lwff!?pF\''p¥i'«_'f"- \ ,,!,'! Yale University Library 39002002905827 YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Purchased from the income of the bequest of WILLIAM ROBERTSON COE Honorary M.A. 1949, for material in the field of American Studies. D. C. COOPER. HISTORY OF DAYTON, OHIO. WITH PORTRAITS AND BIOGRAPHICAL- Sketches OF SOME OF ITS PIONEER AND PROMINENT CITIZENS. DAYTON, OHIO; United Brethren Publishing House, Publishers. i88q. Copyright, 1889, BY Harvey W. Crew. PREFACE. The following "History of Dayton" is the result of the combined labors of several individuals, all of them, but one, residents of the city, and for this reason presumably possessed of peculiar qualifications and facilities for such work. The individuals referred to as resident authors of different portions of the History, are Mr. Robert W. Steele, Hon. George W. Houk, Mr. H. H. Weakley, Mr. H. E. Parrott, E. L. Shuey, A. M., W. A. Shuey, A. M., and Mrs. John H. Winters. None of these individuals need introduction to the subscribers to this work. They have for many years been well and favorably known to the people of Dayton. No one who has had experience in the compilation of local history will be disappointed if errors, if indeed numerous errors, should be found in the following pages by the critics; for it is universally conceded that it is impossible for a mere human being to avoid error. It has been the aim of all concerned in the compilation and composition of the History to assume the true attitude toward error, which is to avoid it so far as is practicable, and to correct errors made so soon as discovered. Yet, notwithstanding all the care that has been used, there were mistakes made which were not discovered until too late to make the corrections in the text, as the small table of "Errata,'' at the close o£ the volume shows. It is hoped, however, that while this table is evidence of inability to entirely eliminate errors from the text of the work, it will at the same time be considered evidence of correct intentions. Robert W. Steele, mentioned above as one of the authors of the History, than whom no one better qualified to perform the task could have been secured, wrote the flrst part of the work up to page 192. Commencing again with the chapter on education, on page 217, Mr. Steele wrote the portion of the educational history, including the history of the Public Library, closing with the first paragraph on page 253, and also the chapter on the ceme.teries, a total amount of two hundred and twenty-eight pages. That this portion of the work has been conscientiously and well performed, will, it is confidently predicted, be evident upon its perusal. Hon. George W. Houk, long one of the able and distinguished members of the Dayton Bar, wrote Chapter XIX, on the Bench and Bar. Mr. Houk's well known intellectual and literary ability and accomplishments, and his high, keen and accurate sense of justice, were from the flrst a' sufficient guaranty that this portion of the work, so difficult to write, as are all such chapters, containing distinctions and discriminations so necessary to be made, which are so liable to be looked upon as invidious, when nothing was further from the intention of the writer, would be ably, gracefully, and conscientiously written. And as in the case of Mr. Steele, it is believed that a perusal of the chapter will not disappoint these just expectations. Mr. H. H. Weakley, an experienced insurance officer, wrote the chapter on Insurance, which will be found of especial interest to those engaged in that line of business, and generally to all. Mr. H. E. Parrott wrote the chapter on Municipal Affairs, with the exception of that portion devoted to the Water Works. PREFACE. W. A. Shuey, A. M., wrote that portion of the chapter on Church History, commenc ing with the Dayton Ministerial Association, on page 633, and extending to the Young Men's Christian Association on page 636, besides furnishing much miscellaneous matter, notably in connection with the chapter on Literature, Music, and Art, and also with the-- history of the United Brethren Publishing House, on page 457, besides devoting many days of earnest, careful, and gratuitous labor to the work in many ways. E. L. Shuey, A. M., wrote the history of the Young Men's Christian Association, com mencing on page 636 and closing near the middle of page 640, and Mrs. John H. Winters wrote the history of the Woman's Christian Association, commencing on page 640 and closing on page 642. Mr. J. Wooldridge, of Hudson, Ohio, who has had eight years' continuous experience in writing city, county, and State histories, wrote the remainder of the work, including the' biographical chapter, with the exception of the biographies of E. Fowler Stoddard and Edmond S. Young, both of which were written by Mr. George W. Houk. The sources of information consulted in the preparation of this volume, are suffi ciently alluded to by Robert W. Steele on page 9 in a foot note, but it is only just to say that of the persons, citizens of Dayton, and others, who have furnished information and facilities to the various writers in a thousand ways, and without which information and facilities it would have been out of the power of even the most capable and diligent of compilers and authors to have completed this work, none have shown more patience and courtesy than Miss Minta I. Dryden, Librarian of the Dayton Public Library-, and her efficient assistants. Miss Electra C. Doren, Miss Minnie Althoff, and Edward Koch. The excellent paper upon which this book is printed was manufactured especially for the purpose by W. P. Levis, one of the leading paper manufacturers of Dayton, and the imprint of the United Brethren Publishing House on the title page, is a sufficient guar anty, even if there were no other, of the excellency of the mechanical execution of the entire book. HARVEY W. CREW, Pkopkietob and Managing Pcbushee. ILLUSTRATIONS. Cooper, D. C, Baknby, E. E., Barney, B. J., Brown, Thomas, Brownell, J. R., I ' ¦ ' Dickey, R. R., Dickey, William, Houk, George W., Huffman, George P., - Huffman, William P., Map of Dayton, Patterson, S. J., Phillips, George L., Phillips, T. A., PoooK, L. H., RouzER, John, Soldiers' Home, Steele, R. W., - Stoddard, E. P., - Young, E. S., PAGE. Frontispiece. facing 227 facing 417 facing 689 facing 437 facing 453 facing 569 facing 473 facing 393 facing 363 facing 9 facing 353 facing 703 facing 701 facing 376 facing 413 facing 337 facing 217 facing 709 facing 711 CONTENTS CHAPTER I. Indian History— Mound Builders— Dayton Earthworks— French and English Claim the Oliio Valley— Indian Titles Extinguished— Ohio One of the Greatest of the Indian Battle-fields — Indian Trails — Daj ton in the Indian Hunting Ground — Wild Animals and Birds— The Twightwee or Miami Villages— Shawnee Towns— Pick away Plains— The Miamis Head of a Confederacy— Gist Vtslts the Miamis in 1751— Visits the Shawnees — Ohio Land Comp ny — Celoron de Bienville Claims the Ohio Valley for the French — Ascends the Big Miami— The French Destroy Pickawillany — French Build Posts at Erie and Venango — Fort Duquesne — English Do Not Assist the Indians — The Miamis Allies of the French in 1763 — The English Destroy the Miami Villages — Miamis Remove to Foit Wayne — France Cedes tbe Northwest to England— Pontiao's War — Captain Bullitt Visits Chillicothe in 1773 — Lord Dun more's War — Daniel Boone a Captive at Chillicothe — Colonel Bowman's Expedition from Kentucky Against Chillicothe — Byrd's Force of British and Indians Invade Kentucky — Rogers Clarke's Expedition to Ohio — Four Thousand Shawnees Ren dered Homeless — Broadhead Defeats the Delawares — Crawford's Expedition — Clarke's Second Expedition — Skirmish on Site of Dayton— Logan's Campaign in 1786 — Second Skirmish on Site of Dayton — Gratitude Due to General Clarke — Symmes Visits Upper Miami Valley — Harmar's Defeat — Scott and Wilkinson's Raid — St. Clair's Defetit — General Wayne's Campaign — Treaty of Peace — British Vacate Western Forts in 1796— Tecumseh— Friendly Indians at Piqua in 1812 — Fidelity of Logan— Black Hoof— Tribes all Removed from Ohio Btfore 1843 9 CHAPTER IL Natural Advantages— Fertility and Beauty of the Miami Valley — Kentuckians Long to Dispossess the Indians — Gist's Visit in 1751 — Valuable Timber — Well Watered — Wild Animals — Natural Meadows — "A Most Delightful Country" — Kentuckians Visit It with Clarke and Logan— Describe the Country as an Earthly Paradise — Major Stites Surveys Symmes' Purchase in 1787 — Wishes to Buy Land in Miami and Mad River Valleys — Symmes Explores the Valleys — Indians Camped on Site of Dayton — Land Worth One Dollar an Acre— Tropical Luxuriance of Vegetation — Kentuckians Come to View the Country in 1795 — Land Concealed by Vines and Weeds — Kentuckians Discouraged and Turn Back — Rich Farming Lands Near Dayton — Fortunate Location of Town — Confluence of Pour Rivers— Value of Farm Products— Four River Valleys Afford Facilities for Construction of Railroads- Dayton Center of Ten Railroads — Superabundance of Game and Fish — Natural Fruits, Nuts, and Wild Honey — Mr. Forrer's Account of Hunting in 1818 — Abund ance of Wild Animals and Fish in 1830 and 1840 — Flights of Pigeons — Migrations of Squirrels — Fish Baskets — Wagon Loads of Fish — Temperate Climate — Mean Temperature of the Year — A Healthy City — Four Streams Furnish Water Power — Value ofthe Rivers to Manufacturers — ^ Timber — Fuel — Hard Woods — Building Stone — Prof. Orton Describes tbe Quarries— Excellent Lime — Brick Clay — Sand- Abundance of Granitic Gravel — Prof. Orton on the Value of Gravel — Excellent Turnpikes and Streets Due to Gravel — Natural Drainage — Pure Water — Inexhaust ible Wells 27 HISTORY OF DAYTON. CHAPTER Ut. PAGE. Settlement of Dayton — Venice on Site of Dayton Laid Out in 1789 — Major Stites — Venice Abandoned — Danger ot Visiting Site of Dayton Before 1791 — Hostile Indiuis — Treaty of Greenville Secures Safety of Settlers — Site of Dayton Purchased from Symmes — Original Proprietors of Dayton — Symmes Requires Three Sttllejnenls to Be Made— Benjamin Van Cleve's Account of the Survey of the Purchase— D. C. Cooper Cuts a Road Out ot the Brush — Hardships Endured by Surveyors — I'ield Notes Kept on Tables of Wood — Dayton Laid Out and Named — Lottery Held ou Site of Town, November 4th — Lots and Inlols Donated to Settlers Drawn — Settlers Permitted to Purchase One Hundred and Six.y Ai!ies at a French Crown Per Acre — Forty-six Persons Agree to Settle at Dayton — Onl.y Nineteen Eventually Avail Themselves of Donations and Become Settlers — VanCleve's Account of Settle ments in the Purchase — Names of Original Settlers of Dayton — Three Parties Leave Cincinnati in March, 1796 — Hamer's Party Travel in Two-horse Wagon — Newcom's Party Make the Journey on Horseback — Difficulties of the Journey lo Dayton by Land — Thompson's Party Ascend the Miami in a Piroguf — Description of the Voyage — Poling Up Stream— Beauty ofthe Landscape — Supper in the Miami Woods — Names of the Passengers in tbe Pirogue — Ten Days from Cincinnati to Dayton — Mrs. Thompson the First to Land — Indians Encamped at Dayton — Land at Head of St. Clair Street— The Uninhabited Forest All that Welcomed Them— Kn- couraging Indications — Biographies of Original Settlers — Daniel C. Cooper 34 CHAPTER IV. The Pioneer's Faculty of Adapting Himself to Unaccustomed Surroundings— Temporary Protection — Log Cabins — Trees Cut Down — Scanty Furniture — Pioneer House keeping — Illness from Exposure — Scarcity of Cooking Utensils — Wooden, Pewter and Horn Dishes and Spoons — No Lamps — Light and Heat from the Open Fire — Cheerful Winter Evenings— Scarcity of Pood — Venison, Game, Wild Birds' Eggs and Wild Honey— Corn the Principal Article of Food— Varieties of Corn Bread — Difficulty of Making Meal— Substitutes for Mills— Dearness of Provisions Brought from Cincinnati- Flour Fourteen Dollars Per Barrel— Clothes, Moccasins and Har ness Made of Deer Skin — Caps of Raccoon and Rabbit Skin— Settlers Often Made Their Own Leather— Tbe Pioneer's Dress— Home-made Linen, Flannel and Linseys —The " Faculty " of the Pioneer Women— Pioneers Wholly Dependent on Each Other for Society and Assistance— The Latch-Strins; Always Out— Sports, House Raisings, Corn Shuckings, and Log Rollings— Quiltings— Weddings— Early Mar riages—The Axe and Rifle Equally Indispensable— Wolves— Hunting, Trapping and Fishing— Settlers on the Town Plat— Names of Streets— Boundaries of the Town- Gullies and Ravines— Hazel Thickets Spread Over Nearly All the Town— The Country Thickly Wooded— Three Cabins ou Monument Avenue Constituted Day ton in 1796— Houses Built Near the River Because It Was Supposed to Be Navio-able —People Usually Drank River Water— Prairies Within the Town— The Communal Corn Field West of Wilkinson Street— First Winter Mild and