!¦' Yale Universily Library 39002002905074 YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF OHIO. VOLUME III. Designed and Engraved in 1846 hy A. H. SUcMefor Isl Edition Ohio Historical Oollections. REPULSE OF THE BRITISH BEFORE FORT STEPHENSON. " Col. Short, commanding the regulars composing the forlorn hope, was ordering his men to leav the ditch, cut down thc pickets, and give the Americans no quarter, when he fell, mortally wounded tnto the ditch, hoisted his handkerchief on the end of his sword, and begged for ihat mercy which h'e had the moment before ordered should be denied to his enerny.^' HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF OHIO IN THREE. VOLUMES. AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE STATE: history both general and local, geography with descriptions ¦of its counties, cities and villages, its agricultural, manu facturing, mining and business development, sketches of eminent and interesting characters, etc., with notes of a tour over it in 1886. Illustrated by about Seven Hundred Engravings. Contrasting the Ohio of 1846 with 1886-90. From drawings by the author in 184.6 and photographs taken solely for it in 1886, i88y, 1888, i88g, and i8go, of cities and chief towns, public buildings, historic localities, monuments, curiosities, antiquities, portraits, maps, etc. THE OHIO CENTENNIAL EDITION. By henry HOWE, LL.D., Author "historical collections of Virginia" and other works. Vol. III. COLUMBUS : HENRY HOWE & SON. Copyright 1891 by Henry Howe. 1891 GEO. S. FERGUSON CO., PRINTERS fc ELEOTROTVPEHS, PHILADELPHIA, PA. CONTENTS VOL. III. Adena, Seat of Gov. Worthington Akron School System . Allen, Goy. William Alliance Disaster . Allison, Senator Wm. B. Ancient Works . . .72, Andrews, Rev. Dr. I. W. Andrews' Raid Anecdotes of Corwin An Educational Hero _. An Immigrant's Experiences Appleseed, Johnny Atwater, Caleb B Bacon, Delia .... Bacon, Rev. David, Missionary and onizer Bacon, Rev. Dr. Leonard Badger, Rev. Joseph . Baldwin, Hon. Michael Bartley, Gov. Mordecai Battle near Fort St. Clair "Battle of Point Pleasant," Song Beall, Gen. Reasin Between-the-Logs . Bigot, Rev. W_m. Birchard, Sardis . Big Sycamore Birds of Ohio Blennerhassetts, The Brady, the Indian Fighter Brave Judge, A. . Brayton Mystery . Brinkerhoff, Gen. Roeliff Brinkerhoff, Judge Jacob Bromine, .Manufacture of Brown, John, of Osawatomie Brown, John Porter _ . Brown, the Counterfeiter Bonser, Major Isaac "Boston Bankers" Bosworth, Sala Buchtel College . Buckland, Gen. R. P. Buell, Gen. Don Carlos Building of Fort Meigs Burley Trial at Port Clinton Burlingame, Hon. Anson Burning of Col. Crawford Bushnell, Dr. Wm. Campbell, Judge John V. Campbell, Mrs. Mary Small 446, Col- 173 319191303 539 483 510550 454 336 604156 77 334 325334345193161120 72 536603 283 223596 79 502 104383 603 155161386 328 193 314 242 107 510320 224 512560 18 255 589 156 . 115 , 447 Campus Martius 477 Catholic Church, Oldest, in Ohio . . 42 Cattle Business 185 Celeron DeBienville's Expedition . 231, 275 Charcoal Furnaces . . . ,34 Charities at the White House . . 220 Children's Homes . . 115, 517 Children's Homes, Origin of . . 517 Cholera 116, 416 Coal and Iron of Perry County . 40 Col. Ball's Skirmish 205 Comly, Gen. James M. ... 57 Communist Settlement at Zoar . . 307 Cooke, Jay ...... 26 Cornstalk, The Indian Chief . . 68 Corwin, Gov. Thomas . . . .441 County Seat Conflict . . . .85 Cox, Gen. J. D 361 Cox, Kenyon 362 Cradlebaugh, Judge John . . .78 Crane Town 596 Crawford's Campaign .... 585 Crawford's Interview with Wingenund . 588 Creighton, Dr. William . . .192 Curry, Col. James .... 391 Curry, Otway 399 Culpeper Flag 339 Cutler, Charles 507 Cutler, Jervis 507 Cutler, Judge Ephraim . . . 507 Cutler, Hon. Wm. P. . . . .611 Cutler, Rev. Dr. Manasseh . . . 505 Day at Speigel Grove .... 207 Davis, Dr. E. H 184 Dawes, Gen. R. R 511 Dean Rafts 348 Devoll, Capt. Jonathan . . . 509 Dickens, Oharles, at Upper Sandusky . 611 Douglass, Richard . . . .193 Driesbach, Herr, the Lion Tamer . . 539 Drinking Habits in Old Times . . 524 Duel of Gov. Lucas .... 243 Dunlevy, Judge Francis . . . 451 Dunmore's Expedition 64 E Early Experiences in the Scioto Valley . 166 Early Settlements and Incidents . . 96 Eaton, Gen. John . . . .511 Eckert, Gen. T. T 538 Edwards, Rev. William . .378 Elkins, Hon. Stephen B. . . ,57 Elm, ChillicQthe 189 Elm, Logan 71 Elm, Marietta . . . . .522 (S) CONTENTS. Ely, Seneca W 183 Emigration of 1817-18 . . .349 Emmitt, Hon. James . . . .81 Erection of Fort Harmar . . . 473 Ewing, Mrs. Catharine Fay . . . 518 Execution of Deserters. . . . 172 •Experience of Col. Caris . . . 357 F Fairchild, Gen. Lucius .... 107 Father Wilson 47 Fearing, Gen. B. D 511 Forts (Ancient, 466), (Harmar, 473V (Laurens, 378), (Loramie, 271), (Meigs, 560), (Seneca, 247), (St. Clair, 120), (Stephenson or Sandusky, 198). Finley, Rev. J. B. ... 124, 600 First Laws in Ohio .... 499 First Library in Ohio .... 499 First Mail to the Reserve . . .346 First White Child Born in Ohio . . 373 Flagg, Hon..Wm. J 246 Forests, Cutting Down . . . . 38 Foster, Secretary Charles . . 255, 266 Four Spies 233 Fourth of July Celebrations . 244, 418, 498 French Grant 240 French Settlers, Characteristics of . . 240 Friendship of Mrs. Hayes . . .219 Fuller, Francis 537 Fuller, Metta . . . . 538 Hoops and Staves, How Made How the First Settlers Came to Ohio Hudson's Settlement on the Reserve Humorous Versification Humphrey, Gov. L. U. Hurford Alexander 33 494 307 198 302 292 G Gage, Mrs. Frances Dana Garner Case Gas, Oil, Lime, eto. German Catholic Community Gibraltar, A Visit to Gibson, Gen. Wm. H. . Gilmore, Col. Wm. E. . Girls Stolen by Indians . Gnadenhutten Monument "Governor Tod," Song Graded Way .... Grand Army Veterans . Grant, Jesse . ' . Greeley's Influence on the Reserve Greentown Indians Grimke, Judge Frederick Hagan, Rev. John J. . Hamilton, Capt. H. C. . Hancock, Dr. John Harris, Bishop Wm. H. Harrison, Peril of Gen. . Harter, Hon. M. D. . Hayes, Ex-Pres. R. B. . Hayes, Speech of Gen. . Hayes, Mrs. Lucy Webb Heckewelder, Maria Heckewelder, Rev. John G. E. Hendricks, Col. Geo. D. Hewitt, The Hermit Hildreth, Dr. S. P. Hog Stories . Home in the Wilderness Hood, Walter C. . . 512 . 501 . 580 . 283 . 23 . 252 . 184 . 119 . 372 . 397 . 82 . 354 . 103 . 358 . 146 . 189 . 378 . 398 . 193 . 161 . 248 . 155 198, 210 29 185, 215 . 377 . 374 . 116 . 90 . 509 . 347 . 134 . 57 Iliff, JohnW 57 Indian Council on Death of Tarhe . . 595 "Indian Death Song" . . . .458 Indian Decoy Boats .... 232 Indian Execution for Witchcraft . . 249 Indian Gratitude 101 Indian Trails . . . .101, 528 Indian ^^aties 249 Jung, Rev. Michael Jungman, Rev. John G. K Keel-Boats, How Manned Kent, Marvin Kenton, Anecdotes of Simon Keyes, James Klippart, Prof. J. H. . Lakeside, A Visit to Langham's Desperate Enterprise Last Indian Treaty in Ohio . "Let's Shake," Poem . Legend of Veronica Limestone Quarries Little Turtle, The Indian Chief Logan, Last Years of . Logan's Speech Log-Cabin Campaign . " . Log-Cabin Song . Loramie, Peter Loramie Portage and Reservoir Lorraine's Narrative Lost Children Lieut. Lowry . Lucas, Gov. Robert Lutz, Samuel M MacGahan, .Januarius Aloysius Madeira, Col. John "Make it Four, Yer Honor," Poem Manderson, Sen. Chas. F. Magnetic Springs . Mansfield, E. D . ' Mansfield, Col. Jared Marietta Centennial Marietta College . Marietta Society at an Early Day Massie, Gen. Nathaniel Match Industry Medill, Hon. Joseph McArthur and Davis, Adventure of McArthur, Gov. Duncan McDonald, Col. John . McGregor, Archibald . McKinley, Jr., Maj. William 378-378 244 108 596 242298 27 561 593 469 47 114 122- 7166 395396 270- 284 567549' 121 81 79 52^ 186 108 . 302 392, 407 . 458 . 147 . 513 . 481 . 514 174, 180 . 318 . 308 . 233 . 1-78 . 174 . 294 . 297 CONTENTS. McLean, Justice Johu , McPherson, Gen. James B, Meigs, Gov. Return Jonathan Mineral Water Mob, Market House Monster Grape Vine Mound Cemetery . Mount Union College Moravian Mission . Moravian Missionaries Moravian Missionary, First in Morrow, Gov. Jeremiah Mortimer, Rev. Benj. . Mother Solomon . Murder of Waw-wil-a-way N National Normal University Nettle Shirts Neutral Nation Newberry, Dr. John S. . Nicksaw, Death of Noble, "Judge" Calvin L. Nye's Reminiscences Ohio Ohio Eagle . . . . Ohio Southern Boundary Line Old Constitution Table Old Portage . Old Salt Works 01d_ State Capitol Ornish Settlement Ordinance of 1787 . 452 Real Bear Story 547 . 225 Recollections of Mrs. Charlotte E. Both- . 504 well 423 . 544 Recollections of Pioneer Times . . 86 . 536 Recollections of Yamoyden . . . 458 . 190 Reminiscences of W. Willshire Riley . 413 . 487 Renick, Felix 186 . 304 Ride in a Caboose 1 14 . 367 Riddle, Hon. A. G 108 . 374 Riley, Capt. James . . . .410 . 285 Rohn-yen-ness and Poe .... 599 . 448 Roth, Rev. John 377 . 378 Running Fight with Indians . . .286 . .600 Running the Gauntlet . . . .206 . 167 Ryan, Hon. Daniel J 245 437 119 196335 100 33 479 183 422 183307342183 133 489 Palaeolithic Man in Ohio Patrick, Judge James . Paulding, John Paulding Reservoir, Destruction of Peninsula, The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Perilous Adventure of Capt. Benham Perkins, Hon. Henry B, Perkins, Gen. Simon Perkins, Jacob Perkins. Simon Perry, Commodore 0. H, Perry's Victory Pickawillany . Pickaway Plains . Pike, Gen. Z. B. . Pioneer Reminiscences Pioneer Incidents . Plimpton, Florus B. Poe, Adam, the Indian Fighter "Poetic Miscellany and World's Won der" .... Post, Rev. Christian Frederick Pugh, Achilles Putnam, Gen. Rufus . a Quarries, The Portsmouth . B Race Hatred 89 Rarey, John S. , the Horse Tamer . 541 365 368 3137 17 320 432 361358361361 5721 275 60 81 138 547108534224 374 463 504 239 Sacrificing Dogs to the Great Spirit 250, 347 Safford, Judge Wm. H. . . .194 Sand Ridges . ' 409 Sargent, Maj. Winthrop . . .509 Saxton, John . . . ' . . 293 Second Siege of Fort Meigs . . 576 Siege of Fort Laurens .... 380 Siege of Fort Meigs ... 564 Senseman, Rev. Gottlieb . . . 378 Settlement at Portsmouth in 1785 . 234 Sewer Pipe Industry .... 317 Scene at the Death of Corwin . . 456 Schenck, Gen. Wm. C. . . .451 Schmick, Rev. John J. . . . 378 Scott, Judge Thomas . . . .192 Scott, Hon. James .... 463 Shaker CommuniU'' .... 444 Shawanoese and Wyandot Vocabularies 278 Shearer, Hon. John H. . . . 406 Sheridan, Gen. Phil . . .46, 48 Sheridan's Ride 50 Sherman, Senator John . . 151, 159 Sherwood, Gen. I. R 301 Slave, Protection to a . . . . 397 Sloane, Hon. John .... 537 Smithand Rigdon Tarred and Feathered 111 Smith, Gen. Wm. Sooy . . .194 Smith, Hon. Wm. Henry . . .399 Smith's Narrative .... 256 Snake Stories _ . . . 241, 338, 343 Soldier's Memorial, Sidney . . . 276 Soldier's Memorial, Akron . . . 319 Spafford Exchange Hotel . . .578 Sproat, Col. Ebenezer .... 509 Standing Stone . . . .107 Stewart, John, the Missionary . . 599 Squire, Ephraim G 184 Squire Brown and the Slave Hunters . 346 Stable in a Hollow Tree . . .190 State Seal 190 Storrs, Rev. Dr. Henry M. . . . 333 Stow, Joshua 337 Story of a Bell _ . . . , .578 Story, Rev. Daniel .... 505 Strawn, Jacob ..... 57 Sutliff, Judge Milton . . . .362 Summit City . . . _ . .320 Sum-mun-de-wat, the Indian Chief . 598 Swamp, The Black . . . .140 Sword Presented to Maj. Croghan . 172 CONTENTS. Sycamore of Fifteen Horsemen . . 243 System of Local Government . . 501 Tallmadge, the Christian Colony , . 320 Tappan, Senator Bonj. . 96, 102, 308, 385 Taylor, Judge Ezra B 363 Thanksgiving at the White House . 217 "The Great Hereafter," Poem . .399 "The Teacher's Dream," Poem . .468 Thomson, Bishop Edward . . . 637 Thurman, Judge Allen G. . . . 191 Tiffin, Gov. Edw. 172 "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too," Song . 396 Tomahawk Improvements . . . 499 Trees, Great 522 Trumbull Family 340 Tupper, Gen. Benjamin . . . 609 Tupper, Maj. Anselm .... 609 "Turchin's Thieves" . . . .428 Vanausdal's Store .... 119 Venable, Dr. W. H 467 Vinton, Hon. S. F. . . . .421 Virginia Military District . . .60 W Ward, Gen. Durbin , . . .462 Ward, Mrs. Fannie B. . . .111 Wayne, Gen. Anthony .' . . . 528 Western Reserve Academy . . .312 Whipple, Commodore Abraham . . 608 White, Maj. Haffield . . . .509 WKy (jrov. St. Clair was Removed . 451 Williams, David . . _ . . .543 Wine Islands of Lake Erie . . .25 Wooster University .... 533 Worthington, Gov. Thomas . . .174 Wright, Judge John C. . . 383, 384 Wyandot Execution .... 608 Wyandot Indians, History of . . 594 Wyandot Mission .... 597 Underwood's Narrative United States Bank Contest 568 179 Zeisberger, Rev. David 377 CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. VOL. IIL Adelphia 194 Adrian 269 Akron .313 AllianceAnna . AntwerpApple Creek Ashville Attica . Bainbridge . Bairdstown . Beach City . Beavertown . BellvilleBelmore Belpre . Berlin _ . Bettsville BeverlyBlake's Mills Bloomfield . Bloomville . Bolivar Bowling Green BradnerBroadway Bryan ._ Buena Vista . BurbankButlerville . Canal Dover . Canal Fulton Clarey . Canton . CamdenCarroll . Cecil . ChillicotheClarksburg Clinton . Clyde . CirclevilleColumbus Grove Commercial Point CongressConvoyCopley Centre Corning CortlandCrestonCuyahoga Falls B 302 284 39 542 79 269 194 684306 96 162 144526 285269526 390 364 269 390 679583 407 544 246 642 471 D PAGE Dague 39 Dalton 642 Darbyville 80 Delphos 420 Dennison ...... 389 Doylestown 542 Dupont 144 E Eaton 115 Edgerton 556 Edinburgh 110 Edon 556 Eldorado 132 Elmore 29 F Fort Jennings Fort Seneca . Foster's Crossings FostoriaFrankfortFranklinFredericksburgFreeport Fremont G . 386 . 305 . 612 . 288 . 131 . 29 . 39 . 167 . 196 . 338 . 230 . 72 . 144 . 80 . 642 . 420 . 338 . 58 . 364 . 542 . 328 GarrettsvilleGalena . Genoa . Gibsonburg Gilboa . Girard . Glandorf Gnadenhutten Grand Rapids Green Spring Greentown . 145 269 471266 195 447 542683 197 110 247 29 230144 366 145 390 683 269306 H Hamden 430 Haskins 683 Hardin 284 Harmer 526 Harveysburg 470 Hiram 110 Hubbard 364 Hudson 314 Independence 162 (9) IO CONTENTS. Jasper 95 Jerry City _ 584 Junction City . . j . . 59 Kalida 144 Kent 103 King's Mills 471 Kingston 194 Kinsman 364 Kirby 612 NewcomerstownNew Franklin New Holland New Lexington New Paris New Philadelphia New Riegel . New Straitsville Newton Falls Nevada . Niles . _ . North Baltimore North Lawrence yASB 390 306 79 61 132 380 269 58 364 . 612 . 363 , 583 , 305 Lakeside 29 Latty 39 Lebanon 434 Leipsio 144 Lewisburg 132 Lexington 162 Limaville ; 305 Lindsey 230 Lockington 284 Louisville •. 305 Lowell 526 Lower Newport 526 Lucas 162 Lucasville 246 ][ McArthur Macksburg _. Magnetic Springs MagnoliaMaineville Manchester . Mansfield MantuaMantua Station Mapleton MariettaMarlboro MarseillesMarshallville . Marysville Mason . Massillon Matamoras . Middlebury . Middlepoint .. Milford Centre MillburyMineral City . Mineral Ridge Minerva Mogadore Montpelier . Montra . Morrow . Mount Eaton Mount Union Murdoch 427 526 407 306 471 338 148 110110306 480 306 612 , 542 392 471294 526 318420 407 , 584 , 390 , 364 . 305 , 339 , 556 . 284 . 469 . 542 . 306 . 471 Oak Harbor Oakwood OrrvilleOsnaburg Ottawa . Palmyra Paulding Payne . Perrysburg . Pemberville . PeninsulaPiketonPioneer . PlymouthPort CUnton . Port Jefferson . Portsmouth . Port Washington Put-In-Bay . RandolphRavenna RendvilleRepublic RichfieldRichwood RidgevilleRising Sun Sciotoville Sdott . ShawneeShanesville . Shelby ". Shiloh . Shreve . Sidney . SomersetSouth Bloomfield South Salem . Springboro . Sterling Stryker . Sycamore B 29 39 641 306137 113 3239 577 583339 81 556 162 18 284236 389 29 lia 96 59 269- 339 407 470 684 246 420 58 390 162162542 271 45 79 195 470542656 612 N Navarre 305 Tallmadge New Berhn 306 Tariton . 339 80 CONTENTS. II ThornportThorn ville Tiffin . TontoganyTownsendTwinsburg Uniontown . Unionville Upper Newport Upper Sandusky Uhrichsville . Van Wert Warren . WaterfordWaverly Waynesburg Waynesville U V w PAGE 5959 251 583 230 339 306 407 626696 389 409 West Alexandria West Chester West Elkton . Western Star Weston . West Salem West Unity WhartonWheelersburgWhisler Wilkesville . Williamsport WillshireWilmot Winchester WindhamWoodvilleWooster 353 York 526 305 Zaleski 470 Zoar YZ PAOE 132390132 339 583642 556 612247 80 430 79 420 305132113 230529 407 430 390 ILLUSTRATIONS. VOL. III. [total, one hundred and ninety.] Attack on Fort Stephenson, Frontispiece. Adena 173 Akron in 1846 315 Akron in 1886 315 Allen,Gov. Wm., Portrait of . .175 Alliance Disaster 303 Allison, Senator Wm. B., Portrait of . 539 Ancient Fortifications at Circleville . 75 Ancient Works at Marietta . . . 484 Andrews, Rev. Dr. I. W., Portrait of . 510 Appleseed Johnny . , , .156 Bacon, Rev. David, Portrait of . . 320 Bacon Monument 320 Between-the-Logs, Portrait of . . 601 Big Sycamore 'Tree .... 596 Birchard Library 199 Blennerhassett, Herman, Portrait of . 604 Blennerhassett Mansion . . . 602 Bowling Green 681 Brady's Leap 105 Brady's Pond 105 Brinkerhoff, Gen. Roeliff, Portrait of . 153 Brown, John, of Osawatomie, Portrait of 331 Bryan in 1886 545 . 545 . 245 . 224 . 612 . 614 . 475 . 289 ¦ . 289 . 181 . 519 . 169 . 181 . 491 . 73 . 73 . 72 . 41 . 24 . 439 . 439 . 439 . 466 . 359 . 591 . 691 . 401 . 508 of 506 Bryan in 1890 Buckhorn Cottage Buckland, Gen. R. P. , Portrait of Buell, Gen. D. C, Portrait.of Campbell, Gov. James E. Campus Martius . Canton in 1846 Canton in 1886 Capital, First State Children's Home . Chillicothe in 1846 Chillicothe Court-House • Church, Rev. Dr. Cutler's . Circleville in 1846 . Circleville in 1886 . Circleville, Birdseye View, 1836 Coal Mines at Shawnee Cooke, Jay, Portrait of Corwin, Gov. Thomas, Portrait of Corwin Door Knocker . Corwin Mansion . Country School-House . Cox, Gen. J. D., Portrait of Crawford's Battle-Ground Crawford's Monument . Curry, Otway, Portrait of Cutler, Judge Ephraim, Portrait of Cutler, Rev. Dr. Manasseh, Portrait Cuyahoga Falls 329 Cuyahoga Falls, Ravine at . . . 329 Dover in 1846 . . , . . 386 Driesbach, Herr, Portrait of _ , . 640 Dueber-Hampden Watch Factories . 295 Eaton in 1846 117 Baton in 1889 117 Elm, The Chillicothe . . . .187 Elm, The Logan 69 Emigrating to New Connecticut . , 351 Ewing, Mrs. C. F., Portrait of . . 619 Farmer's Castle 479 Finley, Rev. J. B., Portrait of . .125 First Millstones and Salt Kettle in Ohio 614 Fort Ancient 447 Fort Frye 479 Fort Harmar 473 Fort Meigs and Environs . . .663 Fort Sandusky and Environs . . 201 Fort Sandusky, Plan of . . . 201 Fostoria 267 Foster, Sec'y Charies, Portrait of . . 267 Fragment of Shell, Length and Breadth 357 Fragment of SheU, Thickness . . 357 FrankUn in 1846 448 Gibraltar from Put-In-Bay . . .24 Gibson, Gen. Wm. H., Portrait of . 252 Gnadenhutten Monument . . . 368 Graded Way, The .... 83 Harmar from the Virginia Shore . . 523 Harter, Hon. M. D., Portrait of . . 153 Hayes, Gen. R. B., Portrait of . . 210 Hayes, Lucy Webb, Portrait of . . 210 Hayes Home, Plan of . . . . . 208 Heckewelder, Rev. John . . . 375 Heckewelder, Johanna Maria . . 375 Hermit's Cave 91 Hildreth, Dr. Samuel P., Portrait of . 510 Hiram College Ill Hoop Pole Shanty . . . .35 Humphrey, Gov. Lyman U. , Portrait of 302 Jail, The Indian 609 Klippart, Prof J. H., Portrait of . 298 Lake Cuj;ahoga, Map of Lebanon in 1846 . Lebanon in 1886 . (13) . 309 , 435 435 '4 ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Lower Sandusky (Fremont) . .199 Lowry' s Monument . . .125 Mansfield, E. D., Portrait of . . . 459 Mansfield in 1846 149 Mansfield in 1886 149 Mansfield, Col. .Tared, Portrait of . .153 Marietta and Harmar, 1788 . . .484 Marietta and Harmar, 1888 . . . 484 Marietta College 481 Mariettafrom West Virginia Shore . 481 Marysville in 1846 393 Marysville in 1886 393 Massie, Gen. Nathaniel, Portrait of . 187 Massillon in 1846 299 Massillon in 1886 299 McArthur, Gov. Duncan, Portrait of . 175 McKinley, Major Wm., Portrait of . 297 McKinley, Home of . . . .297 McLean, Judge John, Portrait of . . 452 McPherson, (Jen. J. B., Portrait of . 227 McPherson Monument .... 227 Medill, Hon. Joseph, Portrait of . . 301 Meigs, Gov. Return J., Portrait of . 505 Middlebury from the Tallmadge Road . 31 8 Mononoue, Portrait of . . . . 601 Morrow, Gov. Jeremiah, Portrait of . 449 Mother Solomon 601 Mound at Marietta . . . .487 Newberry, Dr. John S., Portrait of . 336 New Philadelphia in 1846 . . .381 New Philadelphia in 1886 . . .381 Ohio Company's Office .... 493 Ohio Valleys, Map of . . . .141 Ottawa 141 Ottawa County Court-House . . .19 Paulding Furnace 35 Payne, Senator Henry B., Portrait of . 148 Perkins, Gen. Simon, Portrait of . . 359 Perkins Homestead .... 359 Perry County Court-House, New Lex ington ...... 43 Perry, Commodore 0. H. , Portrait of . 43 Perrysburg 581 Pickaway Plains, Map of . . .61 Piketon in 1846 91 PUmpton, Florus B., Portrait of . .111 Port CUnton Lighthouse . . .19 Portsmouth Landing in 1846 . . . 237 Yamoyden , Pugh, Achilles, Portrait of . . . 463 Putnam, Gen. Rufus, Portrait of . . 504 Zoar in 1846 PAGE Ravenna in 1846 . • • • • 9^ Ravenna in 1886 . ¦ .• ¦ ¦ ?' .Riddle, Hon. A. G., Portrait of . .111 Ryan, Hon. Daniel J., Portrait of . 245 Shakers Dancing . . ... .444 Sheridan, Gen. Philip, Portrait of . 48 Sheridan, Gen. Philip, Boyhood Home of 48 Sherman, Senator John, Portrait of .148 Sherwood, Gen. I. R., Portrait of. . 301 Sidney in 1846 273 Sidney in 1886 273 Smith, Joseph, Portrait of . . .110 Smith, Wm. Henry, Portrait of . . 401 Soldier's Hospital, Mrs. Hayes in . .216 Somerset in 1846 43 Spafford's Hotel 678 Spiegel Grove 208 St. Joseph's Church and Convent . . 42 Table, The Old Constitution . . .172 Tiffin, Gov. Edward, Portrait of . . 172 Tiffin in 1846 253 Tiffin in 1886 253 Township Roads, Plan of . . . 321 Two-Horn Church . . . .498 Union County Court-House . . . 401 Van Wert in 1886 411 Venable, Dr. W. H., Portrait of . . 465 Vinton County Court-House . . . 425 Vinton, Hon. S. F., Portrait of . . 425 Ward, Gen. Durbin, Portrait of . . 462 Warren in 1846 . . . . 355 Warren in 1886 . . . . 355 Waveriy in 1886 83 Western Reserve College . . . 314 Whipple, Commodore Abraham, Por trait of . . _ . . . .485 Wilderness, A Home in the . . . 135 Winter Quarters of Col. Hayes and Fam WolFcreek Mills Wooster in 1846 Wooster in 1886 Worthington, Gov, 216 . 497 . 531 . 531 Thomas, Portrait of 1 75 Wyandot Mission Church, 1846 . . 598 Wyandot Mission Churoh, 1888 . . 600 459 . 387 COUNTIES. OTTA\VA TO WYANDOT. PAGE PAGE OTTAWA ... 17 STARK - - 285 PAULDING 30 SUMMIT . _ . . 306 PERRY - - 40 TRUMBULL - - 340 PICKAWAY 69 TUSCARAWAS - 365 PIKE - .... 80 UNION - - 391 PORTAGE ... .95 VAN WERT - - 408 PREBLE 113 VINTON - - 421 PUTNAM 133 WARREN - - 431 RICHLAND 145 WASHINGTON - - 472 ROSS 163 WAYNE - - . . 627 SANDUSKY .... 196 WILLIAMS 543 SCIOTO 231 WOOD ... - .557 SENECA 247 WYANDOT 685 SHELBY 270 ADDENDA. PAGE Sketch op Gov. Campbell " - ... - ii List of State Officers, 1890-1891 - iii List op Members op the Sixty-ninth General Assembly - - - - iii List op Members op the Fifty-first and Fifty-second Congress prom Ohio iv List of Members op the Third State Constitutional Convention - - v GENERAL INDEX to Counties, Cities and Villages, with Census op 1880 AND 1890, WITH Volume and Page wherein Described. Vol. III.' (15) C0UKTIE8 OTTAWA. Ottawa County was formed March 6, 1840, from Sandusky, Erie and Lucas counties. Ottawa, says Bancroft, is an Indian word, signifying "trader." It was applied to a tribe whose last home in Ohio was on the banks of the Maumee. The surface is level, and most of the county is within the Black Swamp, and contains much prairie and marshy land. A very small portion of the eastern part is within the "fire-lands." There were but a few settlers previous to 1830. The emigration from Germany after 1849 was large, and its population is greatly of that origin. Their farms are generally small but highly productive, the drain ing of the Black Swamp bringing into use the richest of land. On the penin sula which puts out into Lake Erie are extensive plaster beds, from which large quantities of plaster are taken. Upon it are large limestone quarries, extensively worked. Area about 300 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 60,922 : in pasture, 16,311 ; woodland, 19,601; lying waste, 6,989; produced in wheat, 228,461 bushels; rye, 46,961; buckwheat, 101; oats, 223,003 ; barley, 22,134 ; corn, 505,787; meadow hay, 12,166 tons; clover hay, 5,226; potatoes, 41,237 bushels; butter, 265,064 lbs.; sorghum, 317 gallons; maple sugar, 460 lbs.; honey, 8,786 ; eggs, 184,174 dozen ; grapes, 6,993,216 lbs. (largest in the State) ; wine, 320,534 gallons (largest in the State) ; apples, 43,783 bushels ; peaches, 86,424 ; pears, 1,867 ; wool, 49,823 lbs. ; milch cows owned, ^,b2Z.— State Be port, 1888. Limestone, 167,054 tons burned for lime, 261,085 tons burned for fluxing, 56,000 cubic feet of dimension stone, 16,333 cubic yards of building stone, 40,272 cubic yards for piers and protection purposes, and 3,534 cubic yards of ballast or macadam. — Ohio Mining Sf-atistics, 1888. School census, 1888, 7,338 ; teachers, 137. Miles of railroad track, 89. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Townships and Censtts. 1840. 1880. Bay, 231 509 Harris, 318 2,515 Benton, 2,712 Kelley's Island, 68 Carroll, 262 1,697 Portage, 357 2,094 Catawba Island, 520 Put-in-Bay, 1,222 Clay, 176 3,616 Salem, 108 2,683 Danbury, 515 1,599 Van Rensselaer, 27 Erie, 196 595 Population in 1840 was 2,258; 1880, 19,762, of whom 12,793 were born in Ohio and 3,800 in the German Empire. Census, 1890, 21,974. The first trial of arms in the war of 1812 in Ohio occurred in two small skir mishes on the peninsula between the Indians, September 29, 1812, and a party of soldiers, principally from Trumbull and Ashtabula counties, one of whom, then a lad of sixteen, was Joshua R. Giddings. What is known as the Peninsula is a tract of land, a little less than thirty square miles in area, lying between Lake Erie and Sandusky bay, and attached to the mainland by a narrow neck near the Portage river. Ite early settlers were 2 l^ i8 OTTAWA COUNTY. from Danbury, Conn., and gave it the name of Danbury township. The western boundary of the Firelands cuts off a narrow strip of land on the west side of the township, though, as the township is now organized, the western line is that of the Firelands survey. Caiawba Island was organized as a separate township on the development of grape culture. It contains some 600 acres, situated north of the old Portage river bed, that stream now emptying into the lake some eight miles west of its original outlet, what is known as " The Harbors " being the old bed of the river. Catawba Island is connectedwith the mainland bya bridge over the west harbor. Part Clinton in 184-6. — Port Clinton, the county-seat, laid out in 1827, is 120 miles north of Columbus. It is situated on a beautiful bay, on the right bank of Portage river. It has a good harbor — in which is a light-house — and about sixty dwellings. It is about the only village in the county, and may ultimately be a place of considerable trade. — Old Edition. Port Clinton, county-seat of Ottawa, is on Lake Erie at the mouth of Por tage river, and about 110 miles north of Columbus, thirteen miles west of San dusky, and thirty miles east of Toledo, on the L. S. & M. S. Railroad. County ofiicers, 1888: Auditor, John H. Berleman; Clerk, Wm. A. Eisenhour; Com missioners, Alexander Scrymager, Frederick Hillman, Henry Rof kar ; Coroner, George W. Woodward ; Infirraary Directors, Robert Richardson, Henry Ryer, Wm. C. Lewis ; Probate Judge, David R. McRitchie ; Prosecuting Attorney, Charles I. York; Recorder, Frederick W. Camper; Sheriff, James Bisnette; Surveyor, Smith Motley ; Treasurer, Washington Gordon. City officers, 1888 : George R. Clark, Mayor ; Wm. Bertsch, Clerk ; John Orth, Treasurer ; Sigmund Leimgruber, Marshal ; Wm. Bodenstein, Sealer of Weights. Newspapers : Lake Shore Bulletin, Independent, A. W. Courchaine, editor and publisher ; Ottaioa Cownkj News, Democratic, George R. Clark, editor and publisher ; Ottawa County Bq>ublican, Republican, J. W. Grisier, editor and publisher. Churches : one Catholic, one United Brethren, one Lutheran, one Methodist Episcopal. Bank : S. A. Magruder & Co., S. A. Magruder, cashier. Manufactures and Employees. — A. Spies & Co., doors, sash, etc., 6 hands ; Seuy- fert & Co., carriages, etc., 5 ; O. J. True & Co., flour, etc., 4 ; A. Couche & Co., saw mill, 10 ; Robert Hoffinger, flour, etc., 8. — State Report, 1887. Population, 1880, 1,600. School census, 1888, 546 ; John McConkie, school superintendent. Capital invested in industrial establishments, $78,500 ; value of annual product, $172,900.— OAio Labor Statistics, 1887. Large fishing depots are located here. Census, 1890, 2,049. The Trial of Bennet G. Burley at Port Clinton. This was an interesting trial involving the question of recognition of the Con federate States as a government de facto. It resulted from the arrest of Bennet G. Burley, one of the Johnson's Island raiders. (See Erie County, Vol. I., p. 572.} Burley was tried in the Common Pleas Court at Port Clinton on the charge of robbery, in forcibly taking the watch of W. O. Ashley, the clerk of the steamer " Philo Parsons." In bar of proceedings was pleaded the fact that defendant was the authorized agent and acting under the directions of the Confederate government, in all that he did, and that he did nothing not warranted by the laws and usages of war. Judge John Fitch presiding, held that the Confederate States were, at the time named a government de facto, exercising sovereignty, and being in a stateof war with the Federal government ; and hence the defendant could not be held amen able under the civil laws for acts performed under the authority of the Confed erate government. The Court cited, in support of such opinion, the fact that the United States had umformly recognized the Confederate government as belligerent, and treated Ottawa County Couet-House, Poet Clinton. Dravm by Henry Howe in 1886. LlSHTHGUSE AND METHODIST ChUECH, POET CLINION. OTTAWA COUNTY. 21 its soldiers and agents as prisoners of war. The Court, however, held that in case the jury should believe that the taking of Ashley's watch was for the personal benefit of defendant, and not in the interest of the Coufederate government, he was punishable under the State laws. The result was a disagreement' of the jury, which stood, eight for guilty and four for not guilty. The case was understood to be without precedent, and the result was, accordingly, of general interest. The ruling of Judge Fitch was generally accepted as correct. These facts are from Waggoner's " History of Toledo." That noted event in the late war in the Northwest — Perry's 'victory — took place on Lake Erie, only a few miles distant from the line of Ottawa. A description of this action we annex, from Perkins' " Late War : " Building a Navy in the Wildemess. — At Erie Commodore Perry was directed to pre pare and superintend a naval establishment, the object of which was to create a superior force on the lake. The diflSculties of building a navy in the wilderness can only be con ceived by those who have experienced them. There was nothing at this spot out of which it could be built but the timber of the forest. Ship-builders, sailors, naval stores, guns and ammunition were to be transported by land, over bad roads, a distance of 400 miles, either from Albany by the way of Buffalo, or from Philadelphia by the way of Pitts burg. Under all these embarrassments, by the 1st of August, 1813, Commodore Perry had provided a flotilla, consistijig of the ships Lawrence and Niagara, of twenty guns each, and seven smaller vessels, to wit, one of four guns, one of three, two of two and three of one — in the whole fifty-four guns. While the ships were building the enemy frequently appeared off the harbor and threatened their destruction ; but the shallowness of waters on the bar — there being but five feet — pre vented their approach. The same cause which insured, the safets^ of the ships while building, seemed to prevent their being of any service. The two largest drew several feet more water than there was on the bar. The inventive genius of Commodore Perry, however, soon surmounted this difficulty. He placed large scows on each side ofthe two largest ships, filled them so as to sink to the wa,ter edge, then attached them to the ships by strong pieces of timber, and pumped out the water. The scows then buoyed up the ships so as to pass the bar in safety. This operation was performed on both the large ships in the presence of a superior enemy. The Fleet Ready for Battle. — Having got ten his fleet in readiness, Commodore Perry proceeded to the head of the lake and an chored in Put-in-Bay, opposite to and distant thirty miles from Maiden, where the British fleet lay under the guns of the fort. He lay at anchor here several days, watching the motions of the enemy, determined to give him battle the first favorable opportunity. On the 10th of September, at sunrise, the British fleet, consisting of one ship of nine teen guns, one of seventeen, one of thirteen, one of ten, one of three and one of one — amounting to sixty-four, and exceeding the Americans by ten guns, under the |pmmand of Commodore Barclay, appeared off Put-in- Bay, distant about ten miles. Commodore Perry immediately got under way, with a light breeze at southwest. At 10 o'clock the wind hauled to the southeast, which brought the American squadron to the windward, and fave them the weather-gauge. Commodore 'erry, on board the Lawrence, then hoisted his Union Jack, having for a motto the dying words of Capt. Lawrence, '''Don't Gfive Vp the Ship," which was received with repeated cheers by the crew. Awful Silence. — He then formed the line of battle, and bore' up for the enemy, who at the same time hauled his courses and pre pared for action. The lightness of the wind occasioned the hostile squadrons to approach each other but slowly, and prolonged for two hours the solemn interval of suspense and anxiety which precedes a battle. The order and regularity of naval discipline heightened the dreadful quiet of the moment. No noise, no bustle prevailed to distract the mind, ex cept at intervals the shrill pipings of the boatswain's whistle, or a murmuring whisper among the men who stood around their guns with hghted matches, narrowly watching the movements of the foe, and sometimes steal ing a glance at the countenances of their commanders. In this manner the hostile fleets gradually neared each other in awful silence. At fifteen minutes after 11 a bugle was sounded on board the enemy's headmost ship, Detroit, loud cheers burst from all their crews, and a tremendous fire opened upon the Lawrence from the British long guns, which, from the shortness ofthe Lawrence's, she was obliged to sustain for forty minutes without being able to return a shot. The Lawrence Opens Fire. — Commodore Perry, without waiting for the other ships, kept on his course in such gallant and deter mined style that the enemy supposed he meant immediately to board. At five min utes before 12, having gained a nearer posi tion, the Lawrence opened her fire, but the long guns of the British still gave them greatly the advantage, and the Lawrence was exceedingly cut up without being able to do but very little damage in return. Their shot pierced her sides in all directions, killing the men in the berth-deck and steerage, where the wounded had been carried to be dressed. One shot had nearly produced a fatal explot sion. Passing through the light room it 22 OTTAWA COUNTY. knocked the snuff of the candle into the mag azine. Fortunately, the gunner saw it, and had the presence of mind immediately to ex tinguish it. It appeared to be the enemy's plan at all events to destroy the commodore's ship. Their heaviest fire was directed against the Lawrence, and blazed incessantly from all their largest vessels. Commodore Perry, finding the hazard of his situation, made all sail, and directed the other vessels to follow, for the purpose of closing with the enemy. The tremendous fire, however, to which he was exposed soon cut away every brace and bowline of the Lawrence, and she became unmanageable. The other vessels were unable to get up, and in this disastrous situation she sustained the main force of the enemy's fire for upwards of two hours, within canister distance, though a considerable part of the time not more than two or three of her guns could be brought to bear on her antagonist. The utmost order and regularity prevailed during this scene of horror. As fast as the men at the guns were wounded they were carried below, and others stepped into their places. The dead remained where they fell until after the action. At this juncture the "enemy believed the battle to be won. The Laurrence a Mere Wrede. — The Law rence was reduced to a mere wreck ; her deck was streaming with blood and covered with the mangled limbs and bodies of the slain. Nearly the whole of her crew were either killed or wounded ; her guns were dismounted and the commodore and his oflficers helped to work the last that was capable of service. At two Capt. Elliott was enabled, by the aid of a fresh breeze to bring his ship into close action in gallant style, and the commodore immediately determined to shift his flag on board that ship • and giving his own in charge to Lieut. Yarnell, he hauled down his Union Jack and, taking it under his arm, ordered a boat to put him on board the Niagara. Broad sides were levelled at his boat and a shower of musketry from three of the enemy's ships. He arrived safe and hoisted his Union Jack, with its animating motto, on board the Niagara. Capt. Elliott, by direction of the commodore, immediately put off in a boat to bring up the schooners which had been kept back by the lightness of the wind. At this moment the flag of the Lawrence was hauled down. She had sustained the principal force of the enemy's fire for two hours and was rendered incapable of defence. Any further show of resistance would have been a useless sacriflce of the relics of her brave and mangled crew. The enemy were at the same time so crippled that they were unable to take possession of her, and circumstances soon enabled her crew again to hoist her flag. Closing in on the Enemy. — Commodore Perry now gave the signal to all the vessels for close action. The small vessels, under the command of Capt. Elliott, got out their sweeps and made all sail. Finding the Niagara but little injured the commander determined upon the bold and desperate expedient of breaking the enemy's line ; he accordingly bore up and passed the head of the two shujs and brig, giving them a raking fire from his Starboard guns, and also a raking fire upon a large schooner and sloop from his larboard quarter at half pistol shot. Having gotten the whole squadron into action he luffed and and laid his ship alongside of the British commodore. The small vessels having now got up within good grape and canister dis tance on the other quarter, enclosed the enemy between them and the Niagara, and in this position kept up a most destructive fire on both quarters of the British until every ship struck her colors. We have Met the Enemy and They are Ours." — The engagement lasted about three hours and never was victory more decisive and complete. More prisoners were taken than there were men on board the American squadron at the close- of the action. The principal loss in killed and wounded was on board the Lawrence, before the other vessels were brought into action. Of her crew, twenty-two were killed and sixty wounded. When her flag was struck but twenty men remained on deck fit for duty. The loss on board of all the other vessels was only five killed and thirty-six wounded. The British loss must have been much more consider able. Commodore Barclay was dangerously wounded. He had lost one arm in the battle of Trafalgar. .The other was now rendered useless by the loss of a part of his shoulder- blade ; he received also a severe wound in the hip. Commodore Perry, in his oflScial despatch, speaks in the highest terms of respect and commiseration for his wounded antagonist and asks leave to grant him an immediate parole. Of Captain Elliott, his seeond in command, he says : "That he is already so well-known to the government that it would be almost superflous to speak. In this action he evinced his characteristic bravery and judgment, and since the close of it has given me the most able and essential assistance." The bold and desperate measure of pressing forward into action with the Lawrence alone and exposing her to the whole fire of the enemy's fleet for two hours, before the other ships could be got up, has been censured as rash and not warranted by the rules of naval war ; but there are many seasons when the commander must rely more on the daring promptness of his measures than on nice calculations of comparative strength. Neither Bonaparte nor Nelson everstopped to measure accurately the strength of the respective combatants. The result is the acknowledged and generally the best criterion of merit ; and it should not detract from the eclat of the successful commander that his measures were bold and decisive. Co'wardly Indians. — Two days after the battle two Indian chiefs who had been selected for their skill as marksmen, and stationed in the tops of the Detroit for the purpose of picking off the American officers, were found snugly stowed away in the hold of the I||troit. 'These savages, who had been OTTOWA COUNTY. 23 accustomed to ships of no greater magnitude sound of the minute-guns from all the ships, than what they could sling on their backs, the wild and solitary aspect of the place, gave when the action became warm were so panic- to these funeral rites a most impressive in- struck at the terrors of the scene and the fluence and formed an affecting contrast with strange perils that surrounded them, that, the terrible conflict of the preceding day. looking at each other with amazement, they Then the people of the two squadrons were vociferated their significant ''' quonh" and engaged in the deadly strife of arms ; now precipitately descended to the hold. In their they were associated as brothers to pay the British uniforms hanging in bags upon their last tribute of respect to the slain of both famished bodies, they were brought before nations. Two American officers. Lieutenant Commodore Perry, fed and discharged, no Brooks and Midshipman Laub, of the Law- further parole being necessary to prevent, rence, and three British, Captain Finnis and their afterwards engaging in the contest. Lieutenant Stoke, of the Charlotte, and Burial of Fallen Heroes. — The slain of the Lieutenant Garland, ofthe Detroit, lie in- crews of both squadrons were committed to terred by the side of each other in this lonely to the lake immediately after the action. place on the margin of the lake, a few paces The next day the funeral obsequies of the from the beach. American and British officers who had fallen This interesting battle was fought midway were performed at an opening on the margin of the lake between the two hostile armies, ¦of the bay in an appropriate and affecting who lay on the opposite shore waiting in manner. The crews of both fleets united in anxious expectation its result. The allied the ceremony. The stillness of the weather, British and Indian forces, to the amount of the procession of boats, the music — the slow four thousand flve hundred, under Proctor and and regular motion of the oars striking in Tecumseh, were at Maiden ready, in case of exact time with the notes of the solemn a successful issue, to renew their ravages on •dirge — the mournful waving of the flags, the the American borders. TRAVELLING NOTES. A Visit to Gibraltar. Gibraltar is a very interesting islet. An indentation in Put-in-Bay Island forms Put-in-Bay harbor. Gibraltar lies within the mouth of the indentation and only about a furlong from either shore. It contains eight acres and rises, a forest-clad rock, forty-five feet above the lake. It bears forty-eight different kinds of trees. When the autumnal frosts cover the leaves it rounds up from the water as a huge bower of beauty, and sometimes when the air is calm the lake repeats the bower. In the war of 1812 the island was fortified. Perry's fleet sailed out from here six miles to a point three miles north of Rattlesnake Island and there met the enemy. An Island CasUe.—T\xe island is owned by Jay Cooke, and every year since the war era it has been his summer home. In 1864 and 1865 he built upon it his spacious castellated residence. Part of the materials for it were for a time in possession of the Southern Confederacy, the doors and window-casings. These were on board the " Island Queen " when she was captured by Beall, " The Pirate of Lake Erie." Mr. Cooke was not on board and so escaped molestation. But could they have secured and held him and used his great financial talents in their cause, it might not have been among the great variety of things " in the deep bosom of the ocean buried." Upon the island Mr. Cooke has erected a monument to the memory of Com modore Perry with a suitable inscription, and near it stands mounted cannon, trophies of the victory. A lookout tower one hundred and thirty feet above the water gives a magnificent outlook. Some twenty beautiful islands and islets come under the eye from its summit, and these are largely productive in grapes, peaches, pears, quinces, apples and other fruits. Temven'na Effect of Water.— It was on the Island, also cantaloupes and water melons ; a 20th of October that by invitation I arrived few eatable peaches were lingering upon the at Gibraltar to pass a day with Mr. Cooke, trees, which Mr. Cooke gathered for my use and at even that late season the temperature when he took me over there on the succeed- of the lake air was so kindly that Uma beans ing mornmg. Flowers were also growing in T^ere still plucked for the table on Put-in-Bay the open air, as roses, heliotropes, pansies, 24 OTTAWA COUNTY. mignonettes, etc. , and might be for a month to come, while thirty miles south on the mainland they had long been overtaken by frost : such was the tempering effect of sur rounding water on the atmosphere of the island. On the island are about eight hundred acres in grapes alone, the rest of the island mainly in other fruit. The yearly value from fruit and fishing for the people amounts to about a quarter of a million dollars. The population is about eight hundred. Peaches do remarkably well and also on the Peninsula. The making of fruit baskets is an important industry of this region. Peck baskets, wholesale, at about thirty cents, and half- bushel baskets at forty-two cents a dozen. When winter shuts down here it sometimes does it with so much vim that one can walk upon the ice from the Sandusky shore to that of Canada. An Enterprising Polar Bear. — The winter of 1813 was especially severe ; not a square yard of open water that anybody knew of between the islands and the North Pole. Whereupon, as the story goes, a white polar bear of enterprising spirit started South on an exploring tour until he reached the Penin sula, opposite Sandusky, when he was dis covered by our kind, who treated him in hospitably, set upon him and carried off his fur coat. Poor bear ! Owninq an Island. — There is something romantic in that idea of having an island all to one's self as Mr. Cooke has in Gibraltar. Ex- President Hayes felt it years ago when his children were young, for he bought, a mile or so off the Peninsula, a small island as a recreation ground for them, where they could camp out and go a-sailing and a-fishing. It is a very small affair, so small one might some day take a fancy to pick it up, slip it in his vest pocket as he would his watch and walk off with it. It has a tiny name — Mouse Island — and it contains three acres. When the war closed Mr. Cooke had his house finished. Being a Christian man he felt it was the Lord's work, thinking all the time of the text, " Except the Lord build the house they labor in vain that build it." So every summer for a term of ten years he was wont in gratitude to invite the Lord's ministers to enjoy it with him, generally picking out poor men with but lean salaries. A Christian Han. — His plan was to invite ten at a time, and two of a kind — two Meth odist, two Presbyterians, two Episcopalians, two Lutherans, etc., whom he would keep two weeks and then they would depart for a second ten. When each departed he passed over checks to make good their travelling expenses to and fro. During their stay with him there was perfect concord, notwithstand ing diverse theological beliefs. Of course, he took his guests saiUng and fishing and their mutual enjoyment was huge. And sometimes when they sat down to the social meal there would lie on the platter for their regaling^a magnificent white fish or bass that only an hour or two before had been sporting in the water not one hundred' yards away from the dining-table. The Lover's Cave. — This rock of Gibraltar has its curiosities. The formation being lime stone and one side a perpendicular bluff, it has under it a cave into which a boat can go ; it is called " Lover's Cave." Another is the "Needle's Eye," an arched passage-way formed by an overhanging rock and another coming up from the bottom of the lake. , One spot on the overhanging bluff is called "Perry's Lookout," where Perry was wont to station a sentinel to watch for the British fleet, and early one morning he discovered it near the Canada shore, whereupon he hoisted his anchors, sailed out of the bay and met them, much to their sorrow. Painful S-uspense. — While the battle was in progress the sound of the guns was heard at Cleveland, about sixty miles away in a direct line over the water. The few settlers there were expecting the battle and listened with intense interest. Finally the sounds ceased. They waited for a renewal. None came ; the lull was painful. Then they knew the battle was over ; but the result, ah I that was the point. One old fellow who had been lying flat with his ear to the ground soon settled that point. Springing up he clapped his hands and shouted. " Thank God ! they are whipped 1 they are whipped. ' ' "How do you know? the others ex claimed. "Heard the big guns last ! " Perry's guns were the heaviest. Power of Impressibility. — I had not met Mr. Cooke until this visit, and then I felt as though I had always known him ; that, in deed, he was a very old friend. There are some characters that have that power of friendly impressibility and don't know it, and ought not to be blamed for having it. My philosophy of the matter is that it is the spirit of humanity and geniality that has got them in its full possession, and such would be miserable if they couldn't do good to every body and everything around them, and this shows in every act, every word that falls from their Ups and every expression of countenance. How those old divines must have enjoyed his princely hospitality and winning, heartful ways. Mr. Cooke has a fine personelle. He is of the blonde type, half an inch less than six feet in stature and turns the scale at one hun dred and ninety pounds. He is springy, alert in his movements and his mind acts with alike alertness. He has done a great work since that old Indian chief Ogontz carried him a small boy on his shoulders on the streets of Sandusky. Just glance at it. A Remarhahle Career. — In the spring of 1839, when eighteen years old, he went East to seek his fortune ; entered as a boy the banking-house of E. W. Clarke & Co.,' Philadelphia, the largest domestic exchange and banking-house in the country. In a few months he was head-clerk ; in his twentieth year had power of attorney to sign checks for the firm and at twenty-one was taken in as partner. JAY COOKE. GlBKALTAB, FEOM PUT-IN BAY. OTTAWA COUNTY. 25 And when the war ensued he was the financial agent of the Government ; and his house of Jay Cooke & Co. , of Philadelphia, with branches in Washington, New York and London, did the greatest banking business the world has known. In the year 1865 it amounted to nearly three thousand millions of dollars. In placing the United States bonds he spent not less than a million of dollars in advertising and pubUcations and took all risks. Being of strong religious con victions he feels as though he had been an instrument in the hands of Providence to provide the funds for putting down the Re bellion. And until there is revealed the inner financial history of that stupendous era, the nation will never know how greatly its salvation rested upon the financial genius and patriotism of Jay Cooke. But he knows, and that is for him the best part of it. The Wine Islands. The group of Islands in the western part of Lake Erie, sometimes called the "Wine Islands," lie principally within the State of Ohio, but the largest island- Point Pelee — and a few of the smallest are British possessions. They are as follows : Ross Island, alias South Bass, alias Put-in-Bay, Floral Isle, ahas Middle Bass, Isle St. George, alias North Bass, Rattlesnake Isle, Sugar Isle, .... Strontian, alias Green Island, . Ballast, ..... Gibraltar, .... Glacial, aUas Starve Island, Buckeye, .... 'The above are the islands forming Put Area 1,500 acres. " V50 " " 750 " 60 " 30 " 20 " 10 " u o it Area about n-Bay township, Ottawa connty. Besides these are Mouse, a small island off Scott's Point, belonging to Ex-President Hayes ; Kelley's Island, belonging to Erie county (see Vol. I, page 585) ; Gull, a small island, just north of Kelley's and West Sister's Island, some eighteen miles west of North Bass. North of the National boundary are Point Pelee Island, Middle Island, the small group known as Hen and Chickens, and East Sister's and Middle Sifster's Islands. Until 1854 these islands were sparsely settled. In that year Mr. J. D. Rivers, a Spanish merchant of New York, having been favorably impressed with their natural attractions purchased five entire islands, viz. : Put-^in-Bay, Middle Bass, Ballast, Sugar and Gibraltar, at a cost of $44,000. He at first turned Put-in- Bay into a sheep ranch, having at one time a herd of 2,000, but gradually dis posed of these and converted the island into a fruit farm. In 1858 Phillip Vroman, L. Harm.s, Lawrence Miller and J. D. Rivers com menced the cultivation of the vine. Their success was so great that others fol lowed their example and now the principal industry is the growing of grapes. The quality of the soil, natural drainage and climatic influence surrounding the islands is specially favorable to the growing of fruits. The development of this industry is shown by the facts that in 1887 more than one-third of the grape pro duct and nearly one-half of the wine product of the entire State is credited to Ottawa county, while nearly three times as many peaches were produced as in any other county in the State. The varieties of grapes grown are mainly Catawba, Delaware and Concord, with some. Ives, Norton, Clinton, etc. At one time the wines from these islands had an extended reputation and were pronounced by the best judges " worthy of being compared tothe most prized pro ductions of France; " but the alarming extent of wine adulteration and competi tion of Califomia wines has seriously affected the industry. Nevertheless, there are several companies that manufacture large quantities of wine of a high grade. One of these has in its cellars two of the largest casks in the United States, each capable of holding 16,000 gallons of wine. 26 , OTTAWA COUNTY. Soine fifteen or twenty years ago Put-in-Bay was a famous summer resort, but the destruction by fire in 1878 of the principal hotel, and iu recent years the in flux of unwholesome characters on excursions frora the cities of Cleveland, Toledo and Sandusky, who are encouraged to come here and patronize the numer ous saloons that have sprung up, has done much to bring the place into disrepute. Happily, within the past year a project has been got under way which may once more bring this historic and picturesque isle again into popular favor as a summer^ resort. A large hotel and cottages are to be erected and efforts made to prevent the lawless element from monopolizing this. Nature's outing place, for the people of Ohio. The sanitary conditions of these islands are unsurpassed, and although there is nothing striking or grand in the scenery, yet taken altogether they form a scene of great beauty, while the morning and evening breezes that blow from the waters of Lake I^rie are bracing and invigorating. Rock bass and perch abound in the water; better boating could not be desired. Propellers ply between the islands and steamers make several daily round trips to Sandusky. These islands are favorite places of resort for clubs from the larger cities. Ballast Isle is owned by the Cleveland Club ; they have a fine club-house and numerous cottages are occupied in season by their Forest City owners. On Floral Isle the Toledo and Lake Erie Boating and Fishing Association have a fine club house surrounded by the cottages of the club members. Near the centre of Put-in-Bay Island is a subterranean cavern that is quite an object of interest. It is 200 feet long, 150 feet wide and has an average height of 7 feet. At the farther end is a lake, whose pure, limpid waters are ice cold and said to be fifty feet deep in one place and to extend under the rocks to regions and depths unknown. Early in this century these islands were overrun with rattlesnakes. The caves, crevices of the limestone rocks, afforded secure retreats at all times, and in the spring season they were wont to come out and lie upon the warm rocks and bask in the sun.shine. The name of this horrid reptile is perpetuated in Rattlesnake Island, so called because its line of rocky humps suggested to its christener the rattles of rattlesnakes. Jay Cooke was born in Sandusky, Ohio, security from loss. The enormous negotia- August 10 1821, and went in 1838 to Phila- tions of the great war loans of the United ^ ?J^'«V^nf ^ "^^entered the banking-house States were taken by the subscription agent, ot Ji. W. Clarke* Co. as a clerk, and when with the possible prospect of receiving no T ^,"o*L°^® ^^'^^^ , ^P became a partner. benefit therefrom, and the chance of ruining in 1840 he wrote the first money article that his own fortune and those of his partners appeared m Philadelphia, and for a year The loan was sold, but even its remarkable edited the financial column of the Daily success did not save Mr. Chase and Mr. T^fl'^a I. ,- Ae .X. a e -^ rrr ^n°°H^ ^'¦°™ *^^® detractions and accusations ni 1, I n ^ '^""f ^ ^^c'?,*''^ ^J"??,"^,^- ^- of *l>e political enemies of the Secretary, Clarke & to. and in 1861 established a new who sought to damage his Presidential aspi- hrm ot which he was the head. In the rations by charges of favoritism. spring of 1861, when the Government called Whitelaw Reid, from whose Ohio in the for subscription loans, _the firm of Jay Cooke War this sketch is abridged, says- The & Lo at once organized and carried into clamor of the opponents of Mr. Chase in- w.!.!l1'°w K-'^f , ®'^^° obtain and for- creased and finally succeeded. The treasury waid to Washington large lists ot subscribers. attempted to negotiate its own loans and Trr86rMr'p''"t''°"'P'°'"'^°'?' .v. l""^^- The consequence was that the r" aecvPfirv ni^L tl? ^-'i ^'P^T^f ^y belhon, which might have been suppressed beci etary Chase the _ special agent of the in the later part of 1864, was defiant when S'iZnTvP fi° fT^'^"" i'^', -^"^ ''""'^'¦''^ ^¥ fi^^t of January, 1865 came. The toZ Z^T.h ^^ . ^" *'"." great trans- of financial success would have defeated the theCnft^Pr^rf ' T'^'^f "° ¦ '''^'- F Ri«hn^.ond conspirators, but, familiar with the W r/^lw^i1^^"'T/°''^''^'''^"°-*- condition of National finances, the rebels mg, and with full success the remuneration waited confidently for the relapse of the was not one-twentieth of the amount' which Union effort to subdue them. lEe prospect European cankers are accus omed to receive was dark and dreary. The treasury wa^ in from a foreign power, in addition to absolute debt for vouchers for the Quartermaster's OTTAWA COUNTY. 27 department, the armies were unpaid and heavy arrearages due, and a debt of three hundred milUons of dollars stared the new Secretary in the face, while the financial burden steadily accumulated at the rate of four millions of dollars a day. This was the condition of affairs when Mr. Fessenden was at the head of the Treasury Bureau. The government could only pay in vouchers and these were selling in every part of the country at a discount of twenty-five to thirty per cent, and gravitating rapidly downward. This was known to the Confed erate authorities and excited the hopes of the Rebel armies at home and their sympa thizers abroad. Had this condition conljnued gold would have reached a much higher premium, the vouchers of the government become unsaleable and ruin resulted. The government then tried to obtain money with out the aid of a special agent. The endeavor was made, backed by the assistance of the National banks, but proved entirely abortive. With all this powerful machinery the receipts of the treasury averaged but seven hundred thousand per day, one-sixth of the regular expenditure. Mr. Chase and the leading friends of the government earnestly advised Mr. Fessenden to employ Mr. Cooke as the special agent of the Treasury Department, and the Secretary sent for the banker. The interview was successful. Mr. Cooke asked the amount of the daily sales which would meet the urgent demands upon the treasury. The reply was "Two million five hundred thousand dollars ; can you raise the money?" "I can," was the ready reply. "When wiU you commence?" "On the first of Fehruary," and the conference ended. This was on the 24th of January, 1865. His commission was sent to Mr. Cooke ; he organized his staff of agents and by the first of February was in full operation. Innumer able assistants were appointed ; special and travelling agents were set at work ; advertis ing was ordered by hundreds of thousands of dollars, and in a few days money began to flow into the depleted treasury and cash instead of vouchers paid the purchases for the main tenance of the government and the subsistence of the army. From the first organization of Mr. Cooke's machines for popularizing the loan the daily sales averaged from two to three millions of dollars and steadily increased, until at the close of the loan the receipts averaged five millions of doUars per day. In about five months the last note was sold, fifteen or sixteen millions of doUars being sold occasion ally in one day, and once forty-two miUions. The result of these grand successes was the speedy collapse of the hopes of the Rebels. The vouchers of the government were paid off and new purchases were paid for promptly at a saving of from thirty to fifty per cent. on former prices. Since the close of the war Mr. Cooke has continued to act for the government in connection with other parties in many important matters. He was also the most efficient assistant in the establishment of the National banking system. It should be added that Mr. Cooke's profits from the per centage allowed by the govern ment were far less than has been generally supposed ; they were three-eighths of one per cent. There are on file in the Treas ury Department letters from him making re peated offers to give up the per centage and do the work for nothing if the government would release him from his liabilities for loss through any of his thousands of agents-^a risk which constantly threatened him with ruin. The department always refused this offer. TRAVELLING NOTES. A Visit to Lakeside. An Ohio Chautauqua — Lakeside is a peculiar place, a summer resort on the northeast shore of the Peninsula, about ten miles from Sandusky, with which there is constant communication by steamers passing to and from the islands. It is modelled after Chautauqua, and is owned by an association of gentlemen con nected with the Methodist Episcopal church. It was founded in 1873 for the renovation of health and moral and religious instruction. The location is in a forest, on a level site, with an expansive lake view, the nearest prominent visible object being Kelley's Island, rising frora the M^ater four miles farther out in the lake. The grounds contain 175 acres, fronting the lake with a wharf. It is enclosed by a high barb fence, the entrance gates guarded, and it is under stringent police regulations. Neither tobacco nor liquors are allowed to be sold. The visitor is taxed for the use of the grounds ; it is 25 cents for a single day, $1 for a week, and $2 for the season. I came here Saturday, by steamer, from Sandusky, tn rest over the Sabbath. In the evening the police brought into the business office a neighboring farmer who had evaded paying entrance fee by crawling, snake-like, under the fence. The tongue-lashing he received from the gentleman in charge showed "the way ofthe transgressor is hard" — that is, when caught. 28 OTTAWA COUNTY. A Wholesome Community.— The place has a large hotel, a business office with a post-office, bathing houses on the shore, about 400 cottages, and an auditorium— a huge open shed with seats for 3,000. The cottages are scattered about in the woods, generally are meresheUs, externally painted, internally not so ; built usually at a cost of from $350 to $400 each; some, from $1,000 to $1,600. Then, tents are brought here and some go into camp. On rare occasions 6,000 have slept on the grounds. The visitors are largely school marms, mothers with children, and boys camping out. The cost of hving and boarding is cheap. Some females hire cot tage rooms and do their own cooking. I felt it good to pass a Sabbath in a place from whence unwholesome people were excluded, and the moral air was so good. The Meth odists, from their eminently social nature, are the best of all religionists to manage such a retreat. On my trip over we passed Marblehead light-house, which is about two miles from Lakeside. Near that point are the famed Marblehead limestone quarries, which supply the best of limestone. The light-houses on the lakes are largely buUt with it, while a large portion of northern Ohio gets its lime from there. Pleaching to the Wyandots. — On the boat with me was an old gentleman. Rev. William Runness, a superannuated Methodist minis ter, who began his life in Portland, Maine, in 1802. He preached among the Wyandots once a quarter the last four years they re mained in Ohio, he being the presiding elder in the district embracing them. As the Wy andots had no written language, he preached to them through an interpreter, 'fhis was Jonathan. Pointer, a colored man, taken pris oner when a youth in the war of 1812 and adopted by them. The Wyandots were very emotional and excellent singers. Some of their members were prone to prolixity an speaking, and ."sometimes," said he, "they had to choke them off. On one occasion I saw one ofthe sisters get very much excited during one of their meetings, when 'Between-the-Logs,' an ordained minister of the Methodist Epis copal Church, a native Wyandot, struck up a tune and put her down. Then several speakers spoke and without interruption. 'Between-the-Logs' followed them, and had uttered but a few words, when the squelched sister, who had a loud, ringing voice, began, at the top of her register, singing — • " How happy are they W ho their Saviour obey. ' ' ' Between-the-Logs' was fairly drowned out, and took his seat, as much overcome by the merriment as the music." Saved Enough to Bury Himself. — On the boat with us was an old gentleman whose talk was lugubrious. He was lamenting the de generacy of the young men. " In old times," said he, " boys were bound out to trades, and hoarded with their employers, who looked after their habits, required them to keep good hours, and watched them with a father-like interest. With the introduction of machinery ¦ this is now aU gone by. The young men are largely careless of money and dissolute. In my village of 1,000 people there are not three . young men who do not drink and smoke ; not one who has saved enough money to pay his funeral expenses, and yet there is not one who could not have saved enough to bury himself iAree iimes orer. " Considering the profession of my inform ant, his illustration was exactly in his line, and shows how prone mankind are, when they open their mouths, to introduce the shop — he was the viUage undertaker. When the old gentleman thus spoke, it was doubtless under a dreadful sense of great depression from the memory of unpaid biUs. He had my sympathy. Soldiers' Reunion.— At Lakeside was re cently held one of those soldiers' reunions that have been so freciuent since the war. These, with thinning, dissolving ranks ofthe old veterans — now fast getting into the sere and yellow leaf— wiU soon pass away and be held no more. Photography will preserve for posterity views of many pf these meet ings, and so help to keep alive and cherish the memory of those brave men who perilled aU to save our beautiful country. 'The re union that was lately held here was that of the Twenty-third Ohio, Gen. Hayes' old regiment. I have recently seen a photograph of it by Mr. Oswald, photographer, of To ledo. In the background, near together, are Mrs. Hayes, Stanley Matthews, Gen. Comly and Gen. Hayes. And it is, a sad reflection that the ex-president is the only one of the four named .at this present writing living. Mrs. Hayes' Sympathy for the Soldier. — On their left is the drum-major, a very old man, then up in the eighties, having enlisted at the age of 60 years. Mr. Oswald himself is shown in the foreground, holding a child. The interest in this picture is greatly enhanced by the presence of Mrs. Hayes. Indeed, with out her, it could not be the Twenty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Mr. Oswald tells me that when the regiment went into winter- (juarters the general was wont to put his fam ily into a hired house near by, when Mrs. Hayes became a sort of mother to the boys. Whenever any of them were sick her sympa thies were keenly aroused and she was all at tention. Itis a precious time to the oldsoldiers — these reunions — the last of which, alas, is too near. The careless thinker, or observer, can have no conception of the sad joy of these men when they meet with more than brotherly af fection _ and talk over their mutual expe riences in that period of stupendous events — of bloody fields and agonizing hearts. The influence of these meetings upon these patri otic men, and the power of comradesh'm in the scenes through which they passed are beautifuUy delineated in a speech of Gen. Hayes at Cincinnati, August 10, 1889, before ca c,\LE or Mii.es NORTH HARBOR \@(ISLANp EAST 31STE Thb Put-in Ba-x" and othek Islands in Lakk Erik. OTTAWA COUNTY. 29 the Ohio Commadery of the Loyal Legion. when in narrow and noiseless circles the tre- From it we make this extract : mendous events of our recent history, with their countless incidents, sometimes humor- Speech of Gen. Hates. o^s, sometimes tragic and pathetic, are re called, and pass and repass before us in never- Commander and Companions : Among owe ending review. The pictures on our walls, most cherished associations we have come to the books we read with most delight, the know thsit, cornradeship in the Union Army magazines and newspapers, the collections of holds a place in the very front rank. It has mementos and reUcs gathered in those golden given us a host of army societies, great and years, aU do their part to keep in fresh remem- small. . ... For us and those who are brance the good old times when we were nearest and dearest to us, what an addition comrades, and almost all seemed and were, the war for the Union has contributed to the true and brave. attractiveness of our American society 1 Strike Soldiers' Friendships — It is often said that, out from each qf our lives, since the grand outside of the family, no tie is stronger, more review at Washington, in May, 1865, all en- tender, and more lasting than that of com- tertainments whose chief satisfaction, happi- radeship. This is not the time nor place to ness and glory can be fairly traced to tne compare as critics or philosophers the various •comradeship of the war, and who does not sorts of friendship which grow up between see how meagre and barren those years would men according to occupation and other cir- become? _ cumstances. The fact we do know, and Memory' s Review. — The interest which the rejoice to know, is that to meet our old war has imparted to our lives is not to be commander, or the brave, good men we com- measured by the contemplation merely of manded, or the trusted comrade of many a assemblages that are marked by the turmoil camp and march and battle, is always like and blare of multitudes marching with ban- good news from home, and fills the heart to ners and gathered by music and cannon ; but overflowing with happiness which no words we must reckon, also, the ever-recurring can fully tell, hours of domestic and other quiet scenes, Elmokb is nineteen miles west of Port Clinton, seventeen miles southeast of Toledo, on the L. S. & M. S. Railroad and Portage river. Newspapers : Inde- pendent, Independent, W. L. Foulke & Co., editors and publishers ; the Elmore Tribune, Independent, Bradrick Bros., publishers. Churches : 1 Presbyterian, 1 Disciples, 1 German Methodist, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 United Brethren, 1 Oerman Lutheran, 1 German Reformed, and 1 Catholic. Bank : Bank of El more, John H. McGee, president, Thomas E. Baynes, cashier. Population, 1880, 1,044. School census, 1888, 414. Oak Haeboe is ten miles west of Port Clinton, on the L. S. & M. S. Rail road and the W. & L. E. Railroad. Newspapers : Ottawa County Exponent, Democratic, J. H. Kraemer, editor ; Press, Democratic, George Gosline, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Disciples, 1 Methodist, 3 Lutheran, and 1 Catholic. Manufactures and Employees. — Charles A. Leow, carriages, etc., 6 hands ; H. H. Mylander, staves and headings, 33 ; J. "Watts, planing mill, 5 ; Ampach Bros., saw mill and hoop factory, 55 ; Wash. Gordon, planing and saw mill, 25 ; C. Roose, staves and headings^ 42 ; Portage Mills, flour, etc., 2. — State Report, 1887. Population, 1880, 987. School census, 1888, 551. Capital invested in man ufacturing establishments, |127,000 ; value of annual product, $181,000.— 04m) Eabor Statistics, 1888. Tile and brick are manufactured here of an exceUent quality, and it is in a natural gas field. Caeeoll, p. O. Lacarne, is six miles west of Port Clinton, on the L. S. & M. S. Railroad. School census, 1888, 227. Genoa is twenty-two miles west of Port Clinton, thirteen miles southeast of Toledo, on the L. S. & M. 8. Railroad. It has six churches. Population, 1880, 930. School census 1888, 373 ; I. N. Sadler, school superintendent. Put-in-Bay is on an island in Lake Erie, twelve miles north of Port Clinton, twenty two miles northwest of Sandusky. It is a famous summer resort, with daily steamers from Sandusky and Detroit during the summer season. Popula tion, 1880, 381. School census, 1888, 231. Lakeside is a summer resort on Lake Erie, and on the L. S. & M. S. Rail road, ten miles north of Sandusky. PAULDING COUNTY. PAULDING. Paulding County was formed from old Indian Territory, April 1, 1820. It was named from John Paulding, a native of Peekskill, N. Y. and one of the three militia men who captured Major Andre in the war of the Revolution ; he died in 1818. The surface is level and the county covered by the Black ^Area about 420 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 61,555 : in pasture, 6,167; woodland, 56,362; lying waste, 1,469 ; produced m wheat, 154 723 bushels; rye, 5,379; buckwheat, 1,056; oats, 205,373 ; barley, 593; corn 478 972 ; broom corn, 300 lbs. brush ; meadow hay, 9,872 tons ; clover hay,' 2,103; potatoes, 30,922 bushels; tobacco, 5,050 lbs.; butter, 261,187; sorghum, 5,181 gallons; maple sugar, 430 lbs.; honey, 5,703 ; eggs 335,593 dozen; grapes, 1,400 lbs.; sweet potatoes, 207 bushels ; apples, 10,684; pears, 112 ; wool, 23,587 lbs. ; milch cows owned, 3,809. School census, 1888, 8,063 ; teachers, 186. Miles of railroad track, 75. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880.. Auglaize, Benton, 298 1,069 Emerald, 996 798 Harrison, 770 Blue Creek, 616 Jackson, 974 Brown, 181 1,458 Latty, , 609 Carryall, 345 2,582 Paulding, 1,065 Crane, 211 1,202 Washington, 1,346 Population of Paulding in 1840, 1,035; 1860, 4,945; 1880, 13,485, of whom 10,842 were born in Ohio; 570, Indiana; 421, Pennsylvania; 258, New York; 142, Kentucky; 141, Virginia; 267, German Empire; 165, British America ; 96, Ireland ; 77, France ; 63, England and Wales ; 7, Scot land; and 4, Norway and Sweden. Census, 1890, 25,932. This county is all within the Black Swamp tract and is almost everywhere to the eye a dead level. The country roads having no obstacles to surmount are laid out through the woods with which the county is mostly covered, straight as an arrow, and the traveller over them can see immense distances on almost any road over which he may be passing. This with the wilderness aspect of the country strikes one with peculiar emotions. As an illustration of the general water-like flatness of the Black Swamp region, one on a clear night can stand near the depot in Defiance and see the head-light of the locomotive just after it emerges from the curve and is coming East at the west end of the straight line which is the water tank,, two and-a-half miles west of Antwerp and twenty-three miles away. Other places in the country have longer stretches of railroad line ; but inequalities of grade prevent such a long vision. The county has no basins ; every acre is drainable. There is no boggy or swampy land. Where drained it is solid and every acre can be drained and culti vated. Tiiey are beginning to tile extensively and many tile factories are scattered over the county ; the tiles varying from two-and-a-half to ten inches. The county is being ditched extensively nnder the State statutes. An engineer appointed by the County Commissioners lays out the ditches and dictates the dimensions. They vary from to three to six feet deep and from seven to even sometimes twenty feet in width, and from six to nine feet width at bottom. These ditches are in the swales or the lowest places, oft«n not discernible to the eye and which the engineer's level alone can detect. Thousands of acres are now drained PAULDING COUNTY. 31 and in time the entire county will be so, when it will be one of the most level fertile tracts anywhere, producing enormous crops, especially grass. Two great streams run through the county, the Maumee and the Auglaize, which unite at Defiance and form what is termed on ancient maps " The Miami of the Lakes." The Maumee runs very crooked, northeast through the north west corner townships. Carryall and Crane. In that narrow strip north of the Maumee, south of the Defiance county line, the streams empty into the Maumee. In this tract are Fountain Wells or Natural Springs, which by piping rise two or three feet above the surface. South of the river are no fountains anywhere. South of the Maumee all the streams run into the Auglaize. The first of these is " Six-Mile creek," which runs the entire width of the county and is so-called because it empties into the Auglaize six miles from its mouth. On it is the " Six Miles Reservoir," containing four and one-third square miles for the Mauraee and Wabash canal, but it is now abandoned. Six Mile runs from one to three miles from the Maumee and parallel to it. The next considerable stream is " Crooked Creek," called by the Indians Flat Rock, because the bed is a flat limestone for nearly a mile from its mouth. The streams show the county to be a plain, sloping towards the northeast, the highest parts being in the southwest. Sketch of John Paulding. This county, as stated, was named from one of the three militia men, John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac Van Wert, who took Major Andre prisoner, September 23, 1780. Paulding was born in New York in 1758, and died at Staatsburg, Dutchess co., New York, in 1818. All three were Dutch and neither could speak English well. Paulding served through the war and was three times taken prisoner. The oldest of the three was Williams, who had but passed his twenty-third birthday. The circumstances of the capture were these : They were seated among some bushes by the road-side amusing themselves by playing cards when they were aroused by the sound of the galloping of a horse, and on going to the road saw a man approaching on a large brown horse which they afterwards observed was branded near the shoulder U. S. A. The rider was a light, trim-built man, about five feet seven inches in height, with a bold, military countenance and dark eyes and was dressed in a round hat, blue surtout, crimson coat, with pantaloons and vest of nankeen. As he neared them the three cocked their muskets and aimed at the rider, who immediately checked his horse, when the following conversation ensued : Andre. — " Gentlemen, I hope you are of our party." Paulding.—" What party ? " And7-e. — " The lower party." PauMi-nff. — " We are." Andre. — " I am a British ofiieer ; I have been up the country on particular business and do not wish to be detained a single moment." Paulding. — " We are Americans." Andre. — " God bless my soul, a man must do anything to get along. I am a Continental ofiieer going down to Dobb's Ferry to get information from below." Andre then drew out and presented a pass from General Arnold, in which was the assumed name of John Anderson ; but it was of no avail. Andre exclaimed, " You will get yourselves into trouble." " We care not for that," was the reply. They then compelled hira to dismount, searched him and as a last thing ordered him to take off" his boots. At this he changed color. Williams drew oflF the left boot first, and Paulding seizing it exclaimed, " My God, here it is ! " xn it three half sheets of written paper were found enveloped by a half sheet, marked " Contents, West Point." Paulding again exclaimed, " My God, he's a spy." A similar package was found in the other boot. 32 PAULDING COUNTY. Andre was now allowed to dress. The young men now winked to each other to make further discoveries and inquired from whom he got the papers. " Of a man at Pines Bridge, a stranger to me," replied Andre. He then offered for his liberty his horse and equipage, watch and one hundred guineas. This they re ftised unless he informed them where he obtained his manuscript. He refused to comply, but again offered his horse, equipage and one thousand guineas. They were firm in their denial and Andre increased his offer to ten thousand guineas and as many dry goods as they wished, which should be deposited in any place desired ; that they might keep him and send any one to New York with his order so that they could obtain them unmolested. To this they replied that it did not signify to make any offer, for he should not go. They delivered him to the nearest military station, Newcastle, twelve miles distant. Williams, Paulding and Van Wert stood within the ring when Andre was hung. When an officer informed hira that his tirae was nearly expired and in quired if he had anything to say, he answered, " Nothing for them but to witness to the world that he died like a brave man." The hangman, who was painted black, offered to put on the noose. "Take off your black hands," said Andre ; then, putting on the noose himself, took out his handkerchief, tied it on, drew it up, bowed with a sraile to his acquaintances and died. Congress gave each of Andre's captors a farm in West Chester county, valued at $2,500, a life pension of $200, together with an elegant silver medal, on one side of which was the inscription, "Fidelity," and on the reverse the motto, "Am/) patrice vincit " — " The love of country conquers." The preceding account is from the Historical Collections of New York, by John W. Barber and Henry Howe (myself), to which it was original : On the night previous to the execution my dred years. Though so deaf he could not hear freat-uncle, Major Nathan Beers, of New a word that was uttered, he was eyery Sabbath laven, was officer of the guard and in the in his seat at the church of which he was a morning he stood beside him. He said that deacon ; his face was upturned to the minister Andre was perfectly calm. The only sign of with an expression so calm, so peaceful, that nervousness he exhibited was the rolling of a one could but feel that every feature was pebble to and fro under his shoe as he was under the celestial light. standing awaiting the order for his execution. In the war Mr. Beers was Ensign of the As a last thing, although he was a stranger Governor's Guards, the identical _ company to Mr. Beers, hut probably attracted by the whichunderthecommandof Benedict Arnold kindness of his countenance, he took from marched to Boston at its outbreak. In his his coat pocket a pen and ink sketch and old age the company, at the close of a parade handed it to him, saying in effect, " This is day would often march to his residence on my portrait which I drew last night by look- Hillhouse Avenue, draw up in line and give ing in a mirror. I have no further use for it the aged veteran a salute. On one of these and I should like you to take it. " He accom- occasions he said: "Boys, I am not much panied this gift with a lock of his hair. I of a speech-maker, but I can thank you. have often seen the portrait, which Mr. Beers Although I am too deaf to hear the report gave to Yale College. of your guns, I will say your powder smeUs Mr. Beers was a man of singular beauty of good." character and Uved to nearly the age ofonehun- Paulding, county-seat of Paulding, is about one hundred and twenty miles northwest of Columbus, on the C. J. & M. R. R. County officers, 1888 : Auditor, R. D. Webster ; Clerk, Thomas J. Champion; Commissioners, Daniel Davidson, Michael Maloy, Thomas Chester; Coroner. Daniel W. Hixon ; Infirmary Directors, Henry Downhour, Samuel Dotterer, Daniel H. Dunlap ; Probate Judge, Vance Brodnix ; Prosecuting Attorney, W. H. Snook ; Recorder, Frank M. Bashore ; Sheriff, Edward C. Swain ; Surveyor, Oliver Morrow ; Treasurer, Michael Finan. City officers, 1888 : H. E. McClure, Mayor; Bell Smith, Clerk; Joseph B. Croraley, Treasurer; John Bashore, Mar shal. Newspapers : Democrat, Democratic, N. R. Webster, editor and publisher 5 Paulding County Bepublican, Republican, A. Durfey, editor and publisher. Churches : one Methodist, one United Brethren and one Presbyterian. Banks ; PAULDING COUNTY. 