some $10,000 in capital to
complete the plant, yet the business and its profits are constantly increasing with
the growth of the surrounding country. Its costly machinery and furnaces are
under the personal care and supervision of Mr. Kribs. He is a member of the
Knights of Pythias, Uniform Rank, and a Democrat in his politics.
Kuhn, Hon. J. A., of Port Townsend, a gentleman who has filled many trusts
in the public service with marked ability and singular acceptance, was born near
Gettysburg, Pa., September 1st, 1841, and was educated in Tuscarora Academy,
Pennsylvania, and Calvert College, Maryland. He inoved to Missouri at the age
of nineteen, then to Omaha, Neb., where he remained six years, engaged in freight
ing, having crossed the plains eleven times with cattle. In 1806 he crossed the
plains to Stockton, Cal., where he disposed of his outfit and went by steamer
from San Francisco to Portland, Ore., making the journey from there to Puget
Sound overland, arriving at Port Townsend, his present place of residence, in
November, 1866. His first venture here was in the dairy business. Later on he
opened a photograph gallery, devoting his leisure hours meanwhile to the study
of law. In 1871 ho was admitted to the Bar and at once engaged in active prac
tice. He was elected Justice of the Peace for three consecutive terms, and served
as School Director and Clerk for twelve years. In 1876 he was elected Judge of
Probate for Jefferson County, and was re-elected in 1878. He served seven terms
in the Territorial and State Legislatures of Washington. He has also served two
terms as Mayor of Port Townsend, in 1882 83 and in 1889-90. Judge Kuhn has
now retired from practice, his extensive private interests retpliring all his atten
tion. In politics he is an active Democrat, having been largely instrumental in

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 631
6rgani zing that party in Washington. He has served eight years as a member of
its National Committee. Fraternally his record is an eminent one, having held
the office of Masonic Grand Master for Washington in 1882. He is at present
Special Deputy for the A. A. and S. R. of the Southern Jurisdiction for Northern
Washington and Alaska. He was one of the organizers of the Port Townsend
and Southern Railroad Company, of which he was for three years the President!
He is President of the Hotel and Improvement Company, and also of the Port
Townsend Foundry, and Vice-President of the Gas Company. He has done much
for the progress and upbuilding of Port Townsend, and is generally esteemed in
that city and by all who know him as a public-spirited citizen and sagacious
business man. He is a bachelor.
Kunz, Andrew B., farmer, of Parker's Bottom, near Yakima City, born in
Germany in 1856, was the fifth. son in a family of eight children born to Jacob
and Maria Kunz. He came to America with his parents in the spring of 1858,
and located in Waukesha County, Wis., where they resided for some years. He
came to the Puget Sound, but after a residence of one year changed his home to
the Yakima Valley, where for five years past he has lived upon his fine farm of
one hundred and sixty acres, ten acres of which blossom with the favorite crop
of that region, the hop. His thrifty orchard embraces no less than one thousand
fruit trees of various kinds, all thriving and splendidly productive, showing what a
farmer can do who from boyhood was brought up and educated to agricultural
pursuits. Mr. Kunz is still unmarried.
Kurtzman, Frederick, Treasurer of Franklin County and a well-known
business man of Pasco, was born in Monroe County, O., in 1856. His father was
a native of Germany ; his mother-, whose maiden name was Barbara Schell, was
born in Pennsylvania. Seventh in a family of ten children born to his parents,
the public-school teachings of his native State prepared young Kurtzman for the-
practical lessons — oftentimes the hardest — of his after life. He became a boatman
on the Missouri, but four years of this occupation suggested the greater advantage
of a wider field. Coming to Washington Territory in 1881, he engaged for seven
years in various callings, finally becoming a merchant at Ainsworth, and after
the collapse of that town removing his business, in which he has invested a
capital of $7000, to his present location at Pasco, Wash.. Mr. Kurtzman was
married in 1888 to Miss Grace Brayman, of Vermont, but whose girlhood was
passed in Wisconsin. He is possessed of both city and suburban property, and
was elected to the position of County Treasurer in 1884 for a period of six years.
in 1892 he was again elected to the same office on the Democratic ticket.
LabEree, O. G., a prosperous farmer and stockman, of Ellensburg, was born
in Canada in 1864. His parents were also natives of "that province, ; thefather
having been born in 1838, and the mother in 1843. His father, who was an jm*
porter of fine cattle, both from Scotland and Spain, was at the time of hisdecease^
jn February, 1892, the proprietor , of the famous East View Stock Farm, near
Quebec, where he raised blooded stock, breeding both horses and cattlej whose
progeny his son continues to handle. Our subject was educated in. Massachusetts ,
31

632 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
being a graduate of the high school of Winchendon in that State, and afterward
of a business college in New York. He has travelled thoroughbred stock of his
own raising through every section of the Union, and will take a shipment of
cattle in the coming year to Honolulu as an experiment. He settled in the Kitti
tas Valley in 1886, purchasing with his partner, R. H. Pope, who remains on their
Canada farm, eight hundred acres, which is their stock-raising ground. They
have also a cattle ranch in the Okanogan Valley, not to mention a private race
track, tho only one in Kittitas Valley. Air. Laberee hopes to find certain Hamil-
tonians of his raising make a reputation for speed. Besides his stock-breeding
he holds an interest in two mines in Washington — gold and silver. He was
married at Olympia, Wash., in August, 1887, to Miss J. Clark, who was born in
the capital city in 1865. They have two children. The parents of Mrs. Laberee
were early settlers of Olympia, crossing the plains in 1852. Her father died in
1877, greatly regretted by his business associates.
Lamar, John and Joseph, brothers, of Eureka, and both stockmen of Walla
Walla County, Wash., were born in Tennessee, their parents being natives of that
State. Receiving their early education in the region of their nativity, they
devoted themselves to farming. In 1847 they migrated to Missouri, and from
thence to California, allured by the gold excitement of 1849, where they became
prospectors and workers in the mines. In 1869 they went to Oregon, then
became stock-raisers iu Montana, and finally settled in Walla Walla County,
Wash., buying land ten miles west of Prescott, which produces twenty bushels
to the acre. Still unmarried and devoted to each other, these brothers carry on
their business successfully. It is not often that the fraternal relationship is so
strong or so lasting as in the case of the Lamar brothers, exhibiting as it does a
lifelong partnership of common migration and congeniality of taste, business,
and home location, a tie which seems to grow and strengthen with their advanc-
ng years.
Landes, Colonel Henry, President of the First National Bank of Port
Townsend, is a gentleman who has filled many trusts, both civil and military. He
was born in Floss, Bavaria, October 8th, 1843. His parents emigrated to the
United States and settled in Kentucky, and our subject received his education in
Louisville, that State. He enlisted at the age of eighteen, at the breaking out of
the Civil War, in the Federal Army, serving through the struggle for the suprem
acy of the Union, during which he participated in many battles, seeing much
service with the Twentieth Kentucky Infantry, under General Sherman, and was
honorably discharged. In 1870 he left home to become a mining prospector'in
British Columbia, but without special success. He then went to Washington,
where he was appointed and for six years held the position of Indian Agent at
Neah Bay Reservation. In 1876 he removed to Port Townsend and engaged for
two years in mercantile pursuits, and afterward in private banking. He was
elected President of the Port Townsend Board of Trade, holding that position for
four years, but declining another term. He was a City Councillor for four years,
three years School Trustee, In 1884 he was appointed by Governor Newell a
member of the Board of Commissioners to locate the Territorial Penitentiary, and

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 633
in March, 1885, he was appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury a member of
the board to locate the Federal buildings at Port Townsend. In September,
1885, he was made a member of Governor Squire's military staff, as Assistant
Adjutant-General, with rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. In February, 1886, he was
one of the commissioners to locate a site for an asylum for the deaf mutes, blind
and feeble-minded youths of Washington. In 1887 he was an incorporator
and was elected Treasurer of the Port Townsend and Southern Railroad Com
pany. April 29th, 1884, he was commissioned Quartermaster-General, with rank
of Colonel, of the National Guard of Washington. In 1889 he was elected first
State Senator for the counties of Jefferson, Clallam, and San Juan. May 12th,
1890, he was made Paymaster-General of the National Guard, which position he
still holds. He was appointed a member of the Puget Sound Board of Health in
March, 1892, and was elected its President. In 1883 Colonel Landes founded the
First National Bank of Port Townsend, was elected and still remains its Presi
dent, Though a gallant soldier, he has surrendered to superior charms, is mar
ried, and has three children living. He is a member of the Grand Army of the
Republic, the Masons, Odd Fellows, and Ancient Order of United Workmen.
A life so filled with acknowledged private success and eminently satisfactory per
formance of. many official duties speaks for itself, needing no comment from the
biographer. Lane, Isaac Newton, was born in Schuyler County, 111., April 20th, 1845.
In the spring of 1853 he left home with his uncle and aunt to cross the plains by
ox-teams. After a toilsome journey of six months they arrived at Oregon City.
Starting with about sixty head of cattle, they lost all on the journey except a pair
of horses, a yoke of oxen, and three cows. They settled in Polk County, near
Independence, and Isaac attended school in Alonmouth. In 1861 he came to
Pacific County, Wash., and after working in various places until 1869 he took up
a homestead claim on the Nasel River, about twelve miles from its mouth, where
he still lives, engaged in farming, stock-raising, hunting, and trapping. Mr.
Lane's beautiful home, called Livingstone, is situated at the head of tide-water
on the Nasel. Here he has two hundred and fifty acres of the very best land.
He intends to found a town at this point in the near future, and will soon have
the frontage of his place plotted and placed in the market for sale. This would
make one of the most attractive pleasure resorts on the coast ; it is a veritable
sportsman's paradise, abounding in large and small game and trout-fishing, and
being easy of access. Mr. Lane is a bachelor and lives on the homestead alone.
He is a public-spirited citizen, foremost in promoting the best interests of his
county and State, and is esteemed and respected by all who know him. He is a
relative of the first Governor of Oregon, his father and Governor Lane being
cousins. He served as Coroner of Pacific County for eight years, and in Novem
ber, 1888, was elected Justice of the Peace for Nasel Precinct,
Langan, James, who unites tbe occupation of the farmer with that of a
breeder of fine horses, finds a field for cultivation and pasture for his stock three
miles north of Rockford, Wash. Mr. Langan, whose parents were natives of
Ireland, first saw the light in St. Louis, Mo., in 1856, His father and mother,

634 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
who lived to a good old age, emigrated to America when quite young, and settled
in AVisconsin. The education, if such it may be called, of young Langan was
literally picked up, as he only attended school a few winters. Leaving home at
the age of twenty-one, he went to Nevada, where he engaged in mining and re
mained three years. From thence he shifted to California, still searching for the
hidden treasures of the mine. In 1879 he exchanged the Golden for the Ever
green State, the darkness of the mine for the sunshine of the open air and Spokane
County, where he located on his present farm. He is a Catholic, a strong Demo
crat, and still unmarried. Of the three hundred and twenty acres which he owns
all are cultivated except fifty, where the timber is still standing. Half a century
of blooded stock, some of the famous Black Hawk breed, gambol over his pastures,
with milch cows enough to suggest a well-supplied dairy.
Larne, George W., Treasurer of Whitman County, and a resident of Colfax,
Wash., was born in Missouri in 1856. His father, John R. Larne, was a Ken
tucky farmer, his mother, Ethel Barnes, being a native of Virginia. Educated
in the public schools of his State, young Larne having completed his studies,
located at Aloberly, Mo., as Superintendent of his brother's business at that place.
Removing from thence to Washington Territory, he settled at Walla Walla and
supported himself by working on a farm. He came to Colfax in 1880 and entered
the employ of a manufacturing company as collector and salesman. He afterward
engaged in real estate, loan, and insurance business, in which he continued until
1890, when he was elected Treasurer of Whitman County on the Democratic
ticket. He was appointed Postmaster in 1888, and resigned on the election of
Air. Harrison, but his resignation was not accepted until July following. Mr.
Larne was married, in 1882, to Miss Alargaret L. Actor, a native of Dixie, Walla
AValla County. Four children have been born to them, of whom three survive.
Mr. Larne has not labored unsuccessfully in life, being the possessor of both city
and country property, suburban in location. He is a member of the Alason ic,
Ancient Order of United Workmen, and Knights of Pythias fraternities, a Demo
crat in politics, and a candidate for re-election to his piesent office.
Lawrence, Matthew G., farmer, of Latah, Wash., was born in Kaskaskia,
111., in 1834. His parents were L. and Jane (Jacobs) Lawrence. His father,
a farmer, was a native of Canada. The early years of young Lawrence were
spent on a farm, where he acquired not only a knowledge of the work wliich was
to occupy his future life, but received such rudimentary education as the common
schools of his native district could impart. Leaving home he journeyed to Iowa
in 1851, and from thence in 1879 to his present location at Latah, Wash., where
he finds abundant occupation in the cultivation of his farm. He was not deaf to
the calls of patriotism in the dark hour of his country's danger, but enlisted in
Company D, of the Fourth Iowa, serving thirteen months in that regiment, until
discharged on account of a wound, having been shot in the left shoulder. He
was married in 1863 to Aliss Alartha Lathmar.
Lawrence, Phil A., attorney-at-law and Mayor of Sumas, Wash., was born
in Iowa County, Wis., June 13th, 1870. Graduating from the South Dakota Agii-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 635
cultural College in 1889, he was admitted to the Bar the same year and immedi
ately began practice, first for some months in Dakota and then in his present
location, Sumas, Wash., to which place he had removed. He was elected Alayor
and re-elected in December, 1892. He was married at De Smith, Dak., Novem
ber 18th, 1890, to Miss Laura B. Remington, of that place. One child has been
born to them. Mr. Lawrence takes an active part in politics, and has filled with
ability and advantage to the party whose cause he has espoused various local
offices, being a member of the Republican Executive Committee of Whatcom
County during the recent Presidential campaign. He is also a Commissioner of
the United States Circuit Court. A wonderful record for so young a man, the
success of whose future, if it may be judged from his past, is already assured.
La whence, Stephen P., a thriving farmer, of Latah, Wash., was born in New
Jersey in 1832. His father, Stephen A. Lawrence, was also a farmer, born in
America, but of German descent ; his mother was a native of the United States.
Mr. Lawrence while still a young man emigrated to California in 1850, when
that State was booming with the first excitement of the search for gold. Ten
years later he removed to Oregon, and from thence in 1879 to his present location
in what was then the Territory of Washington. He was married, in 1883, to Miss-
Mira Wolfe, a native of New Jersey. They have no children.
Leaming, E. B., attorney-at-law, of New Whatcom, Wash., was born in
Cape Alay County, N. J., May 24th, 1857. Fully prepared by a private tutor, he:
finished his college course, and at the age of twenty entered the law office of
Judge James Buchanan, of Trenton, N. J., and on the completion of his studies
in February, 1881, was admitted to the Bar as an attorney, and in February,
1884, as a counsellor. Immediately on his admission in 1881 he began practice
at Camden, N. J., and continued to pursue his profession there until he removed
to New Whatcom in September, 1890. At the age of thirty Mr. Leaming was
appointed Special Alaster in Chancery, and made an examiner of applicants for
admission to the Bar by the Supreme Court of New Jersey, being the youngest
member of the Bar so honored. He came to New Whatcom to enter the well-
known law firm of Harris & Black, from which Judge Harris has since retired,
leaving the firm now doing business that of Black & Leaming, who are counted
most successful practitioners. Mr. Leaming is an active Mason, in which frater
nity he has attained the thirty-second degree.
Learned, A. Fowler, of Port Townsend, was born in Boston, Mass., October
17th, 1839, was educated in the common schools of that city and in Comers Col
lege, from which he graduated in 1857. He adopted a seafaring life, making
several voyages around the world. Arriving in San Francisco in January of
1860, he shipped as second mate on a sailing vessel bound for Puget Sound.
Leaving the vessel at Port Townsend, he accepted a temporary clerkship, and
then took a berth as first mate on a ship sailing for Shanghai, China, at which'
port he arrived June 25th, 1862. Here he entered the employ of Russel ec Co.,
tea and shipping merchants. He commanded three of their vessels and then took
the position of Superintendent. Nine years' service in the Flowery Kingdom

636 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
obliged him to leave China on account of ill health. Returning to Port Town-
send, he engaged in merchandising until 1878, when he was appointed Deputy
Revenue Collector of the First District of California and removed to San Fran
cisco, retaining the office for six years. He also served as United States Board
ing Officer under Cleveland's administration at Port Townsend. Having large
landed interests in that section, he returned to Port Townsend to give personal
attention to his property. He was married March 5th, 1871, to Miss Isabel
McCurdy, of Port Townsend, daughter of the late Dr. Samuel McCurdy. They
have six children. Mr. Learned is a member of the Masonic order, and was the
organizer of the Ancient Landmark Lodge, of Shanghai, China, being the first
American lodge in that empire. He is a thirty-second degree Scottish Rite Mason,
also a Knight Templar under the York Rite.
Learned, W. H. H., of Port Townsend, a citizen who has filled with dig
nity and acceptance many offices, both local and federal, was born in Boston,
Mass., November 5th, 1840. His early education was received in the excellent
common schools of the capital of the Bay State, supplemented by a year's study
in a commercial college of that city. In the spring of 1859 he sailed for Sau
Francisco, via Cape Horn, arriving on the Pacific Coast in the month of August
following, and from thence by water to Port Townsend, where he sojourned but
a year, and then revisited San Francisco, where he remained until his return to
Port Townsend in 1865. In that year he was married on April 15th to Miss
Harriet A. Salvin, of Cambridge, Mass. Their union has been blessed with three
children, two boys and a girl. The youngest son now fills the position of Post
master at Port Towusend. Mr. Learned, Sr., has held the offices of Postmaster
for ten years, Probate Judge, Justice of the Peace, County Treasurer, United
States Commissioner, aud Mayor of Port Townsend. Few men can show a cleaner
or more satisfactory official record than the subject of this sketch.
Le Fevre, D. F., Cashier of the Bank of Kent, Wash., was born at Fort Wayne,
Ind., in May of 1852, and removed with his parents, at the age of ten years, to
Jasper County, la. He received a common-school education, supplemented by
a course at Simpson's Centenary, a Methodist college at Indianola in that State.
Until 1878 he taught school during the winter months and farmed in the summer.
He removed to Shelby County, la., and engaged in the same pursuits until
1882. He took a course, which he completed in 1883, in the Des Moines Busi
ness College. He removed to Long Pine, Neb., in July of that year, where he
followed mercantile pursuits until 1887. He was elected Clerk of the District
Court of Brown County, Neb., served two years, and resigned to come to Kent,
Wash., where he engaged in the hardware business for over a year. He was
elected Cashier of the Bank of Kent, a position which he ably fills. Mr. Le Fevre
was married in 1886 to Miss Olive Akin, of Brown County, Neb. They have one
child, a daughter. Mr. Le Fevre is a member of the Masonic fraternity. Still
in the prime of life, he may well accept the success of his past as an omen of yet
greater progress and moro satisfactory results in the still untried future.
Lehman, R. B., a young attorney of the Tacoma Bar, rapidly making his way
to the front, was born in Edenton, Chowan County, N. C, February 12th, 1860.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 637
His parents removed to New Berne, N. C, where young Lehman received the
preparatory education which fitted him to enter the Lafayette College, at Easton,
Pa., from which he graduated in July of 1881. Beginning the study of the law,
he was admitted to the Bar in October of 1884. He practised at New Berne for
four years, leaving there iu 1888 to come to Tacoma, Wash., where he has ever
since pursued his profession. Mr. Lehman was married November 10th, 1887,
to Miss Bettie L. Pierce, of Wytheville, Va. Mr. Lehman is fortunate in having
identified himself with a city where pluck, industry, and application to the duties
of the hour are fully appreciated and cannot fail to secure a substantial reward.
Lemley, Pleasant G., farmer, of Farmington, Wash., was born in Shelby
County, Ala., in 1819. His father, Ephraim Lemley, was no ordinary man ; a
native of South Carolina, he removed to Alabama and became one of the earliest
settlers of that State. He died in Arkansas in 1891, at the ripe old age of ninety-
five years, leaving no less than two hundred descendants. He had many children of
his own. He was a man of extraordinary vitality, strictly temperate, and beloved
by all who knew him. His wife, Elizabeth (Pearson) Lemley, was a native
of Virginia. The subject of our sketch was the eldest of a family of twenty-two
children. Educated in the district schools of Alabama, his early teaching was
for the most part self-acquired. He read law with S. Elsworth, of Eugene City,
Ore., a prominent lawyer of that State, and came to Washington in 1878, locating
at what is now called Farmington, where he became a wheat-raiser, farming a
quarter section of land near the city, which averages forty bushels to the acre.
Mr. Lemley was married in 1842 to Miss Nancy Fletcher, of Crawford County,
Ark. Twelve children have blessed their union, two girls and ten boys. He
was elected Justice of the Peace and has filled that office with marked ability for
the past ten years. He also held the office of Probate Judge of Lane County,
Ore., that of County Commissioner for four years, and County Treasurer for three.
He is a member of the Masonic fraternity. Like most old pioneers, Judge Lemley
is a mine of early reminiscences rich in recollections of past trials and privations of
the frontier. He is particularly eloquent when describing, as he does most
graphically, his journey across the plains in the dangerous days of 1853, when
with his wife and three children he made the passage, a six months' trip, daring
the dangers of the wilderness, the arrow of the savage, and the many chances of
evil fortune by the way, to reach the Eldorado of his hopes, the fertile fields of
Oregon, which they finally reached in October of that year. The passenger by
the speedy and luxurious Pullman of to-day little realizes the sufferings of those
early travellers who made the slow and toilsome transit by ox-team in the time
of pioneer emigration. Washington owes much to such men as Mr. Lemley,
Lentzy, James T., attorney, of Everett, Wash., a man of great force of char
acter, indomitable industry and commendable zeal in all his undertakings, is a
native of Ohio, having been born in the town of Loudonville, Ashland County,
on June 14th, 1851. In 1856 his father, Jacob Lentzy, removed with his family
to Ottawa, Putnam County. Here young Lentzy attended the common schools,
and afterward took a course of study at the Vermilion Institute. After leaving
college he began the study of law, and in 1872 was admitted to the Bar. He

638 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON,
practised for a year at Ottawa, and then removed to Missouri, where he divided
his time between his law practice and editorial work on a local newspaper, being
editor of the Citizen, at Kingston, Mo., for two years. In 1875 he returned to
Ottawa, O., and resumed the practice of his profession. He became active in
political affairs, and in 1876 was elected Mayor of Ottawa. Two years later he
was elected Prosecuting Attorney for Putnam County, and was re-elected in
1880. For three years he was President of the Ottawa School Board, and his
service in that position he considers the most satisfactory and gratifying one of
his public career. He is deeply interested in educational matters, and when not
officially connected with work in that line he shows great concern as a private
citizen. Mr. Lentzy was married in 1878 to Mrs. Anna M. Powell, who in her
girlhood days was a musician and vocalist of more than local fame. Mr. Lentzy
has erected a fine residence in Everett, where he now lives.
Leonard, R., M.D., a leading physician of Rosalia, Wash., was born in Illinois,
in 1852. His father's name was Sylvester Leonard, a native of New York, and his
mother, Lura (Risley) Leonard, was also a native of the Empire State. Supple
menting the public-school education of Illinois with an academic course in the
University of Iowa, he was fully prepared to enter the Rush Medical College,
from which institution he graduated with the degree of M D. Locating himself
at Portland, Ore., he commenced the practice of his profession and was actively
engaged there for four years until compelled to abandon work by the failure of
his eyes, when he removed to Rosalia, his present home. Here he practised for
awhile, but relinquished it to engage in the flourishing drug business in which he
has invested a capital of $5000, and still proposes to extend. Dr. Leonard mar
ried in 1886 an Oregon lady, Aliss Hester Jackson. They have one child. A
property-holder, with a pleasant home and a thriving business, the doctor enjoys
the well-earned esteem and confidence of his fellow-townsmen.
Lesh, D. E., farmer, of North Yakima, was born in Indiana, October 5th,
1853. His father was a native of Ohio, his mother, Mary Elizabeth (Baldwin)
Lesh, being a North Carolinian, of Quaker lineage, and could trace her ancestry
back to the early settlement of that State. Rudimentary teaching in Indiana and
an unfinished normal-school course in Nebraska fitted young Lesh himself to
become an instructor ; so for two years he taught school iu that State, then three
in Iowa, and two more in the Territory of Washington, to which he removed,
coming overland in 1878. Here he located first in Kittitas County near Ellens
burg. Relinquishing the role of instructor for that of the agriculturist, he became
for three years a cultivator of the soil. In 1888 he was elected Sheriff of Yakima
County for the term of four years, an office which he filled satisfactorily, yet still
engaging in fruit cultivation, being the owner of some of the finest fruit land in
the State. He acted as Sergeant-at-Arms during the last session of the Legis
lature. He was married in 1881 to Miss Addie R. Gage, a native of Ashtabula
County, O. They have five children. Mr. Lesh is a prosperous man, having not
only a pleasant home, but one hundred and forty acres under Cultivation, prolific
in yield of choicest fruit. He is a Mason, Knight of Pythias, a Regent of the
Agricultural College at Pullman, and is in charge of the large interests of the

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 639
Moxie farm, which his extensive experience abundantly fits him to superintend.
In politics he is a Republican. He is counted a representative man in a very
progressive community.
Lindley, J. L., County Clerk of Whitman County, Wash., was born in Oregon
in 1854. He is the son of Levi Lindley, a native of Tennessee, and Susan (Thomp
son) Lindley, his wife, a native of Kentucky. After completing his education in
the public schools of Oregon, Mr. Lindley located at Dayton, Wash., where he
became a school-teacher. Here he remained for eight years till his removal in
1884 to Whitman County, to engage in farming. He continued to tilt the soil
for six years. His active interest in the political party he espoused was rewarded
in 1890 by his election to the office of County Clerk of Whitman County, having
been nominated on the Democratic ticket. He was renominated by the County
Convention of 1892 for the same office, and re-elected by a large plurality. Mr.
Lindley was married in 1884 to Miss Lillie Johnston, of Illinois. Two daughters
and a son are the fruit of their union. He is a property-holder in the vicinity of
Colftx, and owns a pleasant home in that city ; is a Mason and a member of the
Order of Knights of Pythias. A genial gentleman, dignified yet unassuming, and
eminently efficient in the duties of his office, Air. Lindley has hosts of friends in
Whitman County, where his sterling worth is well known.
Livermore, C. B., real estate broker, of Seattle, was born in Earlville, N. Y.,
July 10th, 1849, and removed with his parents to Berlin, Wis., at the age of
seven years. He attended school for atime, and then enlisted at the age of twelve
years as a drummer boy in Company I, of the Eleventh Wisconsin Volunteers, but
was discharged in the same year for disability on account of agey the certificate
being signed by Edward Everett, Assistant Surgeon, United States Army. De
termining, however, to see service in the field, he accompanied his father, who
was chaplain of the Sixteenth Wisconsin, and was present at the battles of Shiloh
and siege of Corinth. He has in his possession a letter written to his mother
April 11th, 1861, the Friday after that memorable conflict. He returned the
same year from Vicksburg to Grinnell, la., and resumed his studies, remaining
for a year at the Iowa College located at that place, and from thence for a two
years' course in the State University at Iowa City. Finding his health had been
overtaxed and was failing rapidly, he went to farming, a pursuit which he con
tinued for eight years in Southern Iowa, near Chariton. In 1878 he journeyed to
Washington Territory and located at Walla Walla, where he read law and specu
lated until 1883, when he formed a partnership with Mr. Somerindyke, with
whom he is still associated, having charge of the realty department of the firm.
He was married in June, 1885, to Miss Nellie A. Colt, of AValla Walla. They
have two children. Mr. Livermore is a member of the Order of Woodmen.
Long, A., farmer, of Elberton, Wash., was born in Kentucky, June 7th, 1833.
His father, James Long, of North Carolina, first saw the light on Christmas Day
of 1805 ; his mother, Rachel AVells, was a native of Tennessee, where she was
born February 22d, 1803. His grandparents were of Scotch descent, his grand
father being a soldier of the War of 1812. Young Long's early education was
limited to six or seven years of backwoods district school teaching. He then