Pleasant— Out of Door Work— Dayton the Rallying Place in Case of Danger from Indians— Jerome Holt, D. C. Cooper, and Robert Edgar Arrive— A Good Crop Gathered in 1797— The Growth of New Vegetables Eagerly Watched— Contented with Their Situation Poor as It Was y ^,, CHAPTER V. Dayton Township— Small Fees Received by Officials— Taxes in 1798— D. C. Cooper, Justice of the Peace from 1799-1803— Newcom's Tavern— The Tavern Used as the First Court House and Jail— First Store— Newcom's Corner, the Business Center t)f Dayton— CONTENTS. , 111 PAGE. A Typical Frontier Tavern— Dayton Contained Nine Dwellings in 1799— Several Roads Opened— Monument Avenue Cleared— Main Street a Narrow Wagon Road^ • Settlements Few and Far Between — Hardships of Pioneer Life— Indian War Apprehended — Block House Built— School Opened in the Block House — First Distillery Started— Cooper's Saw Mill— Corn Cracker— Hogs Introduced— Feed on Mast— Attacked by Wild Animals— First Fiat Boat Launched— Sheep Introduced —Cost of Groceries at Cincinnati — Little Money in Circulation — Business Conducted by Barter— Value of Different Kinds of Skins— Cut Money— McDougal's Store- Trade with the Indians- First Child Born in Dayton— Taxation in 1800— First Wedding — Census in 1801 — First Minister — Methodists— Presbyterians — Log Meet ing House — First Grave Yard — John W. Van Cleve's Description of Dayton in 1805 — Presbyterians Worship in Newcom's and McCullum's Taverns — Worship in the Court House— First Brick Presbyterian Church — Rev. James Welsh, First Pastor — WiUiam King— John H. Williams ; 59 CHAPTER VI. Growth and Improvement — John Cleves Symmes Unat'le to Fulfill His Engagements — Settlers in Danger of Losing Lands — New Settlers Decline to Come — Unsatisfactory Preemption Law — Law of ISOl — Settlers Enter Lands — Land Office Opened — Original Proprietors Relinquish Their Claims — D. C. Cooper litular Proprietor of Dayton — Petition Presented to Congress by Settlers — Satisfactory Titles Secured — Cooper's New Town Plat — Donations of Lots lor Public Use — Only Five Families in Town — First Election of Dayton Township— Formation ol Montgomery County — Dayton the County Seal — First County Couri — Opening of Court Attracts a Large Crowd— Cases Tried — Unusual Fines — Punishment by the Lash — Prisoners Con fined iu au Old Well in Newcom's Tavern Yard — Indian Prisoners — First Election in Dayton for Member of Cuiigress — First County Commissioners Elected — Main Street Cleared to Warren Street — Gully, Corner of Main and Third, Filed with Logs — Mr. Cooper's Elegant Mansion of Hewn Logs — Henry Brown's Frame Store Only Store in 1804 — Henry Brown — His Sons— Col. Charles Anderson — Cooper's Saw and Grist Mills — Cooper's Carding Machine — First Jail Built of Round Logs — Benjamiu Van Cleve First Postmaster — Post-office in 1805-1821 — Post Riders — Postage , 71 CHAPTER VII. Dayton Incorporated — Form of Government — Taxation to Pay Town Expenses Voted Down — New Settlers — Colonel Robert Patterson — McCullum's Tavern First Brick Building — Used 'as a Court House — Dayton Library Society — First Great F'lood — Levees — Jonathan Harshman^ Licenses — Ferries — Cooper's New Plat of Dayton- Public Square in the Center of Third and Main Street Crossing — Brick Court House — First Brick Stores — Four General Merchandise Stores — Country Produce Taken Instead of Cash — Difficulty ofthe Trip East for Goods — Trouble in Collecting Debts — Mode of Bringing Merchandise lo Dayton — Trains of Pack Horses — Dayton Academy— John Folkerth — New Roads Opened — Miserable Condition of Roads — First Brick Private Residenct — Advertisements of Business Men in the Repertory — Troop of Light Dragoons — Taverns — Dr. Welsh — Dr. Elliott — First Drug Store — Abram Darst — Revised Town Plat — Fourth of July, 1809 — First Political Convention — Navigation of the Miami, 1809-1828 — Keelboats Between Dayton and Lake Erie — Flatboating to New Orleans — First Book Published in Dayton — Fourth of July, 1810 — Oration by Joseph H. Crane— Militia Drill— Shakers Mobbed — Political Animosity — Two Public Dinners, July 4, 1811— Earthquakes— Prosperity of Town, 1812-1813 82 IV HISTORY OF DAYTON. CHAPTER VIII. PAGE. War of 1812— Aggressions of Great Britain — Tecumseh and the Prophet — Ohio Militia Ordered to Report at Dayton— General Munger Orders a Draft— Militia Bivouac Without Tents at Library Park — Governor Meigs Arrives — Issues a Call to Citizens for Blankets — Block Houses Built in Montgomery County — Colonel Johnston Holds Council of Shawnees — Generals Gano and Cass Arrive— Three Regiments of Infantry Formed — First Troops Organized by Ohio — General Hull and Staff Arrive — Governor Meigs Surrenders Command to Hull — The Governor and General Re view Troops — The Three Regiments March Across Mad River to Camp Meigs— Leave Camp Meigs for Detroit — Difficult March — Arrive at Detroit in Good Spirits — Munger's Brigade Disbanded — Army Contractors Make Purchases at Dayton — Hull's Surrender — Consternation of the People — Hand Bill Issued at Dajton, Calling for Volunteers — Captain Steele's Company — Suffering of Families of Soldiers — Kentucky Troops Arrive — Harrison ("alls for Volunteers and Horses — Dayton Ladies Make 1,800 Shirts for Soldier^¦; — Expedition Against Indians Near Muncietowii — War Ended — Returning Troops Encamped on Main Street — Dayton Companies Welcomed Home 106 CHAPTER IX. First Mechanics' Society — Thanksgiving on May 5th — Dayton Bank — Alexander Grimes — Stone Jail— Mr. Forrer's Account of Dayton in 1814 — Colonel David Reid — J. W. Van Cleve's Description of Flood of 1S14 — Proclamation of Peace— Female Char itable and Bible Society — First Market House— Dayton Merchants in 1815 — H. G. Phillips— G. W. Smith— William Eaker— Obadiah B. Conover— William Huffman- Moral Society — Associated Bachelors — Bridge Over Mad River — First Sabbath Schools— Bridge Street Bridge — Stage Coaches 1818-1828— Camp Meetings — Menag eries — Cooper's Mills Burned — First Fire Company — George A. Houston — Woif Scalp Certificates — Cut Money — Fever Prevails — Joseph Peirce — Dayton in 1821 — Charles R. Greene — Cheapness of Provisions — The Gridiron — First Musical Society — Colored People Emigrate to Hayti — First Fire Engine— Execution of McAfee 127 CHAPTER X. Cd,nal Agitation — Dinner to DeWitt Clinton — First Canal Boat Arrives — Enthusiasm of the People— Trade by Wagon to Fort Wayne— Dayton in 1827- Medical Spring— TraveHng Museum— First Fire Wardens— Excitement at Fires— Flood in 1828— Dayton Guards— Business in 1828— Price of Properly— Temperance Society— New Market House— Rivalry Between Dajton and Cabintown— Seely's Basin— Peasley's Garden— Miniature Locomotive and Car Exhibited in tlie Methodist Church— Daytonians Take Their First Railroad Ride— Seneca Indians Camp in Dayton— Steele's Dahi- General R. C. Schenck— Fugitive Slave Captured in Dayton— First Railroad Incorporated— Flood of 1832— Relief Sent to Cincinnati Flood Sufferers- Political Excitement— Council Cut Down a Jackson Pole— Cholera in 1832— Silk Manufactory Established— Eighth of January Barbecue— Procession of Mechanics July 4, 1833— Taverns— Town Watchmen— Bridge Over the Miami— Lafayette Com memorative Services— Fire Guards— One Story Stone Jail Built— First Carriers' New Year's Address— Board of Health— Fire Alarm— R. A. Thruston 151 CHAPTER X[. Measures Proposed for Improving the Town— Proceedings of Council— Public Meeting to Sustain Council— Library Park— Dayton Business Men in 1837— Value of Prop erty— Abolition Mob— Mad River Hydraulic- Montgomery Blues— Philharmonic Society— Shin Plasters— Thomas Morrison— Zoological Museum— William Jenni- son, the Naturalist— Turnpikes— Act of Legislature Authorizing State Aid to CONTENTS. PAGE. Turnpikes— Early Markets— Third Street Bridge— New Buildings Erected in 1838— Cooper Hydraulic- Fire Department— An Anti-Slavery Society Formed — Reward Offered for Arrest of a Fugitive Slave— John W. Van Cleve's Map of Dayton- Dayton Silk Company Incorporated— First County Fair— Morus Multicaulis Ex citement — Swaynie's Hotel — Carpets Manufactured in Dayton — An Old-Time Fire — Number of Buildings Erected in 1839 — Mosquitoes — Log Cabin Newspaper — Improved Stage Coaches — Harrison Convention — Numbers in Attendance — En thusiasm — Hospitality of Dayton People— Banners Presented 171 CHAPTER XIL Municipal History — Beginning of Corporate History — Original Boundaries of the Town Site — Difficulties Connected with Securing Titles — First Town Election — Boundaries ofthe Settlement — Select Council iu 1816 and Other Years— Boundaries of Wards — Addition to Market-house — City Officers from 1830 to 1850 — (Jfiicers! Salaries — Boundary Lines Defined — Polling Places Established in 1844 — Cholera in 1849 — Officers from 18o0 to 1889— The Fire Df partment— Board of Health— City Police- Dayton Police Benevolent Association — Water Works — Postoffice 193 CHAPTER XIII. Educational — Early School Legislation — Great Interest in Public Schools 1835-1838 — Day ton Academy — Lancasterian School — Early Private Schools— Francis Glass— Milo G. Williams — E. E. Barney — Dayton Public Schools — German Schools — Night Schools — Colored Schools — Instruction in Music — High School — School Law of 1853 — Super intendent of Instruction — Intermediate School — Normal School — Penmanship and Drawing — Night Industrial School — Comparative Statement — Public Libraries — First Library Incorporated in Ohio — Dayton Lyceum — Mechanics' Institute — Day ton Library Association — Dayton Public School Library — Cooper Female Seminary — Emanuel Parochial School- St. Joseph's Parochial School — St. Mary's Parochial School — Holy Trinity Parochial School — Holy Ro»ary Parochial School — St. Mary's Institute— Dea ver Collegiate Institute— Miss Anna L. J. Arnold's Select School lor Girls— John Truesdell's Select School for Boys — Miami Commercial College — Union Biblical Seminary 217 CHAPTER XIV. The Great Floods— That of January 2, 1817- That of September 19, 1866— That of Febru ary 3 and 4, 1883— The Local Flood of May 12, 1886— With Statements of Losses, Description of Floods, Etc 262 CHAPTER XV. War with Mexico — Tbe Nueces River the Boundary Between the United Slates and Mexico — The Erection of Fort Brown — Beginning of Hostilities — Battle of Palo Alto — Calling out of Troops — War Spirit in Dayton — Recruiting Office Opened — Public Meeting — Resolutions Adopted — Military Parade — Approval of (all for Fifty Thousand Men — Executive Committee Appointed— Troops Organized and Leave Dayton— Battle of Montgomery — Return of First Troops — Attitude of the Whigs — Resolutions by Returned Soldiers — Conclusion of the Mexican War — War of the Rebellion — Nomination of Lincoln in 1859 — (ieorge W. Houk on Southern Members of the Charleston Convention — Vallandigham Elected to Congress — Peti tion Circulated — Democratic Resolution — Attempt to Assassinate Mr. Lincoln — Various and Ccujflicting Opinious — Attack on F<-rt Sumter — Troops Organized — Relief of Solders' F'amibes — Mr. Y'allandigham's Letter in Cincinnati Enquirer — Relief Societies — Military Companies— Military Committee for Montgoniery County —First Draft— Kirby Smith's Advance— Drafted Men Come into Town— Relief of VI HISTORY OF DAYTON. PAGE. Soldiers' Families— Union League— Burnside's Order No. 38— Vallaudigham's Ar rest—Destruction of Journa.l Office— Martial Law— Morgan's Raid— Soldiers' Fair and Bazaar — Destruction of Dayton Empire Office — Ohio National Guard — Draft in 1864— Rejoicing Over Lee's Surrender— At-sissination of Lincoln— Summary of Dayton's Enlistment— History of First Oaio R giment— Of Ninety-third Regiment — National Soldiers,' Home — Soldiers' Monument 269 CHAPTER XVI. Mercantile and Commercial — Numerous Branches of Trade and Commerce — Num'ers of Firms in Business in Vnny— Clock Factory — Portable Threshing Machines — Mai ble Works — W. & F. C. Esti^brook — Pritz tt Kuhns — l^he Moore Grain Drill Sachs-Pruden Ale Company— The Med Pnper Company — W. P.Callahan & Com pany— F. Benjamin, Ax Factory— Beaver & Butt— John Rouzer— Buckeye Iron and Brass Works— The Aughe Plow— Columbia Bridge Works— The Pitts Thresher and Separator— Barney & Smith .Manufacturing Conipany — Dayton Manufacturing Com pany — Pinneo & Daniels — John Dodds— Dayton Buggy Works — Stihvell & Bierce Manufacturing Company— Breweries— McSherry & Company— McHose & Lyon Farmers' Friend Manufacturing Company— Cracker Factories— Brownell &, Com pany—Other Manufacturing Companies— The Hydraulics- Dayton Gas Light and Coke (.Company — Dayton Elcc trie Light Company — Natural Gas— United Bretliren Publishing House — Christian Publishing Association — The Reformed Publishing Company — Conclusion ggo CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIX. PAGE. The Bench and Bar of Dayton— Early Legislation Establishing Courts— First Courts Held in Dayton — Jurisdiction— English Common Law— Roman Civil Law— Early Amer ican and English Lawyer.s— Common Pleas Court— Judges— Superior Court— Judges — Personnel of the Dayton Bar, Etc 472 CHAPTER XX. Medical History— Early Medical Societies— Early Physicians— Th^ First Medical Bill— Dr. John Steele— Other Early Physicians— Dr. Job Haines,— Dr. John W. Shriver —Dr. Oliver Crook— Dr. Clarke McDermont— Other Deceased Physicians— Dr. John Wise— Dr. J. C. Reeve— Dr. Ellis Jennings- Dr. W. J. Conklin- Dr. D. W. Greene — Dr.J3. H. Von Klein— Dr. George Goodhue— Dr. John S. Beck— Dr. A. E. Jenner— Dr. James M. Weaver— Dr. J. J. Mcllhenny— Dr. E. Pilate— Dr. P. N. Adams— Dr. C. H. Pollock— Dr. H. K. Steele— Dr. A. H. Iddings— The Montgomery County Medical Society— Homeopathic Pliysicians — Dr W. Webster — Dr. J. E. Lowes — Dr. W. Thomas— Dr. W. H. Grundy, deceased— The Montgomery County Homeo pathic Medical Society— The Mad River Dental Society— Early Dentistry and Dentists — Later Dentists — The Cholera in Dayton in 1819 520 CHAPTER XXL Literature, Music, and Art— Early Writers — J. W. Van Cleve— W. D. Howells — Maskel E. Curwen — W. D. Bickham — Isaac Strohm — Gertrude Strohm — Hon. G. W. Houk —Mrs. G. W. Houk— Mrs. L. B. Lair— Mif.s Mary D. Steele— Mrs. Charlotte Reeve Conover — Miss Leila A. Thomas — Samuel C. Wilson — Rev. M. P. Gaddis — Rev. J. W. Hott, D. D.