33 Paulding Deposit, C. H. Allen, president, W. H. Mohr, cashier; Potter's, George W. Potter, cashier. It has 2 hoop and stave factories, 1 hub and buggy spoke factory — the hubs are made from elm and spokes from hickory — 2 saw mills in town, while the country around is full of saw mills ; also, two wagon and buggy shops and 1 planing mill. Population, 1880, 454. School census, 1888, 606. Capital invested in indus trial establishments, $93,500. Value of annual product, $218,000. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1887. Census, 1890, 1,879. Calvin L. Noble, commonly called " The Judge," died at Paulding, April 10, 1889, where he had located in 1858. He was born in Trumbull county, October 13, 1813. Learned printing and founded a Deraocratic newspaper in in Cleveland. As the type was too wide for his display head-line he left out one letter and changed the spelling from " Cleaveland " to " Cleveland," and the public adopted the change. See page 508. In September, 1833, he located at Fort Defiance, when all the Northwestern Territory was a howling wilderness inhabited by Indians. Mr. Noble became agent for the American Fur Company and purchased large amounts of fur, which was then the principal source of revenue in all this region. He was also agent for the American Land Company ; superintended the laying out of Bryan ; was in the Legislature ; held many offices, as Recorder and Commissioner of Williams county ; was first Sheriff of Defiance county ; Probate Judge of Paulding county and for twelve years collector of the leases of the Miami and Erie canal. He was one of the most widely known and respected of the pioneers of North western Ohio. TRAVELLING NOTES. Paulding, Wednesday Evening, Decembei' 8, 1886. — I came to this place this morning from Cecil, six miles, by rail and have had a very interesting day. This is about the wildest county in Ohio. It is a new county, but rapidly improv ing ; has doubled in population in the last eight years. The town is emerging from the forest and has a very primitive, woodsy look. The place is girt around with the grand primitive forest, waiting its turn to sink beneath the labor of man. The single trees that are left and stand scattered around in the town, like sentinels on duty, have the peculiar look of trees grown in the forest of the Black Swamp, where they run up like bare naked poles with their spreading limbs and tufts of foliage on top, to welcorae the sunlight and the shower. The place pleases rae beyond measure ; carries me back to the aspect of the new places I have travelled through on old Pomp, when much of Ohio was a new country like this. And the people are filled with the same good spirits then so largely seen, which comes to settlers in a new rapidly developing country. They already halloo because they see their way out of the woods and a bright chance for themselves and bovs and girls after them. The new-coraers are crowding in inquiring for land improved and timbered, and then they buy and go into the interior and erect the old-time log hut, level the forest and drain the land. H y D. C. Winters, Phoh>., Paulding. The Paulding Foknace, near Cecil. The white beehive-shaped structures are the kilns for the burning of the charcoaL D. C. Winters, Photo., Paulding, 1887. A Hoop-PoLB Shanty. This is the home of a family who had moved in from Richland County to follow the bnsiness of making hoops. The county is full of such. Woodsmen here work the forest as fishermen work the sea. 35 PAULDING COUNTY. 37 The great obstacle to the settlement of the county has been the immense amount of fallen timber, which clogs np and stops the flow of water. The early settlers were fairly starved and drowned out ; the ground was so wet they could not raise anything. An old surveyor, running a line for a State road from Greenville in Darke county into Williams county, on entering Paulding made a note in his survey- book : " WatxT ! — wafer .' — wafer .' — ipitol at Columbus. It represents ol^a SQuadron A brother, Matthew Gal- Perry ust as. he has eft the Lawrence for bratth was also f very accomplished naval the Niagara, m a naval launch The launch Seer He figured in the bom'bardment of is in the foreground^ while the vessels are f^:-^^..Je.^^.n,eA the famed expe- shown around en^a^ed^-f T tJe'liSe . ditwnto^.J^apan. ^^^^ ^^ ^^.^ purchased figures of Commodore Perry and his brave W. H. PoweU's famous painting of Perry's crew. In this county are many ancient raounds of various dimensions, and four or five miles in -a northwesterly direction from Somerset is an ancient stone fort Although irregular in shape it approaches a triangle. Near the centre is a stone mound, about twelve feet high, and in the wall a smaller one. The fort encloses about forty acres. Just south of it is a square work, containing about half an acre. ^ . ,i o. -^ -n u i, Shawnee is eight miles south of New Lexington, on the Straitsville branch of the B & O. R. R. It is one of the greatest coal-mining points in Ohio. City officers, 1888 : E. W. Williams, Mayor ; D. C. Thoraas, Clerk ; C. C. Marsh, Treasurer; John Welch, Street Comraissioner; Thomas M. Jones, Mar shal. Newspaper: Banner, Independent, A. Maynard, editor and publisher. Population, 1880, 2,770. ' School census, 1888, 1,094 ; C. Pierce, superintend ent of schools. 1 o ¦ -n New Straitsville is ten miles south of New Lexington, on the Straitsville Division of the C. H. V. & T. R. R. The largest veins of coal in the State are found here and the daily shipments are very large. It has seven churches. City officers, 1888 : Henry Spurrier, Mayor; John E. Evans, Clerk; J. L. West, Treasurer ; John Park, Street Coraraissioner ; Leonard Harbaugh, Marshal. Bank of Straitsville, H. H. Todd, president, C. B. Todd, cashier. Population, 1880, 2,872. School census, 1888, 1,152; C. L. Williams, superintendent of schools. A recent visitor writes : " New Straitsville is in the heart of the richest coal- producing district west of Pennsylvania ; it is only three miles over the high, steep hills to bustling Shawnee, with its raines and blast furnaces ; southward are Gore, Carbon Hill, and finally Nelsonville, all strong mining towns ofthe Hocking Valley. A good deal of life i^underground. When a stranger comes to Straits ville and beholds a few houses on half-a-dozen ridges and but two streets of con sequence, he is scarcely ready to think that there is a population of nearly three thousand in the town, but if he went into many of the houses he would find them packed with people, and very often one roof shelters half-a-dozen families. " Straitsville and Shawnee were desperate places during the great strikes thai prevailed in Hoadly's administration. A good many deeds of violence were planned and executed in this neighborhood. At tiraes huraan life was lightly valued, and yesterday a tree was pointed out to me from the limbs of which a man was lynched for shooting an officer during stormy times. " These are good, happy and busy days in the Hocking Valley. The mining region has not been so prosperous for half-a-dozen years. There is an abundance of work and a steady demand foi* more coal. The railroads are working their men night and day and still they can not haul coal away frora the raines rapidly enough to raeet the current raarket deraands." Corning is twelve miles southeast of NeW Lexington, on the T. & O. C. and K. & O. Railroads. The surrounding country is rich in coal and iron. It has four churches. City officers, 1888 : G. W. Carroll, Mayor ; Chas. W. Roof, Clerk ; Desssi Donnelly, Treasurer ; A. T. Winning, Marshal ; John Cliffiard, Street Commis sioner. Newspaper: Times- Monitor, Independent, Times-Monitor Publishing Company, editors and publishers. Population, 1880, 2,500 (estimated). ERRY COUNTY. 59 Junction City is at the crossing of the B. & O. and C. & M V and T & O C. Railroads, five miles west of New Lexington. School census, 1888, 190 Rendville is on the T & O. C. R. R., eleven miles from New Lexington. Population about 500. In 1887 Dr. I. S. Tuppins, born a slave and a graduate of Columbus Medical College, was elected Mayor. He is said to have been the nrst ot his race elected to such a position in Ohio. I, ^r^^P^^^^^T.^® "^^^^ ^^^ ^^*®™ ^"^^ 0^ *^^ Licking Reservoir, on the line of the 1. & O. R. R., and has a population of about 500. Thornport is about two miles north of Thornville, on the B. & O. R. R and on the Reservoir. In our old edition is stated : "This portion of country was settled about 1810; land was then so cheap in the neighborhood that one Beesacker purchased twenty acres for an old, black naare ; luckily, in laying out the country, two important roads intersected his pur chase. He immediately had it surveyed into town lots, naming it New Lebanon. An embryo town sprung into existence. This took place about 1815. It was afterwards changed to Thornville, from being in the township of Thorn." PICKAWAY. Pickaway County was formed January 12, 1810, from Ross, Fairfield and Franklin ; the name is a misspelling of Piqua, the name of a tribe of the Shawanese, for the significance of which see p. 517, Vol. II. The name was im mediately derived from the plains in the county. 'The surface is level and the soil generally very fertile and productive in grain. In many places the eye will take in at a single glance five hundred acres of corn at one view. The country has the four varieties of woodland, barren, plain and prairie. The barrens were originally covered with shrub oak and were at first supposed to be valueless, but proved to be excellent for grass and oats. The original settlers were mainly from Pennsylvania and Virginia. The principal productions are corn, wheat, oats, grass, pork, wool and neat cattle. Area about 480 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 144,968; in pasture, 80,135 ; woodland, 32,053 ; lying waste, 6,436 ; produced in wheat, 765,883 bushels; rye, 2,146; buckwheat, 600; oats, 64,584; barley, 11,671 ; corn, 2,088,965; broom corn, 21,500 lbs. "brush; meadow hay, 11,356 tons; clover hay, 4,865 ; flax, 585 bushels seed ; potatoes, 37,483 ; butter, 416,059 lbs.; sorghum, 611 gallons; maple syrup, 2,326; honey, 4,155 lbs. ; eggs, 526, 839 dozen ; grapes, 9,750 lbs. ; wine, 60 gallons ; sweet potatoes, 790 bushels ; apples, 6,797 ; peaches, 767 ; pears, 276 ; wool, 53,577 lbs. ; milch cows owned, 5,465. School census, 1888, 9,024 ; teachers, 209. Miles of railroad track, 62. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Circleville, 2,973 6,541 Perry, 1,794 Darby, 1,052 1,500 Pickaway, 1,574 1,514 Deer Creek, 1,376 1,636 Salt Creek, 1,815 1,858 Harrison, 1,149 1,461 Scioto, 920 2,310 Jackson, 993 1,339' Walnut, 1,798 1,591 Madison, 851 896 Washington, 1,194 1,145 Monroe, 1,352 1,880 Wayne, 779 811 Mnhlenburg, 653 1,139 6o PICKAWAY COUNTY. Population of Pickaway in 1820 was 18,143 ; 1830, 15,935 ; 1840, 20,169 ; 1860, 23,469 ; 1880, 27,415, of whom 24,013 were born m Ohio ; 861, Virginia; 604, Pennsylvania; 165, New York; 102, Indiana; 88, Kentucky; 471, German Empire; 283, Ireland; 89, England and Wales ; 22, France; 20, British America ; and 14, Scotland. Census, 1890, 26,959. In my first edition of 1847, I stated: "Much of the land on the west side of the Scioto is farmed by tenants, who receive either a certain proportion of the profits, or pay stated rents. The further removed the ownership of land from from those who cultivate it, the worse is it for the development of the resources of a country. Slavery is worse than the tenant system and actual ownership the best of all. Hence it is that the Virginia military district, much of which is held in large tracts by wealthy raen, with tenants under thera, does not thrive as well as some other parts of the State having a poorer soil, but cultivated by those who both hold the plow and own the land." Then I quoted from a writer of the time, as follows : Within the county, on the west side of the river, is a territory of about 290 square miles, containing a population of 8,376, averaging a fraction less than thirty to the square mile ; while the territory on the east side of the river, within the county, embracing only 209 square miles, sustains a population of 11,349, averaging almost fifty-five to the square mile. This disparity in the density of population of the territory on the east and west sides of the river arises principally from four causes : 1st, the large surveys on which the land on the west side of the river was originally located. This prevented persons of small means from seeking farms there ; 2d, the difficulty of finding the real owner of tbese surveys, who generally resided in some of the Southern Atlantic States, or Kentucky, and who frequently had no a^ent here to sub divide, show, or sell the lands ; 3d, the fre quent interference of different entries and surveys there with each other, which rendered the titles insecure. Though only a small por tion of the lands were subject to this last difficulty, yet many jjersons were thereby deterred from purchasing and settling upon them ; 4th, the greater disposition in the in habitants there to engross large tracts of land, instead of purchasing smaUer tracts, and» ex pending more upon their improvements. This last continues to be the great obstacle in the way of increase of population now on those lands. To an observing traveUer passing directly through the county from east to west, the contrast is very striking. While on the one side he finds the lands well improved, with fields of moderate size, well fenced, with a good barn and neat dwelling-house to each adjacent farm ; on the other, nefinds occasion ally baronial mansions, " like angel's visits, few and far between," with rarely a barn, and each field large enough for two or three good farms. Between these mansions he will find the old pioneer log dwellings and the slovenly cultivation of the first settlers. The prices of the same quality of land on the east side are generally about double those on the west side. A part of this difference in the artificial appearance and cultivation of the country upon the opposite sides of the river results, no doubt, from the different origin of the in habitants. Those on the east side originated mostly from Pennsylvania ; while those on the west side had their origin generally in the more northern slave States. Habits brought with the first emigrants cannot be changed at once, though time and the operation of our laws wiU gradually modify them . Already, in several neighborhoods west of the river, the plan of smaller farms and better improve ments has commenced ; and a few years of prosperous industry will produce the neat farm cottage and the well-stored barn, with the productive fields of variegated crops and delicious fruits, which render the pur suits of agriculture so desirable. These are the blessings designed by a bountiful Benefactor to compensate for the toils, ex posures and hardships incident to the pur suit of farming. Without these comforts it would be the barren drudgery of the toil- worn slave. The Pickaway Plains. Three-and-a-half miles south of Circleville are the celebrated Pickaway Plains, said to contain the richest body of land in Ohio. They are divided into two parts, the greater or upper plain and the lesser or lower one. The soil was very black when first cultivated ; the result of vegetable decomposition through a long succession of ages. These plains are based on water-worn gravel and pebbles. The upper plain is at least 150 feet above the bed of the river, which passes Map of the Ancient Shawanobsb Towns, on the Pickaway Plains. [Explanations. — A. Ancient works, on which Circleville now stands. B. Logan's cabin at Old Chillicothe, now Westfall, four miles below Circle ville : from this place a trail led through Grenadier Squaw towu, and from thence up the Congo valley, and crossed to the opposite side of the creek, aboi^ li miles from its mouth. C. Blaek mountain, a short distance west of the old Barr mansion. D. Council house, a short distance northeast of the residence of Wns. Eenick, Jr. The two parallel lines at this point represent the gauntlet through which prisoners were forced to run, and O the stake at which they were burnt, which last is on a commanding elevation. F. The carap of Col. Lewis, just south of the residence of Geo. Wolf. The Logan elm is about a mile north of the site of the camp of Lewis on Congo creek. E. The point where Lord Dunmore met with and stopped the army of Lzwis when on their way to attack the Indians : it is opposite the mansion of Major John Boggs. G. The residence of Judge Gills, near which is shown the position of Camp Charlotte.] 6i PICKAWAY COUNTY. 63 about a mile west of them. Their form is elliptical, with the longest diameter from northeast to southwest, being about seven miles by three and a half or four miles. They were destitute of trees when first visited by the whites. The fertility was such as to produce one hundred bushels of corn, or fifty of wheat, to the acre for many years, but they are now less productive. These plains have bnt few trees or shrubs within reach of the eye, except along the distant borders. The early settlers in the vicinity procured all their fodder, a coarse, natural grass, from the plains, which grew several feet above a man's head. It was extremely difficult to break up, requiring the strongest teams. The cultivation of corn, which grew up to a height of twelve or fifteen feet, weakened their natural fertility. Originally, the plains were adorned with a great variety of beautiful fiowers. The annexed map is reduced from one 20 J inches by 17 J, made from the sur vey of P. N. White, for Felix Renick, of Ross. 'The country represented is about seven miles square. Of all places in'the AVest, this pre-eminently deserves the name of " classic ground." Here, in olden time, burned the council-fires of the red man ; here the afi'airs of the nation in general council were discussed, and the important questions of peace and war decided. On these plains the allied tribes marched forth and met General Lewis, and fought the sanguinary battle at Point Pleasant. Here it was that Logan made his raeraorable speech, and here, too, that the noted campaign of Dunmore was brought to a close by a treaty, or rather a truce, at Camp Charlotte. Frora the " Remarks " appended to this map by Mr. Renick, we extract the following : Among the circumstances which invest this region with extrordinary interest is the fact that to these towns were brought so many of the truly unfortunate prisoners who were ab ducted from the neighboring States. Here they were immolated on the altar of the red man's vengeance, and made to suffer to the death all the tortures savage ingenuity could invent, as a sort of expiation for the aggres sions of their race. Strange does it seem that human beings, on whom Nature had bestowed such riches of inteUect, could be brought by force of habit, not only to commit, but to delight in committing, such enormous cri(elties as they often practised on many of their help less victims — acts which had the direct effect of bringing down retaliation, in some form or other, on their own heads. But that they should contend to the last extremity for so delightful a spot, will not be wondered at by the most common observer on a view of the premises. Por picturesqueness, fertility of soU, and other concomitants to make it desir able for human habitation, it is not surpassed by any other locality in the Western country, or perhaps in the world. The towns were well supplied with good spring water ; some of the adjacent bottom-lands were susceptible of being made to produce, as nature has left them, one hundred bushels of Indian corn to the acre and all other grains and vegetables in proportion. The Black Mountain, represented on the map by C (so called by the natives, but why so named tradition hath not informed us), is a ridge somewhat in the shape of an inverted boat, elevated from 130 to 150 feet above the bottom of the prairie immediately in its vicin ity, and commands from its summit a full view of the high plains and the country around it to a great extent. This facility the natives enjoyed, for they were in the practice yearly of burning over the country, which kept down the undergrowth, while the larger growth was so sparse as not materially to intercept the view.' This elevated ridge answered the Indian some valuable purposes. No enemy could approach in day time, who could not from its summit be descried at a great distance ; and by repairing thither the red man could often have a choice of the game in view, and his sagacity seldom failed him in the endeavor to approach it with success. The Burning Ground, in the suburbs of Grenadier Squawtown, represented on the map, was also situated on an elevated spot, which commands a full view of all the other towns within the drawing, so that when a victim was at the stake and the flames ascend ing, all the inhabitants of the other towns who could not be present, might, in a great measure, enjoy the scene by sight and imagi nation. The burning-ground at Old phiUi- cothe was somewhat simUar, being in full view of the burning-ground at Squaw town, the Black Mountain and two or three other smaU towns in other parts of the plains. The Grenadier Squaw, whose name the above town bore, was a sister to Cornstalk. Slie was represented as being a woman of great muscular strength, and, like her brother, possessed of a superior intellect. Slovers Escape. — From accounts most to be relied on, it was to Grenadier Squawtown 64 PICKAWAY COUNTY. that Slover, who was taken prisoner at Craw ford' s defeat, in 1782, was brought to suffer a similar death to that which Crawford, his commander, had undergone a few days before, but from which, through Providential aid, he was relieved and enabled to make his escape. The circumstances of his escape have been previously published ; but as they seem to be inseparably connected with the history of this spot, I hope to he excused for repeating them here. After his capture on his way thither, he had been very much abused at the differ ent towns he passed through, beaten with clubs, etc. On his arrival here he had a similar punishment to undergo. A council was held over him and he was doomed to die the death that Crawford had suffered. Tbe day was appointed for the consummation of the horrid deed, and its morning dawned without any unpropitious appearances to mar the anticipated enjoyments of the natives collected from the neighboring towns to wit ness the scene. At the appointed time Slover was led forth, stripped naked, tied. to the fatal stake, and the fire kindled around him. Just as his tormentors were about to com mence the torture, it seemed that the Great Spirit looked down, and said: "No! this horrid deed shaU not be done!" Immedi ately the heavens were overcast ; the forked lightnings in all directions fiew ; in mighty peals the thunder rolled and seemed to shake the earth to its centre ; the rain in copious torrents feU and quenched the threatening flames before they had done the victim much injury — continuing to a late hour. The natives stood dumbfounded — somewhat fear ing that the Great Spirit was not pleased with what they were about to do. But had they been ever so much inclined, there was not time left that evening to carry out their usual savage observances. Slover was there fore taken from the stake and conducted to an empty house, to an upper log of which he was fastened by a buffalo-tug tied around his neck, and his arms were pinioned behind him by a cord. Two warriors were set over him as a guard to prevent his escape in the night. Here again Providence seemed to interfere in favor of Slover, by causing a restless sleep to come over his guard. UntU a late hour the Indians sat up, smoking their pipes and talk ing to Slover— using all their ingenuity to tantaUze him, asking "how would ne like to eat fire," etc. At length one of them lay down and soon fell asleep. The other con tinued smoking and talking to Slover some time. After midnight a deep sleep came upon him. He also lay down, and soon thought of nothing save in dreams of the anticipated pleasure to be enjoyed in torturing their' pris oner next day. Slover then resolved to make an effort to get loose, and soon extricated one of his hands from the cords. He then tried to unloose the tug around his neck, but without effect. He had not long been thus engaged before one of the Indians got up and smoked his pipe. While he was thus engaged Slover kept very stUl for fear of a discovery ; but the Indian being again overcome with sleep, again lay down. Slover then renewed his exertions, but for some time without effect, and he resigned himself to his fate. After resting awhile, however, he resolved to make another and a last effort. He put his hand again to the tug, and, as he related, he slipped it over his head without difficulty. He then got out of the house as quietly as possible, sprang over a fence into a cornfield. While passing through the field he came near running over a squaw and her children, who were sleeping under a tree. To avoid dis covery he deviated from a straight track and rapidly hurried to the upper plain, where, as ¦ he had expected, he found a number of Indian horses grazing. Day was then fairly breaking. He untied the cord from the other arm. which by this time was very much swelled. Selecting, as he thought, the best horse he could see, he made a bridle of the cord, mounted him, and rode off at full speed. About ten o'clock the horse gave out. Slover then had to travel on foot with all possible speed ; and between mosquitos, nettles, brush, briars, thorns, etc., by the time he got home he had more the appear ance of a mass of raw flesh than an ani mated being. Dunmore's Expedition. The history of the expedition of Lord Dunmore against these towns on the Scioto, in 1774, we derive frora the discourse upon this subject delivered by Chas. Whittlesey, Esq., before the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, at Columbus, in 1840. In August, 1774, Lord Dunmore collected a force of 3,000 men, destined for the destruc tion of their towns on the Scioto, situated within the present limits of Pickaway county. One half of the corps was raised in Bote tourt, Fincastle, and the adjoining counties, by Col. Andrew Lewis, and of these 1,100 were in rendezvous at the levels of Green Briar on the Sth of September. It advanced in two divisions ; the left wing, commanded by Lewis, struck the great Kenhawa and fol lowed that stream to the Ohio. The right wing, attended by Dunmore in person, passed the mountains at the Potomac gap, and came to the Ohio somewhere above Wheeling. About the 6th of October a talk was had with the chiefs of the Six Nations and the Dela wares, some of whom had been to the Shawanese towns on a mission of peace. They reported unfavorably. PICKAWAY COUNTY. 6S Battle of Point Pleasant. — The plan ofthe campaign was to form a junction before reaching the Indian villages, and Lewis ac cordingly halted at the mouth of the Kfen- hawa on the 6th of October for communica tion and orders from the commander-in- chief While there he encamped on the ground now occupied by the village of Point Pleasant, without entrenchments or other defences. On the morning of the IOth of October he was attacked by 1,001) chosen warriors of the Western Confederacy, who had abandoned their towns on the Pickaway plains to meet the Virginia troops, and gave them battle before the two corps could be united. The Virginia riflemen occupied a triangular point of land, between the right bank of the Kenhawa and the left bank of the Ohio, accessible only by the rear. The assault was therefore in this quarter. With in an hour after the scouts had reported the presence of the Indians a general en- f agement took place, extending from one ank of one river to the other, half a mile from the point. Colonel Andrew Lewis, who seems to have been possessed of military talent, acted with steadiness and decision in this emergency. He arrayed his forces promptly and advanced to meet the enemy, with force equal to his own. Col. Charles Lewis, with ,300 men, form ing the right of the line, met the Indians at sunrise and sustained the first attack. Here he was mortaUy wounded in the onset, and his troops, receiving almost the entire weight of the charge, were broken and gave way. Col. Fleming with a portion of the com mand had advanced along the shore of the Ohio, and in a few moments fell in with the right of the Indian line, which rested on the river. The effect of the first shock was to stagger the left wing as it had done the right, and its commander, also, was severely wounded at an early stage of the conflict ; but his men succeeded in reaching a piece of timber land and maintained their position until the re serve under Col. Field reached the ground. It will be seen by examining Lewis's plan of the engagement and the ground on which it was fought, that an advance on his part and a retreat of his opponent necessarily weak- oned their line by constantly increasing its length, if it extended from river to river, and would eventuaUy force him to break it or leave his flanks unprotected. Those ac quainted with Indian tactics inform us that it is the great point of his generalship to pre serve his flanks and over-reach those of his enemy. They continued, therefore, contrary to their usual practice, to dispute the ground with the pertinacity of veterans along the whole line, retreating slowly from tree to tree, till one o'clock, P. M., when they reached a strong position. Here both parties rested, within rifle-range of each other, and con tinued a desultory fire along a front of a mile and a quarter, until after sunset. The desperate nature of this fight may be inferred from the deep-seated animosity of both parties towards each other, the high courage which both possessed and the con sequences which hung upon the issue. The Virginians lost one-half their commissioned officers and fifty-two men kiUed. Of the Indians, twenty-one were left on the field, and the loss in killed and wounded is stated at 233. During the night the Indians re treated and were not pursued. Having failed in this contest with the troops while they were still divided in two parties, they changed their plan and determined at once to save their towns from destruction by offers of peace. Soon after the battle was over a reinforce ment of 300 Fincastle troops, and also an ex press from Lord Dunmore arrived, with an orderdirectingthisdivision to advance towards the Shawanese villages without delay. Not withstanding the order was given in ignorance of the engagement, and commanded them to enter the enemy's country unsupported, Col. Lewis and his men were glad to comply with it and thus complete the overthrow of the allied Indians. The Virginians, made eager with success, and maddened by the loss of so many brave officers, dashed across the Ohio in pursuit of more victims, leaving a garrison at Point Pleasant. Our next information of them is, that a march of eighty miles through an un trodden wilderness has been performed, and on the 24th of October they are encamped on the banks of the Congo creek, in Pickaway township, Pickaway county, within striking distance of the Indian towns. Their principsil village was occupied by Shawnees, and stood. upon the ground where the village of Westfall is now situated, on the west bank of the Scioto and on the Ohio canal, near the south line of the same county. This was the head quarters of the confederate tribes, and was called Chillicothe ; and because there were •other towns, either at that time or soon after. of the same name, it was known as Old Chillicothe. One of them was located at the present village of Frankfort, in Ross county, on the north fork of Paint creek and others on the waters of the Great Miami. In the meantime Lord Dunmore and his men had descended the Ohio to the mouth of the Great Hockhocking, established a depot and erected some defences called Fort Gower. From this point he probably started the ex press directed to Lewis, at the mouth of Kenhawa, about fifty miles below, and im mediately commenced his march up the Hockhocking into the Indian country. _ For the next that is known of him he is in the vicinity of Camp Charlotte, on the left bank of Sippo creek, about seven miles southeast of Circleville, where he arrived before Lewis reached the station on Congo, as above stated. Camp Charlotte was situated ibout four and one-half miles northeast of Camp Lewis, on the farm now [1 840] owned by Thos. J. Win ship, Esq. , and was consequently farther from the ChUlicothe villages than the position oc cupied by the left wing. There has been much diversity of opinion and statement re- PICKAWAY COUNTY. This is probably a sufficient excuse for presenting here, in detail, the evidence upon which the positions of these several points are established. 66specting the location of the true Old ChUU- cothe town, and also in regard to the positwns of Camp Chariotte and Camp Lewis, ihe associations connected with those places have given them an interest which wiU never decline. It was at the Chillicothe towns that Logan delivered his famous speech. It was not made in council, for he refused to attend at Camp Charlotta where the talk was held, and Dunmore sent a trader, by the name of John Gibson to mquire the cause of his absence. The Indians, as before intimated, had made proposi tions to the governor for peace, and probably before he was aware of the result of the action at Kenhawa. When Gibson arrived at the village Logan came to him, and by his (Logan's) request they went into an adjoining wood and sat down Here, after shedding abundance of tears, the honored chief told his pathetic story. Gibson repeated it to the officers, who caused it to be published in the Virginia Gazette of that year. Mr. Jefierson was charged with making improvements and alterations when he published it in his notes on Virginia ; but from the concurrent testimony of Gibson, Lord Dunraore, and several others it appears to be as close a representation of the original as could be obtained under the circumstances. The only versions of the speech that I have seen are here contrasted, in order to show that the substance and sentiments correspond, and that it must be the production of Logan, or of John Gibson, the only white man who heard the original. WlLLIAMSBTJBG, Va., Fd). 4, 1775. Thq foUowing is said to be a message from Captain Logan, an Indian warrior, to Gov. Dunmore, after the battle in which Colonel Charles Lewis was slain, delivered at the treaty : "I appeal to any white man to say that he ever entered Logan's cabin, but I gave him meat ; that he ever came naked, but I clothed him. "In the course of the last war, Logan re mained in his cabin an advocate for peace. I had such an affection for the white people, that I was pointed at by the rest of my na tion. I should have ever Uved with them had it not been for Col. Cresap, who, last year, cut off, in cold blood, all the relations of Logan, not sparing my women and chil dren. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any human creature. This caUed upon me for revenge. I have sought it. I have killed many, and fully glutted my revenge. I am glad there_ is a prospect of peace on account of the nation ; but I beg you wUl not entertain a thought that any thing I have said proceeds from fear. Logan dis dains the thought. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan ? No one. ' ' New York, Fd>. 16, 1775. Extract of a letter from Va : " I make no doubt the following specimen^ of Indian eloquence and mistaken valor wiU please you, but you must make allowances for the unskilfulness of the interpreter. "I appeal to any white man to say, if ever- he entered Logan's cabin hungry and I gave him not meat ; if ever he came cold or naked. and I gave him not clothing. "During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained in his tent an advocate for peace. Nay, such was my love for the whites, that those of my own country pointed at me as they passed by and said, 'Logan is the friend of white men.' I had even thought to live with you, but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood, and unprovoked, cut off aU the relatives of Logan ; not sparing even my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any human creature. This called on me _ for revenge. I have sought it. I have killed many. I have ftiUy glutted my vengeance. For my country, I rejoice at the beams of peace. Yet, do not harbor the thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? Not one." The right hand translation is literally the same as the copy given in Jefferson's Notes, page 124, and is doubtless the version given out by himself at the time. It was repeated throughout the North American colonies as a lesson of eloquence in the schools, and copied upon the pages of literary journals in Great Britain and the Continent. This brief effusion of mingled pride, courage and sorrow, elevated the character of the native Anierican throughout the intelligent world ; and the PICKAWAY COUNTY. 67 place where it was delivered can never be forgotten so long as touching eloquence is admired by men. Camp Charlotte was situated on the southwest quarter of section 12, town 10, range 21, upon a pleasant piece of ground in view of the Pickaway plains. It was without permanent defences, or, at least, there are no remains of intrench ments, and is accessible on all sides. The creek in front formed no impediment to an approach frora that quarter, and the country is level in the rear. Camp Lewis is said to be upon more defensible ground on the northeast quarter of section 30, same township and range. The two encampraents have often been confounded with each other. Before Lord Dunmore reached the vicinity of the Indian towns, he was met by a flag of truce, borne by a white man named Elliott, desiring a halt on the part of the troops, and requesting for the chiefs an interpreter with whom they could communicate. To this his lordship, who, according to the Virginians, had an aversion to fighting, readUy assented. They furthermore charged him with the design of forming an aUiance with the con federacy, to assist Great Britain against the colonies in the crisis of the revolution, which every one foresaw. He, however, moved for ward to Camp Charlotte, which was estab lished rather as a convenient council ground, than as a jjlace of security or defence. The Virginia mUitia came here for the purpose of fighting, and their dissatisfaction and dis appointment at the result amounted almost to mutiny. Lewis refused to obey the order for a halt, considering the enemy as already with his grasp, and of inferior numbers to his own. Dunmore, as we have seen, went in person _ to enforce his orders, and it is said drew his sword upon Colonel Lewis, threaten ing him with instant death if he persisted in further disobedience. The troops were concentrated at Camp Charlotte, numbering about 2,500 men. The principal chiefs of the Scioto tribes had been assemhled, and some days were spent in negotiations. A compact or treaty was at length concluded, and four hostages put in possession of the governor to be taken to Virginia. We know very little of the precise terms of this treaty, nor even of the tribes who gave it their assent, It is said the Indians agreed to make the Ohio their boundary, and the whites stipulated not to pass beyond that river. An agreement was entered into for a talk at Pittsburg in the following spring, where a more full treaty was to be made ; but the revolutionary move ments prevented. When the army returned, they took the route by Fort Gower, at the mouth of the Hocking, in what is now Athens county, where, on the 5th of November, and 10 days after the arrival of Lewis at Camp Charlotte, the officers held a meeting " for the purpose of considering the grievances of British America : an officer present addressed the meeting in the following words :" Gentlemen : — Having now concluded the campaign, by the assistance of Providence, with honor and advantage to the colony and ourselves, it only remains that we should give our country the stronger assurance that we are ready at all times, to the utmost of our power, to maintain and defend her just rights and privUeges. We have lived about three months in the woods, without any intelUgence from Boston, or from the delegates at Phila delphia. It is possible, from the groundless reports of designing men, that our country men may be jealous of the use such a body would make of arms in their hands at this critical juncture. That we are a respectable body is certain, when it is considered that we can live weeks without bread or salt; that we can sleep in the open air without any covering but that of the canopy of heaven ; and that we can march and shoot with any in the known world. Blessed with these talents, let us solemnly engage to one another, and our country in particular, that we will use them for no purpose but for the honor and advantage of America and of Virgiflia in particular. It behooves us, then, for the satisfaction of our country, that we should give them our real sentiments by way of resolves, at this very alarming crisis. _ Whereupon the meeting made choice of a committee to draw up and prepare resolves for their consideration ; who immediately withdrew, and after some time spent therein, reported that they had agreed to and pre pared the following resolves, which were read, maturely considered, and agreed to nem. con. by the meeting, and ordered to be published in the Virginia Gazette: Resolved, That we wiU bear the most faith ful allegiance to his majesty King George the Third, whUe his majesty delights to reiga over a brave and a free people ; that we wUl, at the expense of life and everything dear and valuable, exert ourselves in the support of the honor of his crown and the dignity of the British empire. But as the love of liberty and attachment to the real interests and just rights of America outweigh every other con sideration, we resolve, that we will exert every power within us for the defence of 68 PICKAWAY COUNTY. American liberty, and for the support of her just rights and privileges, not in any preci pitous, riotous, or tumultuous manner, hut when regularly called forth by the unanimous voice of our countrymen. Resolved, That we entertain the greatest respect for his excellency the Rt. Hon. Lord Dunmore, who commanded the expedition against the Shawanese, and who, we are confident, underwent the great fatigue of this singular campaign from no other motive than the true interests of the country. Signed by order and in behalf of the whole corps. Benjamin Ashbt, Clerk. Notwithstanding the evidence above produced, derived from the American Archives, it is said that the troops, who had wished to give an efficient blow, reached Virginia highly dissatisfied with the governor and the treaty : the con duct of the governor could not be well explained by them, " except by supposing him to act with reference to the expected contest with England and her colonies — a motive which the colonists regarded as little less than treasonable." — Perkins' Annals. Of the feeling in camp towards Dunmore at the time of the treaty, we have some evidence in the statement of the late venerable Abrm. Thomas, one of the early settlers of Miami county, published in the Ih'oy Times, in 1839. We (Dunmore's army) lay at the mouth of the Hocking for some time. One day, as I was going down to the boats, I met Dunmore just leaving them. He expressed his fears that Gen. Lewis was attacked by the Indians. The men had noticed Dunmore for several days with his ear close to the water, but did not then suspect the reason. He told me he thought he heard the roaring of gutfs upon the water, and requested me to put my ear to it, and although it was ten or twelve [28] miles distant, I distinctly heard the roar of musketry. The next day we took up the line of march fdr Chillicothe, up the Hockhock ing. On the second or third day, some Indians came running into the camp, beseech ing Dunmore to stop Lewis's division, which had crossed the Ohio and was in full pursuit of the Indians ; to use their own words, ' ' like so many devils, that would kUl them all." This was the first certain information our men had of that battle. On the solicitation of the savages, Dunmore twice sent orders to check the progress of Lewis, but he refused to obey them, untU Dunmore himself took command of the division and led them back to the Ohio. The troops were indignant at the conduct of Dunmore, and believed his object was to give up both divisions of the army to the Indians. It was thought he knew the attack would be made at Point Pleasant about the time it took place, calulated on the defeat of Lewis, and led our army into the defiles of the Hocking, that they might the more easily become the prey of infuriated savages, flushed with recent victory. An incident occurred here, showing the state of feeUng among the- men. At the time the Indians who came into the camp were sitting with Dunmore in his tent, a backwoodsman passing observed them and stepped around the tent. When he thought he had them in range, he discharged his rifle through the canvass, with the inten tion of kiUing the three at once. It was a close cut — it missed : the man escaped through the crowd and no one knew \y^ho did it. From this time until he left the camp, Dunmore tried to concUiate what he could by indulgence and talking ; but this would not have availed him had he not taken other pre cautions, for many in the camp beUeved him the enemy of their country and the betrayer of the army. 'The chief. Cornstalk, whose town is shown on the map, was a man of true nobility of soul, and a brave warrior. At the battle of Point Pleasant he com manded the Indianswith consummate skUl, and if at any tinae his warriors were beUeved to waver, his voice could be heard above the din of battle, exclaiming in his native tongue, "Be strong! Be strong!" When he re turned to the Pickaway towns, after the battle, he called a council of the nation to consult what should be done, and upbraided them in not suffering him to make peace, as he desired, on the evening before the battle. " What." said he, " wUl you do now ? The Big Knife is coming on us, and we shall all be killed. Now you must fight or we are done." But no one answering, he said, "Then let us kiU aU our women and children, and go and fight untU we die." But no answer was made, when, rising, he struck his tomahawk in a post of the counoil house and exclaimed, "I'll go and make peace," to which aU the warriors grunted "Ough! ought ! ' ' and runners were instantly despatched to Dunmore to solicit peace. In the summer of 1777, he was atrociously murdered at Point Pleasant. As his mur derers were approaching, his son Elinipsico trembled violently. " His father encouraged him not to be afraid, for that the Great Man The Logan Elm. The above is a view of the Logan Elm, commonly called the Treaty Elm, aa photographed by J. H. Nugent of Chillicothe in 1876. It is on the farm of James Boggs, about six miles south of Cifcleville, two and a half miles east of the Scioto, and one mile west of the Scioto Valley Eailroad.' Congo Creek is shown in the foreground. James Boggs stands on the left and Nelson Kellenberger on the right. The cabin on the left, it is said, was bnilt in 1798 and was the residenee of the Boggs family, and when taken down, ahout 1882, had been in use as a tool house. Dimensions of the tree are : girth, 20 feet, height, 79 feet, spread of branches, in diameter, 120 feet. 69 PICKAWAY COUNTY. 71 above had sent him there to be kUled and die and support." Had he lived, it is believed with him. As the men advanced to the door, that he would have been friendly with the the Cornstalk rose up and met them : they Americans, as he had come over to visit the fired, and seven or eight bullets went through garrison at Point Pleasant to communicate him. So fell the great Cornstalk warrior— the design ofthe Indians of uniting with the whose name was bestowed upon him by the British. His grave is to be seen at Point consent of the nation, as their great strength Pleasant to the present day. The last years of Logan were truly melancholy. He wandered about frora tribe to tribe, a solitary and lonely man ; dejected and broken-hearted by the loss of his friends and the decay of his tribe, he resorted to the stimulus of strong drink to drown his sorrow. He was at last murdered, in Michigan, near Detroit. He was, at the time, sitting with his blanket over his head before a camp fire, his elbows resting on his knees and his head upon his hands, buried in profound refiection, when an Indian, who had taken some offence, stole behind him and buried his tomahawk in his brains. Thus perished the immortal Logan, the last of his race. These foregoing facts were given to rae by Mr. Henry C. Brish, of Tiffin, who had been an Indian agent. He had them from the " Good Hunter," an aged Mingo chief and a familiar acquaintance of Logan. In view of the question of authenticity of Logan's celebrated speech we ap pend the following extract from Butterfield's History of the Girtys, published in 1890, by Robert Clarke & Co. : "His lordship (Lord Dunmore) was met, hewas a surly feUow. He, however, pro- before he reached the Indian villages by a ceeded on, and I saw him return on the day messenger (a white man) from the enemy, of the treaty and Logan was not with him. anxious for an accommodation. Dunmore At this time a circle was formed and the sent back the messenger with John Gibson treaty begun. I saw John Gibson on Girty's and Simon Girty. ' ' (The latter was then a arrival, get up and go out of the circle and scout for Lord Dunmore and had not yet talk with Girty, after which he (Gibson) commenced his notorious renegade career.) went into a tent, and soon after, returning " The two soon brought an answer to his into the circle, drew out of his pocket a piece lordship from the Shawanese. Gibson, nearly of clean, new paper, on which was written, in twenty-six years after, in relating the affair, his own handwriting, a speech for and in the ignores the presence of Girty entirely. But name of Logan.' This was the famous his memory was certainly at fajilt, for a num- speech about which there has beeri so much ber of persons present afterward declared controversy. It is now well established that that he was accompanied by Girty. the version as first printed was substantially "While negotiations were going forward, the words of Logan ; but it is equally certain the Mingo chief, Logan, held himself aloof. thathe (Logan), in attributing the murder of 'Two or three days before the treaty,' says his relatives to Colonel Cresap, was mis- an eye-witness, ' when I was on the outguard, taken. Girty, from recollection, translated Simon Girty, who was passing by, stopped the ' speech ' to Gibson, and the latter put it me and conversed ; he said he was going after into excellent English, as he was abundantly Logan, but he did not like his business, for capable of doing." The Famed Logan Elm. On the farm of the Boggs faraily, on the Pickaway Plains, stands the faraed Logan Elm. It is on Congo creek, distant alaout six miles directly south of Circleville, two and a half miles east of the Scioto, and one and a half miles west of the line of the Scioto Valley Railroad. According to the general tradition it was under this elrn that Logan made his celebrated speech. It is a raonster tree ; twenty feet in girth, seventy-nine feet in height and the circle overspread by its branches is one hundred and twenty feet in diameter. The Boggs faraily settled on this spot about the year 1798. " The tradition," says the County History, " relates that Capt. Williamson, an officer under Lord Dunmore, recited to Capt. John Boggs the circumstances connected with the treaty of the Indians, and described the place of meeting as being near Congo creek, about a mile below Camp Lewis, in a small piece of prairie of about thirty acres, in the middle of which was a mound. Logan was present and delivered the speech uuder an elra that stood a short distance southwest of said mound. 72 PICKAWAY COUNTY. Capt. Boggs haH no difficulty subsequently in finding said tree from the descrip tion given him by Williamson, and it has ever since been carefully preserved by members of the family, because of the historical associations that are believed to ^The victory at Point Pleasant, as stated, broke the power of the Indians. The site of the battle is four miles above Gallipolis, on the Virginia side of the Ohio. In the fall of 1844, while travelling over Western Virginia collecting historical materials, I stayed over night in the cabin of a mountaineer, named Jesse Van Bibber, then an old man. I had sought him for information, because his family had been engaged in the border wars. This old raan sung to rae, m pathetic tones, the song of that battle, sometimes called by thera " The Shawanese Battle." I wrote it down from his lips, and published it in my works on Vir ginia, and now reproduce it here ; Battle op Point Pleasant. Let us mind the tenth day of October, Seventy-four, which caused woe ; The Indian savages they did cover The pleasant banks of the Ohio. The battle beginning in the morning — Throughout the day it lasted sore. Till the evening shades were returning down Upon the banks of the Ohio. Judgment proceedes to execution — Let fame throughout all dangers go; Our heroes fought with resolution, Upon the banks of the Ohio. Seven score lay dead and wounded, Of champions that did face their foes ; By which the heathen were confounded Upon the banks of the Ohio. Colonel Lewis and some noble captains, Did down to death like Uriah go ; Alas ! their heads wound up in napkins Upon the banks of the Ohio. Kings lamented their mighty fallen Upon the mountains of Gilboa ; And now we mourn for brave Hugh AUen Par from the banks of the Ohio. 1 Oh ! bless the mighty King of Heaven, For all his wondrous works below, Who hath to us the victory given Upon the banks of the Ohio. Circleville in 184.6. — Circleville, the county-seat, is on the Ohio canal and Scioto river, twenty-six miles south of Columbus, and nineteen south of Chillicothe. It was laid out in 1810, as the seat of justice, by Daniel Dresbach, on land originally belonging to Zeigler & Watt, and the first lot sold on the 10th of September. The town is on the site of ancient fortifications, one of which, having been circu lar, originated the name of the place. The old court-house, built in the form of an octagon, and destroyed in 1841, stood in the centre of the circle. Few, if any, vestiges remain of these forts, but we find them described at length in the ArchcBologia Americana, by Caleb Atwater, published in 1820. The description aud accompanying cut are appended : _ There are two forts, one being an exact circle, the other being an exact square. The former is surrounded by two walls, with a deep ditch between them ; the latter is en compassed by one waU without any ditch. The former was sixty-nine feet in diameter, measuring from outside to outside of the cir cular outer wall ; the latter is exactly fifty-five rods square, measuring the same way. The walls of the circular fort were at least twenty feet in height, measuring from the bottom of the ditch, before the town of Circleville was built. The inner wall was of clay, taken up probably in the northern part of the fort, where was a low place, which is still consider ably lower than any other part of the work. The outside wall was taken from the ditch which is between these walls, and is alluvial, consisting of pebbles, worn smooth in water. and sand, to a very considerable depth, more than fifty feet at least. The outside of the walls is about five or six feet in height now ; on the inside the ditch is at present generally not more than fifteen feet. They are disap pearing before us daUy and wiU soon be gone. The walls of the square fort are at this time, where left standing, about ten feet in height. There were eight gateways, or openings, lead ing into the square fort and only one intothe circular fort. Before each of these openings was a mound of earth, perhaps four feet high, forty feet perhaps in diameter at the base, and twenty or upwards at the summit. These mounds, for two rods or more, are exactly in front of the gateways and were intended for the defence of these openings. As this work is a perfect square, so the gateways and their watch-towers were equi- Dram by Henry Howe in 1846. West Main Street, Circleville. The foreground was originally a part ofthe old circle, which in time was "squared." ¦-K-- fr,7», t - *-':- Seed >t Booh, Ftiolo., 1886. View in Circleville. The County Court-House is shown on the left; the old circle was a few hundred yards distant, farther up the street. 73 PICKAWAY COUNTY. distant from each other. These mounds were in a perfectly straight line, and exactly par allel with the wall. Those small mounds were at m, m, m, m, m, m, m. The black line at d represents the ditch, and w, w, represent the two circular waUs. 75 D fthe reader is referred to the plate] shows the site of a once very remarkable ancient mound of earth, with a semi-circular pavement on its eastern side, neariy fronting, as the plate represents, the only gateway leading into this fort. This mound is entirely Rod* Ancient Fortifications at Circlbvillb. removed ; but the outUne of the semi-cir cular pavement may stUl be seen in many places, notwithstanding the dilapidations of time and those occasioned by the hand of man. The earth in these waUs was as nearly per pendicular as it could be made to lie. This fort had originally but one gateway leading into it on its eastern side, and that was de fended by a mound of earth several feet in height, at m, i. Near the centre of this work was a mound, with a semi-circular pavement on its eastern side, some of the remains of which may still be seen by an intelligent observer. The mound at m, i, has been entirely removed so as to make the street level, from where it once stood. i? is a square fort adjoining the circular one, as represented by the plate, the area of which has been stated already. The wall which surrounds this work is generally now about 10 feet in height, where it has not been manufactured into brick. There are seven gateways leading into the fort, besides the one which communicates with the square fortification — that is, one at each angle, and another in the wall, just half way between the angular ones. Before each of these gate ways was a mound of earth of four or five feet in height, intended for the defence of these openings. • The extreme care of the authors of these works to protect and defend every part of the circle is no where visible about this square fort. The former is defended by two high walls — the latter by one. The former has a deep ditch encircling it — this has none. The former could be entered at one place only — this at eight, and those about twenty feet broad. The present town of CirclevUle covers all the round and the western half of the square fort. These fortifications, where the town stands, will entirely disappear in a few years ; and I have used the only nieans within my power to perpetuate their memory, by the annexed drawing and this brief de scription. Another writer gives some additional facts. Writing in 1834, he says ; On the southwest side of the circle stands a conical hill crowned with an artificial mound. Indeed, so much does the whole elevation resemble the work of man, that many have mistaken it for a large mound. A street has lately been opened across the little mound which crowned the hill, and in re moving the earth many skeletons were found in good preservation. A cranium of one of them was in my possession, and is a noble specimen of the race which once occupied these ancient walls. It has a high forehead and large and bold features, with all the phrenological marks of daring and bravery. Poor fellow, he died overwhelmed by num bers ; as the fracture of the right parietal bone by the battle-axe and five large stone arrows sticking in and about his bones, stiU 76 PICKAWAY COUNTY. bear sUent, but sure testimony. The elevated constructing the banks of the canal which ground a little north of the town, across runs near the base of the highlands. Ihey Hargus creek, which washes the base of the were buried in the common earth without plain of Circleville, appears to have been any attempt at tumuli, and occupy so large a the common burying-ground. Human bones space that only a dense population and a long in great quantities are found in digging away period of time could have furnished such the gravel for repairing the streets and for numbers. Circleville is a thriving business town, surrounded by a beautiful, level country. Opposite the town, the bottom land on the Scioto is banked up for several miles, to prevent being overfiowed by the river. Circleville has 1 Presbyterian, 2 Lutheran, 1 Episcopal, 2 Methodist, 2 Baptist, 1 Catholic, 1 Evangelical and 2 United Brethren churches; an elegant court-house, recently erected; 1 or 2 acad emies, 3 printing ofiices, about 20 mercantile stores, 1 bank, 9 warehouses on the canal, and had in 1830, 1,136, and in 1840, 2,330 inhabitants ; it has now over 3,000. The business by the canal is heavy. Of the clearances made from this port in 1846, there were of corn, 106,465 bushels ; wheat, 24,918 bushels ; broom corn, 426,374 pounds; bacon and pork, 1,277,212 pounds; and lard, 1,458,259 pounds. — OM Edition. Circleville, county-seat, is twenty-six miles south of Columbus, on the east bank of the Scioto river, which is crossed at this point by the Ohio canak Circleville is on the C. & M. Division of the P. C. & St L. and the S. V. Rail roads. It is in one of the richest agricultural regions in the State and is noted as shipping more broom corn than any other point in the United States, and hav ing the largest straw-board manufacturing concern, it is claimed, in the world. This is one of the finest agricultural sections of Ohio ; so Circleville's industries are principally devoted to working up the products of the soil. Pork-packing, sweet-corn canning and drying, tanning, and milling are conducted here on a large scale. It has the largest straw-board and .straw-paper mill in the. world, employ ing a capital of about half a million dollars and a large force of employees. County ofiicers, 1888: Auditor, S.W.Miller; Clerk, George H. Pontius; Commissioners, George Betts, Alexander C. Bell, Cyrus Purcell ; Coroner, Mack A. Lanum ; Infirmary Directors, John G. Haas, Daniel Myers, Jacob B. Rife; Probate Judge, D. J. Myers ; Prosecuting Attorney, Clarence Curtain ; Recorder, John McCrady ; Sheriff, James T. Wallace ; Surveyor, Cyrus F. Abernethy ; Treasurer, Joseph C. Harper. City ofiicers, 1888: J. Wheeler Lowe, Mayor; R. P. Dresbach, Clerk ; R. C. Anderson, Marshal ; Daniel Brown, Comraissioner ; John Schleyer, Solicitor. Newspapers ; Herald, Deraocratic, Murphy & Darst, editors and publishers ; Democrat and Watchman, Democratic, A. R. Van Cleaf, editor and publisher ; Union Herald, Republican, Harry E. Lutz, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 United Brethren, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodfst, 3 Evangelical, 2 Lutheran, 1 Catholic and 1 Presbyterian. Banks : First National, J. A. Hawkes, president, Otis Ballard, cashier ; Second National, S. H. Ruggles, president, E. E. Winship, cashier; Third National, S. Morris, cashier. Manufactures and Employees. — George H. Spangler, carriages and buggies, 4 hands.; C. B. Tyler, doors, sash, etc., 20 ; Delaplane & Parks, grain elevator, 2 ; Roth Brothers, oak harness leather, 15 ; McEwing & Oliver, engines aud repairs, 10 ; Bell & Caldwell, meal and elevator, 5 ; Jacob Young, flour and feed, 3 ; H. A. Jackson, grain elevator, 3 ; Heffner & Co., Saginaw corn meal, 19 ; Circle ville Union Herald, printing, 7 ; Pickaway Machine Works, machine work, 4 ; William Heffner & Son, fiour and feed, 7 ; J. P. Strahm, cigars, 6 ; Democrat and Watchman, printing, 7 ; Portage Straw Board Co., straw boards, 210; Con rad Richards, barrels, 10 ; Edison Electric Light Co., electric light, A.— State Beport, 1888. Population, 1880, 6,046. School census, 1888, 2,285 ; M. H. Lewis, school superintendent. Capital invested in industrial establishments, $511,000. PICKAWAY COUNTY. 77 X^J-!^^. of annual product, $609,500.— OAio Labor Statistics, 1887. Census 1890, 6,556. ' Circleville, having derived its name from being built around a circle, in process of time has changed its nucleus spot to a square ; and hence claims that it has per- lormed that impossible feat to mathematicians, squared the circle. REMINISCENCES. Circleville is noted from having long been the home of Ohio's earliest historian, Caleb Atwater. His life was long, and he had a national reputation. It in cluded many things— minister, lawyer, educator, business man, legislator, Indian Commissioner, author and antiquarian. He was a direct descendant of David Atwater, one of the wealthiest of the original settlers who founded New Haven, in 1638, and these were the richest body of colonists in America. This David Atwater was the progenitor of all the Atwaters on the Continent. One of ray four great-grandfathers was a Caleb Atwater ; so I have some of the sarae blood in my veins. But all of that old New England stock is nearly related. Almost the entire emigration to New England was in fourteen years, frora 1628 to 1642, when in all 20,000 people came over. After that there was no emigration, only as the scattering snow-flakes after a snow squall. These 20,000 married young ; had large families, often a dozen of children in each, so that at the beginning of this century they had increased to over a million. The result is, as genealogists ascer tain, they are about all in some degree of cousinship to the rest. Thi,=i, by some lines, is often near and others remote. Often a genealogist may ascertain for a man such a fact as this, that his wife is his third cousiii by such a line, and by another the sixth cousin. Calfeb Atwater, Ohio's first historian, was born on Christmas Day, 1778, at North Adams, Massachusetts, was educated at Williams College, taught a ladies' school in New York, and at the same time studied theology ; was ordained a Presbyterian minister, married and then quickly lost his wife, which event greatly affected his health and spirits. He later studied law, was admitted to the bar ; and finally paid the best compliraent in his power to the charms of wedded life that any poor, forlorn soul can — married the second time. Went into business, and failing, anticipated the advice of the sage of the New York Tribune " to go West," and got an early start. The attractive point was Circleville, the year, 1815, and he remained until his death in 1854, at the patriarchal age of eighty-nine. He opened a law office to engage in tfie practice of law. The people sent him to the Ohio Legislature, where he became prominent as the friend of public schools, and as one of the original rainority to advocate the introduction of canals. At the close of his legislative duties he was sent by General Jackson as Commissioner to the Winnebago Indians, at Galena, Illinois. He early turned his attention to authorship, and his first book grew out of his coming to a town which was built around a circle, laid out by the Mound Builders. They had arranged their dwellings around it as a nucleus, put their Temple of Justice, i. e., the Pickaway county court-house, in the centre, and radiated their streets from the circumference line. He, therefore, became interested in Archse ology and issued his "Archseologia Americana upon Western Antiquities." This work attracted great attention among savans at home and abroad, and made him widely known. Beside this he published "A Tour to the Prairie du Chien," "An Essay on Education," "Writings of Caleb Atwater," and in 1838, his " History of Ohio." He was the associate of the first men of Ohio and the country at large from the nature of his pursuits and objects of public interest. I made the acquaintance of Caleb Atwater, in 1846, at Circleville. He had 78 PICKAWAY COUNTY. the Atwater physique — a large, heavily-moulded man, with dark eyes and com plexion, and a Romanesque nose. He was a queer talker, and appeared to me like a disappointed, unhappy man. One of his favorite topics was General Jackson, whose friendship he greatly valued. He had visited him ^t the Her mitage, where Old Hickory, who was a genial personage, had entertained him, talking, I presume, between the whiffs of his corn-cob pipe, which he smoked even when in the White House. His life appears to have been a struggle with penury. He did but little, if any, law business ; he had a large faraily, six sons and three daughters, and his books were but a meagre source of support, and these he sold by personal solicitation. He was, however, blest with an excellent wife, and that is the all-important point with a struggling man. In my recent visit to Circleville, Mr. Henry S. Page took me out to the Forest Cemetery, and there I found a beautiful monument, a cube about fourteen feet in height, of Italian marble, and surmounted by a figure of Christ asking a blessing. Upon it was this inscription : John Cradlebaugh, born at Circleville, Ohio, February 22, 1819. He was a Judge of the District Court of the United States for Utah Territory. He distinguished himself by his great courage in attempt ing to bring to justice the persons who were gmlty of that horrible curse, the Mountain Meadow Massa cre. He was a Delegate in Congress for Nevada Territory. He took part in the Siege of Vicksburg, where he commanded the 114th Regt. 0. V. I., and was severely wounded. He died in Nevada, Fehruary 19, 1872. Judge Cradlebaugh graduated at Miami University, practised the law in Logan aud then in Circleville, was in 1850 and in 1852 a member of the Ohio Senate from Pickaway and Franklin counties. In 1858 he made a speech in Circleville strongly sustaining the policy of Buchanan in his policy in regard to the Missouri Compromise, which led to his appointment as one of the judges of Utah by Buchanan. After he left Utah he removed to Nevada, from which teri'itory he was sent a delegate to Congress. He had expected to be Senator when Nevada was adraitted as a State, but finally saw and predicted that " some rich man would come up from San Francisco with a pile of money and buy the Legislature," which proved true. While residing in Nevada the war broke out, he returned to Pickaway county and raised the 114th O. V. I., which he commanded. He was badly wounded by a bullet passing through his mouth, which compelled him ^ retire from ser vice. He returned to Nevada, but could not practise his profession, his raouth being so badly lacerated that he could not speak distinctly. So he became very poor. He died in 1872, and his remains were brought home and laid beside the beautiful monument he had erected in 1852, to the meraory ofhis wife Judge Cradlebaugh greatly distinguished himself by his heroic conduct while acting BS Judge in Utah. He tried to bring the Mormon murderers to account : boldly defied the power of the Morraon church, and in vain appealed to President Buchanan for aid to bring the authors of the Mountain Meadow raassacre to PICKAWAY COUNTY. 79 account. The details are given in the Circleville Union Herald of January 29 and July 2, 1889. OHIO BIRDS. A remarkable literary and scientific enterprise was that of Genevieve E. Jones and Eliza J. Schultze, in the projection of the " Illustrations of the Nests and Eggs of Birds of Ohio." In the course of the work Miss Jones died and her mother completed the illustrations. After eight years of untiring industry the work was published by Dr. N. E. Jones, with Mrs. N. E. Jones as illustrator and Dr. Howard Jones writer of the text. It consists of 68 plates, 15|^ x 17:^ inches, accurately colored by hand, representing the nests and eggs of one hundred and thirty species, all the birds known to breed in Ohio, with over 300 pages of text from original field notes. It is one of the most beautiful and desirable works that has ever appeared in the United States upon any branch of natural history and ranks with Audubon's celebrated work on birds. The two volumes cost about $350.00. Another noteworthy work on birds of Ohio is that of Dr. J. M. Wheaton, of Columbus, Ohio, which is contained in Vol. IV. of the Ohio Geological Survey. Dr. Wheaton during his lifetime was a deep student of birds of Ohio and their habits ; he collected and preserved at great expense and years of labor, one male and one female of each species of Ohio birds, many of which are now extinct and others fast disappearing before the changing conditions of increasing population. This valuable collection is now in the possession of his widow, but should be pur chased and preserved by the State. An effort to this end was made during the legislative session of 1889, but owing to a clerical error failed. Still another notable work on birds is " Nests and Eggs of North American Birds," by Oliver Davie, of Columbus, Ohio (1889). It is illustrated with engraved plates. This is the most complete and accurate work on North American birds' eggs and nests that has yet appeared, and is regarded as a standard by the most eminent authorities. Its author, Mr. Davie, is an expert taxidermist, and is now engaged on a work on that subject, which in its completeness and accuracy will equal his excellent work on " Nests and Eggs." Samuel Lutz was born in Lehigh county. Pa., March 13, 1789, and died at Circleville, Ohio, September 1, 1890, aged 101 years, 5 months, and 19 days. In 1802 he removed to Circleville, became a surveyor; served in the war of 1812 under General Harrison. In 1830 was elected to the Ohio legislature and re-elected three times. On Mr. Lutz's one hundredth birthday more than 1,200 friends and relatives gathered at his residence and in a temporary auditorium erected for the purpose took part in comraemorative exercises. Each guest was given a card containing his autograph in a strong round hand, and an ample dinner was served on the grounds. New Holland is seventeen miles southwest of Circleville, on the C. & M. V. R. R. Newspaper: Plain Talk, Republican, E. B. Lewis, editor and publisher. Population in 1880, 478. School census, 1888, 186. Williamsport is nine miles southwest of Circleville, on the C. & M. V. R. R. Newspaper: Bip Saw, publisher, Homer Cooksey, editor. It has 1 Methodist and 1 Christian church and a fine sulphur spring. The main industry is carriage-making. Population in 1880, 313. School census, 1888, 164. Ashville is nine miles north of Circleville, on the S. V. R. R. Newspaper : Enterprise, Independent, Nessraith and Fraundfelter, editors and publishers. Churches : 1 United Brethren and 1 Evangelical Lutheran. Population about 450. South Bloomfield is nine miles northwest of Circleville. Population, 1880, 303. School census, 1888, 126. 8o PICKAWAY COUNTY. Tarltok is ten miles southeast of Circleville. Population, 1880, 425. School "* wSiBTLEk^feWen miles southeast of Circleville School census,^ 1888, 89 Darbyville is thirteen miles northwest of Circleville, on Big Darby creek. Population, 1880, 262. School census, 1888, 88. „ ^. , „, ^ , i Commercial Poikt is fifteen miles northwest of Circleville. School census, 1888, 82. PIKE. Pike County was formed in 1815 from Ross, Highland, Adams, Scioto and Jackson counties. Excepting the rich bottom lands of the Scioto and its tribu taries, its surface is generally hilly. The hills abound with the noted Waverly sandstone. Area, about 470 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 59,554; in pasture, 50,068; woodland, 61,078 ; lying waste, 6,492 ; produced in wheat, 135,490 bushels; rye, 324; buckwheat, 30; oats, 84,125 ; barley, 490; corn, 500,281 ; meadow hay, 6,608 tons ; clover hay, 1,063 ; potatoes, 21,327 bushels; tobacco, 1,345 lbs.; butter, 168,541; sorghum, 4,808 gallons; raaple syrup, 1,719; eggs, 201,612 dozen; grapes, 11,400 lbs. ; wine, 15 gallons; sweet potatoes, 550 bushels; apples, 14,685 ; peaches, 4,545 ; pears, 271 ; wool, 21,314 lbs. ; milch cows owned, 2,621. School census, 1888, 6,191 ; teachers, 149. Miles of railroad track, 44. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Beaver, 1,075 750 Pebble, 504 1,594 Benton, 1,474 Pee Pee, 813 2,725 Camp Creek, 299 947 Perry, 565 879 Jackson, 1,096 2,067 Scioto, 921 Marion, 908 Seal, 1,875 1,411 Mifflin, 645 1,230 Sunfish, 325 976 Newton, 337 1,369 Union, 676 Population of Pike county in 1820 was 4,253 ; 1830, 6,024 ; 1840, 7,536 ; 1860, 13,643; 1880, 17,937 ; of whom 15,620 were born in Ohio ; 661, Virginia ; 359, Pennsylvania ; 144, Kentucky; 67 New York ; 58, Indiana ; 606, German Empire ; 44, Ireland ; 24, England and Wales ; 5, Scotland ; 4, France, and 3, British America. Census, 1890, 17,482. I he Origin of Names is always a matter of interest. It is a tradition that an Irishman whose initials were P. P., cut them in the bark of a beech, on the banks of a creek. This gave its name to the creek — Pee Pee, and later to a township. Waverly is in Pee Pee, and James Eraraitt, the founder, had called the place Uniontown until 1830, when the Ohio canal was in progress at that point. An attempt was then made to establish a post-office, when it was discovered there was already an Uniontown in Northern Ohio. In this quandary Capt. Francis Cleve land, later an uncle of Grover Cleveland (for Grover was then unborn), an engi neer on the canal who had been deeply engrossed in reading Scott's novels, sug gested the name Waverly, and it was adopted. The uncle died at Portsmouth in 1882. PIKE COUNTY. 8i BIOGRAPHY. Zebulon Montgomery Pike, from whom Pike county was named, was born in Lam berton, N. J., January 5, 1779, and died in York (now Toronto), Canada, AprU 27, 18] 3. His father was a captain in the Revolution ary army ; was in St. Clair's defeat in 1791, and was brevetted a lieutenant-colonel in the regular army. His son was an ensign in his regiment, and while serving as such was an earnest student of Latin, French and math ematics. After the Louisiana purchase had been made from the French, Pike, who had been promoted to the grade of lieutenant, was given command of an expedition to trace the Mississippi to its source. Leaving St. Louis in August, 1805, he returned after nine months of hardship and exposure, hav ing satisfactorUy accomplished the service. In 1806-7, while engaged in geographical explorations, he discovered Pike's Peak in the Rocky mountains, and reached the Rio Grande river. He and his party were ar rested on Spanish territoiy and taken to Santa F6, but were subsequently released. He arrived at Natchitoches in July, 1807, received the thanks of the,, government, and three years later published an account of his explorations. In 1813 he was placed in com mand of an expedition against York (now Toronto), Canada. His troops had taken one of the redoubts, which had been con structed by the enemy for defence, and ar rangements were being carried forward for an attack upon another redoubt, when the magazine of the fort exploded, and Gen. Pike was fatally wounded, surviving but a few hours. Robert Lucas was born in Shepherds town, Va., AprU 1, 1781 . His father was a captain in the Revolutionary army and a de scendant of William Penn. The son removed to Ohio in 1802 and settled near the mouth of the Scioto, where Portsmouth now stands. He raised a battalion of volunteers for the war of 1812 ; served as a brigadier-general, and saw considerable service at Fort Meigs and Lower Sandusky. He removed to Pike ton, and there, in connection with his brother, conducted a general store. He was several times elected to the Ohio Senate and House, serving as Speaker of the latter. In 1832 he presided over the Democratic National Con vention that nominated Andrew Jackson for a second term . The same year he was elected (jovernor of Ohio, defeating his opponent. Gen. Duncan McArthur, by one vote. In 1834 he was re-elected Governor. While Governor the "Toledo war"' occuiTed, and he successfully maintained the Ohio side of thc controvers.v. In 1848 he was appointed by President Van Buren the first Territorial Governor of Iowa. He died in Iowa City, Iowa, Pebruary 7, 1853. James Emmitt was born in Armstrong county. Fa., November 6, 1806. His career is a striking example of what may be accom plished by persistent energy, industry and frugality. He removed to Ohio when a boy. and before he was 1 3 years of age was hired out to a farmer for the sum of $6 per month and board. He had the board, but the $6 were turned over to his father to aid him in his struggle to earn a home. Later he worked at blacksmithing at a country tavern ; again at farm labor, and then as wood-chopper at $4 per month. From 1825 to 1828 he was a teamster between Portsmouth and Chilli cothe. At 22 he engaged in a partnership with Mr. Henry Jefferds in a small grocery business in Waverly. In 1831 he was ap pointed postmaster. The next year he bought a mill, and for the next forty years he grad ually accumulated property interests, until the taxes he paid were one-tenth of the total tax receipts of Pike county, and one-half the population of Waverly was employed in his various establishments, sueh as a bank, a store, a huge distillery, a furniture factory, a lumber yard and saw and grist-mills. He was the principal factor in the removal of the county-seat from Piketon to Waverly in 1861, and when this was accomplished he presented a fine court-house to the people. He served two years in the State Senate. His opportunities for an education were meagre, but his force of character, strong common sense and great energy made his success in life something almost phenomenal for a small place like Waverly. Mr. Emmitt is over six feet in height and almost gigantic in his proportions. For his recollections, he maybe considered a walking history of Pike county, and from this source much herein is derived. The first permanent settlers in the county were Pennsylvanians and Virginians. From about 1825 and later many Germans settled in the eastern part. The first settlement in the vicinity of Piketon was made on the Pee Pee prairie, by John Noland, from Pennsylvania; Abraham, Arthur and John Chenoweth, three broth ers from Virginia, who settled there about the sarae tirae Chillicothe was laid out, in 1796. , , ^„_ Pikdon in 184.6. — Piketon, the county-seat, was laid out about the year 1814. It is on the Scioto, on the Columbus and Portsraouth turnpike, sixty-four railes from the first, twenty-six from the last, and two east of the Ohio canal. Piketon contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, and 1 German Lutheran church, an acad emy, a newspaper printing-office, 4 mercantile stores, and had, in 1840, 507 in habitants. — Old Edition. 82 PIKE COUNTY. In 1861 the county-seat was removed to Waverly. In our old edition were given these historical items : Piketon was originally called Jefferson, aud was laid off on what was called " Miller's Bank." The origin of this last name is thus given in the Amencan Pioneer: "About the year 1795 two parties set off" frora Mason county, Ky., to locate land by making improve ments, as it was believed the tract ceded to the United States, east of the Scioto, would be held by pre-emption. One of these parties was conducted by a Mr. Miller, and the other by a -Mr. Kenton. In Kenton's company was a man by the name of Owens, between whom and Miller there arose a quarrel about the right of settling this beautiful spot. In the fray Owens shot Miller, whose bones may be found interred near the lower end of the high bank. His death and burial there gave name to the high bank, which was then in Washington county, the Scioto being then the line between Washington and Adams counties. Owens was taken to Marietta, where he was tried and acquitted." On Lewis Evans' map of the middle British Colonies, published in 1755, is laid down, on the right bank of the river, a short distance below the site of Pike ton, a place called " Hurricane Tom's ; " it might have been the abode of an In dian chief or a French trader's station. — OM Edition. A late writer states : Piketon was surveyed and platted by Peter Dunnon, a Virginian and a good surveyor — as surveyors went in those days. The court house was not built at Piketon until about 1817, and prior to its completion court was held in a stone building near Piketon, owned by John Chenoweth. The court-house built at Piketon, which is still standing, was of brick. Among the earliest settlers in and about Piketon, were Jonathan Clark, Charley Cissna, Major Daniels, Joseph J. Martin — who was for years Lord High Everything of Pike county — the Brambles, Moores, Browns, Sargents, Praters, Nolans,' Guthries and the Lucases. Most of these families first came into " the prairie " about 1797, but the Lucas brothers came later. Robert Lucas, one of these pioneers, after ward became Governor of Ohio. His brother founded the town of Lucasville. About 1820 Robert Lucas was conducting a general store at Piketon, which he afterward sold to Duke Swearingen. In 1829 Lucas was elected to the Legisla ture from Pike county, and thus began his political career. The Graded Way at Piketon. pike, which passes through it. The walls are covered with trees and bushes, and re- Among the many examples of ancient semble parallel natural hiUs, and probably earthworks in Ohio occurs a most remarkable would be regarded as such by the superficial one about one mUe below Piketon, described observer. Indeed, hundreds pass along with- as follows in Squier & Davis's "Ancient Mon- out suspecting that they are m the midst of uments of the Mississippi Valley:" It con- one of themost interesting monuments which sists of a graded ascent from the second to the country affords, and one which bears a the third terrace, the level of which is here marked resemblance to some of those works. seventeen feet above that of the former. which are described to us in connection with The way is 1,080 feet long, by 215 feet wide the causeways and aqueducts of Mexico. at one extremity, and 203 feet wide at the A singular work of art occurs on the top other, measured between the bases of the of a high hill, standing in the rear of the banks. The earth is thrown outward on town of Piketon, and overlooking it, which either hand, forming embankments varying it may not be out of place to mention here. upon the outer sides from five to eleven feet It consists of a perfectly circular excavation, in height ; yet it appears that much more thirty feet in diameter, and twelve feet deep, earth has been excavated than enters into terminating in a point at the bottom. It these walls. At the lower extremity of the contains water for the greater part of the grade the walls upon the interior sides meas- year. A slight and regular wall is thrown ure no less than twenty-two feet in perpen- up around its edge. A full and very distinct dicular height. The easy ascent here afforded view of the graded way just described is has been rendered available in the construe- commanded from this point. tion of the ChUlicothe and Portsmouth turn- To the foregoing acxiount of the " Graded Way " we append the conclusions of Mr. Gerard Fowke on this work. Mr. Fowke was for years connected with the The Graded Way, Piketon. E. P. MiOer, Photo., Waverly, 1886, Wavbbly. The view is from tbe west on the road to the Quarry ; the hills are those bounding the Soioto valley on the east. 83 PIKE COUNTY. 