640 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
worked on a farm, leaving Illinois at the age of nineteen, started for the West in
1853, crossing the plains by ox-teams to Oregon. Their troubles en route were
limited to " Indian scares." Their party consisted of thirteen wagons and one
hundred men, women, and children. They left Illinois on Alay 8th and reached
Oregon November 5th following. Mr. Long was elected the captain and leader
of the expedition. Filing Tip a claim in Oregon, he remained twenty-four years,
when he sold out in 1877 and removed to Washington. He took up a ranch near
his present location, and has since bought land. He has at present about half a
section under cultivation, is also the owner of some fourteen lots in the city of
Elberton, and a stockholder in the town site. He was married November 1st,
1855, in Oregon, to Miss Amanda Price, a daughter of Reuben Price and Sarah
Price, both of English descent. Mrs. Long was born in Indiana, Alay 21st, 1837.
They had ten children, two of whom are deceased. Air. Long is a Republican
and a well-to-do, prosperous farmer.
Lowe, S. J., a retired citizen of North Yakima, was born in Ohio in 1839.
His father, John Lowe, was a native of that State ; his mother, Rachel (Johnson)
Lowe, being a native of Virginia. Young Lowe, the third in a family of four
children born to his parents, received his earliest training in the public schools of
his native State, and obtained a good, practical business education. He learned
a mechanical trade, which he followed for twelve years, and then, in 1872, emi
grated to California, where he engaged in the hardware business at Anaheim,
Los Angeles County, He remained seven years in the Golden State and then
removed to Washington, locating at Old Yakima in the same business. In 1879
he selected and settled down at his present home in North Yakima, where after
fifteen years he sold out his hardware business, to devote himself to hop culture,
having no less than two hundred and forty acres of land, forty of which lie within
the city limits. He is also the owner of a comfortable country residence and
valuable city realty. He has held office as County Commissioner and was a
charter member of the City Council. He is a Mason and takes a lively interest in
the welfare and progress of the community in which he dwells. He is a Demo
crat in politics.
Lynch, Timothy J., of North Yakima, a farmer on the Atahnam, was born
in Ireland in 1832, being the eldest of a family numbering no less than eleven
children. His parents, both natives of the Emerald Isle, were Henry and Sarah
(Downs) Lynch. The father was a veteran of the war, under command of General
Sherman, Thirty-fifth New Jersey Volunteers. At the age of twenty young Lynch
emigrated to America, landing in New Yoik, where he lived thirteen years, going
west in 1865, or at the close of the war, with his family, reaching San Francisco
by way of the Isthmus. For five years he was a shipbuilder and joiner in that
city. He then removed to Lewis County, Wash., where he added eight years to
his life record, coming to Yakima in the spring of 1878 and locating ou the farm
where he still resides. He is very pleasantly situated, being the owner of one hun
dred and sixty-nine acres of profitable land, fifteen of which are in hops. He has
a hop field also of similar size, near North Yakima, fine hop houses, his own irri
gating ditches, and is, moreover, a breeder of a high-class strain of horses and

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 641
cattle. He was married in 1856 to Miss Julia McCarthy, daughter of Dennis
McCarthy, an Irish farmer, and has seven children. He is a member of the Hop
Growers' Association, and an independent in politics. A hard-working, prosper
ous, and clear-headed man, self-reliant, and making his way in the world with
the characteristic energy of his race.
Lyon, Dr. J. H., of Roslyn, Physician and Surgeon for the Northern Pacific
Coal Company, was born forty years ago in the Keystone State. His father,
Alonzo F. Lyon, was a Pennsylvania farmer, his mother, Janette Lyon, being a
native of North Carolina. A common-school education paved the way for the
higher teachings of the Iowa Aledical College at Des Moines, from wliich institu
tion he graduated in 1885 with the degree of M.D. Beginning his professional
career, he located at Mongala, la., and remained three years, until his removal
to Boone in that State, where he built up a lucrative practice. In 1889 he
migrated to Washington and established himself at Roslyn, where he was imme
diately engaged as physician and surgeon to the coal company. He was married
in 1889 at Ellensburg to Miss Jessie M. Condit, of New Jersey, who died in 1892
at Roslyn, mourned and respected by the entire community. Dr. Lyon has held
the office of Coroner of Kittitas County. He owns a handsome residence in the
city and other valuable realty. He is a brother of the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows, and a Republican in his political faith. He js a member of the State
Aledical and Central District Associations of Iowa, the Washington State Medical
Association, and the American Medical Association. He bears the reputation of
being a man of high culture and large professional endowments.
Macready, John, hardware merchant and well-esteemed citizen of Tacoma,
Wash., was born in Newark, N. J., April 15th, 1856. He removed with his
parents to Cloversport, Ky., where his father was the first manufacturer of coal
oil in the United States; from there to Council Bluffs, la., in 1857, and then
to Sioux City, where his family resided for eighteen years, and where the subject
of our sketch received his rudimentary education— leaving school at an early
age to become an office boy for E. W. Skinner, of Sioux City, with whom
he remained for six years, and then engaged as General Manager of the whole
sale paper house of J. M. Pinckney in Sioux City, continuing in his employ for
three years. Three more were passed as General Agent and Manager of the Sioux
City Button Alanufacturing Company. Coming to Tacoma in 1882, he bought
into the firm of I. P. Chilberg, but was burned out in the fire of 1884, losing
everything. He, however, built, put in a fine stock of hardware, and has con
tinued in the same business ever, since, under the firm name of John Macready &
Co. A thoroughgoing business man, he has been very successful, a self-made
man of the pushing, ever-growing Northwest. Air. Macready married, September
8th, 1887, Miss Mary J. Harris, of Sioux City, la., a niece of Governor Lewis
of Wisconsin, the celebrated war governor of that State. Two children grace
their union. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce and the Commercial
Club. He has never sought, but rather declined all political honors.
Martin, Benjamin, Cashier of the Adams County Bank, of Ritzville, Wash.,
born November 15th, 1868, in Wisconsin, was the son of John Martin, a Presby-

642 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
terian clergyman of Ohio, and Sarah E. (King) Martin, also a native of that State.
Third in a family of four, young Alartin received his first instruction in the com
mon schools of his native State, then entered Silver Ridge Seminary, where he
took a classical course and graduated in 1881. Returning to his parental home
at St. Helena, Neb., he remained for a few months, then removed to Harrington,
Neb., where he engaged in the printing business for eighteen months. He then
learned telegraphy, becoming an operator in the employ of the C. & W. W. R.R.,
with whom he remained until 1889, when he returned to Nebraska and entered
the Cedar County Bank, Hartington, where he thoroughly familiarized himself
with the banking business. Coming to Washington in 1891 he took charge of
the Adams County Bank of Ritzville as Cashier, a position he still holds. It is a
thriving institution, with a paid-up capital of $25,000. Mr. Martin was married
September 1st, 1892, to Miss Mattie E. Greene, a native of Pennsylvania, her
father being a leading merchant of Ritzville. Mr. Martin is a member of the
Masonic fraternity and a Republican. His paternal grandfather was a district
judge in Ohio for a score of years. His father was twice mayor of a city in that
State. On the maternal side seven uncles died in the war for the Union, and
were with Fremont when he raised the flag on Pike's Peak. A truly patriotic
ancestry, whose reputation Mr. Martin seems not likely to diminish.
Mason, Martin, farmer and stockman, of Kittitas Valley, Wash., was born
in New York in 1848. His father, born in 1825, and his mother, in 1824, were
also natives of the Empire State. The family removed to Michigan, where the
father engaged in lumbering in 1862. He was a soldier of the Civil War, having
enlisted in a Michigan regiment. He returned to his farm after the war, and
removed to Washington in 1875, where he now lives. The subject of our sketch
is the eldest of three children. He received his early education in Michigan and
began life there. Coming to Washington in 1886 he purchased one hundred and
sixty acres of fine land two and a half miles west of Ellensburg, but followed lum
bering for the first two years. He was first married in Michigan in 1869, to Miss
Anna Silsby, who was born in Michigan in 1854, and died in 1889, leaving two
children. In 1890 Mr. Mason married Mrs. Mary Harrison, a widow, who was
born iu New York in 1848. Mr. Mason is much interested in the breeding of fine
stock, making a specialty of Durham cattle, Hamilton horses, etc.
Matkin, Russel Finley, grocer, of Starbuck, Wash., was born in Appanoose
County, la., in 1858. His father, John Russel Alatkin, was a farmer of Putnam
County, Ind., and his mother, Elizabeth Matkin, was a native of that State.
Educated at the public schools and at Seymour College, Seymour, la., young
Matkin began life on a farm in that State, where he worked until 1883, and then
removed to Washington Territory, locating five miles west of Starbuck, Columbia
County, on a farm, where he remained until about a year ago, when he moved
into Starbuck and engaged in the general grocery business with growing success.
He was married in 1877 to Miss Laura Jane AlcGee, a native of Appanoose
County, la. They have a family of three children. Mr. Matkin owns, besides
his private residence, valuable farm and city property. He has been Justice of
the Peace, and is in all respects a representative man in the city where he dwells.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 643
McAulay, AIalcolm, a business man of Spangle, Wash , was born in St.
Ann's, Victoria County, Nova Scotia, August 10th, 1860. His parents, August
and Isabel (Alclver) AlcAulay, were both natives of Stoneway, Scotland. They
emigrated to Nova Scotia about 1840 ; here they fished and farmed. The father
died about 1872 ; the mother still survives and lives upon the old homestead.
After four years' schooling at St. Ann's, young McAulay was apprenticed for two
years to a barber. Turning his face westward, he journeyed to Wisconsin,
Duluth, Alinn., AA'innipeg, and Lethbridge, at which latter place he worked two
years at his trade. After many wanderings, during which he was present at the
Chinese troubles in Wyoming at Rock Spring, he reached Walla Walla, Wash.,
and after making the tour of the Sound finally settled at Spangle. Mr. McAulay
was married to Miss Phoebe Richardson, of Oregon, daughter of E. T. Richard
son, August 28th, 1891. He is a Democrat in politics, and owns, besides his city
property, a good ranch in its vicinity.
AIcCandly, J. D., of Centralia, Wash., was born in Iredell County, N. C,
May 8th, 1845, and when two years old moved with his parents to McDowell
County, in the same State. Our subject was reared upon a farm and received a
common-school education. He enlisted May 20th, 1862, in Company C, Forty
ninth North Carolina Regiment, and joined the Army of the Potomac. He was
in active service at the battles of Gettysburg and the Wilderness and at Rich
mond. He was stationed at Petersburg, and on March 25th, before the surrender,
he was one of seventy men who volunteered to break the lines in front of the
city, which they did and held the same from 4 o'clock in the morning until 10.
At this engagement our subject was shot through with a minie ball and was
carried off the field for dead. He was sent to the hospital at Richmond, where
he stayed for eighteen months before he was able to walk. Returning to
McDowell County he followed farming for four years, then moved to Richmond,
Ind., where he remained five years, engaged in carpentering. His next move
was to Francis City, Mich., where he spent one year. Then going to Asheville,
N. C, he engaged in contracting and building, which he successfully continued
for eight years. Then coming to Portland, Ore., he remained there three years,
building and dealing in real estate, after which he located at Centralia, Wash.,
where he has since resided. Here he is actively and successfully engaged in real
estate and building. His reliability is a distinguishing characteristic of Iris
nature, and in the possession of this substantial faculty he enjoys the confidence
and respect of his fellow-citizens. He is a careful, thorough business man, punc
tual in the discharge of every duty, and his success has been won by earnest and
persistent effort.
McCarther, J. T., Manager of the J. T. McCarther Investment Agency, was
born in Rockland, N. Y., September 15th, 1849. His early education was
acquired in the old-fashioned log school-house. When he was six years old his
parents removed to Wisconsin, where he attended the public schools in winter,
spending the summer months in work upon the farm. At the age of fourteen he
left the parental roof and went into the lumber regions in Michigan, where in
the course of a few years he accumulated sufficient means to purchase a small

644 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
farm in Illinois, and settled in that State. During the period of the mining ex
citement at Black Hills, Mr. McCarther was seized with the fever and tried his
luck in that region for awhile, making considerable money in real estate and
mines. In 1877 he located at Fargo, Dak., and was engaged in the real estate
business there for the next six years. Mr. McCarther came to Spokane, Wash.,
in 1883, with a view to working the territory thoroughly for opportunities of
profitable investments. He became convinced at once that Washington was
destined to become a great trade and industry centre in the near future, and after
making several very profitable investments for Eastern parties, a company was
organized in Washington, D. C, with a capital of $100,000, which was placed in
charge of Mr. AlcCarther, and by him carefully invested in Washington State,
with most profitable results. Mr. McCarther is now located at Everett, where he
is engaged in making investments for non-residents. He is a man of sound busi
ness judgment and remarkable firmness of character, which, added to his large
experience and accurate knowledge of the State, render his opinions in regard to
real estate investments of great value. He is the oldest and one of the best
known investment agents on the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Mr,
McCarther was married in 1880 to Miss Priscilla Mason, of Cleveland, O. They
have no children,
McClair, M. S., photographer, of Seattle, Wash., was born in Eastport,
Minn., January 15th, 1858, accompanied his parents to Redwood, Cal., at the age
of six, attended school until fifteen years old, when he was apprenticed to a car
riage and sign painter. Serving out his time and possessing a natural taste for
the sesthetic, young McClair became an art student in the California School of
Design at San Francisco, under Virgil Williams, for nearly two years. He then
engaged in various avocations, but the artistic taste which still dominated him
induced him to devote himself to photography, and he became Manager for
Abel's Gallery in Portland, Ore., a position which he retained for six years. In
1884 he removed to Seattle, Wash., and opened a gallery, which he continued to
conduct up to the time of the great fire of June 6th, 1889, when he was burned
out, but reopened his place as soon as he could obtain a suitable studio, He is a
very couscientious and painstaking operator, infusing into that which is supposed
to be purely mechanical a poetry and pose which only the true artist can success
fully secure. Air. McClair was married in November, 1881, to Aliss Annie H,
Armstrong, of Plymouth, England. They have four children,
McConihe, Lucien Forrest, City Clerk, and Superintendent of the Water
Works of Roslyn, AVash., a position which he has filled since the organization of
that city, was born in Illinois in 1858, and is the son of Lucien H. and Isabel W,
McConihe. He received his early education in the public and high schools of Prince
ton, 111., and began life as a clerk in the post-office in that place for two years,
He travelled widely through the United States during his younger days with his
father, who was a large cattle dealer. He came to Washington Territory about
five years ago, locating at Roslyn, and soon became identified with the interests
of the community where he dwells, and which interests he has consistently en
deavored to advance, both in his official capacity and as a private citizen. Mr.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 645
AlcConihe was married in 1885 at Chicago, to Miss Julia S. Charbonnel, a lady
whose family are prominent in Montreal. They have three children. He is the
owner of a city residence and other valuable improved property. He is an active
Democrat, being Vice-Chairman of the County Central Committee, and bears an
enviable reputation as a businesslike and honorable man.
McCormick, William W., M.D., a physician and surgeon of North Yakima,
was born in Wisconsin in 1865. His father, Wesley McCormick, was a native
of Scotland, by profession a farmer and stock-raiser ; his mother, Lucinda
McCormick, being from Pennsylvania. After the usual common-school prepara
tion, Dr. McCormick studied medicine at tbe Rush Medical College, of Chicago,
supplementing it with a course at a similar institution in Denver, from which he
graduated in 1888 with the degree of AI.D. He remained a year in Denver, re
ceiving his diploma as a director in the People's Tabernacle Free Dispensary and
the College Clinic ; he was also Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy, Surgeon to
the Arapahoe Company and Denver City Hospital, and Visiting Physician to the
Colorado State Woman's Hospital. Coming to Washington in 1889, he settled at
Tacoma and was engaged in active practice in that city, being also a member of
McCormick Bros., wholesale meat company, one of the largest on Puget Sound,
operating the Union Stock Yards and numerous retail markets at Tacoma. Dis
posing of his interests there in 1892, he removed to North Yakima, where he is now
a leading practitioner, making surgery a specialty. He is a member of the Sons
of America, Knights of Pythias, of the Arapahoe County Medical Society and
Denver Aledical Association, as also of the Pierce County Medical, Tacoma
City Aledical, Yakima County Medical Society, and others of a like character,
and Health Officer of the city of North Yakima. He has a fine library, is a close
student, and has declined various offices to which he has been nominated. He
is devoted to the People's Party in politics, but far more to the profession of his
choice. McCornack, J. K., banker, of Palouse, Wash., was born at Eugene City,
Ore., in 1863. His father, Andrew McCornack, was a farmer and a native of
Scotland ; his mother, Maria Eaken, was a Scotch woman. The subject of our
sketch was the tenth child in a family of twelve. Educated at the public schools
of Oregon, he became at the age of sixteen a student in the State University,
but did not graduate, though nearly finishing the full course. Locating at Salem,
Ore., he became a clerk in the State Land Office. Here he remained two years,
removing to Alendocino, Cal., taking charge of important work along the coast.
Geing to San Francisco, he took a business course at Heald's College, which he
finished in 1880, and returned to Oregon, re-entering the State Land Office at
Salem. He was transferred to The Dalles as Chief Clerk in the United States
Land Office, and remained a year in that position, then filled three years as clerk
in The Dalles National Bank. Coming to Washington in 1889, ho organized, in
partnership with Mr. Cooledge, of Colfax, the Security State Bank, with a paid-
up capital of $60,000, and since that time has acted as Cashier and Manager of
this bank. Mr, McCornack was married in 1887, and has two children. He has
held the office of City Treasurer, is a member of the Odd Fellows and the Knights

646 history Of Washington.
of Pythias, and in politics a Republican. He is reputed to hold a high place in
the esteem of his fellow-townsmen as a capable and reliable business man.
McCoy, J. I., merchant, and Postmaster of Elberton, Wash., was born in
Oregon, April 24th, 1857. His parents, John and Sarah (Junkin) McCoy, were
natives of Ohio. They were early emigrants to Oregon, crossing the plains in
1845. The father served as a member of the Territorial Legislature for several
terms. Educated in the public schools of Oregon, young McCoy's first employ
ment, after completing his schooling, was upon his father's farm until the spring
of 1879, when he removed to British Columbia. A brief stay in that region
determined him to go to California, and from thence to Nevada, in both of which
he engaged in various occupations, for the most part that of bookkeeper. Migrat
ing to Washington, he finally settled at Elberton in 1886, opening a store in part
nership with AV. N. Smith. They erected their own building and have a pros
perous trade. Mr. McCoy has invested considerably in town property. He was
appointed Postmaster in 1887, an office which he is well qualified to fill. He
was married in 1889 to Miss Martha Long, who was born July 22d, 1870. They
have two children. He is a member of the Odd Fellows fraternity and votes the
Prohibition ticket.
McCoy, Mason 0., farmer and breeder of fine stock, of Walla Walla County,
Wash., was born in Iowa in 1825. His father was a Kentucky pioneer. Young
McCoy received such limited education as the district schools of Texas could in
that early day supply, and began life for himself at the age of fourteen. In 1857
he emigrated to California, having a hard time of it in crossing the plains, having
stock stolen and some of their party killed by the Indians. After working in a
lumber mill in the Golden State for three years, he went to Idaho in 1861 and
engaged in mining with indifferent success. Going to Oregon, he entered the
Government employ under Captain Drake, of the Oregon Volunteers, and was in
the engagement on Crooked River, in which Lieutenant Watson was killed. As
chief scout under Geheral Crook, he saw service in Arizona against the murderous
Apaches. Leaving the service, he became a stock-raiser in Southern Oregon, but
afterward removed that business to Walla Walla Valley, where, after several years
of success, the hard winter of 1884 destroyed one thousand head of his cattle.
He is now the owner of a farm of three hundred and twenty acres eight miles
southeast of Waitsburg, which has proved very productive. He is also proud of
his success in raising Morgan horses of a superior breed.
McCroskey, J. P. T., a retired farmer, of Colfax, Wash., was born in Rock
ville, Tenn., October 8th, 1828. His father, John McCroskey, the first Sheriff of
Monroe County, Tenn., was born in Virginia in 1792. His mother, Lucinda
(Grant) McCroskey, was a North Carolinian, born in 1802. His education was
received in the common schools and a collegiate' institution of Tennessee. After
serving an apprenticeship at the tanner's trade, he remained at home until 1852,
then went to California. He made a visit to Panama, and, returning, remained
in the Golden State until 1858, when he went to Texas and Tennessee. He re
visited the Pacific Coast in1 1879, and after a short stay in California settled in

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 647
Washington and took up a claim about flve miles west of Elberton. Since then
he has been adding to his farm by purchase, until he has about six hundred and
forty acres. He was married in 1858 to Miss Mary AI. Gallager, a daughter of
George and Lucinda (King) Gallager, a descendant from one of the old Irish
families. They have ten children. Air. McCroskey was a member of the Wash
ington Constitutional Convention in 1889 from the Sixth District, is a member of
the Farmers' Alliance, votes the Democratic ticket, owns town property in Gar
field, Oaksdale, and Elberton, but resides at Colfax, renting out his farm.
McCroskey, Hon. R. C, farmer and banker, of Garfield, Wash., was born in
Alonroe County, Tenn., Alarch 10th, 1845. His father, John McCroskey, was a
Tennessee farmer, his mother, Priscilla (McCray) McCroskey, being a native of
the same State. Sixth in a family of eight, young AlcCroskey was educated in
the common schools, supplemented by a classical collegiate course in the section
of his nativity. Graduating in 1868 with the degree of A.B., he located in
Tennessee, and after teaching school for a year, removed to California, where he
engaged in farming and teaching. In 1873 he was elected on the Democratic
ticket School Superintendent of Monterey County, an office which he filled for
three consecutive terms. Other positions were tendered him, but refused on
account of ill health. Returning to Tennessee in 1882, he married Miss Blanche
Huston, a native of that State. After a period of farming in California he sold
out and migrated to his present location, where he occupies himself in cultivating
his land and banking. He is the owner of six quarter sections of very valuable
land adjoining the site of Garfield. He has a fine residence, a special system of
irrigation, is a director in the local bank, and a stockholder in that and other
financial enterprises, including the Warehouse Association of Eastern Washing
ton, of which he is President. He was a Captain in the Confederate Army, and
in this capacity was present and engaged in many battles of the war. A man of
marked ability and great individuality of character, Mr. McCroskey has been
spoken of as the possible Governor of the Evergreen State, but the condition of
his health disinclines him to accept office. He is a member of the State Senate
of Washington. McCroskey, Robert L., born in Monroe County, East Tenn., in 1863, was
the son of a planter. Educated in the public schools of his native State, and as
a student of the Monroe High Scliool, in which he took a thorough course, he
enjoyed exceptional advantages, laying a good foundation for the important life-
work before him. He came West with his parents, who settled in Whitman
County, Wash., in 1879. Here he taught school and worked on his father's farm
till he went to California and became a student in the office of his uncle, a dis
tinguished attorney of that State ; was admitted to the California Bar in 1885,
and in 1887, having moved to Colfax, was authorized to practice in that of
Washington. Entering the office of one of the leading law firms, he became a
partner in 1888, but upon its dissolution some six months afterward founded the
firm of Hanna & McCroskey, which still exists. (Mr. Hanna was the Democratic
ncminee for Judge of the Supreme Court of AVashington.) In 1890 Mr. McCroskey
was elected Prosecuting Attorney for the county of Whitman, carrying, though
32

648 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
a Democrat, through his personal popularity what had always been considered a
strong Republican district. He is the owner of a pleasant home in the city of
Colfax and the possessor of some valuable farming land ; is a worthy member of
the Knights of Pythias and the Masonic Order ; has one of the best private
libraries in the county, and is on intimate terms with the treasures thus collected.
A man of genial disposition and rare mental attainments, District Attorney
McCroskey is universally esteemed. He married in 1890 Miss Kittie Mabel Bragg,
a native of Oregon.
McEwen, J. H., farmer and stockman, of Ellensburg, Wash., was born in
Indiana in 1832. His parents were North Carolinians, his father having been a
popular Baptist preacher in that State, while his grandfather figured as a soldier
in the AVar of the Revolution. Young McEwen received his early education in
Indiana and moved to Iowa iu 1850, where he began working for himself. In
1860 he journeyed across the plaius by ox-team to Puget Sound in a company of
twenty wagons, being so fortunate as to escape an encounter with the Indians,
though six months on the road. Settling in Olympia, he engaged in stock-rais
ing, but migrated to the Kittitas Valley in 1871, where he took up a homestead
claim, and now owns .four hundred and eighty acres of largely fertile land. He
was married in Iowa in August, 1850, to Miss Juliana N. Morrow, an Illinois
lady, born in 1837. Five children have been the result of their union. Mr.
McEwen is a representative man of his class, of those who make the real wealth
and strength of any country — the tillers of the soil.
MoEwing, S. S., was born in Scotland, September 6th, 1843. His parents
emigrated to Canada in 1844 and settled in the Province of Ontario, where young
McEwing received such rudimentary education as the common schools could
afford. He began life as a farmer at the age of eighteen, and continued his
agricultural work to twenty-five. In 1868 he removed to Sacramento, Cal.,
where he remained until 1881. During this period he was variously employed in
farming, mining, and contracting. Attracted by tbe superior advantages of
Washington, he visited South Bend in that State and devoted himself to the
hotel business for eighteen months, after which he moved to his present location
in the Willapa Valley, where he bought the farm of four hundred and twenty-five
acres he now cultivates, a portion of which is included in the limits of Willapa
City. Mr. McEwing was elected a Commissioner to the World's Fair from
Pacific County in 1891, a choice which was universally endorsed by his fellow-
citizens of that region. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows, and in the best sense of the word a self-made man, full of pluck, energy,
and business ability.
McFadden, J. C, attorney-at-law, of New Whatcom, was born in Vancouver,
Wash. Terr., March 16th, 1856. He removed with his parents to Sanders
Bottom, Lewis County, Wash, (now the town of Chehalis), where he attended
school uutil the age of seventeen, when he accompanied his father to Washing
ton, D. C, who went to that city to attend his duties as Territorial Delegate for
Washington Territory. While there he entered and graduated from the Emerson

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 649
Institute in 1875. Returning to Washington, he read law in his father's and
John P. Judson's law offices, and was admitted to the Bar in 1876, by Judge
Roger S. Green, at the capital city. Beginning practice at Olympia, he was
appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the Second Judicial District of Washington
Territory in 1882, in which office he served until March, 1885. He then returned
to practice in Olympia, in which he continued until October, 1890, when he
removed to New Whatcom, where he opened an office and is building up an
excellent reputation as a lawyer. He is a member of the Odd Fellows, Elks, aud
Red Alen.
McFarling, J. T., merchant, of Spangle, Wash., proprietor of an extensive
dry-goods and grocery store in that city, was born in Franklinville, N. Y. His
parents emigrated to America when quite young and settled in Franklinville.
His father served in the British Army in Canada as a hospital steward in the time
of Kilpatrick's War, after which he returned to Franklinville, where he died.
Young McFarling attended school in his native place until the age of eighteen,
when he enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-fourth New York Volunteers,
was captured at the battle of Gettysburg, was transferred to Tennessee, and lost
a leg at the battle of Kansas Mountain. Upon his discharge he became a photog
rapher in New York. He afterward tried stock-raising in Iowa, but was driven
out by the grasshopper plague ; went to Wyoming and remained there for four
years engaged in the same pursuit, and after a brief visit to his native town
migrated to Washington, making part of the journey on horseback, crippling
several animals in so doing. Arriving in Spangle, he bought out the dry-goods
and grocery business which he still continues with abundant success. He was
married June 10th, 1878, to Miss Geraldine Bennett, of Wisconsin. Eight
children, the sexes being equally divided, grace their union. Mr. McFarling has
held office, being at one time the Assessor and Collector of Holt County, Neb.
He is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a Republican in his
political faith.
McGraw, John H. — The life of this gentleman, Governor of the State of
Washington, President of the First National Bank of Seattle, and one of the
most influential residents of that city, conveys, as few lives convey, the lesson
that to the American citizen endowed with honesty, ability, and energy all things
are possible. Mr. McGraw was born at Barker's Plantation, Penobscot County,
Me., October 4th, 1850. Losing his father by drowning, his mother remarried,
and the not unusual result followed, that the boy, ambitious and eager to do for
himself, began life with but scanty schooling at the age of fourteen. Maintain
ing himself under many difficulties, he became at seventeen manager of a general
store. Four years in this subordinate position fitted him to enter into the same
business in partnership with his brother, with whom he continued until their
failure in 1876. This reverse, owing to no fault of theirs, determined Mr.
McGraw to seek the broader field of the far West. He arrived in San Francisco
in 1876, and five months later (December 28th, 1876) landed at Seattle, which he
had previously determined to make his home. He arrived almost penniless, a
stranger among strangers, but was in nowise discouraged. His first employment