— Professor A. W. Drury, D. D.— Bishop J. Weaver, D. D.— Rev. E. S. Lorenz, A. M.— Rev. M. R. Drury, A. M.— Rev. L. Davis, D. D.— Rev. W. J. Shuey — Rev. D. K. Flickinger, D. D.— John Lawrence — Rev. D. Berger, D. D. — Professor J. P. Landis, D. D., Ph. D.— Mrs. Isadore 8. Bash— E. L. Shuey, A. M.— Rev. D. H. French, D. D.- Rev. E. Herbruek, Ph. D.— Dr. J. C. Reeve— Dr. W. J. Conklin— Edward B. Grimes— Dr. C. H. Von Klein— Robert W. Steele— Pearl V, Collins — Dayton Literary Union — Woman's Literary Club — Early Musical History — Music Teachers — Vocalists — Instrumentalists — Composers — Philharmonic Society — Harmonia Society — Y. M. C. A. Orchestra — Other Societies — Charles Soule, Sr. — Mrs. Clara Soule Medlar — Mrs. Octavia Soule Gottschall— Charles Soule, Jr. — Edmond Edmondson — John Insco Williams — Mrs. Williams — Mrs. Eva Best — T. Buchanan Read — Mrs. Mary Porrer Peirce — Miss H. Sophia Loury — Mrs. Elizabeth Rogers — Effie A. Rogers — Miss Laura C. Birge — Hugo B. Froehlich — Harvey J. King — The Decorative Art Society — Otto Beck — Miss Mary Burrowes — The Misses Edgar — Valentine H. Swartz— Early Architecture — Daniel Waymire — Joseph Peters — Recent Architecture — Leon Beaver — Peters aud Burns — Charles 1. Williams 546 CHAPTER XXII. The Press — Early Newspapers — The Repertory — Ohio Centinel — Ohio Republican — Ohio Watchman — The Gridiron — Other Early Papers — Daily Journal — Log Cabin — Daily Transcript — Daily Oily Item — Gazette — Democrat — Volkszeitung — Daily Herald — Monitor — Religious Telescope — German Jelescope — Other Religious Papers 572 CHAPTER XXIII. Church History— First Presbyterian Church— Third Street Presbyterian Church— Park Presbyterian Church — Fourtli Presbyterian Church — Memorial Presbyterian Church — United Presbyterian Church — First Regular Baptist Church — Wayne Street Baptist Church — Linden Avenue Baptist Church — Zion Baptist Church^ Vm HISTORY O'E DAYTON. PAGE. Grace Methodist Episcopal Church — Raper Methodist Episcopal Church — Davisson Methodist Episcopal Church — Sears Street Methodist Episcopal Church — First German Methodist Episcopal Church — Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church — St. Paul's — Wesleyan — Christ Chuich — Ascension Chapel — First United Brethren — Second United Brethren — Third United Brethren — Summit Street United Brethren — High Street United Brethren — Oak Street United Brethren — Broadway Christian — Brown Street Christian— Emmanuel Church Evangelical Association — Wayne Avenue Evangelical Association — First Reformed — Second Reformed — Trinity Reformed — Hebrew Congregation — First English Lutheran — St. John's Evangel ical Lutheran— St. John's German Evangelical Lutheran — First Orthodox Congre gational — The Catholic Churches — Dayton Ministerial Association — General Boards of the United Brethren Church — Young Men's Christian Association — Woman's (Jhrisfian Association 590 CHAPTER XXIV. City Graveyard — Woodland Cemetery — St. Henry's Cemetery — Calvary Cemetery — Hebrew Cemetery 643 CHAPTER XXV. ' Transportation Interests — The Miami and Erie Canal — The Railroads — The Street Railroads 650 CHAPTER XXVL Insurance — Early History of Insurance — First Company Organized in Dayton — Mont gomery County Mutual Fire Insurance Company — Dayton Insurance Company — Large Number of Companies Organized— Central Insurance Companj' — Miami Valley Insurance Company— Farmers' and Merchants' Fire and Marine Insurance Company— Ohio Insurance Company— Other Companies — General Remarks 659 CHAPTER XX VIL Public Institutions— St. Elizabeth Hospital— Dayton Asylum for the Insane— Widows' Home— Child reus' Home ggg CHAPTER XXVIII. Societies— Masonic Lodges— St. John's Lodge— Unity Chapter, Number 16— Reese Coun cil, Number 9 — Reed Commanderv, Number 6 — Other Masonic Lodges — Odd Fellow Lodges— Montgomery Lodge, Number 5— Dayton Encampment, Number 2 —Other Odd Fellow Lodges and Associations— Knights of Pythias— Miami Lodge Number 32— Humboldt Lodge, Number 58- lola Lodge, Number 83— Other Knights of Pythias Lodges— Druids— Franklin Grove, Number 8— Victoria Circle, Number 3 —United Workmen— Miami Lodge, Number 16— Teulonia Lodge, Number 21— Other Lodges— Earnshaw Rifles— Howard Council, Number 161, Royal Arcanum —United American Mechanics— Fulton Council, Number 15— Other Councils- Grand Army Posts — The Dayton Club g^., CHAPTER XXIX. Biographical Sketches— Eliam E. Barney— Eugene J. Barney— Thomas Brown— John R. Brownell— William Dickey— Robert R. Dickey— William P. Huffman— George P. Huffman— SI ephen J. Patterson— Thomas A. Phillips— George Levis Phillips- Louis H. Poock— John Rouzer— E. Fowler Stoddard— Edmond S Young 687 History of Dayton. CHAPTER I. Indian History— Mound Builders— Dayton Earthworks— French and English Claim the Ohio Valley— Indian Titles Extinguished— Ohio One of the Greatest of the Indian Battle fields—Indian Trails— Dayton in the Indian Hunting Ground— Wild Animals aud Birds — The Twightwee or Miami Villages— Shawnee Towns— Pickaway Plains — The Miamis Head of a Confederacy— Gist Visits the Miamis in 1751— Visits the Shawnees— Ohio Land Company— Celoron de Bienville Claims the Ohio Valley for the French —Ascends the Big Miami— The French Destroy Pickawillany— French Build Posts at Erie and Venango— Fort Duquesne — English do not Assist the Indians— The Miamis Allies of the French in 1763— The English Destroy the Miami Villages— Miamis Remove to Fort Wayne — France Cedes the Northwest to England— Pontiac's War — Captain Bullitt Visits Chillicothe in 1773— Lord Dunmore's War— Daniel Boone a Captive at Chillicothe — Colonel Bowman's Expedition from Kentucky Against Chillicothe — Byrd's Force of British and Indians Invade Kentucky — Rogers Clarke's Expedition to Ohio — Pour Thousand Shawnees Rendered Homeless — Broadhead Defeats the Delawares — Crawford's Expedition — Clarke's Second Expedition — Skirmish on Site of Dayton — Logan's Campaign in 1786 — Second Skirmish on Site of Dayton — Gratitude Due to General Clarke — Symmes Visits Upper Miami Valley — Harmar's Defeat — Scott and Wilkinson's Raid — St. Clair's Defeat — General Wayne's Campaign — Treaty of Peace — British Vacate Western Forts in 1796 — Tecumseh — Friendly Indians at Piqua in 1812 — Fidelity of Logan— Black Hoof— Tribes all Removed from Ohio before 1843. THE vast and fertile region known as the iJ^'orthwest Territory was the home of a race of people of whom the origin and destiny is unknown, and the theories concerning whom, at the most, can only be called conjecture. The Indians who occiipied that portion ofthe territory now known as Ohio, when it was first visited by the whites, manifested no curiosity concerning the history of this people, and had no traditions Note. — In the preparation of the part of the History of Dayton ( from the beginning down to 1840, incluBive) assigned to me, indebtedness is acknowledged to the " History of Dayton," by M. E. Curwen, and to that part of the " History of Montgomery County " relating to Dayton, written by Ashley Brown. Use has been made of manuscript letters and papers, particularly of the manuscript journal of Benjamin Van Cleve, kindly loaned to me by his great-grandson, R. Fay Dover. The volumes of Dayton newspapers from 1808 to 1841, in the Public Library, have been thoroughly searched, and a large part of the information embodied in the history obtained from them. The following authorities have been consulted: Bancroft's "History of the United States," J. P. McLean's "Mound Builders," ** The American Pioneer Magazine," Howe's "Ohio Historical Collections," Prof. Orton's " Report on the Geology of Montgomery County," Black's " Story of Ohio," and King's '* History of Ohio." I am also imder the greatest obligations to my daughter, Mary D. Steele, for invaluable assistance. R. Vf. a. 2 9 10 HISTORY OF DAYTON. in regard to them. They were called Mound Builders, because of the numerous mounds found in diflerent parts of the country, but principally along the river valleys. Many of the tnounds have been excavated, but no articles have been found that indicate a high degi-ee of civilization, and it may be that their builders were not very different from the Indians and had been driven from their homes by more powerful tribes who invaded the country. The earthworks built by them were of two kinds — mounds and enclosures. The mounds were located at points commanding a wide view of the surrounding country, and it is supposed were used for purposes of observation or burial. The enclosures, many of which were of great extent, may have been intended for defense, or for places of worship. There are more than ten thousand of these earthworks in Ohio, and, in addition to many smaller ones, three of considerable size in Montgomery County — an enclosure on a commanding bluff in Twin Creek valley, two miles south of Germantown; a large mound near Miamisburg, and an enclosure now included in Calvary Cemetery, just south of Dayton. J. P. McLean, in his work " The Mound Builders," thus describes the latter two: "The great mound at Miamisburg has been assigned to the class called mounds of observation. It is situated on a high hill just east of the Great Miami River, and has a commanding view of the broad valley of the river. It is sixty-eight feet in perpendic ular height, and eight hundred and fifty-two in circumference at its base, and contains three hundred and eleven thousand three hundred and fifty-three cubic feet." "South of Dayton on a hill one hundred and sixty feet high is a fort, enclosing twenty-four acres. The gateway on the south is covered in the interior by a ditch twenty feet wide and seven hundred feet long. On the northern line of embankment is a small mound, from the top of which a full view of the country for a long distance up and down the river may be obtained." "When the first white men penetrated the forests that covered the Ohio valley, the country was inhabited by various tribes of Indians. But while the Indians were the possessors of the land, the ownership of it was claimed by three great nations, France, England, and Spain. Spain was content to have her claim settled on other battle-fields, but France and England entered into a fierce contest for possession within the territory itself. The French asserted that the discovery of the Ohio in 1669 by their countryman, La Salle, gave the valley watered by the river and its tributaries to France; but the English resisted the pretensions of the French, and insisted that the discovery and occupation of the Atlantic coast gave them possession of the continent, and that before the French INDIAN HISTORY. 