85 Smithsonian Institution, and has done much to explode many absurd theories and notions on archseology promulgated by authors ignorant of their subject and writing only to strike the popular mind and pocket. It may he weU to stat« that the celebrated "Graded Way" near Piketon, whose use has caused much speculation, is not a graded way at aU in the sense usually employed. The point cannot be made clear witnout a diagram, but the depression is simply an old waterway or thoroughfare of Beaver creek, through which, in former ages, a portion of its waters were discharged, probably in times of flood. Itis«o«just " 1,080 feetin length," but reaches to the creek, nearly half a mile away. The artificial walls on either side are not "composed of earth excavated in forming the ascent," for the earth from the ravine or cut-off went down the Scioto before the lower terraces were formed, but are made of earth scraped up near by and pUed along the edge of the ravine, just as any other earth walls are made. The walls are of different lengths, both less than 800 feet in length along the top ; neither do they taper off to a point, the west waU in particular being considerably higher and wider at the southern extremity, looking, when viewed from the end, like an ordinary conical mound. The earth in the walls thus built up, if spread evenly over the hoUow between them, would not fill it up more than two feet, and that for less than a third of its length. Conflict for the County-seat. The history of every new State is replete with the conflicts between towns for county-seats. That between Waverly and Piketon is thus told in the Chillicothe Leader : A Strange Fatality has overhung Piketon from its earliest day. A town of fair promise, it has "just missed" everything good but the county-seat, and that was taken from her. When the course of the great Ohio & Erie canal was first laid out, it passed through Piketon. When the survey was completed, the people of that town were jubi lant ; they believed the future success of their town was assured, and that the death-war rant of W^averly — its rival — was written and sealed. It so chanced that Hon. Robert Lucas was in the Legislature at this time — Speaker of the House. Mr. Lucas owned large tracts of land about the present town of Jasper, and so it happened that after a while the people of Piketon were startled by the information that another survey was be ing made, with the view of running_ the canal down on the Waverly and Jasper side of the river, completely cutting them off. The hand of Rohert Lucas was plainly discernible in this new deal, and his influence was great enough to secure the location of the canal through his Jasper lands. This was a blow between the eyes for Piketon — a most fortu nate circumstance for Waverly. The canal gave Waverly water-power for her mills, an advantage that was of great importance to any town in the days before . steam-power was introduced. Wavsrly very promptly felt the impetus that this advantage gave her, and began to exhibit a vigorous growth. About 1850 a project was gotten up to build a railroad from Columbus to Ports mouth, down the valley, which was to pass through Piketon. Every county along the line voted $100,000 or more to this railroad, but Pike, and there the road was refused an appropriation by the people at the polls. Pike's refusal to do anything was the result of the work of the Waverly people, who did not want Piketon to get a road, to carry away the trade they were DuUding up. The proj ect was thus defeated, although a part of the road, from Portsmouth to Jackson, was built. This piece of road is now the C., W. & B.'s "Portsmouth Branch." This was another blow at Piketon' s prosperity — one more link in her chain of calamity. When the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad was projected, it was to run from Cincinnati to HiUsboro, thence on down to Chillicothe and on to Marietta. The road was built to HUlsboro, but for some reason, best known to the managers of the road and the schem ers who were hand-in-glove with them, the line stopped right there, and the road shot off at a tangent and struck out for Chillicothe from Blanchester. This left Hillsboro stuck out at one end of a railroad's arm, without direct connection with anybody or anything. Mr. Mat. Trimble, the brother of Dr. Carey A. Trimble, was the soul of the scheme for getting Hillsboro into connection with the world, and he was enraged at this treachery of the M. & C. people toward that city. So, to get even with Hillsboro's enemies, he set to work to organize a company to build a road — an air-line — from Hillsboro to a point on the river near Gallipolis. This conipany was organized, the line surveyed and work commenced at both ends of the road. The roadway was built, culverts and abutments for bridges put in, immense levees built, a great tunnel through the hUls near Jasper started, the heaviest kind of stone-work was done wherever required ties were bought and laid along the road, iron was imported from England, and everything was getting into nice shape, when the company bursied, after 86 PIKE COUNTY. sinking two miUion doHars. The road was a of Waverly, for the Legislature. The people very expensive one, as the engineers wouldn't of Piketon took alarm at this, and set to get out of the way for anything. If a house work vigorously to beat him. Some of the was in the way, they bought it. "Brown's leading Whigs — Dr. Blackstone, James Row Mill," Pike county, was purchased and razed and others — came up to Chillicothe and had to the ground. Ifa hUl was encountered, they a lot of circulars printed with a Cut thereon, cut right through it, rather than go around it. showing a man with a house on a wheelbarrow, This sort of "air-line" work ate up capital and labeUed, "Jimmy McLeish moving the rapidly and ruined the company — and Pike- Court-house from Piketon to Waverly." ton's chance for a railroad. That circular settled the political aspirations If Piketon had gotten this raUroad, the of Jimmy McLeish. His defeat so enraged fate of Waverly would have been sealed. him that he left Waverly and removed to But she didn't get it. Sharonville. Waverly had always boasted that she would From that time on, the ' ' county-seat ques- capture the county-seat, and "down" Pike- tion" grew in prominence. But it was not ton. The towns were always jealous of each until 1859 that Mr. Emmitt inaugurated the other, and as early as 1836 the county-seat great "war "that resulted in Waverly cap- question became a political issue. In 1836 turing the desired plum. the Democrats nominated James McLeish, Waverly in 184-6. — Waverly, four miles above Piketon, on the Scioto river and Ohio canal, was laid out about the year 1829 by M. Downing. It contains one Presbyterian and one Methodist church, four stores, and had, in 1840, 306 inhab itants.-^ OM Edition. Waverly, county-seat, about eighty-five miles east of Cincinnati, sixty miles south of Columbus, is on the west bank of the Scioto river, on the Ohio canal, and the S. V. & O. S. Railroads. County Officers, 1888 : Auditor, Snowden C. Sargent ; Clerk, George W. Eager; Commissioners : George W. Brodbeck, John Motz, Jacob Gehres ; Coroner, John R. Heath ; Infirmary Directors, Henry Shy, Thomas Markhara, Jacob Butler ; Probate Judge, Branson Holton ; Prosecuting Attorney, Stephen D. McLaughlin ; Recorder, Newton E. Givens; Sheriff", Jaraes H. Watkins; Surveyor, Henry W. Overman; Treasurer, Frank Ehrman, City officers, 1888: Mayor, Philip Ga- belman ; Clerk, George Baringer ; Treasurer, George Hoeflinger ; Marshal, Jas. R. Bateman. Newspapers : Pike County Bepublican, Republican, H. R. Snyder, editor and publisher ; Watchman, Democratic, John H. Jones, editor and pub lisher. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 German Methodist Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 German Lutheran, 1 German United Brethren, and 1 Catholic. Bank : Emmitt & Co., James Emmitt, president, John F. Masters, cashier. Manufactures and Emphyees.— James Emmitt, doors, sash, etc., 6 hands ; Gehres Brothers, doors, sash, etc., 5 ; James Emmitt, flour and high wines, 15 ; James Emmitt, lumber, 4 ; Pee Pee Milling Co., flour and feed, 8 ; M. D. Scholler & Co., oak harness leather, 3 ; Waverly Spoke Works, wagon spokes, 12.— State Beport, 1888. Population, 1880, 1,539. School census, 1888, 522 ; James A. Douglass, school superintendent. Capital invested in industrial establishments, $120,200. Value of annual product, $145,500. In addition to the handling of grain and stock, ties, bark and hoop-poles are largely shipped, and, although the place is largely known as a whiskey town, local option is in force. Census, 1890, 1,514. Recollections op Hon. James Emmitt. In 1886 the ChiUicothe Leader published a series of valuable and interesting articles on the pioneer history of Pike county and the surrounding region. Ihese articles were largely the recollections of the Hon. James Emmitt, whose lather settled in Pike county when all about was a wilderness. James Emmitt, then a small boy, developed with the country, and his career is largely identified with the history of the Scioto Valley. We quote the following from this series of articles. PIKE COUNTY. 87 f. Why Pioneers Settled in the Hills. — It is often cause for wonderment to people now- a-days why the pioneers of the Scioto Valley, as a rule, settled in the hiUs, some distance away from the river, instead of iu the rich bottoms, which are now our most prized lands, said Mr. Emmitt. But if they had seen this country about here as it was when I first saw it, they would understand why the first settlers took to the high ground. Vege tation in the bottoms, in those days, was absolutely rank. Sycamore, black walnut and hackberry trees grew abundantly and to splendid proportions, and the vines of the wild grape clambered up in a dense and tangled mass to their very tops, interlacing their branches, and often uniting many trees in a common bond of clinging vines. The ;rowth of weeds and underbrush was wonder- ully dense, and when the floods would come and cover the bottoms, several inches of water would remain in those brakes of weeds for months after it had receded from less ¦densely overgrown ground. As a matter of fact, the water would stand almost the year around, in lagoons, over a large portion of the bottoms, converting them into huge marshes, and causing them to closely resemble much of the swamp land now so abundant in the South. , Poison Breeding Land. — The bottoms, under the conditions that then existed, were iiothing more than immense tracts of poison- breeding land, marshy in nature, and wholly unfit for the agreeable habitation of man. The atmosphere of the bottoms was fairly reeking with malaria, and it was simply im possible to live in the low lands without suf fering constantly with fever and ague. And the ague of those far-off days was of an en tirely different type from that with which we now have acquaintance. It took on a form, at times, almost as malignant as yellow fever. When a man was seized with the "shaking ague," as it manifested itself in 1818-20, he iraagined that a score of fiends were indulging in a fierce warfare over the dismemberment of his poor person. Physical Suffering.— 'Every member, every nerve, every fibre of bis wretched body was on the rack, and the sufferer thought that surely soniething must give way and permit his being shaken into bits. Oh, what torture it was ! After the terrible quaking ceased then came the racking, burning fever, that scorched the blood, parched the flesh, and made one pray for death. Torture more absolute and prostrating could not well be conceived of And when it is remembered that no one who dared brave the dangers of the bottoms was exempt from ague, in some one of its many distressing forms, during the entire spring and summer seasons, and often year in and out. it is not surprising that the early settlers shunned what was to them a plague-stricken district. The consequence was, that the hill country bordering the bot toms was first settled up, and the bottom lands were gradually conquered by working into them from their outer boundaries and clearing away timber, vines, underbrush, debris and weeds. When land was cleared of timber, the sun speedily converted it into workable condition. Fever nd ague grew less prevalent as the land was cleared up. Floods Enrich the Land. — Nothing could be richer than these bottom lands when first turned up by the pioneer's plow. Before the timber was cleared away, as has been said, there was so much underbrush and debris — logs and limbs and all forms of flotsam and jetsam — covering the lands adjacent to the river, that a flood could not quickly recede, having so many impediments. As a conse quence, at every rise in the river, the water was held on the bottoms until they had become enriched by a heavy deposit of the soil carried down from the hill- tops. There is a point here worthy of consideration. Our bottoms are now alijnost entirely cleared of timber, and, as a result, they yearly receive less bene fit from tbe floods that sweep over them. They are, in many instances, impoverished, instead of being enriched by the high water, which now flows over them with a strong current, and carries away tons of the finest soU. Blacksmith Shop in a Tree. — Some idea of the size of the sycamores that were then so abundant in the bottoms may be had when I tell you that the trunk of one of these trees, not far from Waverly, was used as a blacksmith shop. The hollow of the tree was so large that a man could stand in the middle of it, with a ten-foot rail balanced in his hand, and turn completely around without either end of the rail striking the sides of the trunk. Both the hackberry and walnut trees made splendid rails. They were_ favorite woods for this purpose, as they split so nice and straight. Dangerous Plovying. — A man took his life in his hands when he went out into the newly cleared field to plow, in those days. Stumps and roots and rocks were but trifles conipared with what they had to contend with. Mr. Emmitt says that he has foUowed the plow, when, at an average of twenty feet, a nest of bees — yellow-jackets, with a most terrible sting — would be turned up. Enraged at the destruction of their honies, these bees — and the air was full of them from morning until night — would keep up an incessant warfare on the plowmen and attack them at every ex posed point. Their sufferings from the sting ing of bees was really frightful. Their danger was even increased when harvest time came. When the reapers, wield ing sickles, would enter a wheat field, they would find the ground fairly full of snakes — vipers and copperheads and black snakes — which not only threatened human life, but dealt great destruction among the cattle. 'Squirrel Plague." — The invasion of squirrels was one of the most remarkable events of that period, and spread the widest devastation over the land. There had not been an unusual, number of squirrels in the woods the year before, and only an average number were observable the year following. 88 PIKE COUNTY. But the year of the "squirrel plague, the bushy-taUed pests came Uke an irresistible army of invasion, laying waste every foot ot territory tbey invested. They spared nothing. They utteriy annihUated the crops of every kind. Nothing comparable to this invasion can be pointed to in our later history, save the grasshopper plague, that a few years ago almost impoverished Kansas and Mis- ' souri. . , Squirrels Set the Fashions.— The squirrel invasion had an important effect upon tbe "fashions" of the day. Fur became so plentiful that everybody decorated their clothing with it, and every man in this section of country wore a Davy Crockett outfit, A jaunty coon-skin cap, with squirrel-fur trim ming was just the thing at that time ; and if a young man was particularly anxious to do the sweU act, he would decorate his fur- trimmed buckskin shirt with brightly poUshed pewter buttons, made by melting down a piece of pewter plate, or the handle of a water pitcher or tea-pot, and moulding it into the desired form. Locusts and Crows.— Then later came the dreaded locusts to eat up the crops and blight the trees and make life unbearable with their hideous and never-ceasing singing ; and with aU the other afflictions, the pioneer had to constantly battle with his smaller foes— the birds, crows, rabbits and squirrels, Mr, Emmitt says that the crows would follow the plow in such numbers, to gather the worms turned up to the surface,, that the furrows would be absolutely black with them. After the corn was planted, two or more of the older children, and often men, would be compeUed to watch the fields from morning until dark, to keep the cawing, black thieves from scratching up and eating the grain, and destroying the sproutifig corn. Phenomenal Fog. —About 1820 the pioneers were overawed by one of the strangest phenomenons of their experience, A great fog or smoke came up, about midsummer, so dense that one could not see a Ught ten feet away, or a man or a tree even a few feet dis tant. The sun appeared as a great fiery baU in the heavens, and had a rather fearful aspect. All-enveloping and dense as was this fog,- it did not in anyway interfere with one's breathing. In the days of fiat^boating on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, the mysterious disappearance of men who had started for New Orleans with cargoes of produce, was no uncommon occurrence. It was the custom to take a cargo down the rivers, and if the pioneer merchant had escaped the perils of the river and successfully disposed of his cargo, he had a still greater peril to face when, with his gold on his person, he jour^ieyed on horseback toward home. The Mississippi country was infested with robbers and raurderers, ever on the lookout for unwary victiras. Tlie Swearingen Mystery.— A black mys tery to this day enshrouds the fate of Duke Swearingen, who suceeded Gov. Lucas in his mercantUe business at Piketon. About 1823 Swearingen started for New Orleans with a flat-boat load of flour and meat. After he passed out of the Ohio into the Mississippi he was never again heard of. When the time had passed when he was due at home, his friends at Piketon became uneasy about him. Weeks and months passed, and no word was received from him. A search was made for him up and down the river, and at New Or leans, and he was advertised for, but Duke Swearingen was never again heard from. Shortly after Mr. Swearingen' s disappearance another merchant of Piketon, Mr, WiUard, forever disappeared after a manner identical with the circumstances surrounding Swearin gen, becoming lost to the knowledge of his friends. Opening of the Canal. — The canal was opened in 1 832. It was announced that the water would reach Waverly on the morning of September 6th, of that year, and prepa rations had been made to welcome its advent. Almost the entire population of the sur rounding country had flocked into Waverly " to see the water come down the big ditch," The citizens had arranged to give a grand public dinner in the open air, and Governor Lucas and Governor McArthur — who were opposing each other in the race for the gov ernorship — were present. The Water does not Come. — The canal banks were packed for a long distance on either side with people eagerly awaiting the advent of the water. But it didn't come — although it was struggUng bravely to reach the point where hundreds of people were waiting to greet, with . ringing cheers and noisy salutes, its advancing, incurving amber wave. The trouble was, the canal was for long distances cut through gravelly land, and as a matter of course, when the water reached these gravel-bottomed channels, it was ab sorbed, as though by a huge sponge. It was not until such places had become well water logged that the south-bound tide made much progress toward Waverly, but at noon a mighty shout announced its arrival at that point. The First Canal Boat. — FoUowing close in the wake of the advancing tide was a boat bearing a party of jolly ChUlicotheans — among them Gen. James Rowe, Dr. Coates, James Campbell and Edward Edw.ards — to whom the odd little craft belonged. They were the first navigators of the waters of the canal south from Chillicothe to Waverly. Their badly-built and leaky boat had an ec- PIKE COUNTY. 89 centric fashion of sinking every night, while they were afloat, and they were forced to amuse themselves every morning by "raising the craft " and pumping her out. The first regular passenger and freight-boat that reached Waverly, and it came down with the water too, was the "Governor Worthington," owned by Michael Miller and Martin Bow man, of Chillicothe. It brought down quite a number of passengers from Chillicothe, and was a great curiosity. The owners had mounted a little brass cannon on the "Gov, Worthington' s ' ' deck, and fired it off at brief intervals on the way down, attracting the widest attention. All those who came, either by land or water, were feasted at the great public dinner, bountifully served by a rejoicing people. Both Governor Lucas and Governor McAr thur made after-dinner speeches^ — McArthur addressing himself directly to the Whig ele ment present, and Lucas to the Democrats ; but both joined in prophesying the incalcula ble blessings and wonderfully increased pros perity that would follow close upon the opening of travel and trafiic on the then great waterway. The great developraents of the past few years in the direction of combination and consolidation of financial enterprises, give historic interest to this combination of an early day. Must Have Hogs. — In 1850 a very strong syndicate was formed by men of abundant capital with the view of getting up a corner on stock hogs. Their organization extended all over the country, their headquarters for Ohio being at Columbus, The syndicate sent out its agents everywhere, and was rapidly getting the control of all the young hogs in the market. They seemed to make a particularly clean sweep of southern Ohio, and before the mag nitude of their operations was discovered they had secured about every stock hog in sight. This was a move that Emmitt & Davis could not stand, as they were always in need of stock hogs to which to feed their distillery slops. Mr. Emmitt got track of a nice bunch of young hogs that could be secured in Franklin county. The hogs were held at a stiff price, and before deciding to buy them, Mr, Emmitt sent for Mr, Davis, "We need the hogs, don't we, Davis?" he asked. "Yes, sir." was the answer. "I think you had better go up and buy them." A Tough Experience. — Mr. Davis mounted his little gray mare the next morning and rode up into Franklin county to buy the stock hogs and drive them home. It was a miser able journey of sixty miles, over rough roads and m vfery distressing weather. He reached his destination, bought and paid for the hogs, and made all arrangements for starting them on the homeward road the morning after the deal was completed. The hogs were quartered that night in an exposed field near the road, A heavy rain had fallen, and later on a terrible sleet veneered all creation out doors with a thick encasement of ice. The poor hogs caught the full fury of the storm, and when Mr. Davis went into the field at daylight the next morning, he kicked hog after hog in the endeavor to get them to their feet, but many of them were stark dead. With the animals that were in a condition to be driven, he started for Waverly. It was a terrible trip, but Davis, although an old man, never complained of the hardships of it. Race Hatred. An unusual history of race hatred within the limits of Ohio is that related by a correspondent of the Chillicothe Leader, as existing in Waverly, and which we give herewith : ATovm, Without a Negro Citizen.— The one thing that distinguishes Waverly over every other city or town in Ohio having a popula tion of 2,000, is the fact that she does not harbor a single negro within her borders. This antipathy to the negro at Waveriy dates hack to the eariiest settlement of the town. When Waverly was stUl in its swaddling- clothes there was a "yellow nigger" named Love living on the outskirts of the town. He was a low-minded, impudent, vicious fellow, very insulting, and made enemies on every hand. His conduct finally became so objectionable that a lot of the better class of ciliizens got together one night, made a de scent upon his cabin, drove him out and stoned him a long way in his flight toward Sharonville, He never dared to come back. Our first acquaintance with negroes about Waverly was with rather rough, objectionable members of that race, and many things oc curred to intensify the prejudice which many of our people always held against the ne groes. A Friend of the Negro.— Dr. WiUiam Blackstone was a strong exception to the geheral rule. He was a friend of the negro, their chaTipion, and the prejudiced whites accused the doctor of ' ' encouraging the d- — ^^d niggers to be impudent and sas.sy to us." Opposed to Blackstone was a strong family of Burkes, and a number of the Dowiiings, 9° PIKE COUNTY. who thought that the only correct way to treat a negro was to kill him. This was their doctrine, and they proclaimed it, with much bravado, on all occasions. Outrages on Negroes.— There was a splen did fellow, a darkey named Dennis HiU, who settled at Piketon and established a tanning business, who was almost harassed to death by the negro-haters. He finally left this sec tion and went to Michigan, where he grew rich . A lot of Virginia negroes settled up on Pee Pee creek, in the neighborhood of the Burkes and the Downings. Some of them prospered nicely, and tbis enraged their white neighbors. Tim Downing was the leader of the gang that made almost constant war on these negroes. Downing's crowd got to burning the hay and wheat of the colored farmers, harassing their stock, interfering in their private business, and doing everything in their power to make life absolutely mis erable to the colored people. They concen trated the brunt of their hatred against the most prosperous of these colored farmers, whose names I can't recaU. Raiding the Wrong Man. — One night they organized a big raid into the colored settle ment, with the avowed purpose of "clearing out the whole nest of d d niggers. ' ' They went fully armed, and didn't propose to stop short of doing a little killing and burning. One of the first cabins they surrounded was that of the especially hated colored man spoken of They opened fire upon it, hoping to drive the negro out. But the darkey — an honest, peaceable fellow — wasn't to be easily frightened. He, too, had a gun, and taking a safe position near one of the windows of his cabin, he blazed away into the darkness in the direction from which the shots had come. A wild cry of pain followed his shot. The buckshot from his gun plunged into the right leg of Tim Downing's brother, cutting an artery. Downing feU, but he was picked up and carried to the home of Bill Burke, Douming's Death. — The crowd abandoned the attack after Downing's fall, and followed him to Burke's house. There Downing bled to death. A coroner's jury, of which I was a member, was empanelled and returned a verdict to the effect that Downing had come to his death from the effects of a gunshot wound — but the jury refrained from saying who had discharged the ^un. The gang of whites to which Downing belonged sur rounded the house in whicii the jury was in session, and threatened it with all sorts of vengeance if it did not return a verdict ex pressing the belief that Downing had been murdered by the negro. But their threats didn't procure the desired verdict. Theyafter- wards had the negro arrested and tried for murder, but he was acquitted. Cowardly Revenge. — The morning after the fatal raid the Downings, Burkes and their friends, armed themselves and marched to the negro's cabin. They lay in wait there until the darkey's son, a nice, young fellow, came out of the cabin. They opened fire on him, and one of the bullets struck him in the head, fracturing his skull and allowing a portion of his brains to escape. When the young man fell the crowd broke and ran. The wounded negro lingered quite a long whUe, suffering most frightfully, and finally died. No one was ever punished for this crime. After these two tragedies the negro moved away. He Met his Match. — Tim Downing had a brother, Taylor, living up near Sharonville, and this man concluded that he had to have " an eye for an eye," to avenge his brother's death. One morning, just after Downing's death, he was going through the woods with his gun on his shoulder, and oame upon a negro chopping rails. He told the darkey to make his peace with God, as he was going to kill him right there. The darkey knew that Downing meant what he said, and quick as a squirrel's jump he made a dash at Downing with his ax, striking him full on the side of the face, and shattering his jaw in the most frightful fash ion. Downing lived, but he was horribly marked for life. The negro was arrested and tried, but was acquitted. This only en raged the white gang more, and they made life in this neighborhood entirel.y too bot for the negro. It was under such circumstances as these that the bitter anti-negro feeling at Waverly had its origin. This race hatred was fostered and extended until even mod erate-thinking people, on any other subject, came to believe that they couldn't stand the presence of a negro in Waverly. William Hewitt, the Hermitt. On an adjoining page i§ given a view ofthe Cave ofthe Scioto Hermit, which we visited to make the drawing for our first edition, and therein gave the foir lowing account : About eleven miles south of Chillicothe, on the turnpike road to Portsmouth, is the cave of the hermit of the Scioto. When built, many years ago, it was iu the wilderness, the road having since been laid out by it. It is a rude structure, formed by successive layers of stone, under a shelving rock, which serves as a back and roof. Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. Central View in Piketon. Dravm hy Henry Howe in 1846. Cave or William Hewit, The Hermit of the Scioto. 91 PIKE COUNTY. 93 Oyer it is a monument, hearing the follow^ ing inscription : WILLIAM HEWIT, THE HERMIT, Occupied this cave fourteen years, while all was a wilder ness around him. He died in 1834, aged 70 years. But little is known of the history of the hermit. He was, it is said, a Virginian, and married early in life into a family of respectability. Returning one night from a journey, he had ocular proof of the infidelity of his wife, killed her paramour, and instantly fled to the woods, never to re turn or associate with mankind. He event ually settled in the Scioto vaUej' and built this cave, where he passed a soUtary life, his rifle furnishing him with provisions and clothing, which consisted of skins of animals. As the country gradually filled up he became an object of curiosity to the settlers. He was . mild and inoffensive in his address, avoided companionship with those around,^, and if any allusion was made to his history, evaded the subject, OccasionaUy he visited ChiUicothe, to exchange the skins of his game for ammunition, when his singular ap pearance attracted observation. In person, he was large and muscular ; the whole of his dress, from his cap to his moccasins, was of deerskin ; his beard was long and unshaven, and his eye wild and piercing. In passing from place to place he walked in the street to prevent encountering his fellow-men. Many anecdotes are related of him. He planted an orchard on government land, which afterwards became the property of a settler ; but so sensitive was he in regard to the rights of others, that he would not pluck any of the fruit without first asking liberty of the legal owner. While sitting concealed in the recesses of the forest, he once observed a teamster deliberately cut down and carry off some fine venison he had placed to dry on a limb of a tree before his cave, Hewitt followed, got before him, and as he came up, suddenly sprang from behind some bushes beside the road, and presenting his rifle to his bosom, with fierce and determined manner bade him instantly return and re place the venison. The man tremblingly obeyed, receiving the admonition, "never again to rob the hermit." A physician rid ing by, stopped to gratify the curiosity of his companions. He found the hermit ill, administered medicine, visited him often gratuitously during his illness, and effected a cure. The hermit ever after evinced the warmest gratitude. In the above account, William Hewitt is stated to have refused to associate with mankind, a result of the infidelity of his wife and the killing of her para mour. This fact was related by the hermit to the father of Col. John McDonald. Hon. James Emmitt, who knew Hewitt intimately, states that the cause of his solitary life was a quarrel with other members of his family over the disposition of his father's estate. Disgusted by the avariciousness of his relatives he sought the solitude ofthe Western wilderness. This occurred about 1790, when Hewitt was twenty-six years old. He finst located in a cave in what is now Jackson county, Ohio, but as the game upon which he subsisted began to grow scarce with the advent of the settler and trader, he removed into what is now Pike county. Mr. Emmitt gives many interesting reminiscences of Hewitt, from which we extract the following : first came into this section, and took posses sion of his cave, he was a splendid specimen of a m an. He was six feet two inches in height, broad and deep-chested, and as straight as a nickel-tipped lightning rod. He weighed something over 200 pounds, and was as strong and active as a gladiator. Clad from head to foot in buckskin — moc casins, leggins, hunting shirt, belt and hat — and always armed with gun, tomahawk and knife, Hewitt, the hermit, was a very pic turesque citizen to suddenly meet in the woods. An Ohio Robinson Crasoe.— When he took possession of his cave, be it remembered, there were very few people in this section, and the only road traversing this country from north to south, was known as Yoakum's The Hermit's Cave. — Almost at the of the Dividing Ridge's gentle slope to t;he southward, he found a caye in a lowly hill side. This cave was nothing more than a great ledge of rock, proiecting out eight or ten feet over a shelving, bank, and forming a one-sided room of fair dimensions. The rock-ceiUng was so low, however, that at no point could a man of ordinary stature stand erect. He enclosed the cave's open front with a loosely laid up wall of rock. At one end of the cave he erected a heavy, oaken door, which he had hewn out with his little tomahawk. This door was swung on very clumsy wooden hinges, and was fastened by driving a peg through its outer board and into a crevice in the rocky wall. A Magnificent Physique. — ^When Hewitt 94 PIKE COUNTY. Trace. It was merely a wagon trail, and passed Hewitt's cave at a point about 100 yards distant from the presentcurve-beautified turnpike. W^hen the travellers up and down Yoakum's Trace first became aware of the fact that there was a sort of buckskin-clad Robinson Crusoe skulking about the woods, armed to the teeth, they were much alarmed, and their alarm was heightened when it became evident that the Recluse of Dividing Ridge didn't seek their company. But this fear gradually diminished as they became more familiar with his appearance and manners, and managed to strike up an acquaintance with him. There was this peculiarity about Hewitt, while he never sought any man's company, he never acted the fool about meeting people, when a meeting was unavoidable. When brought into contact with his fellow-men, he always bore himself with, striking native dignity ; rather with the air of a man who felt himself to be a trifle superior to the or dinary run of citizens. The Hermit' s Antecedents. — One day, in 1832, Mr, Emmitt, while at the Madeira Hotel, in Chillicothe, was accosted by a gentleman, who introduced himself, and said that he was from Virginia, He came to Ohio, he said, to look up a man named William Hewitt, who years before had dis appeared from his Virginia home, and had been lost to tbe knowledge of his friends un til a few months before, Mr. Emmitt heard the story of Hewitt's flight from home — related above — and then proffered to accompany the stranger to Hewitt's cave. The two men rode down to the cave, knocked, and were bidden to enter. They found Hewitt comfortably seated on his fur-carpeted floor. He did not get up to receive his visitors, but in a friendly way made them welcome. He did not at first recognize the stranger, but when told who he was, he said : "How are you, BiU," as though it had only been yesterday that they had met. The stranger sought Hewitt to acquaint him with the condition of his property back in Virginia, and how it had been abused by those who then had unlawful possession of it, Hewitt heard him through, with but little show of interest, and when urged by the stranger to return and claim his property, he answered, with some vehemence : " Never mind ; I'm going back some of these days, and then ru give 'em heU." He didn't seem to care anything about the value of his property, but showed that he was filled with bitterness toward those on whose account he had re nounced civilization and horae. 'The stranger went back to Virginia, a dis satisfied and rather disgusted man. A Pitiable Condition. — Hewitt, as he grew old, became very careless in his personal habits, and for two years preceding his death never changed his buckskin garments. He had grown fat and lazy, and made no exertion that was not a necessity. And as he grew old he became more sociable. One day, in the winter of 1834, he stopped at the house of a widow woman, named Lockhard, with whom he ate a hearty dinner. After dinner he was taken violently ill with a chill, Mr, Emmitt, who was then one of the Poor Commissioners of Pike county, was notified of Hewitt's illness, and he had the old man removed to a frame building in Waverly. Dr, Blackstone was summoned and gave the man needed medical assistance. The Hermit was stricken with pneumonia. His person was in an absolutely filthy con dition. The dirty buckskin garments were cut from his person, and he was given a thorough bath — the first he had had fbr three years, or longer. He was newly and comfort ably clothed by Mr, Emmitt, was provided with a male nurse, and made as comfortable as possible. The ladies of Waverly were very kind to him, and daily brought him many delicacies. He began to improve, and one night, about a week after he was taken ill, his nurse, a man named Cole, left him alone, and went up to Downing's Hotel to spend the night. When he returned in the morning Hewitt was dead. The Hermit' s Skeleton. — He witt was buried in the old graveyard at Waverly, about one square southeast of the court-house. But he was not allowed to remain long in his grave. He was resurrected by Dr, Wm. Blackstone, and carved up in artistic shjipe. A portion of Hewitt's skeleton — the entire skull, and the hones composing the chest, ribs and backbone — was mounted by Dr. Blackstone. No one knew what became of theremainder of the skeleton until 1883, when they came to light in a most unexpected way. One day, while some of Mr. Emmitt's . workmen were digging a cellarway to a house he owned, adjoining what had been Dr. Blackstone's office, they came upon a pUe of bones, buried four feet below the surface of the ground, and close to the stone foundation wall. The bones were evidently those of a victim of the Doctor's dissecting-table, and Mr. Emmitt promptly concluded that they were a portion of Hewitt's skeleton. This opinion found its way into print, and a few days later he received a letter from Dr. Black stone,. of Circleville, making inquiry about the discovered bones. He said that he was in possession of what he believed to be the other portion of Hewitt's frame, bequeathed to him by his uncle, Dr, Wm, Blackstone. Mr. Emmitt boxed and sent him the bones, and they fitted, exactly, the upper half of the skeleton in Dr. Blackstone s possession. This was a remarkable reunion of bones, surely, after a separation of a half-cen-' tury. Hewitt's Monument— The Columbus & Portsmouth turnpike was built past the mouth of Hewitt's cave in 1840, and in 1842, Mr. Felix Renick, the first President of the company, had a respectable freestone monu ment erected on the shelving rook forming the roof to the cave, to mark the grewsome home that Hewitt occupied from 1820 tO' 1834. The erection of this monument was a wise. PIKE COUNTY. 95 money-making scheme, and has paid for it self an hundred times over. Thousands of people have driven up or down that pike — and paid their toll both ways — in order to see the monument, and the cave where the old Hermit lived, slept on a bed of finest deer skin, ate his choice venison, and laughed at the cares of a struggling, feverish worn. He always ate his pawpaws in peace. Piketon is five miles south of Waverly, on the Scioto river and S. V. R. R. Newspaper : Sun, Republican, W. E. Bateman, editor and publisher. Popula tion, 1880, 665. School census, 1888, 217. Jasper is seven miles southwest of Waverly, on the Scioto river and Ohio canal. School census, 1888, 103. Beavertown, P. O. Beaver, is eleven miles southeast of Waverly, on the O. S. R. R. It has three churches. School census, 1888, 66. PORTAGE. Portage County was formed from Trurabull, June 7, 1807 ; all that part of the Reserve west of the Cuyahoga and south of the townships numbered five was also annexed as part of the county, and the temporary seat of justice ap pointed at the house of Benjamin Tappan. The name was derived from the old Indian portage path of about seven miles in length, between the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas, which was within its limits. The surface is slightly rolling ; the upland is generally sandy or gravelly, and the flat land to a considerable extent clay. The country is wealthy and thriving, and the dairy business is largely carried on. Area about 490 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 118,744; in pasture, 149,678 ; woodland, 44,233 ; lying waste, 2,340 ; produced in wheat, 376,877 bushels; rye, 932; buckwheat, 635; oats, 555,086; barley, 194; corn, 425,143; meadow hay, 29,845 tons; clover hay, 15,164; flax, 64,900 lbs. fibre; potatoes, 183,263 bushels ; tobacco, 40 lbs. ; butter, 931,376 ; cheese, 1,786,500 ; sorghum, 45 gallons; maple syrup, 88,282; honey, 11,993 lbs. ; eggs, 966,965 dozen ; grapes, 7,990 lbs. ; wine, 45 gallons ; apples, 166,784 bushels ; peaches, 22,301 ; pears, 1,408 ; wool, 199,946 lbs. ; milch cows owned, 12,240. Ohia Mining Statistics, 1888 : Coal mined, 70,923 tons, employing 157 miners and 23 outside employees ; fire-clay, 308 tons. School census, 1888, 8,131 ; teachers, 378. Miles of railroad track, 154. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Atwater, 756 1,147 Nelson, 1,398 890 Aurora, 906 666 Palmyra, 1,359 1,105 Brimfield, 1,154 1,030 Paris, 931 666 Charlestown, 851 633 Randolph, 1,649 1,684 Deerfield, 1,184 985 Ravenna, 1,542 4,224 Edinburg, 1,085 910 Rootstown, 1,112 1,217 Franklin, 1,497 4,141 Shalersville, 1,281 960 7 Freedom, 888 804 Streetsboro, 1,136 702 7 Garrettsville, 969 Suffield, 1,200 1,530 Hiram, 1,080 1,058 Windham, 907 1,029 Mantua, 1,187 1,150 96 PORTAGE COUNTY. Population of Portage in 1820 was 10,093 ; 1830, 18,792 ; 1840, 23,107 ; 1860, 24 208 • 1 880, 27,500 : of whom 19,940 were born in Ohio ; 1,476, Pennsylvania; 1 115 New York ; 112, Indiana ; 81, Virginia ; 24, Kentucky ; 918, England and Wales; 750, Gerraan Empire ; 561, Ireland; 165, British America; 104, Scot land • 46, France, and 22, Norway, and Sweden. Census, 1890, 27,868. The cheese industry in this county, as in others of the Western Reserve, has grown to very large proportions ; hence the term Chbesedom has sometimes, m slang parlance, been applied to this section of the State. The begmning of this industry dates from the first settleraent, when, as soon as the pioneer cabin was up, and the family domiciled, the woraen prepared for cheese-making. A rail or pole with one end under the lower log of the cabin, and lying across a rudely- constructed cheese-hoop, with a weight attached to the outer end, constituted the priraitive cheese-press. After the settlers had succeeded in enclosing and seeding pastures, cheese-mak ing increased, but great difficulty was experienced in getting it to market. In the summer of 1820 Mr. Harvey Baldwin took from Aurora the first cargo of cheese to a Southern market. He had less than 2,000 pounds hauled to Beaver Point, Pa., by wagon, there transferred to a pine skiff, and then commenced voyaging down streara, selling cheese at Wheeling, Marietta, and other river towns, until he reached Louisville, Ky., where he disposed of the last of his stock, having • made a profitable venture. Later he united with Sarauel Taylor and ApoUis White, purchased several dairies in Bainbridge and Auburn in 1825, and sent cheese down the Ohio river.^ In 1826 Mr. Royal Taylor and Russell G. McCarty gathered a cargo of thirty tons of cheese in Aurora and Bainbridge, and took it to LouisviUe, where it was divided into two lots. McCarty took his to Alabama. Taylor carried his goods to Nashville, but found the market overstocked. He says : " I hired two six-horse teams, with large Pennsylvania wagons (as they were then called), to haul 8,000 pounds each, over the Cumberland moun tains to Knoxville, East Tennessee, at $2.50 per 100 pounds. I accompanied the wagons on foot, and sold cheese at McMinnville, Sparta, and other places where we stayed overnight. The people with whom we stayed overnight usually pur chased a cheese, called the family together around a table, and they generally ate nothing but cheese until they had satisfied their appetites, and then the balance (if anything was lefl) was sent to the negro quarters to be consumed by the slaves. My sales in Tennessee and North Carolina at that time ranged between twenty- five and thirty-seven cents per pound. The trip was soraewhat protracted, as the teams could not travel more than ten or fifteen miles each day. On my return to Knoxville I purchased a horse and came home on horseback after an absence of about six and a half months. "Until after 1834 the Western Reserve cheese had entire control of the South ern markets. About this time the Yankee population on the Darby Plains, in Ohio, commenced its manufacture and came into competition with ours at Cincin nati, Louisville and some other markets. The article they offered was equal, if not superior in quality to ours, but the quantity was much less ; consequently they did not greatly diminish our sales. The increase of the consuraers at the South and West kept even pace with raanufacturers in the North, and hence the enorraous quantities now manufactured find a ready sale. I only regret to say that the quality has not improved in the same ratio as the quantity has increased." Early Settlements and Incidents. Ravenna was originally settled by Benjamin Tappan, Jr., in 1799. He was the afterwards erainent Benjamin Tappan, Senator from Ohio, who later removed to Steubenville. In making the settlement at Ravenna he acted as the agent of his father, Benjamin Tappan, Sr., who was the principal proprietor. At this time £h-awn by Henry Howe iyi 1846. Central View in Ravenna. IVom Photograph in 1887. Central View in Ravenna. 97 PORTAGE COUNTY. gp there was but one white person, a Mr. Honey, residing in the county. A solitary log-cabin in each place marked the sites of the flourishing cities of Buffalo and Cleveland. On his journey out from New England, Mr. Tappan fell in with the late David Hudson, the founder of Hudson, Summit county, at Gerondaquet, N. Y., and " assisted him on the journey for the sake of his company. After some days of tedious navigation up the Cuyahoga river, he landed at a prairie, where is now the town of Boston, in the county of Sumrait. There he left all his goods under a tent with one K and his family to take care of them, and with another hired man proceeded to make out a road to Ravenna. There they built a dray, and with a yoke of oxen which had been driven from the Connecticut river, and were found on his arrival, he conveyed a load of farming utensils to his settlement. Returning for a second load, the tent was found abandoned and partly plundered by the Indians. He soon after learned that Hudson had per suaded K to join his own settlement." On Mr. Tappan " reraoving his second load of goods, one of his oxen was overheated and died, leaving him in a vast forest, distant from any habitation, without a team, and what was still worse, with but a single dollar in money. He was not depressed for an instant by these untoward circumstances. He sent one of his men through the woods with a compass to Erie, Pa., a distance of about 100 miles, requesting from Capt. Lyman, the commandant at the fort, a loan of raoney. At the same time he followed himself the township lines to ' Youngstown,' where he became acquainted with Col. James Hillman, who did not hesitate to sell him an ox on credit at a fair price — an act of generosity which proved of great value, as the want of a team must have broken up his settlement. The un expected delays upon the journey, and other hindrances, prevented them from raising a crop at this season, and they had, after the provisions brought with him were exhausted, to depend for meat upon their skill in hunting and purchases from the Indians, and for meal upon the scanty supplies procured from Western Penn sylvania. Having set out with the deterraination to spend the winter, he erected a log-cabin, into which hiraself and one Bixby, to whora he had agreed to give 100 acres of land on condition of settlement, moved on the 1st day of January, 1800, before which they had lived under a bark camp and their tent." About the time of Mr. Tappan's settleraent at Ravenna, others were commenced in several of the townships of the county. The sketehes of Deerfield and Pal myra we annex from the Barr manuscripte. Deerfield received its name from Deerfield, of Lewis), John CampbeU and Joel Thrall, Mass., the native place of the mother of aU arrived in company. In April George Lewis Day, Esq. Early in May, 1799, Lewis and Robert Taylor and James Laughlin, from Day and his son Horatio, of Granby, Conn. , Pennsylvania, with their famUies, made per- and Moses Tibbals and Green Frost, of Gran- manent settlements. Mr, Laughlin built a viUe, Mass,, left their homes in a one-horse grist-miU, which, in the succeeding year, was wagon, and arrived in Deerfield on the 29th a great convenience to the settlers. On the of the same month. This was the first wagon 29th of June Lewis Day returned from Con- that had ever penetrated farther westward in necticut, accompanied by his family and his this region than Canfield. The country west brother-in-law. Major Rogers, who the next of that place had been an unbroken wilder- year also brought out his family. ness until within a few days. Capt. Caleb Much suffering was expenenced on account Atwater, of WaUingford, Conn., had hired of the scarcity of provisions. They were some men to open a road to township No. 1, supplied from settlements on the opposite in the seventh range, of which he was the side of the Ohio, the nearest of which was owner. This road passed through Deerfield, Georgetown, forty miles distant. These were and was completed to that place when the conveved on pack-horses through the wilder- party arrived at the point of their destina- ness. On the 22d of August Mrs, Alva Day tion. These emigrants selected sites for their gave birth to the first chUd— a female— born future dwellings, and commenced clearing up in the township, and on the 7th of November the land. In July Lewis Ely and family ar- the first wedding took place. John Camp- rived from Granville, and wintered here, bell and SarahEly— daughter of Lewis— were while the first named, having spent the sum- joined in wedlock by Calvin Austin, |.sq., ot mer in making improvements, retumed east, Warren. He was accompanied from Warren, On the 4th of March, 1800. Alva Day (son a distance of twenty-seven miles, by the late IGO PORTAGE COUNTY. Judge Pease, then a young lawyer of that place. They came on foot (there not being any road), and as they threaded their way through the woods young Pease taught the justice tjje marriage ceremony by oft repe tition. The first civil organization was effected in 1802, under the name of Pranklin township, embracing all of the present Portage and parts of TrumbuU and Summit counties. About this time the settlement received ac cessions from New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia, The Rev. Mr. Badger, the missionary of the Presbyterians, preached here as early as February 16, 1801. In 1803 Dr, Shadrach Bostwick organized an Episcopal Methodist society. The Presbyterian society was organ ized October 8, 1818, and that ofthe Disci ples in 1828, ^ In 1806 there was an encarapraent of seven Mohawk Indians in Deerfield, with whom a serious difficulty occurred. John Diver, it is thought, in a hor.se- trade overreached one of these Indians named John Nicksaw. There was much dissatisfaction expressed by the Indians at the bargain, and Nicksaw vainly en deavored to effect a re-exchange of horses. On stating his grievances to Squire Day, that gentleman advised him to see Diver again and persuade him to do justice. Nick saw replied, " No ! you speak him ! me no speak him again!" and immediately left. On this very evening (January 20, 1806) there was a sleighing party at the house of John Diver, Early in the evening while amusing themselves, they were interrupted by the rude entrance of five Indians — John Nicksaw, John Mohawk, Bigson and his two sons, from the encampment. They were excited with whiskey and endeav ored to decoy John Diver to their camp on some frivolous pretence. Failing in this stratagem they became more and more bois terous, but were quieted by the mildness of Daniel Diver, They changed their tone, re ciprocated his courteousness, and vainly urged him to drink whiskey with them. They now again resumed their impudent manner, and charging Daniel with stealing their guns, de clared they would not leave until he returned them. With much loss of time and alterca tion he at last got them out of the house. Shortly after John Diver opened the door, and was on the point of stepping out, when he espied Mohawk standing in front of him, with uplifted tomahawk, in the attitude of striking. Diver shrunk back unobserved by the company and, not wishing to alarm them, said nothing at the time ahout the circumstance. About 10 o'clock, the moon shining with unusual brightness, the night being cold and clear with snow about two feet deep, Daniel observed the Indians standing in a ravine several rods from the house. He ran up and accosted them in a friendly manner. They treacherously returned his salutation, said they had found their guns, and before return ing to camp wished to apologize for their con- duot and part good friends. Passing along the line he took each and all by the hand until he eame to Mohawk, who was the only one that had a gun in his hands. He refused to shake hands, and at the moment Diver turned for the house, he received a baU through his temples destroying both of his eyes. He immediately fell. On the report of the gun John Diver ran to the spot, by which time Daniel had regained his feet and was staggering about. Mohawk was stand ing a few paces off, looking on in silence, but his_ companions had fled, John eagerly in quired of his brother what was the matter ? "I am shot by Mohawk," was the reply. John instantly darted at Mohawk, intending to make him atone in a frightful manner for the injury done his brother. The savage fled toward the camp, and as Diver gained rapidly upon him, Mohawk threw himself from_ the road into the woods, uttering a horrid yell. Diver, now perceiving the other Indians returning toward him, fled in turn to his brother, and took him into the house. The wound, although dangerous, was not mortal, and he was living as late as 1847. The Indians hurried to their encampment, and from thence fled in a northwest direction. The alarm spread through the settlement, and in a few hours there were twenty-five men on the spot, ready for the pursuit. Before daylight this party (araong which were Alva Day, Major H. Rogers, James Laughlin, Alex. K. Hubbard and Ira Mansfield) were in hot pursuit upon their trail. The weather being intensely cold and the settlements far apart they suffered exceed ingly. Twenty of them had their feet frozen, and many of them were compelled to stop ; but their number was kept good by additions from the settlements through which they passed. On the succeeding night the party came up with the fugitives, encamped on the west side of the- Cuyahoga, in the present town of Boston. The whites surrounded them ; but Nlcksa^^• and Mohawk escaped. They were overtaken and commanded PORTAGE COUNTY. lOI to surrender or be shot. Continuing their fiight, Williams, of Hudson, fired, and Nicksaw fell dead ; but Mohawk escaped. The whites returned to Deerfield with Bigson and his two sons. A squaw belonging to them was allowed to escape, and it is said perished in the snow. On arriving at the centre of Deerfield, where the tragedy had been acted, Bigson appeared to be overpowered with grief, and giving vent to a fiood of tears, took an affectionate leave of his sons, expecting here to lose his life, according to a custom of the Indians. They were taken before Lewis Day, Esq., who, after examination, committed them to prison at Warren. Mr. Cornelius Feather, in the papers of the Ashtabula Historical Society, says : It was heart-rending to visit this group of human misery at Warren and hear their lamentations. The poor Indians were not confined, for they could not run away. The narrator has seen this old, frost-crippled chief Bigson, who had been almost frozen to death, sitting with the others on the bank of the Mahoning, and heard him, in the Indian tongue, with deep touching emotions, in tlie highest strain of his native oratory, addressing his companions in misery — speaking the language of his heart ; pointing toward the rising, then toward the setting sun, to the north, to the south, till sobs choked his utterance and tears followed tears down his sorrow-worn cheeks. We now return to the Barr manuscript for another incident of early times, ex hibiting something of Indian gratitude and customs : John Hendricks, an Indian, for some time lived in a camp on the bank of the Mahon ing, with his family — a wife and two sons — and was much respected by the settlers. Early in 1802 one of his sons, a child of about 4 years of age, was taken sick, and during his illness was treated with great kind ness by Mr, James Laughlin and lady, who lived near. He died on the 4th of March, and his father having expressed a desire to haye him interred in the place where the whites intended to bury their dead, a spot was selected near the residence of Lewis Day, which is to this time used as a graveyard, A coffin was prepared by Mr. Laughlin and Alva Day, and he was buried according to the custom of the whites. Observing the earth to fall upon the board, and not upon the body of his deceased' son, Hendricks ex claimed in a fit of ecstasy, ''Body no broken I" Some days after Mr. Day observed these In dians near the grave, apparently washing some clothing, and then digging at the grave. After they had retired, prompted by curios ity, Mr. Day examined the grave, and found the child's clothes just washed and carefully deposited with the body. Shortly after he inquired of Hendricks why he had not buried them at the funeral. "Because they were not clean," replied he. These Indians soon left the neighborhood, and did not return for one or two years. Meeting with Mr. Laugh lin, Hendricks ran towards him, and throw ing himself into his arms, embraced and kissed him with the deepest affection, ex claiming, ' ' Body no broke ! body no broke I ' ' The first improvements in Palmyra were made in 1799 by David Daniels, from Salisbury, Conn. The succeeding year he brought out his family. E., N. and W. Bacon, E. Cutler, A. Thurber, A. Preston, N. Bois, J. T. Baldwin, T. and C. Gilbert, D., A. and S. Waller, N. Smith, Joseph Fisher, J. Tuttle, and others came not long after. On the first settlement of the township there were several families of Onondaga and Oneida Indians who carried on a friendly in tercourse with the people, until the difficulty at Deerfield, in 1806, in the shooting of Diver, When this region was first settled, there was an Indian trail commencing at Fort Mcintosh (where Beaver, Pa., now is) and extending westward to Sandusky and Detroit. This trail followed the highest ground. It passed by the Salt Springs in Howland, Trumbull county, and running through the northern part of Palmyra, crossed SUver Creek, in Edinburg, one and a half miles north of the centre road. Along this trail parties of Indians were frequently seen passing for sev eral years after the white settlers came. In fact, it seemed to be the great thoroughfare from Sandusky to the Ohio river and Du Quesne, There are several large pUes of stones by this trail in Palmyra, under which human skeletons have been discovered. 'These are supposed to be the remains of In dians slain in war, or murdered by their ene mies ; as tradition says it is an Indian practice for each one to cast a stone upon the grave of an enemy whenever be passes by. These stones appear to bave been picked up along the trail and cast upon heaps at different times. I02 PORTAGE COUNTY. At the point where this traU crosses Silver one of which was without a head. This was creek, Frederick Daniels and others, in 1814, supposed to have heen made by a party on discovered painted on several trees various their return westward, to give intelligence to devices, evidently the work of Indians. The their friends behind of the loss of one of bark was carefully shaved off two-thirds of their party at this place ; and on making the way around, and figures cut upon the search a human skeleton was discovered near wood. On one of these were deUneated seven by. Indians, equipped in a particular manner, Bavenna in 1846. — Ravenna, the county-seat, so named from an ItaHan city, is thirty-four miles southeast of Cleveland and 140 -northeast of Colurabus. It is situated on the Cleveland & Pittsburg road, ou the crest of land dividing the waters flowing into the lakes frora those eraptying into the Gulf of Mexico ; the Ohio & Pennsylvania canal runs a short distance south of the town. The en graving represents the public buildings in the central part of the village ; in the centre is seen the court-house and jail ; on the right in the distance the Congrega tional, and on the left the Universalist church. Ravenna contains one Congrega tional, one Disciples, one Methodist and one Universalist church, ten mercantile stores, an academy, two newspaper printing-offices, and about 1,200 inhabitants. It is a thriving, pleasant village, and is noted for the n^nufaoture of carriages, — OM Edition. Ravenna, county-seat of Portage, about 125 railes northeast of Columbus, about thirty-five miles southeast of Cleveland, at the junction ofthe C. & P. and N. Y., P. & O. and P. C. & T. Railroads, is the shipping-point for a fine farming district ; the principal shipments are grain, wool, cheese, etc. It is also a consid erable manufacturing centre. County officers, 1888 : Auditor, S. R. Freeman; Clerk, A. E. Seaton; Commissioners, John L. Thompson, Wanzer Holcomb, Wesley Hubbard ; Coroner, A. M. Erwin ; Infirmary Directors, Williara Fox, Thoraas C. Stewart, F. B. Cannon ; Probate Judge, C. D. Ingall ; Prosecuting Attorney, E. W. Maxon ; Recorder, Sidney J. Post ; Sheriff, James Jones ; Sur veyor, Jedediah Cole; Treasurer, Marvin Collins. City officers, 1888: Mayor, J. W. Holcomb ; Clerk, Arthur Seaton ; Treasurer, W. T. Grundel ; Marshal, William Dieteh. Newspapers : Democratic Press, Democratic, S. D. Harris & Son, editors and publishers ; Bepublican, Republican, John Meharg, editor and publisher. Churches : one Methodist Episcopal, one Catholic, one Episcopal, one Congregational, one Lutheran, one Disciples, one United Brethren, one Univer salist. Banks : First National, Newell D. Clark, president, R. B. Carnahan, cashier ; Second National, E. T. Richardson, president, W. H. Beebe, cashier. Manufactures and Employees. — Merts & Riddle, coaches, ete., 50 hands ; John ston, Johnston & Co., cigar boxes, 8 ; Buckeye Foundry, iron castings, 2 ; E. & R. Knapp, pumps, 3 ; Ravenna Glass Co., glass bottles, ete., 83 ; Ravenna Mills, flour, ete., 2 ; D. L. Baldwin & Son, planing-mill, ete., 8 ; Quaker Mill Co., oat meal, 83 ; O. A. Bissell, cooperage, 5 ; Ravenna Woollen Mills, woollen goods, 5 ; Seymore & Olin, flour, ete. ; Diamond Glass Co., window glass, 5S.— State Beport, 1888. * Population, 1880, 3,255. School census, 1888, 1,061 ; D. D. Pickett, school superintendent. Capital invested in industrial establishments, $443,800. Value of annual product, $604,500. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1887. Census, 1890, 3,417. The first settler, Benjamin Tappan, built his cabin in 1799 in the southeast part of the township ; in 1808 he laid the foundation for the town. He offered a town lot as a prize for the first child born on the site. This prize fell to the son of a David Thompson, born in 1810. Tappan also gave a graveyard, which came into use in 1809. Nathan Chapman, aged 51 years, was its first tenant. The present cemetery was laid out in 1813. A few years later Ravenna had quite a village appearance. Jesse R. Grant, father of General Grant, when a young man of about 23 years of age, carried on a tannery here. It was neariy oppoate PORTAGE COUNTY. 103 the site of the Presbyterian church, on the northeast corner of the street The shop stood a httle back from iJie street, and in the yard in front were the tan-vats. In 1835 Dr Isaac Swift lived opposite, and had a little drug-store by his house A sign which read •' JESSE GRANT, Tanner, then leaned endways against the old building, which was then used as a tannery although Grant had left years before. A few years ago the old vats were taken up, and some of the wood made into walking-sticks. Kerd in 1846.--Ymok\\n Mills [now Kent] is six miles west of Ravenna, on the Cleveland road, Cuyahoga river and Mahoning canal. In the era of specula tion a large town was laid out here, great prices paid for " city lots," and in the event large quantities of money changed hands. It, however, possesses natural advantages that in time may make it an important manufacturing town, the Cuy ahoga having here two falls, one of seventeen and the other of twenty-five feet. The village is much scattered. It contains one Congregational, one Baptist, one Episcopal and one Methodist church, four mercantile stores, two flouring mills, two woollen factories and about 400 inhabitants.— OW Edition. Kent, formerly Franklin Mills, is six miles west of Ravenna, on the Cuya hoga river and N. Y., P. & O., C. & C. and P. Y. & C. Railroads. The Cuy ahoga river furnishes inexhaustible water-power. City officers, 1888 : Mayor, James Wark ; Clerk, Frank Arighi ; Marshal, James Logan ; Treasurer, M. G. Garrison ; Street Commissioner, E. Minnick. Newspapers : Courier, Indepen dent, Charles H. Scott, editor and publisher ; News, Democratic, H. E. Gridley, editor ; Saturday Bulletin, Republican, N. J. H. Minich, editor and publisher. Churches : one Universalist, one Catholic, one Methodist, one Congregational, one Disciples, one Baptist, and one Lutheran. Banks : City, D. L. Rockwell, presi dent, M. G. Garrison, cashier ; Kent National, Marvin Kent, president, Charles K. Clapp, cashier. Manufactures and Employees. — J. Turner & Sons' Manufacturing Co., worsted goods, 175 hands; H. A. & M. Kent, flour, ete., 2; N. Y., P. & O. Railroad Shops, repair shops, 320 ; T. G. Parsons, planing mill, 10 ; Williams Bros., flour, 30 ; Railway Speed Recorder Co., 88 ; Grohe Bros., planing mill, 5 ; John F. Byers, machine work, 5 ; C. T. Goeppinger, tannery, 4. — State Beport, 1887. Population, 1880, 3,309. School census, 1888, 369 ; A. B. Stutzman, school superintendent. Capital invested in manufacturing establishments, $484,500. Value of annual product, $956,250. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1888. Census, 1890, 3,481. Franklin, the township in which Kent now is, comprising 16,000 acres in 1798, was bought for twelve and a half cents an acre, or $2,000, by Aaron Olm stead, of Hartford, Conn. As early as 1803 Benjamin Tappan and others built a bridge over the river about four yards frora the spot where Brady made his leap. The first settlers were the Haymaker family, German Pennsylvanians, who temporarily occupied a hut built by Olmstead's surveyors. One day, while they were in this hut, a party of Indians gave them a call, when a squaw among thera leaned a board, to which she had, in Indian fashion, tied her pappoose, against the hut. After the mother had gone in a wild hog carae through the brush, and grasping the Indian baby, ran off with it. The mother, hearing the noise, ran to its rescue ; but the infuriated hog would not give up its prize until he was badly beaten. A son of one of the family, Frederick Haymaker, a bright, educated man, became the private secretary of Aaron Burr, and it is said knew the secret plans of Burr ; 104 PORTAGE COUNTY. but to his dying day he never divulged them. He died in 1851. The Haymakere, in 1807, put up a mill, and eventually bought 600 acres on the site of Kent. In 1815, when the township was organized, the entire voting population was twelve. In 1827 on the site were an upper and a lower village, the first called Car thage and the last Franklin Mills. In 1863 the name of the combined villages was changed to Kent, in honor of Marvin Kent, the proprietor of the N. Y., P. & O. Railroad, and its then president. On the 7th of March of that year its first passenger train entered the place. Kent became the geographical centre of the road, and the location of the principal shops of its two divisions ; so the place, which had been languishing, got a fresh impetus through the indomitable energy of one of its citizens. . , , . p , i- John Brown, of Harper's Ferry, about the year 1836, with his father, was for a short time a resident. He was then about 35 years of age. The noted Indian fighter, Brady, made his celebrate.d leap across the Cuyahoga about 200 yards above the bridge at Kent. The appearance of the locality has been materially altered by blasting rocks for the canal. The picture shown is frora the drawing raade for this work by Mr. F. E. Poister, of Kent, who drew it as it was about 1809, frora the recollection of early settlers. The stand-point for the view was on the north and left bank of the Cuyahoga. m- n, Brady's Pond, so called from being the place where he secreted himself after the leap (related below frora a published source), is about two and a half miles frora the village, and a few hundred yards north of the road to Ravenna. It is a small but beautiful sheet of water, the shores of which are composed of a white sand, finely adapted to the manufacture of glass. Capt. Samuel Brady seems to have been as much the Daniel Boone of the northeast part of the valley of the Ohio, as the other was of the southwest, and the country is equally full of traditionary legends of his hardy adventures and hair-breadth escapes. From undoubted authority, it seems the fol lowing incident actually transpired in this vicinity, Brady's residence was on Chartier's creek, on the south side of the Ohio, and being a man of herculean strength, activity and courage, he was generally selected as the leader of the hardy borderers in all their incur sions into the Indian territory north of the river. On this occasion, which was about the year 1780, a large party of warriors from the falls of the Cuyahoga and the adjacent country had made an inroad on the south side of the Ohio river, in the lower part of what is now Washington county, on what was then known as the settlement of " Cat fish Camp," after an old Indian of that name wbo lived there when tbe whites first came into the country on the Monongahela river. This party had murdered several families, and with the "plunder" had recrossed the Ohio before effectual pursuit could be made. By Brady a party was directly summoned, of his chosen followers, who hastened on after them, but the Indians having one or two days the start, he could not overtake them in time to arrest their return to their viUages. Near the spot where the town of Ravenna now stands, the Indians separated into two parties, one of wbich went to the north, and the other west, to the faUs of the Cuyahoga. Brady's men also divided ; a part pursued the northern trail, and a part went with their commander to the Indian viUage, lying on the river in the present township of North ampton, Summit county. Although Brady made his approaches with the utmost caution, the Indians, expecting a pursuit, were on the look-out, and ready to receive him, with numbers four-fold to those of Brady, whose only safety was in hasty retreat, which, from the ardor of the pursuit, soon became a per fect flight. Brady directed his men to sepa rate, and each one to take care of himself; but the Indians knowing Brady, and having a most inveterate hatred and dread of him, from the numerous chastisements which he had inflicted upon them, left all the others, and with united strength pursued him alone. The Cuyahoga here makes a wide bend to the south, including a large tract of several miles of surface, in the form of a peninsula ; within this tract the pursuit was hotly con tested. The Indians, by extending their line to the right and left, forced him on to the bank of the stream. Having in peaceable times often hunted over this ground with the Indians, and knowing every turn of the Cuy ahoga as famUiarly as the vUlager knows the streets of his own hamlet, Brady directed his course to the river at a spot where the whole stream is compressed by the rocky cliffs into a narrow channel of only twenty-two feet acro.ss the top of the chasm, although it is consid erably wider beneath, near the water, and in height more than twice that number of feet above the current. Through this pass the water rushes like a race-horse, chafing and roaring at the confinement of its current by Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846, Beady's Pond. When pursued by the Indians, after his leap, Brady secreted himself under a log iu this pond. F. E. Pointer, Photo., Eent. The Spot of Brady's Leap, On the Cuyahoga river, a few hundred yards above the bridge at Kent. los PORTAGE COUNTY. 107 the rocky channelj whUe, a short distance above, the stream is at least fifty yards wide. As he approached the chasm, Brady, knowing that life or death was in the effort, concentrated his mighty powers, and leaped the stream at a single bound. It so hap pened that on the op|)osite cliff the leap was favored by a low place, into which he dropped, and grasping the bushes he thus helped him self to ascend to the top of the chff. The Indians, for a few moments, were lost in wonder and admiration, and before they had recovered their recoUection, he was half-way up the side of the opposite hiU, but still within reach of their rifles. They could easily have shot him at any moment before, but being bent on taking him alive, for torture, and to glut their long-delayed revenge, tbey forbore to use the rifle ; but now, seeing him likely to escape, they all fired upon nim ; one bullet severely wounded him in the hip, but not so badly as to prevent his progress. The Indians, having to make a considerable circuit before they could cross the stream, Brady advanced a good distance ahead. His limb was growing stiff from the wound, and as the Indians gained on him, he made for the pond which now bears his name and, plunging in, swam under water a considerable distance, and came up under the trunk of a large oak, which had fallen into the pond. This, although leaving only a small breathing place to support life, stUl completely sheltered him from their sight. The Indians, tracing him by the blood to the water, made dUigent search all around the pond, but finding no signs of his exit, finally came to the conclu sion that he had sunk and was drowned. As they were at one time standing on the very tree beneath which he was concealed, Brady, understanding their language, was very glad to hear the result of their deliberations, and after they had gone, weary, lame and hungry, he made good his retreat to his own home. His followers also returned in safety. The chasm across which he leaped is in sight of the bridge where we crossed the Cuyahoga, and is known in all that region by the name of Brady's Leap. Beside Brady's Pond there are quite a number of small lakes in this part of the county. One, just south of Ravenna, is called " Mother Ward's Wash Tub." It is a phenomenal reservoir, with a hidden outlet eastward, and the water is very soft and remarkably well adapted for washing purposes. The late Col. Charles Whittlesey, a few weeks before his decease in the fall of 1886, sent me from Cleveland the following comraunication, in the course of which he speaks of a noted natural object in Kent : In your first edition, in Lucas County, you have "Roche de Beuf," — an error of the printer, prohably. It should be Roche de Bout, the French for standing stone or rock on end. They are natural columns, common in Ohio and in the Northwest. Lancaster, Ohio, was at first known as the "Standing Stone." There was a very sin gular one in the gorge of the Cuyahoga at Kent, Portage county. It stood in the midst of the rushing waters with a smaU pine on the top, not far above the present bridge and near where Brady made his famous leap. The great Indian traU to the lake. Old Port age and Sandusky, crossed just above the place, being known as the " Standing Stone. The rock here is conglomerate, that at Mau mee limestone. There was another in Ran dolph, Portage county, about a mile south west of the centre, and another in the channel of the south fork of Mahoning river, where the east line of Deerfield crosses it. These were sandstone, I gave sketches and de scriptions of these in Portage county in the Family Visitor, Hudson, 1850, edited by Prof G, P. Kirtland, of which there are files in our Historical Society. There are on our files here several literal reports of interviews with old settlers, of which the professional county historians made very little use. Also, a statement of the "Boston Bankers," alias the counterfeiters, Jim Brown, Wm, Ashley and their confed erates, most of whom I knew. BIOGRAPHY. Lucius Fairchild was born in Frankhn, Portage county, Ohio, December 31, 1881. At the age of 16 he removed with his parents to Madison, Wisconsin. In 1849 he went from Wisconsin, where his famUy had moved, to California; but six years of speculating and mining did not bring substantial returns, and he returned to Madison. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar, and was the first man from the Badger State to head a recruit ing party when the war broke out. As heu tenant-colonel of the Second Wisconsin he made a noted career in the field. He was the last man to leave the field at the second battle of Bull Run, He lost his left arm at the shoulder in a desperate charge at Gettys burg, His military career clo.sed with tbe rank of brigadier-general at the age of 34, He was originally a Democrat, but the Re publicans of Wisconsin elected him secretary of state in 1864 and governor in 1865, re electing him in 1867, In 1869 he was elected governor for the third time. In 1871 he was appointed consul to Liverpool, and remained abroad nearly ten years, as he was transferred to Paris as consul-general and to Madrid as io8 PORTAGE COUNTY. minister. In 1866 he was elected Command er-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Re pubUc, Florus B. Plimpton was born in Palmyra, Portage county, Ohio, September 4, 1830. His father, Billings 0, Plimpton, removed from Connecticut at the beginning of the century and engaged in the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church as an itinerant. He died the day after Florus was born, aged 90. Florus worked on his father's farm in Hartford, Trumbull county, attended AUe gheny College, MeadvUle, Pa., for three years, and in 1851 entered into journalism at Warren, Ohio. In 1853 he married Miss Cordelia A, BushneU, of Hartford, Ohio, He was connected with newspapers in Niles, Mich,, Ravenna, Ohio, and Elmira, N, Y,, until 1857, when he became one of the edi tors of the Pittsburg Dispatch. In 1866 he became one of the staff of the Cincinnati Commercial, and his labors with it and with the Commercial- Gazette continued without interruption for i quarter of a century, and were of an unusually important character. breadth and responsibility. He died Apnl 23, 1 886, and in accordance with his request his remains were cremated. Mr. Murat Halstead, his intimate associate and friend for more than twenty-five years, said of him : "He was a man of absolute probity, of perfect truthfulness, of unques tioned sincerity. He was a man of marked characteristics and individuality, whose opin ions, whose modes of thought, whose meth ods of labor were all his own. He was a man of singularly fine independence, and there was never any doubt or question as to where he was t« be found, " Mr, PUmpton was a horn poet and began to write poetry as a boy. To devote himself to poetry would doubtless have been the ideal life for him, but the arduous duties of a jour- naUst did not admit of his devoting much time to his muse. The small_ collection of his poems gathered by his wife, and pub lished after his death, bear testimony to his genius. His lines are very musical, and owe their melody to an inborn sense of rhythm. We quote the last three verses of a poem of The Police Court, in dialect, and entitled. "Make it Four, ter Honer," Shakin' her gray hairs backward Out of her eyes and face ; "It's thrue that ye say, yer Honer, It's thrue is my disgrace. It wasn't the_ coat I cared for ; It's stharving I was to ate. And I want a friendly shilter Out av a friendless sthrate. " Sind me back to the prisin, For the winter it is could. An' there isn't a heart that's warmin* For the Ukes av me that's ould ; There isn't a heart that's warmin', Nor a hand that takes me in-^ If I sthale to kape from stharvin', May God forgive the sin 1" Then kindly spakes his Honer : "Well. Mary, wiU it do If I sind ye to the prisin For jist a a month or two f " ' ' The prisin' s a friend, ' ' says Mary ; "I fear the winter more — An' it's all the same, yer Honer, Ye' 11 plaze to make it four." Albert Gallatin Riddle was born in Monson, Mass., May 28, 1816, A year later his father removed to Geauga county, Ohio, where he died when Albert was seven years of age. The famUy was broken up and Albert was apprenticed to Seth Harmon, a farmer living near Mantua, Portage county. In 1831 he returned to Geauga county, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and hecame a famous advoeate, with great power as an ora tor. He was a member of the Ohio legisla ture of 1848-49, and called in 1848 the first free-soil convention in Ohio. Two years later he removed to Cleveland. His able conduct, in 1859, of the celebrated Oberiin "slave rescuers" case gave him a wide spread reputation.