650 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
was as clerk in the Occidental Hotel. He later kept the American House, which
was destroyed by fire, compelling him to solicit and obtain employment, which
he did on the police force of the city, then consisting of but four men. It is
darkest just before the dawn. His abilities attracted attention. He was elected
City Marshal, then Chief of Police ; filled and was re-elected to these offices ;
resigned them to become Sheriff of King County, and was returned to the same
responsible position once and again. During his third term he was called to deal
with the anti-Chinese excitement, and displayed much wisdom and tact in the
execution of his official duties, but his firm attitude injured his popularity and
defeated his re-election. During his term of office, however, he had devoted
himself to the study of law and been admitted to the Bar. In 1887 he entered
into partnership with Roger S. Green and C. H. Hanford, two distinguished
jurists, and began the practice of the law, adding shortly afterward Joseph F.
McNaught to their number, and thus founding one of the most successful law
firms in Washington. Mr. McGraw was nominated and elected in 1888 Sheriff,
but declined a re-election and devoted himself to the service of the First National
Bank, of which he had been chosen President. He is an ardent Republican.
Self-made and self-reliant, Mr. McGraw's later life may be compared to the clear
shining of the sun of prosperity after a morning and mid-day of clouds.
McHugh, M. , farmer and hop-grower, of Buckley, Pierce County, AVash., was
born in Ireland in 1850, being sixth in a family of nine children born to Charles
and Alary (Doogin) McHugh. His parents were both natives of the Emerald Isle.
Living at home until he reached his majority, young AIcHugh emigrated to
America and made the overland journey to Contra Costa County, Cal., by train
in 1875. After a brief residence in the Golden State he removed to King County,
AVash. Terr., and from thence to his present home and farm near Buckley. Here
he owns six hundred and forty acres of fine land, twenty-five of which are in hops.
He is also a stock-raiser, keeping only the best cattle. He has a fine residence,
with large lawns and hop houses, a thriving dairy business, and is, moreover, a
raiser of fine vegetables and fruits. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace
fortwo terms, is a member of the School Board of Buckley and of the Catholic
Church. He was married in June, 1880, to Miss Mary Gallagher, the daughter
of an Irish merchant. He is a Democrat in politics, a careful cultivator, and a
generally prosperous man.
McIntosh, James W., Postmaster of Starbuck, Wash., was born in Canada in
1854. His father, James Mcintosh, a superior mechanic, was a native of Scot
land, his mother, Mary C. Mcintosh, being also from the land of cakes. Third
in a family of seven, young Mcintosh received his early training in the schools of
Canada aud Alinnesota, to which State his parents removed in 1865. Leaving
school he remained in Alinnesota, engaged in various pursuits, until 1875 ; then
going to Oregon, he devoted himself to flour-milling, remaining four years, when
he went to Prescott, Wash., and from thence to Starbuck in 1882, where he has
employed his energies in various pursuits, being one of the oldest settlers in that
thriving town, of which he is at present Postmaster. He was married in 1880 to
Miss Julia McGuire, a native of Oregon. They have four children. Mr. Afcln-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 651
tosh is a Republican in politics. He is largely interested with his brother, T. H.
Alclntosh, in real estate, both in city and country property, which, as the country
is rapidly settling up, bids fair to become exceedingly valuable.
McKinney, William, farmer, of Waitsburg, was born in Warren County,
Ind., in 1836. His father, William McKinney, was an Ohio farmer ; his mother,
Anna (Walter) McKinney, being a native of Pennsylvania. Fifth in a family of
six children, young McKinney was educated in Oregon and Missouri. He crossed
the plains in 1845 with his parents, who located in Hillsboro, Ore. The journey,
extending over a period of six months, was attended with all the dangers and
privations peculiar to the overland trip at that early day, and the pioneers were
more than thankful when it was concluded. Upon reaching manhood Air.
AlcKinney removed to Washington, located in Walla Walla County, and engaged
in packing and stock-raising. In 1855 he volunteered as an Indian fighter, in
which dangerous pursuit he continued until the advent of the regular troops.
Returning to Oregon in 1856, for a period he occupied himself with various pur
suits, but finally settled at Waitsburg as a farmer. He was married in 1865 to
Aliss Sarah Poulson, a daughter of Airs. Elizabeth Poulson, a lady descended on
her father's side from an ancient English family. They have four children. Air.
AlcKinney is a stockholder in the S. W. Smith Company, an important commer
cial enterprise, owns a city home and a valuable ranch of four hundred acres, is
a Democrat in politics, and takes great interest in the public schools, to which
and the Washington Academy he has made considerable donations. Mr. McKin
ney is widely known and generally esteemed for his many good qualities.
AIcKoxe, Dr. James J., of Tacoma, Wash., was born in North Andover, Mass.,
September 3d, 1863. After receiving the benefits of an academic education in
his native town, he became a student at Georgetown (D. C.) University in 1882,
completing its classical course in 1883, when he entered Bellevue Medical College
in New York City, graduating as M.D. in 1886. He began the practice of medi
cine as House Physician in the Garfield Memorial Hospital, Washington, D. C,
and after serving as such for eighteen months, he became House Surgeon in tbe
Emergency Hospital of Washington, D. C. Here he practised for a year and a
half, being also Demonstrator of Anatomy in Georgetown Medical College. Al
lured by the attractions of a broader field for larger usefulness, Dr. McKone re
moved to Tacoma, where he finds full use for his thorough medical skill in his
large and growing practice. He is also Surgeon in Charge of St. Joseph's Hos
pital in that city, and a member of the State Medical and a member of the Pierce
County Medical associations, and a member of Medical Society, District of Colum
bia. The doctor finds time to exercise his pen as a correspondent for several
medical journals, furnishing articles which are greatly appreciated by the faculty.
Dr. McKone read the first paper ever read before the Pierce County Medical So
ciety of Tacoma, Wash. ; subject, " Lacerated and Contused Wounds of Fingers,"
published later in the Chicago Medical Standard.
McMancs, John E., was born July 21st, 1850, in Philadelphia, Pa., where he
received his early education. On reaching his majority he took charge of the

652 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Twenty-eighth Section of the Board of School Control in Philadelphia, and
served as a member of that board for three years. For nineteen years he was
prominently identified with the newspapers of Philadelphia, among them being
the Press, Times and Record. His newspaper work has greatly aided him in his
legislative labors. Upon leaving the East he came to Tacoma, Wash., where for
a time he published the Record, and afterward disposed of his interest in the same
and gave his attention to other matters which lent a broader scope to his ambi
tions. Mr. McManus is now a resident of the manufacturing city of Everett,
Wash., and is a director iu the Mitchell Land and Improvement Company, Everett
Tile Works, and Everett and Snohomish Steel Railway Company. He is also
President of the Bank of Everett. Politically he has always been identified with
the Democratic party. As a politician he is conservative, and his opinions are
held in the highest esteem. On November 8th, 1892, he was elected State Sena
tor, and his entrance into the arena of public life was most auspicious, and the
native ability which he displayed in securing wise and judicious legislation dur
ing the third session of the State Legislature was but an evidence of his capabili
ties, foresight and wisdom, and a prophecy of higher honors in years to come.
McAIaster, J. H., dealer in agricultural implements, of Pomeroy, Wash., was
born in England in. 1861. His father, James AIcAIaster, was » Scotch farmer ;
his mother, Annie (Herron) McMaster, being a native of the same country. Edu
cated at the Ewort High School, he took a commercial course, and was one of
four out of many thousands who received prizes which entitled him, as their
holder, to enter any branch of the Government service without further examina
tion. After serving an apprenticeship of four years in an Edinburgh mercantile
house, he came to the United States in 1883, locating in Chicago. After two
years' service there in a clerkly capacity, he removed in 1885 to Washington,'
establishing himself at Dayton, where he engaged in the agricultural implement
business. After two years in Dayton, he removed his business to Pomeroy, where
he has made it a continually increasing success. He was married in 1892 to Miss
Jeannie Wills, of Missouri. He possesses not only a pleasant city home, but sub-
uiban property as well. He is a Republican and a member of the Knights of
Pythias. Though actively engaged in business, Mr. AIcAIaster is still a student,
and manages to keep himself acquainted, through the medium of his fine library,
with the current literature of the day.
AUNaught, J. F., attorney-at-law, of Seattle, was born in McLean County,
111., on August 17th, 1855, and gained his early education in common schools,
supplemented by a college course at the AVesleyan University. His legal studies
were pursued at Ann Arbor, Alich. Ho was admitted to the Bar in Seattle in
1878, where he had located after the completion of his preparation for the profes
sion of his choice. Opening an office, he devoted himself at once to practice,
building up a large business, which promises to bring him not only fame but more
substantial rewards. He is the senior member of the firm of McNaught Brotheis,
and is also President and Alanager of the AIcNaught Land and Investment
Company. He is, moreover, largely interested in various corporations and min
ing companies, of which he is the agent and actuary.. He was married in 1877

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 653
to Aliss Jennie E. Hodge, of Bloomington, 111. They have two children. He is
a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Masonic fraternities, and
one of Seattle's most enterprising and valued citizens. Large interests requiring
his constant attention prevent his taking that active part in politics which his
personal popularity might otherwise oblige him to do.
McPhee, B. W., a pioneer and popular dentist, of Colfax, Wash., was born in
St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1862. His father, John A. McPhee, was a Cana
dian ; his mother a native of New York. The fourth child of a family of six, the
doctor was educated in the public schools of Colorado, and deciding to adopt the
profession of dentistry, entered and was graduated from the Dental College of
Ohio in 1883. He began business in the city of Cincinnati, where he practised
for three years. Then coming Wrest in 1886, he located at Colfax, opening the
dental parlors where, by constant devotion to his work and keeping up with
every improvement of the times, he has built up a large and lucrative practice.
Dr. McPhee was married in 1884 to Miss Louise Grapes, of Newport, Ky., a lady
of excellent family. Two children give life and animation to their pretty home,
in which he delights to spend most of his leisure time. He is a Past Chancellor
of the Knights of Pythias and a Democrat, with every reason to be satisfied with
the well-earned fruits of life's labor.
McSherry, Nelson, merchant j of Prescott, Wash., was born in York County,
Pa., in 1855. His father, J. J. McSherry, was one of the founders of the town of
that name in York County, Pa. Young McSherry was the fourth in a family of
seven, and received his early education in the common schools of the Buckeye
State and later in Missouri, to which State his parents removed. He began life
as a school-teacher, which, alter a few years' experience, he relinquished to en
gage in stock-raising, selling out at the end of three years to become a general
merchant. Frorh this he passed to farming. Coming to Washington in 1889,
he at once interested himself in his former occupation, general merchandising,
which he continues to pursue, having a good location and carrying a full stock
of everything in which he deals. A pushing and energetic man, he is reaping
substantial results and building up a business which cannot fail to prove re
munerative. He was married in 1880 to Miss Mary B. Harvey, an Iowa lady.
They have four children. Though a business man, Mr. McSherry finds great
pleasure in the perusal of his fine collection of books, and is an interested observer
of all that tends to the educational advancement of his fellow-citizens. He has
held various local offices, and, best proof of integrity, retains the respect of the
many customers with whom he deals]
Mentzel, D. E., blacksmith, of Spangle, Wash., was born in Prussia, April
11th, 1837. His father, Daniel Alentzel, a baker, died at the patriarchal age of
eighty-eight. His mother's maiden name was Henrietta Tupper. Both were
natives of Germany. Young Mentzel's early schooling was obtained in the land
of his nativity ; here too he learned the blacksmith trade, then travelled for four
years throughout Geunany ; served for three years as a soldier in the army of
the Fatherland, went through the war with Austria, and was present anl actively

654 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
engaged in many battles. In 1870 he came to New York, from thence to Charles
ton, S. C, and other portions of the South ; returned to Germany for a visit ;
migrated to Washington, settled at Spangle, and returned to the business of his
youth, blacksmithing. Mr. Mentzel was married in Germany to Miss Matilda
Raush, July 10th, 1862, a daughter of Christopher and Matilda Raush. Six
children have been born to them. Mr. Mentzel is the inventor of a valuable
patent brake and a superior workman in an art old as civilization itself.
AIetz, Charles E., of Colfax, Wash., was born at Catonsville, Baltimore
County, Md., in 1851. His father, Augustus H. Metz, a professional musician,
was a native of Germany ; his mother, Alary (Deitz) Metz, being also from the
Fatherland. Sixth in a family of ten, Charles E. Metz was educated in the
schools of Maryland and began a collegiate course, which, however, he was un
able to finish. On leaving school he removed to Texas in 1869 and engaged as a
salesman. He returned to Maryland in 1875 and was appointed Chief of Police
of Baltimore County, Md., a position which he held until his removal to Oregon.
After a sojourn both in Oakland and Portland, Ore., he migrated in 1881 to Col
fax, Wash., his present place of residence, where he became clerk in a general
merchandise store until 1889, when he was elected Clerk of Superior Court of
Whitman County. He filled satisfactorily other offices, including that of Clerk
to the Board of County Commissioners in the years of 1891 and 1892. He was
married in 1883 to Miss Catherine D. Chase, a native of Oregon. He is a mem
ber of various secret societies and a Democrat in his political faith. He has won
his way by his own unaided abilities to comparative competence and the general
esteem of his fellow-citizens.
Meyers, L. W., farmer, miller and merchant, of Meyers' Falls, Stevens
County, Wash., was born in Belleville, Ont, April 28th, 1833. He is the son of
Henry and Jane C. Meyers. His great-grandfather, John Walden Meyers, figured
largely as a loyalist in the War of the Revolution, being prominently connected
with an unsuccessful attempt to capture the American General Schuyler at
Albany. Educated in the common schools of Belleville, young Meyers was ap
prenticed at the age of fourteen to a cabinet-maker for five years, but bought out
his time at the age of seventeen and commenced working for himself. In 1852
he worked at his trade through the summer at Buffalo, N. Y., from thence went
to Hudson in the same State, where he continued for two years. There he was
married, on May 18th, 1854, to Aliss Mary E. Spaulding, a daughter of Noah Allen
Spaulding, a nephew of the celebrated General Ethan Allen. Removing with his
wife to Orono, Durham County, Ont., he operated a furniture factory for five
years. Removing to Colville, Wash., in 1862, after a brief sojourn at Winnipeg,
he operated a flour-mill for two years. He made a successful prospecting trip up
the Columbia River in 1865-66. In the fall of 1866 he squatted on the claim at
Meyers' Falls, where he now resides. At his mill on this tract in January, 1867,
he claims to have made the first patent flour manufactured in the United States,
His wife and children joined him in 1869, after an unavoidable separation of seven
and a half years. He has a family of three. He speaks highly, as every good
husband should, of his indebtedness to his wife's assistance in the accumulation

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 655
of the wealth with which Providence has blessed him. He is a consistent Re
publican in politics, and has served three terms as County Commissioner of Stevens
County. He is the possessor of some thousands of acres and other valuable real
and personal property, being counted the second wealthiest man in the county.
Few men can show a cleaner business record or more substantial results for their
life work than the subject of this sketch.
Miller, A. A., merchant, of Pullman, Wash., was born in Quincy, 111., July
8th, 1862, the youngest in a family of five. His father, Jacob Aliller, a farmer,
was born in Germany in 1825 ; his mother, Nancy (Chandler) Aliller, was a native
of Virginia. After graduating from the Gem City Business College, young Miller
began life as a clerk in the city where he was born. Coming to Washington in
1884, he located at Pullman, his present place of residence. Engaging in mer
cantile business, he continued to build it up until the fire of July 3d, 1890, de
stroyed his store, involving a loss of $12,000. Mr. Miller is one of the largest
stockholders in the Pullman Alercantile Company, and is also tbe owner of valu
able real estate, both city and suburban. He is a member of the Masonic Frater
nity and a thoroughgoing business man who keeps the friendship of all with
whom he comes into social relationship. He was married in 1889 to Miss I.
Pearl Alason, a fair Arcadian from Missouri. He is a Republican in his politics
and a member of the City Council.
AIiller, Alexander, President and Manager of the North Yakima Milling
Company, a corporation organized in 1886, and employing considerable capital,
was born in Sweden in 1856. Coming to the United States in 1881, he first lo
cated at Alinneapolis, became interested in mill-building and remained until his
removal to Salem, Ore., in 1883. Three years of the same occupation in the
Web-foot State determined him in 1886 to emigrate to Washington and associate
himself with the company whose affairs he is still engaged in controlling, and he
owns three fourths of the capital stock of the company. He was married in 1883,
at Salem, Ore., to Miss Esther Catherine Andrews, a native of Pennsylvania. Mr.
Aliller is not only the owner of city property, but of other valuable realty. He
is a member of the City Council and a Republican in politics. The corporation
which he so ably represents is one of the most splendidly equipped in that section
of AVashington. Air. Miller avails himself of the most valuable improvements, and
spares no pains to advance the best interests of the stockholders who have com
mitted them to his charge.
Miller, Charles, a prominent citizen and ex-Mayor of Roslyn, was born in
Alleghany County, Md., some thirty-two years ago. His father, Christopher Q.
Miller, was a native of Germany, and by occupation a mechanic ; his mother was
also a German. Educated in the public schools of his native State, young Miller
began active life in Montana, where he engaged in the shoe business. Attracted
by the broader opportunities of Western life, he migrated to his present place of
residence, first in the employ of the Northern Pacific Coal Company, but soon
relinquished his position for mercantile pursuits — the shoe trade— in which he
continued until burned out, after wliich he became a general trader. He was ap-

656 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON."
pointed Postmaster, and held that office until 1890, when he retired from active
business life. He was a member of the first City Council (1888), serving tbe city
in that capacity until tlected Mayor, an office which he held for four terms. He
was married, March 5th, 1891, at Washington, D. C, to Miss Mary J. Weedy,
an English lady, by whom ho has one child. He owns a city residence and other
valuable real estate. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity and the Knights
of Pythias, and withal an active Democratic politician, being a working member
of its State Central and other organizations. As a civil official Mr. Miller's ad
ministration was eminently successful and satisfactory to his fellow-citizens.
Miller, Chester F., A.M., attorney-at-law, and Mayor of Dayton, a promi
nent member of the Bar of Eastern Washington, was born in Linn County, Ore.,
in 1860. His father, G. W. Miller, was an Indiana farmer, his mother, Sarah E.,
being from the same locality. Educated in the public schools of Dayton, Wash.,
young Miller graduated from the State University of Oregon in 1882, taking the
degree of A.M. After reading law with Colonel W. A. George, of Dayton, he
was admitted to the Bar in 1886 and immediately began practice in that city,
where he has ever since remained. He was married May 24th, 1888, to Miss
Nettie C. Dorr, a California lady. They have two childieu. He has a fine city
residence, and takes special pride in the completeness of his law library, is a
Mason, Odd Fellow, and a Knight of Pythias, a Republican in politics, and Chair
man of the County Republican Committee. He is evidently one of those happy
exceptions that prove the rule, " A prophet is not without honor save among his
own people," for he has succeeded and eminently so in the town where he studied
law and was admitted to its practice.
Miller, David, farmer, of Walla Walla County, Wash., was born in Scotland
in 1852 and came to America in 1869. He received his early education in the
country of his nativity. Locating at first in Pennsylvania, he drifted thence to
Utah and AVyoming, finally coming to Washington Territory in 1877, buying
land eight miles south of Waitsburg, where he now cultivates, with that thrift
and wise adaptation of means to ends so peculiar to the " canny Scot," some six
hundred and forty acres. He finds time, however, to perform other duties as a
progressive citizen of his adopted country, having been elected on the Democratic
ticket to the State Senate. He enjoys the confidence of his fellow-citizens, and
is regarded as a wide-awake and reliable man, whether in business or politics.
He was married in Scotland to Miss Isabel King in 1868. Their union has been
blessed with seven children. They dwell in a pleasant home surrounded with all
the accessories which should add comfort and happiness to our earthly pilgrimage.
Miller, Hamilton, farmer. Three miles north of Rockford, Wash., are to
be found the fields that Air. Miller calls his own. Of the one hundred and sixty
acres he possesses, sixty confess to the presence aud dominion of cultivation ; the
remainder are still to become subject to the plough. Mr. Miller was born in the
Buckeye State in 1844. His father was a Jersey man and his mother a native of
Ohio. Of their seven children Hamilton was the third. Educated in the coun
try schools of Indiana, young Miller's youth was spent upon his father's farm.

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 057
Leaving the home of his childhood at the age of twenty-two, he visited different
States, pausing to look about him for a time, but finally settling in 1882 at Rock
ford, Wash., his present location. He is a Republican, and became a member of
the Farmers' Alliance in 1891. Mr. Miller married Aliss Mary P. Johnson in 1880,
in Reno County, Kan. They have three children.
Miller, W. L., miller and leal-estate dealer, Alayor of New Whatcom, was
born iu Dodge County, Wis., June 7th, 1847, received a common-school educa
tion, and enlisted in the spring of 1864 in the Thirty-sixth Wisconsin Volunteers,
continuing in the active service of his country until the close of the war. He was
honorably discharged and removed to Ackley, Hardin County, la., where he en
gaged in general stock-raising and dealing for four years. Going thence to West
Point, Neb., he became a general grain merchant and buyer, owning two eleva
tors in the vicinity. After three years in this locality he removed his business to
Aladison, Neb., and added a grist-mill, which he continued to superintend for
ten years, when he migrated to New Whatcom, Wash., and there engaged in the
lumber and shingle-milling business, to which he added dealing in real estate, the
latter being now his principal occupation. He is the original owner of the town of
Millerton, Whatcom County. He was Treasurer of Madison County, Neb., for
two terms, and is the present Alayor of New Whatcom, a position which he is well
fitted to fill. He was married, March 29th, 1866, to Miss Emilie Wolf, of Water
loo, la. They have seven children. Mr. Miller is a member of the Elks and the
Red Men.
AIilroy, Val. A., Postmaster at Olympia, Wash., was born in Rensselaer,
Ind., August 17th, 1855. In early life he clerked in various mercantile houses,
going in 1866 to Delphi, Ind., where he attended school and worked on farm
until 1873, when he came to Olympia. His father was Superintendent of Indian
Affairs for the Territory, and he held a clerical position under him until 1881.
He was afterward engaged in the livery business until 1884. In that year he was
appointed Issue Clerk on the Yakima Reservation, remaining there two years.
He then attended business college in Portland, Ore., after leaving which he was
engaged as a clerk in Eshelman Brothers' stationery store, returning to Olympia
in February, 1888. In May, 1889, he was appointed Postmaster of Olympia,
which position he has since filled with fidelity and ability. Mr. Milroy is one of
the progressive property-holders of Olympia, and popular with all classes, having
been active in all matters leading to the advancement of the material prosperity
of the city. Through his efforts the postal service of Thurston County has been
brought up to its present satisfactory condition, and much credit is due him for
the able and efficient office now at Olympia. He is a man of ability and integ
rity, meriting and receiving the esteem and confidence of the entire community,
Minner, W. H., farmer, of North Yakima, was born in Indiana in 1832, being
the fourth in a family of five children born to Peter and Lutica (Golt) Minner.
His parents were natives of Delaware. Young Minner left home at an early age,
travelled over the States until he was twenty-one, and then, his father being de
ceased, moved with his mother to Jefferson County, la., and from thence to Mis-

658 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
souri, where he lived for seven years. Here he was married to Miss Minerva
Durea, the daughter of a prominent clergyman of that State. She bore him one
child. Mr. Minner enlisted in the army, but was thrown from his horse and so
injured as to be transferred to the Home Guards under Colonel Rogers, and did
gallant service under that officer, taking in their last charge three flags and pur
suing the enemy to the river. He served three years, and was honorably dis
charged. In 1864 he crossed the plains with a very small party ; had repeated
difficulty with hostile Indians, but, thanks to the soldierly experience and cool
courage of Mr. Minner, wa8 enabled to repel and stand them off. Between Boise
and the Willamette Valley, however, he and his people suffered great privation,
being short of provisions and obliged to cut up their wagon cover and blankets to
make clothes for the children. Mr. Minner remained in the valley twelve years,
and in 1876 came to Yakima County, where he first rented and then bought his
present farm of two hundred and eighty acres, with fine orchard and dairy. His
first wife being deceased, he married in 1862 Mrs. Archibald, by whom he has
six children, Mr. Minner is a living evidence of success obtained under circum
stances of great trial and difficulty.
Mires, Austin, attorney-at-law, and Vice-President of the Ellensburg National
Bank, of Ellensburg, Wash., was born in Des Moines County, la., in 1852. His
father, John H. Mires, and mother, whose maiden name was Anna Deardoiff,
were both natives of Ohio. They crossed the plains from Iowa to Oregon in
1853, and settled in Douglas County of that State. Mr. Mires received an aca
demic education in the State of Oregon, attending Wilbur Academy and Chris
tian College, taking the scientific and classical courses. He afterward took a full
law course in the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, graduating from the law
department of that institution in 1882. During the time he was attending the
University of Michigan he was for one year the Private Secretary of Hon.
Thomas M. Cooley, then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Michigan and
Dean of the Law Department of the University of Alichigan. He was admitted
to the Bar of the Supreme Court of Michigan iu 1882, and also that of the
Supreme Court of Oregon the same year. He began the practice of his profession,
in partnership with Judge William R. Willis, in Roseburg, Ore., and so continued
until 1883, when he removed to the then Territory of Washington, and settled at
Ellensburg in June of that year, where he resumed the legal business, in which
he is still engaged and has now an extensive practice. He was for three years
United States Mail Agent on the route between Portland and Roseburg, in the
State of Oregon, and in 1882 was Chief Clerk of the Oregon Senate. He has
been Mayor of the city of Ellensburg, City Attorney and Treasurer, and was a
member of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Washington, serving in
that body on the Judiciary Committee and the Committee on Irrigation and
Water Rights, of which last-named committee he was Chairman ; and he was for
three years a member of the State Board of Equalization and Appeal for the
State of Washington. Mr. Mires was married in 1884 to Alary L. Rowland, a
native of Oregon. They have three children. He owns a pleasant home in the
city of Ellensburg, a valuable private library and a fine law library, and is still a
close student, adding constantly to his professional and general knowledge. In