11 began their explorations; the lands granted by Great Britain to colonists were described as stretching from sea to sea. The English, however, took the precaution of strengthening their title^by Indian treaties and purchases of lands, for which they received legally executed deeds. By the treaty with the Iroquois or Six IsTations in 1684, it was claimed that the country of the Indians beyond the mountains, of which the powerful Eastern Confederacy was regarded as the conqueror and ruler, became subject to the English. The protests of the western Indians, who declared that they were not stibject^to the Iroquois, were not heeded, but modern research seems to prove that the Six Nations ceded lands over which they had no authority. In 1701 a treaty of peace was signed between the French and Iroquois, which enabled France to keep the mastery of the Great Lakes, though England shared the trade with the western Indians. The Iroquois wished to be regarded as neutrals in the strife between the two European nations, and asserted their independence of both. In 1726 the English made a new Indian treaty, which they explained as confirming the grant of land made in 1684 and renewed, as they claimed, in 1701. In 1744, at Lancaster, the English made another treaty with the Iroquois, purchasing from them for about four hundred pounds the Ohio basin, and also protection for their northern frontier. This treaty was confirmed at Logstown in 1752, but French and Indian hostilities prevented them from enforcing their title. The Revolutionary War intervened, and at its close. Great Britain, in 1783, by the treaty of Versailles, which secured the independence of the United States, relinquished her claim to the possession of the Ohio valley. In 1784 the title of Virginia to the territory northwest of the Ohio, which she claimed by purchase from the Indians, was ceded to the United States. By treaties between the United States and the Six ISTations at Fort Stanwix in 1784, and the Wyandots, Chippewas, Delawares, and Ottawas at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, the Indian title to a great part of the Ohio valley was extinguished and the boundaries of their reservations fixed. From an early period the country which now forms the State of Ohio was one of the greatest of the Indian battlefields. During many years annually up and down the Ohio and its larger tributaries silently glided the canoes of the terrible Northern Confederacy of the Six Nations, bringing captivity or death to numbers of the inhabitants and destruction to their property. Reaching a convenient landing, the invaders, leaving their fleet with a sufficient guard, made expeditions against villages in the interior. When Indian warriors traveled by land, they followed one of two 12 HISTORY OF DAYTON. trails — one east of the Little Miami and the other west of the Great Miami. The trail east of the Little Miami led from the Macachack and the Piqua towns, on Mad River, and Chillicothe, near Xenia, to the Ohio. The other trail led from the portage, at Laramie (though also, branching from there to the villages north and west), past the Piqua towns, on the Great Miami, through Greenville and Fort Jefferson, east of Eaton and west of Hamilton to the Ohio below the mouth of the Great Miami. From the trails, over which passed for generations the moccasined feet of countless bands of Indian braves, resplendent in war-paint and feathers, arrows and other relics of the red man used often to be picked up, and even now are sometimes found. The hunting grounds between the trails furnished war parties as well as villages with food, and when the braves were on the war-path, hunters were always sent into this preserve to collect game and fish. Long before the Miami valley was visited by white men, the country between the Great and Little Miami rivers, and bounded on the south by the Ohio and on the north by Mad River, was used only as a hunting ground. No Indians have lived on this land since 1700. Probably for a century before Dayton was laid out, no wigwam was built on the site selected by the original proprietors. The town lay just within this immense game preserve, and was, previous to the invasion of the whites, the home of buffaloes, elks, deer, bears, wild cats, wolves, panthers, foxes, and all the animals and birds of the temperate zone, which literally swarmed in the forests. Before the middle of the eighteenth century, villages were built on the outer river banks west of the Great Miami and east of the Little Miami. Care was taken to select sites above the danger of floods, though in positions where the villagers could easily land from their canoes, where the squaws could, without difficulty, have access to the water, and which were free from timber. Round the villages spread hundreds of acres of land, cultivated by the squaws. From these fertile bottom lands they annually gathered an abundant harvest of Indian corn, beans, pumpkins, and tobacco. Hunters, trappers, and fishermen furnished them with plenty of animal food, and with skins to exchange for powder, lead, blankets, and other necessaries. The Indian towns, as we have said, lay outside of the hunting grounds. West of the Great Miami and near the present town of Piqua were situated, till 1763, the Miami or Twightwee villages. After the Miamis left Ohio, the Shawnees occupied thdir old home, calling their town Upper Piqua. About sixteen miles from where Sidney now stands was the Laramie settlement. At the head-waters of Mad River, Logan County INDIAN HISTORY. 13 were the Macachack towns. Chillicothe, near Xenia, and Piqua, near Springfield, were important villages. All but the Twightwee villages were the homes of Shawnees. Among the most important of their settlements were Old Chillicothe and Grenadier Squawtown, on the Pickaway Plains, three and a half miles south of Circleville. To this place a large number of the prisoners taken by the war parties were brought for safe-keeping, as its situation rendered escape difficult, and no enemy could, in the day time, approach the villages unseen. From a high hill, called Black Mountain, the Indians commanded a wide and unintercepted view of the country for miles, as they yearly burned the forests and kept down the undergrowth.. On the Pickaway Plains many a white captive " suffered to the death all the tortures that savage ingenuity could invent." The Indians living in the Miami valley, when the first white men visited it, were the Twightwee or Miami tribes. The word Miami is said to mean mother in the Ottawa language. The Miamis belonged to the Algonquin family. They came here from Michigan. "'My forefather,' said the Miami orator. Little Turtle, at Greenville, 'kindled the first fire at Detroit; from thence he extended his lines to the head waters of Scioto; from thence to its mouth; from thence down' the Ohio to the mouth of the Wabash; and from thence to Chicago and Lake Michigan. These are the boundaries within which the prints of my ancestor's houses are everywhere to be seen;' and the early French narratives confirm his words." The Miamis were a people noted for intelligence and force of character, and were at the head of a powerful confederacy, which consisted of the Miamis, Wyandots, Pottawatomies, Ottawas, and Shawnees. The Weas, Eel River Indians, Kickapoos, Munsees, and other Wabash tribes, and also the Delawares aud Chippewas, often united with the Miamis against the Iroquois. Still other tribes joined them when the wars against the whites began, as, for instance, the Seven Nations of Canada, the Indians of the Upper Lake tribes, and the Illinois Indians. The Western Indians were long the allies of the French, whose assistance they needed against the Iroquois. The principal Miami or Twightwee village was situated on the Great Miami, near Piqua, as already stated. Gist gave the following account of it when he visited it in 1751 : " This town is situated on the Big Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles from the mouth thereof. It consists of about four hundred families, and is daily increasing. It is accounted one of the strongest Indian towns upon this part of the continent. The Twightwees are a very numerous people, consisting of many different tribes under the same form of government. Each tribe has a particular chief, one of which is chosen indifferently out of any tribe to rule the whole 14 HISTORY OF DAYTON. nation, and is invested with greater authority than any of the others. They are accounted the most powerful nation west of the English settle ment, and much superior to the Six Nations, with whom they are now in amity." Next in importance to the Miamis, and after their removal to Indiana, the only tribe in this valley were the Shawnees. They were called the Spartans of the West, and though not the equals of the Miamis, they were a brave, though exceedingly , cruel race, and were remarkably successful hunters. They emigrated to this region about 1740, having originally lived in Florida and Alabama, from whence they were driven by their enemies. The Shawnee chief, Black Hoof, who lived to be one hundred and five years old, remembered bathing in the sea on the Florida coast when a boy. Shawnee or Shawnoese means "people from the South." Soon after they came north, lauds in the Miami Confederacy were granted them. They built their first towns near the mouth of the Scioto. When the emigrant boats began to appear on the Ohio, they moved further up the Scioto; afterward they built towns in Greene, Clarke, Logan, Shelby, and Miami counties, from whence they were driven by the Kentuckians to Mercer and Logan counties. At their town of Piqua, five miles from Springfield, was born the great chief, Tecumseh, whose first experience of war is said to have been gained on the site of Dayton. Gist visited the Shawnee town at the mouth of the Scioto in 1751, and described it as containing about three hundred men and forty houses built on both sides of the Ohio. In the town was a kind of state house, ninety feet long, and with a tight cover of bark, in which they held their councils. He describes them as now reconciled with the Six Nations, with whom they were formerly at variance. They were also at this time great friends of the English, to whom they were grateful foI- protection against the vengeance of the Iroquois. In 1748 a treaty with the Six Nations and the Miamis was made by the English at Albany. The next year the Iroquois, hearing that the French were making preparations against their Ohio allies, appealed to New York and Pennsylvania for assistance, but the assemblies refused to do anything to confirm their Indian allliances. The Virginians were wiser, and endeavored to secure the fidelity of the Miamis. In 1749 a party of Virginians formed the Ohio Land Company for purposes of trade aud with the intention of sending a colony beyond the AUeghenies. They received a grant of five hundred thousand acres of land, to be located either on the northern bank of the Ohio or between the Monongahela and the Kanawha. The French, hearing of the preparations which the INDIAN HISTORY. 15 English were making to take possession of the Ohio country, resolved to anticipate England, and at once, in 1749, they sent out Celoron de Bienville with three hundred soldiers to trace the boundaries of the Ohio valley and occupy it. He was furnished with lead plates, on which was engraved the inscription, that "from the farthest ridge whence water trickled towards the Ohio the country belonged to France." These plates he was directed to bury in the Indian mounds and along the banks of the Ohio and its tributaries. In token of possession, the Lilies of France were also nailed to a forest tree at a certain point on the south bank of the Ohio. He forbade the tribes to trade with the English, and told the Indians at Logstown, seventeen miles below Pittsburgh: " I am going down the river to scourge home my children, the Miamis and the Wyandots." Accord ingly, he ascended the Great Miami in boats to the Twightwee villages, though the ascent in August must have been made with difficulty, unless the season was unusually rainy. But the Indians, unmoved by his threats, replied that the lands were theirs, and that they had a right to freedom of trade. They understood well the ceremony of burying the lead plates, and murmured: "We know it is done to steal our country from us." Instead of being cowed into submission, they appealed to the Six Nations aqd the English for protection. Yet the Ohio Indians were jealous of the English also, and threatened the agent of the Ohio Company when he .reached Logstown. ," You are come," they cried, "to settle the Indians' lands; you never shall go home safe." However, as a messenger from the English king, they respected him, and allowed him to go on. In 1750 the Ohio Land Company built their trading post at Wills' Creek, now Cumberland, Maryland. They did not themselves venture into the Indian country, but their goods were purchased by strolling traders, who had no settled homes,^ but wandered among the tribes who lived as far west as the Miamis. In February, 1751, however, as already mentioned, Christopher Gist, the agent of the company, who was sent out to examine western lands, visited the Miami Confederacy. With the assistance of presents and the persuasions of Croghan and Montour, who accompanied him and had great influence with the tribes, he induced the representatives of the confederacy, assembled in council at the Twightwee village, to make a treaty with the English. The Ottawa agents of the Canadians, who had also brought presents, in vain endeavored to induce the Indians to renew their alliance