^ He was elected to Con gress as a Republican in 1861, and made the first speeches delivered in Congress in favor of arming slaves. In 1863 hewas appointed United States consul at Matanzas. For the past twenty-five years he has practised law in Washington. He aided in the prosecution of John H. Surratt for the murder of Pres ident Lincoln; from 1877 to 1889 was law officer for the District of Columbia, and for several years had charge of the law depart ment of Howard University. Mr. Riddle is the author of a "Life of Garfield," also one of Benjamin F. Wade, a number of novels and other publications. His " Bart Ridgely, a Story of Northern Ohio,'' is a work of great power. "The Portrait, a Romance of Cuyahoga V^alley," describes many of the scenes and events of his boyhood life in Portage county. Marvin Kent was born at Ravenna, Portage county, Ohio, September 21, 1816. He attended Tallmadge Academy, and in mer cantile pursuits early displayed unusual sa- ADAM G, RIDDLE, Lawyer and Author. FLORUS B. PLIMPTON, Journalist and Poet. HiBAM College. The institution where Garfield received his early education and of which he was subsequently President. 109 PORTAGE COUNTY. Ill gacity and executive ability. In 1850, while engaged in manufacturing in Franklin MiUs (now Kent), he devised, planned and pro jected the Atlantic & Great Western RaUroad, designed to connect the Erie with the Ohio & Mississippi, forming a grand trunk Une from New York to St, Louis, He was elected president of the comjjany then incorporated, and conducted its affairs through all its trials and vicissitudes, save for a period of three years, until the completion of the road in 1864, The construction of this road encoun tered, i)erhaps, more obstacles and greater opposition tnan any other in the country. Upon its completion Mr. Kent retired from active business life. In 1875 he was elected to the State senate. He has been a generous promoter of the interests of the city of Kent, which bears his name. Mrs. Fannie B. Ward, correspondent, is a literary lady of Ravenna, who wields an interesting and instructive pen. Moved by a spirit of professional enterprise, early in the eighties, she singly and alone went down into Mexico and lived among the people that she might properly describe the domestic life of these, our neighbors, and thus has greatly added to our knowledge of them. HiEAM occupies the highest elevation on the Reserve, being 1,300 feet above sea-level, which gives it great salubrity and healthfulness. This is a fine fruit and dairy region. It is twelve railes northeast of Ravenna, two miles from the N. Y., P. & O. Railroad. It has one newspaper (Bugle Echo), D. H. Beaman, editor, and about 500 inhabitants. It is especially noted as the seat of Hiram College, the institution where James A. Garfield was educated. Its president is George H. McLaughlin. It was opened in 1851 as the Western Reserve Eclectic Insti tute, received its charter in 1867, and was rebuilt and enlarged in 1886. In the winter of 1831 Joseph Smith and Sidney came to Hiram, held meet ings and made many converts to the then new faith of the Latter-Day Saints, or Mormoni.sm. But after a while it was rumored that they designed even tually to get possession of all the prop erty of their converts. The people became alarmed ; among them were some of their dupes, who went to the house of Smith and Rigdon, stripped them, gave them a coat of tar and feathers, and rode them on a rail — whereupon they left the place. Jo. Smith in his personal appearance was well adapted to irapose upon the weak and credulous. His complexion was of corpselike paleness and waxy, his expression grave and peculiarly sanctimonious, his words few and in sepulchral tones. At Nauvoo he claimed a revelation from Heaven to take spir- JO. SMITH— The Mormon Prophet. v i • J j. uv i. j i •^ itual Wives and established polygamy. Gareettsville is twelve miles northeast of Ravenna, on the N. Y., P. & O. Railroad. Newspapers : Journal, Independent, Charles B. Webb, editor and publisher; Saturday Item, Independent, O. 8. Ferris,, editor and publisher. Churches : one Congregationalist, one Methodist and one Baptist. Bank : First National, W. B. McConnell, president, J. S. Tilden, cashier. Population, 1880, 969. School census, 1888, 290; J. J. Jackson, school superintendent. It is in a rich agricultural and dairy region. Edinburg is seven miles southeast of Ravenna,. It has one Congregational and one Methodist Episcopal church. School census, 1888, 66. Mantua is twelve miles north of Ravenna. It has one Methodist, one Disci ples and one Congregational church. Population, about 750. School census, 1888, 159. Mantua Station is nine miles north of Ravenna, on the Cuyahoga river and 112 PORTAGE COUNTY. N. Y., P. & O. Railroad. It has one newspaper. Gazette, Independent, D. B. Sherwood, editor ; one bank. Crafts, Hine & Co., and a population of about 600. Palmyra is one and a half miles from Palmyra Station, on the L. E. A. & JS. Railroad. It is eleven miles southeast of Ravenna. School census, 1888, 120. Randolph is nine miles south of Ravenna. School census, 1888, 77. Windham is twelve miles northeast of Ravenna, on the N. Y., P. & O. Rail road. School census, 1888, 100. It has one newspaper, the Herald, F. D. Snow, editor ; one Congregational and one Methodist Episcopal church ; a tub and paU and basket factory, and stone quarries. PREBLE COUNTY. "3 PREBLE. Preble County was formed from Montgo'mery and Butler, March 1, 1808; it was named from Capt. Edward Preble, who was born at Portland, Maine, August 15, 1761, and distinguished hiraself as a naval coramander in the war of the Revolution, and particularly in the Tripolitan war, and died on the 25th of August, 1806. The soil is various ; the southern part is a light rich soil, and is interspersed by nuraerous strearas ; the reraainder of the county is upland, in places wet, but fertile when brought under cultivation. Tiiere is an abundance •of water power for milling purposes, and large quantities of flour are manufactured. Area about 440 square railes. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 186,275 ; in pasture, 35,426 ; woodljind, 33,294 ; lying waste, 5,873 ; produced in wheat, 529,637 bushels ; rye, 1,136 ; buckwheat, 85 ; oats, 464,627 ; barley, 13,563 ; corn, 1,522,636; broom-corn, 17,100 pounds brush; meadow hay, 8,814 tons; clover hay, 4,096; flax, 81,500 pounds, fibre; potatoes, 30,830 bushels; to bacco, 1,044,210 pounds; butter, 611,300; cheese, 300; sorghum, 6,668 gal lons; maple syrup, 9,169; honey, 11,137 pounds; eggs, 549,135 dozen; grapes, 30,870 pounds ; wine, 149 gallons ; sweet potatoe.s, 3,242 bushels ; apples, 1,643 ; peaches, 61 ; pears, 749 ; wool, 28,183 pounds; milch cows owned, 5,959. Ohio Mining Statistics, 1888 : Limestone, 64,500 tons burned for lime ; 3,000 tons burned for fluxing ; 23,750 cubic feet of dimension stone ; 10,397 cubic yards building stone; 30,000 square feet of flagging; 12,460 square feet of paving; 8,571 lineal feet of curbing ; 3,492 cubic yards of ballast or macadam. School census, 1888, 7,139 ; teachers, 183 ; railes of railroad track, 75. iWNSHips AND Census. 1840. 1880, Townships and Cbnsi JS, 1840, 1880, Dixon, 1,281 1,162 Jefferson, 2,165 2,244 Gasper, 836 863 Lanier, 1,624 1,909 Gratis, 1,950 2,186 Monroe, 1,176 1,986 Harrison, 1,696 2,663 Somers, .1,823 2,233 Israel, 1,538 1,807 Twin, 1,676 1,973 Jackson, 1,257 1,398 Washington, 2,459 4,118 Population of Preble in 1820 was 10,237; 1830, 16,296 ; 1840, 19,481; 1860, 21,820; 1880, 24,533; of whora 19,293 were born in Ohio; 1,042, Indiana; 768, Virginia ; 722, Pennsylvania ; 322, Kentucky ; 87, New York ; 478, Ger man Empire; 425, Ireland; 51, British America; 44, England and Wales; 10, France, and 6, Scotland. Census, 1890, 23,421. 8 1X4 PREBLE COUNTY. Limestone Quarries. The quarrying of liraestone is an important industry in this county. The lime stones principally quarried belong to the Niagara group ; these in Ohio are very often called cliff limestones, because they stand in the bluffs along the river val leys. The quarries in the vicinity of Eaton turn out a number of grades of stone, suitable for flaggings and copings as well as for fine and rough construc tions. It is stated in Ortoh's Geological Report, that a stone 10 x 12 feet in superficial dimensions has been taken out and that very much larger stones can be obtained. The Clinton limestone has not been so extensively quarried, but is very much in demand for chimney backs and has been found especially desirable for those constructions which are exposed to fire or heat. Old Block House. — On what is known as the Wolf farm, Harrison township, stood one ofa series of block houses built and manned by citizen-soldiers in the fall of 1813, Dr, J, W, Miller, of West Baltimore, has given us the following facts concerning it. This block-house was built by a party of drafted men, belonging to a conipany of rifle men which formed a part of the Old Battalion under the command of Major Alexander (I Lanier. This company occupied the block house during the winter of 1813-14 to protect the settlements on MiUer's Fork. It was one ofa series of block-houses, built and manned by citizen-soldiers, in communi cation with the settlements and line of forts between Cincinnati and the Lakes, The fol lowing is a true copy of a discharge which is in my possession. I do certify that -^ , a sargeant of my company of Ohio Riflemen, in the Old BattaUon, under the command of Alexander C Lanier, has served a regular tour of duty, and is hereby honorably discharged. Given under my hand this 5th day of April, 1814, SmoN Phillips, Capt, The members of this company have been left out of the roster of Ohio's soldiers in the war of 1812, as least so far as Ohio's record is concerned. The Locks, Hapners, McNults and others of Lewisburg, and the Tillmans, Loys, Rices, Abbots, PhiUipses, Myerses and others on Miller's Fork, were prominent in the settlements referred to. TRAVELLING NOTES. A Caboose Bide. — On Tuesday at noon, April 13, I took the caboose at Ham ilton, and rode to Eaton, distant some 25 miles. The caboose was at the end of a very long freight train, perhaps a quarter of a mile in length. In the roof of the caboose was a lookout. I took advantage of it, ascended by a few steps, seated myself in a chair on a little platform, when perhaps half of my body was outside and above everything, there being a scuttle-hole in the roof for this purpose. Our progress was very slow, about 6 or 8 miles, an hour, which gave ample opportunity if one passed anything particularly attractive, to fully take it all in ; I especially appreciated this as we slowly went by a scattered village, with a quaint-appearing church, with deep red roof, and red roofs here and there upturned to the sky, which showed that the people whose homes I was gazing upon came to Ohio frora the Rhineland. The ride was a delight, and also historically interesting, up the gentle valley in which, in the days of the savage and the wilderness, the armies of St. Clair and Wayne had raarched — the one to defeat and raassacre ; the other to victory and peace. I looked down as from the upper deck of a steamer upon our long train, which was twisting and winding under my eyes, with its little black pony ahead ( at least seeming little from its distance from me) sending out its black smoke and doing his work so nicely and honestly, as to fill me with a sense of grati tude for his marvellous performance. If I don't give the black pony credit, I must those who first thought him out, and then made him to go (the little creatures generally known as human beings ), and this without a crack of a whip, nor a quart of oats, but simply with flre, wood and plenty of water, and a strong, brave manly fellow to drive him. The fields in broad areas were green with the deep verdure of the winter wheat, on which the snow had lain and nurtured, and then the sun came out warm and smiling and it was exhaled to the skies. 'Thus the bright green wheat, with the Hack and as yet leaf less woods, the scattered white houses of the farmers, and now and then a red one, the windings of the Seven MUe or St. Clair's Creek, indicated from my lookout hy the un- PREBLE COUNTY. "S dulating course of our train which was going up it, the tall windmills by the farm houses, caUed wind pumps, because used for sup ply of water ; the gentle undulations of the country largely open to the view, together with the clear overarching sky, were all pleas ing, peace-filling objects for my contempla tion. I had no cares and so drank to my fill from jthe varied objects of the changing land scape. Ordinary railroad travelling gives one but a faint idea of the beauties of natural ob jects, and so I felt favored. Aunt Sally and her Pet. — In my original visit to Eaton, the landlady at the village tavern was a comical, good-natured creature, whom, if I rightly remember, the young men of the viUage ( who largely boarded with her ) addressed as ' Aunt Sally, ' ' In those days the pigs had the liberty of the streets in the small towns ; yes, even in Cincinnati they roamed abroad, doing good scavenger work, while sending forth their notes loud and strong. Whether Aunt SaUy was unwedded or wedded I know not, but she evidently felt the want of some object to pet. Woman's heart has many tendrils and sometimes these fasten queerly ; hence Aunt Sally's especial attentions to a pig, which were gratefully re turned, all to tne daily amusement of her boarders, Piggie was not over cleanly, had only one ear, some dog having appropriated the other, and once, to my astonisned eyes, during my stay, dashed into and through the house with the freedom of one of the family. I was told he had once even appeared in the dining-room. I doubted this ; it was alto gether too premature. Odd characters in the olden time diversified vUlage life. There are few such anywhere in our time — a great loss in the line of what Barnum might term ' ' moral entertainment, ' ' At Eaton I was pleased to find my old friend Judge John V, Campbell, a large, heavy man of sweet and gentle spirit, who had aided me on my original visit and all through a long life has been doing good. He took me toward evening on a ride in his buggy to thePreble County ChUdren's Home, about a mile southwest from the town, of which in stitution he was the principal trustee. The Judge s Crust. — In a few minutes after starting my attention was arrested by an o|d mill and tool shop in ruins on the margin of "Seven Mile Creek" and near an old bridge, "What a flne picture," I said, "that would make if it only bad some big, old trees around it," "Yes," replied the Judge, "and I must teU you a story. "When I was a boy ahout fifteen years old, a missionary, one Sunday morning, preached a charity discourse in our church. His eloquence so moved me that I felt it my duty to contribute. I had a quarter in my pocket. I hated to part with it ; it was aU the money I had in the world, and money was hard for me to get ; but I dropped it in the box all the same. 'That afternoon I was wandering about that old tool shop, when my eye was attracted by something shiny ; stoop ing down I picked it up ; when, rubhing off the dirt, I found it to be half-a-doUar. " Thus the Judge's crust cast upon the waters went ahead of the Scripture promise, it being doubly returned, and,that too before sundown. The Children's Home has about forty chil dren. This place contains about twenty-flve acres. The Home building was originally a hotel, a health resort caUed St, Clair's Springs, Here are several flowing mineral springs, said to be good for many diseases. It is on the line of St, Clair's MUitary Trace, and near the site of old Port St, Clair. There are six springs at the Home, and more can be made anywhere there by driving gas pipes down a few feet, Tbese Children's Homes are one of the most commendable features of the State. They originated in Washington county, under which heading is given a sketch and portrait of Mrs. Ewing, the noble woman who origi nated them. As we drove out to the gate to leave, a little midget in the form of a four-year-old boy stood in waiting. He looked up at the Judge with a reverential air, thumb in mouth. "Well, Tommy," asked the Judge, "what do you want ? " "Some new shoes," timidly replied he. We looked down at his feet ; he seemed well, but coarsely shod, the toes well pro tected with shining, metallic tips. "You shall have a new pair soon. Tommy," rejoined the Judge, Then as we drove along he told me this incident : "A group ofthe children were chatting among themselves about their mothers, say ing how much they would like to have visits from their mothers, when one little fellow, who had been sUent, added, 'I don't care ever to see my mother no more, since sbe has forsaken me and left me alone in this place,' " About a year after this ride with me, the Judge Ulustrated in his history the text that points to the finale for each of us in turn, " We have here no continuing city," Eaton in 1846. — Eaton, the county-seat, is twenty-four miles west of Dayton, ninety-four west of Columbus, and nine east of the State line. It was laid out in 1806 by William Bruce, then proprietor of the soil. It was named from Gen. William Eaton, who was born in Woodstock, Ct., in 1764, served in the war of the revolution, was graduated at Dartraouth in 1790, was appointed a captain under Wayne, in 1792, also consul at Tunis in 1798 ; in April, 1804, he was ap pointed navy agent of the United States with the Barbary powers, to co-operate Ii6 PREBLE COUNTY. with Hamet, bashaw, in the war against Tripoli, in which he evinced great energy of character : he died in 1811. He was brave, patriotic and generous. The turnpike from Dayton west leads through Eaton, and one also connects the place with Harailton. The village contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist and 1 Public church, 1 book, 2 grocery and 4 dry-goods stores, 1 or 2 newspaper printing offices, 1 woollen factory, 1 saw raill and about 1,000 inhabitants. Near the town is an overflowing well of strong sulphur water, possessing medicinal prop erties. About two railes south is Halderraan's quarry, from which is obtained a beautiful grey clouded stone : at the village is a limestone quarry, and the county abounds in fine building stone. — Old Edition. Araong the earlier settlers of the town were : Samuel Hawkins, Cornelius Vanausdal, David E. Hendricks, Alexander Mitehell, Alexander C. Lanier and Paul Larsh. Cornelius Vanausdal kept the first store and David E. Hendricks the first tavern. Eaton, county-seat of Preble, is fifty-three miles north of Cincinnati, on the C. R. & C. R. R. It is the centre of a great tobacco and grain-growing section. Cigar manufacturing is a large industry. County officers, 1888 : Auditor, Hirara L. Robbins ; Clerk, Leander D. Lesh; Coraraissioners, William Mills, John C. Riner, Werter D. Pugh ; Coroner, Philip M. Sraall ; Infirraary Directors, Frank Ridenour, Nathaniel B. Stephens, Joseph W. Coffman ; Probate Judge, Williara A. Neal ; Posecuting Attorney, John Risinger ; Recorder, .Peter S. Eikenberry ; Sheriff, Williara Watters ; Sur veyor, Robert E. Lowry; Treasurer, Silas Laird. City officers, 1888 : W. B. Marsh, Mayor ; J. N. Sliver, Clerk ; Geo. W. Nelson, Treasurer ; Court Corwin, Marshal. Newspapers : Democrat, Deraocratic, L. G. Gould, editor and pub lisher ; Begister, Republican, W. F. Albright & Sons, editors and publishers. Churches : 1 Lutheran, 2 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Catholic, 1 Baptist, and 1 Disciples. Banks : Farmers' and Citizens', Abner Dunlap, president, C. F. Brooke, Jr., cashier ; Preble County, H. C. Hiestand & Co. Manufactures and Employees. — F. P. Filbert, cigars, 35 hands ; Coovert & Cooper, cigars, 29 ; G. A. & J. F. Lugar, builders' wood- work, 11 ; Frank Rhinehart, builders' wood-work, 4 ; H. Sanders, flour, ete., 3 ; W. F. Jones, cigars, 13 ; Straw Bros., cigar boxes, 5. — State Beport, 1887. Population in 1880, 2,143. School census, 1888, 730 ; J. P. Sharkey, school superintendent. Capital invested in industrial establishments, $51,000. Value of annual product, $100,000.— OAio Labor Statistics, 1887. Census, 1890, 2,996. "At Eaton are raineral springs and flowing wells," Myites Dr. F. M. Michael. "Artesian Wells are obtained in the north part of the town by boring thirty or thirty-five feet in the earth. The waters are strongly irapregnated with iron, bi carbonate of sodium, potassium, with traces of lithium ; very little lime salts enter into the composition ; in fact, the water is rauch softer than the surface wells. " One of these wells has been flowing for raany years. Several new wells have been flowing for eight years ; the water rises several feet above the ground. "A well at the court-house, over one hundred feet in depth, affords white sulphur waters. Has been in use many years for its medicinal qualities." Eaton is a healthy town, but in 1849 few places in the State suffered so severely from Asiatic Cholera ; about one hundred and twenty deaths in the course of the sumraer out of a population of about six hundred who remained behind, while of the other half of the population who fled, not one died. The first male person born in this county settled at Eaton, where he hecame a most was Col. .George D, Hendricks, This was useful citizen ; served in the Legislature ; was on the site of Camden, October 3, 1805, County Auditor, County Sheriff and Village Me had a varied experience ; was a soldier Postmaster. This child of the wUderness under 8am Houston, in the war between remembered many interesting things. lexas and Mexico, and then returned and Draten by Henry Howe in 1846, The Couet-Hodsb, etc., Eaton. ..¦*,-*>:.v-JS ¦'¦¦¦-¦ .'"»^"- a. 0. Barlan, Fholo., Malou, 1890. The Coukt-Hodse, etc, Eaton. 117 PREBLE COUNTY. 119 The One-Eyed Ox. This was an animal that roamed through the woods when he was a boy. This historic ox was a noble animal, with large and stately horns of a dark brindle color, and a grand type of the bovine race, whom the first set tlers found here on tbeir arrival. It was sup- Eosed he had strayed from Wayne's army on is march into the Indian country. They caught him and reduced him to their service. When a boy Hendricks rode "One-Eyed" to mill on several occasions, and his father harnessed him and employed him to haul logs in the clearing. He was quite celebrated among the early settlers and lived for several years aniong them as common property, and when he died they largely turned out to his funeral and buried him in honor on Garrison Branch, Netfle Shirts, Another of Mr, Hendrick's experiences was the wearing a nettle shirt. Nettles were found wUd in the woods, and before they could break up the country and grow flax for Unen, the settlers resorted to it as a material for underclothing. This shirt so irritated his back, he was frequently compelled to lean against the trees and rub it to allay the irrita tion, Scott, in his History of Fairfield County, says : " The pioneers in some parts manufactured fine linen from the fibre of wild nettles, but it was not known to all even of them. It grew in great abundance in some sections and always on the low and richest soU. It re sembled boneset or ague weed, and grew about four feet in height. Its fibre was flne as the flnest flax and was treated in the same way, by rotting, breaking, scutehing and spinning ; but unlike flax, it was mowed down and not pulled up by the root. The nettle has entirely disappeared from the country and is never seen except in remote and wild spots. It has on its stem a prickly beard that, upon touching with the hands, inserts itself into the skin, producing a most intolerable itching, almost unendurable ; hence, everybody soon learned to go round ' the nettle pateh, ' ' ' Girls Stolen by Indians. A year or two before the war of 1812, two little girls were stolen from Harrison township by Indians. One was named Tharp and the other Harper. The incidents connected with this affair were related by Mr. G. D. Hendricks, January 18, 1885, at which tirae he was a resident of Hiawatha, Kansas. Mr. Harper Finds His Child. — When the ohUdren were first missed, they were sup- . posed to be lost ; but their captivity was as sured by the discovery of Indian tracks. All efforts to flnd their whereabouts were of no avail, untU many years after the close of the war, when Mr. Harper learned from an Indian that a white woman was at Kaskaskia, Illinois, whence the father sought and found his long- lost child, but so changed by time and associ ation that she was past recognition, _ But through the kind offices of a French inter preter, it became self-evident as to her identity. Notwithstanding this, she seemed unable to realize tbat she was other than one of the tribe, and refused to converse with her father, or return with him to civUiza tion. _ Wife of an Indian Chief. — Years rolled on without any tidings of the daughter of Mr. Tharp. until about the year 1837 .or 1838, when he received word from a friend and Indian trader, that the wife of an Indian chief, named Captain Dixon, was a white woman. Dixon was a younger brother of the Miami chief Shinglemacy, whose Indian name was Meto-Sina. This tribe were on their Reservation, a few miles below where Marion, Grant county, Indiana, is located. The fond father sped his way to the vicinity of the village, and called on my brother, William E. Hendricks, who had a traditional knowledge of the ahduction of the Tharp and Harper children. As his farm was adjoining the Reservation, and he knew personally Captain Dixon and the tribe generally, the meeting of father and daughter was at my brother's house. Refused to Leave. — The result of the con ference was disheartening to the father ; for this child of misfortune persistently refused to leave her Indian home, arguing that with the whites she would be an object of sport or ridicule, on account of her Indian habits and training, and was too old to learn the habits and customs of civilized life : and, in fact, she had but a faint recollection of her childhood home and kindred. The meeting and parting, as described by my nephew, were heartrending to the bereaved father ; and the more so, because of the cold indifference of his alienated daughter, who, in a few years after, committed suicide, by drowning, at "Hog-back," in the Mississinewa, four miles below the village, because her liege lord re turned home from a drunken spree with another wife. Captain Dixon, though a fair scholar, and speaking good English, was a drunken desperado, as were two of his brothers, who were kUled at an Indian pow wow, by a Pottawatomie brave ; his oldest brother, Meto-Sina, was temperate. Vanausdal's STORii, When the county of Preble was organized there was not a store in the county. The necessity for one induced Cornelius Vanaus dal, a young man of 25, to leave his father's I20 PREBLE COUNTY. farm and start the enterprise at Eaton. He and his store soon became known throughout the surrounding country, and his venture proved a profltable one. Started in 1808, he conducted it either alone or in partnership with others until 1863, Among his famUiar acquaintances were Tecumseh, his brother, the Prophet, Honest John, Indian John, and others. It is related of Indian John, that he brought furs to the store to swap for salt. The old- fashioned steelyards with long and short,_ or light and heavy slides, were used in weighing the articles involved in the trade, John had never seen steelyards before, and watched the weighing closely. The light side was used in weighing the furs. When the salt was to be weighed the steelyards were turned over so as to use the heavy sid_e._ John watohed this operation with suspicion, and when he saw the yard fly up when the pea was not so far from the fulcrum as when his furs were weighed, he was convinced that there was something wrong,_ and seizing the steelyards with an exclamation pronouncing them a lie, ran to the door and threw them as far as he could into the weeds and brush. Mr. Vanausdal, in his dealings with Indians, would never give them credit, although he freely trusted white_ men, Mr, Vanausdal was born in Virginia, October 2, 1783 ; in 1805 came with his father to what is now Lanier township, Preble county. In 1810 he took the flrst census of Preble county. Dur ing the war of 1812,he was assistant paymas ter in the United States army, and engaged in furnishing supplies to the army operating hetween the Ohio river and Lake Erie. In 1819 he represented Preble county in the Legislature. His death occurred in 1870. About a mile west of Eaton is the site of Fort St. Clair, erected in the severe winter of 1791-2. At this time Fort Jefferson was the farthest-advanced post, being forty-four miles from Fort Hamilton. This spot was chosen as a place of security, and to guard the communication between them. Gen. Wilkinson sent Major John S.' Gano, belonging to the militia of the Territory, with a party to build the work. Gen. Harrison, then an ensign, commanded a guard every other night for about three weeks, during the building of the fort. They had neither fire nor covering of any kind, and suffered much from the intense cold. It was a stockade, and had about twenty acres cleared around it. The outline can yet be distinctly traced. On the 6th of November, 1792, a severe battle was fought almost under cover of the guns of Fort St. Clair, between a corps of riflemen and a body of Indians. Judge Joel Collins, of Oxford, who was in the action, gives the following facts respecting it in a letter to Jaraes McBride, dated June 20, 1843 : Indians Led by Little Turtle. — ^The parties engaged were a band of 250 Mingo and Wy andot warriors, under the command of the celebrated chief Little Turtle, and an escort of 100 mounted riflemen of the Kentucky militia, commanded by Capt, John Adair, subsequently governor of Kentucky, These men had been called out to escort a brigade of pack-horses, under an order from Gen, Wilkinson, They could then make a trip from Fort Washington, past Fort St, Clair, to Fort Jefferson, and return in six days, en camping each night under the waUs of one of these mUitary posts for protection. 'The Indians being elated by the check they had given our army the previous year, in defeat ing St. Clair, determined to make a descent upon a settlement then forming at Columbia, at the mouth of the Little Miami. Some time in September" 250 warriors strudt the war pole, and took up their line of march. Fortunately forthe infant settlement, in pass ing Fort Hamilton they discovered a fatigue party, with a smaU guard, chopping firewood, east of the fort. While tbe men were gone to dinner the Indians formed an ambuscade, and on their return captured two ofthe men. The prisoners informed the Indians that on the morning previous— which must have been on Friday— a brigade of some flfty or 100 pack-horses, loaded with supplies for the two mUitary posts in advance, had left Fort Ham ilton, escorted by a company of riflemen, mounted on flne horses, and that if they made their trip in the usual time, they would he at Fort Hamilton, on their return, Monday night. Ambuscade. — Upon this information. Little Turtle abandoned his design of breaking up the settlement above Cincinnati, and fell back some twelve or flfteen miles, with a view of intercepting the brigade on its return. He formed an ambuscade on the trace, at a well- selected position, which he occupied through the day that he expected the return of the escort. But as Capt. Adair arrived at Fort Jefferson on Saturday night, he permitted his men and horses to rest themselves over Sunday, and thus escaped tbe ambuscade. On Monday ni^ht, when on their return, they encamped within a short distance of Fort St. Clair. The judge says : "The chief of the band of Indians being informed of our position hy his runners, con cluded that by a night attack he could drive us out of our encampment. Accordingly, he left his ambush, and a short time before day break, on Tuesday morning, the Indians, by a discharge of rifles and raising the hideous yells for which they were distinguished, made PREBLE COUNTY. 121 a simultaneous attack on three sides of the encampment, leaving that open next to the fort. The horses became frightened, and numbers of them broke from their fastenings. The camp, in consequence of this, being thrown into some confusion, Capt, Adair re tired with his men and formed them in three divisions, just beyond the sh'me of the, fires, on the side next the fort ; and while the en emy were endeavoring to secure tbe horses and plunder the camp — which seemed to be their main object — they were in turn attacked by us, on their right, by the captain and his division ; on the left by Lieut. George Madi son, and in the centre by Lieut. Job Hale, with their respective divisions. The enemy, however, were sufiiciently strong to detail a fighting party, double our numbers, to pro tect those plundering the camp and driving off the horses, and as we had left the side from the fort open to them, they soon hegan to move off, taking all with them, ' ' Close Fighting. —As soon as the day-dawn afforded light sufficient to distinguish a white man from an Indian, there ensued some pretty sharp fighting, so close in some in stances as to bring in use the war-club and tomahawk. Here Lieut. Hale was kiUed and Lieut. Madison wounded. As soon as the Indians retreated the white men hung on their rear, but when we pressed them too close, they would turn and drive us back. In this way a kind of running fight was kept up until after sun-rising, when we lost sight of the enemy and nearly all our horses, somewhere about wbere the town of Eaton now stands. On returning from the pursuit our camp pre sented rather a discouraging appearance. Not more than six or eight horses were saved ; some twenty or thirty lay dead on the ground. The loss of the enemy remains unknown ; the bodies of two Indians were found among the dead horses. We gathered up our wounded, six in number, took them to the fort, where a room was assigned them as a hospital, and their wounds dressed by Sur geon Boyd of the regular army. The wound of one man, John James, consisted of little more than the loss of his scalp. It appeared from his statement that in the heat of the action he received a blow on the side of his head with a war-club, which stunned so as to barely knock him down, when two or three Indians feU to skinning his head, and in a very short time took from him an unusually large scalp, and in the hany of the operation a piece of one of his ears. He recovered, and I understood some years afterwards that he was then living. Another of the wounded, Luke Vores, was a few years since living in Preble county. '^Melancholy Duty. — ^By sunset on the day of the action we had some kind of rough coffins prepared for the slain. For the satis faction of surviving friends I wUl name them, and state that in one grave, somefifty paces west of the site of Fort St. Clair, are the remains of Lieut. Job Hale ; next to him,. on his left, we laid our orderly sergeant, Matthew English ; then followed the four f'rivates, Robert Bowling, Joseph Clinton, saac Jett and John WilUams. Dejection and even sorrow hung on the countenances of every member of the escort as we stood around or assisted in the interment of tbese, our fellow-comrades. Hale was a noble and brave man, fascinating in his appearance and deportment as an officer. It was dusk in the evening before we completed the performance of this melancholy duty, _ What a change ! The evening before nothing within the en campment was to be seen or heard but life and animation. Of those not on duty, some were measuring their strength and dexterity at athletic exercises ; some nursing, rubbing and feeding their horses ; others cooking, ete. But look at us now, and behold the ways, chances and uncertainties of war, I saw and felt tbe contrast then, and feel it still, but am unable further to describe it here!" Between the site of Fort St. Clair and Eaton is the village graveyard. This cemetery is adorned with several beautiful raonuraents. Araong them is one to the meraory of Fergus Holderman, who died in 1838. Upon it are .some ex quisitely beautiful devices, carved by " the lamented Clevenger," which are araong his first atterapts at sculpture. The principal object of attraction, hoM'ever, is the monuraent to the meraory of Lieut. Lowry and others who fell with him in an engagement with a party of Indians commanded by Little Turtle, at Ludlow's Spring, near the Forty-foot Piteh, in this county, on the 17th of October, 1793. This monuraent has recently been constructed by La Dow & Harailton, of Dayton, at an expense of about $300, contributed by public-spirited individuals of this vicinity. It is composed of the elegant Rutland marble, is about twelve feet in height, and stands upon one of those small artificial mounds coraraon in this re gion. The view was taken from the east, beyond which, in the extreme distance, in the forest on the left, is the site of Fort St. Clair. This Lieut. Lowry was a brave man. His last words were : " My brave boys, all you that can fight, now display your activity and let your balls fly ! " The slain in the engagement were buried at the fort. On the 4th of July, 1822, the remains of Lowry were taken up and reinterred with the honors of war in this 122 PREBLE COUNTY. graveyard, twelve military officers acting as pall-bearers, followed by the orator, chaplain and physicians, under whose direction the removal was made, with a large concourse of citizens and two military corapanies. The reraains of the slain commander and soldiers have been recently reraoved to the mound, which, with the monument, will " mark their resting-place, and be a memento of their glory for ages to come." E. D. Mansfield, in his Personal Memoirs, published by Robert Clarke & Co., in 1879, speaks of meeting Little Turtle at his father's house, then Ludlow's Station, now Cumrainsville, Cincinnati. One daya dark man, with swarthy counte nance, riding a very fine horse, dismounted at our house and went into my father's office, I wanted to go in and see him, but for some reason or other was not allowed to. After some time — it was in the forenoon, I think — I saw him come out, mount his horse and ride rapidly away, I was struck by the man, and asked, "Who is that. Ma?" She said it was "LiiTLE Turtle," the great Indian chief The last Indian Confederacy had been founded by Brandt, but the figure which stands out on the historical canvas in hold relief is that of Meche Cunnaqua, the Little Turtle, chief of the Miamis, This most acute and sagacious of Indian statesmen, was, it is said, even a polished gentleqian. He had wit, humor and intelligence. Thirty years after the treaty of Greenville he died at Fort Wayne, of the gout (!), which would seem a marvellous fact, did we not remember that the Turtle was a high liver and a gentleman ; equally remarkable was it tbat his body was borne to the grave with the highest honors by his great enemy, the white man. The muffled drum, the funeral salu|;e, an nounced that a. great soldier had fallen, and even enemies paid their mournful tribute to his memory. The sun of Indian glory set with him ; and the clouds and shadows, which for two hundred years had gathered around their destiny, now closed in the starless night of death. We give a letter narrating an account of this action, written by Gen. Wayne to the Secretary of War, and dated " Camp, southwest branch of the Miami, six miles advanced of Fort Jefferson, October 23, 1793." The greatest difficulty which at present presents, is that of furnishing a sufficient escort to secure our convoy of provisions and other supplies from insult and disaster, and at the same time retain a sufficient force in camp to sustain and repel the attacks of the eneiny, who appear desperate and determined. We have recently experienced a little check to our convoys, which may probably be exag gerated into something serious by the tongue of^fame, before this reaches you. The fol lowing, however, is the fact, viz, : Lieut. Lowry, of the 2d sub-legion, and Ensign Boyd, of the 1st, witha command consisting 9f_ ninety non-commissioned officers and privates, having in charge twenty wagons be longing to the Quartermaster-General's de partment, loaded with grain, and one of the contractor's [wagons], loaded with stores, were attacked early on the morning of the 17th inst. , about seven miles advanced of Port St. Clair, by a party of Indians, Those gallant young gentlemen — wbo promised at a future day to be ornaments to their profes sion — together with thirteen non-commis sioned officers and privates, bravely feU, after an obstinate resistance against superior num bers, being abandoned by the greater part of the escort upon the first discharge. The savages killed or carried off about seventy horses, leaving the wagons and stores stand ing in the road, which have all been brought to this camp without any other loss or damage, except some trifling articles. Little Tubtle, who name has been mentioned in the preceding pages, was a distinguished chief and counsellor of the Miamis, by whom he was called Meshekenoghqua. He commanded the Indians at St. Clair's defeat. We annex a sketch of him from Drakes Indian Biography. A Chief who Never Sleeps.— It has been generally said, that had the advice of this chief been taken at the disastrous fight after wards with General Wayne, there is but little doubt but he had met as ill-success as General St. Clair. He was not for flghting General Wayne at Presque Isle, and incUned rather to peace than flghting him at all. In a council held the night before the battle, he argued as follows: "We have beaten the enemy twice, under separate commanders. We cannot expect the same good fortune always to attend us. The Americans are now led by a chief who never sleeps ; the night and the day are alike to him. And during all the time that he has heen marching upon PREBLE COUNTY. 123 our villages, notwithstanding the watohful- ness o'f our young men, we have never been able to surprise him. Think weU of it. There is something whispers me, it would be frudent to Usten to his offers of peace. ' ' 'or using this language he was reproached by another chief with cowardice, which put an end to all further discourse. Nothing wounds the feelings of a warrior like the re proach of cowardice, but he- stifled his resent ment, did his duty in the battle, and its issue proved him a truer prophet than his accuser believed. A Wise and Humane Indian Chief. — Little Turtle lived some years after the war in great esteem among men of high standing. He was alike courageous and humane, pos sessing great wisdom, "And," says School craft, "there have been few individuals among aborigines who have done so much to abolish the rites of human sacrifice. The grave of this noted warrior is shown to visitors, near Fort Wayne, It is frequently visited hy the Indians in that part of tie country, by whom his memory is cherished with the greatest respect and veneration," When the phUosopher and famous travel ler, Volney, was in America, in the winter of 1797, Little Turtle came to Philadelphia, where he then was, and he sought im mediate acquaintance with the celebrated chief, for highly valuable purposes, which in some measure he effected. He made a vocabu lary of his language, which he printed in the appendix to his travels, A copy in manu script, more extensive than the ijrinted one, is in the library of the PhUosophical Society of Pennsylvania, • Having become convinced that all resistance to the whites was vain, he brought his nation to consent to peace and to adopt agricultural pursuits. And it was with the view _ of soliciting Congressand the benevolent Society of Friends for assistance to effect this latter purpose that he now visited Philadelphia, WhUe here he was inoculated for the small pox, and was afflicted with the gout and rheumatism, Indians Descendants of Tartars. — At the time of Mr, Volney's interview with him for information, he took no notice of the con versation while the interpreter was com municating with Mr. Volney, for he did not understand English, but walked about, pluck ing out his beard and eye-brows. He was dressed now in English clothes. His skin, where not exposed, Mr, Volney says, was as white as his • and on speaking upon the sub ject. Little Turtle said : "I have seen Span iards in Louisiana, and found no difference of color between them and me. And why should there be any ? In them, as in us, it is the work of the father of colors, the sun that burns us. You white people compare the color of your face with that of your bodies. ' ' Mr, Volney explained to him the notion of many, that his race was descended from the Tartars, and by a map showed him the sup posed communication between Asia and America, To this Little Turtle replied : " Why should not these Tartars, who resemble us, have come from America, ? Are there any reasons to the contrary f Or why should we not both have been in our own country ? ' ' It is a fact that the Indians give themselves a name which is equivalent to our word indigine, that is, one spmng from the soil, or natural to it. An Indian out of Place, — When Mr. Volney asked Little Turtle what prevented him from living among the whites, and if he ^were not more comfortable in Philadelphia than upon the banks of the Wabash, he said : "Taking all things together you have the advantage over us ; but here I am deaf and dumb. I do not talk your langua,ge ; I can neither hear, nor make myself heard. When I walk through the streets I see every person in his shop employed about something : one makes shoes, another hats, a third sells cloth, and every one lives by his labor. I say to myself. Which of aU these things can you do ? Not one. I can make a bow or an arrow, catch fish, kill game, and go to war ; but none of these is of any use here. To learn what is done here would require a long time. Old age comes on. I should he a useless piece of furniture, useless to my nation, useless to the whites, and useless to myself. I must return to my own country. ' ' Col. John Johnston has given in his " Recollections," published in Cist's Advertiser, some anecdotes of Little Turtle. A Companionable Indian. — Little Turtle was a man of great wit, humor 'and vivacity, fond of the company of gentlemen, and delighted in good eating. When I knew him he had two_ wives living with him under the same roof in the greatest harmony ; one, an old woman, about his own age — fifty — the choice of his youth, who performed the drudgery of the house ; tbe other, a young and beautiful creature of eighteen, who was his favorite ; yet it was never discovered by any one that the least unkind feeling existed between them. This distinguished chief died at Port Wayne, about twenty-flve years ago. of a conflrmed case of the gout, brought on by high living, and was buried with military honors by the troops of the United States. The Little Turtle used to entertain us with many of his war adventures, and would laugh immoderately at the recital of the fol lowing : A Triclcy Prisoner. — A white man, a pris oner of many years in the tribe, had often solicited permission to go on a war party to Kentucky, and had been refused. It never was the practice with the Indians to ask or encourage white jjrisoners among them to go to war against their countrymen. This man. 124 PREBLE COUNTY. however, had so far acquired the confidence the unsuspecting vbtims of the log cabin. of the Indians, and being very importunate From that day forth this chief wouTd never to go to war the Turtle at last consented, trust a white man to accompany him agam and took him on an expedition into Kentucky to war. Zwas their nractice they had reconnoitred KosciusU and Little Turtle.--purvae the durrng he d'rand had flxed on a house, presidency of Washington the Little furtle recently buUt aAd occupied, as the object to visited that great and just man at PhUadel- be attacked next morning a little before the phia, and during his whole life after often dawn of day The house^as surrounded by spoke ofthe pleasure which that visit afforded a clearing, there being much brush and fallen him, . Koscmsko the Polish chief, was at timber on the ground. At the appointed the time in PhUadelphia confined by sickness time, the Indian!, with the white man, began to his .lodgings, and hearing of the Indians to move to the attack. At all such times no being m the city he sent for them, and after talking or noise is to be made. They crawl an interview of some length, he had his along the ground on hands and feet; all is favorite brace of pistols brought forth and done by signs from the leader. The whrite addressing the chief Turtle, said---I have man all the time was striving to be foremost, earned and used these m many a hard-fought the Indians beckoning him to keep back. In battle, in defence of the oppressed, the weak spite of all their efforts he would keep fore- and the wronged of my own race, and 1 now most, and having at length got within running present them to you with this injunction, distance of the house, he jumped to his feet that with them you shoot dead the first man and went with aU bis speed, shouting at the that ever comes to subjugate j;ou or despoil top of his voice, Indians! Indians! The you of your country. I hese pistols were of Turtle and his party had to make a precipitate the best quality and finest manufacture, silver retreat, losing forever their white companion mounted, with gold touch-holes. and disappointed in their fancied conquest of Father Finley, the Itinerant. On entering the Old Mound Cemetery, at Eaton, I was surprised to find there the monument to my old friend, Father Finley. I had not until then known the spot of his burial. To copy the inscription was a labor of love. On the north side it was : " Rev. Jas. B. Finley, died September 6, 1857, aged 76 years, 1 month and 20 days ; " on the south side, " To the memory of Hannah, his wife, born in 1783 ; died in 1861." On the west side is an open Bible with the words : " There is rest in Heaven." The monument is a single shaft mounted on a pedestal and about twelve feet in height. The young of this generation may ask, " Who was Father Finley ? " We reply, " One of the greatest of the itinerant Methodist ministers." He began his itinerant rainistry in 1809, when 28 years of age. The scene of his labors was the then wilderness of eastern and northern Ohio, western Pennsylvania and western New York, and during his over forty years of service he personally re ceived 5,000 raerabers into the service of the Methodist Episcopal church. Dan iels, in his " History of Methodism," thus sums up his life-work : "Finley was eight times elected a member of the General Conference. He also served three years as chaplain of the Ohio Penitentiary. He was a man of great energy of character, of burning zeal, a powerful preacher, a popular man ager of carap meetings and other great assemblies, at which, by the power of his eloquence as well as his tact and knowledge of human nature, he swayed the masses, and calmed the rage of mobs and ruffians. " To his other labors he added, from his own experiences, those of an author — 'An Account of the Wyandot Mission,' ' Sketehes of Western Methodism,' ' Life Among the Indians,' ' Memorials of Prison Life,' and his own * Biography,' — a book abounding in wild adventure, hair-breadth escapes, backwoods wanderings, and such other wild experiences as appertained to the Western itinerants of that day." I said Father Finley was an old friend. Yes, I was in prison and he com forted me. In 1846 he was chaplain of the Ohio Penitentiary, when he took me under his wing. I had arrived with a severe cold, and he cured me after the manner of the Wyandots, those simple people of the woods, among whom he had lived, prayed and sung. He brought out a heavy buffalo robe, and spreading it father finley. Indian Missionary aud Itinerant. Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. The Lowky Monument. In the Mound Cemetery, Eaton. "S PREBLE COUNTY. 127 before the fire of his room, I laid on my back and toa,sted ray feet for about two days ; thus the cure was effected, and so well that scarcely a single other has since invaded my premises. Those two days with the hunter were a rare social treat. Wrote Donn Piatt : "A raean sinner makes a raean saint ; " this was raore than forty years ago, but Donn never put in any claira for it as an original discover3^ Father Finley was forraed on a generous scale, and when he threw that .strong, sympathetic spirit of his into the service of Christianity, there was enough of hira to make one of the biggest sort of Christians. He was short, but stronglv built, with a heavy, sonorous voice that went to the utraost verge of raany a caraji- meeting, stirring the eraotions of multitudes to their inmost depths. He was frank, simple as a child, outspoken, fearless in denunciation of wrong, and when rowdies disturbed any meeting where he was, he was quick and effective in raus cular demonstrations. His autobiography is a valuable contribution to the knowledge of Western life in the beginning of this century, and gives an experience nowhere else so well told. From it we derive the following : The Finleys were Presbyterians of Penn sylvania. James' father, Robert W. Finley, was graduated at Princeton, studied for the ministry, and then sent as a missionary into the settlements of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, preaching and planting churches in destitute places. Here he mar ried Miss Rebecca Bradley, whose father had lately removed from Pennsylvania to North Carolina, and the year after, in 1781, James was born at his father's home in North Caro lina. Horrors of Civil War. — James was cradled and reared in war until well advanced in life. At the time of his birth the horrors of civil war raged with great fury ; neighbor was massacred by neighbor. The Tories, urged bythe British, tried to exterminate the Whigs. All of his mother's brothers, says Finley, were kiUed in this deadly strife. One fell at Gates' defeat ; another was murdered by four Tories near his own door — was shot with his own rifle ; another died on a prison ship. His father and congregation were waylaid and shot at on their way to church ; one member was killed by a shot through a win dow of his house while at prayer. His father received a baU through the clothes of his breast, just as he stepped out of his own door. A Tory Major of the neighborhood by stratagem collected all the wives of the Whirrs in one house, and hanged them by the neck until almost dead, in the vain attempt to ex tort from them the places of their husbands' concealment. At the close of the war he returned to the neighborhood, when their sons took him out one night to a swamp, and gave him twenty lashes for each of their mothers whom he had hanged. Then they tarred and feathered him, ducked him in the swamp, and threatened if he did not leave the country in a month they would draw every drop of Tory blood out of his body, Kentudaj Ehyperi^nces. — In 1786 the Finley famUy removed to the Redstone country, near the headwaters of the Potomac, Vir ginia, where his father preached for two years ; but Kentucky was the land of prom ise, and in the fall of 1788 they embarked with a party of others on the Ohio, and ar rived at Maysville, when Mr, Finley removed his family to Washington, Ky, , f'or the win ter. James was then a lad of 7 years, and saw for the first time ' ' that great adventurer, Simon Kenton, a child of Providence, raised for the protection of the scattered famUies in the wilderness." That winter the Indians made great dep redations and stole almost all thenorses, so that the farmers were scarcely able to carry on their business. It was only a few years before that Kenton, going in pursuit with a party, was taken prisoner, and but for the intervention of Simon Girty, would have been burned at the stake. The Finleys Help to Found Chillicothe. — The depredations of the Indians were so great that the family again removed, and to Cane Ridge, in Bourbon county. Mr. Fin ley bought part of an unbroken canebrake, cleared it, and opened up a farm, whicii he cultivated with the work of his slaves. He preached to two congregations — Cane Ridge and Concord — and started a high-school, the first of the kind in Kentucky, in wbich the dead languages were taught. Several of his pupils became Presbyterian ministers. In the spring of 1796 Mr. Finley emigrated witb a large part of his two congregations to the Scioto valley, and was a great factor in laying the foundations of ChiUicothe (see Ross County), and James was thenceforth "an Ohio boy," He says in his early days they had to depend for their daily living upon the hunters and what they could kill themselves of the wild game. This gave him an early love for the chase, so that before the age of 16 he had almost become an Indian in his habits and feelings. In his father's academy he had studied the Greek, Latin and mathematics, and finally, by his request, studied medicine, and in the fall of 1800 took bis degree, but with no design to practise it. " My recreations," said he, ' ' were with the gun in the woods, and I passed several months in the forest 128 PREBLE COUNTY. surveying Congress lands for Thomas Worth ington, afterwards Governor of the State," Finley Adopts the Profession op a Hun ter, AND Seeks for a Wife a Woman Adapted to that Situation, Having passed the winter of 1800-1801 in hunting, he was so enamored with its peace ful enjoyments that he resolved on adopting a hunter's life, and by the advice of his mother chose a wife suited to that mode of living. The happy woman was Hannah Strane, and she proved a prize in that peril ous venture which may ruin or save a man — marriage I " On the 3d day of March, 1801," he says, " I was accordingly married, " How he got on he thus relates : My father having bought land in what is now Highland county, I resolved to move and take possession. This section of the oountry was then a dense wUderness, with only here and there a human habitation. My father-in-law, being dissatisfied with his daughter's choice, did not even allow her to take her clothes, so we started out without any patrimony, on our simple matrimonial stock, to make our fortune in the woods. Builds a Cabin. — With the aid of my brother John I built a cabin in the forest, my nearest neighbor being three miles off. Into this we moved without horse or cow, bed or bedding, bag or baggage. We gathered up leaves and dried them in the sun ; then, pick ing out all the sticks, we put them into a bed-tick. For a bedstead, we drove forks into the ground, and laid sticks across, over which we placed elm bark. On this we placed our bed of leaves and had comfortable lodging. The next thing was to procure something to eat. Of meat we had an abundance, sup- flied by my rifle, but we wanted some bread. cut and split one hundred rails for a bushel of potatoes, which I carried home on my back, a distance of six miles. At the same place I worked a day for a hen and three chickens, which I put into my hunting shirt- bosom and carried home as a great prize. Our cabin was covered with bark, and lined and floored with the same material. One end of the cabin was left open for a fireplace. In this we lived comfortably all summer. Having no horse or plough, I went into a plum bottom near the house, and, with my axe, grubbed and cleared off an acre and a half, in which I dug holes with my hoe, and planted my corn without any fence around it, I cultivated this pateh as well as I could with my hoe, and Providence blessed my labor with a good crop of over one hundred bushels. Besides, during the summer, with the help of my wife, I put up a neat cabin, and finished it for our winter's lodgings. For the purpose of making the cabin warm, I put my corn in the loft, and now, if we could not get bread, we had always, as a good substi tute, plenty of hominy. We had also plenty of bear meat and venison, and no couple on «arth lived happier or more contented. Our Indian friends often called and stayed all night, and I paid them, in return, occasional visits. During the season several families settled in the neighborhood, and, when we were to gether, we enjoyed life without gossij) and those often fatal bickerings and backbitings which destroy the peace of whole communi ties. Though we had but little, our wants were few, and we enjoyed our simple and homely possessions with a relish the purse- Eroud aristocrat never enjoyed. A generous ospitaUty characterized every neighbor, and what we had we divided to tbe last with each other. When any one wanted help all were ready to aid, I spent the greater part of the winter in hunting and laying up a store of provisions for the summer, so that I might give my un divided attention to farming. As we had no stock to kUl, and could not conveniently raise hogs, on account of the wild animals, which would carry them off, we were obliged to de pend upon the product of the woods. As the bear was the most valuable, we always hunted for this animal. This fall there was a good mast, and bears were so plentiful that it was not necessary to go from home to hunt them. About Christmas we made our tur key-hunt. At that season of the year they are very fat, and we killed them in great abundance. To preserve them, we cleaned them, cut them in two, and after salting them in troughs, we hung them up to dry. They served a valuable purpose to cook, in the spring and summer, with our bear, bacon, and venison hams. Being dry, we would stew them in bear's oU, and they answered a good substitute for bread, which, in those days, was hard to be obtained, the nearest mill being thirty miles distant. Another great difficulty was to procure salt, which sold enormously high — at the rate of four dollars for fifty pounds. In backwoods cur rency, it would require four buckskins, or a large bear skin, or sixteen coon skins, to make the purchase. Often it could not be had at any price, and the only way we had to pro cure it was by packing a load of kettles 'on our horses to the Scioto salt lick, now the site of Jackson Court-house, and boiling the water ourselves. Otherwise we had to dispense with it entirely. I have kn^n meat cured with strong hickory ashes. Happy Times. — I imagine I hear the reader saying this was hard living and hard times. So they would have been to the present race of men ; but those who lived at that time enjoyed life with a greater zest, and were more healthy and happy than the present race. We had not then sickly, hysterical wives, with poor, puny, sickly, dying chil dren, and no dyspeptic men constantly swal lowing the nostrums of quacks, A\'lien we became sick unto death we died at once, and did not keep the neighborhood in a constant state of alarm for several weeks by daily bul letins of our dying. Our young women were beautiful without rouge, color de rose, meen fun, or any other cosmetic, and blithesome PREBLE COUNTY. 129 without wine and fruit-cake. There was then no curvature of the spine, hut the lasses were straight and fine-looking, without corsets or whalebone. They were neat in their appear ance and fresh as the morning. When the spring opened I was better pre pared to go to farming than I was the last season, having procured horses and plough. Instead of the laborious and tedious process of working the land with a hoe, I now com menced ploughing. Providence crowned my labors with abundant success, and we had plenty to eat and wear. Of course, our wants were few and exceedingly simple, and the products of tbe soil and hunting yielded a rich supply. Thus we lived within ourselves on our own industry, our only dependence being upon the favor of an over-ruling boun tiful Benefactor, We spun and wove our own fabrics for clothing, and had no tax, no muster, no court, no justices, no lawyers, no constables, and no doctors, and, consequently, had no exorbitant fees to pay to professional gentlemen. The law of kindness governed our social walks ; and if such a disastrous thing as a quarrel should break out, the only way to settle the difficulty was by a strong dish of fisticuffs. No man was permitted to insult another without resentment ; and if an insult was permitted to pass unrevenged, the in sulted party lost his standing and caste in society. Many a muss or spree was gotten up, in which the best of friends quarrelled and fought, through the sole influence of the brown jug. It was seldom we had any preaching, but if a travelling minister should come along and make an appointment, all_ would go out to preaching. If the preaching was on a week day, the men would go in their hunting- shirts, with their guns. On Sabbath, the gun was left at home, but the belt and knife were never forgotten. Misfortune Met Phihso'phijaaUy. — After two or three seasons had passed he met with a great misfortune ; lost all his property, one liundred acres of good military land, with all the improvements, by going security for a man who had run away. He took it philo sophically. "I consoled my wife," says he, "as well as I could, and told her we were young, and had begun the world with noth ing, and would do it again. I requested her to stay at home and keep house, and I would take to the woods and hunt." Bear-skins commanded a good price ; from three to seven dollars, according to size and quality, I spent the winter mostly in the woods, and suffered much from lying out at night with out bedclothes or bed, only as I could make one out of dry bark. I wrapped skins about me and laid by the fire. It was a prosperous winter, and success, the most sanguine, crowned my days and nights of toil and pri vation. From the proceeds of my winter campaign, I was enabled to purchase as good a home as that from which the law had ejected me. Thus I passed seven years, farming in the summer and hunting in the winter, and add ing to my resources till I had a comfortable home, with everything necessary to make the backwoodsman happy. The Grand Old Woods. — ^But my neigh bors became too numerous, and my hunting- grounds were broken in upon by the axe of civUization ; game became scarce and hard to take ; my ranges were broken up, and I had about come to the conclusion to go to a new country. It seemed as though my happiness depended upon a life in the woods, "the grand old woods," where Nature had erected er throne, and where she swayed her sceptre. Alone in the deep solitude of the wilder ness man can commune with himself and. Na ture and her God, and realize emotions and thoughts that the crowded city never can produce. To be sure, one has said, "A great city is a great desert," but it is a desert of depraved humanity, where every one , is wrapped up in selfishness, and guards himself against his neighbor while his heart rankles with envy at his prosperity, or his wild, un bridled ambition urges him on the reckless course of outstripping all his competitors. Not so in the woods. There pride, envy, selfishness, and ambition have no abode. The only evil spirit tbat haunts tbe woods is Melancholy. This wiU often steal upon the heart of those who haVe not found the satis fying portion that religion imparts. Mr. Finley's account of his conversion and final entrance into the ministry of the Methodist Church is vividly told. " He was," he says, " raised by Presby terian parents, and taught the catechisra." Frora this he learned that God from all eternity had elected some raen and angels to everlasting life and passed by the remainder, ordaining thera to eternal death. This doctrine seemed to him unjust. There was no use in prayer. That would not convert him unless he was one of the elect, and if so, he would be saved anyway. " This doctrine," he says, " well nigh ruined me. I thought if God had brought rae into the world without ray consent for his own purposes, it was no concern of raine, and all I had to do was to be honest, enjoy life, and perforra the errand of my destiny." So he entered freely into pleasure, took a hand at cards, but never gambled ; was passionately fond of dancing ; sometimes went on a spree ; would swear when angry, and fight when insulted. " Backwoods boys were brought up to the trade of knock down and drag out." The people called him the " New Market Devil," so wild was he. 9 ISO PREBLE COUNTY. In the midst of all this mirth and revelry he dare not think of death and eternity. About this time a great revival of religion broke out in Kentucky, accompanied by that alarming phenomena called the jerks. In August, 1801, learning there was to be a great meeting at Cane Ridge, Kentucky, in his fa ther's old congregation, he left, with some companions, his woody retreat in Highland county, near what is now New Market, and went down to visit the scenes of his boyhood. Camp Meeting Scenes. When he arrived on the camp-ground he found an awful scene. A vast crowd was col lected, estimated at 25,000, The noise was like the roar of Niagara. The vast sea of human beings were agitated as if by a storm. He counted seven ministers all preaching at once from stumps, fallen trees, and wagons. Some were singing, others praying ; some piteously crying for mercy, and others shout ing most vociferously. He became weak as a kitten at the sight and fled to the woods, "Afiter some time," he says, " I returned to the scene of excitement, the waves of which, if possible, had risen still higher. The same awfulness of feeling came over me, I stepped up on to a log, where I could have a better view of the surging sea of humanity. The scene that presented itself to my mind was indescribable. At one time I saw at least five hundred swept down in a moment, as if a battery of a thousand guns had been opened upon them ; and then immediately followed shrieks and shouts that rent the very heavens. My hair rose up on my head ; my whole frame trembled • the blood ran cold in my veins ; and I fled for the woods a second time, and wished I had stayed at home. While I remained here my feelings became intense and insupportable, A sense of suffo cation and blindness seemed to come over me, and I thought I was going to die. A Drunken Reodry. — There being a tavern about half a mile off, I concluded to go and get some brandy, and see if it would not strengthen my nerves," When I arrived there I was disgusted with the sight that met my eyes. Here I saw about one hundred men engaged in a drunken revelry, playing cards, trading horses, quarrelling, and flghting. After some time I got to the bar, and took a dram and left ; feeling that I was as near hell as I wished to be, either in this or the world to come. The brandy had no effect in allay ing my feeUngs, but, if anything, made me worse. Convicted of Si'n. — Night at length came on, and I was afraid to see any of my com panions. I cautiously avoided them, fearing lest they should discover something the mat ter with me. In this state I wandered about from place to place, in and around the en campment. At times it seemed as if all the sins I had ever committed in my life were vividly brought up in array before my terri fled imagination ; and under their awful pres sure I felt that I must die if I did not get re lief Then it was that I saw clearly through the thin vail of Universalism, andtbis refuge of lies was swept away by the Spirit of God. Then fell the scales from my sin-hlinded eyes, and I realized, in all its force and power, the awful truth ; and that if I died in my sins, I was a lost man forever. Notwithstanding all this, my heart was so proud and hard that I would not have faUen to the ground for the whole State of Ken tucky. I felt that such an event would have been an everlasting disgrace, and put a flnal quietus on my boasted manhood and courage. At night I went to a barn in the neighbor hood, and, creeping under the hay, spent a most dismal night, I resolved in the morn ing to start for home, for I felt that I was a ruined man. Finding one of the friends who came over with me, I said, "Captain, let us be off ; I wiU stay no longer," He assented, and getting our horses we started for home, A Struggle — Conversion — Jow.— The next night they reached the Blue Lick Knobs, when, says Finley, "I broke the sUence which reigned mutually between us, and ex claimed to my companion. Captain, if you and I don't stop our wickedness, the devil wiU get us both." Then hoth commenced crying and weeping. The next morning he went into the woods to pray. His shouts at tracted the neighbors, who gathered around, and among them a Swiss G-erman who Tbad' experienced religion. He understood hia case ; had him carried to his house, and put on his bed. The old Duteh saint directed me to look right away to the Saviour, He then kneeled at the bedside, and prayed for my salvation most fervently in Duteh and broken English, He then rose and sung in the same manner, and continued singing and praying alternately tUl nine o'clock, when suddenly my load was gone, my guilt removed, and presently the direct witness from heaven shone full upon my soul. Then there flowed such copious streams of love into the hitherto waste and desolate places of my soul, that I thought I should die with excess of joy. I cried, I laughed, I shouted ; and so strangely did I appear to all but my Duteh brother that they thought me deranged. After a time I returned to my companion, and we ¦ started on our journey, 0 what a day it was to my soul ! I told the captain how happy I was, and was often interrupted, in a recital of my ex perience, hy involuntary shouts of praise. I felt a love for all mankind, and reproached myself for having been such a fool as to live so long in sin and misery when there was so much mercy for me. Becomes a Circuit Rider. — Soon after his arrival at home, Finley joined the Methodists, developed extraordinary eloquence, and even tually was appointed to the WiUs creek cir cuit. He sent for his famUy, put them into a cabin ; their entire earthly possessions beine nothing but a bed and some wearing apparel, and then, he says, "My funds being all ex hausted, I sold my boots off my feet to pur- PREBLE COUNTY. 131 chase provisions with,'" Then he started on on which there were settlements, to the his circuit, to be absent four weeks. mouth ; thence up the Tuscarawas, through Wills Crede Circuit was computed to be New Philadelphia, to One-leg Nimisbilling; 475 miles round. Its route was as follows : thence up Sandy to Canton, and on to Car- Beginning at Zanesville and running east, it ter's ; thence to Sugar creek, and down said embraced all the settlements on each side of creek to the mouth ; thence down the Tus- the Wheeling road, on to Salt creek and the carawas to William Butt's, and thence down Buffalo fork of Wills creek ; thence down to to the mouth of Whitewoman ; thence, after Cambridge and Leatherwood, on Stillwater ; crossing the river, including all the settle- thence to BarnesvUle and Morristown ; thence ments of the Wapatomica, down to Zanes- down StUlwater, including all the branches ville, the place of beginning. Many were his difficulties and perils. The country was wild ; the people gen erally ignorant and inexperienced. They often interrupted him in his preaching by mockings and curses and threats of punishraent, and sometimes he felt it his duty to '' go in " on his muscle ; and he was strong as an ox. They used to tell a story of his thrashing a notorious bully, and then bringing him within the fold. While on the Wills circuit oue man, whose wife had been in great distress of mind from the sense of sin, declared Finley was a wizard and had bewitched her. He loaded his rifle with a charmed bullet, and went two railes into the woods to waylay him. Soon his mind was filled with dreadful thoughts ; horrid visions floated in the air ; demon faces gibbered before his vision, when he took to his heels for his home in as much distress as his poor wife. In the result both be came converts. As he journeyed his place of study was the forest and his text-books the Bible, Discipline, doctrinal tracts, and the vyorks of Wesley and Fleteher. The influence of the circuit riders in that day in saving the people of the wilderness from degen erating into savagery was beyond all computation. Such a body of self-denying moral heroes as they were have seldom been known. Generally poverty loomed up to them drearily in the distance. They lived poor and died poor, and left their farailies in poverty. " Some I know," said Finley, " have spent a fortune for the privilege of travelling circuits, at a salary of twenty-five dollars a year, while their wives lived in log cabins and rocked tlieir children in sugar-troughs." Eventually Finley was put in charge of the " Ohio district," which included eight circuits, ten travelling preachers, and over 4,000 members. It embraced all Eastern and Northern Ohio, part of Western New York and all Western Penn sylvania ; and he rode through the woods all arouud it four times a year, holding quarterly meetings. We close with an anecdote related by him as having oc curred at St. Clairsville, wherein the later eminent Charles Hamraond illustrated his muse : ¦' I was," writes Finley, " called on by brother Young to exhort. Being much blessed, I suppose I raised my voice fo the highest pitch and struck the book- board with my hand. At this a young lawyer, Charles Hammond, who had a considerable reputation for talents, became alarmed, and, urging his way through the crowd to the door, fled for his life. On my next round, the sexton found in the pulpit a very neatly turned maul, with a slip of paper wrapped around the handle, which was directed to me. ^ After meeting it was presented, and on the paper were the following verses : " 'Thus saith the Lord, the preacher now " ' Your hand, dear sir, is far too soft Must warn the people all, To batter on the wood ; And if you cannot make them hear. Just take this maul, it is but small, I'd have you use this maul. And thunder on the hoard, ' ' ' Lift up your voice, and loudly call On sinners all around. And if you cannot make them hear. Take up this maul and pound I ' " Camden is eight miles south of Eaton, on the C. E. & C. R. R. Newspapers : 132 PREBLE COUNTY. Gazette, Independent, C. M. Hane, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Metho dist, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Universalist. It is quite a purchasing and shipping- point for grain and stock. Population, 1880, 800. School census, 1888, 220. West Albxandeia is six miles east of Eaton, on the C. J. & M. R. R., and in the heart of the beautiful Twin Valley. Newspaper : Twin Valley Times, Inde pendent, Chas. J. Wilson, editor. Churches : 1 Episcopal Methodist, 1 Lutheran, 1 Reformed. This is said to be one of the wealthiest villages, per head of popu lation, in this part of the State, and remarkable for its number of fine residences. The main industries are furniture, Coffman & Burtner ; washing machines, Adolph Schlingman ; woollen goods, as yarns and blankets, flour, saddlery, harness, wagons, etc. Population, 1880, 796. School census, 1888, 186. E. P. Vaughn, superintendent of schools. Winchester, P. O. Gratis, is nine miles southeast of Eaton. Population, 1880, 502. School census, 1888, 203. West Elkton is fourteen miles southeast of Eaton. Population, 1880, 247. School census, 1888, 115. LEWiSBUEa is nine miles northeast of Eaton, on the C. J. & M. R. R. Pop ulation, 1880, 409. School census, 1888, 161. New Paeis is twelve miles northwest of Eaton, on the P. C. & St. L. R. R., six miles east of New Richmond, Ind., on and in the valley of the Whitewater. Newspapers : Mirror, Independent, C. W. Bloom, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 colored Methodist Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Chris tian, 1 Universalist, 1 United Brethren, and 1 Catholic. Population, 1880, 835. School census, 1888, 300. F. S. Alley, superintendent of schools. New Paris is noted for its mineral springs, called Cedar Springs, which are quite a summer resort for invalids. The raanufacture of linen is extensively carried on. Eldorado is twelve miles northwest of Eaton, on the P. C. & St. L. R. R. Population, 1880, 337. School census, 1888, 112. PUTNAM COUNTY. 133. PUTNAM. Putnam County was formed from Old Indian Territory, April 1, 1820, and named from General Israel Putnam, who was born at Salem, Mass., January 7, 1718, and died at Brooklyn, Conn., May 29, 1790. In 1824, when Williams county was organized, Putnam, Henry and Paulding counties were attached to it for judicial purposes, and in 1834 Putnam was organized as a separate county. The surface is generally level and, much of the land being within the Black Swamp district, is wet but, when cleared and drained, very fertile. Area about 610 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 129,123: in pasture, 16,083; wood land, 66,297 ; lying waste, 3,053 ; produced in wheat, 484,800 bushels ; rye, 29,446 ; buckwheat, 567 ; oats, 210,827 ; barley, 4,826 ; corn, 1,505,147 ; broom- corn, 1,315 lbs. brush; meadow hay, 16,597 tons; clover hay, 4,298; flax-seed, 90 bushels ; potatoes, 64,466 ; tobacco, 350 lbs. ; butter, 498,743 ; cheese, 4,440 ; sorghum, 7,408 gallons; maple syrup, 3,007; honey, 8,121 lbs.; eggs, 755,555 dozen; grapes, 1,784 lbs.; sweet potatoes, 375 bushels; apples, 6,511; peaches, 234; pears, 193; wool, 51,141 lbs.; milch cows owned, 7,289. Ohio Mining Statistics, 1888 : Limestone : 1,055 cubic feet of dimension stone, 2,559 cubic yards of building stone, 1,125 square feet of flagging, 6,750 square feet paving, 3,498 lineal feet of curbing, 1,097 cubic yards of ballast or macadam. School census, 1888, 9,893 ; teachers, 241 ; Miles of railroad track, 96. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Blanchard, 670 1,787 Palmer, 929 Greensburg, 275 940 Perry, 266 1,073 Jackson, 1,047 Pleasant, 325 3,013 Jennings, 350 1,443 Richland, 387 Liberty, 125 1,536 Riley, 621 1,484 Monroe, 518 788 Sugar Creek, 405 1,300 Monterey, 1,354 Union, 400 1,398 Ottawa, 690 3,177 Van Buren, 2,444 Population of Putnara in 1830 was 230 ; 1840, 5,132 ; 1860, 12,808 ; 1880, 23,713; of whora 19,757 were born in Ohio; 777, Pennsylvania; 230, Virginia ; 174, New York; 174, Indiana; 38, Kentucky; 1,264, Gerraan Empire; 218, England and Wales; 117, Ireland; 94, France; 52, British America; 11, Scot land, and 5 Norway and Sweden. Census, 1890, 30,188. Putnam County in 1846. A large proportion of the population is frora eastern Ohio, and of Pennsylvania extraction. In Ottawa, Greensburg, Riley and Jennings are many natives of Germany. The site of old Fort Jennings is in the southwest part. There were two Indian towns in the county of sorae note — the upper 'Tawa tov\^n was on Blanchard's fork ; two miles below, on the site of the present Ottawa village, was the lower 'Tawa town. Kalida, the [old] county-seat, is on Ottawa river, 114 miles northwest of Colum bus. It was laid out in 1834 as the seat of justice, and naraed frora a Greek word signifying "beautiful." It contains a Methodist church, four stores, a news paper printing-office, and thirty-six dwellings. In Riley is a settlement of Aymish or Ornish," a sect of the "Mennonites or Harmless Christians." They derive their narae frora Ayraen, their founder, and were originally known as Aymenites. This sect wear long beards, and reject all superfluities in dress, diet and property. They have ever been reraarkable for 134 PUTNAM COUNTY. industry, frugality, temperance and simplicity. At an early day many of the Ornish emigrated from Germany to Pennsylvania. When they first came to the country they had neither churches nor graveyards. "A church," said they, " we do not require, for in the depth of the thicket, in the forest, on the water, in the field and in the dwelling, God is always present." Many of their descendants, deviating from the practice of their forefathers, have churches and burial grounds. The view, "A Home in the Wilderness," represents a log tavern in the western part of the county, on the road to Charloe. It was built about thirty years since by two men, assisted by a feraale. It has long been a favorite stopping-place for travellers, as raany as twenty or thirty having, with their horses, frequently tar ried here over night, when journeying through the wilderness. The situation is charming. It is on the banks of the Auglaize, which flows in a ravine some fif teen or twenty feet below. All around stand massive trees, with foliage luxu riantly developed by the virgin fertility of the soil, while numerous branches lave in the passing waters. We came suddenly upon the place on a pleasant day in June, 1846, and were so rauch pleased with its primitive simplicity and loveliness as to stop and raake a more farailiar acqaintance. We alighted from our faithful " Porap," turned him loose araong the" fresh grass, drew our portfolio from our saddle-bags, and while he was rolling araid the clover in full liberty, and the ladies of the house were seated sewing in the open space between the parts of the cabin, fanned by a gentle breeze — we took a sketeh as a raemorial of a scene we shali never forget, and to present to our readers a view of " A Home in the Wil derness." Gilboa, Pendleton, Ottawa, Colurabus, Grove, Madeira and Glandorff are all sraall places in this county, the largest of which, Gilboa, contains about thirty- five dwellings. — OM Edition. TRAVELLING NOTES. The foregoing comprises about all my old account of Putnam county. Indeed, the entire county then was largely forest and water. The most interesting point is my picture of the " Home in the Wilderness." That picture proved to be one of the raost attractive things in ray old book. It seemed to touch a chord in the hearts of multitudes who had. begun life in the midst of such scenes. It is note worthy that now, after the lapse of forty-three years, I should receive a letter from a stranger, a then boy, who sat by ray side when I drew that picture, which telis rae all the circurastances, but which I had long since forgotten. His letter is frora Dawn, Darke county, Ohio, dated April 2, 1889, and signed S. S. Holden. It gives some interesting things about the old home, long since vanished. It was prorapted partly by learning that the painter of an oil painting of it had put in the claim that his painting was an original design of his own. We quote : " I am by profession a minister of the Gos- buried near there. Two of his sons were pel, of the 'United Brethren Church (in named George and Albert — the latter was a Christ).' I wiU be qualifled that the picture schoolteacher. His widow married .fudge on your letter-head is a picture of the man Perkins, and they moved to Williams county, who drew the sketch of our home about the " While you were making the sketch, my year 1846, I am a son of P. B. Holden, mother and a lady school teacher sat in the whose name appears on the sign as you drew open space between the two rooms, sewing. it. I was then 14 years old, and recollect it Before you had completed it, my brother and about as vividly as if it had occurred but yes- a Mr, Whiting came through the yard where terday — your riding into the yard on horse- we were sitting, having been to a deer lide. back ; getting off your horse ; laying your One of them carried his gun at 'trail arms' paper, pencils, etc, , about you on the old and the other carried his gun on his shoulder, sled or mud boat, which lay in the yard at and witb them was our dog 'Tyler,' " that time, and is shown in the picture, and It was well the dog was along. His name watching you draw the scene. Such an oc- marks the era of the event and helps to con currence was too rare not to make an impres- firm the truth of Mr Holden's statement. sion on a boy like me, A man named Sebastian The hard-cider campaign had only passed a Sroufe built the house. He died and was few years before, when the old Wnigs had - Drawn ly Henry Howe on a pleamnt day in June, 1846. Scene on the Auglaize— A Home in the Wildeeness. PUTNAM COUNTY. 