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 659
politics he is a stalwart Republican, and takes an active interest in the welfare
of his party.
AIiTcnELL, Benjamin R., M.D., of Colfax, Wash., an active practitioner of
that city, was born in Fayette County, Pa., in 1848. After receiving the usual
common-school education, young Mitchell became a student at Mount Union Col
lege, Pa., where he took a full classical course and graduated with the honors of
A.B. Determining to become a physician, he entered Jefferson College, Phila
delphia, from which institution he received iu due course his degree of M.D.
This was in 1875. He then located at Scottdale, Pa., where he opened an office
and began practice, remaining until 1886, when, attracted by the superior advan
tages presented to young men of enterprise in the West, he removed to Washing
ton and settled at Colfax, where he still continues to build up and increase his
already large professional engagements. Dr. Mitchell was married in 1887 to
Miss Nettie Belle Robertson, a native of Pennsylvania. They have five children.
He is a Democrat in politics. He has a pleasant residence in the home of his
adoption ; is a fine scholar, not only thoroughly versed in all that pertains to the
profession of his choice, but in other paths of learning as well.
AIitchell, R. AL, President of the Mitchell Land and Improvement Company,
was born in Dufferin County, Ont., in January, 1857, and was educated in the
public schools of that county. In 1881 he went to Dakota and was engaged in
the general merchandise business there for eight years. In 1889 he removed to
Tacoma, Wash., and engaged in the real-estate business. In August, 1890, Air.
Mitchell heard of the Everett proposition and secured one hundred and forty-four
acres of choice land at that point. He is a director of the Bank of Everett and of
the Everett Development Company. The Mitchell Land and Improvement Com
pany is an incorporated body, with a capital of $60,000. Its officers are : R. M.
Mitchell, President ; John E. McManus, Secretary ; A. F. McLane, Treasurer.
These officers, with Melvin Swarthout and James Bradley, constitute the Board of
Directors. The company has large real-estate holdings, including three fourths of
a mile of water front.
Montgomery, George S., farmer and stockman, of Kittitas County, Wash.,
was born in Jackson County, Ore., in 1860. His parents came out to Oregon
with a company of one hundred wagons, having no trouble with Indians,
but losing a child with measles while en route. Arriving in Portland, the father
moved to Linn County, took up a donation claim and engaged in stock-raising.
Afterward he went to Jackson County, where our subject was born ; thence
to the Kittitas Valley in 1880, where he took up a homestead, and died January
30th, 1889, leaving a wife and ten children, of whom George was the sixth.
Young Alontgomery received his early education in California (after leaving
Jackson, Ore.), but first worked for himself in Washington. He resides ou
forty acres of the parental homestead, four and a -half miles east of Ellensburg, a
fertile tract which produces largely. Mr. Montgomery was married in Kittitas
Valley, February 14th, 1888, to Aliss Pet Davis, who was born in King County,
Wash., July 11th, 1870. They have one child. Mrs. Montgomery's father was

660 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Probate Judge for four years, and was elected to the Legislature, but died before
the expiration of his term.
AIontgomery, W. T., farmer, of Kittitas County, Wash., was born in Linn
County, Ore., in 1857. His father was a Kentuckian, born in 1829 ; his mother,
a native of Alissouri, in the same year. The father came to Oregon, crossing the
plains with a large company in 1847 and locating in Oregon, finally settling in
Linn County. Their party suffered greatly, both from sickness (cholera) and Ind
ian attacks, while en route. Taking up land and being appointed Justice of the
Peace, he reared a family of teu children, of whom the subject of our sketch is
the fifth. Young Montgomery was educated in California, where he afterward
began farming for himself with very fair success. In 1880 he migrated to Kittitas
County and took up land. He now owns one hundred and eighty acres in that
region, which averages twenty-five bushels to the acre. He was married in Kit
titas Valley to Miss Ollie Fergeson, December 12th, 1886, his wife being a native
of Washington Territory, born November 22d, 1868. They have three children,
a pleasant home, and a fertile farm with the usual improvements.
AIoody, J. B., a leading business man of Mount Vernon, Wash., was born in
Green County, Wis., November 4th, 1856, and received his education in the pub
lic and normal schools of his native State. Adopting the honorable profession of
a teacher, he pursued that calling with distinguished success for eleven years in
the graded schools of his native State. In April, 1886, he came to Alount Ver
non, Wash., where he has since resided. Two years were spent as a clerk in the
mercantile house of Clothier & English, at the expiration of which time he em
barked in tbe real-estate business in partnership with Air. F. D. Cleaves. In 1889
Mr. Cleaves sold out to Mr. Adolph Behrens, and the business was continued
under the firm style of Behrens & Moody. They built the Skagit Saw-Mill and
Manufacturing Company's plant and bought and sold real estate. At the first
State election, in November, 1889, Mr. Moody was elected County Clerk and
Clerk of the Superior Court. His performance of the duties of these positions
was so satisfactory that he was re-elected in 1890 and served a second term. He
is President and one of the principal stockholders of the Alount Vernon Electric
Light, Power and Alotor Company, a trustee of the Mount Vernon Shingle and Lum
ber Company, and trustee of the Bay View and Northern Pacific Railroad Company,
extending from Mount Vernon to Bay View, a distance of eleven miles. Mr.
Moody is a friend of every public enterprise, using his prosperity for the growth
and improvement of the town. As a public official he was capable and efficient,
discharging every duty imposed upon him with strict integrity. He is a careful,
thorough business man, punctual in the discharge of every obligation, and under
all circumstances can be implicitly trusted. He easily wins and holds the confi
dence of all with whom he associates, and has hosts of loyal friends. He has
taken an active interest in the Masonic order for many years, and is a member of
the Scottish Rites lodges. He was married April 21st, 1878, to Miss Mary Cleaves,
of Appleton, Wis. Three children, all daughters, have blessed their union.
AIoore, E. L., the Cashier of Coey Brothers' ' Bank in Fairfield, Spokane
County, Wash., was born in Lagrange, Lafayette County, Ind., in 1850. His

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 661
father, Henry R., was an attorney and merchant in Columbia, 0., for a num
ber of years, up to the time of his death, in 1855. His mother, a Virginia
lady, still survives and resides with her son in Fairfield. After the usual course
of common and high school mental training, young Moore entered his father's
employ at the early age of fifteen ; but still determined to perfect himself, he de
voted his evenings to study after the labor of the day, up to the age of eighteen,
when he became a teacher, having charge of schools in various counties of Kansas
until 1880. Migrating to Milwaukee, Ore., he followed the same pursuit. After
teaching there for two years he entered the Portland Business College, from
which he graduated with honors. Coming to Washington in 1883 he engaged
for a short time in mining, but soon abandoned it to take a clerkship with Coey
Brothers at Rockford, Wash., also acting as Assistant Postmaster, and finally as
Postmaster, still retaining his clerical duty. In 1892 Coey Brothers showed their
appreciation of his faithfulness and energy in their service by appointing him
Cashier of their bank in Fairfield, a position which he still retains. Mr. Moore
married in 1883 Aliss Neville N. Cox, of Kansas. He is a strong example of the
excellent results of determined self-education and devotion to duty.
Moore, F. Rockwood, was born in 1852, and at tbe age of twenty came West.
In 1879 he came to Spokane Falls and embarked in the general merchandise busi
ness, with a credit of $50,000. He possessed the enterprise and daring in business
which are so essential for the well-being of new communities. Keen and saga
cious, gifted with the highest order of financial ability, he has steadily risen to
the topmost rank in commercial circles. He was the first President of the First
National Bank in 1882. He is President of the Washington Water Power Com
pany, Vice-President of the Cable Railway Company, director of the Electric
Light Company, Spokane Street Railway Company, and a large owner in the
South Side Railway Company. He was a liberal contributor to the Northwestern
Industrial Exposition, of which he is now Treasurer. Mr. Moore is one of the
most extensive owners of real estate in Spokane, and his residence is one of the
finest in the city. He has built up a moderate private fortune, but it has been
gained iu enterprises which have contributed to the general good, and his chari
ties and benefactions have been bestowed with a liberal hand. His influence has
always been exerted for whatever will add to the city's prosperity or advance the
moral or physical good of his fellows. He is a man of whole-souled, genial na
ture, and enjoys the esteem of a wide circle of friends.
Moore, James E., saddle and harness-maker, of Pomeroy, was born in Mis
souri in 1835, being the son of Rev. Alfred J. Moore, a Baptist clergyman and a
native of Tennessee, and Elizabeth (Jackson) Moore, of the same State. The
subject of our sketch crossed the plains with his parents in 1845. His father lost
his life by drowning at The Cascades shortly after their arrival. Locating in
Yamhill County, young Moore received his rudimentary education and began to
learn the trade he has since found so remunerative. Working iu various places
in Oregon and California, he finally removed to Washington in 1879, selecting
Dayton, Columbia County, as his residence, from whence he came to Pomeroy in
1886 and immediately established himself in the harness-making business, in

662 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
which he has invested a capital of some $3000. He was married in 1856 to Miss
Norisa Cornwall, a native of Arkansas. They have four children. Mr. Moore
has held the offices of Justice of the Peace, Clerk and Auditor in Oregon. He is
a Democrat in politics and a ruling elder in the Presbyterian Church, in the wel
fare of which denomination he takes great interest.
AIoran, Robert, of Seattle, Wash., was born in New York City, January 26th,
1857, was educated in the schools of that city, and learned the trade of a machin
ist. In 1875 he migrated to the Pacific Coast, and after a brief sojourn in San
Francisco, arrived at Seattle in the fall of the same year. With that same energy
which has been so conspicuous in his subsequent career, he at once set about to
seek employment, which he found as engineer on one of the steamers plying be
tween the Sound ports and Alaska. In 1882 his mother, brothers and sisters came
to Seattle. Giving up steamboating, he then started a small machine-shop on
Yesler's Wharf, together with his brothers. Their capital was very small, but
they were all practical mechanics, and their venture proved successful. Their
business steadily increased and had grown to large proportions when the great
fire of June 6th, 1889, completely destroyed their plant, entailing a loss of
$40,000. Undismayed by this great calamity, they immediately began to rebuild
on a larger scale in the southern part of the city, and in ten days after the fire
temporary shops were erected and in operation. The present foundry and ma
chine-shops were completed later, and their establishment is now the largest of
its kind on the Pacific Coast north of San Francisco. Mr. Robert Moran is also
Secretary and Treasurer of the Moran-Durie Supply Company, and Vice-Presi
dent and Manager of the Seattle Dry Dock and Ship-building Company, whose
plant adjoins the AIoran foundry. For some years Mr. AIoran took an active in
terest in public affairs. In 1887 he was elected a member of the City Council
from the Fourth Ward, and in the following year he was elected Alayor. So satis
factory to the people was his administration of affairs that he was again nominated
and elected in 1889 to the same office. The great fire of 1889 occurred during his
first term, and during the period succeeding this calamity the abilities of Alayor
Moran had ample scope for their exercise. In all of the important work devolv
ing upon him he acquitted himself admirably, applying to the public service true
business principles and making use of the same unostentatious and upright
methods that mark his private life.
In all of his enterprises Mr. Moran has exhibited rare judgment and ability.
In business and financial management he has proved himself to be a force in the
community, while the integrity of his course, both public and private, commands
respect and esteem. His success has been gained by his own exertions in legiti
mate business channels, and through the attainment of his present position of
power and influence the city of his adoption has been enriched in many ways.
Mr. AIoran was married in Seattle in 1882 to Miss AI. Paul, and their union has
been blessed by three children.
Morehead, J. A., merchant, of Sealand, Wash., was born in Ohio in 1859.
His boyhood was spent on a farm in Southern Alichigan, to which State he re
moved with his parents at an early age. On reaching his majority he came to

HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON. 663
Oregon, which in his, as in almost all other cases, seems to be but a stepping-
stone to final selection of and settlement in Washington. Here he taught school
for a year and then migrated to Pacific County, in the Evergreen State. Iu 1886
he engaged in mercantile business at Oysterville, but has since removed it to his
present location in Sealand. Mr. Morehead was married in 1885 to Miss Lizzie
W. Brown, daughter of Captain John Brown, of the United States Life Saving
Service at North Cove. Air. Morehead is the fortunate owner of five hundred
acres of valuable land in Pacific County. He was Postmaster of Oysterville for
four years, and is the present County Commissioner for the First District.
Morris, Nelson S., of Fairfield, Wash., follows man's first occupation as a
tiller of the soil. His farm, all under cultivation, lies three miles west of the
city, in which he also owns improved property. His parents were natives of the
Keystone State, where the subject of our sketch was born in Bucks County in
1816. In education he is self-taught, a graduate of a long life's varied experi
ences. Leaving the parental roof at the age of twenty-six he purchased a farm in
Davis County, la., where he made his home for twenty-three years. Selling out,
he crossed the plains, driving his own ox-teams to the present site of Walla Walla
City, Wash., where he arrived in 1863. Buying a farm within a, few miles of the
town, he became dissatisfied and removed to the Snake River, where he became a
cattle-dealer, buying and selling stock until 1877, when he migrated to Spokane-
County and located in his present home. He married his first wife in Indiana, a;
Miss Catharine Dickinson, who died in June of 1857. His second wife, whom he
married in Davis County, la., in 1860, is still living. His family is a large one,.
having six children by his first and five by his present partner. Mr. Morris ha&
much to brighten the sunset of his long and laborious life, is a member of the-
Christian Church, a Republican of the milder type, owns a pleasant home, and is-
generally esteemed by his neighbors.
Morris, T., son of Nelson S. Alorris, tills his fertile acres, carefully cultivat
ing a fine farm situated some two and a half miles from Fairfield. Mr. Morris
was born in Walla AValla in 1863. He availed himself of such teaching as the
common schools of his vicinity could afford, and then gave up study at the age of
fourteen to assist his father in the labors of the farm, in wliich occupation he
continued until he reached his majority. He accompanied his parents when they
removed from Walla Walla to their present place of abode near Fairfield, residing
with them until two years ago, when he purchased a f arm of the usual size almost
adjoining the paternal acres. He was married in 1891 to AHss Green, whose
parents dwell in Fairfield. He is a believer in the ultimate success of the
People's Party, and meanwhile devotes himself to the improvement of his one
hundred and sixty acres with a zeal which promises the happiest results. It must
be a beautiful sight when May decks his two hundred fruit trees with blossoms,.
to watch their bloom, though to the eye of the thrifty farmer the aesthetic proba
bly yields its interest to the promise of goodly profits in the days of the fruit-
gathering. Morrison, A. W., farmer, of Wide Hollow, North Yakimn, Wash., was bora
in Illinois iu 1843, being the sixth in a family of thirteen. children born to James
33

664 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
D. and Lydia (Lee) Morrison. The father was a native of Pennsylvania and the
mother of Kentucky. Leaving home at the age of eighteen with such education
as the common schools of that early day could impart, young Morrison went to
Alissouri, where he remained until 1877. He enlisted in the Alissouri State Mili
tia, served three years, and was present at many battles and engagements of the
war. He was honorably discharged, crossed the plains by mule team with but
fourteen wagons, yet escaped trouble with the Indians ; reached Oregon with their
teams reduced to six, and settled at Salem. He remained there three years em
ployed in farming : then came to Washington and located in Yakima County,
where he has resided ever since. He has one hundred and sixty acres of good
land well stocked with hop houses and all needful accessories to carry on his
agricultural pursuits. He was married in 1870 to Miss Alma, daughter of Daniel
Lybyer, of Alissouri. They have five children. Mr. Morrison is a careful and
painstaking cultivator, and a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.
Morrison, Edwin B. — The subject of this sketch is in every particular a self-
made man, and, like others of the same type, he has reached the front, not by
virtue of accident or good luck, but entirely owing to the fact that he is an as
siduous worker and a man of push. Edwin B. Morrison was born in Ottawa,
Canada, January 2d, 1855. His education was confined principally to the com
mon schools of that city. At the age of twenty he began life for himself in the
millinery business in the Province of Ontario. After successfully conducting that
business for five years, he went to Brainard, Minn., obtaining a fair position in the
services of the Northern Pacific Railroad. At the end of six months he was
transferred to Miles City, Alon. At the expiration of another six months the rail
road company, perceiving tbat he was a young man possessed with more than
ordinary energy and push, transferred him to Alinneapolis, where he was promoted
to chief clerk of Mr. Kendrick, Chief Engineer of the St. Paul and Northern
Pacific. This important position he held for five years, giving entire satisfac
tion to his employers. So well pleased were they with the work he had executed
that he was again transferred to Winnipeg, Alanitoba, receiving the appoint
ment of Treasurer and Comptroller of the Northern Pacific. This was a very re
sponsible position, the duties of which he performed with great credit to himself
and to the company.
In August, 1890, Air. Morrison went to Tacoma, Wash. , and took charge of
the bonuses on the Tacoma, Olympia and Gray's Harbor Railroad, among which
was a very large bonus of the town of Ocosta and the Ocosta Land Company, which
owns one half of the town site. The company in whose service Air. Alorrison
was engaged concluded it would be more satisfactory to have the management
under one person's control, and seeing in Mr. Alorrison a man who was capable of
filling any trust imposed on him, offered him the position of General Manager of
their company ; this position he accepted and retains it at the present time.
Few men of Air. Morrison's years have had so extensive an experience in the com
plicated duties of railway and land management. His advance to his present
position, where thorough and exact knowledge of innumerable details are neces
sary to secure success, has been of logical growth. He began in a subordinate
position, worked hard to master every branch of the service, and every step for-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 665
ward prepared him for the next. Early in life he has attained a position which
would satisfy the ambition of most men, and which already places him among the
prominent railroad men of the country. Mr. Morrison possesses the executive
ability, capacity for hard and continuous work, and keen business sense which fit
him for railroad management and give promise of higher advancement. Person
ally he is pleasant and affable in manner, easily wins and holds his friends, while
his standing in the community as an honest and upright man is of the highest.
He was married, October 28th, 1886, to Miss May Cramer, of Minneapolis, Minn.
Morrison, Edward Henderson, born August 4th, 1849, is a son of John
Morrison, a prominent banker and manufacturer of Newark, N. J., who died in
1861. The early education of our subject was acquired at the famous boarding
and training school for boys known as the Rectory School at Hamden, Conn.,
under the tuition of Rev. Charles W. Everest. He afterward took a thorough
academical course, and then entered the Rensselaer Polytechnic School at Troy,
N. Y., graduating from the latter institution in the class of 1888. After leaving
school he spent some time in study at -Hanover, Germany, and then made an ex
tensive tour of European and Oriental countries, visiting Syria, the Upper Nile,
Egypt, and Palestine before returning home. In 1870 he was married to a
daughter of G. A. Norton, of Troy, N. Y., and returned to Europe on his wed
ding tour, spending some ten months in Spain and Italy. On his return to this
country Air. Alorrison located in Montgomery and engaged in business as a cotton
broker until 1874. He then returned to New Jersey, and was connected with
some large mines near Boonton, in that State, until 1877, as Superintendent and
General Manager. He then went to AVashington, D. C, as Private Secretary to
Hon. Thomas B. Paddie, member of Congress from New Jersey, and in March,
1878, was appointed Register in the United States Land Office at Walla Walla,
Wash. Terr. After filling this position for six years he was in 1883 appointed
General Land Agent for Washington of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Com
pany and the Union Pacific Railroad Company, serving in that capacity until
August, 1891. Having acquired a large tract of land in the Palouse country,
he then turned his attention to farming. This tract was purchased in connection
with eastern parties and then divided up, the estate of D. S. Baker getting ten
thousand acres. Air. Alorrison's share is four thousand acres. He resides at
Fairfield, where he has an elegant country residence. He has always been identi
fied with the Republican Party, and is active and influential in political matters.
He has two sons.
Morrison, James AL, of Tacoma, was born in San Francisco, Cal., May 2d,
1864, and received his education in the common and high schools of Oakland,
same State. At the age of sixteen he began life for himself by going to Nevada,
where he was engaged with engineering and surveying parties. In August, 1882,
he came to Washington, locating in Tacoma, where he has resided ever since, and
has been connected with the engineering of nearly all the public improvements.
He was appointed Deputy C.'ty Surveyor of Tacoma in 1885, serving in that
capacity until 1890, when he was appointed City Engineer, giving such satisfac
tion in the performance of his duties as to secure his reappointment in May,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
1892. He was married July 24th, 1889. His record speaks for itself, and re
quires no words of commendation to enforce the fact that he is not only a self-
made but an eminently successful man.
Morrison, Walter F., M.D., a well-known physician and surgeon, of Yaki
ma County, Wash., was born in New Brunswick in 1849. His father, Alexander
Morrison, was a native of Edinburgh, Scotland, his mother, Ann (Kinnear) Mor
rison, being from New Brunswick and of English descent. Educated by a pri
vate tutor in his native city, young Morrison took his medical course in the Uni
versity of San Francisco, with supplementary teaching at the Willamette Univer
sity of Oregon, graduating from the latter institution with the degree of AI.D.
After a period of practice in Oregon he removed to Washington, locating at Yaki
ma, in the employ of the Northern Pacific Railroad as Surgeon to that company.
Going to New York in 1887, he took a two years' course in the Polytechnic School
of that city, proving himself during his last year's stay a valuable specialist in
delicate surgical cases. He was married in 1872 to Miss Alary Louise Elliot, who
died in 1887. In 1890 he was married again to Aliss Emma V. Elliot, a native of
New York City, his first wife having been from Alaine. He has a family of
four children. One of the daughters is a student of languages in the Boston
Conservatory. The doctor is a man of property, owning not only city realty but
valuable hop lands. He is a Republican in politics. He is a close student and
careful practitioner, and has a large and increasing professional business.
Mount, AVallace, attorney-at-law, of Sprague, Wash., was born in Clackamas
County, Ore., January 16th, 1859. He received his education in the common
schools and at the Oregon State University, from which he was graduated in 1883.
He read law in the offices of the Hon. George H. Williams, H. Y. Thompson,
and George H. Durham, at Portland, Ore., and was admitted to the Bar in 1885.
He began practice at Portland, where he remained for one year, and in October,
1886, located at Sprague, Wash., where he has ever since continued the active
pursuit of his profession. He was a member of the City Council of Sprague in
1887, and in 1888 was elected Prosecuting Attorney for the district composed of
Lincoln, Adams, and Douglas counties. After serving one year in the latter
capacity, he resigned to take the position of Superior Judge of the counties of
Lincoln, Adams, Douglas, and Okanogan, to which he had been elected when
Washington was admitted to statehood in 1889. In the fall of 1892 he was re
elected to the same office. He was married January 26th, 1889, to Miss Carrie
Walker, of Eugene, Ore., by whom he has two sons. Though still a young man,
Judge Alount has shown such marked ability in his judicial career as to call forth
the hearty praise of the oldest practitioners. His legal abilities have been tested
in many important cases which have been tried before him, and on no occasion
has he failed to acquit himself admirably. Secure in the confidence and respect
of his fellow-citizens, it is to be hoped that many years of honor and success may
be in store for our subject, whose career is inseparably linked with the city's
growth and progress.
Mulford, Francis II., a member of the Everett Chamber of Commerce, was
born in Dutchess County, N. Y., March 26th, 1849, and attended school for five

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 667
years in Poughkeepsie in that State. In his active business life he has been iden
tified for a quarter of a century with wholesale houses in different lines in New
York City. Mr. Mulford came to Washington iu Alay, 1890, locating at Everett
in July, 1891, where he purchased some land, and has been connected with the
best interests and progress of that thriving town ever since. He was one of the
organizers of the Everett National Bank and has served on its directory ever
since. He is a stockholder in the Everett Mosaic Tile Company and piominent in
all matters which conduce to the upbuilding of the place.
Mulligan, J. E., of North Yakima, Wash., a member of the Farmers' and
Traders' Operative Company, was born in Ireland in 1858. His father, Joseph
N. Mulligan, was a farmer ; his mother, Sarah (McKay) Alulligan, a native of Ire
land. Educated in his native country, Mr. Mulligan emigrated to the United
States in 1876, locating in California, where he spent two years in various pur
suits. Coming to the then Territory of Washington, he settled in Klickitat County,
where he devoted himself to farming and stock-raising. This occupied him for
twelve years, when he removed to North Yakima and identified himself with the
company with which he is at present connected. With a capital of $10,000 and
a very complete organization, this company does a large and successful business
under the efficient management of J. E. Mulligan. Air. Mulligan has filled the
office of Deputy Sheriff of Franklin County in a highly satisfactory manner. He
is a member of the Odd Fellows Fraternity and a Democrat in politics.
AIunch, J. A., druggist, of Mount Vernon, Wash., was born in Maumee, O.,
December 3d, 1866, and received his education in the common schools of his na
tive place and at the Northwestern Medical College, Toledo, O. He also received
special instruction in pharmacy under G. A. Kirchmeyer, of Toledo, Professor of
Chemistry. He began his business life at Toledo as clerk in the drug store of
Adam Burger, with whom he remained for ten years. Desiring a wider field for
his energies, he determined to try his fortunes iu the Pacific Northwest, and in
1891 came to Fairhaven, Wash., where he obtained a position as clerk in the
drug store of Higginson & Hardy. Six months later he purchased the interest of
Mr. Higginson, and thereafter the business was continued under the firm name of
Hardy & Munch until January, 1893. In the mean time they had opened a drug
store at Mount Vernon, and on the latter date Mr. Munch disposed of his interests
at Fairhaven, came to Mount Vernon, and took charge of his drug store here.
He has a fine store and a prosperous, growing business, for which he is well fitted
by training and experience.
Murphy, J. W., veteran soldier, and machinist, of Pomeroy, Wash., was born
in County Waterford, Ireland, in 1860. He was the son of James and Catherine
(Donnely) Murphy, both parents being Irish. In education he was self-taught.
He came to the United States with his parents in 1862, locating in Ohio. Going
to Acton, Ind., with his father, he learned the blacksmith's trade and worked
there for six years ; thence to Cambridge in the same State, where he labored in
the car-shops. In 1877 he enlisted in the Second United States Artillery, Regular
Army, and served at various posts, principally in the Southern States ; was made

668 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
a non-commissioued officer, and honorably discharged in 1882. He paid a visit
to Ireland, then returned and settled in Kansas, where he was employed in Kansas
City as a telegraph operator for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa F6 Railroad.
He came to Pomeroy in 1888, established himself in business, and is conducting
one of the largest shops, general machine and blacksmithing, in the city. He
was married in 1889 to Miss Annie Burlingame, of Minnesota. They have two
children. He has acquired considerable property, having both residential and
business real estate. He is a Democrat in politics, and withal an industrious and
most worthy representative of that enterprising class who believe in self-help.
Murray, David, a public-spirited and valued citizen of Ellensburg, was born
in the State of Alaine in 1831. His father, Jonathan M. Murray, was a native of
the Pine Tree State ; his mother, Rhoda (Clifford) Murray, being from New Hamp
shire. Educated in the public schools of Alaine, Mr. Murray began the active
business of life at Vallejo, Cal., to which State he emigrated at the age of twenty.
He helped to put in the first docks where the Navy Yard now stands. After a
decade spent in California, the gold excitement in British Columbia drew him
thither. Here he mined and ranched until be removed to the Kittitas Valley,
Wash., and engaged in stock-raising, becoming in a few years one of the cattle
kings of that region. Since retiring from active business Air. Alurray has inter
ested himself in loans and other investments of his large capital. He married in
1878, in Kittitas Valley, Alis3 Minnie May, a native of Illinois, but brought up in
Washington Territory. She died in 1885, mourned by those who knew her best,
and most of all by her deeply afflicted husband. She is still remembered for her
sweetness of disposition and grace of personal manner. Mr. Alurray married in
1889 Miss Katherine Mayer, a New York lady of German extraction. They
occupy one of the prettiest residences in the city, replete with evidences of luxury
and wealth. He is also the owner of one of the finest additions to Ellensburg,
a tract of three hundred acres, known as Murray's Addition, much of which is
built upon and improved. Add to this that he is the possessor of a fine farm in
a high state of cultivation, and it would seem that Mr. Alurray might venture
without egotism to call himself a capitalist. He has held the offices of County
Commissioner and City Councilman, and is generally regarded as a far-seeing and
conservative member of the community where he resides. He is a Republican in
politics, a man of fine personal appearance, and a good conversationalist.
Murray, F. H., of Tacoma, attorney-at-law, a highly educated gentleman of
varied experience and large intellectual acquirement, was born in Mitchell,
Mitchell County, la., May 16th, 1860. He received a collegiate education, gradu
ating from Iowa College, Grinnell, la., in 1883, with the degrees of A.B. and A.M.
Entering the Law Department of the University of Iowa City in the spring of
1889, he bore away the honors of B.L. Even before being thus amply equipped
he had begun life in Brooklyn, la., in 1883, as a member of the firm of Carruthers
& Murray, retail dry goods, and continued in that business until 1887, at which
time the partnership was dissolved, Air. Murray disposing of his interests to his
partner to enter the law school before mentioned. He came to Tacoma in July
of 1889, and formed a law partnership in March of the following year with John