with the French. Their tears, and howls, and prophecies of woe to the Miamis were without effect, and they departed in a rage. After they were gone, the French colors were taken down, and the council house became a scene of wild revelry. The Indians \ 16 HISTORY OF DAYTON. danced the feather dance, pausing at intervals at the signal of a war chief to hear the recital of his brave exploits. Having exhausted his eloquence, he threw presents lavishly to the musicians and dancers, when the turmoil began again. On the first of March, Gist departed. Later in the same year Croghan again visited the Ohio Indians, and obtained from them permission to build a trading post. The Indians also urged the English to build a fort at the forks of the Monongahela, now Pittsburg. In May, 1752, the English and Ohio Indians met at Logstown, and ratified the treaty made at Lancaster in 1744. The chiefs of the Six Nations declined to appear at this council, as it "did not suit their customs to treat of affairs in the woods and weeds." The Miamis had promised Gist that they would never give heed to the words of the French, and that their friendship with the English should "stand like the loftiest mountains," and for some time they kept their promise. The English about the time of Gist's visit, had built a fortified trading house, called Pickawillany, sixteen miles northwest of the present town of Sidney. Early in the year 1752, the French hearing of this post, sent an armed body of men against the Miamis. The Indians were informed that the English traders were intruding on French lands, and must be given up to their men. The Miamis refused to obey, and the French, with the assistance of some Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked and destroyed the place after a severe battle. A number of Indians were wounded and fourteen were killed. The king of the Piankeshaws, who was chief of the whole Miami Confederacy, was taken captive, and sacrificed and eaten by the Indian allies of the French. William Trent, the messenger of Virginia, went from Logstown to Pickawillany shortly after this battle, and found it deserted. He took down the French flag, which was floating over the ruins, and substituted the English colors. He then returned to Logstown to meet the repre sentatives of the stricken confederacy, who had assembled there for "condolence and concert in revenge." They sent messengers to the English and the Six Nations, soliciting protection and vengeance against the French. Pennsylvania presented the Miamis two hundred pounds for their courageous defense of her traders. After the destruction of Pickawillany, no English settlement was made in Ohio till it passed into the possession of the United States. In 1753 a French army of twelve hundred men marched from Canada to take possession of Ohio. The Six Nations warned the English and the western Indians of the projected invasion. The tribes on the Ohio sent envoys in April to meet the French at Niagara and endeavor to INDIAN HISTORY. 17 persuade them to turn back, but were received with contempt and derision. In September representatives of the Mingos, Shawnees, Wyandots, Delawares, aud Miamis met Franklin and his colleagues at Carlisle. The Indians promised, with the assistance of the English, to repel the French, who had established posts at Erie, Waterford, and Venango. In 1754 the fort, which the English had begun at the forks of the Monongahela, was taken by the French and renamed Duquesne, but was retaken by Washington in 1758 and called Pitt. Some of the western Indians became allies of the French, and were so tenderly attached to them that, as Colouel Johnston relates, fifty years later they would burst into tears when speaking of the time when their French fathers had dominion over them. One of the chiefs, a report of whose .speech is given in the "American Pioneer," said to the English when they made the treaty of peace with the Indians at Easton in 1758: "Brethren, the cause why the Indians at Ohio left you was owing to yourselves. When we heard of the French coming there, we desired the governors of Virginia and Pennsylvania to supply us with implements and necessaries for war, and we would defend our lands; but these governors disregarded our message; the French came to us, traded with our people, used them kindly, and gained their affections. The governor of Virginia settled Oh our lands for his own benefit, but when we wanted his assistance, forsook us. . . . You deal hardly with us; you claim all the wild creatures, and will not let us come on your lands so much as to hunt after them; you will not let us peel a single tree. Surely this is hard. You take of us what lands you please, and the cattle you raise on them are your own; but those that are wild are still ours, and should be common to both; for our nephews, when they sold the land, did not propose to deprive themselves of hunting the wild deer, or using a stick of wood." About 1763 a battle was fought at the Twightwee villages, on the Great Miami, between French and English traders, assisted by Indians. The English had for allies the Delawares, Shawnees, Munsees, part of the Senecas from Pennsylvania, the Cherokees, and Catawbas, while the Miamis were on the side of the French. The fort was besieged by the English and their Indian allies for more than a week, but could not be taken. The assailants met with severe losses. A number of the besieged were killed, and all their unprotected property was destroyed. It was said that after the battle baskets full of bullets could have been gathered from the ground. Shortly after this the Miamis removed to Miami of the Lakes, near Fort Wayne. By the treaty of peace with France in 1763, the Northwest was ceded 18 HISTORY OF DAYTON. to the British; but the Indians denied the right of France to transfer their lands to Great Britain, and they resolved " since the French must go, no other nation should take their place." If the English had kept their promises to the tribes instead of, for nearly a century, habitually breaking them, and had conciliated instead of aggravating them, they might have been spared Pontiac's cruel war, which began in May, 1763. In this conspiracy were engaged air the western tribes to the banks of the Mississippi. Nine British posts fell, and the savages drank from their clasped hands the blood of many Englishmea; but in August, 1763, the Indians were routed, and made peace with the English. One day in the year 1773, the Shawnees at Chillicothe, near Xenia, saw, with wonder and amazement, a solitary white man, carrying a flag of truce, boldly entering their village. This was the intrepid Captain Bullitt, one of a party of surveyors from Virginia, who were on their way down the Ohio. He had come alone to Chillicothe from the river to ask the friendship of the Indians and their consent to make a settlement in Kentucky. Won by his courage and his wit, the Shawnees granted his request, and he set off' on his dangerous return journey through the wilderness to rejoin his companions at Maysville. This amicable powwow was the prelude to years of war. In the eighteenth century this valley, now so peaceful and prosperous, and teeming with people noted for intelligence, refinement, and benevo lence, was the gloomy abode of cruelty and death. The wild animals which roamed through the woods were scarcely more brutal and fierce than the inhabitants of the infrequent villages scattered along the borders of the Miami hunting grounds, for this was the terrible " Indian country," which the imagination of trembling women in far-distant block houses invested with all the horrors of a veritable hell on earth. The pioneers of Kentucky looked with jealous and longing eyes on the great Indian game preserve across the Ohio. The wily and suspicious savages used their best endeavors to exclude them; but though they ventured over here at the risk of being burned, they frequently came. Lord Dunmore's war against the towns on the Scioto ended iu 1774 with a treaty of peace, concluded near the Pickaway Plains, in which the Indians agreed to make the Ohio their boundary, and the people of Virginia, of which Kentucky was a part, promised not to pass beyond that river; but, as usual, neither party kept their word. From the time of the first settlement of Kentucky small parties of Shawnees and their warm friends, the Wyandots, were constantly slipping across the Ohio to surprise the Kentucky settlements, and then hastenino- back through the Miami valley with booty and prisoners to their secluded INDIAN HISTORY. 19 villages. The pioneers never knew when these terrible foes would appear. They slept with loaded guns at their bedsides, and when they went into the fields to plant their corn, part of the- men stood on guard, while the rest hurriedly performed the labor. Less sad was the fate of settlers whose scalps were carried home as trophies, than that of the captives who were dragged through the Miami woods to Chillicothe, there to endure all the indignities and excruciating agonies which the malice of pitiless savages could inflict. Once the Indians, during the Revolution, brought Daniel Boone back with them, and kept him as an honored guest, rather than as a captive, at Chillicothe, near Xenia. They took a great fancy to him, "fondly caressed him," and adopted him into a family. In vain Governor Hamilton, of Detroit, who had also taken a great fancy to the fascinating Kentuckian, offered the Indians a considerable sum of money if they would release him. They refused to part with him. But discovering, after he had been at Chillicothe for several months, that a party of one hundred and fifty warriors were about starting for Boonesborough, Boone m,auaged to make his escape from the town, and, by hard traveling, arrived at home in time "to foil the plans of. the enemy, and not only saved the borough which he had founded, but probably all the frontier parts of Kentucky from devastation." For a time there was no concerted action in Kentucky against the Indians, who, as emigration increased, stirred up by the English, by whom they were told that the frontiersmen were trespassing on Indian lands, became more and more jealous, restless, and revengeful. Retali ation was left to single families or individuals who had suffered from Indian raids, and the pioneers fought, each man for himself, without consultation or combination. Often a solitary frontiersman, burning to revenge the loss of property or friends, and carrying only his gun and a bag of parched corn, fearlessly, though cautiously, made his way into the Indian country, and slyly creeping near a village, killed at least one of his detested foes, stole off' with one or more ponies, and got safely home to Kentucky. In the summer of 1779, the first military expedition from Kentucky against the Ohio Indians crossed the river. Colonel Bowman marched with one hundred and sixty volunteers to Chillicothe, on the Little Miami, and burned the town, but was then forced to retreat. The Indians retal iated in October by attacking one hundred men under command of Colonel Rogers and Captain Benham, who were passing up the river in two boats. Nearly all the men, after a brave fight, were tomahawked and scalped. In June, 1780, a party of six hundred Canadians and Indians 20 HISTORY OP DAYTON. organized at Detroit, and, under the command of Colonel Byrd, invaded Kentucky and sacked Ruddell's and Martin's stations. Byrd could not control the savages, who were guilty of their usual atrocities. After taking the stations, Byrd retreated to the forks of the Licking, over the road Avhich he had cut from the Ohio through the woods on his advance. When he reached his camp, the ludians immediately made off" for Chillicothe and Piqua. He had come down the Great Miami to the Ohio in bateaux, bringing, it is said, six pieces of artillery with him. But the Miami was now so low, that he was obliged to return by land, leaving his cannon in the woods to be, perhaps, brought on later by Indians. In the summer of 1780, soon after Byrd's invasion of Kentucky, General George Rogers Clarke led an expedition of experienced Indian fighters to Ohio. Among the officers who held command under Clarke was Captain Robert' Patterson, one of the founders of Lexington and Cincinnati, and from 1804 till 1827 a citizen of Dayton. When Clarke reached Chillicothe, near Xenia, he found it deserted and in flames, kindled by the Indians. After destroying several hundred acres of corn, he proceeded to the Piqua towns, near Springfield and about twelve miles from Chillicothe. The Shawnees were defeated. Clarke burned the houses, cut down the growing corn and vegetables, and then returned to Chillicothe and destroyed a field which he had saved to feed his horses, after which the expedition set out for home. By this victory of Clarke the homes, crops, aud other property of about four thousand Shawnees were destroyed, and for some time they were wholly engaged in rebuilding their wigwams, and in hunting and fishing to obtain food for their families. In March, 1781, Colonel Broadhead made a successful expedition from Wheeling against the Delawares on the Upper Muskingum. In July of the same year the Indians attacked a party of one hundred and six American soldiers, who were descending the river, killed forty-one, and captured the rest. Enraged by constant attacks from the savages, the settlers were not careful to distinguish friends fi'om foes, and in March, 1782, occurred the disgraceful massacre of friendly and non-resistant Moravian Indians, in the Tuscarawas valley, by a force of one hundred Virginians and Pennsylvanians. In June, 1782, Colonel Crawford made a second expedition against the Moravians and the Wyandots, in what is now Wyandot County. It was utterly routed, and the commander was horribly tortured and burned at- the stake. In July of this year the British at Detroit sent a force of six hundred men against Bryant's Station, near Lexington. A number of Shawnees, Wyandots, Miamis, and Delawares assembled at Chillicothe, near Xenia, and joined the expedition. The Indians, after heavy losses, retreated from Bryant's Station; but a party INDIAN HISTORY. 