137 sung ' ' For Tippecanoe and Tyler too. " Hence itwas natural for them to thus name their dogs ' ' Tip ' ' for Tippecanoe and ' ' Tyler ' ' for Tyler too. Humor comes from incongruous associations, so Mark Twain named his jump ing frog Daniel Webster — both were heavy weights : one from brains and brawn, the other from shot, ¦rhe " Home " was on the main route from Kalida to Charloe, about five miles northwest from the former. The Samuel Holden, who lived there as stated, was an United Brethren clergyman. So the home seemed to have done service as both parsonage and tavern. Later, as I have been told, the Rev, Branson Good made it his home, and the building stood untU about thirty years since. Since receiving the letter from his son, I find in the Pioneer Heminiscenoes of the county a statement by Mr. George Skinner which leads me to believe that this was the first house buUt in Putnam county. He says : "The flrst buUding that could be designated a house was erected by two men and a woman on section 21, Perry township, by Sebastian Sroufe," He then states it was on the Au glaize, and tbat he was buried close by, A Strange Animal. — After leaving this now pet spot in my memory, making my way westward, I discovered a strange animal run ning on the ground, I sprang from my horse and killed it with a club, it showing no fight, I then tied it on my horse, back of the sad dle, thinking it might be some valuable game. I bad no sooner got it on, than Pomp began to dance up and down, especially the back part of him ; then, trotting off, 1 had great difficulty in catching him, and was fearful I should have to pass the night in these woods of the Black Swamp. Then I saw what was the niatter. A quantity of pin-quills were sticking in his back, gathered from the ani mal. Every motion of his body drove them farther in. It was a hedgehog, or porcupine — the only specimen I ever saw. There are a variety of porcupines, and everywhere, we believe, it is deemed a harmless, sluggish animal. The American species live largely on insects, slugs and worms, and hibernate during cold weather in holes in the earth ; but do not take part in the role of heavy sleepers, for on the first advent of warm days in spring they come out to bask in the sun shine and see what is "up," The porcupine has quills and hair, and the Indian women ornament mocassins with the quUls. Indians have been known to convert their skins into whiskey jugs. The African porcupine has quills of an immense size, with a peacock like display. The English porcupine is some times domesticated, is good for hunting cock roaches, and is said to be good to eat ; unlike tbe American, when pursued he rolls himself into a ball shape as a defence, and woe to the mouth of the dog that tries to bite him. It must be a very spunky Scotch terrier that will persevere to a conquering end. None of these kinds of porcupines throw their quUls ; that is a popular delusion. The only species ugly enough to do that is the human. After relieving Pomp of his burden and his back of the quills, I had a lonely ride through the woods and ended my day's journey at a miserable tavern near the line of the canal, at what I think was Charloe. The fare was hard, the night hot, and my bed cruel. I thought I was going to my slumbers alone ; never was greater hallucina tion ; they came upon me in a voracious mul titude. Of all things I abhor crowds ; so I sprang out as though I had been shot and passed the night on the bare boards of the floor. My travelling through Ohio in 184& was not all " honey pie," Ottawa, county-seat of Putnam, is on the Blanchard fork of the Auglaize, about ninety railes northwest of Colurabus, fifty-two railes southwest of Toledo, and on the C, H. & D. Railroad. In 1866, the court-house at Kalida having been destroyed by fire, Ottawa, by a majority vote of the people of 455, was raade the county-seat. County officers, 1888: Auditor, W. W. Place; Clerk, H. W. Schmitschulte ; Commissioners, Wm. Boehmer, Jaraes H. Sraith, John T. Mallahan ; Coroner, Jacob F. Leffier ; Infirraary Directors, Jos. H. Miller, J. R. Rimer, R. E> Gilbert; Probate Judge, J. H. Uphaus; Prosecuting Attorney, John P. Bailey, Recorder, L. M. Ludwig ; Sheriff, Peter Wannemacher ; Surveyor, D. W. Seitz ; Treasurer, Otho W. Crawfis. City officers, 1888 : John Gordon, Mayor; Au gust Sherlow, Clerk; L. B. Yountz, Treasurer; Schuyler Blakeman, Marshal. Newspapers : Oazetle, Republican, C. L. H. Long, editor and publisher ; Putnam County Democrat, German, Democratic, C. W. Bente, editor and publisher ; Put nam County Sentind, Democratic, George D. Kinder, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Catholic, 1 United Brethren, 1 Presbyterian. Banks : Ottawa Exchange ; Slauson & DeFord ; A. V. Rice & Co. Manufactures and Employees. — Rice, Brown & Co., wheels, 39 hands ; J. R. Smith, lumber, 7 ; Ottawa Gate Manufacturing Co., gates, sleds, etc., 15 ; Brink- man Bros., carriages, etc., 8 ; William Annesser, flour, ete., 4 ; Robeault & Ream, planing mill, etc., 6.— State Bepmi, 1887. Population, 1880, 1,293. School census, 1888, 540 ; C. C. Miller, school su- 138 PUTNAM COUNTY. perintendent. Capital invested in industrial establishments, $75,500. Value of annual product, $64,500. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1887. Census, 1890, 1,717. Pioneer Reminiscences. The pioneers organized at Kalida September 6, 1873, with George Skinner as chairman, who appointed as committee to draft a constitution and by-laws, Dr. Moses Lee, Henry M. Crawfis, and George Skinner. The first article declared all persons resident in the county prior to 1840 eligible to membership. The society issued two paraphlets of Reminiscences — one in 1878 and one in 1886. We give iteras frora these " talks " in abridged form. George Skinner, born in Hamilton county in 1816. Had his little stock of saddlery wagoned from Piqua to Kalida in 1839, and opened a shop. Nearest saddler on the south was at Lima ; Findlay, east ; Defiance, north ; Fort Wayne, west. Two stores then in Kalida, Sheldon Guthrie's and Moses Lee's ; two tav erns, Dr. Lee's and James Thateher's ; court-house then building. First courts were held in the cabin of Abraham Sarber. First court, May 5, 1834. The first settler in the county was David Murphy, He came down the Blanchard from Fort Findlay in a canoe, in 1824, with his family; went up the Auglaize three miles and settled on the bayou. Erected a cabin of poles ; ran out of provisions ; none nearer than Fort Findlay ; out also of rifle balls ; recollected where he had shot a ball into a tree ; hunted the tree, cut out the ball, re cast it, and seeing a bear on the limb of a tree, took aim at the bear — a trying moment — killed the bear. H, S. Knapp became at an early day editor of the Kalida Venture. Went one Sunday to a camp-meeting at Columbus Grove, in a wagon, with his wife. They were newly mar ried. Started to return together on horse back and got dumped into a mud-hole, Knapp tried to pull his wife out but faUed, Backed his horse; wife caught horse's tail and was pulled out. The Venture appeared next morning with .editorials short and crab bed, [The opposition papers denounced his newspaper as the "Kalida Vulture," Knapp lived to write the history ofthe Mau mee valley, and dedicated it to "Rutherford B. Hayes, late Governor of Ohio." The ^Venture was established in 1841 by James Mackenzie ; in the course of years lost its unique, enterprising name, and is now the Putnam County Sentinel, with Geo. D, Kin der, editor "on guard,"] East from the barn of William Turner, in Pleasant township, is a low piece of bottom land some twenty rods wide. In 1845 there was an upheaval of the earth ; a ridge formed across from bank to bank, some four feet high and about thirty wide, which dammed up a creek there ; so that Mr. Turner was obliged to cut a channel through it to let off the ac cumulated waters. The cause of this no one knows. For many years after the organization of the county a session of the court was deemed a fit time for a spree, a general good time; so it was common to hold court Sl day, and have a jolly good time all night during the entire term of the court. Wheat, corn, potatoes and pork were raised with very little trouble, and, when properly taken care of, want was never known. Game was plenty. Coon and deer-skins, with the money brought by emigrants, formed about all the currency. Hand-mills for grinding corn were almost a household necessity, and tbe meal from one ear, made into bread, was deemed ample for one meal for one person. On calling for a dinner, persons sometimes had to wait until the corn was shelled, ground and baked, Hiram Sarber, born in Franklin county in 1817, settled one mUe below Kalida in 1833, When corn began to ear, along came the coons and squirrels, and it seemed as though they would get it all. Father said to me, " Hiram, there is the littlo gun and dog. I want you to watch the coons and squirrels out of the corn-field. ' ' I thought this would be fun, but I found out better in a few da.vs. I shot squirrels by day and hunted coons by night. The dog would lay by daytime ; when night came he was ready for a hunt, when I would open tbe door and say, "Go! hunt them," and wait untUhe barked. He would not kill them until I came. At last I got so tired of this that I tied him up to get some sleep. If I let him loose, he would soon find one, and then bark until ' father would call out, "Hiram! do you hear the dog?" and then I would have to get up and go ; for I knew better than to disobey him. The Indians were plenty here, and we had considerable sport with them shooting at a mark, hopping, and running foot-races. The first winter and spring, ,if we boys wanted young company we had to go twelve miles to a settlement, where there were about a dozen boys and girls that attended meeting, and a singing at a log school-house. The First Road in the county was the one cut through from Fort Recovery to Defiance, by Anthony Wayne, in 1794, This passed PUTNAM COUNTY. 139 along the west side of the river, and has ever since, with few variations, been used as a public road. At the intersection of Jennings creek with the Auglaize, on this road. Col. Jennings erected, in 1812, a stockade for the protection of supplies between Port Recovery and Fort Defiance ; and on this road the first mail was established, and the mail carried be tween Piqua and Defiance, once a week, on horseback, supplying between the termini the offices of Harain, Wapakonetta, and Su^ar Grove (this was at the house of Sebastian Sroufe, near Hover's Mills), the only post- office in the county. The mail was carried by a boy, C. C, Marshall, from September, 1829, to December 31, 1831, This boy was afterward Mayor of Delphos, Superintendent of the Miami and Erie Canal, and a member of both houses of the legislature. John Wilcox, born in Madison county in 1825 ; his parents settled in Perry township in 1827, One night, when the father was absent and the pioneer wife alone with her two babes in the rude cabin, "the rains de scended and the fioods came;" the mother took her babes, her axe, and pot of fire i matches then being unknown), and started br higher ground, which she reached after wading through water for a quarter of a mile, and buUt a fire where the first orchard was planted in the subsequent year, the trees' heing purchased from John Chapman — "Johnny Appleseed " — who was peddling in a boat from his nursery near Fort Findlay, The rise ofthe waters again compelled her to seek higher ground ; and here she was found later in the day by Demit Mackeral, who had come to her relief in a canoe. The January Flood of 1830 was the high est ever known to white settlers. The river appeared to seek its level with the neighbor ing swamps as tributaries. Hog creek, ona " high,'' united its waters with the Blanchard at Prairie Run, When it was at its highest and the earth saturated with water, making it all slush and mud, the weather, being quite warm for the season, suddenly changed to extreme cold, and the almost boundless sea of water was frozen into a glare of ice to the depth of an inch and a half Cattle lying down at night were frozen to the ground be fore morning, and the legs of some were frozen to the knees. On this glare of ice hundreds of deer were killed by wolves, they being headed off of the dry ridges upon which they had sought shelter ; and once on the smooth ice they became an easy prey to the ravenous beasts, William Galbraith, Ottawa Indians were his only neighbors when he settled in Putnam county in 1834. Sycamore and his squaw, who bad a pappoose, got into a quar rel, when he puUed out his knife and cut the child in two. Each one had half and they settled the quarrel. Indian Tom would steal, so the tribe con cluded to put him out of the way. One evening, when the river was rising very fast, they took him down into a low bottom, and toed him to stakes driven in the ground, ex pecting the river to rise hefore morning and drown nim. But there was a young squaw, who went down in the night and cut him loose. Tom finally went with the Ottawa tribe west. Stansbury SurroN settled on Ottawa Green in 1833. Indian Tom was a bad In dian, In the spring of 1834 he stole a pony from some of his tribe. They tried him for stealing, found him* guilty, took him from camp, divested him of his clothing, laid him on his back, tied him to a stake, and left him to remain all night, subject to the torture of the innumerable hosts of mosquitos and gnats, I saw Tom the next morning ; he was a fearful looking object. He looked as though every pore of his skin had been pen etrated by the insects, I sympathized with him, notwithstanding I knew he was a thief. After Tom was released they procured whis key, and the whole tribe (except Pe Donqet, the chief) got drunk and had a general spree, lasting two days. In the early settlement of a new country there is to be found a larger development of a true and genuine brotherly love and mag nanimity than in any other place. In the fall of 1833 a Mr. Owens lost two cows. Thinking he would find them on Tawa Green, he pursued them to that place. Find ing they had gone on, he borrowed some money of my father to pay his expenses, and pushed on after them . On the third day he returned with the cows, returned the same money, saying he could not get any one to take a cent ofit. J. Y, Sackett settled in Riley township in 1833, Devil Jim and two others were claim ants for the chieftainship ofthe Ottawa tribe of Indians. The tribe chose one of the other two, and Devil Jim, stepping up to his suc cessful opponent, knife in hand, stabbed him in the abdomen, causing death. The tribe decided that the heir to the chieftainiship should execute Jim, The executioner took the knife in hand, and commenced stabbing Jim, but without much effect, Jim damned him ; told him he did not know how to kill a man, and, placing his hand on his left breast, told him to stab there. He obeyed ; and Jim feU dead, Brockman Brower settled in Greens burg township in 1833, We obtained our fruit trees from John Chapman ("Johnny Appleseed "). When I first saw him he was floating down the Blanchard river in a canoe, loaded with apple-trees, distributing them among the early settlers along the Blanchard, Auglaize, and Maumee rivers. He would supply trees to all, regardless of their ability to pay for them. His nursery was near the headwaters of the Blancha,rd. Loading a canoe, he would descend the river, supplying all who were in need of fruit-trees. He thus devoted his time and means for the benefit of his fellow-man. The year 1 834 was noted forthe July flood. It rained a large portion of the time, from the 20th of June until the 4th of July, at which time the river was at its highest. It was rising nearly two weeks, 140 PUTNAM COUNTY. and nearly as long going down. It wiU now rise to its highest point in three or four days, and recede in the same length of time, Dr, R, W, Thrift, in an address before the Pioneer Association, said: "When I first came into the county the country appeared 'to be a dead level, densely and heavily wooded, with swales on every side that fed the streams, and kept them more or less swoUen all the year roun'd. The main roads had been recently cut out, and instead of there heing any ditehes as now to drain and dry them, they were walled up on either side by massive trees, that excluded from their surface the sunlight and the winds, and left them moist and muddy at all seasons when not actually frozen. So far as I know, there was not a bridge across the Auglaize, Hog creek, or the Blanchard, anywhere along their course through the county j and perhaps not from their common source in the great marsh in Hardin county to where they unitedly empty into the Maumee at Defiance. One of the best qualifications of the physician's horse then was to be a safe, high swimmer ; and among the first lessons the physician had to learn in manual labor was how to ' paddle his own canoe.' " It is related of one of the old settlers, that being sick and in need of a medical man, his nearest source of supply was Defiance, pos sibly Dr, Colby or Evans, as they were among the first of that town ; at all events a single visit was made, and the old settler was suh sequently told that his bill was $20. He was astonished, and protested that it was too much. "See here," said the doctor, "that hill is not high, considering the result of my visit. Here you are sound and well again ; then you looked to me as though you were about to die. Of course, if you had died, I should not have charged you so much," "0 my! 0 my!" said the old settler, "I wish I had died then, doctor." I suppose really that life on the Auglaize at that time had not as many charms as it might now have upon the banks of the Hudson. The Black Swamp. There is no other region of equal area within the State which presents such a monotonous surface as the eighteen counties included in the Maumee valley, in what is known as the " Black Swamp " region, although only a part of them properly include the " Black Swarap." There is no portion of the entire valley which could with propriety be termed "hilly;" yet there are portions, such as the northern part of Williams, a portion of Allen, Auglaize and other counties, which are gently undulating, yet scarce sufficiently so to raerit the terra " rolling." Nowhere are hills to be found. A very remarkable feature of the surface of the valley is the distinct outline of an cient beaches, locally known as " Sand Ridge," " Oak Ridge," " Sugar Ridge," and perhaps by other cognomens, and found in nearly every county forming the valley. A Level Road— The principal one of these enters Ohio near Fayette, and passes in a southwesterly direction to Fort Wayne, Ind. , and from here it takes a southeasterly course to Van Wert, Ohio, from there to Delphos, Columbus Grove, Findlay, Tiffin, MUan, and thence east. From the western portion of Cuyahoga county one may travel this ancient beach— for it is a good road throughout almost Its entire length— 250 miles by way of Tiffin, Forts Finley and Wayne, and through the counties of Defiance, Williams and Fulton, to the State of Michigan, and not be subject to an extreme range of seventy-five feet of variation in elevation in the entire distance. Its average altitude above the lake is about 225 feet. A second ridge enters the State in Ridge field township,Lucascounty; passes southwest erly and crosses the Maumee about two miles east of Defiance ; thence to Ayresville, where it branches into two separate ridges nearly par allel ; the inner ridge passes through the southern part of Henry, northeasterly through Wood and into Ottawa county ; the outer one of these branches passes through Put nam, northern part of Hancock, into the southern part of Wood, and east into Seneca county, and from thence toward Fremont and Sandusky City. Ancient Beaches of ihe Lalce. — These are the principal ridges, hut there are many spaaller and intermediate ridges. These sand ridges are usually very narrow, but in places spread out over a considerable area, some times one-half to three-fourths of a mUe. Then, again, they form vast dunes, as in Washington township, Henry county. This entire township may he regarded as one vast sand dune. These ridges' were undoubtedly the ancient shores or beaches of the lake, formed by the action of the waves, just as beaches are now forming on the shores of Lake Michigan. Drainage Obstructed. — The course or di rection of the ridges is, as a rule, paraUel to the shore of the lake ; or, in other words, at right angles to the general direction of the most rapid drainage. In consequence of their direction, drainage has most certainly been obstructed. We do not infrequently find a marsh created by the ridge presenting a per manent barrier to the passage of the accu mulated waters to a lower level beyond. In other instances we find a stream deflected This map shows Maumee Valley and the other divisions of Ohio as arranged by the late Prof. Klippart, Ohio State University. ^ m John H. Schell, Photo , OUawa, 1887, Putnam County Court-House, etc, Ottawa, 141 PUTNAM COUNTY. 143 from the direction of the shortest and most rapid drainage, as in tbe case of Blanchard's fork or Auglaize river, at Findlay, where it is deflected west, and finds an outlet at Defi ance into the Maumee, when its natural drainage — and everything is favorable for this latter except the ridge — would be through the middle or east branch of Portage river, and its waters to enter the lake at Port Clin ton, instead of Toledo, via Defiance, It is by no means improbable that these beaches or ridges gave direction to the headwaters of the St, Joseph and Tiffin rivers, in Williams and Fulton counties, and cau.sed them to make vast detours before their waters min gled with those of the lake, Williams county, having a general elevation of 250 feet above the lake, the surface of the county, except for these beaches, would have directed the waters of the St, Joseph through Fulton county, and thus have reached the lake after a fiow of fifty miles instead of 160, The fifty-mile route would have afforded a fall of five feet per mile, whilst the actual route, es timating the sinuosities of the stream, is really less than one foot per mUe, Deflection of Rivers. — The Maumee valley is watered by the Maumee, Portage and San dusky rivers and their tributaries. Notwith standing the fact that a well-defined ancient beach exists in Van Wert, Allen, Putnam, Hancock and Seneca counties, having an av erage elevation of about 225 feet above the present level of the lake, and rudely con forming in its course to the present shore, the general direction of the three rivers above named is that of almost a right angle from this ancient beach to the lake ; yet many of the principal tributaries flow in a direction parallel to the ancient beach, rather than in the direction of the principal streams. The St, Mary river at Bremen, in Au glaize county, is distant from the lake about 120 miles ; yet it flows northwesterly to Fort Wayne, Ind. , where it joins the St, Joseph and forms the Maumee, its waters flowing 160 mUes from Bremen to Toledo, Blanchard's fork, rising in Hardin county, flows north into Hancock county^ where it assumes the name of Auglaize ; thence flows nearly parallel to the ancient beach in an aim ost due west direction, to the eastern boundary of Paulding county, a distance of about fifty miles ; thence it flows northward and enters the Maumee at Defiance, having a descent of about 100 feet in sixty-flve miles, or about eighteen inches per mile ; but if from Find lay it flowed north, it would reach the lake in less than fifty miles, and have a descent of 200 feet, or four feet per mile. The foregoing account of the natural phe nomena which produced the Black Swamp is abridged from the report of an agricultu ral survey of the State, made in 1870, by Prof J, fi, Klippart. An anecdote illustrating the difficulties of travel through this region early in the his tory of the State, is related in Waggoner's "History of Toledo and Lucas Counties : " A Mud-hole Franchise. — Among the cul tivated industries of that region at one time was the furnishing of relief to travellers, chiefly emigrants, whose teams were found to be incompetent for fche condition of the road, the chief difficulty arising in their being stalled in the successive "mud-holes." So common had this become that some landlords provided themselves with extra yokes of oxen with which to extend the needed relief This business came to be so far systematized that the rights of settlers to the " mud-hole ' ' near est them were mutually recognized. It was told that, on a time, a certain tavern-keeper, who had long held undisputed possession of a particularly fine "mud-hole," whicb he had cultivated with special care for the profit it brought him, sold his stand, preparatory to leaving the country. Regarding his inter est in the ' ' hole " as a franchise too valuable to be abandoned, he finally sold his quit-claim thereto to a neighbor for the sum of $5, being probably the only case on record of the sale of a " mud-hole," for use as such. Some years since an extended system of draining and ditching was inaugurated in this region. The following account of what was done in Wood county will give some idea of the extent and value of the work. It is ex tracted from a communication to the Toledo Commercial by a very respectable citizen of Perrysburg : Increase in Value through Drainage. — ^The improvement already made in the surface of the county has exceeded all expectation. Lands in this county which but a few years since were covered with interminable swamps and forest, purchasable at from two to ten dollars per acre, have been converted into good farms, now commanding from twenty to fifty dollars per acre. This marked change is mainly attributable to the extensive and excellent system of drainage or ditching, so vigorously pushed forward in every portion of the county. It is a source of congratula tion that this same system of drainage is not confined to this county. It is doing as much for the agricultural development of neigh boring counties, and is being as thoroughly and vigorously prosecuted, 'lhe face of the Black Swamp region at this time presents a complete network of ditches, draining the land of surplus water and improving and de veloping the resources of northwestern Ohio, Ditches in Wood County. — The petition for the construction of the first diteh in Wood county was filed in the Auditor's office April 28, 1859, and up to September, 1869, there were constructed and in process of construc tion 140 ditches, whose aggregate length is 495 miles. The respective length of the ditches is as foUows : 16 ditehes are less than 1 mile in length. 95 " "1 mile and less than 6. 20 " " 6 miles and less than 12. 1 ditch is 37f mUes long. The last mentionedis designated asDitohNo. 12, and is " one of the institutions " of Wood county — a fact to which taxpayers can readily 144 PUTNAM COUNTY. testify. When entirely completed it wUl In an address to the pioneers of Wood drain and render fit forcultivation not less than county, delivered in September, 1890, Mr, 50,000 acres of wet and swamp land. It has N, H. Callard, of Perrysburg, summarizes il total fall of 6'7^ feet. Its bottom width the ditching of Wood county at that date as varies from ten to twenty feet, and its depth follows : from one to eight feet. This one improve- " The largest ditch, the Jackson cut-off, is ment alone might claim rank with ship canals nine miles long. Its construction cost f 110,- without a very great degree of presumption. 000 and it drains near 30,000 acres of land. It is by this system of drainage that the en- The Touisant diteh is twenty-two miles long, tire area of country once known as the Black the Rocky Ford seventeen miles, and the Swamp is being converted into a most fertile work performed on the different branches of and productive region, and in a few years it the Portage has been large and effective. It will become one of the most valuable agri- has been estimated that the_ whole drainage cultural districts between the AUeghenies and system of Wood county, as it now is, includ- the Mississippi, ing railway ditehes, those on each public Extensive Ditching. — Prof Klippart re- highway, and such as have been constructed ports that up to January, 1872, there had hythe farmers on their private property, wUl been constructed no less than 3,000 miles of present an aggregate of 16,000 mUes in main or county drains, and fully 2,000 miles length, and their cost wUl reach into the mU- of side or township drains ; together with lions. These improvements form the basis thousands of tile, plank and " sapUng " un- of prosperity to the Wood county farmers. der-drains. Putnam county alone had 604^ Without them they could have made but mUes of main and 131 miles of side ditch, little progress in the cultivation of their farms while Wood county came next with 371 j or in the development of their crops. " miles of main and 123 J mUes of side diteh. Leipsic is eight miles north of Ottawa, at the crossing of the D. & M. and N. Y., C. & St. L. Railroads. Newspaper : Free, Press, Independent, W. W. Sraith, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Lutheran, 2 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Disciples, 1 .Catholic, 1 United Brethren. Bank : Bank of Leip sic, A. Rosecrans. Manufactures and Employees. — O. E. Townsend & Co., doors, sash, ete., 6 hands ; Buckeye Stave Co., 36 ; O. W. Irish & Co., butchers' skewers and flag- staffs, 33 ; J. H. Fisher, carriages, etc., 5 ; A. F. Easton, lumber, 5. — State Be port, 1887. Population, 1880, 681. School census, 1888, 409. Capital invested in man ufacturing establishraents, $50,530. Value of annual product, $63,300. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1888. Columbus Grove is seven railes south of Ottawa, on the D. & M. and C. W. Railroads. It has five churches. City officers, 1888 ; James Beford, Mayor; J. W. Morris, Clerk ; John Keller, Treasurer ; Jesse Fruchey, Marshal. News paper : Putnam County Vidette, Republican, W. C. Tingle, editor and publisher. Bank : Exchange, Simon Mapel, president, T. J. Mapel, cashier. Manufactures and Employees. — J. F. McBride, Jeans, blankets, etc., 8 hands; Buckeye Stave Co., 60 ; J. S. Lehman & Co., drain tile, 6 ; M. Pease, flour, ete., 5; Crawford & Co., lumber, 4; Perkins & Allen, doors, sash, ete., 10; J. F. Jones, axe-handles, 15; Henderson & Light, flour, ete., 5 ; W. R. Kaufman, drain tile, 6.— State Beport, 1887. Population, 1880, 1,392. School census, 1888, 509 ; E. Ward, superintendent. Capital invested in manufacturing establishments, |45,00(). Value of annual product, $50,500. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1888. Gilboa is seven railes east of Ottawa. Population, 1880, 287. School census, 1888, 105. Kalida is nine railes southwest of Ottawa, on the Ottawa river. Population, 1880, 404. School census, 1888, 151. Belmore is eleven miles northeast of Ottawa, on the D. & M. Railroad. Population, 1880, 445. School census, 1888, 189. Dupont is sixteen miles west of Ottawa, on the Auglaize river and T., St. L. &, K. C. Railroad. It has one Christian and one Methodist Episcopal church- School census, 1888, 150. PUTNAM COUNTY. It has one church, Catholic. 145 School Glandoef is two miles west of Ottawa. census, 1888, 375. Fort Jennings is so called from a stockade erected here by Col. Jennings in 1812. It is eighteen railes southwest of Ottawa, on the Auglaize river and on the T., St. L. & K. C. Railroad. It has two churches : one Catholic and one Lu ¦ theran. School census, 1888 295. RICHLAND. Richland County was organized March 1, 1813, and naraed fromthe char acter of its soil. About one-half of the county is level, inclining to clay, and adapted to grass. The reraainder is rolling, adapted to wheat, and some parts to corn, and well watered. Area, about 490 square railes. In 1887 the acres culti vated were 165,970 ; in pasture, 71,752; woodland, 63,143 ; lying waste, 4,986 ; produced in wheat, 520,776 bushels ; rye, 6,699 ; buckwheat, 905 ; oats, 783,314 ; barley, 8,100; corn, 712,143; raeadow hay, 30,636 tons; clover hay, 13,470; flax, 6,600 lbs. fibre; potatoes, 93,054 bushels; butter, 682,564 lbs.; cheese, 11,240; sorghura, 902 gallons; maple syrup, 2'7,577 ; honey, 6,332 lbs.; eggs, 503,168 dozen; grapes, 12,295 lbs.; apples, 14,257 bushels; peaches, 7,953; pears, 1,709 ; wool, 251,873 lbs. ; raiich cows owned, 7,289. School census, 1888, 11,189 ; teachers, 343. Miles of railroad track, 155. Townships and Census, 1840, 1880, Townships and Census, 1840, 1880. Auburn, 1,020 Monroe, 1,627 1,888 Bloorafield, 1,294 1,181 Montgomery, 2,445 Blooming Grove, 1,495 Orange, 1,840 Butler, 789 Perry, 1,852 656 Cass, 1,614 Plymouth, 1,934 1,700 Clear Creek, 1,653 Sandusky, 1,465 723 Congress, 1,248 Sharon, 1,675 2,981 Franklin, 1,668 967 Springfield, 1,685 1,617 Green, 2,007 Troy, 1,939 1,424 Hanover, 1,485 Vermilion, 2,402 Jackson, 977 Vernon, 1,040 Jefferson, 2,325 2,449 Washington, 1,916 1,599 Madison, 3,206 11,675 Weller, 1,076 Mifflin, 1,800 930 Worthington, 1,942 2,060 Milton, 1,861 e CD / Population of Richland in 1820 was 9,186; 1830, 24,007; 1840,44,823; 1860, 31,158; 1880, 36,306 ; of whom 27,251 were born in Ohio ; 3,931, Penn sylvania; 602, New York; 254, Virgima; 228, Indiana; 28, Kentucky; 1,563, German Erapire ; 446, Ireland ; 387, England and Wales ; 81, British Araerica ; 60, Scotland ; 51, France, and 10, Sweden and Norway. Census, 1890, 38,072. A large proportion of the early settlers of Richland eraigrated from Pennsyl vania, many of whora were of Gerraan origin, and many Scotch-Irish Presby terians. It was first settled, about the year 1809, on branches of the Mohiccan. The names of the first settlers, as far as recollected, are Henry M'Cart, Andrew Craig, James Cunningham, Abm. Baughman, Henry Nail, Sarauel Lewis, Peter 146 RICHLAND COUNTY. Kinney, Calvin Hill, John Murphy, Thomas Coulter, Melzer Tannehill, Isaac Martin, Stephen Van Schoick, Archibald Gardner and James M'Clure. In September, 1812, shortly after the breaking out of the war with Great Britain, two block-houses were built in Mansfield. One stood about six rods west of the site of the court-house, and the other a rod or two north. The first was built by a company commanded by Capt. Shaeffer, from Fairfield county, and the other by the corapany of Col. Chas. Williams, of Coshocton. A garrison was stationed at the place, until after the battle of the Thames. At the commencement of hostilities, there was a settlement of friendly Indians, of the Delaware tribe, at a place caUed Grreentown, about 12 miles southeast of Mansfield, within the present township of Green, now in Ash land county. It was a village consisting of some 60 cabins, with a council-house about 60 feet long, 25 wide, one-story in height, and built of posts and clapboarded. The viUage contained several hundred persons. As a measure of safety, they were collected, in August, 1812, and sent to some place in the western part of the State, under protection of the government. They were first brought to Mansfield, and placed under guard, near where the tan-yard now is, on the run. WhUe there, a young Indian and squaw came up to the block-house, with a request to the chaplain. Rev. James Smith, of Mount Ver non, to marry them after the manner of the whites. In the absence of the guard, who had come upto witness the ceremony, an old Indian and his daughter, aged about 12 years, who were from Indiana, took advantage of the circumstance and escaped. Two spies from Coshocton, named Morrison and M'Cul- loch, met them near the run, about a mile northwest of Mansfield, on what is now the farm of E, P, Sturges. As the commanding officer. Col. Kratzer, had given orders to shoot all Indians found out of the bounds of the place, under an impression that all such must be hostUe, Morrison, on discovering them, shot the father through the breast. He fell mortally wounded, then springing up, ran about 200 yards, and fell to rise no more. The girl escaped. The men returned and gave the information, A party of 12 men were ordered out, half of whom were under Serjeant John C, GUkison, now (1846) of Mansfield. The men flanked on each side of the run. As GUkison came up, he found the faUen Indian on the north side of the run, and at every breath he drew, blood flowed through the bullet-hole in his chest, Morri son next came up, and called to M'CuUoch to come and take revenge. GUkison then asked the Indian who he was : he replied, "A friend," M'CuUoch, who had by this time joined them, exclaimed as he drew his tom ahawk, "D— n you ! I'll make a friend of you ! " and aimed a blow at his head ; but it glanced, and was not mortal. At this he placed one foot on the neck of the prostrate Indian, and drawing out his tomahawk, with another blow buried it in his brains. The poor fellow gave one quiver, and then aU was over, GUkison had in vain endeavored to prevent this inhuman deed, and now requested M'CuUoch to bury the Indian, " D— n him \ no ! " was the answer; "they kiUed two or three brothers of mine, and never buried them," The second day following, the In dian was buried, but it was so slightly done that his ribs were seen projecting above ground for two or three years after. This M'CuUoch continued an Indian fighter until his death. He made it a rule to kiU every Indian he met, whether friend or foe. Mr. GUkison saw him some time after, on his way to Sandusky, dressed as an Indian. To his question, ' ' Where are you going ? " he re plied, " To get more revenge ! ' Mr. Levi Jones was shot by some Green town Indians in the northern part of Mans field, early in the war, somewhere near the site of Riley's MiU. He kept a store in Mansfield, and when the Greentown Indians left, refused to give up some rifles they had left as security for debt. He was waylaid, and shot and scalped. The report" of the rifles being heard in town, a party went out and_ found his body much mutilated, and buried him in the old graveyard. After the war, some of the Greentown Indians returned to the county to hunt, but their town having been destroyed, they had no fixec^ residence. Two of them, young men by the names of Seneca John and QuUipetoxe, came to Mansfield one noon, had a frolic in Williams' tavern, on the site of the North American hotel, and quarreUed with some whites. About four o'clock in the afternoon they left, partially intoxicated. The others, five in number, went in pursuit, vowing revenge. They overtook them about a mile east of town, shot them down, and buried them at the foot of a large maple on the edge of the swamp, hy thrusting their bodies down deep in the mud. The place is known as "Spook Hollow." — Old Edition. _ In the war of 1812 occurred two tragic events near the county line of Ashland. These were, the murder by the Indians of Martin Ruffner, Frederick Zimmer and fam ily, on the Black Fork of the Mohiccan ; and the tragedy at the cabin of James Copus. For details see Ashland County. RICHLAND COUNTY. 147 TRAVELLING NOTES. The name Mansfield is with me a very old memory, that of a personal acquaintance with the eminent character. Col. Jared Mansfield, in whose honor the place was named. One incident is indelibly impressed in connection with his death, which occurred in his native place, New Haven, Connecticut, Feb ruary 3, 1830, now more than sixty years since. On that occasion my father had involved upon him a delicate duty, to write to Mrs. Mansfield, then in Cincinnati, of the event. And as he walked the floor to and fro pondering, he turned to me and said he was troubled to think how he could the most appropriately and gently impart the sad tidings.. The Mansfields have been eminent people. The late Edward Deering Mans field, " the Sage of Yamoyden," Ohio's statistician and journalist, was his only son : while General Joseph K. F. Mansfield, the old army officer, who fell at An tietam, was his nephew. Col. Jared Mansfield was rising of 70 years of age, a tall venerable silver- haired old gentleman, and one of the great, useful characters of his day. It was under his teachings that our famed railitary school at West Point got its start, in the beginning years of this century. In giving him the position of Surveyor-General of the Northwest Territory the good judgment of Thomas Jefferson was illustrated. In person and qualities he resembled his own son, Edward Deering ; had the sarae strongly pronounced Roman nose, the same childlike simplicity of speech, and the same loud, guileless laugh. This last was one of the life troubles of Mrs. Mansfield ; a somewhat proud, punctilious old lady, ever mindful of the proprieties. She " wished the Colonel "-^she was always thus careful to give his title — she " wished the Colonel would not laugh so loud ; it was so undignified." Mrs. Mansfield herself was one of the whUe at sea, That ball went ashore and cut strong-minded and most elegant of the him in two ; the lad was unharmed. pioneer women of Ohio and deserves a no- Mansfield, in his "Personal Memories," tice. She was a girl-mate and life-long friend gives a handsome tribute to his father, in of my mother, and so I have the facts. The some very interesting and instructive para- family pameout to Ohio in 1803, and settled graphs. He says : My father's family came in Cincinnati in 1805, when, as her son wrote, from Exeter, in England, and were among it was " a dirty little village. " Shewasaso- the first settlers in New Haven, in 1639. My ciety-leader, and introduced the custom of father, Jared Mansfield, was, all his life, a New Year calls ; a queenly woman withal, of teacher, a professor, and a man of science. high Christian principles ; a close thinker He began his life as a teacher in New Haven, and great reader ; suave and gracious in man- where he taught a mathematical school, and ner, but imperious in wiU, True to her sex, afterward taught at the "Friends' Academy," she looked for admiration and respect, and, in PhUadelphia, where he was during the as was her due, received them, great yeUow-fever season, and went from She had come from a commanding stock there to West Point, where he taught in the and inherited the qualities for leadership. Military Academy, in 1802-3 and in 1814-28. Her father and family — the Phipps — had In the meantime, however, he was nine years largelv been shipmasters. Among them was in the State of Ohio, holding the position of Sir William Phipps, a shipmaster, an early Surveyor-General of the United States, The fovernor of Massachusetts ; a generous man, manner of his appointment and the work he ut imperious, "quick to go on his muscle," performed wUl iUustrate his character, and Another is remembered, not by his name, introduce a small but interesting chapter of but for the usual manner of his ' ' taking off, ' ' events. He was in command of -a frigate. It had just While teaching at New Haven, he had arrived, and anchored in the harbor of HaU- several pupils who afterward became famous fax. Date 1740, or thereabouts. He per- or rather distinguished men. Two of these sonally landed in a smaU boat, having lefl were Abraham and Henry Baldwin. The orders for his ship to fire the usual salute for first was afterward United States Senator such an event, and was walking on the dock, from Georgia, and the second, Judge of the leading a boy by the hand. By an oversight Supreme Court of the United States. These m loading the guns for the salute, a previous hoys, as may be inferred, had decided talents, load that was in one of them had not been hut were full of mischief One day they withdrawn. It had been loaded with baU played a had trick upon my father, their 148 RICHLAND COUNTY. teacher, and he whipped them very severely. Their father complained, and the case came hefore a magistrate ; but my father was ac quitted. It may be thought that the boys would have become my father's enemies. Not so ; they were of a generous tempera ment, and knew their conduct had 'leen wrong; this they acknowledged, and they became my father's fast friends. Judge Henry Baldwin told me that nothing had ever done him so much good as that whip- Eing ; and the brothers were warm in their iendship to my father, both in word and act. While teaching in New Haven he pub lished a book entitled^ "Essays on Mathe matics," It was an original work, and but a few copies were sold ; for there were but few men in the country who could understand it. The book, however, established his reputa tion as a man of science, and greatly influ enced his after life, Abraham Baldwin was at that time senator from Georgia, and brought tbis book to the notice of Mr, Jeffer son, who was fond of science and scientific men. The consequenae was that my father became a captain of engineers, appointed by Mr, Jefferson, with a view to his becoming one of the professors at the West Point Mil itary Academy, then established by law. Accordingly, he and Captain Barron, also of the engineers, were ordered to West Point, and became the first teachers of the West Point cadets in 1802, He was there about a year, when he received a new appointment to a new and more arduous field in the West, Mr, Jefferson had been but a short time in office, when he became annoyed by tbe fact that the public surveys were going wrong, for the want of establishing meridian lines, with base lines at right angles to them. The sur veyors at that time, including Gen, Rufus Putnam, then surveyor-general, could not do this, Mr, Jefferson wanted a man who could perform this work well : necessarily, there fore, a scientific man. This came to the ears of Mr, Baldwin, who strongly recommended my father as heing, in fact, the most scien tific man of the country. My father did not quite like the idea of such a work ; for he was a scholar and mathematician, fond of a quiet and retired life. He foresaw, clearly, that going to Ohio, then a frontier State, largely inhabited by Indians and wolves, to engage in public busi ness involving large responsibilities, would necessarily give him more or less of trouble and vexation. He was, however, induced to go, under conditions which, I think, were never granted to any other officer. It was agreed that, while he was engaged in the public service in the West, his commission in the engineer corps should go on, and he he entitled to promotion, although he received but one salary, that of surveyor-general. In accordance with this agreement, he received two promotions while in Ohio ; and his pro fessorship at West Point was (on the recom mendation of President Madison) subse quently, by law, conformed to the agreement, with the rank and emoluments of lieutenant- colonel. My father, so far as I know, was the only man appointed to an important pubhc office solely on the ground of his scientific attain ments. This was due to Mr. Jefferson, who, if not himself a man of science, was reaUy a friend of science. Mansfdd in i5^(?.— Mansfield, the county-seat, is sixty-eight miles northerly from Columbus, twenty-five from Mount Vernon, and about forty-five from San dusky City. Its situation is beautiful, upon a commanding elevation, overlooking a country handsomely disposed in hills and valleys. The streets are narrow, and the town is compactly built, giving it a city-like appearance. The completion of the railroad through here to Sandusky City has added much to its business facili ties, and it is now thriving and increasing rapidly. It was laid out in 1808 by Jaraes Hedges, Jacob Newraan, and Joseph H. Larwill. The last-named gentleman pitched his tent on the rise of ground above the Big Spring, and opened the first sale of lots on the 8th of October. The country all around was then a wilderness, with no roads through it. The first purchasers came in from the counties of Knox, Columbiana, Stark, ete. Among the first settlers were George Coffinberry, William Winship, RoUin Weldon, J. C. Gilkison, John Wallace, and Joseph Middleton. In 1817 about twenty dwellings were m the place— all cabins, except the frarae tavern of Samuel Williams, which stood on the site of the NoHh Amet^ican, and is now the private residence of Joseph Hildreth, Esq. The only store at that time was that of E. P. Sturges, a small frame which stood on the northwest corner of the public square, on the spot where the annexed view was taken. The Methodists erected the first church. TV/r u i-^^^*^ contains one Baptist, one Union, one Seceder, one Disciples', one Methodist, one Presbyterian, and one Congregational church— the last of which is one of the most substantial and elegant churches in Ohio ; two newspaper print ing-offices, two hardware, one book and twenty dry-goods stores, and had, in 1840, 1,328 inhabitants, and in 1846, 2,330.— OM EdUion. Drawn ly Henry Howe in 1846. Public Square. Mansfield, W. B. Kimball, Photo., Columbat, 1890. Public Square, Mansfield. 149 RICHLAND COUNTY. 151 Mans!pield, county-seat of Richland, is about midway between Colurabus and Cleveland, about sixty-three miles frora each. It is a prosperous raanufacturing and railroad centre; ison theP., Ft. W. & C, B. &0., L. E. & W.,andN. W. O. Railroads. The Interraediate Penitentiary is now in course of erection there. County offi cers, 1888 : Auditor, John U. Nunraaker ; Clerk, John C. Burns ; Commission ers, Chri.stian Baer, David Boals, John Iler; Coroner, Eli Stofer; Infirmary Directors, George Becker, Edwin Payne, Joseph Fisher ; Probate Judge, Andrew J. Mack ; Prosecuting Attorney, Hubbert E. Bell ; Recorder, Williara F. Voeg- ele ; Sheriff, Bartholomew Flannery ; Surveyor, Orlando F. Stewart ; Treasurer, Edward Remy. City officers, 1888 : Mayor, R. B. McCrory; Clerk, John Y. Gessner ; Marshal, H. W. Lemon ; Civil Engineer, Jacob Laird ; Chief of Fire Department, George Knofflock ; Street Coramissioner, A. C. Lewis ; Solicitor, Marion Douglass. Newspapers: Herald, Republican, George U. and W. F. Harn, editors ; News, Republican, Cappeller and Hiestand, editors ; Shield and . Banner, Democratic, Gaumer and Johnston, editors ; Courier, German, L. S. Kuebler, editor and publisher ; Democrat, Democratic, A. J. Baughman, editor and publisher ; Buckeye Farmer, agricultural, W. N. Mason, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Baptist, 1 Believers in Christ, 1 Catholic, 1 Christian, 1 Congrega tional, 1 Evangelical German, 3 Lutheran, 1 Episcopal Methodist, 1 African Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Reformed Presbyterian, 1 United Brethren, 1 Prot estant Episcopal. Banks : Citizens' National, George F. Carpenter, president, S. A. Jennings, cashier ; Farmers' National, J. S. Hedges, president ; Mansfield Savings, M. D. Harter, president, R. Brinkerhoff, cashier ; Sturges', W. M. Stur ges, president, John "V^ood, cashier. Manufactures and. Employees. — Larabee Manufacturing Co., vehicle chafe irons, 12 hands ; Bodine Roofing Co., 7 ; E. J. Forney & Co., linseed oil, 9 ; Jacob Cline, cooperage, 18 ; Bissman & Co., coffee, spices, ete., 16 ; Union Foundry and Machine Co., 12 ; Gilbert, Waugh & Co., flour, ete., 15 ; Hicks-Brown Co., flour, ete., 15; Mansfield Barrel Co., cooperage, 14; !fearnett Brass Co., brass goods, 42 ; Aultman & Taylor Co., engines, ete., 330 ; Nail & Ford, planing mill, 25 ; Mansfield Plating Co., nickel-plating, 11 ; Buckeye Suspender Co., 84 ; Mans field Steara Boiler Works, 42 ; Mansfield Carriage Hardware Co., 57 ; Huraphrey Manufacturing Co., pumps, ete., 182 ; Mansfield Machine Works, 100 ; Mansfield Buggy Co., 97 ; Faust & Wappner, furniture, 4 ; S. N. Ford & Co., sash, doors and blinds, 70 ; Baxter Stove Co., 96 ; Mills, Ellsworth & Co., bending works, 25 ; R. Lean & Son, harrows, 12 ; Western Suspender Co., suspenders, 85 ; Craw ford & Taylor, crackers, etc., 80 ; Herald Co., printing, 21 ; Hautzenroeder & Co., cigars, 285 ; Danforth & Proctor, sash, doors and blinds, 25 ; Ohio Suspender Co., 33 ; Mansfield Box Manufacturing Co., paper boxes, 15 ; Shield and Banner Co., printing, 19 ; News Printing Co., printing and binding, 22. — State Beport, 1888. Mansfield is a rich agricultural centre and heavy wood market. Great attention is given to the improvement of farm stock, as horses, cattle, swine, ete. Popula tion, 1880, 9,859. School census, 1888, 3,589 ; John Simpson, school superin tendent. Capital invested in industrial establishments, $1,036,500. Value of annual product, $2,592,000. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1887. Census, 1890, 13,473. Mansfield, in 1846, was reached by a railroad from Sandusky, and I came here by it, though they were not then running regular trains. Everything about it was rough and crude. The track had thin, flat bars of iron spiked on wood, and our train consisted of a locomotive, tender, and a single car with a few rough seats, what they called in those days a "Jim Crow " car. In this car was a young man of great height ; slender, pale, and then just 23 years of age. He was attired with studied neatness, and looked to me like a college student, pale and thought ful. He sat in statue-like silence ; not a word escaped his lips. But I noticed he had his eyes well open ; nothing seemed to fail his observation. My saddle- 152 RICHLAND COUNTY. bags, containing valuable drawings and notes, had been taken in charge by the railroad man, and I knew not its whereabouts. In talking with him about it, I showed, as I felt, a nervous anxiety. The young raan heard my every word, and the thought came over me, " You raust think I am very fussy." He could not realize how important to rae were those saddle-bags. Since that day our country has gone through much. We, of advanced years, who have lived through its periods of deadly peril, and suffered the agonies of its sore adversities, alone can realize how much. But I know not a living raan who has done such a prolonged, united to such a great, service to the United States, as the silent, reflecting youth who sat by me on that day — John Sheeman. Sunday morning, the first day of Noveraber, 1886, arrived, and I was again in Mansfield. The town is on a hill ; on its surarait is the public square, con taining about three acres ; around it are grouped the public buildings. On it is the soldiers' raonuraent, a band-stand, a pyramid of cannon and a fountain, and these things appear under a canopy of overhanging trees. After breakfast I walked thither and looked around. The day was one of the autumnal show-days; the sun bright, the air balmy, the foliage gay in softly blending hues. Standing there, enjoying the scene, a large, portly gentleraan of about 60 years of age approached me. He had in his hand a book — was on his way to open Sunday-school. He was a stranger, and I stopped him to raake in quiries about the surroundings. He seemed pleased, it being compliraentary to his superior knowledge. A moment later I raade myself known. I could not have met a better man for ray queries. It was Mr. Henry C. Hedges ; he was town-born and loved the spot ; and when I remarked, " It is an honor to this town to possess such a citizen as John Sherman," it hit like a centre-shot. The remark was in innocence of the fact that he was the old law partner of Mr. Sherman, and his raost intiraate friend. " You had better go and see hira ? " said he. " Oh, no, it is Sunday, and it will be an intrusion." " The better the day, the better the deed. He has just ended a speaking campaign, and now is the very time. He will be glad to welcome you." Mr. Sherman's was near the end of a fine that though her able and disciplined leaders avenue of homes, on the high ground, about on this floor, aided by executive patronage, a mile distant, I walked thither. The bells may give her the power to overthrow legisla- were ringing for church, and I met the people tive compacts, yet, whUe the sturdy integrity in loving family groups on their way to wor- of the Northern masses stands in her way, ship, lhe autumnal sun filled the air with she can gain no practical advantage by her balm and gladness, andthe leaves glinted in weU-laid schemes. The other is, that while its rays their hues of dying beauty, 'The home she may indulge with impunity the spirit of I found an ample brick mansion, with a man- filibusterism, or lawless and violent adventure sard roof on a summit, with a grand outlook upon a feeble and distracted' people in Mex- to the north, east and west. It is on a lawn, ico and Central America, she must not come about 200 feet from the avenue, in the midst in contact with that cool, determined courage of evergreens and other trees. The home and resolution which forms the striking char- place has about eight acres, with a large fiirm acteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race. In such attached, on which are orchards abounding a contest, her hasty and impetuous violence m choicest fruits, may succeed for a time, but the victory wiU lhe last distant tones of the bells had died he short-lived and leave nothing but bitter- on the air, and the leaves ceased rustling ness behind, under my feet as I reached the door of the "Let us not war with each other ; bnt, with mansion, I found Mr. Sherman alone in his the grasp of fellowship and friendship, re- hbrary ; the ladies had gone to church. His gard to the full eadi other's rights, and freeting was with his characteristic calm cor- let us be kind to each other s faults ; let us go lality. There is no gush about John Sher- hand-in-hand in securing to every portion of man Simplicity, directness and integrity our peo'ple their constitutional rights." mark alike his, intercourse and thought. I had never met Mr. Sherman to speak Ihese qualities are illustrated in those para- with him until ten days before, and then, but graphs forming the conclusion of a speech for a moment, and now I had called upon his made in Congress, January 28, 1858 : then-given invitation. He was at leisure for In conclusion, allow me to impress the conversation, and passing me a cigar we South with two important warnings she has talked for a whUe and then he took me on a received in her struggle for Kansas. One is, short walk around the place. The outlook MICHAEL D. HARTER. COL. JARED MANSFIELD. GEN. ROELIFF BRINKERHOFF. RICHLAND COUNTY. ^'¦>1^ was magnificent — the _ town in the distance ; the valley through which runs the Mohiccan, and the distant gently sloping hUls. The plaee is 700 feet above Lake Erie, distant in a direct line about 40 mUes. Everything about it and the mansion within is on the expansive, generous scale, substantial and comfortable. Chesterfield once took Dr. Johnson over his place, and as the doctor concluded his rounds, he turned to Chesterfield and said, with a sigh, "Ah ! my lord, it is the possession of such things that must make it so hard to die." The mansion is spacious in its varied apart ments, and the walls are filled with books, and by the thousands, and they are there in great variety, and in many lines of human in terest. The history of our country is all told, the utterances of her most eloquent sons; the deeds of her heroes ; the acts of her statemen. Many ofthe works are of elegance, many out of print, and of priceless value. He took me to the large rooms under the roof, where is his working_ library, consisting largely of books appertaining to American legislation and to law. In this great collection it is said, there is not one ofiicial act of Government since its foundation that is not recorded, nor a report or utterance by an official, Congress man or Senator of any moment, that is not given. Such are the eo|uipments of a Statesman who has made a life-study of, and had a life- experience in behalf of a righteous govern ment for this American people. I don"t say great Anierican people : every reader feels the adjective. In Mr. Sherman's safe are over 40,000 letters : largely from noted characters, but so carefully classified, that any one can be found in a twinkling. Among them is the famous letter from his brother, the General, giving the first authentic intelligence of the dis covery of gold in California. The greatest curiosity he produced were two large volumes containing perhaps a thousand letters, written by the General to him, from the year 1862 to 1867, embracing the period of the civil war. From youth they had begun a correspond ence. The General, during his most arduous military duties — in the midst of his famous march to the sea — took time to write long let ters to his brother, and he in like manner to him. What a mine they will be to the fiiture historian, as revealing the workings of the minds of the famous brothers, in the light of the events in the passing panorama of that stupendous era. The lifelong affection be tween them has no other, nor to our knowledge a like example in the history of our eminent public men. On the opposite side of the avenue from Mr. Sherman's are the homes of two Other gentlemen, bright lights in Ohio, upon whom he thought I ought to call. General Roeliff Beinkeehoff and M. D. Haetee. I took his advice. The first I had met, the other I had not, but, when I did, he pleased me by saying that he reraembered " when a very little boy, lying on the floor looking at the pictures in Mr. Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio." It seeras to be the custom now-a-days to write of lights while yet shining, and call it " contemporaneous biography." Our ancestors waited until their lights were glimme'^ and then on their tombstones told how bright had been their scintillations. General Roeliff Brinkerhoff had for his remote ancestor JorLs Derickson Brinker hoff, who came in 16.38, from HoUand to Brooklyn, N, Y,, and " bringing with him his wife, Susannah:" certainly pleasing in name and we opine pleasing in person. Providence seems to have blessed the twain, inasmuch as they were the originals of all the Brinker- hoffs in America, ftoehff is of the seventh generation, and had among his ancestors some French Huguenots. He was born in Owasco, N. Y.,jn 1828. At 16 he began teaching school in his native town ; at 1 9, was private tutor in the family of Andrew Jackson, Jr., at the Hermitage, Tennessee : this was two years after the death of the General. At the age of 22, he came north and acquired thfe profession of the law, in the office of his kins man, Hon. Jacob Brinkerhoff, in Mansfield: arid when the war broke out, was one of the proprietors and editors of the Mansfield Herald. Going into tbe Union army in 1861, he was soon assigned to the position of Regi mental Quartermaster of the 64th Ohio, and lose very high in that department, first in the west and then in the east. At one time was Post Quartermaster at Washington City; in 1865, Colonel and Inspector of the Quarter master's Department ; ne was then retained on duty at the War Office, with Secretary Stan ton ; later was Chief Quartermaster at Cin cinnati, and in 1866, after five years' contin uous service, retired with the commission of Brigadier-General. General Brinkerhoff is the author of" The Volunteer Quartermaster," which is stiU the standard guide for the Quartermaster's Department, As a member of tbe Board of State charities, and as President of the Na tional Board of Charities, he has won by hia executive capacity high honor and wide rec ognition. He has given for years much study on the subject of prison reform. Largely through his efforts, Mansfield was selected as the site for the State Intermediate Penitentiary. The site is about a mile north ofthe town, and the corner-stone was laid November 5, 1886, Michael D. Hakter is the head in Mans field of that great manufacturing concern, 156 RICHLAND COUNTY. "The Aultman & Taylor Co. ' ' He was born in Canton, in 1846 ; the son of a merchant and banker. He is a highly respected and genial gentleman, patriotic and puolic-spirited ; the gift of the handsome soldiers' monument in the public square at Mansfield is one of the many illustrations of these qualities. His re ligious attachment is Lutheran and his politics Democratic, beUeving in the axiom, "That fovernment is best, which governs the least," [e is prominent as the champion in Ohio of the policy of Free Trade and CivU Service Reform, One of'the most hale and vigorous old gen tlemen I met on my tour was Dr, William Bushnell, of Mansfield, He was horn about the year 1800. After the surrender of Hull, he, being then in his twelfth year, went with his father with the troops from Trumbull County, to the camp near Cleveland. A battle being imminent with the Indians, his father told him he must go back home. He obeyed reluctantly, for he so wanted to take part in a fight and pop over an Indian or two. He retraced his steps alone through the dense wilderness, guided only by the trail left by the regiment He said to me, " When I got into Wayne township, Ashtabula county, I came to a cabin, was worn out and half starved, and there I found the biggest people I had overseen ; and it appears to me now, as Ithink ofit, I have scarcely seen any since so big. They took me in and almost over whelmed me with kindness. They were the parents of Joshua R. Giddings, who was then a seventeen-year-old boy about the place, swinging his axe into the taU timber. In 1878, Dr, BushneU was the delegate from Ohio to the International Prison Reform Congress, called by the Swedish Government, and held at Stockholm, The portrait of a solid strong white-bearded patriarch forms the frontispiece to Graham's History of Richland Co, , and in fac-simile under it is the signature of Wm, BushneU, M. D. Johnny Appleseed. At an early day, there was a very eccentric character who frequently was in this region, well remembered by the early settlers. His name was John Chapman, but he was usually known as Johnny Appleseed. He carae originally frora New England. He had imbibed a remarkable pas sion for the rearing and cultivation of apple trees frora the seed. He first made his appearance in western Penn sylvania, and from thence made his way into Ohio, keeping on the outskirts of the settlements, and following his favorite pursuit. He was accustomed to clear spots in the loamy lauds on the banks of the strearas, plant his seeds, enclose the ground, and then leave the place until the trees had in a measure grown. When the settlers began to flock in and open their " clear ings," Johnny was ready for thera with his young trees, which he either gave away or sold for some trifle, as an old coat, or any article of which he could raake use. Thus he proceeded for raany years, until the whole country was in a raeasure settled and supplied with apple trees, deriving self-satisfac tion amounting to almost delight, in the indulgence of his engrossing passion. About 20 years since he removed to the far west, there to enact over again johnny appleseed. the same career of humble usefulness which had been his occupation here. His personal appearance was as singular as his character. He was quick and restless in his motions and conversation; his beard and hair were long and dark, RICHLAND COUNTY. 15; and his eye black and sparkling. He lived the roughest life, and often slept in the woods. His clothing was mostly old, being generally given to hira in exchange for apple trees. He went bare-footed, and often travelled railes through the snow in that way. In doctrine he was a follower of Swedenborg, leading a moral, blameless life, likening himself to the primitive Christians, literally taking no thought for the morrow. Wherever he went he circulated Swedenborgian works, and if short of them would tear a book in two and give each part to different per sons. He was careful not to injure any animal, and thought hunting morally wrong. . He was welcorae everywhere araong the settlers, and was treated with great kindness even by the Indians. We give a few anecdotes, illustrative of his character and eccentricities. On one cool auturanal night, while lying by his camp-fire in the woods, he ob served that the mosquitoes flew in the blaze and were burnt. Johnny, who wore on his head a tin utensil which answered both as a cap and a mush pot, filled it with water and quenched the fire, aud afterwards remarked, " God forbid that I should build a fire for my corafort, that shonld be the means of destroying any of His creatures." Another time he raade his carap-fire at the end of a hollow log in which he intended to pass the night, but finding it occupied by a bear and cubs, he reraoved his fire to the other end, and slept on the snow in the open air, rather than disturb the bear. He was one morning on a prairie, and was bitten by a rat tlesnake. Some time after, a friend inquired of him about the matter. He drew a long sigh and replied, " Poor fellow ! he only just touched me, when I, in an un godly passion, put the heel of my scythe on him and went home. Sorae time after I went there for my scythe, and there lay the poor fellow dead." He bought a coffee bag, made a hole in the bottom, through which he thrust his head and wore it as a cloak, saying it was as good as anything. An itinerant preacher was holding forth on the public square in Mansfield, and exclaimed, " Where is the bare-footed Christian, travelling to heaven ! " Johnny, who was tying on his back on some timber, taking the question in its literal sense, raised his bare feet in the air, and vociferated "Here heis !" The foregoing account of this philanthropic oddity is frora our original edition. In the appendix to the novel, by Rev. Jaraes McGaw, entitled " Philip Seymour ; or, Pioneer Life in Richland 'County," is a full sketch of Johnny, by Miss Rosella Price, who knew him well. When the Copus monument was erected, she had his name carved upon it in honor of his memory. We annex her sketch of him in an abridged form. The portrait was drawn by an artist from her personal recollection, and published in A. A. Graham's " History of Richland County : " Johnny Appleseed' s Relatives. — ^John Chap- old horse ; but more frequently he bore them man was born at or near Springfield, Mass., on his back, going from place to place on the in the year 1775, About the year 1801 he wild frontier; clearing a little patch, sur- •came with his half-brother to Ohio, and a rounding it with a rude enclosure, and plant- year or two later his father's family removed ing seeds therein. He had little nurseries all to Marietta, Ohio, ' Soon after Johnny lo- through Ohio, Pennsylvania and Indiana, •cated in Pennsylvania, near Pittsburg, and How Regarded by the Early Settlers.— I began tbe nursery business and continued it can remember how Johnny looked in his ¦on west Johnny's father, Nathaniel, senior, queer clothing-combination suit, as the girls moved from Marietta to Duck creek, where of now-a-days would call it. He was such a he died. The Chapman famUy was a large good, kind, generous man, that he thought it ¦one, and many of Johnny's relatives were was wrong to expend nioney on clothes to be scattered throughout Ohio and Indiana. worn just for the fine appearance ; he thought Johnny was famous throughout Ohio as if he was comfortably clad, and in attire that early as 1811. A pioneer of Jefferson county suited the weather, it was sufficient His said the first time he ever saw Johnny he was head-covering was often a pasteboard hat of going down the river, in 1 806, with two ca- his own making, with one hroad side to it, noes lashed together, and well laden with that he wore next the sunshine to protect his apple-seeds, which he had obtained at the face. It was a very unsightly object, to be cider presses of Western Pennsylvania. Some- sure, and yet never one of us children ven- 4imes he carried a bag or two of seeds on an tured to laugh at it. We held Johnny in IS8 RICHLAND COUNTY.. tender regard. His pantaloons were old, and scant and short, with some sort of a substi tute for " gaUows" or suspenders. He never wore a coat except in the winter-time ; and his' feet were knobby and horny and fre quently bare. Sometimes he wore old shoes ; but if he had none, and the rough roads hurt his feet, he substituted sandals— rude soles, with thong fastenings. The bosom of his shirt was always puUed out loosely, so as to make a kind of pocket or pouch, in which he carried his books, Johnny's Nurseries. — All the orchards in the white settlements came from the nurseries of Johnny's planting. Even now, after all these years, and though this region of coun try is densely populated, I can count from my window no less than five orchards, or re mains of orchards, that were once trees taken from his nurseries. Long ago, if he was going a great distance, and carrying a sack of seeds on his back, he had to provide himself with a. leather sack ; for the dense underbrush, brambles and thorny thickets would have made it unsafe for a coffee-sack. In 1806 he planted sixteen bushels of seed's on an old farm on the Walhonding river, and he planted nurseries in Licking county, Ohio, and Richland county, and had other nurseries farther west One of his nurseries is near us, and I often go to the secluded spot, on the quiet banks of the creek, never broken since the poor old man did it, and say, in a reverent whisper, " Oh, the angels did com mune with the good old man, whose loving heart prompted him to go about doing good!" Matrimonial Disappointment. — On one oc casion Miss Price's mother asked Johnny if he would not be a happier man, if he were settled in a home of his own, and had a family to love him. He opened his eyes very wide — they were remarkably keen, penetrating grey eyes, almost black — and repUed that all women were not what they professed to be ; that some of them were deceivers ; and a man might not marry the amiable woman tbat he thought he was getting, after all. Now we had always heard that Johnny had loved once upon a time, and that his lady love had Eroven false to him. Then he said one time e saw a poor, friendless little girl, who had no one to care for her, and sent her to school, and meant to bring her up to suit himself, and when she was old enough he intended to marry her. He clothed her and watohed over her ; but when she was fifteen years old, he called to see ber once unexpectedly, and found her sitting beside a young man, with her hand in his, listening to his sUly twaddle, I peeped over at Johnny while he was telling this, and, young as I was, I saw his eyes grow dark as violets, and the pupils enlarge, and his voice rise up in denunciation, whUe his nostrils dilated and his thin lips worked witb emotion, 'How angry he grew ! He thought the girl was basely ungrateful. After that time she was no proteg^ of his. His Power of Oratory. — On the subject of apples he was very charmingly enthusiastic. One would be astonished at his beautiful de scription of excellent fruit, I saw him once at tne table, when I was very small, telling about some apples that were new to us. His description was poetical, the language re markably well-chosen ; it could have been no finer had the whole of Webster's "Un abridged," with all its royal vocabulary, been fresh upon his ready tongue. I stood back of my mother's chair, amazed, delighted, be wildered, and vaguely realizing the wonder ful powers of true oratory, I felt more than I understood. His Sense of Justice. — He was scrupulously honest, I recall the last time we ever saw his sister, a very ordinary woman, the wife of an easy old gentleman, and the mother of a family of handsome girls. They had started to move West in the winter season, but could move no farther after they reached our house. To help them along and to get rid of them, my father made a queer little one-horse ve hicle on runners, hitched their poor little car icature of a beast to it ; helped tljem to pack and stow therein their bedding and few mov ables ; gave them a stock of provisions and five dollars, and sent the whole kit on their way rejoicing ; and that was the last we ever saw of our poor neighbors. The next time Johnny came to our house he very promptly laid a five-dollar bill on my father's knee, and shook his head very decidedly when it was handed back ; neither could he be prevailed upon to take it again. He was never known to hurt any animal or to give any living thing pain — not even a snake. The Indians all liked him and treated him very kindly. They regarded him, from his habits, as a man above his fellows. He could endure pain like an Indian warrior; could thrust pins into his flesh without a tremor. Indeed so insensible was he to acute pain, that his treatment of a wound or sore was to sear it with a hot iron, and then treat it as a burn. Mistaken Philanthropy. — He ascribed great medicinal virtue to the fennel, which he found, probably, in Pennsylvania, The over whelming desire to do good and benefit and bless others induced him to carry a quantity of the seed, which he carried in his pockets, and occasionally scattered along his path in his journeys, especially at the wayside near dwellings. Poor old man ! he inflicted upon the farming population a positive evU, when he sought to do good ; for the rank fennel, with its pretty but pungent blossoms, lines our roadsides and borders our lanes, and steals into our door-yards, and is a pest only second to tbe daisy. Leaves His Old Haunts.— In ]SiH he re solved to go farther on. Civilization was making the wilderness to blossom like the rose ; viUages were springing up ; stage coaches laden with travellers were common ; schools were everywhere ; mail facUities were very good ; frame and brick houses were tak ing the places of the humble cabins ; and so poor Johnny went around among his friends RICHLAND COUNTY; 159 and hade them fareweU. The Kttle giris he the last time was in the year that he died had dandled upon his knees and presented with 1845. ' beads and gay ribbons, were now mothers His bruised and bleeding feet now walk and the heads of famiUes. 'This must have the gold-paved streets of the New Jerusalem been a sad task for the old man, who was while we so brokenly and crudely narrate the then weU stricken in years, and one would sketch of his life— a life full of labor and have thought that he would have preferred pain and unselfishness ; humble unto self to die among his friends. abnegation ; his memory glowing in our He came back two or three times to see us hearts, while his deeds live anew every all, m the intervening years that he lived ; springtime in the fragrance of the apple- blossoms he loved so well. An account of the death and burial of this simple-hearted, virtuous, self-sacri ficing man, whose name deserves enrolment in the calendar of the saints, is dven on page 260, Vol. I. ^ The following extract from a poem, by Mrs. E. S. Dill, of Wyoming, Hamil ton county, Ohio, written for the Christian Standard, is a pleasing tribute to the memory of Johnny Appleseed : Grandpa stopped, and from the grass at our feet, Picked up an apple, large, juicy, and sweet ; Then took out his jack-knife, and, cutting a slice, Said, as we ate it, "Isn't it nice To have such apples to eat and enjoy? Well, there weren't very many when I was a boy, For the country was new — e'en food was scant ; We had hardly enough to keep us from want, And this good man, as he rode around, Oft eating and sleeping upon the ground, Always carried and planted appleseeds — Not for himself, but for others' needs. The appleseeds grew, and we, to-day, Eat of the fruit planted by the way. While Johnny — hless him — is under the sod — His body is — ah ! he is with God ; For, chUd, though it seemed a trifiing deed, For a man just to plant an appleseed, fhe apple-tree's shade, the flowers, the fruit, Have proved a blessing to man and to brute. Look at the orchards throughout the land. All of them planted by old Johnny's hand. He will forever remembered be ; I would wish to have all so think of me." BIOGRAPHY. John Sherman was born in Lancaster, Ohio, May 10, 1823. His parents were natives of Norfolk, Conn., and a few months after their marriage removed to Ohio. Charles Robert Sherraan (tbe father of John Sherman) was a man of eminent legal abilities, a Judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio ; he died very sud denly, leaving his widow with eleven children and but meagre means of support. John Sherman, the eighth child, was in the spring of 1831 taken to the home of his cousin, John Sherman, a raerchant of Mount Vernon, Ohio, and placed at school. It is said that he was rather a wild and reckless boy, and that in their boyhood there seemed greater likelihood of John becoming a warrior and his brother William T. a statesman, than that they should occupy their present positions in life. An Early Start in Life — In the spring of at Beverly, requiring diligence and care in 1837, although but 14 years of age, John, the performance of his duties ; and when, in anxious to become self-supporting, obtained 1839, he was removed because he was a a position as junior rodsman on the Muskin- Whig, he felt that the two years spent in gum river improvement. He was soon ad- this work, vrith its necessary study for accu- vanced to a position of much responsibiUty racy in detaUs, the close attention to business i6o RICHLAND COUNTY. required, and the self-confidence inspired, had given him a better education than could have been obtained elsewhere in the same time. As a Lawyer.