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 669
A. Shank, which still continues to do business under the name of Shank & Mur
ray. Mr. Alurray was appointed City Attorney of Tacoma by Mayor Huson in
June of 1892, filling the position with dignity and credit, and well maintaining
his reputation as a progressive man determined and destined to succeed. He
was married, May 20th, 1891, to Aliss Phenie Carruthers, of Brooklyn, la. He is
a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows fraternity.
Musgrove, Thomas W., M.D., a highly accomplished physician and surgeon,
of Puyallup, was born in New Brunswick, Canada, November 4th, 1841. After
graduating from the superior and normal schools he taught school for a period of
seven years, supporting himself and devoting his spare time to the study of
medicine, under the preceptorship of Dr. F. McFarlane. Entering the Medical
Department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, he left that institution
at the end of a year for Harvard, where he graduated with the degree of M.D. in
1871. Returning to New Brunswick, he became an active practitioner for seven
years, until 1878, when he took the post-graduate course in the College of Phy
sicians and Surgeons of New York City, after which he practised in St. John,
N. B., for ten years. Going westward, he opened an office in Tacoma, Wash.,
but removed a year later to Puyallup, where he has already built up a most suc
cessful business and has a pleasant home. He was Secretary of the New Bruns
wick Medical Society for five years. His departure from St. John called forth a
certificate of regret from the medical society of that city " that so able a practi
tioner should leave their ranks." The doctor is a member of the Independent
Order of Odd Fellows, aud of the Pierce County and the State Aledical Societies.
He is a close student, careful in diagnosing, and generally successful in relieving
the cases submitted to his care.
Nadeau, I. A., General Agent of the Northern Pacific Railroad, at Seattle,
Wash., was born January 23d, 1857, in Monroe, Mich., and received his early
education in the common schools of his native town. At the age of seventeen he
left school and entered the county offices, where he was employed as clerk for
several years. Evincing a desire for the profession of the law, he began his legal
studies under Hon. Edward Willits, of Michigan, and was admitted to the Bar
in 1878. He practised with fair success for three years in his native town, and
then removed to Lincoln, Neb., where he engaged in the lumber business, find
ing that occupation more profitable than the practice of his profession. Two
years later, allured by the flattering prospects of Seattle, Wash., he removed to
that city and became identified with the Oregon Improvement Company, acting
as Local Treasurer and General Freight and Passenger Agent until 1888. During
this time he also served in the same capacity for the Puget Sound Shore Railroad.
In December, 1888, he became General Manager of the Puget Sound Shore Road,
which position he held until the road was sold to and became a part of the
Northern Pacific in 1890, when he became Assistant Superintendent and General
Agent of the latter road. For about one year he was also Superintendent of the
S., L. S. and E., but resigned to devote his entire energies to the interests of the
Northern Pacific. He is now General Agent for the latter road at Seattle. By
force of merit Mr. Nadeau has already attained to a position which places him

670 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
among the prominent railroad men of the State. He possesses the executive
ability, experience, and keen business sense which admirably fit him for railroad
management and give promise of higher advancement. Pleasant and affable in
manner, easily winning and holding fiieuds, he is deservedly popular, and his
standing in the community as an honest and upright citizen is of the highest.
Mr. Nadeau was married, April 22d, 1885, to Miss Flora Fonda, of Seattle,
by whom he has one child, a daughter.
Nalder, Francis, farmer, of Waitsburg, Walla Walla County, Wash., was
born in England in 1846. His parents were also subjects of the Queen, the father
having been a country lawyer quite prominent in his profession. Young Nalder's
education was obtained in the land of his birth. In 18S2 he came to America,
and settled about seven miles south of Waitsburg upon five hundred and fifty-two
acres, which be purchased in that vicinity. Here he raises forty bushels of wheat
to the acre— wheat which took the premium at the county fair as " the first fall
wheat for 1892, which yielded from forty-two to fifty-two bushels per acre." He
has also invested in fine Holstein cattle and swine of a superior breed. Air.
Nalder was married in Australia. Six children have been born to their union.
He is evidently a Democrat, believing that the election of that ticket will advance
the prosperity of the section where he resides.
Neill, Thomas, attorney-at-law, of Pullman, Wash., was born in County
Antrim, Ireland, iu 1861, the son of James Neill, a farmer, and Eliza Gregory
Neill. His early education was received at the Belfast Academy, where he took
a classical course, but did not graduate. He came to the. United States in 1879,
locating at Monticello, Ind., where he began the study of law, and was admitted
to the Bar of that State in 1882. He settled in Dakota and remained there until
1889, when he came to Pullman. Here, actively engaging in his profession, he
soou came to the front and was, moreover, the founder of the first newspaper pub
lished in Pullman — the Herald. He was married in 1886 to Aliss Ada Al. Allen,
a native of Michigan. They have two children. Mr. Neill was at one time
County Commissioner of Kidder County, Dak., and is the present Alayor of Pull
man. He is a Republican in politics, aud the owner of valuable real estate. His
business ability, industry, and perseverance commend him to the regard of his
fellow-citizens, and his geniality attracts many friends.
Nesalhous, August, of Ellensburg, Wash., a farmer and stockman of Kittitas
County, was born in Germany in 1838. His parents were of the same nationality,
his father having been born in 1806, and his mother two years later. Our sub
ject came to America in 1847 with his parents. His father became a gardener at
St. Louis, but removed to Iowa in 1850, settled on a farm, and died in 1886,
leaving a wife and nine children, of whom August was the fifth. Educated in
Iowa, young Nesalhous learned the cooper's trade, at which he worked in Burling
ton until the breaking out of the Civil War, when he enlisted in the first regiment
that left the State. He was struck by part of a shell or bullet and wounded at
the battle of Wilson's Creek. He was honorably discharged, and crossed the
plains by ox -team in 1862. During tho journey the party not only lost stock, but

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 671
had several of their men wounded in skirmishes with hostile Indians engaged in
stealing their animals. On reaching Oregon in September of that year, he located
in Baker County, and engaged in mining. From thence he went to Idaho and
afterward to Portland in 1864, where he resumed his trade as a cooper. He
visited Burlington, la., in 1866, returning in 1867, stopping at Colorado en route.
Then he followed mining at Sweet Water in 1868. He made a trip to Kittitas
Valley ir 1870, where his restless feet seem to have been stayed by his taking up
a pre-emption claim, and he now owns three hundred and twenty acres. During
his early sojourn in this locality he experienced some trouble with the Indians.
In 1890 he revisited Iowa, and on his return was accompanied by his wife, having
married in that year Miss Anna Weidemeier, a lady from Burlington, la., born in
1863. They have one child. Mr. Nesalhous is a member of the Grand Army of
the Republic, a worthy veteran, as active in the pursuits of peace as he was in
battling for the preservation of the Union.
Nevin, G. O., of North Yakima, Wash., was born in Pennsylvania in 1852,
and died April 2d, 1893. His father, a merchant, was a native of the Keystone
State, as was also his mother, Eliza (Harper) Nevin. Supplementing the teachings
of the public schools with a business education of a practical character, he began
life as a farmer, then learned the carpenter's trade. He came to California in
1872 and located at Sacramento and in other sections of the State. Making his
way overland to the Territory of Washington in 1874, he settled at Yakima,
where he was engaged in various occupations. In 1890 he was elected Treasurer
of Yakima County on the Republican ticket, and was re-elected in 1892. He
held other offices also of a local character. Mr. Nevin was married iu 1880 to
Miss Margaret Daverny, a native of Iowa. Two children were born to them. Mr.
Nevin was a member of the Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias and a Republi
can. He was beyond reproach in the duties of his office, and generally esteemed
a3 an upright and conservative citizen of the community.
Newell, George, of Seattle, a living example of what thrift, industry, and
patient perseverance in business can accomplish, was born in Canada, March 20th,
1841. At the age of nineteen he. started life by establishing a scroll and band
shop with only $50 capital ; burned out in six months, he was at work again in
three months' time with a new outfit, and continued in the same occupation for
nine years, only to see his plant once more a prey to the flames, leaving him
literally penniless. Migrating to Washington Territory, he arrived at Seattle in
1877 with just 8 and 10 cents in his purse. Hiring out his labor by the day, and
devoting his evenings to preparing the machinery to run a small factory for stair-
building and scroll-sawing, he completed his preparations after two years and a
half of persistent toil and started his factory. He was again reduced to poverty
by the same relentless element, being burned out in seven weeks from the time
of beginning operations. Uncomplaining and patient, this hero in the battle of
life— for there are heroes on other battle-fields than those of war— once more re
turned to day labor for his support, and at the end of two years had saved $400.
With this amount he made another match with fortune, starting his scroll-sawing
and wood-working factory again, and this time coming out winner, for in ten

672 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
months he had accumulated $2000. With this sum he purchased a half interest
in a small mill, and with five years' earnings of this small mill he started to
build and completed the extensive mill which he is running to-day. He is also
the proprietor of a large sash-and-blind factory running in connection with his
mill, the whole plant being valued at $100,000. Mr. Newell was married in 1863
to Aliss Lusetta Annable, of Cornwall, Canada. Three boys and three girls have
been born to them, of whom two boys and one girl are deceased. The biography
just written is a lesson to the youth of our land, and shows what determination
to succeed can do, with a spirit that knows no such word as fail.
Newman, J. M., farmer and stockman, of Thorp, was born in Missouri in
1851. His father, a Virginia blacksmith, born in 1820, was postmaster of the
village where he resided, and thus exempted from the draft, escaping the dangers
of war to die in 1891, leaving a family of six children, of whom the subject of
our sketch was the second. Emigrating with his father to Oregon in 1864, com
ing by way of ox-team across the plains, at the age of thirteen, in a company of
one hundred wagons, of which company a certain Mr. Wadkins was captain, the
family of young Newman located in Union County. Here the father worked at
blacksmithing, removing his business after awhile to Marion County. Mr. New
man removed to Kittitas Valley in the fall of 1878 and purchased land. He now
owns one hundred and seventy-seven acres a mile and a half south of Thorp,
which he has found well suited to wheat-growing. He was married in Oregon
in 1873 to Aliss Isabel Forgey, a native of Oregon. Her parents were among the
early pioneers, coming to the coast in 1852. Seven children are the fruit of this
union. Mr. Newman is a member of the Independent Older of Odd Fellows,
Lodge No. 20, and also of the Farmers' Alliance. He has served as Justice
of the Peace for several years, and filled the office of Sehool Clerk. He is an
advocate of the People's Party.
Newman, W. A., of Dayton, County Treasurer of Columbia County, was born
in Adams County, O., in 1849. His father was a merchant of Maryland, his
mother being from Ohio. Third in a family of five children, young Newman
completed his rudimentary studies in the public schools. Coining West in 1869,
he entered the college at Forest Grove, Ore., taking only the preparatory course.
He taught school in Linn County of that State for two years, and two more in
Washington County, thence came to Washington Territory and located at Dayton,
his present residence, finding employment in the Dayton Flour Mills for a period
of twelve years, when he erected a small mill, which he operated for five years.
He was appointed in 1890 County Treasurer by the County Commissioners of
Columbia County, and was elected to fill that office at the last general election.
He was married in 1871 to Aliss Alary E. Clark, a native of Indiana. Five chil
dren grace their union. He is a property-owner and deeply interested in the
educational interests of Dayton. He is a member of the Odd Fellows, Knights
of Pythias, and Ancient Order of United AVorkmen, an active politician, and an
uncompromising Democrat, being the Chairman of the Central Committee of that
party and devoted to its advancement.
Niciiol, AV. II., Cashier of the First National Bank of Puyallup, was born in

HISTORY OF AVASHTNGTON. 673
Bayham Township, Richmond Village, Ontario, in March, 1865. At the age of
nine he accompanied his parents to Ripon, Wis., where they settled and where
he received such early training and education as the common schools of that sec
tion could supply, until his studies were suddenly interrupted by his running
away from home when but fifteen and battling ever since with the world. His
education was, therefore, mostly acquired in the school of life's hard experience.
AVhile in Alankato he learned to become a telegraph operator, and immediately
obtained a position at $29 per month, adding to his income by teaching teleg
raphy. From operator he advanced to agent, filling various situations in rail
road employ for ten years. In July, 1889, he came to Puyallup, Wash., where
he accepted the position of night operator at the station of the Northern Pacific
Railroad. He was afterward advanced to the position of cashier and again to
agent, all within a single year's service. In December, 1890, he accepted the
Cashiership of the First National Bank of Puyallup, and still continues in that
responsible office. He was married, February 27th, 1880, to Miss Anna Groger,
of Dodge Centre, Minn. He is a stockholder in the bank, a member of the
Masonic fraternity, and of the Presbyterian Church. He is another example of
those bright, self-reliant young men who make their way in the world in spite of
every early disadvantage and later obstacle.
Nicklin, T. G., real estate broker, of New Whatcom, a gentleman who has
filled most efficiently various public offices, was born in London, England, August
19th, 1859. Emigrating to America with his parents at an early age, they located
in Sharon, Pa., where the subject of our sketch received his early education in
the excellent common schools of that locality. Coming West in 1883, he settled
at Whatcom and engaged in newspaper work, editing the Reveille until May, 1889.
He then became a real estate broker. He was Chief Cleik of the Territorial
Legislature during the sessions of 1884-85-86-87, and Clerk of the Court at
Whatcom for 1889 ; Delegate to the Territorial Convention in 1886, and the
State Convention of 1890. He is at present a member of the City Council. He
married Miss Flora Axton, of Whatcom, and has one child, a daughter.
Nilsson, Andrew, senior partner of the firm of Nilsson Brothers, blacksmiths
and wagon-makers, of Dayton, Wash., was born in Sweden in 1844, his parents
being also natives of that country. Educated iu the public schools of his father
land, Mr. Nilsson came to the United States in 1870, locating at Omaha, Neb.
He removed to Montana in 1871 and engaged in mining. In 1874 he settled at
Walla AValla, Wash., where he found occupation in railroading, saw-milling, and
blacksmith work, and remained until 1877, when he transferred his residence to
Dayton and carried on blacksmithing under the firm name of Hutchcon & Nilsson,
which continued until their dissolution in 1879. Mr. Nilsson then made a visit
to Europe, returning in 1880. Buying business property, he resumed blacksmith
ing, to which he added wagon-making, and in February of 1892 formed the pres
ent firm of Nilsson Brothers. They have an invested capital of about $5000.
Mr. Nilsson was married in 1883. He is a stockholder and Vice-President in the
Citizens' National Bank of Dayton, and also in the hotel. He is the owner of a
pretty home and other realty. He has filled the office of City Councilman, and is

674 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
a member of the Masonic fraternity. He takes a lively interest in all that tends
to increase the moral and material progress of the city.
Nilsson, Lars, a substantial citizen of Dayton, of the firm of Nilsson Brothers,
was born iu Sweden in 1859, came to the United States in 1880, and located,
where he still resides, in the city of Dayton, entering into partnership with his
brother, whose biographical notice will be found elsewhere. Educated in the
public schools of his native land, Air. Nilsson has a fine library and is still a
student, taking great pleasure in the perusal of his books. He was married in
1889 to Miss Johanna C. Stahlberg, from Kristianstad, Sweden, and has two chil
dren. He has a pleasant home and other valuable property. He is a member of
the Masonic brotherhood and of the Knights of Pythias. He is a strong advo
cate of the Republican Party, and served in the State Convention held at Olympia
in 1892. In the winter of 1888-89 he made a six months' visit to his old home in
Sweden, which he enjoyed very much.
Nordstrom, Olof H., whose fine farm of one hundred and sixty acres, nearly
all under cultivation, evinces the careful management peculiar to his nationality,
is a native of Sweden, in which country he was born in 1847. His father, who
died in 1883, was a farmer before him, so that he may almost be said to have
inherited his present occupation. With a good school education at home and
two years more of study after coming to America, where he arrived in 1871,
young Nordstrom was fairly prepared for the battle of life. His youth was spent
in the lumber business. After landing in New York, where he lingered but a
day, he started for Wilmar, Minn., where he secured work on the St. Paul Rail
road, remaining in their employ until 1878, when he gave up his position to settle
in his present location, two and one half miles southwest of Rockford, where he
immediately secured his present homestead. Mr. Nordstrom took to himself a
wife in 1875, marrying Aliss Alary C. Dyriug, who, like himself, was a native of
Sweden. By this lady he has five children. His farm is located two and one
half miles from Rock Creek, Spokane County, Wash. Here he has a pleasant
home, a fine orchard and stock, whose water is of the purest, for it is drawn
from a well sixty-four feet in depth, half of wliich penetrates the primeval rock.
There is no need to analyze its flow.
O'Brien, R. G., Mayor of Olympia and Adjutant-General of the State, was
born in Dublin, Ireland, November 7th, 1846, and came with his parents to
America in 1850. His early education was acquired in the public schools of
Illinois, at Springfield and Chicago. At the early age of fourteen years he ob
tained a position as clerk in a dry-goods house in Chicago, remaining there two
and one half years. In 1863, at the age of seventeen years, he enlisted in the
Ellsworth Zouaves, of Chicago, serving later in the One Hundred and Thirty-
fourth Illinois. After a year's service, having been promoted to tbe rank of First
Lieutenant of the Zouaves, he returned to Chicago and became Receiving Clerk
in the Chicago and Alton freight depot, where he remained for two and one half
years. He then entered the school-book and furniture house of George & C. W.
Sherwood, having charge of the furniture department for three years. In 1870

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 675
he came to Olympia and was appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue
in July, 1870, which position he held until 1874, when that office was merged
into that of Collector, he being a deputy in this office until 1875. In 1876 he
was appointed Clerk of the Supreme and District Courts of the Second Judicial
District, holding that position for twelve years, until the change of administra
tion, at which time he resigned and went into the real estate business. In 1878
Air. O'Brien was elected Quartermaster-General, aud in 1881 Adjutant-General,
to which office he has been re-elected each subsequent term. He was also United
States Commissioner for twelve years, from 1876 until the election of Cleveland.
He was elected to the City Council in 1882 aud served eight years, until elected
Alayor in December, 1891. Ho was married, October 23d, 1878, to Aliss Fanny
Steele, of Olympia, and has had three children, two of whom are living. Mr.
O'Brien is an active member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and is also a
prominent Alason, a Past Master Olympia Lodge No. 1, Free and Accepted
Alasons, Arenerable Alaster Olympia Lodge No. 2, Scottish Rite Alasoury, Wise
Master Robert Bruce Chapter Rose Croix No. 2, Eminent Commander De Alolid
Council of Kadosh No. 2, Scottish Rite, and has taken the thirty-third degree in
the Scottish Rite. He is also a member of Olympia Chapter Royal Arch Mason.
Mr. O'Brien is one of the most active, genial, and popular men in the State of
Washington to-day, and has done as much public service out of pure enterprise
and public spirit as any man in the State. It has been entirely through his efforts
that the National Guards of the State have been organized and kept up, he hav
ing gotten together the first company in Olympia in 1883. This was afterward
followed by companies at Seattle, Tacoma, Walla Walla, and other points, until
now the force amounts to about eleven hundred in the State whose service, young
as the State may be, has been of more value than the National Guards of any
other State of the Union during the time of their organization. He has held the
office of Adjutant-General for the past ten years, with three years yet to run, and
it is safe to say will occupy always a prominent position in the foremost ranks of
the leaders of the State of Washington in the future.
O'Dell, James Virgil, attorney-at-law, of Colfax, Wash., was born in Hick
man County, Ky., in 1834, his father, John F., being a Virginian, while his
mother, Amanda J. (Knight) O'Dell, was a native of Kentucky. The eldest in a
family of nine, young O'Dell passed from the public schools of his native State
to the higher classical course of Hickman Seminary. After graduating from this
institution he returned home and assisted his father for awhile in the labor of the
paternal acres, then taught school for a number of years. Wearying of this, he
determined to fit himself for the Bar, to which end he entered the office of Judge
Walker of the Supreme Court of Illinois, with whom he read law till admitted to
the Bar of the State of Missouri, May 20th, 1857. He began practice, went to
Missouri, where he followed his profession till 1869, was a member of the Legis
lature of that State (1866-67), migrated to Washington in 1872, and located in
Whitman County, where he still resides. He represented that county in the
Constitutional Convention held at Walla Walla, 1878, and was also elected to the
Territorial Legislature in 1888. He was Quartermaster's Clerk in the army for
two years and in the Provost Marshal's office as well, having enlisted in 1864 in

676 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Company G, Forty-seventh Infantry, Missouri Volunteers, and served till the close
of the war. He was married in 1859 to Miss Clarissa Al. Owen, of Missouri.
Four children were the fruit of their union, of whom only one survives. A mem
ber of the Masonic fraternity, and a close student, with a fine library and a de
lightful home, he is in all respects a living evideuce of well-earned reputation
and deserved success.
Ogle, J. M., a prominent nurseryman, was born in Burlington, la., in 1838,
being the eldest son of James A. and Annie Ogle. Air. Ogle crossed the plains
in 1852 with his parents to Oregon. In 1853 they removed to Douglas County,
leaving there in 1869 for Milledgeville. Returning to Illinois, Mr. Ogle married
Miss Mary A., daughter of Daniel Starmer, a leading farmer of Illinois. They
have five children. He came to California in 1870, and migrated to Washington
Territory in 1883, where he engaged in the nursery business, which he still carries
on. He resides on his farm in Yakima valley, where he owns one hundred and
twenty acres, twenty-five of which he devotes to his nursery, but does not confine
himself to this, the remainder furnishing him with hay and all kinds of cereals.
He has also valuable nursery property on Puget Sound, a business in which he has
been engaged from early youth and finds abundantly remunerative. Mr. Ogle is
counted a genial and social gentleman, intelligent and far-seeing in all the inter
ests in wliich he is engaged.
Olmstead, Sarah F., of Kittitas County, Wash., was born in New York in
1843. Her parents were natives of the same State, her father being a farmer.
He removed to Illinois in 1855 and died in that State two years later. Mrs.
Olmstead received her education in Illinois, and was married there to Samuel B.
Olmstead, who was born in New York in 1834. He enlisted in the Eleventh
Illinois Infantry during the Civil War, and also served in the Alinnesota Heavy
Artillery. He was present and actively engaged at the battle of Nashville. He
returned to Illinois at the close of the war and resumed farming. He came. West
in 1870, locating in the Rogue River Valley in Oregon. Here he remained with
his family for four years, but in 1875 removed to the Sound, whence, after a
sojourn of two years, they came to Kittitas Valley in 1877, where Air. Olmstead
purchased two hundred and forty acres. He died in 1882, leaving a widow — the
subject of our sketch — and two children. Airs. Olmstead still retains and over
sees the cultivation of the fine farm left by her husband. She takes pride in its
superior stock, yet continues to reside in the old log-house, one of the first erected
in the valley, and whose recollections are so intimately connected with the early
struggles and privations of her former frontier life.
O'Neal, John, farmer, on the North Fork of the Cowiche, was born in Wash
ington Territory in 1862, being the youngest in a family of six born to Abiza and
Jane (Underwood) O'Neal. His parents were natives of Illinois and Indiana re
spectively, but migrated to Puget Sound, where the mother died in 1874 and the
father in 1887. Removing to Yakima County, and from thence to his present
farm, Mr. O'Neal still cultivates his one hundred and sixty acres with that care
which betokens the wise and thrifty agriculturist. His fields of grain, his bloom-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 677
ing orchard, his acres clothed with clustering hop-vines, all speak for them
selves. He is also a breeder of fine stock, and has his own system of ditch-irriga
tion. He was married in 1889 to Miss Jane Reynolds, and has two children.
He is a Democrat in his political faith.
Orchard, George Franklin, capitalist, of Tacoma, Wash., was born May
10th, 1848, in Livonia, Washington County, Ind. There in that frontier town
he found his first employment at the close of his school-days as a clerk in a
grocery store. In 1868 he was engaged in a similar capacity in a general ship
ping establishment, which moved from point to point along the Union Pacific as
its construction progressed until its completion in 1869, when he went to Boise
City, Ida., and engaged as a clerk until 1870. He then opened a shipping store
for himself at Ore Grand Mining Camp, Ida. After remaining a year he was
attracted to Washington Territory and removed his interests to Kalama. Fore
seeing, with that wise accuracy which has ever distinguished him, the coming
greatness of the as yet unborn City of Destiny, he established in 1873 a branch
store at Old Tacoma, and in the spring following sold out his stock in Kalama
and removed the old town store to New Tacoma, the first of the many hundreds
now lining its busy thoroughfares. He continued his mercantile tiade with large
profits until 1880, when he retired therefrom to engage in real estate transactions.
In this he was so successful that in 1883 he purchased a half interest in the Bank
of New Tacoma, of A. J. Baker, the first bank and the first banker of the town.
It is now the Merchants' National, one of the most prosperous financial institu
tions in the State. Mr. Orchard was its first Vice-President, but resigned in
1887, though still remaining a director and large stockholder. He was also an
incorporator and for two years a Trustee of the Tacoma Trust and Savings Bank.
Among other enterprises that have received his aid is the Puget Sound Printing
Company, organized in 1888, of which he is the largest stockholder. He was
the first City Treasurer of Tacoma, and in 1882 a member of its Council. He is
to-day one of the largest holders of Tacoma realty, having seen it grow from the
first clearing in its forests to its forty thousand inhabitants of to-day. He began
life there with no capital save the accumulation of his toil, and to-day his wealth
runs into the hundreds of thousands, all fairly and honestly gained by those
honest and straightforward business methods which are characteristic of one of
whom his biographer writes from personal knowledge and esteem. He was mar
ried, May 30th, 1873, in Portland, Ore., to Miss Sarali M. McNeal, daughter of
Abraham McNeal, of Salem, Ore. Four children grace their union. Mr. Orchard
is a member of the Presbyterian Church of Tacoma, and has served as an Elder
and its Treasurer since its organization. He is a Republican in politics. The life
of Mr. Orchard furnishes to young men everywhere a shining example of what
earnest effort can accomplish.
Orr, Edward S,, than whom Tacoma boasts no more energetic and reliable
business man, was born in Clarion County, Pa., November 8th, 1853. Receiving
a common-school education in his native county as a preparation to a seminary of
higher grade, Mr. Orr went West, on the completion of his studies, to Wichita,
Kan., where he engaged in the stock business and remained one year. From