21 of one hundred and sixty Kentuckians, who pursued them, were drawn into an ambush near the Blue Licks and sixty of them killed and seven captured. Finding that the Indians were recovering from their defeat in 1780, Clarke, in the fall of 1782, led a second expedition of one thousand Kentuckians to Ohio. They met with no resistance till they reached the mouth of Mad River, on the ninth of November, where they found a small party of Indians stationed to prevent their crossing the stream. A skir mish on the site of Dayton followed, in which the Kentuckians were victorious. They spent the night here, and then proceeded to Upper Piqua, on the Great Miami, which the Shawnees had built after the destruction of their villages in 1780. On the road to Piqua they rescued a captive Kentucky woman, a Mrs. McFall, from a party of Indians. She accompanied them when they returned home. Having destroyed Upper Piqua, Clarke went on to the trading station which had been built about 1775 by a Frenchman named Laramie, on the site of Pickawillany. They plundered and burnt the store, and destroyed the Indians' wigwams and crops. Soon after this Laramie, who was a favorite with the Indians, emigrated with a large number of Shawnees to the Spanish territory, and there the remainder of their race gradually gathered. Some of the Shawnees, after the destruction of Upper Piqua, built towns at St. Mary's and Wapakoneta, and here they were living when Dayton was settled. The Delawares were in the same neighborhood. For some time after the peace with Great Britain in 1783, the Indians, who had met with many reverses and losses during the Revolution, did not trouble the settlements as much as formerly, but about 1785 they recommenced hostilities. It became necessary in 1786 to send a force against the Wabash and Mad River villages. The latter expedition was under command of Colonel Logan. It was divided into brigades, com manded by Colonel Robert Patterson and Colonel Thomas Kennedy, who took diff'erent directions. They harried and ruined the Indian country, destroying houses, crops, and vegetables, taking a large number of horses, and leaving the Indians in a state of destitution and starvation, from which it took them nearly a year to recover. Eight large towns, called Macachack, situated in what is now Logan County, were destroyed, seventy or eighty prisoners taken, and twenty warriors, one of them a chief, killed. Among the captives was an Indian lad whom the commander of the force carried with him to his Kentucky home, where he lived for some time. Colonel Logan became much attached to the boy, who took his name, and was for life the staunch friend of the whites. After a few years he was allowed to return 22 HISTORY OF DAYTON. to his tribe, and became the friendly Shawnee chief, Logan. He was mortally wounded during the War of 1812, while, by command of General Harrison, engaged in service against some Indian allies of the British. The more famous orator, Logan, was also named for a white man, James Logan, secretary of the colony of Pennsylvania. The Kentuckians returned to the Ohio by way of the Mad River valley, and, as in 1782, at the mouth of the river found a party of Indians on guard. With them was Tecumseh, at this time about fourteen years old. Having, after some slight resistance, beaten the Indians, and driven them up Mad River, and gained the second battle or skirmish fought on the site of Dayton, they camped for the night. Being well supplied with provisions from the captured towns, they remained here for two or three days examining land, with a view to recommending a settlement in this neighborhood. The Indians, driven across the Scioto by Logan, did not immediately return to the Miami valley, and when the Kentuckians departed they left an uninhabited country behind them. These successful raids were a necessary preparation for the settlement of this region, for till the powerful Shawnees were driven out, no white town could be built in the Miami valley. The Indians were the allies of the British, so that Clarke's expeditions to Ohio were really as much a part of the Revolutionary War as his Indiana and Illinois campaigns. To this brave patriot and military genius we are indebted, not only for victories over the savages, but for the possession of the Northwest, which, but for his foresight and efforts, might have remained a part of the British dominions. Some of his most valuable victories were gained by diplomacy. In the winter of 1785, a fort had been built at North Bend for the purpose of guarding emigrants down the Ohio, and also to prevent squatters from encroaching on Indian lands, for the United States Government was anxious to prevent all pretext for Indian hostilities. The first regiment sent west was raised principally for the purpose of driving the whites off" of the reservation. The fort at North Bend was named for Captain Finney, of the First Infantry, which, with the exception of two com panies, constituted the whole of the United States Army. In January, 1786, General George Rogers Clarke, Colonel Richard Butler, and Samuel H. Parsons were commissioned by the government to make a treaty of peace with the Mad River and Wabash Indians. The commissioners met representatives of the tribes at Fort Finney, but would have failed to accomplish their object but for the determination, coolness, and intrepidity of Clarke. His firm and undaunted manner overawed the Indians, who instead of murdering the commissioners and proclaiming war, as was INDIAN HISTORY. 28 their probable intention when they arrived at Fort Finney, made a treaty, giving both the Miami valleys to the United States. The Indians, how ever, continued to resent the intrusion of the whites. Symmes treated the Indians with consideration. The surveying party, which he led in 1787, met a party fortj' miles from Cincinnati. He protected them from the rifles of the Kentuckians, and his clemency so offended the latter that they abandoned the company and returned home. Yet Filson, another member of the party, who started back to the Ohio from the northern boundary line of Hamilton County, was killed by the implacable savages. In April, 1788, a party of six surveyors, camped near Mad River, were surprised and two of them killed. In the summer of 1789, Major Doughty, of the United States Army, built Fort Washington in the center of Losanteville, now Cincinnati. Stations and block houses, surrounded by cabins of settlers, were built at distances of five, nine, and twelve miles from the fort, and were able to successfully defend themselves. In September, 1790, General Harmar, with an army of fourteen hundred and fifty men, three hundred and twenty of whom were United States troops, marched from Fort Washington up the Miami valley, past the destroyed towns of Chillicothe, Piqua, and Laramie, to the Indian settlements, near the present city of Fort Wayne. Though he burnt seven villages and twenty thousand bushels of corn, yet, as few of the enemy were killed, and he was obliged to retreat to Cincinnati, the Indians did not consider themselves conquered. Nevertheless, the loss of their houses and provisions hampered them, and but for this check the suft'er- ings of the settlers from their depredations would have been much greater. During the whole of the winter of 1790-1791, numerous parties of Indians were organizing in the Miami valley to attack weak block houses. Dayton was one of their favorite rendezvous, Parties came down the Miami in canoes, and, having formed a camp of supplies at the mouth of Mad River, in charge of squaws, and sent out hunters, started on their raids. Four hundred warriors attacked Dunlap's Station, on the Great Miami; wounded two and murdered Abner Hunt, but were repulsed. For months they were very daring, skulking about the streets of Cincinnati, and keeping the people in a constant state of terror, yet they did not succeed in destroying the settlements on the Upper Ohio and between the Miamis, eight in all, which had been begun in 1788. In May and August, 1791, General Scott and Colonel Wilkinson made successful raids on the Wabash towns. These expeditions were followed in the fall by St. Clair's campaign against the Indians. He had a force of twenty-three hundred regular soldiers and six hundred militia. 24 HISTORY OF DAYTON. They left Fort Washington September 17th, reached a point on the site of Fort Recovery, Darke County, November 3d, and at daylight, November 4th, were attacked by the Indians, among whom were a number of painted Canadians. After three hours of hard fighting, the whites were totally defeated.''' St. Clair's defeat and his heavy losses, amounting almost to the destruction of his army, which was the strongest and most completely equipped military force that had ever been seen in the West, filled the whole Ohio valley with consternation. The Indians, encouraged by victory, kept up constant hostilities against the whites, who, however, as a rule, shut up in strong block houses guarded by experienced Revolu tionary soldiers and Indian fighters, passed safely through this period of anxiety and danger. A few weeks after St. Clair's defeat General Wilkinson led an expedition to the battlefield, to bury the dead and collect abandoned government property. Forts Hamilton, Jeff'erson, and St. Clair, which were built in the winter of 1791-1792, and garrisoned by soldiers from Fort Washington, were frequently attacked by the victorious Indians. November 6, 1792, Major Adair and a party of one hundred Kentuckians defeated two hundred and fifty Indians near Fort St. Clair, one mile west of Eaton. In the spring of 1793, General Wayne was made commander of the Western Army, which consisted of thirty-six hundred men. He marched into the Indian country in the fall, but no important engagement occurred during the winter, which was spent in drill and preparation for the coming campaign. Fort Piqua was built on the site of the old Indian town of that name, as a place of deposit for army stores, which were brought up the Great Miami in boats. To Fort Piqua were also brought, for burial, many who fell in Wayne's battles. Once, in 1794, a boat of supplies was attacked in sight of the fort by Indians, and the captain and twenty-three men who guarded it were massacred. On June 30 and 31, 1794, Wayne defeated an army of fifteen hundred Indians. August 30th he fought and gained the battle of Fallen Timbers, which ended the four years of Indian war. August 3, 1795, after seven months of effort on the part of Wayne, a treaty of peace was concluded at Greenville, eleven hundred and thirty Indians being in attendance. Hostilities were to cease, and all prisoners to be restored. Wayne's victory secured the peace and safety of the Ohio valley, and immediately after the treaty was signed, colonies began to move out into the wilderness. Seventeen days from the time of the meeting of Wayne and the tribes at Greenville, arrangements were made for the settlement of Dayton. Wayne's victory was the conquest of British and Spanish, as well as Indian enemies; for the English and Spaniards, anxious, for the purposes INDIAN HISTOKY. . 