— At 21 years ot age (May 11, 1844), he was admitted to the bar, hav ing studied law with his brother Charles, of Mansfield, Ohio, who admitted him to part nership. The salient and conquering trait in his mind and character, together with an excellent knowledge of men and familiarity with the ways of the world, enabled him at once to secure a fine practice. Keeping his expenditures weU within his earnings, he ac quired the means of investing, a tew years later, in a manufacturing enterprise, then new to that part of Ohio (flooring, sash, door and blind factory), that yielded him a hand some profit for a number of years, and formed the nucleus of the comfortable property he has since acquired. (Notwithstanding the common impression. Senator Sherman is not what is caUed a rich man.) Secretary of a Whig Convention. — Tn 1848 he was elected a delegate to the Whig Con vention, held at Philadelphia, When organ ized, he was made secretary of the conven tion on the motion of Col. CoUyer, who said : " 'There is a young man here from Ohio, who lives in a district so strongly Democratic that he could never get an office unless this con vention gave bim one." Schuyler Colfax, being similarly situated in Indiana, was made assistant secretary. The convention nomi nated Zachary Taylor, and Mr. Sherman can vassed part of Ohio for him. In August, 1848, Mr. Sherman was mar ried with Miss Cecilia Stewart, only chUd of Judge Stewart, of Mansfield. A Congressman. — In 1855 he was elected to Congress, His thorough acquaintance with public affairs ; his power as a ready, clear and forcible speaker ; his firm position on the questions then before the people, so soon made him a recognized leader. The great questions then were the Missouri Compro mise, the Dred Scott decision, slavery in Kansas, the fugitive slave law, and the na tional finances. Mr. Sherman held clearly to the doctrines of the Republican party on the slavery ques tion. He was appointed by N, P, Banks, then Speaker of the House, one of a commit tee of three to investigate and report on the border-ruffian troubles in Kansas, The com mittee visited Kansas and took testimony. They encountered rough treatment, and on one occasion all that saved the lives of the committee was the presence of United States troops at Fort Leavenworth. One day sixty armedmen, dressed in the border style with red shirts and trousers, with bowie-knives and pistols in their boots, marched into the com mittee room for the purpose of intimidating the committee. It was necessary that Mrs. Robinson, the wife of one of the members of the committee, should secretly convey the testimony to Speaker Banks, Mr. Howard, chairman of the committee, being unable through sickness to prepare the report, it was prepared by Mr. Sherman, and when presented to the house created a great deal of feeling and intensified antagonisms ; it was made the basis of the campaign of 1856. Opposition to Monopoly — An Authority on Finance. — During his first session in Con gress Mr, Sherman showed the opposition to monopolists that he has since consistently maintained, by saying in the debate on the submarine telegraph, "I cannot agree that our government should be bound by any con tract with any private incorporated company for fifty years ; and the amendment I desire to offer wUl reserve the power to Congress to determine the proposed contract after ten years, " He was soon a recognized authority on finance, and watched all expenditures very closely ; the then prevalent system of making contracts in advance of appropriations was sternly denounced by him as illegal, A Senator. — Mr, Sherman was re-elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress, In 1859 he was the Republican candidate for Speaker, and came within three votes of an election. In 1860 he was again elected to Congress, and on the resignation of Salmon P. Chase he was elected to his place in the Senate, taking his seat March 23, 1861. He was re-elected senator in 1867 and in 1873. In the Senate Senator Sherman was at the head of the Fi nance Committee, and served also on com mittees on agriculture. Pacific Railroad, the judiciary, and the patent office, Mr, Sherman's greatest services to the country were during the war period, when his great financial genius was demonstrated in tbe system of finances adopted by our government, and of which he was chief in devising and advocating. In 1862 he was the only member of the Senate to make a speech in favor of the Na tional Bank bUl, its final passage only being secured by the personal appeal of Secretary Chase to members opposed to it. In the same year, on a question of taxation. Senator Sherman said, "Taxes are more cheerfully paid now, in view of the mountain of calam ity that would overwhelm us if the rebellion should succeed ; but when we have reached the haven of peace, when the danger is past, you must expect discontent and complaint. The grim spectre of repudiation can never disturb us if we do our duty of taxpaying as well as our soldiers do theirs of fighting. And if, senators, you have thought me hard and close as to salaries and expenditures, I trust you will do me the justice to believe that it is not from any doubt of the abUity of our country to pay, or from a base and selfish desire for cheap reputation, or from a disinclination to pay my share ; but because / see in the dim future of our count'ry the same uneasy struggle between capital and labor — between the rich and the poor, between fund-hold^s and property-holders — that has marked the history of Great Britain for the last fifty years. I do not wish the publio . debt to be increased one dollar beyond the RICHLAND COUNTY. i6i necessities of the present war ; and the only way to prevent this increase is to restrict our expenditures to the lowest amount consistent with the public service, and to increase our taxes to the highest aggregate our industry wiU bear," In Army Service. — In 1861, during the recess of Congress, Mr._ Sherman joined the Ohio regiments, then in Philadelphia, and was appointed aide-de-camp to Gen, Robert Patterson, He remained with them until the meeting of Congress in July. At the close of the extra session of the Senate he returned to Ohio and applied himself dili gently to the raising of a brigade, which served during the whole war under the name of the "Sherman Brigade," He was intending to resign his seat as sen ator and enter the army, but was persuaded not to do so by President Lincoln and Secre tary Chase, who felt that by remaining in the Senate his watchful care of public finances, his labors to provide for the support of the armies in thefield and maintain and strengthen public credit, would be of greater public ser vice than any that counld be rendered in the army. Resumption of Specie Payments. — ^In 1867 he introduced a refunding act, which was adopted in 1870, but without the resumption clause. Prom that time onward he was the conspicuous and chief figure in financial legis lation consequent upon the war. In 1877 he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Hayes, 'The crowning triumph of Mr, Sherman's policy was realized on Jan, 1, 1879, when specie payments were success fiilly resumed, despite the most dismal fore bodings of many prominent financiers. In 1880 Mr. Sherman was a candidate for the Presidential nomination, his name being presented to the National Convention by Jas. A. Garfield, who subsequently received the nomination. In 1881 Mr, Sherman was again elected to the Senate and re-elected in 1887. In 1885 he was chosen President of the Senate pro tem. In 1884, and again in 1888, hewas a prominent candidate for the Presidency ; being the leading candidate in the convention of 1888 until Benjamin Har rison was nominated, A Pure Statesman. — Mr. Sherman's ca reer has been remarkably free from imputa tion upon his integrity, but at the time ofthe Credit Mobilier investigation a charge was made by political opponents that he had amassed great wealth out of the war. These charges were speedily squelched. " No man can say that Mr. Sherman ever, in the slightest degree, received any benefit from the government in any business opera tion connected with the government, except the salary given him by law. It is a matter of public notoriety that no one could have been more stringent in severing his connec tion with any transaction which hy possibility could affect the government, or could be af fected by pending legislation of Congress. He even carried this position to an extreme, and never bought, or sold, or dealt in any stock, bond, or security, or business which could be affected by his action in Congress." The period is probably coming when no memory will hold the long list of Presidents of these United States, while the name of John Sherman wUl be known in the memory of all generations : a statement we give in the hopeful view that the increased intelligence of the voting population will make their judgment of public men, and what consti tutes character and patriotic service, more discriminating than in our day, Mr. Sher man has published "Selected Speeches and Reports on Finance and Taxation, 1859- 1878." Judge Jacob Brinkbuhoff was born in 1810, in Niles, New York; was educated to the law ; served as a Democratic member of Congress, from 1843 to 1847, He then be came affiliated with the Pree Soil party, and drew up the famous resolution introduced by David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, and since known as the Wilmot Proviso ; the original draft of which he retained until his death in 1880, He distributed several copies of this to the Free Soil members, with the under standing that the one who first could catch tbe Speaker's eye should introduce it. Mr, Wilmot succeeded and received the historical honor by the attachment of his name, when it should have been the Brinkerhoff Pro viso. Mr. Brinkerhoff served fifteen years on the Supreme Bench of Ohio, and would have given more service but for faUing health and advancing years. He stood high as a jurist, Mordecai Bartley, the thirteenth gov ernor of Ohio, was born in Fayette county. Pa,, in 1783, In 1809 settled as a farmer in Jefferson county, Ohio, near the mouth of Cross creek. In the war of 1812 raised a company of volunteers under Harrison, After it, opened up a farm in the wilderness of Richland ; then from his savings engaged in merchandizing in Mansfield. From 1823 on served four terms in Congress, where he was the first to propose the conversion of the land grants of Ohio into a permanent fund for the support of common schools. In 1844 was elected Governor of Ohio on the Whig ticket, and showed in his State papers marked abUity. Declining a second nomination, he passed the remainder of his days in the prac tice of law and in farming near the city. He died Oct. 10, 1870, aged eighty-three years. William Logan Harris, Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, deceased in New York city about the year 1888, was born near Mansfield, Nov. 4, 1817, " He was ed ucated at Norwalk Seminary, and entered the ministry September 7, 1837, In 1848 he be came principal of Baldwin Institute, at Berea, Ohio, In 1851 he went to Delaware and took charge of the Academic Department of the Ohio Wesleyan University, and in 1852 was elected to its chair of chemistry and nat ural history, which position he held for eight years. In 1 860 he was elected assistant Cor responding Secretary of the Missionary So ciety, and was re-elected in 1864 and 1868. i62 RICHLAND COUNTY. He was elected Bishop in 1872, at Brooklyn, of D.D, from Allegheny College in 1856, and and soon after went on a tour around the his LLD, from Baldwin University in 1870. world, occupying eighteen months, in which He again went abroad several times, visiting he visited nearly every Methodist missionary missionary stations. From 1874 to 1880 re- station. He was a member of every quad- sided in Chicago and last in New York. He rennial General Conference from 1856 to 1872, contributed largely to the periodical denomi- and was Secretary of each session. In 1874 national literature, and was the author of a he was sent as delegate to the British Wes- smaU but very useful work on "The Legal leyan Conference, He received his degree Power of the General Conference, " Bellville is ten miles south of Mansfield, on the L. E. Div. of the B. & O. R. R. The principal industries are the making of rattan baskets and carriages. It is a reraarkably clean and neat village, the consequence of a fire which occurred Sept. 22, 1882. Gold is found in the neighborhood. Newspapers : Independent, Independent, J. W. Dowling, Jr., editor ; Star, Independent, E. A. Brown & Co., editors and publishers. Churches : 1 Episcopal Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Disciples, 1 Lutheran, 1 Universalist, 1 Seventh-day Baptist. Bank : Coramer cial, R. W. Bell, president ; J. B. Lewis, cashier. Population, 1880, 971. School census, 1888, 308. Independence, Post-office Butler, is thirteen miles southeast of Mansfield, on the L. E. Div. of the B. &. O. R. R. It has one Methodist Episcopal and one Evangelical church. Population, 1880, 394. School census, 1888, 190. L. L. Ford, superintendent of schools. Lexington is eight miles southwest of Mansfield, on the L. E. Div. of the B. & O. R. R. Population, 1880, 508. School census, 1888, 159. John Miller, superintendent of schools. Lucas is seven railes southeast of Mansfield, on the P., Ft. W. & C. R. R. It has one Congregational and one Lutheran church. Population, 1880, 381. School census, 1888, 203. D. K. Andrews, superintendent of schools. Plymouth is seventeen railes northwest of Mansfield, on the B. & O. R. R,, and line of Huron county. City officers, 1888 : A. O. Jump, Mayor ; W. F. Beekman, Clerk ; S. M. Rob inson, Treasurer ; William McClinchey, Street Coramissioner ; B. F. Tubbs, Mar shal. Newspaper : Advertiser, Independent, J. F. Beelraan, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Catholic, 1 Lutheran and 1 Presbyterian. Bank : First National, J. Brinkerhoff, president ; William Monteith, cashier. Population, 1880, 1,145. School census, 1888, 208. Shelby is twelve miles northwest of Mansfield, at the junction of the C. C. C. & I. and B. & O. Railroads. City officers, 1888 : Edwin Mansfield, Mayor; J. W. Williaras, Clerk; T. H. Wiggins, Solicitor; J. L. Pittinger, Treasurer; S. C. Gates, Marshal. News papers : Free Press, Independent, M. E. Dickerson, editor and publisher ; l'nder pendent News, Independent, C. E. Pettit, editor and publisher ; Times, Republi can, J. G. Hill, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 United Brethren, 1 Catholic, 1 Lutheran, 1 Methodist, 1 Reformed, 1 Disciples, and 1 other. Bank : First National, W. R. Bricker, president ; B. J. Williaras, cashier. Manufactures and Employees.— F. Brucker, planing-mill, 6 hands; Shelby Carriage Works, carriages, 8 ; Sutter, Barkdull & Co., furniture, 23 ¦ the Shelby Mill Company, flour, etc., 41 ; Heath Brothers, flour, etc., A.— State Beport, 1888. Population, 1880, 1,871. School census, 1888, 601. J. Myers, superintendent. Capital invested in industrial establishraents, $100,000. Value of annual product, $108,000.— OAio Labor Statistics, 1888. Shiloh is fourteen railes northwest of Mansfield, on the C. C. C. & I. R. R. Newspapers : Gleaner, Independent, E. L. Benton, editor and publisher ; Beview, Independent, Pettit & Frazier, editors and publishers. Churches : 1 Lutheran, 1 United Brethren, 1 Episcopal Methodist. Bank : Exchange, Smith & Ozier. Industries. — Tile and brick, grain and seed-mills, flour, egg storage. RICHLAND COUNTY. 163 Population, 1880, 661. School census, 1888, 269. C. H. Handley, superin tendent of schools. EOSS. Ross County was formed by proclamation of Gov. St. Clair, August 20, 1798, being the sixth county formed in the Northwestern Territory. Ite original limits were very extensive. It was named from the Hon. James Ross, of Allegheny county, Pa., who at that time was the unsuccessful candidate of the Federalists for the office of governor of that State. Much ofthe surface off from the valleys is hilly ; the land is generally good, and on the streams extremely fertile. The bottoms ofthe Scioto and Paint creek are famous for their abundant crops of corn. Much water-power is furnished by the various streams. The principal crops are corn, wheat and oats. It is also famed for its fine breeds of cattle, and has many swine. Area about 650 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 119,709 ; in pasture, 107,699 ; woodland, 68,852 ; lying waste, 10,534 ; produced in wheat, 571,366 bushels ; rye_, 5,266 ; buckwheat, 90 ; oats, 98,214 ; barley, 7,420 ; corn, 1,671,704; broom corn, 11,500 lbs. brush ; meadow hay, 11,079 tons; clover hay, 12,077; potatoes, 62,302* bushels; tobacco, 246 lbs.; butter, 480,662 ; cheese, 8,100; sorghum, 5,650 gallons; maple syrup, 14,413 ; honey, 6,228 lbs. ; eggs, 417,948 dozen ; grapes, 49,330 lbs. ; wine, 1,615 gallons; sweet potatoes, 953 bushels ; apples, 20,074 ; peaches, 6,003 ; pears, 641 ; wool, 43,326 lbs. ; raiich cows owned, 5,481. School census, 1888, 13,105 ; teachers, 279. Miles of railroad track, 166. Townships and Census. 1840, 1880, Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Buckskin, 1,729 2,311 Jefferson, 871 1,060 Colerain, 1,281 1,946 Liberty, 1,256 1,575 Concord, 2,548 2,801 Paint, 1,380 1,153 Deerfield, 1,235 1,475 Paxton, 1,226 2,119 Eagle, _ 411 Scioto, 5,354 12,689 Franklin, 582 1,233 Springfield, 1,062 1,287 Green, 1,820 2,058 Twin, 2,195 2,447 Harrison, 631 1,226 Union, 2,631 2,527 Huntington, 1,159 2,400 Population of Ross in 1820 was 20,610; 1830, 25,150; 1840, 27,460; 1860, 35,071 ; 1880, 40,307 : of whom 33,914 were born in Ohio ; 1,479, Virginia ; 619, Pennsylvania; 294, Kentucky ; 213, NewYork; 177, Indiana; 1,685, Gerraan Empire; 514, Ireland; 138, England and Wales; 49, Scotland; 40, Britisli America, and 30 France. Census, 1890, 39,454. Although there is considerable hilly land in the county, it is estiraated nearly half of the surface is alluvium. The cultivation of wheat is increasing in the bot toms ; that of corn on the uplands, and the farmers are diversifying their crops. The county is famed for its fine cattle. Some of these were sent in 1885, to the Kentucky State Fair, and took the prize over the luscious-fleshed animals raised in the famed blue grass region of that State. i64 ROSS COUNTY. Early Settlements. Such glowing descriptions of the beauty of the scenery apd the fertility of the soil in the Scioto countrv, having been circulated through Kentucky, by Massie and others, who had explored it in 1792, portions of the Presbyterian congre gations of Cane Ridge and Concord, in Bourbon, under Rev. Robert W-/i°ley, determined to emigrate thither.in a body. They were m a measure induced to this step by their dislike of slavery, and the uncertainty that existed in regard to the validity of the land titles in that State. The Rev Mr. Finley^ as a prelim inary step, liberated his slaves, and addressed a letter of inqmry to Col. Nathamel Massie, in December, 1794. , j. i j i • •+ tvt That letter induced Col. Massie, who was a large landholder, to visit Mr. Finley in the succeeding March. A large concourse of people who wished to en gage in the enterprise, assembled on the occasion, and fixed on a day to meet at the Three Islands in Manchester, and proceed on an exploring expedition. Mr. Finley also wrote to his friends in western Pennsylvania informing them ot the time and place of rendezvous Pioneer Exploring Pari;/.— About sixty men met according to appointment, who were divided into three companies, under Massie, Finley and Falenash, They proceeded on their route without interruption, untU they struck the falls of Paint creek and proceeded a short distance down that stream, when they found themselves in the vicinity of some Indians who had encamped at Reeves' cross ing, near Bainbridge. The Indians were of those who had refused to attend Wayne's treaty, and it was determined to give them battle, it being too late to retreat with safety. The Indians on being attacked soon fled, with the loss of two kUled and several wounded. One of the whites only, Joshua Robinson, was mortally wounded, and during the action a Mr. Armstrong, a prisoner with the Indians, escaped to his own people. The party gath ered up aU the plunder and retreated as far as Scioto Brush creek, where they were, ac cording to expectation, attacked early the next morning. Only one man of the whites was wounded, Allen GilfiUan, and the party the next day reached Manchester and sepa rated for their several homes. After Wayne's Treaty, Col. IMassie and sev eral of the old explorers again met at the house of Rev. Mr, Finley, formed a company and agreed to form a settlement in the ensu ing spring ( 1796 ), and raise a crop of corn at the mouth of Paint creek. According to agreement, they met at Manchester about the first of AprU, to the number of forty and up wards, from Mason and Bourbon, Among theni were Joseph M'Coy, Benj. and Wm. Rodgers, David Shelby, Jaraes Harrod, Henry, Bazil and Reuben Abrams, Wm. Jamison, Jas, Crawford, Samuel, Anthony and Robert Smith, Thos, Dick, Wm, and Jas, Kerr, Geo, and James Kilgore, John Brown, Samuel and Robert Templeton, Ferguson Moore, Wm, Nicholson and J, B, Finley, now a Methodist clergyman. They divided into two companies, one of which struck across the country and the other came on in pirogues. The first arrived the earliest on the spot of their intended settlement, and had commenced erecting log huts above the mouth of Paint, at "the Prarie station," be fore the others had come on by water. About 300 acres of the prairie were cultivated in corn that season, Chillicothe was laid out in August of this year, 1796, hy Col, Nathaniel Massie, in a dense forest. He gave a lot gratis to each of the first settlers, and by the last of autumn about twenty cabins were erected. Not long after, a ferry was estahlished across the Scioto at the north ^nd of Walnut street. The opening of Zane's trace, very soon afterwards, produced a great change in the course of travel west, it having previously been along the Ohio in keel boats or canoes, or by land over the Cumberland mountains, through Crab Orchard, in Kentucky. The emigrants brought up some corn-meal in their pirogues, and after that was gone, their principal meal, until the next summer, was that pounded in hominy mortars, which when made into bread and anointed with bear's oil, was quite palatable. "When the settlers first oame, whiskey was $4.50 per gaUon ; but in the spring of 1797, when the keel boats began to run, the Mo nongahela whiskey makers, having found a good market for their fire-water, rushed it in, in such quantities, that the cabins were crowded with it, and it soon feU to 50 cents. Men, women and children, with some excep tions, drank it freely, and many who had been resp'eotable and temperate became in- ehriates. Many of Wayne's soldiers and camp-women settled in the town, so that it for a time becanie a town of drunkards and a sin k of corruption. There was a little leaven, which in a few months began to develope itself. In the spring of '97, one Brannon stole a great-coat, handkerchief and shirt. He and his wife absconded, were pursued, brought back, and a formal trial had, Samuel Smith was appointed judge, a jury emnannelled, one attorney apijointed by the juage to manage the prosecution and another the defence, wit nesses were exarained, the cause argued and ROSS COUNTY. 165 the evidence summed up by the judge. The jury having retired a few minutes, returned with a verdict of guilty, and tbat the culprit be sentenced according to the discretion of the judge ; who soon announced that he should have ten lashes on his naked back, or that he should sit on a bare pack-saddle on his pony, and that his wife — who was sup posed to have had some agency in the theft — should lead the pony to every house in the viUage, and proclaim, " this is Brannon, who stole the great-coat, handkerchief and shirt," and that James B. Finley — now the Rev, J, B. Finley, chaplain ofthe Ohio penitentiary — should see the sentence faithfuUy executed. Brannon chose the latter, and the ceremony, "This is Brannon who stole the great-coat, handkerchief and shirt, " was at the door of every cabin in the vUlage, in due form, pro claimed *by his wife, he sitting on a bare pack-saddle on his pony. It was performed m the presence of Mr. Finley, and when it was over, Brannon and his wife made ofi', Dr, Edw. Tiffin and Mr, Thomas Worth ington of Berkeley county, Va, j were broth ers- in4aw, and being moved by abolition princi ples liberated their slaves, intending to re move into the Territory. For the purpose of making preparations for their renioval in in the spring, Mr. Worthington, in 1797, visited ChiUicothe and purchased several of the in and out lots of the town, aud on one of the former he erected a two-story frame hduse, the same in which Mr. CampbeU now resides on Second street, which was the first frame house erected in Chillicothe, On his return to Virginia, having purchased a part of the farm on which his widow now resides, and another at the north fork of Paint, he contracted with a Mr. Joseph Yates, a mill wright, and a Mr. Geo. Haines, a blacksrnith, to come out with him in the following winter or spring, and erect for him a grist and a saw mUl on his north fork tract. The summer, fall and following winter of that year, was marked with a rush of emigration, which spread over the high bank prairie. Pea-pea, Westfall, and a few miles up Paint and Deer creeks. Nearly all the first settlers were either reg ular members, or had been raised in the Presbyterian church. Towards the fall of 1797, the leaven of piety retained by a por tion ofthe first settlers began to diffuse itself through the mass, and a large log meeting house was erected near the old grave-yard on this side of the bridge, and the Rev. Wm, Speer, a Presbyterian clergyman from Penn sylvania, took charge. The sleep ersserved as seats for the hearers, and a split log table was used as a pulpit, Mr, Speer was a gentle manly, moral man, tall and cadaverous in person, and wore the cocked hat ofthe revo lutionary era, Thomas James arrived in February, 1798, bringing with him the first load of har-iron in the Scioto valley, and about the same time arrived Maj, Elias Langham, an officer ofthe Revolution, Dr, Tiffin and his brother Joseph arrived the same month from Vir- ginia, and opened a store not far from the log meeting-house. A store was also opened previously by John M'Dougal. On the 17th of April, the famUies of Col. Worthington and Dr, Tiffin arrived, at which time the first marriage in the Scioto valley was celebrating ; the parties were George Kilgore and Eliza beth Cochran. The ponies of the attendants of the wedding were hitched to the trees along the streets, which then were not cleared out, nearly the whole town being a wilderness. Mr. Joseph Yates, Mr. George Haines, and two or three others also arrived with the families of Tiffin and Worthington. Col, Worthington was appointed by Gen, Rufus Putnam, surveyor-general of the Northwestern Territory, surveyor of a large district of Congress lands, then to be sur veyed on the east side of the Scioto ; and Major Langham and a Mr. Matthews were appointed to survey the residue of the lands, which afterwards composed the Chillicothe land district. On their arrival there were but four shin gle-roof houses in town, on one of which the shingles were fastened with pegs. Col, Worthington's was then the only house in town with glass windows. The sash of the hotel was filled with greased paper. The sarae season settlements were made about the Walnut Plains by Samuel McCul loch and others ; Springer, Osbourn, Thomas and Elijah Chenowith, and Dyer settled on Darby creek ; Lamberts and others on Sippo ; on Foster's bottom by Samuel Davis, the Fosters and others, 'The following families also settled in and about Chillicothe : John Crouse, William Keys, WiUiam Lamb, John Carlisle, John McLanberg, William Candless, the Stocktons, the Greggs, the Bateses and others. Dr. Tiffin and his wife were the first Meth odists that resided in the Scioto valley. He was a local preacher. In the fall Worthing ton's grist and saw-mUls, on the north fork of the Paint, were finished — the first mills worthy of the name in the valley. Chillicothe was the point from which the settlements in the valley diverged. In May, 1799, a post-office was established at ChiUi cothe, and Joseph Tiffin appointed post-mas ter, Mr, Tiffin and Thomas Gregg opened taverns ; the first, under the sign of " Gen, Anthony Wayne," was at the corner of Water and Walnut streets ; and the last, under the sign ofthe " Green Tree," was on the corner of Paint and Water streets. In 1801 Na thaniel Willis moved in and established the Scioto Gazette. In 1801 the settlers along the west side of the Scioto, from ChiUicothe to its mouth, were Joseph Kerr, Hugh Cochran, Joseph Campbell, the Johnsons, James Crawford, the Kirkpatricks, the Chandlers, Beshongs, Montgomeries, Mountzes, Fosters, Pancakes, Davises, Chenowiths, Sargents, Downings, Combeses, Barneses, Uttses, Noels, Lucases, Swaynes, WUliams and Collins, at Alexan dria. On the east side of the Scioto, the Noels, Thompson, Marshall, McQuart, the i66 ROSS COUNTY. Millers, Boylston, Talbot, Mustard, Clark, the Claypoles, Renicks, Harnesses, Carneses, and many others whose names cannot now be recollected. Early Experiences in the Scioto Valley.. The Rev. J. B. Finley, who carae with his father to Chillicothe in the year 1796, in his very interesting and instructive autobiography, writes of "the rich ness of the country, the beauty of its birds and flowers, the softness of the climate, the fragrance of the atmosphere, redolent as Eden." He then goes on to describe the sufferings through the prevalence of bilious fevers, the symptoms of which often resembled those of yellow-fever. " Often there was not one meraber of the family able to help the others ; and instances occurred in which the dead lay un buried for days because no one could report. The extensive prevalence of sickness, however, did not deter iraraigration. A desire to possess the rich lands overcame all fear of sickness, and the living tide rolled on, heedless of death." In the summer of 1798 the bloody flux raged as an epidemic with great violence, and for a time threatened to depopulate the whole town of Chillicothe and its vicinity. Medical skUl was exerted to its utmost, but all to no purpose, as but few who were attacked re covered. From eight to ten were buried per day. At length a Prench trader by the name of Drouillard [Peter Druyer, or Drouillard, who interceded with the Indians to save the life of Simon Kenton], came and adminis tered to the sick with great success, giving relief in a few hours, and in almost every case effecting a permanent cure. The first Legislature met on the bank of the Scioto river, near the foot of Mulberry street, under a large sj'camore tree. This was entirely democratic, as the people repre sented themselves. The principal matter which occupied the attention of this Legisla ture was the enaction of a law for the sup pression of drunkenness. In the fall of 1796 my father set all his slaves free. He had been for years convinced that it was wrong to hold his fellow-men in bondage. Preparations being made for their removal from their Kentucky home to Ohio, about the 1st of December, twelve of the emancipated negroes were mounted on pack- horses and started for Ohio, My father placed me in charge of the company, though I wfis but 16 years of age. We were accom panied with parts of three families, with a great drove of hogs, cows and sheep. We carried with us clothes, bed-clothes, provisions and cooking utensils. _ After we crossed the Ohio river it became intensely cold, and it was with difficulty some of the colored people were kept from freez ing. Some days we were under the necessity of lying by, it was so intensely cold. After six teen days of toU and hardship we reached our place of destination on the banks of the Scioto below ChiUicothe. Here we built our winter camps, making them as warm as we could. Our bread was made of pounded hominy and corn-meal, and we lived on this, together with what we could find in the woods. Fortunately for us, game was plenty, and we caught opos sums by tbe score. The colored people lived well on this food, and were as sleek and black as ravens. In the spring my father and the rest of the famUy moved out, and as soon as we could erect a cabin all hands went to work to put in a crop of corn. It was necessary to fence in the prairie, and every one had to enclose with a fence as much ground as he had planted. The work of fencing fell to my lot. Myself and another lad built a camp, in which we lodged at night and cooked our provisions. We frequently kiUed turkeys and wUd ducks, with which we supplied our larder, and with our johnny- cake, baked on a board before the fire, we had a good supply for a vigorous appetite. After our corn was gathered and laid oy the immigrants came pouring into the country. From that time to the beginning of March I travelled over the trace from ChUlicothe to Manchester sixteen times. On one of these visits my brother John accompanied me, father having sent us by that route to Ken tucky for seed-wheat. The wheat which we brought back was, I believe, the first sojvn in the Scioto valley. This year our horses ran away, and my father sent me, in company with an Indian, whom he had employed for that purpose, to go and hunt them. We had not gone four mUes from the settlement before the Indian was bitten by a_ rattlesnake on the ankle, be tween his leggin and moccasin. It was one of the large yellow kind, fiill of poison. As soon as the Indian had kiUed his enemy, he took his knife, went a few paces, and dug up a root, the stalk of which resembled very much the stalk of flax, about nine inches long. The root was yellow and very slender, being no thicker tban a knitting-needle. This root lie chewed and swallowed. He then put more in his mouth, and after chewing it, put it upon the wound. Soon after he became deathly sick and vomited. He repeated the dose three times with the same result, and then, putting some fresh root on the bite, we travelled on. The place where he was bitten after a while became swollen, but it did not extend far and soon subsided. This root is undoubtedly the most eflfectual cure for poison in the world — a specific antidote. ROSS COUNTY. 167 I frequently hunted with John Cushon, an Indian of the Tuscarora tribe, and had good living and much fine sport, I became so passionately fond of the gun and the woods, and Indian life, that my parents feared I would go oflF with the Indians and become connected with tbem , They, were as fondly attached to me as I to them ; and notwith standing I had heard so much of their treach ery and savage barbarity, I felt that I could repose the most implicit confidence in them. The mode of living and manner of life, wbich consisted in hunting the buffalo, bear and deer in the wild woods and glens, free from care and the restraints of civilization, made Indian life to me most desirable ; and so powerfully had these things taken hold of my youthful mind, that the advice and entreaties of my beloved parents could scarcely restrain me from following it. Let it not be supposed that, though I was a backwoods boy, I had not tasted the sweets of classical literature. In my father's academy I enjoyed the advan tages of a thorough drilling in Latin and Greek, and even now I can repeat whole books of the "Mneid" ^of VirgU and the "Iliad" of Homer. I could scan Latin or Greek verse with as much fluency as I can now sing a Methodist hymn ; and I could find the square root of a given number with as much precision in ray youthful days as I could drive a centre with my rifle. The Murder of Waw-wil-a-way. In the spring of 1803 Captain Herrod, a prominent and influential settler residing a few miles west of Chillicothe, was found mur dered in the woods near his home. The body had been scalped and tomahawked, sup posedly by Indians, although many of the settlers believed it to have been the deed of a personal enemy. The circumstances are thus told in Finley's autobiography : The murder created considerable excite ment in the settlements, and many predicted a general slaughter of whites by Indians, Several days after the finding of Captain Herrod's body, David Wolfe, accompanied by two other men named Williams and Per- fuson, met on the prairie the Shawnee Chief ^'^aw-wil-a-way, the old and faithful hunter of Gen. Massie, and an unwavering friend to the whites. He was a noble, brave and in telligent Indian, known and beloved by all the settlers. Wolfe engaged him in conver sation and made a proposition to exchange guns, and, whUe examining the chief's gun, unobserved by him emptied the priming from the pan, and then handed the gun hack, re marking that he had concluded not to trade. After some further conversation and a friendly parting, Waw-wU-a-way continued on his way. As soon as his back was turned, Wolfe raised his gun and shot him through the body. Although mortally wounded ;the Indian turned on his enemies, shot and kiUed Williams, rushed upon Wolfe, stabbed him with his knife in the thigh, and when Fergu son came to Wolfe's assistance, the chief felled him with Wolfe's gun. The two sur- • viving white men were now lying at the In dian's feet, but his strength was fast failing him through loss of blood ; his sight became dim ; he staggered forward a few steps, feU to the ground and expired, W^olfe and Fer guson survived their wounds. The murder of Waw-wil-a-way created freat alarm among both Indians and whites, 'he scattered whites fied to the settlements, and the neighboring Indians to the heart of the Indian country, near Fort Greenville. Fearing a general uprising of the Indians, Gen, McArthur, with a large body of men, met tbe Indians near Port GreenvUle, and a council was held, at which the Indians de clared their purpose to abide by tbe treaty made eight years before. After tbe councU had closed, Tecumseh accompanied Gen. McArthur to ChUlicothe and made an elo quent speech in favor of peace ; the settlers then returned to their homes their fears and alarm aUayed, Chillicothe appears to have been a favorite narae with the Indians for their towns, there having been several of that name, viz., one on the site of Frankfort in this county ; one on the site of Westfall in Pickaway ; one three miles north of Xenia in Greene ; one on the site of Piqua, Miarai county, and one on the Mauraee. Col. John Johnston says : " Chillicothe is the name of one of the principal tribes of the Sliawanese. The Shawanese would say, Chillicothe otany, i. e., Chillicothe town. The Wyandots would say for Chillicothe town, Tat,a,ra,ra-Do,tia, or town at the leaning bank." Chillicothe in 1846. — Chillicothe, the seat of justice for Ross county, is situated on the west bank of the Scioto and on the line of the Ohio canal, forty-five miles south of Columbu.s, ninety-three from Cincinnati, seventy-three from Zanesville, and forty-five from the Ohio river at Portsmouth. The site is a level plain, ele vated about thirty feet above the river. The Scioto curves around it on the north, and Paint creek flows on the south. The plan and situation of Chillicothe have been described as nearly resembling that of Philadelphia, the Scioto riVer and Paint creek representing in this case the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, and both i68 ROSS COUNTY. towns being level and regularly laid out into squares. But here the comparison terminates. The scenery around Philadelphia is dissimilar and far inferior, as the view shown in the annexed engraving testifies. In truth, there are but few places in the country where the scenery partakes so much of the beautiful and magnifi cent as in this vicinity. In 1800 the seat of governraent ofthe Northwest Territory was removed by law of Congress from Cincinnati tp Chillicothe. The sessions of the territorial legis lature in that year and in 1801 were held in a sraall two-story hewed log-house, which stood on the corner of Second and Walnut streets, and was erected in 1798 by Mr. Bazil Abrams. To the main building, extending along Walnut street to wards the Scioto, was attached a hewed-log wing of two stories in height. In the lower room of the wing, Col. Thos. Gibson, then auditor for the territory, kept .his office, and in the upper lived a small family. In the upper room of the raain 'building was a billiard table and a place of resort for gamblers ; the lower room was used by the legislature, and as a court-room, as a church, and a singing- school. In the war of 1812 the building was a rendezvous and barracks for sol diers, and in 1840 was pulled down. In 1800 the old state-house was comraenced and finished the next year, for the accoramodation of the legislature and courts. It is believed that it was the first public stone edifice erected in the Territory. The mason work was done by Major Williara Rutledge, a soldier of the revolution, and the c^pentering by William Guthrie. The territorial legislature held their session in it for the first time in 1801. The convention that fraraed the constitution of Ohio was held in it, the session commencing on the first Monday in November, 1802. In April, 1803, the first State legislature raet in the house, and held their sessions until 1810. The sessions of 1810-11 and 1811-12 were held at Zanesville, and frora there reraoved ])ack to Chillicothe and held in this house until 1816, when Columbus became the perraanent capital of the State. This time-honored edifice is yet stand ing in the central part of the town, and is used as a court-house for the county. — American Pioneer. Chillicothe was incorporated January 4, 1802, and the following officers ap pointed : Samuel Finley, Ed. Tiffin, Jamies Ferguson, Alexander McLaughlin, Arthur Stewart, John Carlisle and Reuben Adams, members of the select council ; Everard Harr, assessor; Isaac Brink, supervisor; William Wallace, collector; Joseph Tiffin, town marshal. In 1807 Chillicothe had 14 stores, 6 hotels, 2 newspaper printing-offices, a Presbyterian and a Methodist church, both brick buildings, on Main street, and 202 dwelling-houses. Chillicothe contains 2 Presbyterian, 1 Associate Reformed Presbyterian, 2 Methodist, 1 Methodist Reforraed, 1 Episcopal, 1 Catholic, 1 Baptist, 1 German Lutheran, 1 Gerraan Methodist, 1 colored Baptist and 1 colored Methodist church, 1 male academy and 1 feraale seminary, 38 retail and 2 wholesale dry goods, 4 wholesale grocery, 3 hardware, and 2 book stores, 8 forwarding houses, 5 weekly newspapers, 1 bank, 4 raerchant raills, making 10,000 bbls. of flour annually, and 4 establishments which pack annually about 45,000 bbls. of pork. It is the centre of trade in the Scioto valley, and is connected with the river by the Ohio canal, which is rarely closed by ice. It has hydraulic works built at an expense of $75,000, which furnish water-power in addition to that afforded by the canal. It lies on the route ofthe conteraplated railroad frora Cumberland to Cincinnati, and is at present progressing with a healthful and steady pace. On the hill west of the town is a mineral spring, said to possess fine medicinal properties. A beauti ful ceraetery, containing 14 acres, has recently been laid out, and it is contemplated to supply the city with water from Paint creek by hydraulic power. Its popula tion in 1807 was about 1,200 ; in 1820, 2,416 ; in 1830, 2,840; in 1840, 3,977; and in 1-847 about 6,220.— OM EdUion. Chillicothe, county-seat of Ross, is on the west bank of the Scioto, 47 miles Drauonby Henry Howe in 1846. # Chillicothe, The view is from the hill west and shows the principal part of the town. The tall spire is that of the Presbyterian church, be side which appears the cupola of the first Ohio State House. To the left is the Madeira House, Scioto Kiver and bridge, and in the distauce Mount Logan, rising to the height of about 600 feet. ROSS COUNTY. 171 south of Columbus, 97 miles northeast from Cincinnati, on the C. W. & B, S. V., D., Ft. W. & C, Railroads and the Ohio Canal. Chillicothe is the centre of a large and rich agricultural region. County officers, 1888 : Auditor, Johu A. Somers; Clerk, Charles Reed; Com missioners, Simon R. Dixon, John W. Jenkins, Conrad H. Reutinger ; Coroner, Valentine Kraraer ; Infirraary Directors, Edwin B. Dolohan, Isaac Lutz, Herman Sciiiller ; Probate Judge, George B. Bitzer ; Prosecuting Attorney, Marcus G. Evans; Recorder, John F. Brown; Sheriff, Joshua R. Wisehart; Surveyor, Philip J. Laessle ; Treasurer, Nelson Purdura. City Officers, 1888: David Smart, Mayor ; Andrew J. DeCamp, Marshal ; George L. Dawley, Civil Engineer ; Philip H. Griesheimer, Coraraissioner ; Daniel Hararael, Chief Fire Department ; A. B. Cole, Solicitor ; Charles A. Malone, Clerk ; Nelson Purdum, Treasurer; Dennis Rigney, Chief of Police. Newspapers: Boss County Begister, Independent, R. Putnam, editor and publisher ; Sdoto Gazette, Republican, A. W. Search, editor and publisher; Advertiser, Democratic, Harper & Hunter, editors and publishers ; Leader, Republican, Tyler & Carrigan, editors and publishers ; Ohio SoMier, G. A. R., John T. Raper, editor and publisher ; Unsere Zeit, German Independent, J. B. & Chas. Frorara, editors and publishers. Churches : 2 Pres byterian, 2 Gerraan Evangelical, 1 African Methodist Episcopal, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, 2 Catholic, 2 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Baptist. Banks : Central Na tional, Thomas G. McKell, president, T. Spetnagel, cashier; First National, Araos Sraith, president, Edward R. McKee, cashier ; Ross County National, A. P. Story, president, John Tomlinson, cashier. Manufactures and Employees. — Otto Wisslem & Co., beer, 6 hands; Jacob Knecht, beer, 6 ; A. Miller, mineral water, 4 ; Marfield & Co., flour, etc., 30 ; Geo. J. Herrnstein & Bros., doors, sash, ete., 24 ; Union Shoe Co., ladies' and misses' shoes, 108 ; Duncan Steam Laundry, laundrying, 12 ; August Schraeider, wagons, ete., 5 ; William Miller, flour and feed, 6 ; Ingham & Co., book and newspaper, 75 ; Armstrong & Story, oak harness leather, 16 ; Valley Manufacturing Co., spokes and rough gearing, 22 ; Juneraann Electric Light Co., electric light, 4 ; Chas. Olmstead & Son, meal and feed, 3 ; Elsass & Wilson, oak harness leather, 14 ; A. G. Yeo, spokes and handles, 8 ; Sraith & Ryan, engines, boilers, etc., 30 ; Chilli cothe Leader, printing, 8 ; Daily News and Begister, printing, etc, 22 ; Marfield & Co., grain elevator, 6 ; August Deschler, iron fencing, etc., 3 ; Thomas J. Guin, out and sawed stone, 8 ; Wm. H. Reed & Co., doors, sash, etc., 25 ; Ewing & Studer, machinery, 5 ; C. W. & B. R. R. Shops, railroad repairs, 200 ; J. H. S. Furguson, ironing boards, ete., 6. — State Bepmi, 1888. Population, 1880, 10,938. School census, 1888, 3,837 ; John Hancock, school superintendent. Capital invested in industrial establishments, $640,300. Value of annual product, $1,035,300. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1887. Census, 1890, 11,288. The business of Chillicothe is much scattered. The grain business alone is larger than the entire business of some other Ohio towns of raore than half its population. On April 1, 1852, a great fire swept away a large part of the main business street, aud a better class of structures succeeded. The St. Paul's, the first Episcopal church (the first Episcopal west of the AUe ghenies), is still standing in Chillicothe, on the east side of Walnut street, near Main. It was built of stone on a brick foundation, and cost $924. On Septem ber 21, 1821, it was dedicated by Bishop Philander Chase, assisted by Rev. In trepid Morse and Rev. Ezra B. Kellogg, the latter of whom became its first pastor. In 1834, the church .was sold to Archbishop Purcell, and used as a Catholic church until 1852 ; later bythe priests as a residence. It was again sold in 1865 and is now occupied as a private residence. In the War of 1812, Chillicothe was a rendezvous for United States troops. They were stationed at Camp Bull, a stockade one mile north of the town, on the west bank ofthe Scioto. A large number of British prisoners, amounting to several hundred, were at one time confined at the carap. On one occasion, a conspiracy 172 J^OSS COUNTY. was formed between the soldiers and their officers who were confined in jail. The plan was for the privates in camp to disarm their guard, proceed to the jail, release the officers, burn the town and escape to Canada. The conspiracy was disclosed by two senior British officers, upon which, as a measure of security, the officers were sent to thc penitentiary in Frankfort, Ky. Four Deserters were Shot at Camp at One On another occasion, an execution took 2Yot€. — The ceremony was impressive and place at the same spot, under most melan- horrible. The soldiers were all marched out choly circumstances. It was that of a mere under arms with rausic playing, te witness the youth of nineteen, the son of a widow. In a death of their comrades, and arranged in one frolic he had wandered several miles from long extended line in front of the camp, camp, and was on his return when he stopped facing the river. Close by the river bank at at an inn by the way-side. The landlord, a considerable distances apart, the deserters fiend in human shape, apprised of the re- were placed, dressed in full uniform, with ward of $50 offered for the apprehension of their coats buttoned up and caps drawn over deserters, persuaded him to remain over their faces. They were confined to stakes in night, with the offer of taking him into camp. a kneeling position behind their coffins, in the morning, at which he stated he had painted black, which came up to their waists, business. The youth, unsuspicious of any- exposing the upper part of their persons to thing wrong, accepted the offer made with so the fire of their fellow-soldiers. Two sections much apparent kindness, when lo ! on his of six men each were marched before each of arrival the next day with the landlord he sur- the doomed. Signals were given by an officer rendered him as a deserter, swore falsely a» instead of words of command, so that the to the facts, claim edand obtained the reward. unhappy men should not be apprised of the The court-martial, ignorant of the circum- moment of their death. At a given signal, stances, condemned him to death, and it was the first sections raised their muskets and not until he was no more, that his innocence poured the fatal volleys into the breasts of their was known. comrades. Three of tbe four dropped dead The corpses of the deserters were placed in in an instant ; but the fourth sprang up with rough coffins made of poplar, and stained great force and gave a scream of agony. The with lamp-black, and buried on the river reserve section stationed before him were margin. After a lapse of years the freshets, ordered to their places, and another voUey washing away the earth, exposed their re- completely riddled his bosom. Even then mains, and they were subsequentlyre-interred the thread of life seemed hard to sunder. in a mound in the vicinity. In this war, the Scioto Valley at one time v/as largely depopulated of its able- bodied men, who on the opening of hostilities rushed to the defence of the northern frontier. The ladies as usual took part in their especial lines ; so when Major Croghan, the youthful hero of Fort Stephenson, had made his gallant defence "under the influence of Divine Providence," as they wrote to him, August 13, 1813, they sent him a sword. On its receipt he handsomely responded. Thirty- seven ladies contributed in the patriotic purchase and signed their names to the letter of presentation. They are annexed for the gratification of their descendants : Mary Finley, Rebecca M. Orr, Elizabeth Creighton, Eleanor Lamb, Nancy Waddle, Eliza Carlisle, Mary A. Southard, Ruhamah Irwin, Jane M. Evans, Mary Curtis, Nancy McArthur, Nancy Kerr, Sally McLane, Cath arine FuUerton, Ann Creighton, Ann M. Dunn, Margaret Keys, Charlotte James, Esther Doolittle, Susan D. Wheaton, Deborah Ferree, Frances Brush, Elizabeth Martin, Jane Heylan, Lavinia Fulton, Mary Sterret, Susan Walke, Margaret McLandburgh, Margaret McFarland, Eleanor Buchanan, Eleanor Worthington, Catharine Hough, Judith Delano, Margaret Miller, Mary P. Brown, Jane McCoy, Martha Scott. BIOGRAPHY. Edward Tiffin, the first governor of Ohio, was born in Carlisle, England, June 19, 1766. He received a good English education and began the study of medicine, which he continued on his emigration — at 18 years of age — to Berkeley county, Va. In 1789 he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. In the same year he married Mary, sister of Thomas Worthington, of Charleston^ DR. EDWARD TIFFIN, OHIO'S FIRST GOVERNOR. Nugent, Photo. The Old Constitution Table. The table on which the first Constitution of Ohio was signed, and it is still iu use in the Court House at Chillicothe. RCSi COUNTY. 173 W. Va. (afterward governor of Ohio). In 1790 Dr. Tiffin united with the Methodist church, was ordained deacon by Bishop Asbury, and all throughout his subsequent career continued to preach with rauch fervor and power. In 1*796 he manumitted his slaves, and, ac companied by his brother-in-law and Robert Lucas (all three subsequently became gov ernors ' of Ohio), removed to Chillicothe. Dr. Tiffin was of genial temperament, of high professional and general culture, and above all, of high moral purpose and charac ter. It is small wonder that such a man be came immensely popular. Gen, Washington, in a letter to Grov, St, Clair, speaks of "Dr, Tiffin's fairness of character in private and public life, together with knowledge of law, resulting from close application for a consid erable time," In 1799 he was chosen to the Territorial Legislature and unanimously elected Speaker, which position he held until Ohio became a State, In 1802 he was chosen president of the first Constitutional Convention, and his superior abUity and acquirements so impressed his feUow-delegates that at its conclusion the convention made him its candidate for gov ernor, to which office he was elected in Jan uary, 1803, without opposition. Two years later he was re-elected, again without oppo sition, and the office .was tendered him a third time, but declined. The new State of Ohio was fortunate in having as its first chief executive a man of such extraordinary and versatile talents and acquirements. The formative condition of affairs gave opportunity for the display of {xov. Tiffin's genius, and his able administra tion was of inestimable value in developing and advancing the interests of the young Commonwealth. The most notable incident of his administration was the suppression of the Burr-Blennerhassett expedition. In his message of January 22, 1807, President Jef ferson highly compliments Gov. Tiffin for his prompt and efficient action in this affair. At the close of his second term Gov, Tiffin was elected to the United States Senate, and performed valuable services for Ohio by se curing apjjropriations for the improvement of the Ohio river, the mail service, and the survey of public lands. In 1809 the death of his much-beloved wif^e was a serious blow to Senator Tiffin ; he resigned his seat In the Senate, and deter mined to retire from pubhc life ; but in the following year he was elected to the State legislature, and was made Speaker of the house, serving for several terms. He married a second wife. Miss Mary Por ter, of Delaware. Like his first wire, she was a woman of much beauty of person and character. Upon Madison's election to the Presidency he appointed Senator Tiffin to organize the land office. When Washington was burned by the British, in 1814, Dr, Tiffin was so prompt and expeditious in removing the records of his office to a place of safety, that his was the only department whose books and papers were unharmed. Wishing to re turn to Ohio, he, with the consent of the President and Senate, exchanged offices with Josiah Meigs, Surveyor-Generalof the West. He held this latter office until within a few months of his death, when he was removed by President Jackson, Dr. Tiffin died Au gust 9, 1829 ; his widow survived him untU 1837 ; three of their daughters were living in 1889, Their only son, who had studied his father's profession, was killed in a rail road accident, while returning home from Paris, where he had been attending medical lectures. Lratm by Henry Howe in 1846. Adena. Two or three miles northwest of Chillicothe, on a beautiful elevation command ing a magnificent view of the fertile valley of the Scioto and its bounding hills, 174 ROSS COUNTY. is Adena, the seat of the late Gov. Worthington. The mansion itself is of stone, is embosomed in shrubbery, and has attached a fine garden. It was erected in 1806, at which time it was the most elegant mansion in this part of the West, and crowds came to view it, in whose estimation the narae of the place, "Adena," which signifies " Paradise," did not perhaps appear hyperbolical. The large panes of glass and the novelty of papered walls appeared especially to attract attention. Its architect was the elder Latrobe, of Washington city, from which place the workmen also were. Nearly all the manufactured articles used in its construction, as the nails, door-knobs, hinges, glass, ete., were from east ofthe mountains. The glass was raade at the works of Albert Gallatin and Mr. Nicholson, at Geneva, Pa. The fire-place fronts were of Philadelphia raarble, which cost $7 per hun dred for transportation. The whole edifice probably cost double what it would have done if erected at the present day. It is now the residence of the widow of the late governor, of whom we annex a brief notice. — OM Edition. Thomas Worthington, one of the ear liest and most distinguished pioneers of Ohio, was born in Jefferson county, Va. , about the year 1769, and settled in Ross county in 1798, He brought from Virginia a large number of slaves, whom he emancipated.^ and some of their descendants yet reraain m Chillicothe. A man of ardent temperament, of energy of mind and correct habits or life, he soon became distinguished both in business and in political stations. He wasa member of thecon- vention of 1803, to form a State constitution, in which he was both able and active. Soon after that he became a senator in Congress from the new State, and was a participant in the most important measures of the admin istrations of Jefferson and Madison. At the close of his career in Congress, he was elected governor of the State, in which capacity he was the friend and aid of all the liberal and wise measures of policy which were the found ation of the great prosperity of Ohio._ After his retireraent from the gubernatorial chair he was'appointed a member of the first board of canal commissioners, in which capacity he served till his death, A large landholder, engaged in various and extensive business, and for thirty years in public stations, no man in Ohio did more to form its character and promote its prosperity. He died in 1827. The pioneer author of the Scioto valley, Col. John McDonald, should be gratefully remembered. He was of Scotch (Highland) stock ; was born in North umberland county, Pa., January 28, 1775. In the spring of 1792 he joined Gen. Massie's settlement at Manchester. He was a boatman, hunter, surveyor, Indian fighter, and, under Massie, took a prominent part in all the expeditions leading to the settlement of the Scioto valley. He was a colonel in the war of 1812, and held various civil offices. He died on his farm at Poplar Ridge, Ross county, September 11, 1853. He was a modest, valuable man. His little book, now out of print, " McDonald's Sketehes," details the woful experiences of the early explorers of the valley with lifelike truthfulness and simplicity. The sketches of Worthington, Massie, and McArthur, herein given, are abridged raainly from his " Sketches." Nathaniel Massie was born in Gooch land county, Virginia, Dec. 28, 1763. His father, a farmer in easy circumstances, and of plain good sense, educated his sons for the practical business of life. In 1780 Nathaniel, then being seventeen years of age, was for a short time in the revolutionary army. After his return he studied surveying, and in 1 783 left to seek his fortunes in Kentucky. He first acted as a surveyor, but soon joined with it the locating of lands. His Characteristics. — "Young Massie soon became an expert surveyor, and it was a raat ter of astonishment (as he was raised in the dense population east ofthe mountains) how soon he acquired the science and habits of the backwoodsmen. Although he never prac tised the art of hunting, he was admitted by aU who knew his qualifications as a woods man, to be of the first order. He could steer- bis course truly in clear or cloudy weather, and compute distances more correctly than most of the old hunters. He could endure fatigua and hunger with more coraposure than the most of those persons who were in ured to want on the frontier. He could live upon meat without bread, and bread without meat, and was perfectly cheerful and con tented with his fare. In all the perUous sit uations in which he was placed, he was always conspicuous for his good feeling and the happy temperaraent of his mind. His cour age was of a cool and dispassionate cha?'acter, which, added to great circumspection in times of danger, gave nim a complete ascendancy over his companions, who were always wiUing to follow when Massie led the way." Swveys Land. — He also soon became in- GEN. DUNCAN McARTHUR, Governor of Ohio, 1830-1832.^ THOMAS WORTHINGTON, Governor of Ohio, 1814-1818. WILLIAM ALLEN, Governor of Ohio, 1874-1876. ROSS COUNTY. 177 terested with Gen. James WUkinson in spec ulations in salt, then an article of great scarc ity in the West — with what pecuniary suc cess, however, is unknown. He was employed as a surveyor by Col. R, C. Anderson, prin cipal surveyor of the Virginia military lands, and for a time was engaged in writing in the office of Col, Anderson, who had the control of the land warrants, placed in his hands by his brother officers and soldiers. "A very large amount of the.se, so soon as the act of Congress of August, 1 790, removed aU further obstruction, he placed in the hands of Massie, to enter and survey on such terras as he could obtain from the holders of them. As the risk of raaking entries was great, and as it was desirable to possess tbe best land, the owners of warrants, in most cases, made liberal contracts with the surveyors. One- fourth, one-third, and sometimes as much as one-half acquired by the entry of good lands, were given by tbe proprietors to the survey ors. If the owners preferred paying money, the usual terms were ten pounds, Virginia currency, for each thousand acres entered and surveyed, exclusive of chainmen's expenses. These terms cannot appear extravagant, when we consider that at that time the danger en countered was great, the exposure during the winter severe, and that the price of first-rate land in the West was low, and an immense quantity in market. "The locations of land-warrants in the Virginia military district between the Scioto and the Little Miami, prior to 1790, were made by stealth. Every creek which was explored, every line that was run, was at the risk of life from the savage Indians, whose courage and perseverance was only equaUed by the perseverance of the whites to push forward their settlements." Founds Manchester. — In 1791 Massie made the first settlement within the Virginia mili tary district at Manchester. During the win ter, of '92-'93, he continued to locate and survey the best land within a reasonable dis tance of the station of Manchester,- " In the fall of the year 1 793 Massie determined to attempt a surveying tour on the Scioto river. This, at this time, was a very dangerous un dertaking ; yet no danger, unless very immi nent, could deter him from making the at tempt. For that purpose he employed about thirty men, of whom he chose three as as sistant surveyors. These were John Beasley, Nathaniel Beasley, and Peter Lee. It was in this expedition Massie employed, for the first time, Duncan McArthur as a chainman or marker." Explores the Scioto Valley. — " In the month of October some canoes were pro cured, and Massie and his party set off by water. They proceeded up the Ohio to the mouth ofthe Scioto, thence up the Scioto to the mouth of Paint creek, WhUe meander ing the Scioto, they made some surveys on the bottoms. After reaching the mouth of Paint creek, the surveyors went to work. Many surveys were made on the Scioto, as far up as WestfaU. Some were made on 12 Main, and others on the north fork of Paint creek, and the greatest parts of Ross and Pickaway counties in the district were well explored and partly surveyed. Massie fin ished his intended work without ineeting with any disturbance from the Indians. But one Indian was seen during the excursion, and to him they gave a hard chase. He, however, escaped. The party returned home delighted with the rich country of the Scioto valley which they had explored. "During the winter of 1793-4 Massie, in the midst of the most appalling dangers, ex plored the different branches to their sources, which run into the Little Miami river, and thence passed in a northeastern direction to tbe heads of Paint and Clear creeks, and the branches that forra those strearas. By these expeditions he had formed, from personal observation, a correct knowledge of the geo graphical situation of the country composing the Virginia military district." Hardships. — ' ' During the winter of 1 794-5 Massie prepared a party to enter largely into the surveying business, Nathaniel Beasley, John Beasley, and Peter Lee were again em ployed as the assistant surveyors. The party set off from Manchester, well equipped, to prosecute their business, or, should occasion offer, give battle to the Indians. They took the route of Logan's trace, and proceeded to a place called the deserted camp, on Tod's fork of the Little Miarai. At this point they comraenced surveying, and surveyed large portions of land on Tod's fork, and up the Miami to the Chillicothe town (now in Clark county), thence up Massie's creek and Caesar's creek nearly to their heads. By tbe time the party had progressed thus far winter had set in. The ground was covered with a sheet of snow from six to ten inches deep. During the tour, which continued upwards of thirty days, the party had no bread. For the first two weeks a pint of flour was distributed to each mess once a day, to mix with the soup in which meat had been boUed. When night came, four fires were made for cooking, that IS, one for eaoh mess. Around these fires, till sleeping- time arrived, the company spent their time in the most social glee, singing songs and telling stories. _ When danger was not apparent or imraediate, they were as merry a set of men as ever asserabled. Rest- ing-time arriving, Massie alwaj's gave the signal, and the whole party would then leave their comfortable fires, carrying with them their blankets, their firearms, and their httle baggage, walking in perfect silence two or three hundred yards frora their fires. They would then scrape away the snow and huddle down together for the night. Each mess formed one bed ; they would spread down on the ground one-half of the blankets, reserv ing the other half for covering. The cover ing blankets were fastened together by skew ers, to prevent them from slipping apart. Thus prepared, the whole party crouched down together with their rifles in their arms, and their pouches under their heads for pU lows 1 lying spoon-fashion, with three heads 178 ROSS COUNTY. one way and four the other, their feet ex tending to about the middle of their bodies. When one turned the whole mass turned, or else the close range would be broken and the cold let in. In this way they lay tiU broad daylight, no noise and scarce a whisper being uttered during the night, • When it was per fectly light, Massie would call up two of the men in whom he had most confidence, and send them to reconnoitre and make a_ circuit around the fires, lest an ambuscade might be formed by the Indians to destroy the party as they returned to the fires. This was an invariable custom in every variety of weather. Self-preservation required this circumspec tion." Some time after this, while survey ing on Csesar's creek, his men attacked a party of Indians, and they broke and fied. After the defeat of the Indians by Wayne, tbe surveyors were not interrupted by the Indians ; hut on one of their excursions, still remembered as "the starving tour," the whole party, consisting of twenty-eight men, suffered extremely in a driving snow-storm for about four days. They were in a wilder ness, exposed to this severe storm, without hut, tent, or covering, and what was still more appalling, without provision and with out any road or even track to retreat on, and were nearly 100 miles from any place of shel ter. On the third day of the storra, they luckily kUled two wild turkeys, which were boiled and divided into twenty-eight parts, and devoured with great avidity, heads, feet, entrails and all. Founds Chillicothe. — In 1796 Massie laid the foundation of the settlement of the Scioto valley, by laying out on his own land the now large and beautiful town of Chillicothe, The progress of the settlements brought large quantities of his land into market, Massie was high in the confidence of St, Clair ; and having received the appointment of colonel, it was through him that the mUitia of this region were first organized. Colonel Massie was an efficient member of the con vention which formed the State constitution. He was afterwards elected senator from Ross, and at the first session of the State legisla ture was chosen speaker. He was elected the first major-general of the second division of the Ohio mUitia under the new constitution. Elected Governor and Refuses the Office. — Gen, Massie was at this time one of the largest landholders in Ohio, and selected a residence at the falls of Paint creek, in this county, where he had a large body of excel lent land, "In the year 1807 Gen. Massie and Col. Return J, Meigs were competitors for the office of governor of Ohio, They were the most popular men in the State. Col. Meigs received a small majority of votes. The election was contested by Massie on the ground that Col, Meigs was ineligible by the constitution, in consequence of his absence from the State, and had not since his return lived in the State a sufficient length of time to regain his citizenship. The contest was carried to the General Assembly, who, after hearing the testimony, decided that ' Col. Meigs was iireligible to the office, and that Gen Massie was duly elected governor ef the State of Ohio.' Massie, however desirous he might have been to hold the office, was too magnanimous to accept it when his com petitor had a majority of votes. After the decision in his favor he immediately re signed, ' ' After this, he, as often as his leisure would permit, represented Ross county in the legis lature. He died Nov. 3, 1813, and was buried on his farm. ' ' His character was well suited for the settlement of a new coun try, distinguished as it was by an uncommon degree of energy and activity in the business in which he was engaged. His disposition was ever marked with liberality and kind ness. ' ' Duncan M'Aethur, who was of Scotch parentage, was born in Dutehess county. New York, in 1772, and when eight years of age, his father removed to the frontiers of Pennsylvania. His father was in indigent circumstances, and Duncan, when of sufficient age, hired out as a laborer. At the age of eighteen years, he was a volunteer in Harmar's campaign. In 1792, he was a private in the corapany of Capt. Wm. Enoch, and acted with so much intrepidity in the battle of Captina, as to render him very popular with the frontier men. After this, he was for a while a laborer at sorae salt-works near Maysville, Ky., and in the spring of 1793, engaged as a chain-bearer to Gen. Nathaniel Massie, and pene trated with hira and others into the Scioto Valley to make surveys, at a time when such an enterprise was full of danger from the Indians. He was afterwards em ployed as a spy against the Indians on the Ohio, and had sorae adventures with thera, elsewhere detailed iu this volume. He was again in the employment of Gen. Massie; and after the treaty of Greenville, studied surveying, became an assistant surveyor to Gen Massie, and aided hira to lay out Chillicothe. He, in the course of this business, becarae engaged in the purchase and sale of lands, by which he acquired great landed wealth. In 1805 he was amember of the Legisla- in 1808, major-general of the State militia. ture from Ross ; in 1806 elected colonel, and In May, 1812, he was commissioned colond ROSS COUNTY. 179 in the Ohio volunteers, afterwards marched to Detroit, and himself and regiment were included in HuU' s surrender. He was second in command on this unfortunate expedition ; but such was the energy he displayed, that, notwithstanding, after his return as a prisoner of war on parole, the Democratic party, in the fall of 1812, elected him to Congress by an overwhelming majority. In March, 1813, he was commissioned a brigadier-general in the army, and having heen regularly ex changed as prisoner of war, soon after re signed his seat in Congress to engage in active service. Mditary Services. — About the time the enemy were preparing to attack Fort Stephen son, the frontiers were in great danger, and Harrison sent an express to M' Arthur to hurry on to the scene of action with all the force he could muster. Upon this, he ordered the second division to march in mass. "This march of the militia was named the 'general call.' As soon as Governor Meigs was advised of the call made by General M' Arthur, he went forward and assumed in person the command of the militia now under arms. General M' Arthur went forward to the scene of action, and the railitia followed in thousands. So promptly were his orders obeyed, that in a few days the Sandusky plainswere covered with nearly eightthousand men, mostly from Scioto valley. This rush of mUitia to defend the exposed frontier of our country, bore honorable testiraony that the patriotism of the Scioto valley did not consist of noisy professions, but of practical service in defence of their country. This general turn-out of the militia proves that General Massie, and the few pioneers who fol lowed him into the wUderness, and assisted him in making the first settlements in tbe fertile vaUey of the Scioto river, had infused their own daring and enterprising spirit into the mass of the community. Among these eight thousand militia were found in the ranks as private soldiers, judges, raerchants, lawyers, preachers, doctors, mechanics, farmers and laborers of every description ; all anxious to repulse the ruthless invaders of our soil. Indeed, the Scioto country was so stripped of its male population on this occa sion, that the women in their absence were compeUed to carry their grain to mill, or let their children suffer for want." These troops having arrived at Upper Sandusky, formed what was called the "grand camp of Ohio mUitia." Gen. M' Arthur was detaUed to the command of Fort Meigs, The victory of Perry, on the 10th of September, gave a fresh impetus to the army, and Harrison con centrated his troops at Portage river, where, on the 20th, the brigade of M' Arthur, from Fort Meigs, joined him. On the 27th, the army embarked in boats and crossed over to Maiden, and a few days after. Gen. M' Arthur, with the greater part of the troops, was charged with the defence of Detroit, After the resignation of Harrison, in the spring of 1814, M' Arthur, being the senior trigadier-general, the command of the N. W. army devolved on him. As the enemy had retired discomfited from the upper end of Lake Erie, and most of the Indians were suing for peace, the greater part of the reg ular troops under his command were ordered to the Niagara frontier. M' Arthur had a number of small forts to garrison along the frontier, whUe he kept his main force at Detroit and Maiden, to overawe the Cana dians and the scattering Indians stiU in the British interest. The dull monotony of going from post to post was not the most agreeable service to his energetic mind. He projected an expedition into Canada, on which he was absent about a fortnight from Detroit, with 650 troops and 70 Indians, At or near Malcolm's mill, the detachment had an action with the force of about 500 Cana dian mUitia, in which they defeated them with a loss of 27 killed and wounded, and raade 111 prisoners ; while the American loss was only 1 killed and 6 wounded. In this excursion, the valuable mills ofthe enemy in the vicinity of Grand river- were destroyed, and their resources in that quarter essentially impaired. After returning from this suc cessful expedition, the war languished in the northwest. General M' Arthur continued in service and was at Detroit when peece was The ir. S. Bank Contest.— In the faU of 1815 he was again elected to the Legislature. In 1816 he was appointed commissioner to negotiate a treaty with the Indians at Spring- well, near Detroit ; he acted in the same capacity at the treaty of Fort Meigs, in Sep tember, 1817, and also at the treaty at St, Mary's in the succeeding year. In 1817, upon being elected to the Legislature, he was a competitor with the late Charles Hammond, Esq,, for the Speaker's chair, and triumphed by a small majority. The next summer, the party strife on the United States bank ques tion, which had commenced the previous ses sion, was violent. M'Arthur defended the right of that institution to place branches wherever it chose in the State, and on this issue was again a candidate for the Legislature and was defeated, "A considerable majority of members elected this year were opposed to the United States bank. Mr. Hammond was again elected a member of the assembly, and by his talents and readiness in wielding his pen, together with his strong and confi dent manner of speaking, was able to dictate law to this assembly. A law was passed at this session of the Legislature, taxing each branch of the United States bank, located in the State of Ohio, fifty thousand doUars. When the time arrived for collecting this tax, the branch banks refused to pay. Mr, Ham mond had provided in the law for a case of this kind : the coUector was authorized, in case the bank refused to pay the tax, to em ploy armed force and enter the banking house and seize on the money, and this was p.otually done ; the coUector, with an armed force, entered the branch bank in the town of Chillicothe and took what money he thought proper. i8o ROSS COUNTY. "The bank brought suit in the United States circuit court against all the State officers concerned in this forcible collection. Mr. Hammond, a distinguished lawyer, with other eminent counsel, was employed by the State of Ohio to defend this important cause. The district court decided the law of Ohio, levying the tax, unconstitutional, and, of course null and void ; and made a decree, directing the State to refund to the bank the money thus forcibly taken. The cause was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, Mr, Hammond defended the suit in all its stages. The Supreme Court decided this cause against the State of Ohio. Thus was settled this knotty and vexatious question, which, for a time, threatened the peace of the Union." Political Honor. — In 1819 M'Arthur was again elected to the Legislature, In 1822 he was again chosen to Congress, and became an undeviating supporter of what is called the American system. "While General M'Ar thur remained a member of Congress, he had considerable^ influence in that body. His persevering industry, his energetic mind, his sound judgment, and practical business habits, rendered him a very efficient member. He wonld sometimes make short, pithy remarks on the business before the house, but made no attempts at those flourishes of eloquence which tickle the fancy and please the ear. After having served two sessions in Congress, he declined a re-election, heing de termined to devote all his efforts to arrange his domestic concerns. He left the fleld of politics to others, and engaged with an un remitted attention to settle his land busi ness," In 1830, M'Arthur was elected gov ernor of Ohio by the anti-Jackson party, and on the expiration of his term of office was a candidate for Congress, and lost his election, which terminated his political career. By an unfortunate accident in June, 1830, M'Arthur was horribly bruised and maimed. From this severe misfortune his bodily and mental powers constantly declined, until death, several years after, closed his career. Duncan M'Arthur was a strong-minded, energetic man and possessed an iron will He was hospitable, close in business, and had many bitter and severe enemies. TRAVELLING NOTES. Upland Cemetery, at Chillicothe, is an especially interesting spot, both historic ally and pictorially. In it lie the reraains of four governors of the State : Ed ward Tiffin, the first governor, 1803-1807; Thoraas Worthington, 1814-1818; Duncan McArthur, 1830-1832, and William Allen, 1874-1876. The cemetery contains about 100 acres of woodland, partly old forest trees ; largely intermin gled are evergreens, as Irish juniper, Norway spruce, white and Austin pine. Among the interesting monuments is that to the memory of Gen. Joshua W. Sill, a very proraising young officer, one of the earliest of the sacrifices of the war. He was a graduate of West Point, but at the outbreak of hostilities was in civil life. He fell at Stone river, December 31, 1862, universally lamented. The cemetery is about a mile south of the city, on the western hills. There, on the most northerly point, at an elevation of 170 feet, overlooking the beautiful city which he founded, is the raonument and tomb of Nathaniel Massie. The view is singularly beautiful and coraraanding, embracing the city, the windings of the Scioto, with Mount Logan in the distance. The shaft of the monument is of Scoteh granite, about thirty feet high, and on its face is this inscription : Gen. Nathaniel Massie, Founder of CHILLICOTHE. Born in Goochland County, Virginia, Dec. 28, 1763 ; Died, Nov. 3, 1813, Drawn Jy Henry Howe in 1846, A1»E FiBST Ohio State-House. The County Buildings, Chillicothe. These occupy the site ofthe old State-House. i8i ROSS COUNTY. 183 Mr. Massie was originally buried on his farm. In June, 1870, the remains, with those of his wife, were removed here. Near the Massie raonument is the Soldiers' monument, an imposing structure. It is of marble, about twenty-five feet high ; consists of two cubes on a pedestal ; on thera are bronze tablets, with in.scriptions, and figures in basso-rilievo. The whole is surmounted by the figure of a soldier in bronze, at rest, in graceful attitude, leaning on his rausket. The Old State Capitol, shown in the en graving, was destroyed in 1852. The old building stood on the site of the present court-house, exactly where is now the court room of the latter. The small building on the right was used by the treasurer and au ditor. The buUding partly shown in the rear was the stone iaU. The church in the rear is yet standing. In the year I made the sketch, March 6, 1 846, a noted burglar and murderer, Henry Thomas, was banged on a gaUows ¦erected before the front door; It was the second criminal execution in the county since its organization. He was hanged for the murder of Fred, Edwards, storekeeper at Bourneville. Thomas sold his body to Dr, Hull, of that place, who preserved the skele ton. The Ohio Eagle. — The Chillicothe Library has about 9.000 volumes, I went in to see tlie "Ohio Eagle," the identical eagle that for nearly half a century had stood perched ¦on the summit of the cupola of the Old State House and glinted in the first rays of the morning sun as it came up frora behind Mount Logan, It had been placed there as a relic. It was made of four pieces of sheet- brass, rivited, two feet and six inches high, two feet broad, and black as a stove — its gilt long since gone. It never was much of an eagle, but served for the beginning of Ohio, and should be duly honored. The Old Librarian. — About as great a curiosity as the eagle was the librarian him self, Mr. Henry Watterson, who was within two years as old as that bird. He thus gave nie his record, extraordinary for the genus hnmo : Was born in Albany, N. Y., March 25, 1 804 ; therefore, then 82 years old. Came to ChiUicothe in 1841 ; is an omnivorous reader, but reads no fiction except Scott's novels ; walks six miles daily; height, 5 feet, 9| inches ; chest measurement, 32 inches; weight, one hundred and four pounds ; had one leg broken ; one arm broken once and another broken three times, and the last time it was broken it was broken in three places ; had six attacks of fever— in one of them was so far gone that his raother made his shroud_ ; recovering, she changed it into a shirt ; it went on duty as a shirt until it was worn out as a shirt. To have eighty-two years of his tory thus personified, and so much broken, too, and once so near dead, withal, and yet nimbly mount a step-ladder and bring down from a top shelf some of the gathered wisdom of the ages for one's edification, was a marvel indeed. The Old Constitution Table. — In the re corder's office stands the table on which was feigned the old constitution of Ohio, adopted November 29, 1802 ; and that table has been in constant use from that day to this. It stands on its old legs, save one. Tbe top is of black walnut and the legs cherry ; its height, 2 feet 4 inches ; its form, oval, 6 feet long and 3 feet 8 inches wide. On this table once stood Hon. Thomas Scott and made a speech to his fellow-citizens, congratulating them on the adoption of the constitution. He had been secretary ofthe convention. In 1846 he was one of its five surviving mem bers, two of whom were Joseph Darlington and Israel Donalson of Adams county ; the other two names not recollected by me, if then known. It was from the manuscript of Judge Scott that I obtained the items re specting the first settlement of the county. ChUlicothe has changed but little since that olden time of 1846. The best residences are scattered. The houses, with rare exceptions, are tbe old-style square houses, sometimes caUed " box- houses, " They are largely of brick, with large rooms, some two and a few only one-story high, with ample yards and gardens. No fanciful architecture, with os tentatious, sky-clirabing towers, no pepper- hox-shaped pinnacles greet the eye. Money was largely put inside for comfort and conve nience and having "a good time generally all around, ' ' and the old-style people got it. The town was great in character, having had so many strong first-class men as its leading citizens. It was the admiration of strangers in its halcyon days, and among these was Daniel Webster. He went into the country and I believe ascended Mount Logan, and had an eye-feast as he looked over the valleys of the Scioto and Paintcreek, The beauty and fertility, the immense fields of corn and wheat, the fat luscious cattle apd the vast doraains of single owners, filled him with the sense of agricultural magnificence new in his experience. Ever after, when any Scioto valley people called upon him, he was strong in his praises, which made them feel good, though on one or two occasions this was marred by his blunder, when aUuding to the beauty of Paint creek, by his caUing it Pain creek, A most useful and valued acquaintance made in my first sojourn in the "Ancient Me tropolis " in 1846, was Seneca W, Ely, prob ably the oldest editor and printer now in the harness in Ohio. He had then been editor and principal proprietor of the Scioto Gazette — a leading Whig journal, founded in 1800, and still in existence — since 1835. and was known and respected throughout the State as an influential writer and poUtician. Mr. Ely was born in eastern Pennsylvania, learned the trade of a printer at Rochester among the i84 ROSS COUNTY. New York " Yankees," perfecting his knowl edge of "the art preservative of all arts " in Philadelphia, He was an active participator with the older politicians, Ewing, Bond, Stan bery, Creighton, Thrall and a host of others, in forwarding the principles and fortunes of the " grandest old party ever formed," as he used to express it— the party of Clay, Web ster and compatriots. In the 1840's Mr, Ely was one of the first subscribers to the construction fund of a rail road—the third in the State— from Marietta to the Little Miami at Loveland, He was made one of the officers of the road, but the Seneca W. Ely. enterprise exhausted the comfortable little fortune he had acquired, and he accepted the treasurership of the first street railroad in Cincinnati. During the civil war he was em ployed in sanitary services, especially at St, Louis, From 1870 to 1874 he edited the leading Republican paper of Miami county, and for eighteen months a paper in Circle ville, and then returned to Cincinnati as one of the editorial staff of the Gazette. When the Gazette and Commercial coalesced his services were accepted on the joint enterprise, and he continues yet an active member ofthe editorial corps of that leading journal. Like Greeley, he has passed a "busy Ufe," and though, like the same renowned editor, he may not have " Gathered gear from every wile. That's justified by honor," We believe it may truly he said for him— "Although your way of life Is fallen into the sere, the yellow leaf. You've that which should accompany old age. As honor, love, obedience, troops of friends.' Ephraim George Squier and Dr. Edwin Hamilton Davis, the archaeologist, in 1846 were engaged in making their explorations and surveys, and Mr, Ely introduced me to them. Mr. Davis was a native of ChiUi cothe, and was then about 35 years of age. He was a reserved and somewhat diffident fentleman, and of the highest character. he latter part of his life was passed in New York, pursuing arch^ological studies, Mr. Squier was an entirely different man. He had come from the East to assist in editing the Scioto Gazette. He was then about 26 years of age, blonde, small and boyish in figure, but one of the most audacious, inci sive spirits I have known. In coming te Columbus with Mr. Ely, just prior to the opening ofthe legislature, Squier said to him that he was going to get the clerkship of the house. Surprised, the other replied, "Why, Squier, you can't do that ; you ve just corae to the State; you are not even a citizen." " I don't care, I shaU do it." And he did. He had a talent for management, and not withstanding his insignificant presence could make his way everywhere, with no fear of power, station, nor weight of inteUect and character. One day he was riding out with Ely, when they came in sight of some ancient earth works. He thereupon inquired about them. The latter told him, upon which he became greatly interested, and said that would be his field of work — he did not care ahout politica. In the course of conversation Squier asked if there was anybody in Chillicothe interested in archaeology. "Yes, there is IMr. Davis, who ten years ago assisted Charles Whittle sey in his explorations and surveys of the Newark antiquities, and is stUl gathering reUcs," The result was, he united with Da vis, who furnished the funds, and they worked together, 'The publication of their work by the Smith sonian Institution set Squier upon a pedestal. John L. Stephens' work upon the "Antiqui ties of Central America," issued in 1841, created a great sensation, showing that that country was a rich field for archaeological re search. Squier, on the pubUcation of their work, applied for and obtained the position of speciiil chargi d'affaires to Central Amer ica, his object being to investigate archaeology and kindred topics. Both he and Mr. Davis died in 1887. In my last visit to Chillicothe I had the pleasure of meeting Col. William E. Gilmore, one of the city's venerables and its postmaster, holding over from Mr. Arthur's administration. A military man, were he a Baston instead of a Scioto valley production, he doubtless to-day would be enrolled in its "Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company," a high private, raarching in its ranks, touch ing elbows with Gen. Banks. He has a higher honor. He delivered the last speech uttered by mortal man ROSS COUNTY. 