678 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
thence he journeyed to Colorado, interesting himself in milling and mining iu the
San Juan County. In this vocation he continued for eleven years, meeting with
but moderate success. He came to Tacoma in April of 1888, and for six months
was engaged in looking up mining property in British Columbia and Washington.
He settled permanently in Tacoma in October of 1888, and became a real estate
broker and contractor, forming a partnership with E. S. Craig. He married,
October 22d, 1888, Miss Jennie H. McLure, a most estimable lady of Pennsyl
vania. Ouimette, E. N., President of the Tacoma Loan and Trust Company, was
born at St. Eustache, P. Q., June 6th, 1840. His education was acquired at St.
Eustache College, from which institution he was graduated in 1860. After
serving a five years' apprenticeship in the dry-goods trade at Alontreal, he re
moved to Portland, Ore., in 1865, and engaged in business on his own account.
In 1870 he removed to Olympia, Wash., where he continued as a dry-goods mer
chant until 1880. During his residence in Olympia he took an active interest in
municipal affairs, and was twice elected Mayor of the city. For three years he
was actively engaged in the building and operating of the Olympia and Tenino
Railroad, of which he was a director and the Secretary. The first engine used
on this road was named for him. Air. Ouimette has been a resident of Tacoma
since 1880. He continued in the dry-goods trade until 1884, when he engaged
in real estate, insurance, and loans. His success in this line of business evinced
rare judgment, his real estate ventures being rewarded with uniform good results,
and some of them being particularly fortunate, netting him large returns on his
investments. In 1889 he was elected Vice-President of the Washington National
Bank of Tacoma, and was afterward elected President. At the present time he
is devoting most of his attention to the business of the Tacoma Loan and Trust
Company, a corporation doing a mortgage loan business exclusively. He is a
member of the Chamber of Commerce and the Union and Commercial Clubs, and
has been Trustee and Treasurer of the first-named institution. He is regarded as
one of Tacoma's trustworthy business men, and one whose career, already brill
iant in its achievements, promises to be of still greater benefit to the city and
State in years to come.
Owen, Charles B., a veteran soldier, and resident of Pomeroy, Wash., was
born in Wilmington, Essex County, N. Y., Alarch 17th, 1858. His father, John
Owen, a farmer, and his mother were both natives of the Empire State.
After receiving a common-school education Air. Owen enlisted in the Regular
Army, Battery B, Third Artillery, and re-enlisted at Fort Niagara, in Company E,
of the Twelfth United States Infantry. He was honorably discharged at Fort
Yates, Dakota, September 7th, 1889. Removing to Washington, he located at
Pomeroy in 1890, and entered the employ of the Union Pacific Railroad, in whose
service he still continues. Air. Owen was married, August 22d, 1884, to Miss
Eva McDonald, of Canada. He has a residence in the city and a small but well-
chosen library. He is a member of the National Guard of Washington, holding
the rank of First Lieutenant, the company to which he is attached having been
organized in Pomeroy in November, 1890. It numbers three officers and forty-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 679
seven men. He is a member of various societies, a Republican in politics, a man
of large experience, and, like most old soldiers, well satisfied to rest from cam
paigning and occupy himself with the peaceful pursuits of civilian life.
Owens, James Bowie, was born at Cedar Hill, in Prince George's County, Md.
He is a son of James Owens, of Anne Arundel County, one of the largest and best
known tobacco planters of that section, and through his mother, Marie Louise
Owens, nee Bowie, is a descendant of one of the oldest families in the State, several
of whom at different times have figured largely in State affairs, two of his great
grandfathers having been among the first governors of the State of Maryland.
He is a grandnephew of the Hon. Reverdy Johnson, the eminent Alaryland jurist,
and General Thomas Bowie, of the late Alexican War. He received the benefits
of an excellent education at Charlotte Hall Military Academy, St. Alary's County,
Aid., one of the oldest educational institutions in the country, having been organ
ized in 1794. Anxious to enter upon the active business of life, he left school
his graduating year, went to Baltimore and engaged as assistant to Clarence C.
Whiting, one of the. most prominent brokers of that city, in which he continued
for three years. Having gained a thorough business education, he concluded to
go West, and came to Tacoma in 1889. He was shortly appointed Resident
Agent of the Alutual Life Insurance Company of New York. He is now Assistant
General Agent aud recognized as one of the most successful in the company's.
employ on the Pacific Coast. Mr. Owens was married, July 10th, 1890, in Phila--
delphia, to Aliss Adele J. Rigueur, a native of France. A boy and a girl have-
since graced their union. Air. Owens came to the Sound, like many another,.
without capital save push, business energy, and good judgment, and he has so-
utilized those gifts as to be abundantly rewarded both in reputation and substan
tial gain, and to-day stands among the leading business men of his city. It is-
needless to say that he is a stanch Democrat, and is sanguine of seeing, at no late
day, the State of Washington standing among the foremost Democratic States of
the Union.
Page, Herman, farmer and stockman, of Ellensburg, Wash., was born in
•New York in 1833. His parents were farmers and natives of the Empire State.
In 1847 they removed to Illinois, where the father died, leaving five children, of
whom Herman was the eldest. Educated in the public schools of Illinois, he
worked there as a laborer, and in 1858 went to Kansas, where he farmed for
seventeen years with fair success, considering the fact that he endured some
hardship and was disturbed by marauding parties during the Civil War, as also
by the Indians. In 1875 he crossed the plains by wagon, for the most part alone,
was at Black Hills during the trouble there, but got through nicely, having no
difficulty either from the hostiles, sickness, or other untoward incidents of the
way. He reached Kittitas Valley, September 22d, 1875, five months to a day
from the time of leaving home. Here he took up land seven miles to the west
ward of Ellensburg, and now owns two hundred and twenty acres, averaging
twenty-five bushels of wheat to the acre. He was married in Illinois in 1857 to
Miss Rachel Hodsin, a native of Illinois, born in 1837. They have four children,.
all of whom are married.. Mr. Page regards himself as being a scion of the
34

680 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
William Penn stock. He says that when they had the Indian scare in the Valley
and all his neighbors fled or banded together, he kept on running his reaper (the
first of its kind in that locality) and was not molested.
Painter, Jacob S., farmer, of Prescott, AVash., was born in West Virginia in
1850. His parents were natives of Virginia, but removed to West Virginia, wheie
they now reside and where they brought up a family of six children, of whom
Jacob S. was the third. lie received what little education he obtained in tbe
public schools of his native place, and found his first occupation in life as a farmer
in the same locality. In 1880 he was mariied to Miss Nellie C. Groves. After a
few years of fruitless wanderings through Iowa, Illinois, and Texas, he returned
home, and from thence came to Washington and settled upon the farm about one
mile east of Prescott, wliich he still continues to cultivate. Shortly after his
arrival he had the misfoitune to lose his wife, who sickened and died, leaving
three children, who have resided, since his bereavement, with their grandfather,
in West Virginia. In 1890 Mr. Painter was married to Aliss Mary A. Gross, of
his native State. They have one child living. He is the owner of two hundred
and forty-seven acres of fine land, his principal crops being hay and alfalfa, which
cuts three tons to the acre. His place being particularly well fitted for a nursery,
he proposes to turn his attention in that direction, the Touchet River running
through his place and furnishing him with natural irrigation. On one occasion
he captured three fine salmon caught in a hollow during an overflow and left
stranded by the receding tide.
Palmer, John W., of Dayton, farmer, was born in Ohio in 1841, fourth in a
family of eleven born to Joseph and Eliza (Ammond) Palmer, natives of Pennsyl
vania and Ohio respectively. A common-school education with other occupations
held him at home until he attained his majority, when he removed to Pennsyl
vania, engaged in farming, and remained for thirteen years. From thence he
journeyed to Wisconsin, adding lumbering to the cultivation of the soil, and con
tinued there for sixteen years. Moving to Washington Territory he passed ten
years at Seattle, engaged in various pursuits, until 1882, when he settled on the
ground which he now tills. Here he owns one. bundled aud sixty acres, in addi
tion to four at Dayton. He finds the soil prolific, yielding nobly in response to
his care. He has a fruit and dairy business also, wliich he finds remunerative.
He was married in 1871 to Miss Frances A. Bride, daughter of John A. Bride, of
Wisconsin. They have one child. Air. Palmer is a member of the Ancient Order
of United Workmen and a Republican in bis political faith.
Pape, Fred E., Mayor of Alt. Vernon and Auditor and Recorder of Skagit
County, Wash., was born in Sheboygan County, AVis., June 4th, 1861. When he
was ten years old he removed with his parents to a faim near Sioux City, la.
He received his education in the public schools of Sioux City, and at the age of
nineteen began tho struggle of life as a fireman on the steamer Peninah, plying
between Sioux City and Fort Benton on the Alissouri and Fort Custer on the
Yellowstone. After following this occupation for about eighteen months, he re
turned to Sioux City in 1881. In 1882 he came to the Pacific Coast, and after

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 681
visiting San Francisco, Cal., Portland, Ore., and various other places in search of
a suitable location to settle, he reached the Sound country and took up a pre
emption and timber claim of two hundred acres on the Skagit River, and for the
next five years worked in a logging camp. In the fall of 1887 he came to Alt,
Vernon, where he became bookkeeper for Clothier & English, general merchants,
remaining with them about three years. In the fall of 1890 he was nominated on
the Democratic ticket for Auditor and Recorder of Skagit County. In the elec
tion which followed he received emphatic evidence of personal popularity, being
elected by a majority of 398 in a county considered Republican by 275 majority.
In the fall of 1892 he was re-elected by a majority of over 500, and is now serving
his second term. In 1891 he was elected to the City Council of Mt. Vernon,
having previously been appointed to fill an unexpired term. After a service of
one year he resigned from the Council, being unable to properly attend to the
duties of Auditor and Councilman at the same time. In March, 1893, Air. Pape
was appointed Alayor of Mt. Vernun, to fill the unexpired term of Mayor C. D.
Kimball, who resigned, having been appointed postmaster. The official life of
Mr. Pape has been marked by unswerving rectitude and fidelity, and he has won
an honorable reputation for faithful, efficient public service. He is connected
with the fraternities of Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Knights of
Pythias, in both of whicn he takes an enthusiastic interest. He was married,
November 24th, 1889, to Miss Anna B. Robinson, of Kansas.
Parke, James, contractor and builder, of Seattle, was born in Belfast, Ire
land, October 20th, 1846, and was educated in the schools of that city until the
age of fourteen, when he was apprenticed to the builder's trade. He served six
years, then became a member of the Journeyman's Union as a workman of the
fir3t class. In Ireland he was engaged on some of the finest and most elegant
structures in the land. He remained there working at his trade until 1868, when
he emigrated to the United States, locating in New York City for a time, and
then in Chicago, Milwaukee, and other large cities, where he continued his work,
and finally started building and contracting in Minneapolis and St. Paul on his
own account, which he continued there for seven years. He then pushed on to
San Francisco and Oakland, Cal. He took up journey work again for two years,
and then relinquished it to assume the position of Building Superintendent in
the State of Nevada for two years and a half, also in a similar employment in
Portland, Ore., and Alameda, Cal., until 1882, when he removed to Seattle, and
has ever since been prominent in business circles as a man of first-class ability in
his particular vocation, in which he has been eminently successful. He was mar
ried July 10th, 1872, to Miss Fannie M. Rawson, a native of Maine. They have
three daughters and two sons.
Parker, Emmett N., Judge of the Superior Court for Pierce County, was
born in York, Pa., May 12th, 1859. In 1863 he removed with his mother to
Iowa, prior to which time his father added another to the long list of patriotic
souls who yielded up life for the Union, dying of typhoid fever while in service
soon after the battle of Antietam, having participated in that famous struggle.
In 1880 young Parker went to Cincinnati to attend the law school of that city,

682 nisTORY of Washington.
receiving his diploma and degree of B.L. in June of 1882, being admitted to
practice before the Supreme Court of Ohio. He removed the same year to Kid
der County, Dak. (now North Dakota), commenced the practice of law, and was
for five years its Probate Judge. He came to Washington in 1887 and began
practice in Tacoma. Shortly after his arrival he was appointed attorney for the
Association of Wholesale Merchants. He was elected, in the fall of 1890, Judge
of the first municipal court established in Tacoma. Judge Parker was married
at Iowa City, la., in 1884, to Aliss Emma Garretson, of that place. He became a
charter member of Masonic Lodge No. 68, of Tacoma, in 1888. In 1892 he was
honored with the unanimous nomination of both the Republican and Democratic
conventions for Judge of the Superior Court, and elected to that office in Novem
ber following. Few men have more friends, a purer record, or larger possibili
ties for a successful future than Judge Parker.
Parker, Gustavus A., banker, of Dayton, Wash., was born in Alaine in
1836. His father, David Parker, was a farmer of the Pine Tree State ; his
mother, Sarah J. (Nellis) Parker, being from the same locality. Educated in the
district schools of his native State, and a student also at a preparatory academy,
young Parker, with that desire, so strong in the average New England boy, to
make a way for himself, struck out for California in 1856, and for five years be
came a miner. He then returned to Alaine and engaged in lumbering and ship
building. Twelve years of this brought about another attack of the Western
fever, and 1877 finds him in the harness business in the Golden State. From
thence be journeys to Washington in 1878, locates at Pomeroy, puts up the sec
ond building erected in that city yet to be, and after this feat of pioneering re
moves to Dayton in 1886, buys out two business houses, and establishes tho
largest harness concern in the city. Air. Parker is one of the incorporators of the
Citizens' Bank and the President of that institution. He was also one of the
organizers of the electric light plant and a stockholder in the Hotel Dayton. He
was married in 1852 to Miss Mary L. Stevens, of Alaine. They have a family of
four children. He is a Mason and a Republican, the owner of a pleasant city
home and other valuable property. He certainly has no reason to regret his trans
fer from the Pine Tree to the Evergreen State, where he seems so strongly to have
planted himself.
Parker, James, of Waitsburg, AVash., and faimer, of Walla Walla County,
was born in Virginia in 182n. His father, James Parker, was a millwright, and
one of the pioneers of the Old Dominion, his mother, Frances Settle, being a
native of the same locality. Young Parker received such meagre teaching as the
district schools of that early day could afford, and in 1840 removed to Illinois,
where he followed carpentering and farming for nearly forty years. In 1876 he be
came a farmer and stock-raiser in AVashington Territory, locating near Waitsburg,
his present place of residence. Here he has a farm of four hundred and sixteen
acres, besides sixteen acres (a fortune in itself) in the city limits. He is also the
owner of a fine farm of three hundred and twenty acres in Lincoln County. He
was married in 1851 to Miss Achsah Bruce, of Indiana. Eleven children grace
their union, eight of whom are filling places in the business of life and society,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 683
which cannot but be a gratification to their aged parents as realizing their fond
est hopes.
Patrick, Archibald, of Roslyn. Wash., born in Scotland, though bred and
educated in the State of Ohio, is the son of James and Jane (Stewart) Patrick.
His parents came to the United States— the father in 1868, the mother ia 1869.
Receiving such preparatory education as the public schools of the Buckeye State
could afford, young Patrick began life as a machinist, working at this trade and
at coal-mining for a number of years. In 1881 he removed to Iowa, where he
mined and speculated in real estate. In 1883 we find him in Montana mining
and prospecting in the interest of the Northern Pacific Coal Company, who sent
him to Kittitas in 1886. Here his explorations proved most successful by open
ing up the greatest coal deposit in the Pacific Northwest. He then took the
position of stationary engineer at the company's works until 1890, and later on
went to British Columbia in their employ. He prospected on his own account
aud then went into the service of the Roslyn Water Works as plumber and gen
eral plumber for the city, a pursuit which he continues to combine with contract
ing. He is a Republican, and has been a member of the various county conven
tions. He was mairied in Ohio in 1891 to Miss Euphemia Simpson, a native of
Scotland. They have one child. Air. Patrick has a pleasant city home, aud is
one of the largest property holders in Roslyn. He is a Mason and a Knight of
Pythias. Such men as Mr. Patrick not only do credit to the high breeding of
their native land, but add another element of strength to the country of their
adoption. Payne, John, a gentleman well known in financial and social circles in
Palouse, Wash., furnishes us with the facts for the following account of the
Palouse Farmers' Bank of that city. Its birth as an institution bears date June
4th, 1892. That fortune smiled upon its advent is assured by an endowment of
$35,000 in hard cash contributed by its stockholders. Its legal guardians and
advisers, who take the place of sponsors to this new-born financial child, and
stand in loco parentis, are Benjamin Norman, President ; F. L. Bell, Vice-Presi
dent ; aud John Payne, Cashier — a strong and goodly array, whose careful man
agement and wise counsel will doubtless so direct its growth and manage its
patrimony as to bring it to a wealthy and respectable old age, being benefited by
and in return doing good to many. As it is, it is growing and gaining quite as
rapidly as a healthy increase would warrant, and bids fair to justify the most
sanguine expectations of its many friends and well wishers.
Pearson, Charles W., hotel-keeper, of Starbuck, Wash., was born in Rio
Vista, Cal., August 3d, 1870. His father, J. S. Pearson, was a large farmer and
an old pioneer of California ; his mother, Anna (Watson) Pearson, was a native
of New Brunswick. Educated in the public schools of California, supplemented
by a commercial course at the business college at Walla Walla, young Pearson
located at Starbuck, where he engaged in the hotel and butchering business,
which he continues to carry on. He has been fortunate in his investments and is
a considerable property-owner, having a profitable fruit farm in the county, be-

684 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
sides improved city realty. He is a Republican, and warmly interested in the
progress and political success of his party. When a young man of Mr. Pearson's
age has already obtained so fair a start in the busiuess of life, his ultimate success
is almost certain.
Pease, B. S., farmer, of Ellensburg, in Kittitas Valley, was bom in New York
in 1827. His father was a native of Vermont, his mother of Massachusetts.
They were married in Pennsylvania, where they farmed and reared their children.
The father was an ardent Alethodist and Ruling Elder of that Church for nearly
half a century. He died in 1886 at the ripe old age of eighty-four ; his wife fol
lowed him five years later. They left a family of fifteen children, of whom the
subject of our sketch was the second. He received his ea.ly education aud
learned the carpenter's trade in Pennsylvania. In 1855 he went to Iowa, where
he farmed, and in 1857 to Minnesota, where he helped to organize the State.
He came to Washington Territory in September, 1876, crossing the plains by ox-
teams without trouble from the Indians. Iu Alarch of the following year he
reached Kittitas County and took up land five miles west of Ellensburg, where
he now farms one hundred and forty-nine acres, averaging thirty-five bushels of
wheat to the acre. He has five acres in orchard. He was married in New York
in 1866 to Miss Roxey L. Williams, a native of New York, born in 1832. They
have five children. He is a Democrat in politics, a stockholder in the West Side
Irrigating Ditch, and personally a popular and prosperous man, who has seen
the country about him emerge from the wilderness and gradually improve under
the influence of settlement and cultivation till it blossomed like the rose.
Peck, M. Ray, physician and surgeon, of Kettle Falls, Wash., was born in
Wallace, Steuben County, N. Y. , the son of Marcus A. Peck, a dry-goods mer
chant and a native of Alassachusetts, and Lucinda AI. Jones, born in the Empire
State. Young Peck was educated at the Canisteo Academy, New York, where
he remained until he reached the age of eighteen. He then entered the Univer
sity Medical College, graduating in April, 1890, and began the practice of his pro
fession at Greenwood, N. Y. After a few months, however, he removed to Ket
tle Falls, Wash., investing considerably in city property there and returning to
tlie practice of medicine, which he still continues. The walls of Dr. Peck's office
are adorned with diplomas, evidences of scholastic triumphs in the fields of physi
cal diagnosis, microscopy, etc. He is a young man of undoubted ability in his
profession, and gathering an increasing clientage in the arena of his choice.
Pedigo, Thomas W., farmer, of Garfield, AVash., was born in Oregon, Octo
ber 26th, 1860, and is a son of James H. Pedigo, born in Iowa, August 7th, 1840,
and Alartha (Foster) Pedigo, born in Texas, August 4th, 1847. He received his
rudimentary education in the district schools of his native State, then learned the
spinning trade, and worked at it in Oregon for seven years. In 1885 he came to
Washington, and after renting several places finally settled on a farm about five
miles distant from Elberton. Here he owns and cultivates some two hundred
and eighty acres. He was married to Miss Theresa Pedigo, daughter of Evermun
and Sarah (Hanna) Pedigo, of Iowa. Two children giace their union. Mr.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 635
Pedigo votes the People's Party ticket, is a Good Templar and a successful
farmer, his land yielding some thirty bushels of wheat to the acre. He has a
pleasant home and all modern improvements, owns a number of horses and cat
tle, and may well be regarded as a fairly prosperous man.
Peirce, H. H., of New Whatcom, Wash., County Clerk of Whatcom County,
was born in Wilkesbarre, Pa., December 12th, 1855. In 1858 he went with his
parents to Galena, 111., where he resided until 1863, when they removed to
Winona, Alinn. Here our subject was reared, and received his education in the
common schools. At the age of twenty-two years he settled at Salem, Dak.,
where he engaged in agricultural pursuits for the next thirteen years. During
this time he was elected Register of Deeds for three successive terms, first in
1879. He was also appointed Clerk of the District Court for the Fourth Judicial
District of Dakota, and served in that capacity until 1890, when he resigned and
came to New AVhatcom, Wash., where he has since resided. In 1891 he was ap
pointed Deputy County Clerk, and in November, 1892, he was elected County
Clerk, and has since held that office. Mr. Peirce has already established a high
reputation as a public official in Whatcom County, and has proved himself thor
oughly competent. During his short residence here he has made many friends,
and is highly esteemed in the community. He was married January 3d, 1876, to
Aliss Emma A. Ten Eyck, of Minnesota. Two daughters grace their union, aged
respectively ten and five years.
Pence, J. S., one of three brothers engaged in the hardware business in Fair
field, Wash., was born in Green County, 111., in 1854. His father, now a resident
of California, was a Pennsylvanian by birth, while his mother, who lives in Fair
haven, Whatcom County, Wash., is a i ative of the Green Mountain State. Mr.
Pence received a good common-school education, and at the age of eighteen en
tered a business college in Keokuk, la., from which he graduated with honois.
Returning home, he took charge of his father's business during his absence for
two years in the West. While thus engaged he married Aliss Josephine Fisher,
of Memphis, Tenn. Of this union were born four children. Alice, one of their
daughters, was the first child born in Fairfield. Mr. Pence came to Washington
in 1878 from Green County, 111., and settled at once in his present location. He
is credited with influencing the migration of at least one hundred persons from
his old home to that which he now occupies. Coming to Washington fourteen
years ago, almost literally penniless, Mr. Pence is now the owner of a town residence,
a farm of one hundred and sixty acres four miles east of Fairfield, all under culti
vation, and one third interest in a farm of one hundred acres, also fully improved.
Few men in his section can show better returns for thrift, industry, business
talent, and hopeful perseverance than the subject of this sketch.
Perras, Louis, merchant and liveryman, of Colville, Wash., was born at
Montreal, Canada, November 26th, 1834, the son of Hubert Perras, a Canadian
farmer, and Catherine Desautels, also of Canadian birth. He received no formal
education, being entirely self-taught. He remained with his parents on their
farm until 1855, when he went to St. Paul, Minn., where he worked in a saw-

686 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
mill during the summer months and at logging in the winter until the fall of
1858, and then at Fort Garry, B. C. In 1859 he crossed the plains with a party,
using two-wheeled carts drawn by oxen and horses. Their destination was the
Frazer River ; but weary with travel, Air. Perras stopped at Colville, where he
worked at various jobs until the spring of 1863, when he went to the Idaho mines,
but returned in the fall, working a ranch on shares. Then came successful min
ing in British Columbia, followed by various migrations to Montana and Walla
Walla ; the droving of eighty head of cattle to Colville, where he bought a ranch
and raised stock until 1886. In that year he engaged in the livery business,
wliich he still continues. He is also inteiested in general merchandise, the firm
being Perras & Lemery. Mr. Perras was married September 1st, 1868, to Miss
Mary Gendron, by whom he has two children. In 1887 he exchanged the ranch
above named for one nearer Colville, which cut two hundred and forty tons of
hay last season. He is an honest and highly respected citizen, financially suc
cessful, and a thorough-going business man.
Peters, John R., capitalist, of Ellensburg, Wash., was born in Tennessee in
1857, and was educated in the public schools of Illinois, to which State he re
moved with his parents some ten years later. He took a commercial course also
in the Gem City Business College, of Quincy, 111., and began active life as a rail
road man in that State, where he labored for four years. He then removed to
Oregon, where for two years he found similar employment. He next engaged
with the Northern Pacific Railroad as bridge- builder, and remained with them in
that capacity for nine years. He then became a bridge-builder and contractor
on his own account, but finally engaged with the company of wliich he is at
present the head, being the President of the Wenatchee and Okanogan Trans
portation Company, one of the leading enterprises in this section of the State.
He came to Ellensburg in 1886, where he has invested largely in city property.
He is a man of enterprise, of sound business judgment, and generally esteemed
in the community.
Peterson, William H., capitalist, of Ellensburg, Wash., born fifty-six years
ago in West Virginia, was the son of William B. Peterson, an early settler and
native of that State, and Margaret (Lowther) Peterson. Educated in the public
schools of that locality, and a close student withal, he followed various callings,
mostly teaching, until his removal tc Sullivan County, AIo., in 1869. In 1876 he
removed to the Pacific Coast and travelled extensh ely through the Northwest. In
September, 1879, he removed to Washington Territory, locating in what was then
the county of Yakima, but is now Kittitas. Here he returned to his occupation
as an educator, to which he devoted himself for two years, when he was elected
County Superintendent of Public Instruction, an office which he filled to general
satisfaction for two years. Upon the organization of Kittitas County he received
the appointment of County Auditor, which he held for two terms, as also that of
County Clerk from the organization of the county until the admission of the Ter
ritory as a State. He was a member of the second State Legislature. He is also
President of the Washington State Irrigation Association. He was married in
1863, at his home in West Virginia, to Miss Annie E. Roach. They have one

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 687
child, Virginia, who is a graduate of the State Normal Sehool of Washington.
Mr. Peterson is the owner of a city home and other realty, both urban and sub
urban. He is a Democrat in politics and a public-spirited citizen, keeping well
up with the progress of the day. Personally he is a courteous and genial gentle
man, and is held in warm esteem by his many friends.
Pettyjohn, John, farmer and stockman, of Prescott, Wash., was born in
Ohio. His rudimentary education was of a very desultory kind, and he is for
the most part a self-taught man. His first occupation was that of a farmer,
and he followed that business in his native State until 1838, when he removed to
Illinois. In 1850 he crossed the plains to California, where he mined for one
year, having some trouble with the Indians. In 1857 he migrated to Oregon,
where he worked at carpentering with considerable success. He gave his vote
for and took great interest iu the transfer of Oregon and Washington Territories
into the sisterhood of States. In 1859 he came to Washington Territory, where
he took up a homestead, and now owns a large farm four miles west of
Prescott, wliich produces largely, averaging twenty bushels to the acre. In
the hard winter of 1861-62 he lost two hundred head of horses and cattle. He
was married in 1853, and has nine children. The foregoing is only another wit
ness to the truth that energy, pluck, and perseverance will sooner or later override
all difficulties and turn defeat into victory. Here we have a man without early
education and devoid of capital, working his slow but certaiti way to financial
independence and competency. Mr. Pettyjohn is evidently a representative
American. Philips, Alfred W., was born in Washington County, Pa., January 1st,
1836. His father was one of the pioneers of Western Pennsylvania, and early
learned the art of war, as they constantly had to protect themselves from the raids
of the Indians who inhabited that country in those days, being for many yeais
Captain of a local military company, and later served in the War of 1812 as Major.
Alfred W. received his early education in the public schools of Ohio, and later
was a student of the State University of Indiana. In 1859 he commenced his
business life in the Territory of Kansas as a farmer and stock-raiser. By close
attention to business he succeeded quite well, yet not without some hindrances
and misfortunes. In 1883 he, with his family, removed to Walla Walla County,
Wash. Here, with his four-hundred-acre farm well stocked with fine horses and
hogs, it is evident that he has not mistaken his calling. In 1866 he was married
to Miss Martha Harbison, of Bloomington, Ind. She was a true helpmate and a
woman of noble Christian character. She died of lung disease in January, 1893.
They had five children, all of whom except the youngest are or have been in
attendance at the Waitsburg Academy, and are active members of the Church and
Christian Endeavor Society. Mr. Philips is a Ruling Elder in the United Presby
terian Church, and is an active, energetic worker in the Church and in the educa
tional interests of his community.
Phillips, Fred S., County Clerk of Stevens County, residing at Colville, was
born in Kalamazoo County, Mich., September 16th, 1859. His father, Edgar E.