25 of trade, to retain their old influence over the tribes, resented American rule in the West, and their emissaries excited the Indians, by false repre sentations,' to continue their hostilities against the pioneers. The British refused, till 1796, to give up the forts south of the Great Lakes, and this encouraged the Indians to hope that, by the assistance of their English friends, they would be able to drive their common enemy out of the West, and regain their former unlimited power. The Indians who fought against St. Clair and Wayne were supplied by the British officers with provisions, muskets, cannon, and ammunition, and large numbers of painted Canadi-ans accompanied them to the battlefield. The evil influence of the British did not cease till after the War of 1812. The great chief, Tecumseh, and his brother, the Prophet, no doubt received encouragement from the English, when they began to form their league, which was similar in purpose to the earlier conspiracy of Pontiac. The eloquent Tecumseh, in 1805, traveled through the Northwest and South, endeavoring to excite the pride and patriotism of the tribes. His object in forming the league was to "resolutely oppose the further intrusion of the whites upon the Indian lands." He complained that the Thirteen Fires, which was the Indian name for the United States, had cheated and imposed upon the tribes; and his reason for joining the British Army in 1812 was, that the English General Porter promised that he would certainly get the Indian lands back, which the Americans had stolen from them. In 1810 the British, probably in anticipation of hostilities with the United States, began to furnish Tecumseh's followers with ammunition. In November, 1811, before the plans of Tecumseh were fully matured, his followers, commanded by the Prophet, were conquered at the battle of Tippecanoe by General Han-ison. From the beginning of 'the War of 1812 till his death, at the battle of the Thames, October 6, 1813, Tecumseh and his Indians served with the British against the United States. This celebrated chief was as noted for his humanity as for his courage, intelligence, and eloquence. The government refused to employ Indians against the British in the War of 1812. Those who remained friendly to us claimed and received protection from the United States. They were gathered at Piqua under the caye of Colonel Johnston, United States Indian agent. About six thousand Indians were, at one time, at Piqua, and their presence insured the safety of the frontier. These Indians gave many proofs of their fidelity. On one occasion it was necessary to bring a large number of women and children from Fort Wayne to Piqua. Colonel Johnston summoned the Shawnee chiefs, and called for volunteers to conduct 26 HISTORY OF DAYTON. this helpless party to Ohio. Logan instantly off'ered his services, and, accompanied by a party of volunteers on horseback, started at once for Fort Wayne, and soon brought his charges safely through the wilderness, swarming with hostile savages, to Piqua. "The women spoke in the highest terms of the vigilance, care, and delicacy of their faithful con ductors." But for the influence of the Shawnee chief, Black Hoof, many of these six thousand friendly Indians would probably have been allies of the British. Black Hoof was born in Florida, but fought in all the wars in Ohio from 1755 till Wayne's treaty in 1795. He remained faithful to the stipulations of the treaty. Tecumseh in vain endeavored to persuade him to join his league, and Black Hoof's prudence and influence also kept the greater part of his tribe out of it. Wayne's treaty secured the Miami valley and, indeed, the whole of southern Ohio to the Americans, as the Indian reservation, whose boundary was settled at Greenville, did not reach further south than the portage at the site of the old Laramie trading post, in Shelby County. The Indians in the Western Reserve sold their lands to the United States in 1805. In 1817 the United States Commissioners bought nearly the whole of northwestern Ohio from the tribes. The Delawares ceded their reservation in 1829; the Shawnees and the Senecas sold their land in 1832, and in 1842 the government bought the reservation of the Wyandots, the only Indians left in the State. The tribes were all removed to lands reserved for them in Indian Territory. CHAPTER II. Natural Advantages— Fertility and Beauty of the Miami Valley— Kentuckians Long to Dispossess the Indians — Gist's Visit in 1751 — Valuable Timber — 'Well 'Watered — Wild Animals — Natural Meadows — "A Most Delightful Country " — Kentuckians Visit it 'with Clarke and Logan — Describe the Country as an Earthly Paradise — Major Stites Surveys Symmes' Purchase in 1787 — Wishes to Buy Land in Miami and Mad River Valleys — Symm-s Explores the Valleys — Indians Camped on Site of Dayton — Land ¦Worth One Dollar an Acre — Tropical Luxuriance of Vegetation — Kentuckians Come to View the Country in 1795— Land Concealed by Vines and Weeds — Kentuckians Dis couraged and Turn Back — Rich Farming Lands Near Dayton — Fortunate Location of Town — fonfluence of Pour Rivers — Value of Farm Products — Four River Valleys Afford Facilities for Construction of Railroads — Dayton Center of Ten Railroads — Superabundance of Game and Fish — Natural Fruits, Nuts, and Wild Honey — Mr. Forrer's Account of Hunting in 1818 — Abundance of Wild Animals and Fish in 1830 and 1840 — Flights of Pigeons — Migrations of Squirrels — Fish Baskets — Wagon Loads of Fish — Temperate Climate — Mean Temperature of the Year — A Healthy City — Pour Streams Furnish 'Water Power — Value of the Rivers to Manufacturers — Timber — Fuel — Hard. Woods — Building Stone — Prof. Orton Describes the Quarries — Excellent Lime — Brick Clay — Sand — Abundance of Grdnitic Gravel— Prof. Orton on the Value of Gravel — Excellent Turnpikes and Streets due to Gravel — Natural Drainage — Pure Water — Inexhaustible Wells. LONG before a.ny permanent settlement was made in the Miami valley, its beauty and fertilit}' were known by the inhabitants of Kentucky and the people beyond the Alleghanies, and repeated eff'orts were made to get possession of it. These efforts led to retaliation on the part of the Indians, who resented the attempt to dispossess them of their lands, and the continuous raids back and forth across the Ohio River, to gain or keep possession of this beautiful valley, caused it to be called, until the close of the eighteenth century, the " Miami slaughter house." The report of the French Major Celoron de Bienville, who, tn August, 1749, ascended the La Roche or Big Miami River in bateaux to visit the Twightwee villages at Piqua, has been preserved, but Gist, the agent of the Virginians, who formed the Ohio Land Company, was probably the first person who wrote a description in English of the region surrounding Dayton. Gist visited the Twightwee or Miami villages in 1751. He was delighted with the fertile and well-watered land, with its large oak, walnut, maple, ash, wild cherry, and other trees. The country, he says, abounded "with turkeys, deer, elk, and most sorts of game, particularly buffaloes, thirtj' or forty of which are frequently seen feeding in one meadow; in short, it wants nothing but cultivation to make it a most 27 HISTORY OF DAYTON. delightful country. The land upon the Great Miami River is very rich, level, and well timbered, some of the finest meadows that can be. The grass here grows to a great height on the clear fields, of which there are a great number, and the bottoms are full of white clover, wild rye, and blue grass." A number of traders were living at the Miami villages, and in one of their houses Gist lodged during his visit. It is stated by pioneer writers that the buft'alo aud elk disappeared from Ohio about the year 1795. The Kentuckians who accompanied the expeditions of Clarke and Logan against the Indians in 1780, 1782, and 1786, carried back the most enthusiastic reports of the value of the land at the mouth of Mad River. They described the valley as an earthly paradise, and longed to drive out the " Indian fiends" who excluded them from its fair fields and groves. In the fall of 1787, Major Stites, one of the surveyors of the Symmes purchase, visited the valley of the Miami and Mad rivers, and was so delighted with it, that he began, on his return, negotiations for its purchase. John Cleves Symmes, inspired by the account given by Major Stites, was curious to see the land, and anxious to learn its real value before setting a price on it. Accompanied by an .armed escort, he examined the land on the Miami and in the Stillwater and Mad River valleys without molestation from the Indians. White visitors to the mouth of Mad River seem always to have found a party of Indians encamped there. Those that Symmes encountered proved friendly, and they took supper together. Symmes' party reported, when they got back to Cincinnati, that some of the laud they examined was worth one dollar an acre, which was considered a large price for unimproved land in the Indian country. Ou the rich bottom lands vegetation grew with almost tropical luxuriance. Benjamin Van Cleve records in Jiis journal of September 28, 1795, that " some men from Kentucky, who had come with Mr. Cooper to view the country, went up the Miami bottom a mile or two above the mouth of Mad River, and found the vines and weeds so thick that they could not see the land, and became discouraged and returned to Ken tucky." Such a proof of the fatness of the land was a strange reason for discouragement. The development of the Miami valley has shown that the glowing accounts of the early explorers as to the fertility of the soil were -not too highly colored. Beautiful and fertile as the Miami valley is, no part of it surpasses, if it equals, the region immediately surrounding Dayton. The "Mad River country," as this region was called by the first pioneers, was the .'synonym for all that was desirable in farmine- lands. '& NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 29 Dayton is fortunate in its location at the conflueuce of four important streams — the Miami, Mad River, Stillwater, and Wolf Creek. Each of these streams has its valley of great beauty and fertility, and these valleys produce large and profitable crops of every variety. As repoi'ted in the United States census report of 1880, the total value of farm products in Montgomery County in 1879 was three million, two hundred and eighty-eight thousand, four hundred and forty-nine dollars, a greater amount than was produced by any other county in Ohio. The rich neighboring farming community contributes largely to the growth and prosperity of the city. Dayton is noted for its excellent markets. The river valleys furnish the waym soil needed for market gardens, and the elevated ground is adapted to fruit of all kinds. An incidental advantage, resulting from the four river valleys, is the facilities they afford for the construction of railroads, which, through them, may reach Dayton On easy grades, and at comparatively, small cost. No doubt to this cause may be partly attributed the fact that, with Dayton as a center, ten railroads radiate in every direction. Now that the forests have been nearly swept away, the game almost exterminated, and the rivers cleared of all fine fish, it is difficult, even in imagination, to realize the magnificence of the forests and the super abundance of the game and fish, when this region was in its natural state. The products of the forest and the river, the game and fish, the peltry, the wild honey, the natural fruit and nuts, were not unimportant elements in the prosperity of Dayton at its founding. Mr. Samuel Forrer, so prominent in the early fiistory of Ohio and of Dayton, in some remin iscences of a visit to Dayton as late as 1818, published in the Dayton Journal in 1863, says: "I remember that I killed three pheasants on the present site of Mr. Van Ausdal's house in Dayton View. Quails, rabbits, etc., were found in plenty in 'Buck Pasture,' immediately east of the canal basin, between First and Second streets. Wild ducks came in large flocks to the ponds within the present city limits, but which have since been mainly wiped out by drainage. And the fox hunters had a great time on occasion by visiting the ' Brush Prairie,' within two miles of the court house. Deer, wild turkeys, and other game were killed in the neigh borhood, and venison and wild meat were easily obtainable in Dayton." Within the writer's recollection, between 1830 and 1840, game and fish were still abundant. An occasional deer could be found, and wild turkeys and pheasants were often shot by hunters. Squirrels and quails were thick in the woods and fields, and in the fall immense flights of wild pigeons alighted in the woods to feed on the mast. At irregular intervals one of these strange migrations of squirrels would occur, for which no 30 HISTORY OF DAYTON. satifactory cause has been given by naturalists. Starting from the remote northwest, they would come in countless numbers, and nothing could turn them from their course. Rivers were no impediment to them, aiid boys would stand on the shore of the Miami and kill them with clubs, as they emerged from the water. The rivers