185 in the old State capitol. This was in 1852 ; a sort of wind-up blast in behalf of Winfield Scott for President, pungent and humorous. The Colonel has had an interesting and lively career, as he teUs us in his rich and racy autobiography in the County History. He was born in Chillicothe, Nov, 3, 1824, and of excellent parents : his father a purely good, honest gentleman, who promptly dis charged every duty as husband, tailor, citizen and public man. Then, with a heart-tribute to the memory of his mother, he opens his heart about himself, "Of course, writes he, "as brat, boy and youth — as somebody has divided male infancy — I had lots of fun, I was instructed a little, studied some, and was thrashed much ! "By Mrs. Wade and Miss Jane Luckett, with a. slipper ; " Hiram McNemar, boxing my ears ; "RosweU HiU, with aflat ruler; "Daniel Hearn, with a hickory switch; "John Garret, with a cowhide; "John Graham, with his tongue; and "Wm, B, Franklin, with a sole leather strap ; "AU in the order naraed ; and was so pre pared for Athens College, which I entered in 1839." _ A cruel memory of his childhood had made him bate slavery. This was the sight at Portsmouth of a long coffle of negro slaves, men and women chained, two by two, with children of all ages of infancy following the gang, driven by ruffianly, brutal-looking white men. They were on their way from Virginia to the auction-blocks in Kentucky and 'Ten nessee, On entering coUege and avowing his senti ments, the Southern students called him "a d d Abolitionist;" and he had to "eat dirt or fight," "I didn't," he says, "eat dirt, and consequently had a large number of battles forced upon me with the Virginia and Kentucky students." In one of these his arm was broken, from which he suffers to this day. Being full of life and animal spirits, he entered into all the practical jokes and "devilments " of the students, but doing nothing malicious. Finally he played a trick upon Professor Dan Reid, and then, to avoid the danger of being shot out, wisely with drew from the classic halls. This was in 1841. He then studied law, hecame converted in a reHgious revival, studied at Lane Seminary, was fiir il time in the ministry of the Presby terian riiurch, but when the war ensued was practisinir the law. He enlisted the first lOiTDnny raised in Chillicothe, and served as 11 Cl, lonel. Since the war he has pursued the Ihw hnd politics ; first in Missouri and last in Ohio, and with force and telling vigor. He is a large man, with a somewhat massive countenance, especially useful for the display ofthe emotions of a social, kindly and humor ous spirit. He is an adept alike with tongue and pen. His paper upon tbe "Bench and Bar,' in the County History, is a unique specimen of character-drawing, with unique characters as models such as no other bar in Ohio could supply. His criticism, published Oct, 14, 1888, in the Cincinnati Commercial- Gazette, upon' Hinsdale's recently issued work, " The Old Northwest," is in a kindly spirit. While bearing testiraony to its scholarship, he very properly points to its oraissions in regard to the great work of the Virginia pioneers in the Scioto valley ; and combats the allegation that they tried to fasten slavery upon the State Constitution, and would probably have succeeded but for the single saving vote in the committee of Judge Ephraim Cutler, of Marietta. Gilmore winds up his dissection of the evidence by the true allegation, that "this was the first time the world had ever heard one word of a struggle to fasten the institution of negro slavery upon Ohio by tbat convention. For one hurable Buckeye, ' ' he says, "I resent the imputation upon my ancestry and State involved in the charge that such an effort was ever made. The Virginians who settled this portion of the territory northwest of the Ohio river never desired to continue negro slavery. Tiffin, Worthington, and many more of them left Old Virginia, and made homes for them selves and their descendants, because they condemned and abhorred the system. They liberated the slaves they owned in Virginia. Tiffin and Worthington — it is a matter of record — each refused $5,000 for the slaves they manumitted voluntarily and from con victions of duty, and came to the Scioto val ley with less than half the money they de clined to receive for their slaves, "Profoundly honoring the raemories of these grand and good men, I cannot silently perrait them to stand falsely charged in his tory with having been participators in and advocates of that institution — now happily passed away — which Jobn Wesley ep'tomized as 'the sum of aU villanies.' " The citizens of Chillicothe, with commend able pride, rejoice in the fact that their town was the birthplace of Lucy Webb Hayes, and where she passed her youth. Her child hood home, is or was lately, standing on a street corner, a plain two-story square struc ture, with about eight rooms, with ahaU run ning through the centre. Meraories of her winsome ways when a child are cherished by the elderly people. The Cattle Business. The stock business of the West had its origin and rise in Ross county and the Scioto valley, and the first imported stock seen in the Northwest Territory was r86 ROSS COUNTY. brought at an early date to Chillicothe. The following facts in regard to it are from a correspondent ofthe Cincinnati Commerdal- Gazette: Cattle raising was an industry of great importance in Ohio prior to 1850. The remoteness of the settlements from markets in the early days of the century made the price of grain so low that the most profitable disposition that could be made of it was to feed it to cattle. So, on the rich bottom lands of the Scioto, the business of raising cattle for the Eastern markete commenced nearly eighty-five years ago. Tn the early days cattle were not sheltered, but were kept in open lots of eight or ten acres each, and fed twice a day with unhusked corn and the fodder.^ The waste was picked up by hogs. This practice, introduced in Koss county, is still in vogue throughout much of the West. The method of securing corn after maturity by cutting off the stalks near the ground and stacking them in shocks in the field where it was grown, also originated with the raisers of cattle in the Scioto valley. The first English cattle that came to Ohio or to the West were from Patton's herd, and were driven from Kentucky to Chillicothe. In 1804 the first herd of cattle ever taken to an Eastern market was driven over the mountains to Baltimore by George Renick, of Ross county. The business thus commenced soon grew to large proportions. The old Ohio drovers who visited New York stayed as a rule at the Bull's Head Tavern, which was kept by Daniel Drew, and stands on the site of the Bowery Theatre. The man who gave standing and system to ized the Ohio Company for the purpose of the raising of stock was Felix Renick, He bringing thoroughbred cattle from England. was in many ways a remarkable man, and he The stock ofthe company proved to be ex- filled a great many positions of usefulness cellent property. He, in company with two and responsibility. The famUy is of German others, went to England in 1834 and pur- origin. Felix Renick was born in 1771, and chased a number of thoroughbred cattle. first came to Ross county in 1798, He was a His home at High Rock farm, in Liberty fluent and instructive writer, a man fond of township, at an early day, was the scene of books, and was President of the Logan His- many a festivity. Dinner parties, dances and torical Association, and one of the first As- fox hunts were of frequent occurrence. His sociate Judges of Ross county ; and to his favorite authors were Shakspeare and Addi- other accomplishments added a knowledge of son, from whom he quoted not infrequently. surveying. He made the historical map of He was kiUed in 1848 by a falling timber, the Indian towns on the Pickaway plains and his death was widely and heartUy la- shown in Pickaway county in this work. raented. The first regular stock sale in Ohio was held Mr. Renick was slender, of medium height, October 26, 1835, at Felix Renick's farm. In low-voiced, gentle in manner^ but with great 1834 Mr. Renick, after much labor, organ- energy and deterrained will. The Madeira Hold, in its palray days, was one of the raost famous hotels in the West, and exceeding rich in its historic associations. It v/as two stories in height, but covered a large space of ground ; was on the corner of Paint and Second streets, and was destroyed in the great fire of 1852. Tiie original building was a residence. About the year 1816 the Branch Bank of the United States was first located in a portion of it. The property eventually fell into the hands of Col. John Madeira, who in 1832 enlarged it, and made it faraous. , Chillicothe at that tirae was on the regular line of travel between the East and Southwest. It gained a national reputation and numbered among its guests sorae of the raost distinguished men of the time, as Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Wm. H. Harrison, De Witt Clinton, Lafayette, and the Mexican gen eral, Santa Anna, on his way to Washington after his capture. " Mine host " Col, John Madeira, a and before he was twenty-one kept a hotel in man of splendid physique and great business Chillicothe. He was a leading spirit in the capacity was born in Woodstock, Culpeper development of the city and county ; country county, Va., April 14, 1798, When fourteen turnpikes, the Ohio canal, raUroads, banking years of age he came to Ohio with his father, and education received the benefit of his ser- GENERAL NATHANIEL MASSIE. Founder op Chillicothe. ..^r, T:Ti.i?".-^*5=^v The Chillicothe Elm. 187 ROSS COUNTV. 189 vices. He married a daughter of Felix Ren ick, and died in 1873. Judge Frederick Grimk£ was the most noted of the characters that for years made the Madeira House their home. He was born in Charleston, S. C, Sept. 1, 1791, of Huguenot stock. His father was a jurist of eminence, an officer of the Revolution, and a member ofthe convention which adopted the Federal Constitution. His brother, Thomas Smith, was a reformer, with advanced ideas upon temperance, non-resistance, and educa tion : he was much respected and beloved. His two sisters were driven from South Caro Una on account of their Abolition views. One of them, Angelica, went to Cincinnati during the anti-slavery trouble at Walnut HiUs, and soon married the brUliant Aboli tion lecturer, Theodore D. Weld. The judge was educated at Yale, came to Ohio in 1818, and from 1836-42 was a Judge of the State Supreme Court, and then resigned, to devote himself to phUosophical studies. He pub hshed an "Essay on Ancient and Modern Literature," and a work on the "Nature and Tendencies of Free Constitutions." When he died the nation was in the midst of the civU war, and, believing the Confederacy would be established, he left directions that one copy of his work should he deposited with the Government at Washington, and a second copy with the Confederate Govern ment at Richmond, He was a slender, deli cate man, neatly attired, and, with the often shy habits of scholars, made scarcely any ac quaintances. He never married, and, what was sad, when he was buried, and from the Madeira House, not a woman followed his remains to their last resting-place. The Chillicothe Elm. In the rear of the parsonage of the Walnut Street M. E. Church in Chillicothe, stands an ancient elm of huge dimensions. By my measureraent I found its girth, one foot above its base, to be 28 feet 6 inches, and three above its base, 22 feet 7 inches. Learning that Dr. W. F. Hughey, of Bainbridge, years ago lived in the parsonage and knew raore of its history than any one living, I wrote for and obtained these details under date of April 9, 1886. "I was sent to _ Chillicothe in the autumn of 1871, as pastor ofthe Walnut Street M. E. Church. Soon after I took a measurement of the 'Big Elm 'one foot above the ground and found it 27 feet 8 inches. I also took two measurements of the spread of its top ; one from north to south and the other from east to west. The first was 140 feet, the second 135 feet; covering an area of about 55 square rods." "It is a historic tree, under which tradition says Logan, the Mingo Chief, generally held his council, I was informed by Dr, McAdow, a local preacher of the M, P. Church, since dead, that the early settlers of Chillicothe found the remains of human bones among the coals and ashes beneath the tree, when they first came to the place. I credit this report, for he was the oldest native-born Cnillicotbean living at the time he told me. _ I cannot remember the names of the par ties who were married in the shade of the elm, nor the minister who married them, I did not have a study in the " Big Elm," but my boys and these of Mr, D, Pinto, Mr. W. Reed and Dr, S. Dunlap built a platform up in the tree in the summer of 1872, large enough for half a dozen chairs, where they used to study during the hot summer days. I sometimes took my books up there during the afternoons, in order to enjoy the breeze which could not be felt in the yard below. This platform was reached by two ladders, one from the ground to the forks of the tree, and the other from there to a door in the platform." 'This must be the largest elm in girth in Ohio, Some years ago I investigated tbe subject of the more famous New England elms, and obtained data of their age and size and could not learn of one known to have ex ceeded two centuries. The Chillicothe elm is on a moist spot of ground, and I am told is " the white or swamp elm, which in exceed ingly tough, almost impossible to split," and perhaps far slower in growth than other kinds. Among the New England elms the famous elm is on Boston Common, said to have been planted about the year 1670, by Capt. Daniel Henchman. On a map of Boston published in 1720, it is shown as a large tree. It is now gone, but in 1844, five feet from the ground its girth was 16 feet. In 1837, Oliver Wendell Holmes measured the Northampton dm five feet from the ground and made it 24 feet 5 inches in cir cumference. In 1846, Ralph Waldo Emer son and Horace Mann measured the Johnston elm, which at the smallest place was 22 feet, and threw up a prodigious weight of branches, twelve in number and each equal to a tree, i'he Cambridge elm, under which Whit field preached and under which Washington is said to have first drawn_ his sword on taking command of his array, is still standing. It is less in girth and must be about 200 years old. Not one of the famous New Haven elms has yet reached 16 feet in girth by my measurement, and the oldest is only about a century from its planting. The living giant of the New England elms is the great elm in Broad street. igo ROSS County. Weth^sfield. James T. Smith, before whose house it stands, under date October 10, 1883, sent to me its then dimensions, "Girth at 3 feet 3 inches above the ground, 22 feet 5 inches ; girth of its four branches, 1 6 ft. 8 in. ; 11 ft. 6 in. ; 10 ft. 3 in. ; 8 ft. 7 in. Diameter of spread of branches north to south, 150 feet, and east to west 152 feet. Circumfer ence of branches 429 feet. It is about 135 years old and was set out by John Smith of Withersfield. I measured it and found it 96 feet in height. A limb had been broken out in the middle that was several feet higher. Yours truly, James T. Smith. ' ' A Stable in a Hollow Tree — Dr. Toland Jones, of London, writes to me, that when he was a lad he heard his father state "that just after the war of 1812, a friend of his, named Timmons, I think, used the hol low stump of a sycamore as a stable for two horses. It was near the mouth of Deer creek in Ross county. He had cut down the tree some ten feet. ' ' Monster Grape Fme.— 'Up to about this year 1853, when it was cut down by a care less woodman, there stood about one and a quarter mUes west of Frankfort, on land be longing to the McNeU family, near the north fork of Paint creek, one of the largest, if not the largest grape vine on record. It was de stroyed by cutting down two trees to which it was attached. In 1842 it measured 16 feet in circumference, 10 feet from the ground ; 20 feet up it divided into three branches, each of about 8 feet in girth. The height was about 75 feet and the greatest breadth, 150 feet, by actual measurement. The grapes were the small hill variety, and yielded annually several bushels. It was growing very rapidly when destroyed: it then yielded by estimate about 8 cords of wood. These data are on the authority of Rev, L, C, Brooks of West Rushville, Fair field county. State Seal. "In the acts of the first session of the first General Assembly, held under the first con.stitution of Ohio, in 1803, which were printed by Nathaniel Willis, grandfather of the poet, a description of the State Seal is found in a law pre scribing the duties of the Secretary of State, who was, at that time, William Creighton. _ The act says : ' The Secretary of State shall procure a seal, one inch and a half in diameter, for the use of each and every county now or hereafter to be created, on which seal shall be engraved the following device : On the right side, near the bottom, a sheaf of wheat and on the left a bundle of seventeen arrows, both standing erect in the background, and rising above the sheaf and arrows a mountain, over whicii shall appear a rising sun. The State seal to be surrounded by these words : The great seal of the State of Ohio.' " _ The seal was then made. The picture of the seal as it was used by the State in 1846 and as it appeared in our first edition is shown above. The canal boat could not have been on the seal as originally made; but the date 1802 undoubt edly was. The date 1802 was that on which the peo ple formed and adopted a State Constitution, and they thought they had put on the robes of sisterhood. The sister States in Congress. assembled did not learn of this officially until early the next year, when they gave it their ROSS COUNTY. igi official recognition. On this ground a scholarly claim was put forth a few years since, that Ohio was not a Stat* by the date ofa year, when she thought she was. Sun dry aged persons for the first time were told they were born in the Northwest Territory, It was a very disturbing, unhappy eleraent : it was discussed by the Ohio Society of New York an entire winter and finally exhausted by about a tie opinion, deciding nothing. No date now appears on the State seal : gone also is the canal boat, perhaps it was scuttled by some designing enemy of the canals. Gone also is the water. Not a drop any where for navigation, nor for thirst, but the mountains are still there ; the morning sun StUl peeps over the land, and under its pres ent light the children for the first time read in their school histories, that Ohio was not a State of the Union until 1803. According to this, what a delusion their fathers lived under. It is claimed that the mountains on the seal were copied from the Mount Logan range. ' This range is shown on our view of ChiUicothe, with which the reader can com pare and correctly decide. According to tradition Logan had a cabin on Mount Logan and was murdered there ; but this last statement — as to the place of his death — is rendered extremely doubtful by the evidence from Henry Brisch (see Pick away and Seneca Counties), BIOGRAPHY. Allen G. Thueman's early days were spent in Chillicothe, his parents set tling there six years after bis birth, in Lynchburg, Va. We have given an outline of Judge Thurman's career in our Franklin county chapter, but sorae allusion to his early life is here in place. His father was an itinerant Methodist minister, who had to give up preaching on account of poor health. In 1825 he built the house on the north side of Main street, still stand ing, in which Allen spent his younger days. Judge Thurman's mother M'as a re markable woraan, with many fine qualities of both intellect and heart. Upon her devolved the training of two of Ohio's statesraen, her brother, Gov. Williara Allen, and her son Allen G. She had received a liberal education, was of studious habits and well fitted to perform the task which fell to her lot. It is said that her son resembles her in personal appearance and qualities ; he has borne testimony to the value of her instructions in saying, that " I owe more to my mother than to any other instructor in the world." Judge Alfred Yaple has given the following instructive account of Judge Thurman's youth. "He was then a small boy with what poets in pantaloons would denominate flaxen hair, and versifiers in crinoline golden locks, but wbat Governor Allen and common peo- Ele call a towhead. His mother was drilling im in his French lessons. She continued to superintend his education, directing his read ing of authors even after he left the old Chillicothe Academy, a private institution, and the highest and only one he ever at tended until his admission to the bar. While attending this acaderay Thurraan's class mates and intimates were sent away to col lege. He could not go, for not only did his parents find themselves without the means to send him, but even required his exertions for their own support and the support of his sisters, a duty which he cheerfully and efficiently rendered, remaining single and at home for more than nine years after his ad mission to the bar, giving a large part of his earnings toward the support of his parents and sisters. The day his school companions mounted the stage_ and went away to college he was seized with temporary despair. Sick at heart he sought the old Presbyterian bury ing-ground, and lay down upon a flat tomb and wept. The thought that his tears were vain and idle carae to him with force. He told his sorrows to a friend who chanced to be wandering among the graves, and closed his recital wifh the significant remark, "If my school-fellows come home and have learned more than I have, they must work for it." "Old citizens still remember tbat a light, during this time, was often seen in young Thurman's roora until four o'clock in the raorning. He would never quit _ anything untU he had mastered it and made it his own. This particular trait he has possessed ever since. In the acquisition of solid learning his academy fellows never got in advance of him, and he kept studying long after they had graduated. He taught school, studied and practised surveying, prepared himself for and was admitted to the bar in 1835, and prac tised his profession until he was elected a jndge ofthe Supreme Court of Ohio in 1851, WllJ.lAJl Ali.en was born in Edenton, N . C. , in 1 807 . His parents dying during his infancy, his sister, the mother of Alien G. Thurman, took charge of his rearing and education. In 1821 Mrs. Thurman removed igz ROSS COUNTY. to ChiUicothe, leaving her brother m an academy at Lynchburg, Va. Two years later he followed her and completed his education in Chillicothe. He commenced the study of law in the office of Judge Scott, and com pleted it with Col. Edward King, with whom he was associated in a partnership after his admission to practice, when not yet 21 years of age. He was taU and impressive in ap pearance, with a powerful voice so penetra ting that he was given the soubriquet of , "Ohio gong," In 1832 he was elected to Congress by the Democrats hy a majority of one. He was the youngest man in the Twenty-third Congress, but was recognized as a leading orator and made a strong im pression in a speech on the Ohio boundary- line question. In August, 1837, he made a strong speech at a banquet in Columbus, which unexpect edly led to his nomination to the Senate, to succeed Hon, Thomas Ewing, Before the close of his first term he was re-elected to the Senate. In 1845 he married Mrs, Effie McArthur Coons, a daughter of ex-Gov. McArthur, notwithstanding a strong personal dislike to the senator on the part of McArthur, Mrs, Alien inherited from her father the old home stead, "Fruit HUl," Governor and Mrs, AUen had hut one chUd, Mrs, Scott. In August, 1873, Senator AUen was elected Governor of Ohio, being the only candidate on his ticket not defeated. In 1875 he was renominated by the Democrats, hut was de feated on the "greenback" issue by R. B, Hayes, Gov, Allen died at Fruit HiU in 1879._ He was said to have originated the political catch -word of 1844, "Fifty-four forty or fight," referring to the Oregon boundary question. An interesting anecdote is told of Gov. Allen by Mr. P, B, Loomis in the Cincinnati Commercial- Gazette: "An old friend of Gov. Allen has just told me an anecdote which is worth repeating. The Governor was very fond of his residence, Fruit HiU, and had caused a very spacious covered veranda to be built around it in order that he might have a sheltered place for walking when he chose to take it in that way. This veranda was uncommonly wide and often attracted atten tion by reason of its great dimensions. One morning a Yankee hook agent trudged out to Fruit Hill to sell a copy of some subscrip tion book of little value to the old Governor, The agent was not greeted very cordially, as Mr. Allen was not in the best of spirits, and as he turned to depart without having made a sale, he remarked : ' Governor, it appears to me you've got a mighty sight of shed- room around this house,' The allusion to the porches touched the old man's fancy, and he called the_ dejected agent back, purchased a book and invited him to dine with him." Among the interesting relics in Chillicothe is a. large, fine, one-story, stucco house, cov ering much ground, on the southeast corner of Wator and High streets. The builder and owner was William Creighton, Jr., the first Secretary of State Ohio ever had, and who was twice a member of Congress. He came to ChiUicothe from Virginia in 1799, and practised law here fiftj' years. He was large in person, clear-headed, social, a great admirer of Henry Clay, and with a boyish humor that sometimes found vent in practical jokes. Thomas Scoit was born October 31, 1772, at Old Town, or Skipton, Va., at the junction of the North and South branches of the Po tomac river. When 17 years of age he was licensed by Bishop Asbury to preach in the Methodist church. He learned the tailor's trade ; was married to Catharine Wood in 1796, and while working at his bench she read "Blackstone" to him, and he thus studied law. Early in 1801 he came to Chil licothe and commenced the practice of law. In 1802 he was secretary of the Constitutional Convention, He was the first justice of the peace in Ross county ; was clerk of the Ohio Senate from- 1804 to 1809, when he was elected Judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio. During his long career he occupied many public offices, performing his duties with con scientious, painstaking care, and always find ing time to act as " supply " in the pulpit of the- Methodist church, fie had a wide rep utation for learning and legal abiUty, and was retained in many important cases, receiving large fees for his services. He died in Feb ruary, 1856 ; his worthy wife died some two years later, Michael Baldwin was contemporary with Creighton, and was admitted to the bar in 1799. He was from that strong New_ Haven (Conn.) family of Baldwins, so prolific and talented in lawyers and judges. One brother was the eminent Judge Henry Baldwin, of the United States Supreme Court, ' ' Mike, ' ' as he was commonly called, was a briUiant man of varied attainments, and soon was known throughout the Territory, JV a time he did a large legal business, but it was an era when whiskey flowed like water, habits of drinking and gambling were almost uni versal, and he became a confirmed sot. GU more, in his sketches of the bar, gives this : "He was a member of the first Constitu tional Convention, and it is a common tradi tion that he wrote almost the whole of our first constitution in the bar-room of William Keys' tavern, using a wine keg for his seat and the head of a whiskey barrel for a writ ing table. If this tale is true, and it is by no means improbable, the instrument that was the fundamental law of this State for about half a century had a queer origin. "When the Burr expedition failed, Aaron Burr advised Blennerhassett to_ retain for their counsel in their trial for high treason, which they both expected. Judge Jacob Bur net of Cincinnati, and Michael Baldwin, of ChiUicothe, The trial did not take place, but Blennerhassett wrote his wife in Decem- < ber, 1807: "I have retained Burnet and Baldwin. The former will be a host with the decent part of the citizens of Ohio, and the ROSS COUNTV. 193 latter a giant of influence with the rabble, whom he very properly styles his 'blood hounds.'" At almost every term of his practice at court would be entered unon the journal, "Ordered that Michael Baldwin, one of the attorneys of this court, be fined ten dollars for contempt of court, and be committed to JjaU until the fine be paid, ' ' He was Speaker of the House of Representatives for its first three years, 1803-1804 and 1805, Fond of gambling, it is told that he opened a garae of "vingt et un" for the benefit of his brother members. Upon one occasion, being banker and broker, he won all their money and most of their watches. When the party broke up it was near morning, and they re tired to their several rooms, most of them drunk. Used to such a life, Mike was next morning promptly in the speaker's chair; but there was no quorum. He dispatched the sergeant-at-arms for the absentees, and, after an hour of delay, they filed into the hall and in front of the speaker's chair — some dozen or more of them half asleep and only partially sobered gamesters of the iiiL^ht before. Thereupon Baldwin rose and with dignified severity reprimanded them for their neglect of duty to their constituents, until one of the culprits, unable any longer • to stand his tongue-lashing, broke forth with, "Hold on, now, Mr, Speaker! how the — : — can we Know what tbe time is when you have got all our watehes ? ' ' In the June term of court, 1804, the tav ern-keeper, William Keys, sued Baldwin upon an account of £25 13s. lOd. These were mostly put down as "drinks for the club," Mike's treats to the bloodhounds — an organization of the roughs and fighting men, which he had gotten up and controlled, vrho did the electioneeering and fighting for him, and when he was put in jail for debt more than once broke in the door or tore out an end of that structure and set him at liberty. Twice his brothers sent on from Connecticut bags of coin to relieve him from debt. On these occasions, it is said, he hired a negro for porter of the money, and went around in turn to each of his creditors, aUowing each one, irrespective of the araount of his ac count, to_ nave one grab in the open-mouthed bag until all was gone. "Poor, brUliant, boisterous, drunken, rollicking Mike" died young. It was about the year 1811 and at about the age of 35 years, Richard Douglass was horn in New London, Conn,, in 1875; came to Ohio in 1809, and in the feame year commenced the practice of law in ChiUicothe, Mr. Douglass was a man of great talents, and impressed his associates as one who seemed to know everything. Short in stature, with a large body and thin legs ; small, keen, twinkling eyes ; he was an oddity in appearance, and said to resemble the traditional "Santa ' Claus. "_ Many anecdotes are told of his ready witandretentivememory. Wequote the following from the "Ross County History: " " In a suit for damages for malicious arrest 13 and prosecution, Gustavus Scott, for defend ant, had quoted in Latin the maxim that ' No raan shall be held responsible in dam ages for the use of the king s writ.' Doug lass replied, ' Very true. Brother Scott, that such was the very ancient maxim. But you ought to know, sir, that the ^reat Lord Mans field, seeing the injustice of such a rule of law, reversed it 200 years ago, and from his day to the present the maxim stands ''Canis Kinkaidius cum ambos cerus assoribus', ' or, freely translated, ' No raan shall take shelter from the responsibilities of his wrong acts, under the king's name.' Days after the case had been won, Scott took Douglass to task fbr misquotation or mistranslation, Doug lass denied that he had so translated it, and insisted that he had only informed the court of the very peculiar metnlUc forraation of the tails of Kincaid's dog.s. " Withal, Mr, Douglass was a man of fine attainments, and a lifelong member of the Episcopal ohurch. He died in 1852. John Porter Brown was born in Chilli cothe, August 17, 1814. He served several years as a midshipraan in the navy. In 1832 he accompained his uncle David Porter to Constantinnple, the latter having been ap pointed first American rainister to the Porte, Brown gave much study to oriental languages and literature. Nine tiraes he represented the United States as chargi d' affaires. While acting in this capacity, Martin Koszta, the Hungarian patriot, who had declared to the American Consul his intention to become an American citizen, was seized bythe Aus trian authorities and held on one of their frigates, Koszta appealed to the American legation, upon which Mr, Brown sent to Capt, Ingraham ofthe U. S. corvette "Dale" the laconic message, "Take him," Capt, Ingraham gave the Austrians three hours in which to deliver Koszta, and in the mean while prepared his vessehfor action. Within half an hour of the expiration of the stipu lated tirae the prisoner was delivered to the French consul and by him to the Americans. A service of plate in recognition of his con duct was presented to Mr. Brown by Ameri can admirers, Mr, Brown died at Constan tinople AprU 28, 1872. He had a wide rep utation as an oriental scholar, wrote "Der vishes, or Oriental Spiritualism," and trans lated other valuable works. John Hancock, who was for four years superintendent ofthe public schools of Chilli cothe, is regarded as one of the foremost edu cators in Ohio. He was born in Clermont county, began his career by teaching in the country schools. Through Dr, Ray, the dis tinguished mathematician, he was caUed to Cincinnati, where he served twelve yearsas principal, and in 1867 was elected superin tendent of the public schools, a position he held for seven years. He held a similar position in Dayton's schools for ten years, and in ChiUicothe' s for four years. On the death of State School Commissioner Dr, E, T. Tappan in October, 1888, Mr, Hancock was appointed by Govemor Foraker to fill 194 ROSS COUNTY. the unexpired term, and in 1889 was elected by the people for the fiiU term of three years. Mr, Hancock has been an important factor in the advancement of education, not only in the State, but throughout the nation. He has been president of the Ohio Teachers Association and of the National Education Association ; has received honorary degrees from Kenyon College and from Wooster University. He has also been an active worker in teacher's institutes for more than twenty-five years and has contributed to various educational journals. William H, Safford was born at Par kersburg, W, Va,, Pebruary 19, 1821- He received a common-school education and be came a school teacher, later studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1842, In 1848 he removed to Chillicothe, In 1857 was elected to the State Senate and in 1868 Judge ofthe Court of Common Pleas, Judge Safford Sient his boyhood days in the vicinity of lennerhassett Island, was attracted by the sad and romantic history of its owner and de voted much study and research to the career of Blennerhassett, which he embodied in a biography published in 1861, and later en larged into the "Blennerhassett Papers," an important work of much- historic value. Judge Safford is now engaged on a series of papers ou the domestic life of Aaron Burr, William. Sooy Smith was born in Tari, ton, Pickaway county, July 22, 1830, a few miles north of the line of Ross county. His grandfather was a revolutionary soldier, his father a captain in the war of 1812, Both belonged to the Society of Friends, but sev ered their relations with their sect to fight for their country, Wm. Sooy Smith worked and paid his own way through Ohio Univer sity at Athens, graduating in 1849 ; attended West Point, and served in the army but one year, resigning in 1853. He then engaged in civil engineering, made the first surveys for the international bridge across the Niagara river. In 1857 he was elected chief engineer and secretary of the_ Trenton (_N. J.) locomo- works, then the chief iron-bridge manufac turing company in this country. He intro duced important improvements in bridge building. At the outbreak of the war, he entered the volunteer service as assistant adjutant-gen eral at Camp Dennison,. with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was soon made colonel of the Thirteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and participated in the West Virginia cam paigns, April 7, 1862 he was commissioned brigadier-general for gaUant and meritorious service. He partici jsated in the battles of Shiloh and Perryville. Subsequently was made chief of cavalry ofthe Department ofthe Tennessee and as such attached to the staffs of General Grant and General Sherman, but owing to an attack of inflammatory rheuma tism, brought on through exposure in a Mississippi raid, for six weeks he was unable to move even a finger • he was obliged to re sign in July, 1864, 'His military career was able, efficient and valuable. Returning to his profession, in 1867 he sank the first pneumatic caisson in braiding the Waugoshanee light house at the Straits- of Mackinaw. He huUt the first all-steel bridge in the world, across the Missouri river at Glasgow, Mo. General Smith has been concerned in. many other important engineering^ enter prises, has served on numerous commissions ; in 1880 was president of the Civil Engineers Club of the Northwest, and is a memher of the American Soeiety of CivU Engineers. Kingston is ten miles north of Chillicothe, on the S. V. and C. H. V. & H. Railroads. Newspaper : Blade, Independent, Arthur Jack, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal and 1 Presbyterian. Bank : Scioto Valley, James May, president, H. F. Moore, cashier. Manufactures and Employees. — C. Boice & Co., flour and feed, 3 hands ; Jesse Brundidge, flooring, ete., 3 ; Halderman & Boggs, grain elevator, 3 ; May, Raub & Co., drain tile, 10.— State Beport, 1888. Population 1880, 442. School census, 1888, 207. A. L. Ellis, superintendent of schools. Capital invested in manufacturing establishments, $10,000. Value of annual product, U0,000.— Ohio Labor Statistics, 1888. Adelphi is eighteen miles northeast of Chillicothe, on the C. H. V. & H. R. R. Newspapers: Border iVews, Neutral, Hugh F. Eagan, editor and pub lisher. Population, 1880, 469. School census, 1888, 165. G. W. Fry, superin tendent of schools. Bainbridge is on Paint creek and the O. S. R. R., nineteen miles southwest of Chillicothe. "It was laid out in 1805 by Nathaniel Massie and will become the seat of jus tice for the projected county of Massie, in case it is established. It is surrounded by a beautiful countrv and contains two churches, a forge, one newspaper printing office, eight stores and about eighty dwellings. About a mile northwest of the ROSS COUNTY. 195 town is a small, natural tunnel, about one hundred and fifty feet in length, through which courses a little sparkling rill." — OM Edition. Newspaper : Paint Valley Echo, Independent, J. M. Miller, editor and pub lisher. Banks : Rockhold, Cook & Co., E. C. Rockhold, president, W. P. Sheible, cashier ; Spargur, Hulitt & Co., J. B. W. Spargur, president, H. E. McCoy, cashier. Population, 1880, 825. School census, 1 888, 295. J. A. Wilcox, superintendent of schools. Fkankfoet is eleven miles northwest of Chillicothe, on the C. B. & W. and D. & I. Railroads and north fork of Paint creek. Newspaper : Sun, Independent, H. C. Painter, editor and publisher. Bank : Merchants' and Farmers', D. C. Anderson, president, D. L. Sutherland, cashier. Population, 1880, 548. School census, 1888, 199. Claeksburgh is sixteen miles northwest of Chillicothe. Newspaper: Telegraph, Independent, D. F. Shriner, editor. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal and 1 Christian. Population, 1880, 348. South Salem is seventeen miles west of ChiUicothe. Population, 1880, 299. 196 SANDUSKY COUNTY. SANDUSKY. Sandusky County was formed from old an Indian territory, April 1, 1820. The soil is fertile, and the surface is generally level. The Black Swamp tract covers the western part. Its first settlers were principally of New England origin, since which many have moved in from Pennsylvania and Germany. The principal productions are Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes and pork. Area about 440 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 143,122; in pasture, 19,884; woodland, 37,797; lying waste, 3,917; produced in wheat, 732,798 bushels; rye, 20,464; buckwheat, 981; oats, 552,467 ; barley, 11,756; corn, 1,184,723; broora corn, 300 lbs. brush; raeadow hay, 18,445 tons; clover iay, 12,077; potatoes, 120,055 bushels; butter, 710,754 lbs.; cheese, 53,200 ; sorghum, 1,878 gallons; maple syrup, 3,105 gallons; honey, 4,296 lbs.; eggs, 508,110 dozen; grapes, 37,540 lbs.; wine, 593 gallons; sweet potatoes, 655 bushels; apples, 62,203; peaches, 6,146; pears, 1,507; wool, 148,219 lbs.; milch cows owned, 5,481. Ohio Mining Statistics, 1888. — Limestone, 18,600 tons burned for lime, 8,250 cubic feet of dimension stone, 3,526 cubic yards of building stone, 6,353 cubic yards of ballast or macadara. School census, 1888, 9,446 ; teachers, 287. Miles of railroad track, 141. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Ballville, 1,007 1,652 Sandusky, 1,696 1,785 Fremont (City), 8,456 Scott, 684 1,452 Green Creek, 1,186 4,495 Townsend, 692 1,697 Jackson, 929 1,485 Washington, 1,074 2,608 Madison, 316 1,886 Woodville, 486 1,662 Rice, 385 949 York, 1,301 2,819 Riley, 426 1,621 Population of Sandusky in 1830, 2,851; 1840, 10,184; 1860, 21,429; 1880, 32,057 ; of whom 22,312 were born in Ohio ; 2,247 Pennsylvania; 1,474 New York; 181 Indiana; 140 Virginia; 42 Kentucky; 2,653 Gerraan Empire; 569 Ireland ; 373 England and Wales; 207 British America; 197 France; 34 Scot land, and 5 Norway and Sweden. Census, 1890, 30,617. The signification of the name of this county has frequently been a matter of dispute. John H. Jaraes, Esq., the Araerican Pioneer, truly says : I have a note of a conversation with Wil liam Walker at Columbus, in 1835-6, at which time he was principal chief of the Wyandots at Upper Sandusky, in which I asked the meaning of the word Sandusky. He said it meant at the cold water, ".and should be sounded San-doos-tee. He said it " carried with it the force of a preposition." The Upper Cold Water and the Lower Cold Water, then, were descriptive Indian names. §iven long before the presence of the trader owdowsky. In the vocabulary of Wyandott words, given by John Johnston, Esq., form erly Indian agent in Ohio, as printed in Archgelogia Americana, vol, i. , page 295, the word water is given Sa, vn-dus-tee, and in page 297 he gives tbe name of _ Sandusky river as Sa, undttstee, or water within water pools. This region of country was once a favorite residence of the Indians. Hon. Lewis Cass, in his discourse before the Historical Society of Michigan, delivered September 18, 1829, gives some interesting statements respecting a tribe called " the Neutral Nation." Upon the Sandusky river, and near where the town of Lower Sandusky now stands, lived a hand of Wyandots, called the Neutral Nation. _ They occupied two villages, which were cities of refuge, where those who sought safety never failed te find it. During the SANDUSKY COUNTY. 197 long and disastrous contests which preceded and followed the arrival of the Europeans, in which the Iroquois contended for victory, and their enemies for existence, this little band preserved the integrity of their territories and the sacred character of peace-makers. The annexed is a note from the above. AU who met upon their threshold met as friends, for the ground on which they stood was holy. It was a beautiful institution, a calm and peaceful island looking out upon a world of waves and tempests. This Neutral Nation, so-called by Father Seguard, was still in existence two centuries ago, when the French missionaries first reached the upper lakes. The detaUs of their history, and of their character and privileges, are meagre and unsatisfactory ; and this is the more to be regretted, as such a sanctuary among the barbarous tribes is not only a singular institution, but altogether at variance with that reckless spirit of cruelty with which their wars are usually prosecuted. The Wyandott tradition represents them as having separated from the parent stock dur ing the bloody wars between their own tribe and the Iroquois, and having fled to tbe Sandusky river for safety. That they here erected two forts, within a short distance of each other, and assigned one to the Iroquois and tbe other to the Wyandotts and their allies, where their war parties might find security and hospitality, whenever they en tered their country. Why so unusual a pro- S osition was made and acceded to, tradition oes not tell. It is probable, however, that superstition lent its aid to the institution, and that it may have been indebted for its origin to the feasts and dreams and juggling cere monies which constituted the religion of the aborigines. No other motive was sufficiently powerful to restrain the hand of violence and to counteract the threat of vengeance. An intestine feud finally arose in this Neu tral Nation, one party espousing the cause of the Iroquois and the other of their enemies ; and like most civil wars, this was prosecuted with relentless fury. Our informant says that, since his recollection, the remains of a red cedar post were yet to be seen, where tbe prisoners were tied previously to being burned. The informant above aUuded to by Gov, Cass we bave reason to believe was Major B, P. Stickney, of Toledo, long an Indian agent in this region. That there mayhave been such a tradition among the Indians we are unable to gainsay, but of its truth we have doubts. Major Stickney, in a lecture (as yet unpublished), delivered Feb, 28, 1845, before the Young Men's Association, of Toledo, says : ' ' The remains of extensive works of defence are now to be seen near Lower Sandusky. The Wyandotts have given me this account of them. At a period of two centuries and a half since, or more, all the Indians west of this point were at war with all the Indians east. Two walled towns were built near each other, and each was inhabited by those of Wyandott origin. They assumed a neutral character, and the Indians at war recognized that character. They might be called two neutral cities. All of the west might enter the western city, and all of the east the east ern. The inhabitants of one oity migbt in form those of the other that war parties were there or had been there ; but who they were, or whence they came, or any thing more, must not he mentioned. The war parties might remain there in security, taking their own tirae for departure. At the western town they suffered the warriors to burn their prisoners near it ; but the eastern would not. (An old Wyandott informed me that he rec ollected seeing, when a boy, the remains of a cedar-post or stake, at which they used to burn prisoners. ) The French historians tell us that these neutral cities were inhabited, and their neutral character respected, when they first came here. At length a quarrel arose between tbe two cities, and one de stroyed the inhabitants of the other. This put an end to all neutrality," Fremont in 1846. — Lower Sandusky [now Fremont], the county-seat, is twenty- four miles southwesterly from Sandusky (yty, and 105 west of north from Columbus. The annexed engraving shows the town as it appears from a hill northeast of it, on the opposite side of the river, near the residence of Mr. Jasper Smith, seen in front. On the left the bridge across the Sandusky river partially appears, and a little to the right of it Whyler's hotel. On the hill are shown the court-house, and the Episcopal, Presbyterian aud Catholic churches. The town stands at the head of navigation on the Sandusky, at the lower rapids, where the Indians had a reservation of two railes square, granted to them by the treaty of Greenville. It is said that at an early day the French had a trading-station at this point. Lower Sandusky contains 1 Episcopal, 1 Presby terian, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist and 1 Catholic church, 2 newspaper printing-offices, 8 grocery a.nd 11 dry goods stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 foundry, and had, in 1840, 1,117 inhabitants, and now has near 2,000. It is a thriving town, and consider- igS SANDUSKY COUNTY. able business is carried on. Its comraerce is increasing. Small steamers and sail vessels constantly ply from here. The principal articles of export in 1846 were of wheat 90,000 bushels; pork, 560 barrels; ashes, 558 casks; flour, 1,010 bar rels; corn, 18,400 bushels; staves, 1,100,000; imports, 1,480 barrels of salt and 250 tons of merchandize. Iraraediately opposite Lower Sandusky, on the east bank of the river, is the small village of Croghansville, laid out in 1817, which in a general description would be included in the former. — Old Edition. A REMINISCENCE. A young raan said to rae on my original tour, in one of the interior towns, " There is an odd character here you ought to see. He writes humorous verses, is rauch of a wit, and is deserving of a place in your book." I replied, " Ohio has a good many odd people, and I have not tirae to give them all a call." The young man eventually moved to Cincinnati, became a meraber of its literary club, and I was associated with hira for years, and learned to, love and respect him. He was one of its most popular members, overflowing with good fellowship, cheery, fond of the humorous, and never known to get angry except in indignation at some vile project in view, or some oppressive act committed upon the weak and helpless. In those days there was nobody around to tell him that he was to be come three times Governor of Ohio and then President of the United States — Rutherford B. Hayes. I now regret I did uot see that shrewd character. Judge Elisha W. Howland, . that he wanted me to call upon ; but I here, at this late day, pay my respects to his meraory. Two or three years, after ray visit the narae of the town was changed from Lower Sandusky to Fremont, in honor not of a then political character, but of the great Path Finder over " the Rockies." Mr. Hayes, as the lawyer for the peti tion, presented it to court, and finished by offering the only remonstrance against the change. This was in the form of humorous versification, consisting of seven verses from Judge Howland, which Mr. Hayes read to the court, and I have no doubt with a gusto. A Remonstrance against a Petition to the County Court of Sandusky to alter the name of Lower Sandusky to that of Fremont, as read to the Court by Me. R. B. Hayes, Attorney for the Petition. There is a prayer now going round Which Idislike to hear. To change the name of this old town I hold so very dear. They pray the court to alter it, I pray to God they wont ; And let it stand Sandusky yet And 'not John C. Fremont. Sandusky is a pleasant name ; 'Tis short and easy spoken ; Descending to us by a chain That never should be broken. Then let us hand it down the stream Of Time to after ages. And Bsndusky be the theme Of future bards and sages. Wont the old honest Sagums' rise, Ar{d say to us pale faces, "Do you our ancient name despise, And change our resting-places? "Our fathers slumbered here ; Their spirits cry, ' Oh, don't Alter the name to us so dear And substitute Fremont!' " Therefore my prayer shall still remain. Until my voice grows husky : Oh, change the People, not the name Of my old home, Sanduslcy ! Fort Stephenson or Sandusky, so gallantly defended by Col. Croghan, on the 2d of August, 1813, against an overwhelming force of British and Indians, was within the present limits of the place. Its site is indicated by the flag on the lefl) _ F ^ =g A ll 1 1 ^ ^^fl ¦ ii^^^»^^E£3 ^^g^M ^PIP^^^^^^SI SgjggB^^^^ 1^ Drawn &^ Henry Howe in 1846, LowBE Sandusky (now Feemont) in 1846. The site of Fort Stephenson is shown by the flag. Birchard Library and Soldiers' Monument. Ou the site of Fort Stephenson, Fremont. 199 SANDUSKY COUNTY. 201 in the engraving, which is about thirty rods southeast of the court-house, on high ground, much elevated above the river. The fort enclosed about an acre of ground, and the picketing was in good preservation as late as 1834. We annex a narration of the assault on the fort from a published source. British Manoeuvres. — Having raised the siege of Camp Meigs, the British sailed round into Sandusky bay, whUe a competent number of their savage allies marched across through the swamps of Portage river, to co operate in a combined attack on Lower San dusky, expecting, no doubt, that (>en. Har rison's attention would be_ chiefly directed to Forts Winchester and Meigs. The general, however, had calculated on their taking this course, and had been careful to keep patrols down the bay, opposite the mouth of Port age, where he suppdsed their forces would debark. Retreat Ordered. — Several days before the British had invested Fort Meigs, Gen, Har rison, with Major Croghan and sorae other officers, had examined the heights which sur round Fort Stephenson ; and as the hill on the opposite or southeast side of the river was found to be the most commanding emi nence, the general had some thoughts of re moving the fort to that place, and Major Croghan declared his readiness to undertake the work. But the general did not authorize him to do it, as he believed that if the enemy intended to invade our territory again, they would do it before the removal could be com- ? *.._A_A..* Fort Sandusky and Environs : Scale, 200 yards to the inch. [Eeferences to the Environs. — a — British gun-boats at their place of landing. b — Cannon, a six-pounder, c — Mortar, d — Batteries e — Graves of Lieiit,-Col. Short and Lient. Gordon, who fell in the ditch. ,r— Road to Upper Sandusky. g — Advance of the enemy to the fatal ditch, i— Head of navigation. . L— Par- FoRT Sandusky. JRefere-nces to the Fori. — Line 1 — Pickets, Line 3— Emliimkraents from the ditch to and against the picket. Line 3— Dry ditch, nine feet wide by six deep. Line 4 — Outward embankment or glacis. A — Block-house first attacked by cau- non, b. B — Bastion from which the ditch was raked by Croghan's artillery, C— Guard block house, in the lower left corner, D — Hospital during the attack. E E E — Military store-houses. F— Commissary's store-house. G — Magazine. H— Fort gate. K K K— Wicker tition gate. pleted. It was then finally concluded that the fort, which was calculated for a garrison of only 200 men, could not be defended against the heavy artiUery of the enemy; and that if the British should approach it by water, which would cause a presumption that they had brought their heavy artillery, the fort must be abandoned and burnt, provided a retreat could be effected with safety. In the orders left with Major Croghan it was stated, "Should the British troops approach you in force with cannon, and you can dis cover them in time to effect a retreat, you will do so immediately, destroying all the public stores. ' ' " You must be aware that the attempt to retreat in the face of an Indian force would be vain. Against such an enemy your gam- 202 SANDUSKY COUNTY. son would be safe, however great the num ber." A Coundl of Far,— On the evening ofthe 29th Gen, Harrison received intelligence, by express, from Gen, Clay, that the enemy had abandoned the siege of Fort Meigs ; and as the Indians on that day had swarmed in the woods round his camp, he entertained no doubt but that an imraediate attack was in tended either on Sandusky or Seneca. He therefore iraraediately caUed a council of war, consisting of McArthur, Cass, Ball, Paul, Wood, Hukill, Holraes and Graham, who were unanimously of the opinion that Fort Stephenson was untenable against heavy ar tillery, and that as the enemy could bring with facility any quantity of battering cannon against it, by which it must inevitably fall, and as it was an uniraportant post, containing nothing the loss of which would be felt by us, that the garrison should therefore not be re inforced hut withdrawn, and the place de stroyed, A Retreat Unsafe. — In pursuance of this decision the general imraediately despatehed the order to Major Croghan, directing him immediately to abandon Fort Stephenson, to set it on fire and repair with his command to headquarters — cross the river and come up on the opposite side, and if be should find it impracticable to reach the general's quarters, to take the road to Huron, and pursue it with the utmost circumspection and despatch. This order was sent by Mr. Conner and two Indians, who lost their way in the dark, and did not reach Fort Stephenson till eleven o'clock the next day. When Major Croghan received it, he was of opinion that he could not then retreat with safety, as the Indians were hovering round the fort in considerable force. He called a council of his officers, a majority of whom coincided with him in opinion that a retreat would be unsafe, and that the post could be maintained against the eneray, at least tiU further instructions could be received from headquarters. The major therefore immediately returned the foUowing answer : " Sir, Ihave just received yours of yesterda.'y, 10 o'clock p.m., ordering me to de stroy this place and make good my retreat, which was received too late to be carried info execution. We have determined to maintain this place, and by heavens we can." In writing this note. Major Croghan had a view to the probability of its faUing into the hands of the enemy, and on that account made use of stronger language than would otherwise have been consistent with pro priety. It reached the general on the sarae day, who did not fully understand the circum stances and motives under which it had been dictated. The following order was therefore immediately prepared, and sent with Col, Wells in the morning, escorted by Col, Ball, with his corps of dragoons : "J?/A/30, 1813. " Sir — The general bas just received your letter of this date, informing him that you had thought proper to disobey the order issued from this office, and delivered to you this morning. It appears that the informa tion which dictated the order was incorrect ; and as you did not receive it in the night, as was expected, it might have been proper that you should have reported the circumstance and your situation, before you proceeded to its execution. This might have heen passed over ; but I am directed to say to you, that an officer who presumes to aver that he has made his resolution, and that he will act in direct opposition to the orders of his general, can no longer be entrusted with a separate command. Colonel Wells is sent to relieve you. You will deliver the command to him, and repair with Colonel Ball's squadron to this place. By command. &c. "A. H. Holmes, " Assistant Adjutant General" Colonel Wells being left in the command of Fort Stephenson, Major Croghan returned witb the squadron to headquarters. He there explained his motives for writing such a note, which were deemed satisfactory ; and having remained all night with the general, who treated him politely, he was permitted to re turn to his coramand in tbe morning, with written orders similar to those he had re ceived before. Refusal to Surrender. — A reconnoitering party which had been sent from headquarters to the shore of tbe lake, about twenty miles distant from Fort Stephenson, discovered the approach of the enemy, by water, on the evening of the Slst of July, They returned by the fort after 12 o'clock the next day, and had passed it but afew hours when the enemy made their appearance before it. The In dians showed theraselves first on the hill over tbe river, and were saluted by a six-pounder, the only piece of artillery in the fort, which soon caused them to retire. In balf an hour the British gun-boats came in sight, and the Indian forces displayed themselves in every direction, with a view to intercept the garri son, should a retreat be attempted. The six- pounder was fired a few times at the gun boats, which was returned by the artillery of the enemy. A landing of their troops with a five-and-a-half-inch howitzer was effected about a mile below the fort ; and Major Chambers, accompanied by Dickson, was dis patched towards the fort with a flag, and was met on the part of Major Croghan hy Ensign Shipp, of the 17th regiment. After the usual ceremonies, Major Chambers observed to Ensign Shipp, that he was instructed by General Proctor to deraand the surrender of the fort, as he was anxious to spare the effu sion of huraan blood, which he could not do, should he be under the necessity of reducing it, by the powerful force of artillery, regulars and Indians under his command. Shipp re- plied, that the commandant of the fort and its garrison were determined to defend it to the last extremity ; that no force however great could induce them to surrender, as they were resolved to_ maintain their _ post, or to bury themselves in its ruins. Dickson then SANDUSKY COUNTY. 203 said that their immense body of Indians could not be restrained from murdering the whole garrison in case of success, of which we have do doubt, rejoined Chambers, as we are amply prepared. Dickson then proceeded to remark that it was a great pity so fine a young man should fall into the hands ofthe savagea — Sir, for God's sake, surrender, and pre vent the dreadful massacre that will be caused by your resistance. Mr. Shipp replied, that when the fort was taken, there would be none to massacre. It will not be given up while a man is able to resist. An Indian at this mo ment came out of an adjoining ravine, and advancing to the ensign, took hold of his sword and attempted to wrest it from him. Dickson interfered, and having restrained the Indian, affected great anxiety to get him safe into the fort. The Enemy Open Fire. — The enemy now opened their fire from their six-pounders in the gun-boats and the howitzer on shore, whicii they continued through the night with but little intermission and with very little effect. The forces ofthe enemy consisted of 500 regulars, and about 800 Indians, com manded by Dickson, the whole being com manded by General Proctor in person, Te cumseh was stationed on the road to Fort Meigs with a body of 2000 Indians, expecting to intercept a reinforcement on that route. Major Croghan through the evening occa sionally fired his six-pounder, at the same tirae changing its place occasionally to induce a belief that he had more than one piece. As it produced very little execution on the en emy, and he was desirous of saving his am munition, he soon discontinued his fire. The eneray had directed their fire against the northwestern angle ofthe fort which induced the commander to believe that an atterapt to storm his works would be made at that point. In the night. Captain Hunter was directed to remove the six-pounder to a block-house, from which it would rake that angle. By great industry and personal exertion. Captain Hunter soon accoraplished this object in secrecy. The embrasure was masked, and the piece loaded with a half-charge of pow der, and double charge of slugs and grape- shot. Early in the morning of the 2d, the enemy opened their fire from their howitzer and three six-pounders, which they had landed in the 'night, and planted in a point of woods, about 250 yards from the fort. In the evening, about 4 o'clock, tbey concen trated the fire of all their guns on their north west angle, which convinced Major Croghan that they would endeavor to make a breach and storm the works at that point ; he there fore immediately had that place strengthened as much as possible with bags of flour and sand, which were so effectual that the picket ing in that place sustained no material injury. Sergeant Weaver, with five or six gentlemen of the Petersburgh volunteers and Pittsburgh blues, who happened to be in the fort, was intrusted with the management of the six- pounder. Assault and Rqpulse of the Brittish. — Late in the evening, when the smoke of the firing had completely enveloped the fort, the enemy proceeded to make the assault. Two feints were made towards the southern angle, where Captain Hunter's lines were formed ; and at the same tirae a column of 350 men was dis covered advancing through the smoke, within twenty paces of the northwestern angle. A heavy galling fire of musketry was now opened upon them from the fort, which threw them into some confusion. Colonel Short, who headed the principal column, soon rallied his men, and led them with great bravery to the brink of the ditch. After a moraentary pause he leaped into the ditch, calling to his men to follow him, and in a few rainutes it was full. The raasked port-hole was now opened, and the six-pounder, at the distance of thirty feet, poured such destruction araong them that but few who had entered the ditch were fortunate enough to escape. A precipi tate and confused retreat was the immediate consequence, although some of the offices at tempted to rally their men. The other col uran, which was led by Colonel Warburton and Major Charabers, was also routed in con fusion by a descructivefire from the line com manded by Captain Hunter. The whole of them fled into the adjoining wood, beyond the reach of our fire-arms. During the assault, which lasted half an hour, the enemy kept up an incessant fire from their howitzer and five six-pounders. They left Colonel Short,* a lieutenant and twenty five privates dead in the ditch ; and the total number of prisioners taken was twenty-six, most of them badly wounded. Major Muir was knocked down in the ditch, and lay among the dead, till the darkness of the night enabled him to escape in safety. The loss of the garrison was one killed and seven slightly wounded. The total loss of the enemy could not be less than 150 kUled and wounded. Retreat of the British. — When night came on, which was soon after the assault, the wounded in the ditch were in a desperate situation. Complete relief could not be brought to thera by either side with any de gree of safety. Major Croghan, however, re lieved them asmuch as possible — he contrived to convey them water over the picketing in buckets, and a ditch was opened under the pickets, through which those who were able and wUling, were encouraged to crawl into the fort. i\ll who were able, preferred, of course, to follow their defeated comrades, and raany others were carried from the vicinity of the fort by the Indians, particularly their own kiUed and wounded ; and in the night, about three o'clock, the whole British and Indian * " Col. Short, who commanded the regulars composing the forlorn hope, was ordering his men to leap the ditch, out down the pickets, and give the Americans no quarter, when he fell mortally wounded into the ditch, hoisted his white handkerchief on the end of his sword, and begged for that mercy whicb he had a moment before ordered to be denied to his enemy." 204 SANDUSKY COUNTY. force commenced a disorderly retreat. So great was their precipitation that they left a sail-boat containing some clothing and a con siderable quantity of military stores : and on the next day, seventy stand of arms and some braces of pistols were picked up around the fort. Their hurry and confusion were caused by the apprehension of an attack from Gen, Harrison, of whose position and force they had probably received an exaggerated ac count. Gen. Harrison's Movements. — It was the intention of General Harrison, should the enemy succeed against Fort Stephenson, or should they endeavor to turn his left and fall on Upper Sandusky, to leave his camp at Seneca and fall back for the protection of that place. But he discovered by the flring on the evening ofthe 1st, that the enemy had noth ing but light artiUery, which could make no impression on the fort; and he knew that an attempt to storm it without making a breach, could be successfully repelled by the garrison ; he therefore determined to wait for the arrival of 250 mounted volunteers under Colonel Rennick, being the advance of 700 who were approaching by the way of the Upper San dusky, and then to march against the enemy and raise the siege, if their force was not still too great for his. On the 2d, he sent several scouts to ascertain their situation and force ; but the woods were so infested with Indians, that none of them could proceed sufficiently near the fort to make the necessary discoveries. In the night the messenger arrived at head quarters with intelligence that the enemy were preparing to retreat. About 9 o'clock. Major Croghan had ascertained from their collecting about their boats, that they were preparing to embark, and had immediately sent an express to the commander-in-chief with this information. The General now de termined to wait no longer for the reinforce ments, and immediately set out with the dra goons, with which he reached the fort early in the morning, having ordered Generals M'Arthur and Cass, who had arrived at Seneca several days hefore, to follow him with all the disposable infantry at that place, and which at this time was about 700 men, after the numerous sick, and the force neces sary to maintain the position, were left be hind. Finding that the ememy had fled entirely from the fort, so as not to be reached by him, and learning that Tecumseh was somewhere in the direction of Fort Meigs, with 2,000 warriors, he immediately ordered the infantry to fall back to Seneca, lest Tecumseh should make an attack on that place, or intercept the small reinforcements advancing from Ohio. Gallant Soldiers. — In his official report of this affair. General Harrison observes that — " It will not be among the least of General Proctor's mortifications that he has been baf fled by a youth, who had just passed his twenty-first year. He is, however, a hero worthy of his gallant uncle. Gen, (5eorge R. Clarke,'; Captain Hunter, ofthe 17th regiment, the second in command, conducted himself with freat propriety : and never was there a set of ner young fellows than the subalterns, viz. ; Lieutenants Johnson and Baylor ofthe 17th, Meeks of the 7th, and Ensigns Shipp and Duncan ofthe 17th, Lieutenant Anderson of the 24th, was also noticed for his good conduct. Being without a command, he solicited Major Croghan for a musket and a post to fight at, which he did with the greatest bravery. "Too much praise," says Major Croghan, "cannot be bestowed on- the officers, non commissioned officers and privates under my command, for their gallantry and good con duct during the siege, ' ' The brevet rank of heutenant-colonel was immediately conferred on Major Croghan, by the president of the United States, for his gallant conduct on this occasion. The ladies of Chilicothe also presented him an elegant sword, accompanied by a suitable address. We take the above from Dawson's " Life of Harrison," where it is quoted from some other source. In defending Gen. Harrison from the charges of cowardice and incompetency in not marching to the aid of the garrison previous to the attack, Dawson says ; Unjust Criticism of Gen. Hanison. — The conduct of the gallant Croghan and his garri son received from every quarter the plaudits of their countrymen. This was what they most richly deserved. There was, however, some jealous spirits who took it into their heads to be dissatisfied with the course pur sued by the commanding general. The order which was given to Colonel Croghan to evacu ate and destroy the garrison previously to the attack, was loudly conderamed, as well as the decision of the council of war, to fall back with the troops then at Seneca, to a position twelve miles in the rear. Both these meas ures, it has been said, were detirmined on by the unanimous advice of the council of war. It is not to be presumed that such menas composed that board, would have given advice which was in any way derogatory to the honor of the American arms. Every individual among them either had, before or afterwards, distinguished himself by acts of daring courage and intrepidity. We do not profess to be much acquainted with military matters, but the subject appears to us so plain as only to require a small portion of common sense per fectly to comprehend it. At the time that the determination was made to withdraw the garrison from Sandusky, it must be recollected that the general had only with him at Seneca about 400 infantry and 130 or 140 dragoons. The enemy, as he was informed by General SANDUSKY COUNTY. 205 Clay in the letter brought by Captain M' Cune, amounted to at least 5,000. With such a disparity of force, would it have been proper to have risked an action to preserve the post of Lower Sandusky, which of itself was of little or no importance, and which, the garri son being withdrawn, contained nothing of any value ? Important Posts. — The posts of Fort Meigs and Upper Sandusky were ofthe utmost im portance ; the former was amply provided with the means of defence, and was in no dan ger ; but the latter, weak in its defences, and with a feeble garrison, containing many thousands of barrels of flour and other provi sions, the sole resource of the army for the ensuing campaign, was to be preserved at any risk. The position at Seneca, was not in the direct line from Fort Meigs to Upper San dusky. The enemy, by taking the direct route, would certainly reach it before General Harrison, as several hours must have elapsed before he could have been inforraed of their movement, even if it had been discovered the moment it had been coraraenced, a circum stance not very likely to happen. It there fore became necessary for the security of Upper Sandusky, that a position better adapted to that purpose should be assumed. There was another and most important reason for this movement : twelve miles in the rear of Seneca, towards Upper Sandusky, the prairie or open country comraences. The in fantry which the commander-in-chief had with him were raw recruits ; on the contrary, the squadron of dragoons were well disciplined, and had seen mueh service. In the country about Seneca, this iraportant corps could have been of little service : in the open country to the rear, they would have defeated five times 'their number of Indians, It was for these reasons that it was determined by the council of war, to change the position of the troops at Seneca. If this movement did take place, the propriety of withdrawing the garrison of Lower Sandusky was obvious. The place was extremely weak, and in a bad position. It was not intended originally for a fort. Before the war it was used as the United States' Indian factory, and had a small stockade around it, merely for the purpose of keeping out drunken Indians. It was, more over, commanded by a bill, within point blank shot, on the opposite side of the river. The School of Experience. ' ' — To those who suppose that Gen. Harrison should have ad vanced upon the enemy the moment he discov ered that Sandusky was attacked, we raust, in the language of the general and field officers whowere present on the occasion, "leave them to correct their opinions in the school of ex perience," Gen. Harrison had been reinforced a day or two before the seige of Sandusky, by the 28th regiment, raised in Kentucky. After having received this corps he could not have marched more than 800 effective men with out risking his stores, and, what was still of more consequence, 150 sick at Seneca, to be taken by the smallest party of Indians. The scouts of the army brought information that tbe Indians were very numerous in the direc tion of Fort Meigs. The general conjectured that a large portion of the Indians were then ready to fall on his flank or rear, or the de fenceless camp at Seneca, should he advance. The information he received from the British prisoners confirmed this opinion ; a body of 2,000 being there under the coramand of Tecuraseh, At the moment of which we are speaking the volunteers of Ohio were rapidly approaching. Wise Course of Gen. Harrison, — Now, under these circumstances, does any reason able man believe that Gen, Harrison should have advanced with his 800 raw recruits against a force in front which he knew to be so rauch superior in nurabers, and with the probability of having one equaUy large hang ing on his flank? What would have been thought of his abilities as a general, even if he had been successful against Gen, Proctor (of which, with his small force, there was little probabUitv), if in his absence Tecumseh, with his 2,000 warriors, had rushed upon Camp Seneca, destroyed his stores, toma hawked his sick soldiers, and pursuing his route towards Upper Sandusky, defeated the Ohio volunteers, scattered as they were in sraall bodies, and finally ending his career with the destruction of the grand magazine of his army, upon the preservation of which all his hopes of future success depended ? In all human probability this would have been the result had Gen, Harrison advanced to the relief of Fort Stephenson sooner than he did. It was certainly better to risk for a while the defence of that fort to the talents and valor of Croghan, and tbe gallant spirits who were with him, than to jeopardize the whole prospects of the campaign. About one and a half miles above Lower Sandusky, at the falls ofthe river, in the manufacturing village of Ballsville, containing one cotton and one woollen factory, two flouring mills, and about thirty dwellings. It was about half a mile southwest of this village, that Col. Ball had a skirmish with the Indians a day or two previous to the assault of Fort Stephenson. There is, or was a few years since, an oak tree on the site of the action, on the road to Columbus, with seven teen hacks in it to indicate the number of Indians killed on the occasion. We have an account of this affair derived from one of the dragoons present. — OM Edition. The squadron were moving towards the the Indians frora the west side of the road, fort when they were suddenly fired upon by whereupon Col. Ball ordered a charge, and he 2o6 SANDUSKY COUNTY. and suite and the right flank being in advance, his body. At this time Capt, Hopkins was first came into action. The colonel struck seen on the left side in pursuit of a powerful the first blow. He dashed in between two savage, when the latter turned and made a savages and cut down the one on the right ; blow at the captain with a tomahawk, at the other being slightly in the rear, made a which the horse sprang to one side. Cornet blow with a tomahawk at his back, when, by Hayes then came up and the Indian struck at a sudden spring of his horse, it fell short, him, his horse in like manner evading the and was buried deep in the cantel and pad of blow, Serjt, Anderson now arriving, the his saddle. Before the savage could repeat Indian was soon dispatched. By this time the blow hewas shot by (Ilorpl, Ryan, Lieut, the skirmish was over, the Indians, who were Hedges (now Gen. Hedges of Mansfield) fol- only about 20 in number, being nearly all cut lowing in the rear, mounted on a small horse, down ; and orders were given to retreat to pursued a big Indian, and just as he had come the main squadron. Col. Ball dressed his men up to hira his stirrup broke, and he fell head ready for a charge, should the Indians appear first off his horse, knocking the Indian down, in force, and moved down without further Both sprang to their feet, when Hedges molestation to the fort, where they arrived at struck the Indian across his head, and as he about 4 p, M. was falling buried his sword up to its hilt in Fremont, county-seat of Sandusky, about ninety-five miles north of Columbus, and eighty-three miles southwest of Cleveland, on the Sandusky river, at the head of navigation. Its railroads are the L. S. &, M. S. ; L. E. & W. and W. & L. E. County Officers, 1888: Auditor, A. V. Bauman; Clerk, John W. Worst j Commissioners, James E. Wickert, Joseph Gesehwindt, George F. Wilt ; Coroner, Edward Schwartz ; Infirmary Directors, Isaac Strohl, Nehemiah Engler, Andrew Kline ; Probate Judge, E. F. Dickenson ; Prosecuting Attorney, F. R. Fronizer ; Recorder, H. J. Kramb ; Sheriff, R. W. Sandwisch ; Surveyor, George W. Lesher; Treasurer, William E.Lang. City Officers, 1888: Heman B.Smith, Mayor ; A. V. Bauman, Clerk ; Henry Hunsinger, Marshall ; Lester Wilson, Solicitor ; William E. Lang, Treasurer ; Joseph Rawson, Civil Engineer ; M. A. Fitzmaurice, Street Commissioner ; C. F. Reiff, Chief Fire Department. News papers : News, Independent, H. E. Woods, editor and publisher ;¦ Courier, Ger man Democrat, Joseph Zimmermann, editor and publi-sher ; Journal, Republican, Isaac McKeeler & Son, editors and publishers ; Scientific Weekly, literary, J. C. 'Wheeler, editor and publisher; Journal o/ Z)iei!efo, Medical, Caldwell and Gessner, editors. Churches : 1 Presbyterian, 2 Catholic, 1 African Methodist . Episcopal, 1 Lutheran, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Evangelical. Banks : Farmers', O. A. Roberts, president, D. A. Ranck, cashier; First National, James W. Wilson, president, A. H. Miller, cashier ; Fremont Savings, James W. Wilson, president, A. E. Rice, cashier. Manufactures and Employees.— C. W. Tschumy, furniture, 7 ; Blue & Halter, sulky cultivators, 10 ; Lehr Brothers, agricultural implements, 32 ; Edgerton & Sheldon, sash, doors and blinds, 18 ; The Clous Shear Co., shears and scissors, 94 ; TheHerbrand Co., gear irons, 12; D. June & Co., engines, ete., 56; Koons Brothers, flour, etc., 4 ; Van Epps & Cox, flour, ete., 9 ; McLean R. R. Spike Co., railroad spikes, 75 ; Thomson-Houston Carbon Co., carbon, 79 ; Fremont Drop Forge Co., carriage hardware, 20 ; Fremont Canning Co., canned corn, ete., 85 ; Fremont Electric Light and Power Co., electric light, 4 ; A. H. Jackson, bustles and hose, 190. — State Bepoii, 1888. Population, 1880, 8,456. School census, 1888, 1,957; W. W. Ross, school superintendent. Capital invested in industrial establishments, $715,800. Value of annual product, %l\^,mO.— Ohio Labor Statistics, 1887. Census, 1890, 7,140. Heckewelder, the missionary, in his "History of the Indian Nations," de scribes a scene he witnessed at the Indian village at this place, near the close ofthe Ainerican Revolution, whicii is regarded as the best description extant of the or deal of Bunning the Gauntlet. He precedes his special description with these remarks : Much depends on the courage and presence of mind of the prisoner. On enter- SAND USD Y COUNTY. 