688 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Phillips, was born in Syracuse County, N. Y. ; his mother, Almira A. Knapp,
was a native of Albany, N. Y. His ancestors on his mother's side were mostly
ministers, while his paternal grandfather took part in the Revolutionary War.
Young Phillips lost both parents at an early age — his mother when he was five
years old, aud his father seven years later. He was educated in the State Nor
mal School at Cedar Falls, la., having moved there with his father at the age of
seven. He then became a clerk in a store. For four years he bought grain, prin
cipally in South Dakota, for D. R. Pitman & Co., of Alinneapolis. In 1888 he
removed to Chewelah, AVash., working at his trade as a carpenter and clerking
in Oppenheimer's store. In 1891 he was elected on the Republican ticket as
Clerk of Stevens County and went to Colville, the county seat, to reside. He
has always taken a warm interest in politics, and was a Deputy Sheriff in South
Dakota. He was married Christmas Day, 1881, to Miss Alary E. Whelom, of Alar-
shall County, la. Her father was one of the first settlers in that county, and is
practising to this day, being a well-known physician throughout the State of
Iowa. Mr. Phillips is a candidate for re-election, a popular and highly respected
citizen of the city where he resides, widely known and well liked throughout the
county. Pickard, J. A., farmer, of Elberton. Wash., born in Indiana, December 22d,
1824, is a son of John P. Pickard, of North Carolina, who was County Treasurer
and Justice of the Peace for twenty years, and Elizabeth (Cooper) Pickard, a
native of Georgia. Young Pickard's early education was confined to a year's
tuition in an Indiana district school. His first occupation was working on his
father's farm, with whom ho remained until he had reached the age of forty
years. He then went to Iowa, buying a small place in 1864 and living on it for
five years. He then removed to Oiegon, aud after a brief sojourn there came to
Washington, settling first at Waitsburg and then in the Palouse country near
Colfax. Here he remained for a few years, took up a homestead, farmed for a
time, but finally rented his place and transferred his interests to Elberton, where
he has invested in town property. He was married Alay 5th, 1850, in Clay
County, Iowa, to Miss Sarah Luther. She died in 1862, leaving four chil
dren. Air. Pickard was married again, October 26th, 1865, to Aliss Alary Hunt,
daughter of Benjamin Hunt, of Kentucky. They have seven children. He is
the owner of a city residence, has an interest in the town site, is a member of the
Good Templars, and votes the Prohibition ticket.
Poland, G. C, farmer and dairyman, of Ellensburg, Wrash., was born in
Illinois in 1844. His father was a Tennessee farmer, born in 1816, his mother a
native of the same State, and born in 1824. They still reside iu Illinois, are
members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and have a family of five children,
of whom our subject is the eldest. He received his education in the common
schools of his native State, where he afterward farmed. He came to AVashington
in 1HN2, where he purchased land one mile northwest of Ellensburg, and now
owns three hundred and twenty acres averaging thirty bushels of wheat to the
acre. He was married in Illinois in 1869 to Miss Ruth Barringer, who was born
in Illinois in 1849. Four children have been born to them. Mr. Poland was a

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 689
soldier in the late war, having enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Seven
teenth Illinois Infantry. He served for three years, saw a great deal of active
duty, but escaped without a wound, though ofttiines exposed to shot and shell.
He is another evidence of the peculiar fitness to all conditions of the average
American citizen — a soldier in the field for three long years of strife and battle,
he returns without loss of time or friction to the fields he tilled, exchanging the
musket for the plough, and, like Cincinnatus of old, resuming the peaceful pur
suits of agriculture as if war and war's alarms had been but the vision of a heat
ed fancy, a troubled dream of the midnight hour.
Poole, AIartin AL, farmer, of Latah, Wash., was born in Iowa iu 1838, being
the fifth of nine children born to Alicajah and Rebecca (Rolson) Poole. His
father was an American farmer. Young Poole weut to California in 1859 and re
sided there uutil his migration to Washington Territory in 1877. He was mar
ried in 1871 to Miss Rebecca Lathram, a native of Indiana. Six children are the
result of this union, all of whom are living. Mr. Poole is a fine example of that
class without whose ministry the land would be poor indeed, for he represents
those who are in a double sense the truest breadwinners, who most directly fulfil
the dirine injunction to till the earth, and who do indeed make the wilderness
to blossom as the rose.
Prater, S. M., deceased, farmer and stockman, of Ellensburg, Wash., was
born in Alissouri in 1846. His father was a Kentuckian, born in 1813, his mother
a daughter of Virginia, born in the same year. His parents were married in Mis
souri in 1831 and came to California iu 1859, where the father died in 1884. The
mother died at Ellensburg in 1887. They were both members of the Presbyterian
Church. Air. S. M. Prater came to Walla Walla iu 1876 and to the Kittitas Val
ley in 1878, where he bought land five miles west of Ellensburg ; here he died
November 5th, 1878, leaving a widow and two children. Airs. Prater still carries
on the farm of one hundred and sixty acres. She was educated in California,
and in 1861 married Air. F. Faris, a farmer and a soldier of the Alexican War.
He was born in Missouri in 1830 and died in 1872, leaving four children. His
widow mariied Mr. Prater in California in 1873.
Preece, Joseph, farmer and stockman, of Ellensburg, Wash., was born in
England in 1852. His father was a well-to-do wagon-maker, born in 1819, his
mother being two years younger. They had a family of six children, of whom
our subject was the third. Mr. Preece received his early education in England,
came to America in 1873, and located on Puget Sound. He made the journey as
a sailor before the mast by way of Cape Horn, aud was a year in making the trip.
His first employment on the Sound, which lasted for seven years, was working in
the lumber business. He then removed to Oregon, where he spent nine months
steamboating. He revisited the Sound, then went back to Portland in 1880, and
became a bridge carpenter on the Northern Pacific Railroad. In 1881 he came
to the Kittitas Valley, took up land, and now cultivates one hundred and sixty
acres in that fertile region, which gives an average yield of thirty-six bushels and
cuts three tons of hay to the acre. He is juotly proud of its yield of vegetables.

690 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
He was married in the Kittitas Valley in 1891 to Miss Mary McDonnell, who was
born in Scotland in December, 1868, and accompanied her brothers to America in
1888. They have one child. Air. Preece furnishes an excellent example to all
thrifty and really energetic men of his nationality who desire to better themselves
by emigrating. Prescott, David S., Treasurer of Spokane County, was born in Minneapolis,
Alinu., June 11th, 1859. He was reared iu Alinneapolis and attended the public
schools of his native place until the age of eleven, when he removed with his
parents to Noithfield, Minn., and completed his education at Caileton College.
He engaged in farming near North-field until his twenty-first birthday, when he
returned to Alinneapolis and became clerk for T. K. Gray, a druggist of that city,
and so continued for a year and a half. Migrating to Glendive, Alon., he opened
a general merchandise store at that place, which he continued about three years.
He then opened a drug store iu Glendive, which he carried ou until his removal
to Spokane, AVash., in 1887. At the latter place he accepted a position as drug
clerk for Charles McNab, with whom he remained until March, 1889, when he
was appointed Deputy Auditor of Spokane County. In January, 1890, he re
signed and became Secretary and Book-keeper for the Ross Park Electric Street
Railway Company, which position he continued to fill until August, 1891. Dur
ing this time he was appointed Deputy County Treasurer, and continued as such
until November, 1892, when he was elected County Treasurer. He was married
to Miss Laura R. Betsworth, of Le Mars, la., November 16th, 1881. Four chil
dren grace their union — two sons and two daughters. Air. Prescott served as a
member of the Board of Education of the city of Spokane for one year. Person
ally Air. Prescott is a genial" and pleasant gentleman, and is deservedly popular.
He has won an enviable name for energy, reliability, and integrity, and his effoits
have largely contributed to the prosperity of the city he has chosen for his home.
Preston, Platt A., of Waitsburg, Wash., was born in Saratoga County,
N. Y., in 1837. His father, Calvin Preston, was a native of Jefferson County,
that State, and by profession a physician ; his mother, Alargaret AlcAlister, was
also born in the Empire State. Fifth in a family of seven, young Preston was
educated in the public schools of his native State and at Princetown Academy.
Removing West in 1855, he located at Omaha and engaged in ferrying for four
years for the Council Bluffs and Omaha Ferry Company. In 1860 we find him
mining in Colorado, and two years later in Washington Territory, or, rather, in
that part of it now included in Idaho, still digging for the hidden treasure of the
mine. In 1866 he reached AA'aitsburg and bought an interest in the milling con
cern owned by Air. Wait, the city's founder. He was married in 1869 to Miss
Laura Billups, of Iowa. They have four children. He owns one of the hand
somest residences in the city and some valuable farm property, having, in part
nership with his brother, no less than two thousand acres under cultivation,
worth at least $30 an acre, and averaging thirty bushels to the acre. Mr. Preston
was a member of the last Territorial Legislature, and for four years State Sena
tor, lie was appointed Penitentiary Commissioner by Governor Ferry, and is
also a member of the City Council and the School Board. Indeed, his offices and

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 691
occupations, all exercised not only with credit to himself but advantage to the
community at large, would fill a much greater space than we are able to accord
in this brief biography. He is a Republican and Past Grand Master of the
Masonic Fraternity.
Preston, Wllliam G., of Waitsburg, Wash., flour mill, general merchan
dise, and farming, was born in Galway, Saratoga County, N. Y., November 23d,
1832 ; was educated at the Galway Academy ; lived with his uncle, Rev. A. W.
Piatt, Presbyterian minister, in Tompkins County, N. Y., during 1850-52 ; went
to sea from Boston to New Brunswick, New Orleans to Liverpool, returning to
Galway by way of Boston in 1854, the year the Territory of Nebraska was opened
for settlement. Went to Nebraska that fall by the way of Chicago and Rock
Island, down the Mississippi to St. Louis and up the Alissouri River, there being
no railroad across Iowa, and located at Bellevue, Neb., where the executive offi
cers opened offices in the Bellevue Mission, and the Government called the first
Legislature. Mr. Preston was Captain of Colonel Sarpee's large steam ferry-boat
at Bellevue in 1855, and when the capital was located at Omaha and the boat
sold to the Council Bluffs aud Nebraska Ferry Company he went with it to
Omaha, and in 1857 went to Steubenville, O., and built the Omaha City, a double
engine, large side-wheel boat, which at times ran as high as Sioux City in the
freight business. In 1858, leaving the ferry business in charge of his brother,
P. A. Preston, he went to Pike's Peak, and was one of the first on the ground at
Denver, building one of the first houses there. In 1862, in company with P. A.
Preston, he went to what is now North Idaho, to the Florence and Elk City Mines,
and on down to Lewiston (it was then Washington Territory). ; went in by the way of
Upper Snake River, crossing in a wagon bed as a boat, and by old Fort Lemhi,
on the head of Salmon River. Locating in Waitsburg in 1866, he bought a half in
terest in the Washington Flouring Mills, with S. AL AVait, adding a general mer
chandise business, and with his brother, P. A. Preston, bought Mr. Wait out in
1871, and has continued in the business, at times having other associates in
milling and merchandise. He is a director of the First National Bank of Waits
burg, also in the Puget Sound Dressed Beef and Packing Company, and is largely
interested in farming lands and stock. He was Chairman of the Ways and Means
Committee of the Territorial Legislature of 1881. He is a Republican. He was
married in 1869 to Miss Matilda Cox, daughter of Hon. Anderson Cox, who was
prominently identified with the early history of Oregon and Washington. They
have three sons — Herbert, Charles, and Dale.
Price, James H., the popular Sheriff of Pierce County, residing at 712
D Street, Tacoma, was born in Oregon City, Ore., June 8th, 1847. He is a son
of John B. Price, who was born in England in 1814, and was a merchant until
about ten years previous to his death, when he retired from active business. Our
subject's mother was born in Syracuse, N. Y., in 1819, and is still living in Oak
land, Cal. James H. attended the district schools of Clackamas County, Ore., and
at the age of sixteen entered the Bishop Scott Grammar School, Oswego, Ore.,
which he attended some years. He then took a course of study at a Portland
business college. After graduating from the latter institution, Mr. Price began

692 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
life for himself. He came to the Sound country about twenty years ago, and has
been engaged in various kinds of business. He owns considerable real estate in
Tacoma besides his beautiful home. In political preference Mr. Price is a stanch
Republican, and is actively interested in the welfare of his party. During his
residence in Washington he has filled various positions of public trust, and four
years ago was elected Sheriff of Pierce County, wliich responsible position he still
fills. November 8th, 1892, he was elected Secretary of State for Washington for
the term of four years. In every capacity in which he has figured prominently,
either as a public officer or as a private citizen, he has been recognized as a most
useful member of the community with which he has been so long identified. He
was married at Steilacoom, Wash., June 11th, 1876, to Miss Annie Stevenson,
and they have four children, Guy A., John B., Fannie G., and James H., Jr.
Mr. Price is a member of the orders of Free and Accepted Alasons, Knights of
Pythias, Ancient Order of United Workmen, and Grand Army of the Republic.
Putney, Forest L., Republican representative from Pacific County District,
an eminent example of what persistent effort can accomplish in attaining success,
notwithstanding a lack of early educational advantages, was born at Strawberry
Point, Clayton County, la., in 1857, and attended the common schools of his na
tive town until reaching the age of thirteen, when he removed with his father's
family to the Elkhorn Valley in Nebraska. While thus living on a farm in a
sparsely populated neighborhood, where there were no public schools, he obtained
sufficient teaching from his father to teach in the school, where he taught five
terms with great acceptance. In 1885 he puichased the Oakdale Journal, his
county paper. Two years later he studied law and was admitted to practice in
October of 1889. Coming to Oysterville, Air. Futuey formed a partnership with
J. W. Philips in the publication of the Pacific Journal, and opened a law office.
He then sold out his interests in that paper, and in the spring of 1890 purchased,
and, in fact, founded the Willapa Republican. There is something peculiarly
American in this progression of Air. Putney's — self-taught scholar, schoolmaster,
editor, and lawyer — a fit representative in more respects than one of the citizens
of Washington. Ramm, Edward H. C, farmer, of Davenport, Wash., was born in California
in 1862. His father, John Ramm, farmer and distiller, was a native of Germany ;
his mother, Johanna (Swartz) Ramm, being also a German. Young Ramm was
educated at the Berkeley Gymnasium, and also took a thorough couise at Heald's
Business College. Coming to Washington in 1882, he located at Davenport, set
tling on railroad land and engaging in farming, raising for the most part barley
and wheat, in which occupation he is still engaged, having four thousand acres
under cultivation. He is also the owner of valuable city improved property. He
was married in 1884 to Aliss A. Selde, a native of Utah. They have two children.
Mr. Ramm is a Republican, a student, and a man of education ; self-taught, but
still devoted to his books.
Ramsey, William B., of Latah, Wash., a veteran of the Civil War, was born
in Illinois in 1834. His father was a Pennsylvanian, his mother a native of Ohio.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 693
Young Ramsey gained his rudimentary education in Des Aloines, la., and then
learned thoroughly the potter's trade, when the breaking out of the war sent him
to the front as a trooper of the First Iowa Cavalry. Here he joined the AVestern
Army under Fremont, was present at Nelson's Creek, where General Lyon was
killed, at Pea Ridge, and many other battles of the struggle for the Union.
Being honorably discharged in 1865 with the rank of First Lieutenant, he located
in Iowa, where he remained until 1869, when he left for California. After a
sojourn of a year in the Gold State he went to Oregon, where he remained for
five years. Coming to Washington, he located first at Walla Walla, then at Col
fax, but finally removed to his present home near Latah, and engaged in the pot
tery business. Selling out iu 1890, he established himself in Spokane. He re
turned to Latah in 1890, He is still in the same business. He is a Master Mason,
an Odd Fellow, and a member of General Milroy Post, No. 63, Grand Army of
the Republic. He is one of the oldest settlers of Latah, a leading citizen, and
universally respected for his many good qualities.
Ranch, E. M., real-estate broker, of Pomeroy, Wash., was born in Ohio in
1861. His father, G. W. Ranch, was a native of Pennsylvania and by occupation
a farmer, his mother being born in Ohio. Educated in the public schools of the
Buckeye State, young Ranch came West in 1875 and located in Missouri, where
he became a telegraph operator for seven years, and then removed to Kansas to
engage in the same occupation. Coming to Washington in 1882, he became a
real-estate broker, in which business he continued for seven years. In January,
1892, he organized a firm to engage in the grain commission, real estate, loan
and insurance agents, which is still the leading firm in that line in Pome
roy, their annual business exceeding $300,000, and constantly increasing. Mr.
Ranch was married in 1886 to Miss Pauline Long, a native of Oregon, a daughter
of John Long, a prosperous miller and stock-raiser of Columbia County. They
have one child. Mr. Ranch is a Mason and a Knight of Pythias. He is a Demo
crat in politics. A thoroughgoing and prominent business man, Mr. Ranch takes
not only a warm interest in politics, but in all that tends to the material, moral,
and educational advancement of the city. He is, moreover, a large property
owner, and prides himself on his handsome collection of books.
Reavis, James B., attorney-at-law, a well-known jurist of Yakima County,
and a resident of Yakima City, was born in Missouri in 1848. His father, John
N. Reavis, was a Kentucky farmer ; his mother, Elizabeth (Preston) Reavis, was,
as her maiden name indicates, a descendant from a prominent family in that
State. Educated in the public schools and the University of Kentucky, at Lex
ington, Mr. Reavis studied law at Hannibal, Mo., and was admitted to the Bar
in 1874. He immediately went to California, engaging in practice in the Golden
State until 1880, when he removed to the Territory of Washington, locating at
Goldendale, where he associated himself with Judge Dunbar, now of the Supreme
Court of Washington. Coming to Yakima in 1883, still in partnership with
Judge Dunbar, they built up a large and lucrative practice. In 1885 Mr. Reavis
represented the five counties of Spokane, Stevens, Douglas, Yakima and Kittitas
in the Upper House of the Territorial Legislature. He was also Regent of the

694 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Territorial University for two years (1888 and 1889). He has been a member ofthe
School Board for a number of years, and takes great interest in educational ad
vancement. He was nominated in 1890 for the office of State Supreme Judge on
the Democratic side, but failed by a vote which, however, ran ahead of the con
gressional and senatorial tickets. Mr. Reavis was married in 1891 to Miss Min
nie A. Freeman, a native of Nashville, Tenn. They have one child, a daughter.
Air. Reavis is a man of property, and is highly respected by all who know him.
Redmon, Thomas J., merchant, of North Yakima, was born in Illinois in 1865.
His father, P. G. Redmon, was a farmer and well-known citizen of that State ;
his mother, Rose (Replogle) Redmon, was also a native of Illinois. Educated in
the public schools and at a military academy in Oxford, Aid., young Redmon
beo-an life as a school-teacher in Missouri, doing creditable work as an instructor
in Holt County of that State for six years. In 1889 he came to Washington and
located at North Yakima, taking the position of clerk in a hardware store until
1891, when, in partnership with a Air. Walker, he established his present busi
ness, beginning with a small capital (about $1000), and is doing an annual busi
ness of about $30,000. This is a solid proof of success, and the best commentary
on the prudence, energy, and business skill of the partners interested. Air. Red
mon was married in 1892 to Miss Belle Dunn, daughter of the Postmaster at
Yakima, who was one of the earliest settlers in this region. Air. Redmon is a
member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and a Democrat in Politics.
In 1893 he was elected a member of the City Council and Chief of the North
Yakima Fire Department.
Reed, Thomas AIilburne, was born in Sharpsburg, Bath County, Ky., De
cember 8th, 1825, of Scotch-Irish parentage — Garnett B. and Nancy B. (Work
man) Reed. When about nine years of age his parents moved on to a farm.
When he was twelve years old his mother died. A year or two afterward his
father, becoming hopelessly involved by signing notes as security for others, was
compelled to sacrifice his property, and removed to a different part of the State,
leaving Thomas M. with three brothers and an infant sister under the care of an
uncle. The two younger children were adopted by the uncle ; the three older
boys — Thomas being the second, aged fourteen — were left dependent upon their
own efforts for support. Thomas arranged to make his home with this uncle —
James Workman. He stipulated to work on the farm at $8 a month during the
spring, summer, and autumn months, with the privilege of attending school in
winter, paying all his own expenses except board.
At the age of eighteen years, having improved his limited educational advan
tages as much as possible, and with a capital of less than $10 in pocket, he left
the farm and started out to battle against adversity as best he could. The out
look was neither bright nor promising, at times almost hopelessly discouraging.
Comparatively penniless, with but little education, he met with many a heart-
aching struggle in efforts to avoid sinking into the open gulf of despondency.
But he finally succeeded in securing a situation as teacher of a country school in
a county not far distant from the place of his birth. He taught only one summer
season, but this added greatly to his advantage, and opened up the way for his
better success in life,

<V

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 695
At the close of his teaching experience he obtained a situation as under clerk
in a mercantile establishment. For five years he continued in that business,
gradually advancing to higher grades of service, as chief book-keeper and general
manager of other similar establishments in which he was employed. In Feb
ruary, 1849, he resigned his situation as manager of a mercantile house in Ken
tucky and emigrated to California via the Isthmus of Panama, arriving at San
Francisco July 26th, 1849. For two years he engaged in practical mining in Sac
ramento and El Dorado counties. In 1851 he began merchandising at George
town, EI Dorado County, and continued in that business and mining operations
until 1857, when he removed to the then Territory of Washington. He held sev
eral positions of honor and trust during his eight years' residence in California,
such as Postmaster, County Treasurer, County Supervisor, Justice of the Peace,
etc. On his arrival at Olympia he was at once appointed agent of Wells, Fargo &
Co.'s Express, a position he had also held in California. His principal business,
however, for a few years was merchandising.
On the breaking out of the Civil War in 1861, in response to the first call for
Union volunteers, a company was organized at Olympia, of which Mr. Reed was
elected Captain. The general Government, however, declined to accept the ser
vices of this company, owing to the cost of transportation, etc. It may be proper
also to state that Mr. Reed was a volunteer for the Mexican War, in a Kentucky
company raised in 1847, but the company's services were not needed, and it was
disbanded. In the spring of 1862, and at intervals up to 1865, he made several visits to
the Florence gold mines in Idaho, having mining properties in that section. Dur
ing portions of this time he was Deputy Collector of United States Internal Reve
nue, under Hon. P. D. Aloore, both in tbe eastern and western portions of this
district. While operating in the mines of Idaho he was elected to the Legislature
for Idaho County (then a portion of Washington Territory), and served as Speaker
of the House for the session of 1862-63. After Idaho was set off from Washing
ton and organized into a separate Territory, Mr. Reed was elected in 1864 to the
Idaho Legislature, representing Nez Perce County.
Having been admitted n. , -">tise law in the courts of Washington Territory,
he was apointed Prosecuting AttOn--„ . the Idaho District, serving one term
during his temporary residence in that district. In 1865, on resuming his resi
dence in Olympia, he entered the office of the United States Surveyor-General as
chief clerk, remaining in that position for seven years, after which he entered the
field as United States Deputy Surveyor, "continuing in that relation, with occa
sional off intervals, for eight years. In 1877 he was elected to the Legislative
Council of Washington Territory, representing Thurston and Lewis counties, and
was honored with the station of President of the Council, session of 1877. Dur
ing the closing hour of that session he was nominated and confirmed as Territo
rial Auditor, and continued in the latter position until January, 1888. In 1889
he was chosen and served as a delegate in the Constitutional Convention to frame
the constitution for the State of Washington. At the first election for State
officers he was elected State Auditor, receiving the highest number of votes
of any of the Republican nominees.
Mr. Reed has frequently been called to mourn, the loss of loved ones ; parents,
35

696 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
brothers, sister, wife, children have preceded him to that bourne to which all
humanity are certainly wending their way. He has been married three times. Cf
his four surviving children, Thomas M. Reed, Jr., is married and resides in
Seattle ; the other three, grown to man and womanhood, with his present amiable
wife, constitute a lovely household, justly entitled to their many friends in their
home city.
Thus briefly outlined, Mr. Reed's public and private life has been an extremely
busy one. The lustre of his career in this is not dimmed but brightened by that
of his Alasonic record. A little past the age of twenty-one, before leaving " old
Kaintuck," he was initiated into Holloway Lodge No. 153, Fleming County, on
March 30th, 1847, and raised June 7th, 1847, since which time he has been
always an active Mason. In 1858 he affiliated with Olympia Lodge No. 1, where
he is now a member. He has filled the positions of Secretary, Warden, and Wor
shipful Alaster ; of the latter, six years in California lodges and three in Olympia.
He was Grand Master of Washington three terms, and Grand Secretary for the
exceedingly long period of thirty-one years, and still holds the fort, showing con
clusively that the right man was found for the right place. He was exalted to
the Holy Royal Arch in October, 1853, in Sherburne Chapter No. 47, Kentucky,
has held the offices of Excellent King and High Priest, and is now Past Grand
High Priest and Past Grand Secretary of the Grand Royal Arch Chapter. He
received the Knight Templar degree in Sacramento Encampment in February,
1857, and is an honorary member of Oregon Commandery No. 1, of Portland,
Ore. He has held the position of Grand Secretary of the Grand Commandery of
this jurisdiction, and is now the Grand Treasurer of the Grand Commandery. In
the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite he has attained the thirty-third degree.
Air. Reed's Masonic career has been one in which his brethren delight to do
him honor. The Pacific Slope from north to south has not a Masonic body but
would open wide the door in his welcome. His long service in subordinate and
grand organizations has endeared him to all. The literary ability he exhibits is
that of a thorough knowledge of the Order, its law, its moral code, its jurispru
dence, embracing within its true scope and work the tenets of its profession and
their practice, also its sublime mysteries and teachings. His name is an authority
upon the law and teachings of Masonry ; in practice he is a recognized example
for his consistent life and conduct, his obedience to its tenets of brotherly love,
relief, and truth. May he be able to continue in his high and noble career for
many years to come.
Reed, AV alter J., hotel proprietor, of Cle Elum, Wash., was born in Scot
land fifty-one years ago, the son of John and Isabella (Craig) Reed, both natives
of the land which the " canny Scot" is so proud to call his own. He came to
America with his parents in 1848, locating in Ohio, being then a child of six.
Educated in the common schools of Ohio aud Pennsylvania, he began life in the
latter State mining coal. In 1861 he enlisted in the Sixty-third Pennsylvania
Volunteer Infantry, went to the front, and joined the Army of the Potomac. He
did gallant service during his three years' campaigning with the Union Army in
many battles and skirmishes. He was honorably discharged in 1864, and re
turned to his former occupation in Pennsylvania. Removing to the Pacific Coast,

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 697
he first located in Oregon, then went to California, and in 1879 came to Washing
ton Territory, settling at what is now the city of North Yakima. Here he re
mained for five years engaged in farming aud stock-raising. Migrating to where
Cle Elum now is, he founded tho town and established himself in the hotel busi
ness, in which he is still successfully engaged. He was married in 1864, at Pitts
burg, Pa., to a Aliss Stiener, a native of that State. Mr. Reed is a member of
the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the owner of considerable realty, both
city and suburban. Cle Elum and its vicinity owes much to Mr. Reed as one of
the largest factors in developing its material interests, particularly of its coal
deposits, of which he was one of the discoverers.
Reeder, Levi Branson, attorney-at-law, of Kettle Falls, Stevens County,
Wash., was born September 7th, 1865, at Eureka, Woodford County, 111. His
father was a Pennsylvania farmer, his mother a native of Ohio. At five years of
age young Reeder began his education in the common schools of his native place,
which he continued to attend for four years. In March, 1874, he removed with
his parents to Albany, Ore., remaining till October, 1879 ; thence to Umatilla
County, in the same State, where his parents resided until the death of the father
in 1892. They had a wheat farm of twelve hundred acres there. Mr. Reeder
taught school for one season in 1883 in Umatilla County, and then commenced
attending the high school at Athena, Ore. He taught another term in the spring
following, and then entered the State Normal School at Monmouth, Ore., taking
both the collegiate and normal courses, and graduating in 1887. He travelled in
the summer of that year, writing insurance for the State Insurance Company of
Salem, Ore., then taught school for six months. He was nominated in April,
1888, for County Superintendent of Public Instruction on the Republican ticket,
but was defeated, the county being strongly Democratic. He then resumed his
insurance business for a time. In the fall of 1888 he went to Ann Arbor and
entered the Literary Department, taking a course in political economy and ora
tory. After a rest for recuperation on Lake Michigan, he re-entered Ann Arbor,
this time in the Law Department, and returned next spring to Oregon, spending
the summer with his parents. He was married July 3d of that year to Miss
Laura L. Zeiger. They have one daughter. Mr. Reeder returned to Ann Arbor
and completed his law course. In August, 1891, he located at Kettle Falls,
where he now resides, actively engaged in practice. He is the Republican nomi
nee for Prosecuting Attorney. He is counted an active and energetic man, and
commands the confidence of the community.
Reeves, Charles S., whose business and personal record is closely associated
with that of Allen C. Mason, Tacoma's most prominent business man and finan
cier, has hardly a competitor in the City of Destiny in popularity. He was born
in Elgin, 111., December 6th, 1860. He is a son of Edwin F. and Sarah A.
Reeves. His early education was received in the Elgin Academy, from whence
he went to the University at Ann Arbor, of which institution he is a graduate.
Determining to devote himself to the law, he became a student in the office of
Judge Crosby, at Chicago, and was admitted to practice in the courts of Illinois
in 1883. After two years' practice in Chicago, he removed to Tacoma in Feb-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
ruary, 1887, and took charge of the Land Department of Allen C. Mason's busi
ness, whose clientage extended to all parts of the Union. Few men could have
filled it, with all its varied interests and complications, so thoroughly as did Mr.
Reeves. He found respite from his labors in an elaborate tour around the world,
from which he returns to receive the warm welcome of a host of friends. He
is still Mr. Mason's right-hand man.
Rickey, John, Treasurer of Stevens County, a farmer and capitalist, was born
in Knox County, O., October 19th, 1844, being the son of Foster and Nancy
(Bolls) Rickey, of that State. Left an orphan at an early age, he received only
the little education the district schools of that early day could afford. In 1859
he removed to Iowa and began an adventurous and varied life, involving the pur
suit of many occupations, which our space does not permit us to enumerate, until
his arrival in Washington in 1866. Here we find him engaged with more or less
success in mining, contracting, trading, general merchandising and steamboating,
bringing into all the same activity and shrewd business intelligence which has
always characterized his operations and so largely conduced to his eminent suc
cess. In 1888 he was appointed Treasurer of Stevens County for an unexpired
term, and in 1889 he was elected to the same office on the Republican ticket,
which he still fills. He was married October 9th, 1892, to Aliss Delphine Janett,
of Stevens County, Wash., by whom he has one son and three daughters. His
homestead, located on the Columbia, at Grand Rapids, fourteen miles southwest
of Colville, known as Rickey's Landing, is famous for its fruit, producing an
average of thirty-five thousand pounds annually. He has also a ranch of three
hundred and twenty acres less than two miles south of ColvilU devoted to hay,
and still another of one hundred and sixty acres six miles from that place. He
is the owner of ten buildings in Colville, and is now erecting a three-story brick
structure, which will be the finest in the place, to cost $14,000, and contain all
modern improvements. Mr. Rickey was Justice of the Peace at Alarcus for six
years. He is a stanch Republican, and has always taken an active interest in
politics. A prosperous and widely popular man, he finds in his private interests
and the duties of his responsible official position abundant employment and con
stant increase both in wealth and general reputation.
Riggs, AIatthew, who is engaged in the restaurant and bakery business at
Dayton, Wash., was born in Ohio in 1848. His father, Robert Hughes Riggs,
was a Virginia planter, and his mother, Sophronia (Wing) Riggs, a native of
Ohio. Young Riggs, who was the eldest in a family of six, was educated in Ox
ford, in his native State. He first located in Oregon, but in 1871 removed to
Columbia County, Wash., where he engaged in lumber-milling for five years, and
for about the same length of time in a woollen mill at Dayton, We next find
him cleiking for a well-known firm, after which he bought out the bakery and
restaurant of W. H. Vanlew, in which business he still continues, making it the
most important of its kind in the city. He was married in 1874 to Miss Julia
Thronson, a lady of good family, in Wisconsin. Six children grace their union.
He is the owner of a pleasant home, is a member of the Masonic fraternity, a
Dcmociat in politics, and a man generally esteemed by his fellow-citizens.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 699
Rinehart, Isaac N., of Waitsburg, a farmer, was born in Pennsylvania irr
1848. His father was a native of that State aud a soldier of the Civil War. losing
his right arm at the battle of Antietam. Receiving his early education in the
schools of Pennsylvania, young Rinehart first turned bis attention to farming.
After years of wandering he came to Washington Territory in 1878, bought two
hundred acres seven miles south of Waitsburg, of what has proved in his care ex
ceedingly fertile and remunerative land. He was married in Pennsylvania in
1873 to Miss M. C. Cox, whose father was a leading farmer and office-holder of
Juniata County. Seven children have been born to this union. Mr. Rinehart is
a representative man among those who supply the most substantial basis for the
upbuilding of a new country — the tillers of the soil.
Rinehart, William V., of Seattle, Wash., was born December 28th, 1835,
at Clark's Hill, Tippecanoe County, Ind., and was reared on a faun. His educa
tion was acquired at Farmer's Institute, a Quaker school, eight miles from Lafay
ette, Ind. At the age of eighteen he made the long and tedious overland jour
ney to the Pacific Coast, driving an ox team, and entered the Downieville, Cal.,
gold mines August 25th, 1854. He removed to Southern Oregon, and entered the
Aulthouse Creek Mines in March, 1856. This was at the time of the Rogue River
Indian troubles, and Mr. Rinehart assisted in the protection of the settlers against
the depredations of the savages and helped to build the stockades in Illinois Val
ley. He left the mines in 1859 and became a clerk in the general merchandise
store of A. B. Mcllwaine, at Sailors' Diggings, now the town of Waldo. After
the outbreak of the Rebellion the Regular troops were withdrawn from the mili
tary posts in Eastern Oregon, and it became necessary for the settlers to take
measures for their own protection against the Indians. In December, 1861, Mr.
Rinehart assisted in recruiting Company F, First Oregon Cavalry, at Kirbyville,
Ore., and was mustered in as its First Lieutenant January 2d, 1862. His promo
tion quickly followed. On April 23d, 1863, he became Regimental Adjutant,
December 22d, 1863, Captain, and June 24th, 1865, Major of the First Oregon
Infantry, in wliich capacity he served as commandant at Fort Klamath until
August 25th, 1866, when it was garrisoned by Regular troops. The military ser.
vices rendered by Alajor Rinehart during this period of danger were of incal
culable benefit to the exposed settlers, and his prompt and efficient measures pre
vented any serious depredations from the Indians.
Resuming civil life, Major Rinehart again engaged in mercantile pursuits. An
ardent Republican in his political convictions, he soon took a most active and
influential part in maintaining the ascendency of his party, though he was actu
ated by no mere personal ambition. In 1868 he made a thorough canvass of
Grant County in the interests of his party, and two years later canvassed the
State in the interest of Hon. George H. Williams, of Portland, for the United
States Senate. In 1869 he was appointed Postmaster at Canyon City, and held that
position until 1874. From 1876-82 he was Indian Agent at Malheur, Ore. In De
cember, 1882, he removed to Seattle and engaged in the grocery business, although
devoting his attention principally to real-estate transactions. Here he at once
took a most prominent part in local political affairs. His political sagacity and
ability for leadership were soon recognized, and he became a trusted leader of the

700 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
Republican Party. He was a member of the City Council from the First Ward
in 1884-85. In 1888 he was elected to the Territorial Legislature, but before his
term began Washington was admitted to Statehood. At the first State election
he was elected State Senator. Declining a second term, he accepted the appoint
ment of Commissioner of Public Works, the most responsible position under the
new municipal charter. His appointment met the warm approval of the press
and public irrespective of party. As a public speaker Alajor Rinehart is noted
for clearness of thought, concise perspicuity of expression, and intense earnestness
and candor, qualities which have most weight in political discussions. He is pro
gressive and public-spirited in his ideas, and his entire career has been marked
by energy, reliability, and integrity. He possesses in an eminent degree the
qualities most needed in a public official. He is naturally courteous in manner,
painstaking in the performance of every duty, and has a high order of adminis
trative and executive ability. During the years of his public life he has so acted
as to leave the impression under all circumstances of being moved by a conscien
tious desire faithfully to discharge every trust, a record which has firmly estab
lished him in the confidence and respect of the public. He is an active Alason,
and has served as Grand High Priest of Royal Arch Alasons of Washington, also
as Eminent Commander of Seattle Commandery No. 2, Knights Templar.
Robarts, John, a member of the Farmers' Alliance, cultivates his one hun
dred and sixty acres, located four miles southwest of Faiifield, with a care that
leaves nothing unimproved. Well stocked, rich in orchard trees, and responding
nobly to the toil of the husbandman, he has no reason to regret his choice or the
vocation he has selected. Mr. Robarts was born in Ohio in 1827. Both his
parents were natives of the Keystone State. His father is dead, but his mother,
a very aged woman, still survives, and makes her home in Iowa. The subject of
our sketch has been twice married, his first wife, whom he espoused in Iowa in
1849, being Aliss Elizabeth Clark, of Indiana. She bore him five children. He
married his present wife, Miss Adeline Hall, in 1878. They have five children.
Air. Robarts had but nine months' schooling, being in charge of his father's faim
from a very early age till he reached twenty. Obliged to give up blacksmithing
from the failure of his eyesight, he came to Oregon in 1850, where he engaged in
agricultural pursuits and stock-raising. Failing in this, he sold out and migrated
to Washington, settling first in Walla Walla County, from whence, after a ten
years' sojourn, he removed to his present home.
Robinson, J. 0., attorney-at-law, of Seattle, was born iu Thomaston, Ale.,
July 7th, 1831, and received his rudimentary education in his native town. He
eutered Bowtloin College, from which institution he graduated with the degree
of B.A. in 1854. Aftor teaching school for a year he began the study of law in
the office of Ruggles & Gould, at Thomaston, and was admitted to the Bar in
1857. Entering at once upon the life work he had chosen, he practised for two
years in Rockland, Me., then for three more in Thomaston in partnership with
Air. Gould, of that city. Removing to Mahanoy City, Pa., he remained there
u.itil 1878, when he returned to Thomaston and reopened offices in that town and
Rockland. In February, 1891, he migrated to AVashington aud located at Seat-

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 701
tie. Meanwhile, in 1884, he had associated himself with Fred Rice Rowell in
Rockland, who preceded him to Seattle in 1888. On the arrival of Mr. Robin
son, however, their partnership was renewed, and the law firm of Robinson &
Rowell still continues, with no lack of remunerative clientage. Mr. Robinson
was a member of the Maine Legislature for the term of 1879-80, and Prosecuting
Attorney of Knox County for four years. He was married at Thomaston in No
vember, 1854, to Miss Clementine Yates. Three living children grace and add to
the happiness of the union. Mr. Robinson is a member of the Masonic fraternity.
Rochford, J. A., of North Yakima, the Prosecuting Attorney for Yakima
County, was born in Kankakee County, 111., in 1860. His father, a native of
Ireland, was a soldier by profession, having served seven years in the British
Army and an equal term in that of the United States. His mother was Lydia A.
Bellamy. Air. Rochford is a distant relative of the celebrated author of that
name. Educated in the public schools of Michigan and Kansas, and finishing his
preparatory studies in the latter State, he read law at night while engaged in daily
labor, and was admitted to the Bar in 1886, beginning his practice at Oberlin,
Kan., where he remained three years. Coming to AVashington in 1889, he located
at North Yakima, where he associated himself with the firm of Jones & Newman,
leading lawyers of that section. He remained with them until elected in 1890 to
his present office, the term being for two years. He is now serving his second
term, having been re-elected on the Republican ticket at the last general election.
He was married in 1888 to Miss Ida M. Allen, a native of Iowa, and they have
three children. ' He is the possessor of a pleasant home and other property inter
ests. He is a Republican in politics, a member of the orders of Masons, Knights
of Pythias, and Sons of Veterans, a close student, a good citizen, and a man
whose sterling worth is fully appreciated in the community.
Rodman, George W., City Clerk of North Yakima, was born in New York
in 1844. His father, Nicholas Rodman, is a native aud resident of the Empire
State, still living at the ripe age of eighty-four ; his mother, Phoebe (Lamonte)
Rodman, was also born in New York. Educated in the public schools aud the
Barnaby Academy, near Oswego, Air. Rodman took a classical course and gradu
ated with honor in 1860, supplementing the knowledge thus obtained by entering
a commercial college at Poughkeepsie. He began his business life at North
Adams, Mass., as book-keeper for the Graylock Woollen Mills Company. After
three years in this employ he went, in 1864, to California, prospected through the
mining camps of that State and Nevada, became a book-keeper in San Francisco
to a manufacturing company, then in the First National Bank as Assistant and
finally full Cashier. In 1878 ill health compelled his return to the East. Ms
restoration brought him back to California again, where he remained a year and
then migrated to Washington Territory in 1880, locating first in Walla Walla,
then in Klickitat County, where some years were passed in farming, school-teaching,
and the placing of mortgages and loans. In 1888 ho came to North Yakima, and
was immediately elected City Clerk, which office he still continues to fill. Mr.
Rodman was married in 1867, at San Francisco, to Miss Albertine Esehenburg,
the daughter of a diplomat, who was at one time Alicister to Mexico and various

702 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.
South American countries. Five children grace their union. Mr. Rodman is a
man of property, a member of the Knights of Pythias, and a Republican in his
political faith.
Roeder, Henry, a pioneer resident of New Whatcom, Wash., was born in
Germany, July 4th, 1824, and came to America with his parents at the age of six
years. His father was a veteran of the battle of Waterloo. The family settled
in Erie County, O., where our subject was reared on a farm. In those early days
they had to do battle with the Indians to protect their homes and stock. At the
age of sixteen he became a sailor on the lakes, and so continued until 1849, after
which he was employed by Cobb, Bradley & Co. for one year. In 1850 he made
the journey across the plains with six mule teams. Stopping at Salt Lake City,
he heard Brigham Young deliver his first oration. Continuing his journey, he
reached Sacramento at the time of the failure of the banking house of Barton
Lee & Co. Going to Ophir, Cal., he engaged in mining for a season, and while
there was tdken ill with typhoid fever. After his recovery he opened a general
mining supply store on Poor Man's Creek. This venture did not prove success
ful, and he was obliged to suspend. His next enterprise was in connection with
a fishery on Sacramento River. In this business he made money very rapidly, but
hearing of the great fisheries on the Columbia River, he started for Oregon with
his partner, R. V. Peabody, arriving at Portland on the steamer Columbia in De
cember, 1852. Hearing that San Francisco was in ashes, they immediately deter
mined to start a lumber mill, but it took so long to find a suitable location they
abandoned the idea. Mr. Roeder located at Whatcom in December, 1852, being
the first settler and founder, and giving name to the town. He was elected a
member of the second Territorial Legislature of Washington, and served in that
body eight successive terms. During his long residence in Whatcom he has been
engaged in many different business pursuits— was a sailor on the Pacific, followed
farming, milling, and fishing. His mind is still bright and active, and he has a
remarkable memory. He has been a valuable factor in the prosperity of New
Whatcom and is universally respected and esteemed.
Rogers, Ellery, of New AVhatcora, Treasurer of Whatcom County, was born
in Andrew County, Mo., July 31st, 1844, and removed with his parents to Yamhill
County, Ore., in 1846, receiving his early education iu the cominou schools of that
section, supplemented by a course in McAIinnville College. He began business life
as a school-teacher, and was thus engaged until the fall of 1864. when he enlisted in
Company B, First Oregon Regiment, and served until December, 1865. Returning
to Yamhill County, he was elected County Clerk for the term of two years, and was
twice re-elected to the same office. He then became a farmer, and continued to
follow that avocation until 1886, when he removed to New Whatcom to engage
in mercantile business until elected to the office he still holds- that of County
Treasurer, to which he has been elected for a second term. He was married to
Miss M. M. Davis, of Yamhill County, Ore., May 24th, 1868. They have five
daughters. Mr. Rogers is a member of the Masonic fraternity.

INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.

PAGE
Abrams, William R  483
Actor, Charles  483
Adams, Harris A  483
Adams, Herman H  484
Alexander, Elmer E  458
Amunds, Amund  484
Anders, T. J  485
Anderson, David F  448
Armstrong, Jared  485
Arundell, William  486
Atkinson, George E  486
Atwood, William AI  486
Ault, Charles A  487
Ayer, Charles H  477
Babcock, Chester N  487
Babcock, W. H  487
Bakeman, Charles H  479
Baker, Dorsey S  351
Baker, J. E  489
Ballard, L. W  488
Ballard, W. R  488
Barlow, Byron  489
Barnes, Sarah A  490
Barnes, 8. W  490
Bartholet, John  493
Bartholet, Joseph  493
Bartlett, E  493
Bartlett, Nelson  494
Bassett, Henry W  494
Bean, Charles W  494
Bean, John W...  495
Bell, Charles R  495
Bell, Thomas  495
Bellamy, Frank C  496
Bellinger, Jacob H  447
Bennett, Burton E  496
Bennighoff, George F  497
Benson, Edwin F  497
Benton, H. M  498

PAGE
Beverly, John  458
Bewley, John M  498
Bicknell, Henry J  498
Bigelow, 1. N   499
Black, Alfred L  499
Black, Henry  500
Blackwell, William B  500
Blalock, J. B  500
Boatman, Willis  503
Boggs, George W.  . 503
Boone, W. E  396
Bowen, Walter  504
Bowman, A. C  427
Boyle, James G  504
Boynton, Charles H  505
Branam, William  505
Brand, G. E  505
Bresee, Darius  506
Briggs, W. N  507
Brookes, Albert M  507
Browder, Charles 0  508
Brown, Charles A  508
Brown, Eugene  509
Brown, George D  509
Brown, Joseph M  509
Brown, Robert  510
Brown, William L  510
Browne, George  510
Browne, J. J  359
Browne, J. Vincent  512
Burcham, Dudley B  512
Burgan, E. S  512
Burgess, William W  513
Burke, Thomas  513
Burton, I. L  514
Ca?sar, Philip V  466
Cahill, C. I  514
Calkins, William H  399
Cameron, Martin  514

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INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.

705

PAGE
Disgranger, P  551
Dix, John A  551
Donald, George  552
Dorr, James C  552
Dorris, E. P  553
Doty, Daniel  553
Doty, Morton  554
Dougherty, William H  554
Drake, James C  554
Drissler, John H  555
Drum, Henry  371
Duff, Robert D  555
Dunbar, M. B  ~.  556
Dunbar, R. 0  557
Duncan, M. J  557
Dunlap, James  557
Dunn, Robert  558
Durant, Joseph J  558
Durham, Nelson W  425
Eaden, Charles  559
Eames, Robert M  559
Eaton, John D  559
Eckler, George  560
Ed'ly, Thomas V  560
Egbers, Francis M  561
Egbers, R. C  561
Eglin, A. D  562
Eisenbeis, Charles  562
Eklund, L. N  563
Eldridge, Hugh  563
Eldridge, H. D  563
Ellis, Myron H  463
Ellsworth, P. C  564
Emery, CD  564
Ericksen, Erick  564
Erwin, David H  565
Erwin, Samuel II. . . .  565
Eshelman, Dudley  565
Eshelman, J. F. . . ,  446
Eshelman, Jacob T  566
Ettinger, (J. L  566
Ewart, James  567
Fairchild, James C  567
Fairweather, H. W  568
Farnham, John  568
Fay, John P  569
Feighan, John W  407

PAGE
Fellows, George  569
Ferguson, E. C  375
Ferguson, James  570
Fields, Fletcher R  570
Fife, W. J  570
Finney, William  571
Fish, Daniel R  572
Fish, Richard C  572
Fishback, Charles F  572
Fisher, David  573
Flint, Isaac A  573
Flint, Eugene V  574
Flint, P.J  574
Flowers, John L  575
Follansby, J. S  575
Ford, Mary  575
Forrest, Robert W  401
Foster, Charles E  576
Foster, J. S  576
Fowler, Charles V  577
Fox, E. H  577
Frank, P  577
Frederick, Martin  578
Frick, C. W  578
Frink, William E  579
Frost, J. E  579
Fudge, William  579
Gardiner, G. W  580
Garretson, A. H  580
Geddis, Sylvanus R  581
Gerry, Robert  581
Gervais. P. T  581
Getchell, L. W  437
Gibson, Edwin W  582
Gifford, Elihu B  582
Gilbert, P  582
Godman, Melvin M  583
Goetter, Frank B  583
Goodwin, John W  584
Goodwin, Thomas B  584
Gose, John R  584
Gose, Mack F  585
Gould, J. A  585
Gragg, Hiram  585
Graham, Fred S. ,  586
Grant, J. W  586
Graves, Ovid M  587
Gray, Samuel  587

706

INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.

PAGE
Green, William Y  587
Green, Nelson H  588
Greene, Pierce  588
Greene, William E  588
Greenwood, John F  588
Grewell, Elijah  589
Griffith, Jane A  589
Griggs, Chauncey W  408
Grimes, L. R  590
Gross, Abraham  406
Gross, David  406
Gross, Ellis H  405
Gross, Morris  405
Grubbe, William P  590
Guilland, David  591
Hackett, William J  591
Hale, Charles E  440
Hall, George W  592
Haller, Granville 0  353
Ham, David T  465
Hamill, L. W  592
Hammond, T. M., Jr  593
Hanford, Cornelius II  593
Hanford, Edward  594
Hanger, M. R  595
Hanna, Eugene K  595
Hannah, E  596
Hannah. Mary A  596
Hare, William H  597
Harford, Fred  597
Harford, John  597
Harmon, Charles  598
Hurrell, Frank W  598
Harrington, W. A  599
Harris, Hyman  599
Hart, John B  599
Hart, Lee B  600
Hasbrouck, W. A  600
Hastings, H. H. A  600
Hastings, L. B. , Sr  601
Hastings, L. B., Jr  601
Hatfield, E. R  602
Haun, Samuel  602
Haviland, James S., Sr  602
Haviland, James S., Jr  603
Hayward, Walter W  603
Hazlitt, Henry S  603
Heckman, Peter  604

PAGE
Heifner, Charles G  604
Heilig, A. R  605
Helm, Charles J  ,  605
Helms, J. C  605
Henderson. J. Park  606
Hendricks, George W  606
Hexter, V  607
Hickey, Patrick  607
Hicks, M. L  607
Hill, George A  608
Hill, George J  608
Hill, JohnM.  478
Hill, L. W  .'  609
Hill, William Lair  609
Hinchliff, Charles W  610
Hogan, F. Pierce  435
Hogan, John W  610
Hogan, PaulS  611
Hogue, J. D  611
Holcomb, George U  611
Hollis, William H  612
Hollowell, Thomas J  613
Holm, Charles II  613
Holm, N. N  614
Holman, J. W  614
Hornbeck, G. W  615
Hoyt, John P  615
Hudgin, John H  615
Huffman, I. N  616
Huggins, Edward  399
Hughes, E. C  616
Hull, S. G  617
Humphries, John E  617
Hunt, H. S  618
Hutchinson, R. H  457
Hye, Thomas F  618
Inman, 'William A  619
Irwin, H. D  619
Jenkins, David P  376
Jenkins, F. E  620
Jensen, O. C  620
Joab, Albert E  443
Johnson, A. G  620
Johnson, H. A  620
Johnson, J. Le Baron  621
Johnson, Jonathan  476
Johnson, J. R  621

INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.

707

PAGE
Jones, Daniel  420
Jones, E. A  621
Jones, Frank R  622
Jones, Seymour  622
Jones, W. R  622
Judkins, Joseph  623
Keiser, Millard H  623
Kellogg, Jay A  623
Kelly, Thomas  624
Kent, Burdett M  624
Ketner, Richard A  625
Kiefer, James  625
Kilbourne, Edward C  419
Killmore, W. D  626
Kincaid, Campbell M  626
Kincaid, W. H  627
Kineth, John H  627
King, C.B  473
King, SelahS  627
Kirby, William A  628
Kline, R. L  628
Kloeber, J. S  629
Kretzer, Philip L  629
Kribs, Lewis W  629
Kribs, Rolland H  630
Kuhn, J. A  630
Kunz, Andrew E  631
Kurtzman, Frederick  631
Laberee, O. G  631
Lamar, John  632
Lamar, Joseph  632
Landes, Henry  632
Lane, Franklin K  469
Lane, Isaac N  633
Langan, James  633
Larne, George W  634
Lawrence, Matthew G  634
Lawrence, Phil A  634
Lawrence, Stephen P  635
Leaming, E. B  635
Learned, A. Fowler  635
Learned, W. H. H  636
Le Fevre. D. F  636
Lehman, li. B  636
Lemley, Pleasant G  637
Lentzy, James T  637
Leonard, R  638

PAGE
Lesh, D. E  638
Lillis, Henry M  470
Lindley, J. L  639
Little, Gilbert F  460
Livermore, C. B  639
Long, A  639
Loomis, Edwin G  388
Loomis, L. A  389
Lowe, S. J  640
Lynch, Timothy J  640
Lyon, J. H  641
Macready, John  641
Madigan, Francis E  467
Mann, Champion B  470
Marks, T. E  474
Martin, Benjamin  641
Mason, Martin  642
Mathews, J. W  463
Matkin, Russel F  642
McAulay, Malcolm  643
McCandly, J. D  643
McCarther, J. T  643
McClair, M. S   644
McConihe, Lucien F  644
McCormick, William W  645
McCornack, J. K  645
McCoy, J. 1  646
McCoy, Mason C  646
McCroskey, J. P. T  646
McCroskey, R. C  647
McCroskey, Robert L ,  647
McEwen, J. H  648
McEwing, S. S  648
McFadden, J. C  648
McFarling, J. T  649
McGraw, John H  649
McHugh, M  650
Mcintosh, James W  650
McKinney, William  651
McKone, James J  651
McManus, John E  651
McMaster, J. H  652
McNaught, J. F  652
McPhee, B. W  653
McSherry, Nelson  653
Mentzel, D. E  653
Metcalf, Ralph  469
Metcalfe, James B  382

708

INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.

PAGE
Metz, Charles E  654
Meyers, L. W  654
Miller, A. A  655
Miller, Alexander  655
Miller, Charles  655
Miller, Chester F  656
Miller, David  -,  656
Miller, FredC  449
Miller, Hamilton  656
Miller, W. L  657
Milroy, Val. A  657
Minner, W. H  657
Mires, Austin  658
Mitchell, Benjamin R  659
Mitchell, R. M  659
Montgomery, George S  659
Montgomery, W. T  660
Moody, J. B  660
Moore, E. L  660
Moore, F. Rock wood  661
Moore, James E  661
Moran, Robert  662
Morehead, J. A  662
Morris, Nelson S  663
Morris, T  663
Morrison, A. W  663
Morrison, Edwin B  664
Morrison, Edward II  665
Morrison, James M  665
Morrison, Walter F  666
Mount, Wallace  666
Mulford, Francis H  666
Mulligan, J. E  667
Munch, J. A  667
Munks, William  384
Murphy, J. W  667
Murray, David  668
Murray, F. II  668
Musgrove, Thomas W  669
Nadeau, LA  669
Nalder, Francis  670
Neill, Thomas  670
Nesalhous, August  670
Nevin, G. 0  671
Newell, George  671
Newman, J. M  672
Newman, W. A  672
Nichol, W. II  672

PAGE
Nicklin, T. G  673
Nilsson, Andrew  673
Nilsson, Lars  674
Nordstrom, Olof H  674
O'Brien, R. G  674
O'Dell, James V  675
Ogle, J. M  676
Olmstead, Sarah F  676
O'Neal, John  676
O'Neill, James  426
Orchard, George F  <  677
Orr, Edward S  677
Ouimette, E. N  678
Owen, Charles B  678
Owens, James B  679
Page, Herman  679
Painter, Jacob S  680
Palmer, John W  680
Pape, Fred E  680
Parke, James  681
Parker, Emmett N  681
Parker, Gustavus A  682
Parker, Hollon  412
Parker, James  682
Parker, John A  467
Patrick, Archibald  683
Payne, John  683
Pearson, Charles W  683
Pease, B. S  684
Peck, M Ray  684
Pedigo, Thomas W  684
Peirce, H. H  685
Pence, J. S  '  685
Perras, Louis  685
Peters, John R  686
Peterson, Frank M  478
Peterson, William H  686
Pettyjohn, John  687
Phillips, Alfred W  687
Phillips, Fred S  687
Pickard, J. A  688
Poland, G. C  688
Pomeroy, Joseph M  395
Poole, Martin M  689
Post, Frederick  439
Prater, S. M  689
Preece, Joseph  689

INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.

709

PAGE
Prescott, David S  690
Preston, Piatt A  690
Preston, William G  691
Price, James H  691
Prosser, William F  393
Putney, Forest L  692
Ramm, Edward H. C  692
Ramsey, William B  692
Ranch, E. M  693
Reavis, James B  693
Redmon, Thomas J  694
Reed, Thomas M  694
Reed, Walter J  696
Reeder, Levi B  697
Reeves, Charles S  697
Richardson, F. D  450
Rickey, John  '  698
Riggs, Matthew  698
Ringer, L. M  449
Rinehart, Isaac N  699
Rinehart, William V  699
Robarts, John  700
Robinson, J. 0  700

PAGE
Rochford, J. A  701
Rodman, George W  701
Roeder, Henry  702
Rogers, Ellery  702
Saunders, James C  400
Schulze, Paul  394
Seaborg, B. A  439
Semple, Eugene  377
Simmons, Daniel W  460
Snell, Marshall K  464
Snell, William H  454
Stevens, Isaac  348
Stinson, F. L  428
Stowell, Hollis L  429
Thronson, Joel A  463
Turner, George  407
Weed, Alfred B  427
White, Harry  455
Whitman, Marcus  366
Wilbur, Lot  475
Wilkinson, J. A  453
Woodhouse, C. C, Jr  444

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