207 ing the village, he is shown a painted post at the distance of from twenty to forty yards, and told to run to it and cateh hold of it as quickly as he can. On each side of him stand men, women and children, with axes, sticks and other offensive weapons, ready to strike him as he runs, in the same manner as is done in the European armies when soldiers, as it is called, run the gauntlet. If he should be so unlucky as to fall in the way, he will probably be immediately despatched by some person longing to avenge the death of some relation or friend slain in battle ; but the moment he reaches the goal, he is safe and protected from further insult until his fate is determined. In the month of April, 1782, when I was myself a prisoner at Lower San dusky, waiting for an opportunity to proceed with a trader to Detroit, I witnessed a scene of this description which fully exeraplified what I have above stated. Three American prisoners were brought in by fourteen warriors from the garrison of Fort Mcintosh. As soon as they had crossed the Sandusky river, to which the village lay adja cent, they were told by the captain of the party to run as hard as they could to a painted post which was shown to them. The youngest of the three, without a moment's hesitation, immediately started for it, and reached it fortunatiely witbout receiving a single blow ; the second hesi tated for a moment, but recollecting himself, he also ran as fast as he could, and likewise reached the post unhurt. The third, frightened at seeing so many men, women and children with weapons in their hands, ready to strike him, kept begging the captain to spare him, saying he was a mason, and he would build him a fine large stone house, or do any work for him that he would please. " Run for your life," cried the chief to him, " and don't talk now of building houses ! " But the poor fellow still insisted, begging and praying to the captain, who at last finding his exhortations vain, and fearing the consequences, turned his back upon him, and would not hear him any longer. Our mason now began to run, but received many a hard blow, one of which nearly brought him to the ground, which, if he had fallen, would have decided his fate. He, however, reached the goal, not without being sadly bruised, and he was, besides, bitterly reproached and scoffed at all round as a vile coward, while the others were hailed as brave men, and received tokens of universal approbation. TRAVELLING NOTES. A Day at Spiegel Grove. On my original visit to Fremont, then known as Lower Sandusky, I made the acquaintance of a young man several years younger than myself, which has bean lifelong and I feel mutually regardful, Mr. R. B. Hayes, a young attorney then just beginning to practice the law. Associated afterward for years in the Cincin nati Literary Club, we learned to know each other well, living our lives in the same great current of .events and thoughts that have marked this century's march in the ever-broadening, brightening line of humanizing intelligence and action. Katurally such a visit as mine interested a young man born when Ohio was largely a wilderness, and living on the very spot that had signalized a great vic tory by its pioneers over British redcoats and their yelling, scalp-hunting, red- skinned confreres. Connecticut, my State, long before had sent out her sons, largely farmers' sons, to perambulate the " new countries " on trading ventures. That was before the ingress of any of the youthful Isaacs and Jacobs and Abrams of Judea on the same ventures. Those Connecticut young men each bore, suspended by a wooden yoke from their shoulders, huge square tin-boxes, containing their stock in trade, when they made their way from house to house among " the heathen of the South and West," disposing of their varied notions, such as kerchiefs, laces, finger and ear-rings, 2o8 SANDUSKY COUNTY. Hue, crimson, and yellow beads, gilt-washed for necklaces ; fancy-colored silks and blazoning calicoes, printed in what they called thunder-and-lightning colors; ribbons, tapes, thimbles, silver-washed and shining; hair-combs and brushes; hair-pins and pins not hair ; needles warranted not at all and needles " warranted not to cut in the eye ;" buckles, buttons and bodkins. And when there was a pressing demand, nutmegs, neatly turned in wood ; hence the expression as of yore applied to Connecticut, " the Nutmeg State." These, when used, must have been as necklaces, after having been drilled and strung for " the heathen " aforesaid. Now and then, too, Connecticut sent out a schoolmaster in advance of a home grown supply of that useful article. Such, on their arrival in the woodsy wilds, found no lack of material for the enforcement of knowledge at their very founda tions, according to the precept of the ancient sage, Solomon. It was true I had come from Connecticut, but it was on another mission the like of which had not there been seen. It had touched the imagination of the young man. In after years he said he felt I was a second Heroditus, travelling the land to gather its history. The feeling might have had its uncomplimentary drawback, inasmuch as the great Heroditus had been charged with having been the most unwholesome, prolific pater familias known — the " Great Father of Lies." Still, I think not ; for, since the day of publication of " Howe's Ohio," he has always had a copy within easy reach of his writing-desk, and I verily be lieve in his often reaches he has felt, as he grasped it, that he held Truth herself, mirror and all. Ere coming to Ohio a second time I was invited by Mr. Hayes to pause at Spiegel Grove before starting over the now largely wood-shorn steel-ribbed land. _ My arrival was Nov, 21, 1885, at this writing over five years gone. The homestead at Spiegel Grove was built by his uncle, Sardis Birchard, in 1860, to which additions have since been made by Mr. Hayes, The name given by Mr, Birchard is peculiarly adapted to its inhabitants — the "Grove of Good Spirits." It is about half a mile inland from the town in a level coun try, in the midst of a forest of some thirty acres. Around the mansion, which is at the rear and approached by a long, winding walk and drive, are some of the noblest of forest trees. The soil is of the richest and some of the trees immense, the growth of centuries, atid still vigorous ; others are in decay, with their trunks only standing, yet interest from the clustering leaves of the vines which, planted by loving hands, at their hase wind around their scraggly forms, and flutter in the passing wind like youth dancing around hoary old age, and trying to make old bones feel young again. The mansion is a spot of public interest. To learn how and where the family live of one who has been at the head of this great nation is a wise curiosity. We are marvel lously alike, sparks from tha one great benig nant source, and our conditions here but mere temporary arrangements, I verily be lieve, for something higher which, when at tained, we indeed may feel this truly is life ; the other was "a make believe," but good as far as it went. On another page is a general view of the home, with a ground-plan showing the inter nal arrangements of the lower story. The house is of brick, ceilings of ample height, and the rooms spacious. It js well lignted everywhere ; the furniture being largely of oak and other light-hued wood helps to ren der all within bright and cheery. Not the least attraction is the long spacious veranda, over 80 feet long, where, on summer even ings, the family and friends were wont to gather for social intercourse ; or, on mornings after breakfast, for the ladies and gentlemen, arm-in-arm, to take a few turns up and down, and then part for the various duties of the day. And the days were filled with them, and largely by Mr, and Mrs. Hayes with mat ters of public welfare ; and so their days were days of calm and peace. The chief rooms are the reception-room and the study, which both go under the gen eral name of the library. In effect they are one room, no door separating, only an arch near the hall-end some 12 feet wide and 15 feet high. The reception-room is a place of elegance ; pictures on the walls ; marble busts, life-size ; portraits ¦ of notables on easels ; large, beautifully illustrated works on the tables, with here and there a dainty booklet that is a charm to hold, and whose leaves, as you turn page after page, may sparkle with gems of fancy and the heart. These, as they catch your eye, may lift you out, as I once heard a hroad-brogued pious Scotch Presby terian pronounce it, ' ' Lift you out of a vain and desateful wurld, " The general's study is in reality the library. All the walls to the ceiling are filled with hooks. He has some 11,000 under his roof, and half of them are there. As illustrating his intense regard for his country and people some 6,000 of them are upon American (./© .1- store "Panl™ }(ii-chen (phma I Glojei Ja\ \e)inma [library "^eceja+ion i^oom t3 . EL ¦Poom /all MS 4 Bedl^o ^, fa rior -C D O f- Plan of House. J *'• *-\'. . ( 1 4 ^'*-"> >. ';3 ap^^srj S^^f?!ti5lS JI. Gi-ol, Photo. Spiegel Grove. SANDUSKY COUNTY. 209 history and biography. His study is his place of work. His desk is at the extreme north and where the light comes, for his writing and reading, over his left shoulder and down from the skylight above, and there is nothing to prevent the spirit of Spiegel Grove from watching and ministering to him in his labors. My arrival was in the mid forenoon. Neither Mr. nor Mrs. Hayes were in. The latter was absent in the vUlage but was the first to arrive and with a friendly greeting took me into the study, and was about to drive off a pair of greyhounds that lay stretched on the rug before the blazing grate- fire, thinking they raight annoy me, when I begged her not to disturb them in their coa- fort, and she did not, so when an hour later she took my arm for the dining-room and with the -others following, those aniraals brought up the rear, but where the luxurious creatures went I knew not. No one could be in the house long without feeling that it was a place where love and cheerfulness reigned supreme. Both INIr. and Mrs, Hayes seemed as an elder brother and sister to their children, and each to the other were only Rutherford and Lucy. Each possessed the same characteristics, a love of the humorous, their minds _ receptive and looking for the pleasant things that each new-born morning may bring on its bright white wings. Such natures run to reminiscence and anec dote. In one instance, when at the social board, Mrs. Hayes arose from her seat at its head and acted out an incident in a sort of pantomime to impress the point of an amus ing story. Her voice was low and musical, and her flow of good spirits as from an ex haustless rippling reservoir. One incident she gave to illustrate the reputation at an early date of the lower Scioto Valley for malaria, that when the first railroad trains passed through Chillicothe, the conductors were accustomed to stop and call out to the passengers, "Twenty minutes for quinine." Mr. Hayes brought to the table one of my books wherein was an extract from Victor Hugo's " Les Miserables," which led him to say, when they first got hold of that work they were in Virginia idling their time in_ a winter camp. Not knowing with cer tainty the pronounciation of its title, sorae of the officers around termed it "Lee's Mis erables." He also read from its pages an incident of my personal history, the scene of which oc curred when I was a young man, travelling on foot over the State of New York in 1840 for my book on that State. This I repeat here as printed : "I was footing it with my knapsack on my back over the hills near the headwaters of the Susquehanna when I was overtaken by an elderly grave-visaged man in a grey suit rid ing on horseback. ' Good morning, ' said he, and then in solemn tones added ' are you a professor, sir ?' "Thinks I, 'this man sees something un- '4 common about me, and I rathec think his head his level — he probably imagines I am one of the sage Pundits of Yale or Harvard on a scientific tour of exploration,' and there upon in pleased tones I replied ' Professor of what, sir?' Judge of ray surprise when he answered, ' Professor oi' religion.' " At this unexpected finale Mrs. Hayes gave one of her low full-toned merry laughs. I have said the study was a place of work, it was also a favorite gathering spot on even ings where thefamily gathered oeforethegrate to talk down the hours and Mrs. Hayes was ever there joining in with pleasing words and merry laugh. On the evening of my arrival Mr. Hayes varied the entertainment, taking from a basket varied kinds of apples one after another, peeling and quartering each and passing them round to saraple and obtain judgment as to their respective qualities. And as the evening progressed we talked our recollections of the old Cincinnati Club, be fore the war, and of the good times we had when at our raonthly socials where we usually closed by sorae forty or more joining hands aU round and singing " Auld Lang Syne." The next morning after breakfast I was standing before the grate cogitating when Mrs. Hayes came in and said, " Mr. Howe, I don't know but what I may be rather hard on you, but I want you to go out and see ray cows ; they are beauties. " So she put on her shawl and rubbers and picked up somewhere an ear of corn. As we stepped out of the hall door into the yard she sent forth a loud. trumpet-like call that went forth like the call of an Alpine shepherdess. Instantly every feathered thing about the place gave an answering cry, and it seemed to me as though they must have numbered hundreds, so strongly did the varied orchestra of mingled sounds fill the air ; some from far and some from near, almost under our feet. The guinea hens and pea-hens screamed and carae run ning up with their speckled backs, and the pigeons and turkeys sent forth their varied airs and clustering around her followed to the barn while she wrenched _ the corn frora the ear and cast it to the right and left as we rapidly proceeded. This habit of calling up the feathered tribe was coramon with her. At times the doves cara e from the cotes quite a distance away when they fluttered over her head and alighted upon her person. Even the wild birds of the grove received her attention, for she was wont_ to minister to them in their tiraidity by placing food in covert places where they could eat and be not afraid. On our arrival at the barn, lo ! the Jerseys were gone. They had been taken off to nibble awhile in the yet green pasture,. Mrs, Hayes, however, showed sorae snow white goats from the mountains of Cashmere, and what the chUdren would caU a "cunning" little calf We returned to the house, and when in the middle of the great hall, happening to cast her eyes down she exclaimed, " How neglect ful I have been not to have had your shoes 2IO SANDUSKY COUNTY. blacked, please take them off," and then opening a closet door brought out a pair of shppers and dropping them at my feet, bore away my shoes for their blacking. Some few minutes elapsed and I was stand ing alone in the study musing, when its hall door opened and in tripped an old aunty with a turban on her head bearing my shoes nicely polished. She was slender and neither black nor white ; but there was no mistaking, she was "Ole Virginny" all over, and an "Aunty." she came in tripping, a lively old creature, a-grinning and with a quick jerky courtesy dropped the shoes at my feet ; then started for the hall door, I called her hack, and placing a coin in her hand, she again grinned and repeated her jerk, with a "Thank you, sah," darted off, she richer by a piece of silver and I by a nicely polished pair of shoes. As the door closed I again fell to musing, thinking of the good woman whose qualities had just been illustrated to my experience. The secret of her character was her ineffable spirit of love. It went everywhere ; to the wee little flower at her feet, the birds, the animals, and especially to human beings. She yearned to do them good, saw brothers and sisters in thera all, wanted to fill them with the joy she felt, and sympathized with their waiits with a spirit that was divine. Had she been with Christ when he wept over Jerusalem she would have wept with him. Old men who knew her when she was a child in the town of Chilicothe, when her name was spoken, smiled as with a beautiful memory and followed with words of praise. One incident which I know to be true of the many of her blessing career, I here relate as written by Mr, Henry L, DetwUer, from El Paso, Texas, and published in the St. Lonis Globe- Democrat. I wish to relate a little circumstance which came under my own observation more than twenty-four years ago, while Mr, Hayes was Governor of my native State, Ohio. One day whUe passing up State street in Columbus, I saw a woman sitting on the curbstone, and a dozen or more small boys were teasing her. She was very drunk, apparently. About the time that I reached the spot a carriage drove up and stopped near the scene, A lady looked out of the window, and, taking in the situa tion at a glance, opened the carriage door, got out, walked up to the drunken woman, and, speaking kindly to her, asked her to take a drive with her. The drunken woman, in a maundering way, complied, and was assisted to the carriage and driven away. After they had gone I asked of a bystander who the lady in the carriage was, and he told me it was the wife of Gov. Hayes," My day at Spiegel Grove ended, Mr. Hayes first took me in his buggy to show me around the town that I miglit see what a place of thrift and comfort it had beconie, I could but admire its broad streets, its neat cleanly homes, the graceful spire of the Catholic church, modelled after one on the Cathedral at MUan, 240 feet in height, the Birchard library and its patriotic relics, the calm flowing river, with its embosoming island, etc. , but all this took time, so when we neared the depot the express was starting out, and had got some 200 feet away when he arose and signaling they paused for me, and I was borne on my way with new pictures to hang on "memory's walls." And more new ones came quick, for going westerly through the Black Swamp Forest Region I could but be as tonished to see what an Eden it had become since when in 1846 I had threaded its mazes on the back of " Old Pomp." "Into every heart some rainy days must fall," — Longfellow. June 25, 1889, was a sad day at Spiegel Grove, The beautiful mother and universal friend, whose living presence had been a light and a love was no more. The Nation sorrowed. Human annals fail to present the record of a single other of her sex, so widely beloved, so widely mourned. Had she been the mother in an humble laborers cabin she would have been the same good woman alike loved of God and the angels. • Her lot was to become the first lady in the land ; all eyea rested upon her, all hearts paid her reverence. None other in such a position had illustrated such love and sympathy for the.humble, the weak, and the sufifering. She gathered the richest of harvests, the harvests ofthe heart. Though her spirit has gone her memory re mains, an unending benediction. Children yet to be as they enter upon this mysterious existence wUl learn of her and he blessed, and old age hopeful as it nears its end may look beyond and as her image arises to their vision feel "of such is the Kingdom of Heaven, ' ' BIOGRAPHY. EuTHEEFORD B. Hayes, Ex-President of the United States and General in Union Army, was born in Delaware, O., October 4, 1822. His parents, Euther- ford and Sophia Hayes (Sophia Birchard) came to Ohio in 1817, from Windham county, Vermont. He received his early education in the common schools, attended an academy at Norwalk, O., and in 1837 went to Isaac Webb's school at Middletown, Ct., to prepare for college. In 1842, he graduated at Kenyon college, valedictorian of hift class. He studied law with Thomas Sparrow, of Columbus, O., was graduated at the Law School of Havard University in 1845. LUCY WEBB HAYES. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES. SANDUSKY COUNTY. 211 On may 10, 1845, he was admitted to the bar at Marietta, O., and began practice at Lower Sandusky (now Fremont), where in April, 1846, he formed a partnership with Hon. Ealph P. Buckland. In 1849 he began to practice law at Cincinnati, where he soon attracted atten tien through his ability and acquirements. On December 30, 1852, he married Lucy W. Webb, daughter of Dr. James Webb, a physcian of high standing in Chilicothe. In 1858 he was appointed city solicitor of Cincinnati, and served until April, 1861. On the organization of the Eepublican party, he at once became one of its active supporters, being attracted thereto by his strong anti-slavery sentiments. At the outbreak of the war, he was elected captain of the military company formed from the celebrated Cincinnati Literary club. In June, 1861, he was ap pointed major of the 23d O. V. I., and in July his regiment was ordered to West Virginia. Gen. Hayes' very gallant and meritorious military career has been overlooked in the prominence given to his political life ; an examination of his record in the army shows that such brave, gallant and able service has rarely been equalled, even in the annals of the late war. The following is from the Military History of Gen. Grant, by Gea Badeau, 3d volume, page 101. In all the important battles of Sheridan's carapaign Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes, after wards nineteenth President of the United States, had borne an honorable part. Enter ing the service early in 1861, as major of the 23d Ohio Volunteers, he was ordered at once to West Virginia, and remained there till the summer of 1862, when his command was transferred to the Potomac, and participated in the battle of South Mountain. In this action Hayes was severely wounded in the arm. He was immediately commended for conspicuous gaUantry, and in December of the same year received the colonelcy of his regi ment, which had returned to West Virginia, He served under Crook, in the movement against the Tennessee railroad iu the spring of 1864, and led a brigade with marked success in the battle of Cloyd's Mountain, After wards, still in Crook's comraand, he joined Hunter's army in the raarch against Lynch burg ; was present at the operations in front of that place, and covered the retreat in the difficult and dangerous passage of the AUe ghanies. He was next ordered to the raouth of the Shenandoah Valley, and took part in several engagements between Early and Sheridan's troops, prior to the battle of Winchester, In that important encounter, he had the right of Crook's command, and it was therefore his troops which, in conjunction with the cavalry, executed the turning manoeuvre that decided the fate of the day. Here he displayed higher qualities than personal gallantry. At one point in the advance, his command came upon a deep slough, fifty yards wide, and stretching across the whole front of his bngade. Beyond was a rebel battery. If the brigade endeavored to move around tbe obstruction, it would be exposed to a severe enfilading fire ; while it discomfited, the line of advance would be broken in a vital part. Hayes, with the instinct of a soldier, at once gave the word " Forward," and spurred his horse into the swarap. Horse and rider plunged at first nearly out of sight, but Hayes struggled on till the beast sank hopelessly into the raire. Then dismounting, he waded to the further bank, climbed to the top, and beckoned with his cap to the men to follow. In the attempt to obey many were shot or drowned, but a sufficient number crossed the ditch to form a nucleus for the brigade ; and Hayes still leading, they climbed the bank and charged the battery. The enemy fled in great disorder, and Hayes reformed his men and resumed the advance. The passage of the slough was at the crisis of the fight and the rebels broke on every side in confusion. At Fisher's' Hill Hayes led a division in the turning movement assigned to Crook's com mand. Clambering up the steep sides of North Mountain, which was covered with an almost impenetrable entanglement of trees and underbrush, the division gained, unperceived, a position in rear of the enemy's line, and then charged with so much fury that the rebels hardly attempted to resist, but fied in utter rout and dismay, Hayes was at the head of his coluran throughout this brilliant charge, A month later, at Cedar Creek, he was again engaged. His command was a reserve, and therefore did not share in the disaster of the main line at daybreak ; but when the broken regiments at the front were swept hurriedly to the rear, Hayes's division flew to arms, and changing front, advanced in the direction frora which the eneray was coming. Successful resistance, however, was impossi ble. Hayes bad not fifteen hundred effec tive men, and two divisions of the rebels were pouring through the woods to close around him in flank and rear. There was no alternative but retreat or capture. He with drew, nevertheless, with steadiness, and main tained his organization unbroken throughout 212 SANDUSKY COUNTY. the battle, leading his men from hiU-top to hiU- Memoirs, written when he was in great suf- top in face of the enemy. WhUe riding at fering and near his end, is in some respects full speed, his horse was shot under bim ; he more interesting even than the first volume. was flung violently out of the saddle and his In it he givOs very freely and in a most enter- foot and ankle hadly wrenched by the fall. taining way, his opinion of his military friends Stunned and bruised, he lay for a moment, and associates. For example, on page 340 exposed to a storm of bullets, but soon re- he says of Gen. Hayes : covering sprang to his feet, and limped to his " On more than one occasion in these en- command. _ gagements. Gen. R, B, Hayes, who succeeded " Por gallant and meritorious service in the me as President of the United States, bore a batties of Winchester, Fisher's HiU and very honorable part. His conduct on the field Cedar Creek," Col, Hayes was promoted to was marked by conspicuous gallantry as weU as the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers, the display of qualities of a higher order than and brevetted Major-General for " gallant that of mere personal daring. This might and distinguished service during the campaign weU have been expected of one who could of 1864, in West Virginia, and particularly in write at the time he has said to have done so : the battles of Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek," 'Any officer fit for duty who at this crisis He had coramanded a brigade for more than would abandon his post to electioneer for a two years,_ and at the time of these promo- seat in Congress, ought to be scalped,' Hav- tions was in comraand of the Kanawha divis- ing entered the army as a major of volunteers ion. In the course of his service in the at the beginning of the war. Gen, Hayes at- army he was four times wounded, and had tained by meritorious service the rank of four horses shot under him, brevet major-general before its close." The second volume of Gen. Grant's In August, 1864, while Gen. Hayes was in the field, he was nominated by a Eepublican district convention in Cincinnati as a candidate for Congress. He was elected by a majority of 2,400. Gen. Hayes took his seat in Congress December 4, 1865, and was appointed chairman of the library committee. In 1866 he was re-elected to Congress. In the House of Eepresentatives he was prominent in the counsels of his party. In 1867 he was the Eepublican candidate for Governor of Ohio, and elected over Judge Thurman. In 1869 he was re-elected Governor of Ohio over George H. Pendleton. In 1872, despite his frequently expressed desire to retire from public life. Gen. Hayes was again nominated for Congress by the Eepublicans of Cincinnati, but was defeated. In 1873 he returned to Fremont, and the next year inherited the considerable estate of his uncle, Sardis Birchard. In 1875, notwithstanding his well known desire not to re-enter public life, he was again nominated for Governor of Ohio, and although he at first declined the honor, he was subsequently induced to accept the nomination, and after a hard fought canvas was elected over William Allen by a majority of 5,500. This contest, by reason of the financial issue involved, became a national one, and was watched with interest thoughout the country, and as a result he was nominated for the Presidency on the 7th ballot of the National Eepublican convention, which met at Cincinnati, June 14, 1876. In accepting this nomination Mr. Hayes pledged himself, from patriotic motives, to the one-term principle, and in these words : " Believing that the restoration of the civil service to the system established by Washington and followed by the early Presidents can be best accomplished by an Executive who is under no temptation to use the patronage of his office to promote his own re-election, I desire to perform what I regard as a duty in now stating ray inflexible purpose, if elected, not to be a candidate for election to a second term. " In furtherance of the reform we seek, and in other important respects, a change of great importance, I recommend an amendment to the Constitution pre scribing a term of six years for the Presidential office, and forbidding a re-elec tion." In the complications that arose as a result of the Presidential election of 1876, his attitude was patriotric and judicious, and is outlined in a letter addressed to John Sherman frora Columbus, O., dated Noveraber 27, 1876. He says '. " You feel, I am sure, as I do about this whole business. A fair election SANDUSKY COUNTY. 213 would have given us about forty electoral votes — at least that many. But we are not to allow our friends to defeat one outrage and fraud by another. There must be nothing crooked on our part. Let Mr. Tilden have the place by violence, in timidation and fraud, rather than undertake to prevent it by means that will not bear the severest scrutiny." The canvassing boards of Louisiana, Florida and South Carolina declared Eepublican electors chosen, and certificates of these results were sent by the Governors of those States to Washington. Gov. Hayes had a majority of one in the electoral college. But the Democrats charged fraud, and certificates declaring the Democratic electors elected were sent to Washington. The House (Demo cratic) and the Senate (Eepublican) theu concurred in an Act providing for a commission composed of five representatives, five senators and five judges of the Supreme Court, to have final jurisdiction. The coraraission refused to go behind the certificates of the Governors, and by a vote of eight to seven declared in favor of the Eepublican electors, and President Hayes was inaugurated March 5, 1877. The administration of President Hayes, although unsatisfactory to machine politicians, was a wise and conservative one, meeting with the approval of the people at large. By the withdrawal of Federal troops and restoration of self- government to the Southern States, it prepared the way for a revival of patriotism and the remarkable material development that has since ensued. The administra tion began during a period of business depression, but the able management of the finances of the governmeut and the resumption of specie payments restored com mercial activity. This administration laid the foundations for a permanent and thorough civil service reform, notwithstanding strong and influential opposition, including that of a majority of the raerabers of Congress. Throughout, his adrainistration was intelligently and consistently conducted with but one raotive in view, the greatest good to the country, regardless of party affiliations. That he was erainently successful in this, and was as wise, patriotic, progressive and beneficial in its effects as any the country has enjoyed, is the judg ment of every intelligent person who gives it an unbiased study. " The tree is judged by its fruit." When Mr. Blaine made his Presidential tour in Ohio in 1884, in several of his speeches he spoke of tiie Hayes' adminis tration as unique in this : It was one of the few and rare cases in our history in which the President entered upon his office with the country depressed and dis contented and left it prosperous and happy. In which he found his party broken, divided and on the verge of defeat, and left it strong, united and \'igorous. This, he said, was the peculiar felicity of Gen. Hayes' public career. Ou the expiration of his term, ex-President Hayes retired to his home in Fremont, O. He has been the recipient of the degree of LL.D. frora Kenyon, 1868 ; Harvard, 1877 ; Yale, 1880, and Johns Hopkins University, 1881. Is comraander of the Order of Loyal Legion, was also coramander of the Ohio Commandery, was first president of the Society of the Army of West Virginia. He is president of the John F. Slater Education Fund, and one of the trustees of the Peabody Fund (both for education in the South). He is also president of the National Prison Eeform Association, and a trustee of a large number of charit able and educational institutions. His " Life, Public Services, and Select Speeches," by James Q. Howard, were published in Cincinnati in 1876. It is well known that Gen. Hayes does not favor life senatorships for ex-Presi dents. In the sketch of his life in " Biographical Cyclopedia of Ohio," vol. ii., page 309, we find the following . . " On retiring from public life and return- hearty welcome to my home is, I assure you, mg to his home President Hayes was wel- very gratifying. During the last five or six corned at Fremont in the heartiest way. In years I have been absent in the public service. his speech in the assemblage he said : ' This * * * My family and I have none but the 214 SANDUSKY COUNTY. friendliest words and sentiments for the cities It seems to me the reply is near at hand of our late official residence — Columbus and and suffioient _: Let him, like any other good Washington ; but with local attachments, American citizen, be wUling and prompt to perhaps unusually strong, it is quite safe to bear his part in every useful work that wUl say that never for one moraent have any of us promote the welfare and the happiness of his wavered in our desire and purpose to return family, his town, his State, and nis country. and make our permanent residence in the With this disposition he wiU have work pleasant old place in Spiegel Grove in this enough to do, and that sort of work that good old town of Fremont. The question is yields more individual contentment and grati- often heard, ' what is to become of the man fication than belong to the more conspicuous — what is he to do — who, having been Chief employments of the life from which he has Magistrate of the Republic retires at the end retired. ' ' of his official term to private life ?' Years have elapsed since these wise words were uttered and Mr. Hayes became a private citizen. But his life has been a beautiful and a very busy one because, filled with useful work for the " welfare and happiness of his family, his town, his State and his country." Since leaving the Presidency, Mr. Hayes has been actively engaged in educa tional, reformatory and benevolent work : President of the John F. Slater Edu cation Fund ; Member of the Peabody Education Fund ; President of the National Prison Association ; President of the Mohonk Conference on the Negro Question ; President of the Maumee Valley Historical and Monumental Society; Com mander-in-chief of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States ; President of the Society of the Army of West Virginia ; President of the Society of the Twenty-third Eegiment O. V. V. I. ; Member of the Board of Trustees of Western Eeserve Universty, Ohio Wesleyan University and Ohio State Uni versity. Sayings prom Speeches and Writings of ex-President Hayes. " We have a fair fighting chance to win. " " Iwould rather go to the war, if I knew I was to lose my life, than to live through and after it without taking part in it."- "To perpetuate the Union and to abolish slavery were the work of the war. To educate the uneducated is the appropriate work of peace, , , . The soldier of the Union has done his work, and has done it well. The work of the schoolmaster is now in order," "We must get rid of fixed sentences against hardened criminals. They should remain in prison until they are cured," "Whenever prisons are managed under the spoUs system it injures the poUtical party that does it, and the prison in which it is done," "There is no agreement between prisons and politics." "It must be regarded as a stain on any man who does not do all he can for the welfare of the men whose labor has made his wealth. ' ' Asked if he would be a candidate by an importunate friend, he replied, "George E, Pugh said there is no political hereafter : content with the past, I am not m a state of mind about the future. It is for us to act well in the present, ' ' " God loves Ohio or he would not have given her such a galaxy of heroes to defend the . nation in its hour of trial. ' ' "We must believe that Cain was wrong and that we are our brothers' keepers." ^1 Our flag should wave over States, not over conquered provinces," "Universal suffrage should rest upon universal education. To this end liberal permanent provision should be made for the support of free schools by the State governments, and, if need be, supplemented by legitimate aid from national authority." " It is my earnest purpose to put forth my best efforts in behalf of a civil policy which will forever wipe out in our political affairs the color line, and the distinction between North and South, that we may have not merely a united North or a united South but a united Country," "We should be always mindful of the fact that he serves his party best who serves his country best, ' ' "The love of flowers and the love of animals go together, "Touching teraperance, there is in this country, at least, no half-way house between total abstinence and the wrong side ofthe question," "In any community crimes increase as education, opportunity and property decrease. Whatever spreads ignorance and poverty spreads discontent and causes crime." " I never sought promotion in the army. I preferred to be one ofthe good colonels rather than one of the poor generals. ' ' SANDUSKY COUNTY. 215 The following Sketeh of Mrs. Hayes, with the Tributes to her Memory, was pre pared for this work by Miss Lucy Eliot Keeler, of Fremont, vnth whom it has been, a labor of love. Lucy Ware Webb Hayes was born August 28, 1831, in Chillicothe, Ohio, at that time the capital of the State. She was of good patriotic pioneer stock. Her father was Dr. James Webb, a native of Kentucky, and son of Isaac Webb, a Eevolutionary soldier of Virginia, who settled in Kentucky about 1790. On her mother's side she was of Puritan ancestry. Her mother, Maria Cook, was the daughter of Isaac Cook, a Eevolutionary soldier of Connecticut who emigrated to the old Northwest Territory about ten years before Ohio became a State. A native of Ohio herself, both of her parents were born in the West. All four of her great-grandfathers served in the Eevolutionary war, in regiraente of the Connecticut or Virginia lines of the Continental army. Awards of land, made to them in return for military service rendered as officers in these regiraents, led to the ultiraate transfer of the family residence to Kentucky and Ohio. Her father, Dr. James Webb, when quite young, served in the war of 1812 as a member of the Kentucky raounted rifleraen. When she, his only daughter, was but two years old, he died in Lexington, Ky., whither he had gone frora his Ohio home to arrange for manumitting slaves of his inheritance, with the intention of sending them to Liberia. This visit took place during the terrible year of the oholera scourge, and being a physician, he lingered among his old-time friends with a loyalty unto death — giving them care and medical attendance until himself stricken fatally by the disease. Her raother was a woraan of unusual strength of character and of deep religious ¦convictions. After the death of her husband she reraoved to Delaware, in order to be near the Wesleyan University, where her two sons, Joseph and Jaraes, were ¦educated. Her fortune was sufficient to give her children a careful education. Lucy studied with her brothers and recited to the college professors. When her brothers began their studies in the medical college, she entered Wesleyan Female College at Cincinnati, the first chartered college for young women in America, in 1847, and graduated in 1850. While in attendance at this institution she joined the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which she ever remained a faithful and de voted meraber. Before she had finished her school-life in Cincinnati, her mother removed to the city, and occupied a horae on Sixth street, near Eace, where the faraily resided while her two brothers were completing their raedical studies. Here she was wedded to Eutherford B. Hayes, a young lawyer ofthe city, Deceraber 30, 1852. The marriage ceremony was performed by her old instructor, Eev. L. D. McCabe, D.D., ofthe Ohio Wesleyan University, who also attended the twenty-fifth anni versary of the wedding while Mrs. Hayes was mistress of the Presidential man sion in Washington. When the war broke out her husband and both of her brothers immediately entered the army, and from that tirae until the close of the war her horae was a refiige for wounded, sick and furloughed soldiers, going to or returning frora the front. She spent two winters in carap with her husband in Virginia, and after the battle at South Mountain, where he was badly wounded, she hastened East and joined him at Middletown, Md., and later spent much time in the hospitals near the battlefields of South Mountain and Antietam. It is no marvel that the soldiers of her husband's regiment revered her, and that she was made a raember of tbe Army of West Virginia, the badge of which society she always prized very highly. The Twenty-third Eegiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry presented her, on the occasion of her silver wedding, with a silver plate, on which is engraved the following lines : To thee our " Mother," on thy silver troth, We bring this token of our love — thy " boys " 2i6 SANDUSKY COUNTY. Give greeting unto thee with brimming hearts. Take it, for it is made of beaten coin, Drawn frora the hoarded treasures of thy speech; Kind words and gentle, when a gentle word Was worth the surgery of an hundred schools. To heal sick thought and make our bruises whole. Take it, our " Mother," 'tis but some sraall part Of thy rare bounty we give back to thee. And while love speaks in silver frora our hearts, We'll bribe old Father Time to spare his gifl. Below the inscription is a sketeh of the log hut erected as Col. Hayes' head quarters during the winter of 1862-63. Mrs. Haye.s' regard for the soldiers of the Union was as enduring as intense. How often has she said, " We must go to that funeral, he was a soldier ; " and the widows and orphans ofthe soldier never appealed to her in vain. Describing the great procession in New York, in April, 1889, her eyes glowed as shesaid : "But the veterans ought not to have been at the rear — they earned it all." After the close of the war Mr. Hayes was elected to the thirty-ninth and fortieth Congresses and held his seat until nominated for governor. Three terms he filled the latter office, and during all those years Mrs. Hayes enjoyed an experience and exerted an influence which with her natural abilities wonderfully fitted her for the position of lady of the White House. She had the conscience and the courage of her convictions. While presiding over thc White House she kept strictly to her temperance principles, and, with the co-operation of President Hayes, banished wine and other liquors entirely from their state dinners, as she had always done from her private table. Derided by the frivolous, and slightingly spoken of by sraall-rainded politicians, she let them talk, but maintained her loyalty to herself and her God. Her example has since been an encouragement and an inspiration to all temperance workers. No woman of this century will have a more glorious na»me in the list of huraan benefactors and staunch adherents to principle, than she, when their history is hereafter written. Speaking of her life at the White House, " The Evening Star " of Washington, says : " Few women would have attempted what she did successfully, to entertain entirely without the use of wines at the table. Tbe persons connected with the official household ofthe President during the four years ofthe Hayes adrainistra tion were all devoted to Mrs. Hayes. Several of the present officials were at the White House at that tirae and their recollection of her is coupled with a warm personal regard. Senators — Democrats and Eepublicans — were often heard to give expression to most extravagant corapliraents of her grace as a hostess. Among her warmest friends and most ardent admirers were such extrerae southern raen as the late Alexander H. Stephens, Gen. John B. Gordon and Gen. Wade Hampton. Mrs. Hayes was scarcely above the raediura height though she gave the impres sion of being tall. There was in her person that raajesty, sprightliness and grace which correspond to the qualities of conscience, energy and love in her nature. Her features were regular, the raouth a little large,. but possessing a very charming mobility of expression. Her abundant and beautiful black hair was worn after the fashion of her girlhood tirae. Her complexion was rose-brunette and her fine eyes. Very bright and gentle in expression, were that species of dark hazel which is often raistaken for black. Her beauty was very lasting. Tirae dealt gently with her. The favorite por trait of her was taken in 1877, after she was raother of eight children, two of whora had grown to manhood, and were voters. One of the best pictures of her was taken after she was a grandmother. In matters of personal attire she had exquisite taste, and did not follow the Mrs. Hayes in the Soldier's Hospital, Winter Quakteks, Built by Col. R. B. Hayes in the Valley of the Kanawhn, and occupied by himself and family in the winter of 1862-63. SANDUSKY COUNTY. 217 fashions blindly. She was modest and unobtrusive in her demeanor ; yet when circumstances placed her in prominent positions, she knew how to carry herself with dignity and grace. She was always equal to the situation ; and when she became the first lady iu the land she was still simple, hearty, true, and unspoiled. Her home life was a happy pne. She looked after her husband's interests with wifely constancy, and cared for her children with motherly affection and tender ness. Leaving the White House in 1881, the family went to Fremont, and settled down at Spiegel Grove, the beautiful place bequeathed to General Hayes by his uncle, Sardis Birchard. Mrs. Hayes' first attention was always given to her home and her faraily ; but in church work she was no laggard. She gave of her time and her means as she was able. In the Woman's Home Missionary Society she was specially interested, was its president almost from its organization, and spoke and acted in its public meetings with efficiency and success. She syrapathized with the suffering and the oppressed everywhere. When her husband was governor of the State, she took an active interest in all of its organized charities, and was a leader araong the originators of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Horae. She was also a raeraber of the Woraan's Belief Corps of the State of Ohio. To her husband and herself, the Methodist Episcopal Church in Freraont is largely in debted for its beautiful church edifice. Eight years of beautiful private life were granted to her, years which were filled to the brim with joy and occupation. On the 21st of June, 1889, as she sat by her bed-room window sewing, she was stricken with apoplexy, resulting in paralysis. For four days she lay unconscious ; then carae the announceraent of her death. Upon the 28th, a vast multitude carae to look on her dear face for the last tirae. She was borne out of the doors of her beautiful horae by her four sons and by four of her nephews and cousins. The surviving soldiers of her hu.sband's old regiraent, the 23d O. V. V. I., marched as her guard of honor, followed by a great procession of the Corarades of the G. A. E., of friends and of neighbors, to the quiet, final resting-place in Oakwood Ceraetery, near her horae at Fremont. Probably no woman ever lived who was raore widely known and who knew more persons in all walks of life than Mrs. Hayes. Certainly no one was ever more widely jnouined. Tributes to her worth came by the thousand to her family, in the press, in letters, and in other forms. THANKSGIVING AT THE WHITE HOUSE, Under this title a reeent number of that and Mrs, Hayes drew together their personal delightful paper, the Wide Awake, gives a and official families, " sketch of the four Thanksgiving Days which Mrs, Pruden, whose husband has been General and Mrs, Hayes and their family private secretary to the Presidents during spent at the White House. We remember four administrations, says: "There could be that Mrs. Hayes looked back upon those oc- nothing more beautiful, thoughtful and ten- casions as among the happiest of the many der than Mrs. Hayes' home gatherings in the happy ones in wliich she participated. We White House on Thanksgiving Days, She reprint the article by special permission of sent us invitations only the day before, that the publishers, D, Lothrop & Co. , of Boston. they might be without ceremony, and met us — Ed. in the upper rooms — with the familiar friend- Four Thanksgiving dinners have been given ship of home people — seldom asking tbe maid in the White House which will never be for- to wait upon us, but herself saying, 'Just gotten by those who were bidden. step into my chamber and lay off your wraps. ' Fi-e.^^iiient and Mrs. Hayes made it tbeir She knew our little ones well by name and home till- tour years, and they always invited face ; she would stoop over to unfasten the their executive family to join them in a gen- little cloaks and caps, just as our own families uine, joyful Thanksgiving dinner ; the secre- would do in our own homes. " taries and the clerks, with their entire fam- The first dinner was given in the large ilies, including the little ones above three state dining-room, whieh is forty feet long, years old, Mr, Hendly tells me that "dur- thirty wide, and "high as _ a two-story ing his twelve years of official life, there was house," Long windows open into the con- never anything more charming and homelike servatory, a wonderful garden of beautiful than these Thanksgiving dinners, when Mr. flowers, where bananas grow, palm-trees 2l8 SANDUSKY COUNTY. wave, orchids hang from the high ceiUngs, and "birds of Paradise" lean their golden heads out from their sheaths of loveUest green — the flower of "the Holy Ghost" — and all the lilies of the world seem to bloom against the banks of smilax and roses. As you sit at the table, you see this bewildering fairy land of color and fragrance. Toward the south, you look across the wide lawn with the little green knolls, the large evergreens, and below them the silver thread of river as it runs toward the sea from our Capital, and the historic Long-bridge, with the old Virginia hills in the distance. Din ner was always at two o'clock. The table was laid with all the elegance of the grand state dinners, and served in as many courses, lasting until five or six o'clock, "Isaac," the head waiter, often declared to "the Madam " that " they were the best times of all the year. ' ' After the first Thanksgiving Mrs, Hayes used the family dining-room. She said to Mrs, Pruden, "It isn't so large and stately ; this looks more home-like," This family dining-room opens from the long corridor, where- palms and azaleas nod as you pass them in the niches by the heavy oaken doors ; and the faces of all the Presidents gaze at you from the walls. The furniture is carved mahogany, and on the handsome buffet is kept the old sohd silver of the " Monroes and the Van Burens," and the gold spoons and forks marked simply, "President's House." You have_ read, no doubt, of the beautiful china service made to order for Mrs. Hayes, One can read a story from each plate ; " the fishes and birds," some one said, "deserved frames." In the centre of the table was laid a long mirror, like a little lake, on which sat a silver boat, with silver sails, filled with maiden-hair ferns and roses ; sometimes lilies of the val ley, and scarlet carnations. One of the tiny children said, "Oh, see, mamma! there are two boats I " In this make-believe pond j'ou see the sweet buds and leaves upside down, and trembling with every motion. Beside each plate was laid a small menu card with one's name, and a lovely boutonniire tied with pretty ribbon ; sometimes the boutonniire 'wa.s only an old-fashioned sweet pink, "just hke mother's garden." High chairs were close beside mamma's for the little ones. The first in official rank was the secretary, Mr. Pruden, who had the honor of a seat beside the President's wife ; while Mr. Hayes led the way to the dining-room with Mrs. Pruden on his arm. The executive clerks and tbeir families passed in next. There were some twelve or fifteen children, I said, one day, "But don't they get very tired with a three-hour dinner? " "Oh, no," the mother rephed; "Mrs. Hayes entertains them with suoh wonderful tact and humor they never ask to move." Little Eva Pruden was a very lovely child, only three years old. Her wonderful hair almost touched the hem of her little gown, and fell in natural waves, just the color of gold in the sun. She was a great pet of Mrs. Hayes, and sat next to her at the table. At one of these dinners, on a handsome glass dish, sat a beautiful white swan. Tall, long, graceful and perfect, she sat in the midst of her rainbow-hued family. Little swans, with throats of impossible beauty, sat all around her — green, blue, red, violet, white and brown, Isaac was about to dish up a little swan to each little child, when Mrs, Hayes spoke quickly and merrily, "Oh, stop a minute, Isaac ! let's see which tbey like the best," Turning to tbe youngest, sbe said, "Eva, which do you choose for your own?" Eva timidly and modestly dropped her head to one side and answered, " I like de deen one, please," So the beautiful green swan sailed across in a pretty dish to little Eva's plate, while the others soon "choosed" their fa vorite color. The elder children chatted and felt per fectly at home with their charming hostess, who told stories, explained the odd customs of the White House, told them all about the wonderful flowers, and the way the gardeners made them into hundreds of bouquets every day, and talked about tbe good Thanksgiv ings when she was a little girl, until the three or four hours had passed like magic. Everybody's health was proposed ; toasts drank, and bright, witty speeches made, not with wine, but with the clearest of sparkling water ; for you know Mrs, Hayes, in her quiet, gentle way, refused to put wine on her own table, even as the wife of the President, and said, "I have young sons who have never tasted liquor ; they shall never receive it from my hand ; what I wish for my own dear sons, I must do for the sons of other mothers," It was always a beautiful sight to see that mother with her children. They treated her like an elder sister. Up and down the halls and reception-rooms of the old mansion, with their arms about her waist, her hands over their childish shoulders, talking, visiting and laughing, they could be seen marching any day. An English gentleman met ihem once in the East Room, quite early in the morn ing, and said to the minister, Mr, Thornton, afterward, "I shall take home to England with me a charming picture of the President's family," At last the feast was over ; the philopenas eaten with the laughing children ; the creamy swans and the purple grapes, lobsters of fiery redness and ioy coldness, fruits, and veg etables looking natural as Ufe, but melting away in delicious ices, all coming and gouig in most mysterious ways. Even watermelons, growing like grandfather's melons in the old grandfather's garden, turning out to be " nothing but cream, after all.' With Mrs. Hayes to lead the way, the children went through the long corridor, the doors of Oriental glass, under the tall palms and jars of flowers, to the big East Boom, for a game of "hide and seek " and " pussy wants a corner." SANDUSKY COUNTY. 219 "Now, mamma," screamed the Presi dent's little son, "you catch!" and in and out the Blue and Red Rooms, the halls and stairways, Mrs, Hayes would run, hide and catch, while the whole house echoed to the shouts and laughter ofthe delighted children. Then at the piano they would sing, and march, laugh and play to their heart's con tent. One day a big black pin dropped out of Mrs. Hayes' handsome heavy hair, and it fell over her shoulders like a mantle of black ; with no annoyance, she picked up the pin, went on with the game, twisting tbe coil simply and plainly as she ran. She always wore a simple dress ; usually at these home dinners sbme black stuff, of soft, clinging material, trimmed with surah, as a "vest, or " panels "-^-creamy, rich lace in the throat and at the wrists. "The secret of Mrs. Hayes' remarkable ¦tact and genius, as hostess and friend, was the mother part of her," was once said Of her. M, S, MRS, HAYES' FRIENDSHIP. HOW A POOR WASHINGTON LUNCH GIRL EARNED YS. There was a time when the "treasury girls" in Washington had far from our dear native land. We need you now, aud yet can repay you nothing, but the time will come when we can and will; law and order will soon be restored; we will wait that occasion and then peaceably return and be restored to our possessions and rights. Then, we can and will repay you; we will have offices to fill and titles to confer. They will be yours, only come with us now in our distress." Louis and his companions, how ever, could not prevail on M. Vincent to ac company them. A Copperhead. — Some time after this_ Vin cent was living alone in a house in the wilder ness. He had occasion to get up one night, when he felt something, which he thought was a wire strike his foot repeatedly. He was soon convinced, however, that it was a snake and he started for the village to seek a physician. Before he could reach the village his feet were so swoUen, that he was obliged to crawl the last quarter of a mile. The physician pronounced the bite that of a cop- 243 SCIOTO COUNTY. perhead and for three weeks Vincent lay at rible experience, but, by the external use of the point of death, during which time he hme water, his flesh was healed, although suffered excruciating agony, in his paroxysms not without the loss of most of the first joints literaUy gnawing to pieces the blanket which of his hands and feet, was his covering. Notwithstanding his sore experiences Lost in a Snow Storm.— Oa another oc- Mons, Vincent lived a long and useful life, casion Vincent was overtaken in the night by during which he became wealthy, reared a a severe snow-stom, lost his way, was over- large family and held the high respect of all come by the cold and fefl to the ground un- who knew him. He was a man of liberal conscious. Recovering consciousness in a education, read Voltaire and Rousseau, and short time he discovered that the storm had while in his Western home, was a student of passed over and near by stood a house. He history, philosophy, mathematics, ethics and endeavored to rise, but his feet were frozen music. He was a fine musician, being a and he found he could only move by dragging great lover of the flute and violin, both of himself along, using his elbows. After much which he played well until he lost part of his painful effort he reached the house, and his fingers bj; freezing. He died August 22, cries soon brought assistance. For six weeks 1846, in his .74th year. it was a question if he would survive his ter- HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE MISCELLANIES. " The Pioneer Sketohes," by Mr. James Keyes, is a little work of peculiar value, because a labor solely of love and knowledge. It gives pictures of original charactors, whom he knew, and things long since past of which he was for the tirae being a part. His father was of an old Massachusetts family, who married a lady of Virginia, in which State (Albemarle county) he was born in the first year of this century. In 1810, when he was a lad of nine years, the faraily came to Scioto county, and here he lived his life. He was educated at the Ohio Univer sity, at one time taught school, raade several trips on flatboats to New Orleans, and well knew Mike Fink, " the last of the boatraen," and his gang ; was a great reader, very social, and knew raore of the people of the county than any other raan. He died June, 1883, at the advanced age of 81 years. Major Isaac Bonser, in the spring of 1795, came on foot with his rifle and other equipraent to the raouth of the Little Scioto, where he marked out land for settleraent. He then started to return to Pennsylvania for the parties by whom he had been sent out when he fell in with a surveying party under Mr. Martin, who had just completed the survey of the French Grant. They were returning to Marietta in a canoe. Bonser found thom in rather a bad predicament. They had exhausted their stock of provisions, their powder had become damp and unservice able^ and they were in danger of suffering for want of something to eat. Mr. Bonser proposed to thera that he was going up into Pennsylvania and had rather a heavy load to carry, if they would take his baggage in their canoe, he would travel on shore with nothing but his rifle to carry, would kill as rauch meat as they all could eat, and camp together every night. This proposition was received with much satisfaction. Bonser being relieved of his heavy load walked on the bank with great alacrity, and occasionally brought down a deer or a turkey, or perhaps a bear, buffalo or elk, which were plenty at that time ; they would take the game aboard the canoe and so traveling was made easy and expeditious for both parties. The first night after they had eaten their supper of fresh venison, Mr. Bonser asked them to let him see the condition of their powder. The powder was , contained in a horn and too damp to ignite readily. He took a forked stick and stuck it into the ground a suitable distance from the fire, hung the powder horn up and took out the stopper so as to let the steam pass out, and let it remain in this position until raorning. The heat from the fire dried out the powder so that it was fit for use if needed. In this manner they meandered the river to Marietta, where they separated--- Mr. Martin to report to Gen. Putnam, Surveyor General of the Northwest Terri tory, and Mr. Bonser to cross the mountains of Pennsylvania and report to those who had sent him out. Major Bonser returned to the mouth of the Scioto river the following year, and SCIOTO COUNTY. 243 after Ohio had been admitted to the Union, contracted in partnership with Uriah Barber and another to build a State road from Portsmouth to Gallipolis. It lay nearly all the way through a dense forest. They had to cut the stumps so low that a wagon could pass over them, and to clear every thing out so as to make a good road. They surveyed and raeasured the distance and . raarked every mile tree. This was called a State road in contradistinction to other roads. The loca tion has been changed very little since. A Pioneer Fourth of July Celebration, "In 1808, the people of the surrounding county celebrated the Fourth of July on the farm of Major Bonser, Great preparations were made, and the people came from far and near — West Union, Gallipolis and all the in termediate country were represented. They bored out a log and banded it with iron to serve .is a cannon. But it soon burst. Rob ert Lucas read the Declaration of Independ ence, and made a speech. It is said to have been the flrst celebration of the kind ever held in the valley and formed an epoch in the annals of the Scioto country, ' ' A Strange Superstition, The family of Philip Salladay came from Switzerland, bought and settled on a lot in the French Grant soon after the opening of the country for settlement. Hereditary con sumption developed itself in the family some time after their location in Scioto county. The head of the family and the oldest son had died of it and others began to manifest symptons, when an attempt was made to ar rest the progress of the disease by a process which has been practised in numerous in stances, but without success. They resolved to disinter one of the victims, take his en- trafls and burn them in a flre prepared for the purpose, in the presence of the surviving merabers ofthe family. This was accordingly done in the winter of 1816-17, in the presence of a large concourse of spectators who lived in the surrounding neighborhood, and by Major Amos Wheeler, of Wheelersburg. Samuel Salladay was the one they disinterred and offered up as a sacriflce, to stop if possi ble the further spread of the disease. But like other superstitious notions with regard to curing diseases it proved of no avail. The other members ofthe famUy continued to die off until the last one was gone except George. A Novel Foot Race, Thomas Gilruth had a son James, the most athletic young man in all that section of country. Running, jumping, hopping, wrestling and even flghting when necessary, he generally came off the winner. He was bragging about his running one day in the presence of his father and said he could out run any man about there. The old man listened for some time and at last said, Jiomie, I can outrun you." Oh no, father. You are too old for that. ' ' "WeU," said the old man, " I'll tell you what I'll do. We'll both strip off every thing but our shirts, and take each of us a good switch, and you may start flrst and I will foUow you. If you can keep out of my reach, it is well. If not, I'll whip you all the way through. Then coming back, I wiU take the lead and you may whip me as much as you Hke." "Agreed," said Jimmie, "we'U try that race, ' ' They were to run a hundred yards and James started ahead. The old man kept so close to his heels that he gave him a severe flogging before they got through. Then it came the old man's tnm to take the lead. He started off, but Jimmie never got near enough to give him one stroke with his switeh. The young man came out crest faUen, and never wanted to hear of a foot race after that. Habits op Keel-Boatmen. Claudius Cadot jnst after the war of 1812, went on the river to follow keel-boating to raise money to buy land. At that time keel-boating was about the only occupation at which money could be earned, and the wages were very low even there, Cadot hired himself to the celebrated Mike Fink, at flfty cents per day. The boats belonged to John Finch, one of a company that ran keel- hoats from Pittsburg to different points in the West, Cadot soon learned the art of keel-boating. It was the usual practice of boatmen at that time to get on a spree at each town, but Cadot did not choose to spend his money in that way, and soon saved a con siderable sum. He asked Capt. Fink to put this money in his trunk for safe-keeping. Fink consented to do this, but insisted that Cadot should carry the key as he had the most money. Fink was a noted character in his day (see Belmont county), he placed great confidence in Cadot and at the end of his flrst year's service paid him at the rate of 62J cents per day, although the bargain only called for 50 cents per day. How Keel-Boats were Manned, The hull of a keel-boat was much like that of a modern canal boat, but lighter and gen erally smaller. The larger keel boats were manned by about twenty hands. It was the custom to make a trip from Pittsburg to New Orleans each year. They went down "under oars" and with a half dozen or so pairs worked hy stout men they made guuJ speeo. 244 SCIOTO COUNTY. They took down flour, pork, beef, beans, etc. , and brought up cotton, hemp, tobacco, etc. , to Pittsburg. Many of these boats were manned by Canadians who seemed much to fancy their mode of life. As the boats went up they were pushed hy poles on the shore side, while oars were worked on the outside. The average progress up stream was twelve miles per day — they lay up at night — but _ often when the wind was fair they would saU fifty miles. It was the custom with the Canadians to sing hoosier songs and their yell was heard many miles. They also, since they were much exposed to the weather, made free use of liquors, the effect of which was plainly yis ible in their ruddy, full face, Much boating was also done from Charleston, Va,, to Nash viUe and St, Louis, The Duel of Governor Robert Lucas. ' A number of horses had been stolen by Indians, and the settlers formed themselves into a military company to pursue the thieves, and if possible recover their stolen property, Robert Lucas was elected captain of the company. They overtook the Indians, but not until after traveling a long distance from the settlements and Lucas concluded that it would not be safe to attack them. Many ofthe company were indignant at this extreme caution, and Major Munn applied the epithet of "coward" to Lucas; where upon the latter challenged Munn to flght a duel. The challenged was accepted, broad swords chosen as weapons and the next morning the appointed time. Munn was promptly on the ground, but Lucas failed to appear, sending instead a note asking if the difficulty could not be set tled in an amicable manner, Munn read the note and smiled, saying, "Certainly, it is his quarrel, and if he is satisfled, so am I," A Refractory Brigadier, Robert Lucas came to Ohio with his father in 1802, He was of mature age, and weU qualifled both by ability and education to take an active part in all matters pertaining to the organization of a new county and State, In 1803 he was the first county sur veyor of Scioto county. He was especiaUy efficient in organizing the militia, and was the flrst brigadier-general in the country. In 1810 a girl of the neighborhood laid a child to his charge and called upon him to pay damages. This he declined to do, and a process was procured to take him to jail. When the sheriff attempted to serve the process he resisted and would not be taken. Thereupon, rather than endanger his life, the sheriff resigned, and his duties devolved upon the coroner, Maj. Munn, whom Lucas had previously challenged to flght a duel. Maj, Munn failed to arrest Lucas, and he also resigned. Then Lucas threatened to kill the clerk who had issued the writ, and he resigned. Upon this a call was made for county officers who could and would enforce the laws and arrest him, ' A young school teacher, John R, Turner, of Alexandria, came forward and said he would issue a writ if made clerk. Eluah Glover said, "Make me sheriff, and by G^ — d I'll take Gen. Lucas to jaU, or any other man." They were ap pointed, the writ was issued, and when Glover showed the writ to Lucas, he quietly submit ted and went to jail, But Squire Brown, father-in-law of Lucas, interfered to prevent the arrest, when Nathan Glover, a brother of the sheriff, picked him up and threw him into a clump of jimson weed, and told him to lie there and keep quiet or he might get into trouble. He lay there and kept quiet. The Sycamore of Fifteen Horsemen. The rich land which afterward produced such prolific crops of corn as to give to the valley of the lower Scioto the sobriquet of Egypt, were rank with vegetation when the early settlers came into the valley,' The trees were, many of them, of enormous size, par ticularly the sycamores — although such spe cies as the poplar, oak, cottonwood, black walnut and others, also attained large pro portions. (See Ross County, the Chillicothe Elm,) The most remarkable tree, however, and probably the largest tree ever known in Ohio, is that mentioned in the Ohio Gazeteer, and described in the " Cincinnati Almanac" of 1810, On the slopes of Mount Mtna, stood, in the last century, a tree known as the " Chest nut of a Hundred Horses," from the state ment that 100 mounted horsemen had rested at once beneath its branches. Therefore, this suggests that we shall call the Scioto valley sycamore "The Sycamore of Fifteen Horsemen," because tbat number could stand within its trunk. It stood on the farm of Abram Millar, in what is now Valley township. It was a forked, hollow sycamore, measuring twenty-one feet in diameter at its base and forty-two feet in circumference at the height of five feet. The opening of the cavity was ten feet in width at the bottom, was nine and one-half feet high, and had an inside diam eter of fourteen feet. The fork was about eight feet from the ground. The tree was the wonder and admiration of the surround ing neighborhood, and parties were often made up to visit it. In June, 1808, a party of thirteen persons advanced on horseback into the cavity of the tree, and it is stated that there was ample room for two more, William Headley, of Frederick county, Va. , reported an account of this episode, he having been one of the party, and in the fol lowing Noveniber Maj. William Reynolds, of Zanesville, inspected the tree and caused to be published the facts here given. Mr, Samuel Keyes reports that this tree stood until the farm on which it was located was turned into a stock farm by Mr, Thomas Dugan. He turned some blooded bulls into the field where the tree was, and they got to flghting within the cavity of the tree with SCIOTO COUNTY. 245 the result that the vanquished was driven to the wall and gored to death — not being able tb retreat and flght another day, as in an open field. The consequence of this was that Mr. Dugan ordered the tree cut down. The stump remained for several years ; but some hogs having been turned into the fleld, and cholera breaking out among them, it was concluded that so many hogs of all sizes. DANIEL J, RYAN. ages, and sexes, piled together in one old stump, must have caused the disease. There fore orders were given and the stump was re moved, thus destroying the last vestige of what was a true "monarch of the forest," Daniel J, Ryan was born in Cincinnati, January 1, 1855. His father was an Irish laborer in a foundry, and died a few years after his removal to Portsmouth, while Daniel was a small child. Under the careful guid ance of his mother, Daniel received a good common-school education, graduating with credit from the high-school class of 1875, He studied law in the office of Hon. James W, Bannon, and in February, 1877, was ad mitted to the bar. In the same year he was elected city solicitor of Portsmouth. In 1 883 he was elected to the Legislature, and re elected in 1885. Atthe National Convention of Republican Clubs, held in New York, De cember, 1887, Mr. Ryan was chosen tempo rary chairman. In 1888 he was elected Secretary of State, and re-elected in 1890. Mr, Ryan's public life has been devoted to the best interests of the people of Ohio, re- fardless of party advantage. He has been a ard student and is thoroughly informed on every public question requiring official action. He has been a leader in many important reforms. At the request of both capitalists and laborers he published an interestine vol ume on strikes and tbeir remedies, entitled, "Arbitration between Capital and Labor," He is also the author of a concise and excel lent "History of Ohio." BlJCKHOEN CoTTASB. (A Retreat of One of the Literati.) In 1855, ju.st before the war, under the magic of raoney, a curious structure arose on the hills near the lines of Adams and Scioto counties. It was in a beau tiful country, some little way back of Buena Vista. The cottage was of peeled white poplar logs, resin-varnished and mortar-daubed ; it was therefore peculiar, 246 SCIOTO COUNTY. It was seventy-four feet long by twenty-two feet broad ; in two parts, on the plan of the ordinary double cabin, with a seventeen-foot-wide floored and roofed space between them. A stone kitehen in the rear is out of the view. The chimneys were also of stone. Vines were placed to climb over it, which they accomplished in profusion ; the suramer breezes fluttered their leaves and the autumnal frosts put on them a blush. In the Buckhorn lived for a term of years ite owner and architect, Hon. Wil liam J. Flagg, and wife — a daughter of the late Nicholas Longworth, of Cincin nati — with occasional guests to share the romance of their solitude. On writing to him as an old friend and schoolmate, how he came to build it, and what he did when there, he gave this characteristic reply: "In 1852 I bought a flfty-acre tract of hiU excellent. _ WiUiam Shakespeare was a fre- land near Buena Vista, on the Ohio, through quent visitor ; Francis of Verulam was which the line runs that divides Adams and another ; he was a nobleman, you know— a Scioto counties — bought it because I sup- baron — so were others ; Viscount Montes- posed there was valuable stone in it. This quieu, for instance, and Sir Charles Grandi- purcbase led, step by step, to the acquisition son. To prove how agreeable these made of something over 9,000 acres a(yacent, I themselves, I wiU mention thatthe two packs cleared off woods and planted orchards and of cards I provided myself with to pass away vineyards to the extent of more than 100 the time, were never cut or shuffled but for acres ; opened a quarry, built a' tramway, two games in the whole flve years, until my operations culminated in a log house "Buckhorn, as_ we called the place, after on a hiU top, a mile east of the county line the form of the hill and its branching spurs, and a half mile from the river, where, in was indeed an ideal retreat. I have never different broken periods of time from '56 till found a climate equal to it. But even souls '68, we spent about flve years. It was mighty at rest in Buddha's Deveghan, after a cer- like being out of the world, but none the tain stay there, feel a desire to live again, worse for that, and so did we, and we returned to earth. "In that hermitage we managed to lodge Two years later the cabin went up in flames. as comfortably as in a palace, and feed better I am glad it did. No insurance. ' ' than at Delmonico's. Our society, too, was Thackeray, when he was travelling in our country, lecturing upon the Georges, in his sing-song sort of a way, one day took bis huge body up into the Mercan tile Library, in Cincinnati, and said to the librarian, Mr. Stephenson : " Now adays, everybody is an author ; everybody writes books." Mr. Flagg is not an exception. He is a literary gentleman and author of varied books, as "A Good Investment," " Three Seasons in European Vineyards " " Wall Street and the Woods," ete. This last is a novel description of the wild hill country in the regions back of Buckhorn, while the characters are mainly drawn frora the very primitive inhabitants who dwell there — made so because of the inaccessibility of their homes, little or no intercourse being had with the outer world, not even in the way of books and newspapers ; while, from the slender area of land for tillage, and the want of other industrial occupation, there is abundant leisure for medita tion and the practice of a wisdom and morality peculiarly their own. Sciotoville is four miles above Portemouth, on the Ohio river, at the mouth of the Little Scioto river, and on the C. W. & B., S. V. and O. & N. W. Eail roads. Manufactures and Employees. — Scioto Fire-brick Co., fire-brick, 33 hands; Scioto Luraber Co., doors, sash, ete., 15; J. P. Kimball, flooring ahd siding, 8; Scioto Star Fire-brick Co., fire-brick, 61 ; Big Sandy Lumber Co., lumber, 12.— State Beport, 1888. Population, about 1,200. Capital invested in industrial establishmente, $50,000. Value of annual product, %100, 000. —Ohio Labor Statistics, 1888. Lucasville is on the Scioto river and S. V. Railroad, ten miles north of Portsmouth. It has one Methodist church, one newspaper — the Transcript — In dependent, C. a; Hoover, editor and publisher. Population, about 350. Buena Vista is on the Ohio river, eighteen miles below Portsmouth. Popu lation, 1880, 324. School census, 1888, 150. SCIOTO COUNTY. 24; Galena P. O. Rarden, is eighteen miles northwest of Portsmouth, on the 6. & N. W. Railroad. School census, 1888, 183. Wheelersburg is on the Ohio river and S. V. Railroad, nine miles above Portsraouth. School census, 1888, 231 ; G. W. Fry, superintendent. SENECA. Seneca County was formed from old Indian Territory, April 1, 1820, organ ized April 1, 1824, and named frora the tribe who had a reservation within ite limits. The surface is level, and the streams run in deep channels. The county is well watered, has considerable water-power, and the soil is mostly a rich loam. It was settled principally from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland and New York, and by some few Germans. The principal farm producte are wheat, corn, grass, oate, potatoes and pork. Area, about 540 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 219,543; in pasture, 26,352; woodland, 58,716; lying waste, 1,447; pro duced in wheat, 969,701 bushels ; rye, 9,777 ; buckwheat, 400 ; oats, 834,806 ; barley, 10,407 ; corn, 1,240,246 ; meadow hay, 24,699 tons ; clover hay, 8,369 ; flax, 12,900 lbs. fibre ; potatoes, 87,584 bushels; butter, 686,237 lbs.; cheese, 5,800 ; sorghum, 3603 gallons ; raaple syrup, 10,489 ; honey, 3,848 lbs. ; eggs, 653,716 dozen ; grapes, 6,746 lbs. ; wine, 226 gallons ; sweet potatoes, 99 bushels ; apples, 21,815 bushels ; peaches, 2,735 ; pears, 1,746 ; wool, 287,003 lbs. ; raiich cows owned, 8,737. Ohio Mining Statistics, 1888. — Limestone, 21,155 tons burned for lime ; 27,500 cubic feej of dimension stone ; 13,226 cubic yards of building stone ; 35,076 cubic yards of ballast or macadam. School census, 1888, 11,718 ; teachers, 361. Miles of railroad track, 172. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. Adams, 1,250 1,624 London, 763 4,315 Big Spring, 926 2,048 Pleasant, 974 1,317 Bloom, 1,168 2,162 Reed, 1,214 1,527 Clinton, 2.197 9,581 Scipio, 1,556 1,836 Eden, 1,472 1,598 Seneca, 1,393 1,519 Hopewell, 913 1,631 Thompson, 1,411 1,901 Jackson, 596 1,399 Venice, 1,222 2,231 Liberty, 1,084 2,157 Population of Seneca in 1830,5,157; 1840,18,139; 1860,30,868; 1880, 36,947; of whora 26,945 were born in Ohio; 3,154, Pennsylvania; 905, New York; 350, Virginia ; 214, Indiana; 27, Kentucky; 2,402, German Empire; 339, Ireland ; 159, France ; 141, England and Wales ; 131, British Araerica ; 11, Scotland, and 6, Sweden and Norway. Census, 1890, 40,869. _ Fort Seneca, a railitary post built in the war of 1812, was nine railes north of the site of Tiffin. It was a stockade with a ditch, and occupied several acres on a plain, on the bank of the Sandusky. Some vestiges of the work yet [1846] re main. It was only a few railes above Fort Stephenson, and was occupiedT^ by Harrison's troops at the time of the attack on the latter. While here, and ju.st prior to Perry's victory, Gen. Harrison narrowly escaped being murdered by an Indian, the particulars of which we derive from his meraoirs. 248 SENECA COUNTY. I Peril of General Harrison. The friendly Indians of the Delaware, Shawanese and Seneca tribes had been in vited to join him. A number had accepted the invitation, and had reached Seneca before tbe arrival of the Kentucky troops. All the chiefs, and no doubt the greater part of the warriors were favorable to the America,n cause ; but before their departure from their towns, a wreteh had insinuated himself among them, with the intention of assassinat ing the commanding general. He belonged to the shawanese tribe, and bore the name of Blue Jacket ; but was not the celebrated Blue Jacket who signed the treaty of Green ville with Gen. Wayne. He had formerly resided at the town of Wapakoneta ; he had, however, been absent for a considerable time arid had returned but a f«w days before the warriors of that town set out to join the American army. He informed the chiefs that he had been hunting on the Wa,bash, and at his request, he was suffered to join the party whicb were about to march to Seneca. Upon their arrival at M' Arthur's block house, they halted and encamped forthe pur pose of receiving provisions from the deputy Indian agent. Col. M'Pherson, who resided there. Before their arrival at that place. Blue Jacket had communicated to a friend (a Shawanese warrior), his intention to kill the American general, and requested his as sistance ; this his friend declined and endeav ored to dissuade him from attempting it, as suring him that it could not he done witbout the certain sacriflce of his own life, as he had heen at the American camp and knew that there was always a guard round the general's quarters, who were on duty day and night. Blue Jacket replied, that he was determined to execute his intention at any risk, that he would kill the general if he was sure that his guaras would cut him in pieces not bigger tban his thumb naU. No people on earth are more faithful in keeping secrets^ than the Indians, but each warrior has a friend from whom he will con ceal nothing ; luckily for Gen. Harrison, the friend of the confldant of Blue Jacket was a young Delaware chief named Beaver, who was also bound to the general by the ties of friendship. He was the son of a Delaware war chief of the same name, who had with others been put to death by his own tribe, on the charge of practicing sorcery. Gen. Har rison had been upon terms of friendship with the father, and had patronized his orphan boy, at that time ten or twelve years of age. He had now arrived at manhood and was considered among the most promising war riors of his tribe : to this young chief the friend of Blue Jacket revealed the fatal se cret, _ The Beaver was placed by this com munication in an euibarrassin