were still full of fish. No more delicious table fish could be found anyAvhere than the bass, when taken from the pure, clear water of the Miami and Mad River of that day. On the mill race, which has since been converted into the Dayton View Hydraulic, stood a saw mill, which only ran in the daytime. At night the water was passed through a fish basket, and each morning, during the fish season, it was found filled with bass of the largest .size. In 1835, one Saturday afternoon a seine was drawn in the Miami, between the Main Street and Bridge Street bridges, and two large wagon loads of fine fish caught. This may suffice to show the great abundance of fish as late as 1835. Whatever hardships the pioneers of Dayton may have endured, they were in the enjoyment of luxuries that would have tickled the palate of an epicure. Climate exerts a decided influence on the character and prosperity of a community. In its climate Dayton is fortunate, as its people are not exposed to the extreme rigor of the North, nor the enervating heat of the South. M. E. Curwen makes this statement in his "History of Dayton," published in 1850. "Dayton is in latitude 39° 47', and iu longitude west from Washington 7° 6'. This parallel of latitude passes through the center of Spain, southern Italy, northern Greece, and Asia Minor. In regard to climatology, there are yet no sufficient data to form a correct estimate. The mean temperature of the year may, however, be set down as not far from 53.78° Fahrenheit. The mean temperature of spring at 54.14°; of summer at 72.86°; of autumn at 54.86°; and of winter at 32.90°. The mean temperature of the warmest months does not probably exceed 74.30°, nor does that of the coldest months fall below 30.20°. This corresponds very nearly with the climate of the Lombardo -Venetian Kingdom." The following table, taken from the records of the Ohio Meteorological Bureau, diff'ers somewlnit from the above, but it may be that if a series of years were taken, instead of a single one, the diff'erence would not be great. ' The mean temperature of the year 1887 was 53° 5'; of the year 1888, 52° 1'. The mean temperature of spriug, 1888, 50° 6'; of summer 74° 5'; of autumn 51° 9'; of winter 50° 6'. That the climate of Dayton is favorable to health is shown by the reports of the board of health. Statistics prove Dayton to be one of the healthiest cities in the United States. The four streams that converge at Dayton fuhiish a large amount NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 31 of water power to propel mills and factories. This is especially true of Mad River. It was the water power that gave the greatest impulse of growth to the town, and Dayton at an early day became a manufacturing point of considerable importance. Although the needs of our factories have now outgrown the water power, and steam has to be resorted to, it still remains an important factor in the prosperity of the city. The manufacturer esteems himself fortunate who possesses this reliable and comparatively inexpensive power. For many years the town was dependent on the forests in the vicinity for timber for building purposes aud for fuel, and it was fur nished in abundance and of the greatest excellence. The cheapness and excellent quality of the hard woods led at an early day to the establishment here of factories that use Avood for material. Now that the forests have largely disappeared from the surrounding country, the canal and railroads bring the hard woods of northern Ohio and the pine of Michigan cheaply and abundantly to our builders and manufacturers. The comparative proximity of these lumber regions is of no small advantage. One of nature's chief gifts to Dayton is the building stone that underlies a large part of Montgomery County. Of especial value is the Niagara or, as it is commonly called, the Dayton stone. So extensive are the beds of this stone, that Prof. Orton, the State geologist, pronounces it inexhaustible. Prof. Orton describes the diff'erent kinds of stone found in this region as follows: "The blue limestone affords in numberless exposures a building stone that is accessible, easily quarried, even bedded, of convenient thickness, and very durable. It possesses, however, but little susceptibility of ornamentation. The thinness of its beds, its hardness and brittleness, stand in the way of its improvement by dress ing, and its color is too dark to please the eye when it is exposed in large surfaces of masonry. The Clinton rock in all its beds — but especially in its upper ones — aff'ords a building stone that would be highly valued, were it not for the close proximity, in most instances, of the quarries of the Niagara group. A similar statement may be made in regard to the products of the blue limestone quarries of the county. When the Clinton stone is first raised from the quarry, it is frequently so soft as to be easily worked; but when the water has escaped from it, it becomes a measurably firm and enduring stone. Some of its beds, indeed, are crystalline or semi-crystalline iu structure, and leave nothing to be desired so far as durability is concerned. The Clinton group exhibits a great variety of colors, and some of these shades are very pleasing to the eye — a fact which makes this stone susceptible of fine architectural effects. The greatest objection to this series is that it is not generally even bedded. 32 HISTORY OP DAYTON. The lower strata are very seldom so. The ISiagara group, however, furnishes the best building stone, not only in Montgomery County, but of the whole Miami valley as well. Indeed, for many purposes it is inferior to none. Occurring as it does in even-bedded layers of from four to twenty inches in thickness, it is adapted to the purpose of both light and heavy masonry. It is homogeneous in structure, has a beautiful color, takes ornamentation quite kindly, and is durable to any required degree. The value that is attached to it can be judged from the fact that in some of the quarries nearest Dayton the stone sells in the ground for $17.50 per rod or |2,800 per acre, the title -to the land not being alienated." These quarries have been a mine of wealth to their owners and to Dayton. These stones may all be burned into excellent lime, and lime is indispensable, as it is "the great cement employed alike in nature and by human art." The building stones produce a lime that slakes easily, and in slaking evolves a great degree of heat, and is called hot or fiery hme. It sets or hardens very soon, and for this reason is not liked by masons. A stone is found at Wilson's quarries, north of Dayton, from which a lime is obtained that is free from these objections, and from this source Dayton is largely supplied. Excellent brick clay exists in many localities, and nearly all the brick used iu Dayton is burned in the immediate vicinity. Sand in unlimited quantity may be found in the river bed, and an abundance of superior quality in many of the surrounding hills. Thus these essential articles are easily and cheaply obtained, and help to constitute the sum of things that make Dayton what it is. Another article, which at first thought may be considered of little value, is of the greatest importance. Gravel is so abundant and so cheap that we seldom reflect what an important part it has played in the devel opment of the country. Prof. Orton says : " It is not easy to set a proper estimate upon the beds of sand and gravel of Montgomery County, until a comparison is instituted between a region well supplied with such accumulations and another that is destitute of them. The gravel knolls and ridges with which, in the southern and eastern portions of the county, almost every farm abounds, afford very desirable building sites, and are generally selected for such purposes. Sand of the best quality for mortar, cement, and brick-making is everywhere within easy access. An inexhaustible supply of excellent materials for road-making — what is frequently designated the lime stone gravel, though in reality largely composed of granitic pebbles— is found in the drift deposits, from which hundreds of miles of turnpikes have been already constructed in the county, thus aft'ording free communication between farm and market at all seasons of the year. The smaller bowlders of Canadian origin are NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 33 selected from the gravel banks for paving stones and transported to the neighboring cities. In regions where stone suitable for macadamized pikes can be obtained, good roads can be had, even though gravel is wanting, but at largely increased expense above that of gravel turnpikes. The districts which are supplied with neither can certainly never compete in desirability with these gravel-strewn regions." In 1838 the legislature passed an act extending state aid in the construction of turnpikes. Dayton promptly availed itself of the benefit to be derived from the law, and on account of the abundance and cheapness of gravel soon had several turnpikes under way. So manifest was the advantage gained by sections of the State having cheap material for the construction of roads over other portions less favored, that the legislature hastened in 1840 to repeal the law. Before its repeal, however, Dayton had reaped substantial and great benefits from the aid extended by the State. Dayton is also indebted to the gravel beds for the beauty and cleanliness of the streets of which for many years the citizens were so justly proud. It is true that of late the careless digging of trenches for gas and water, and the use of broken limestone instead of gravel for repairs, has put them in bad condition, but there can be no doubt that except on our most travelled business thoroughfares, pure gravel, such as may be obtained from the surrounding hills, if properly applied, would make perfectly satisfactory streets. But not the least of the advantages derived from the gravelly subsoil that underlies Dayton, is the drainage it affords. It almost obviates the necessity of sewerage, and but for it we should certainly have been visited with the evil consequences^ that have fallen on other cities which have failed to provide means for carrying off' refuse matter. Underneath the city, at a depth of a few feet, runs a constant stream of water, removing impurities of all kinds and preventing disease. In the less densely populous parts of the citj'^ it acts as an admirable filter, and carries into wells pure and cold water for drinking and culinary purposes. Now that in parts of the city well water is no longer considered wholesome, the city is indebted to this same gravelly subsoil for the wells at the water works. Probably no city in the country is more highly favored than Dayton with an abundant supply of pure and delicious water. The wells are practically inexhaustible and have borne the drafts made upon them by large fires without a sign of failure. Subjected to the test of chemical analysis, the water has been pronounced free from all impurities, and no citizen of Dayton need be told how cold, sparkling, and refreshing it is as a beverage. Certainly no greater boon can be conferred on a city than an abundant supply of good water. CHAPTER III. Settlement of Dayton— Venice on Site of Dayton Laid Out in 1789— Major Stites— Venice Abandoned— Danger of Visiting Site of Dayton Before 1794 — Hostile Indians — Treaty ot Greenville Secures Safety ot S'ettleis— Site of Dayton Purchased from Symmes— Original Proprietors of Dayton— Symmes Requires Three Settlements to be Made — Benjamin Van Cleve's Account ot the Survey ot the Purchase^D. C. Cooper Cuts a Road Out of the Brush — Hardships Endured by Surveyors — Field Notes Kept on Tables of Wood— Dayton Laid Out and Named— Lottery Held on Site of Town, Novem ber 4th — Lots and In-lots Donated to Settlers Drawn— Settlers Permitted to Purchase One Hundred and Sixty Acres at a French CJrown Per Acre — Forty-six Persons Agree to Settle at Dayton — Only Nineteen Eventually Avail Themselves of Donations and Become Settlers — Van Cleve's Account of Settlements in the Purchase — Names of Original Settlers of Dayton — Three Parties Leave Cincinnati in March, 1796 — Hamer's Party Travel in Two-horse Wagon — Newcom's Party Make the Journey on Horseback — Difficulties of the Journey to Dayton by Land — Thomp-on''s Party Ascend the Miami in a Pirogue — Description of the Voyage — Poling Up Stream — Beauty of the Landscape — Supper in the Miami Woods — Names ot the Passengers in the Pirogue — Ten Days from Cincinnati to Dayton — Mrs. Thompson the First to Land — Indians Encamped at Dayton — Land at Head of St. Clair Street — The Uninhabited Forest All that Welcomed Them — Encouraging Indications — Biographies of Original Settlers — Daniel C. Cooper. SIX years before Dayton was projected Major Benjamin Stites, John Stites Gano and William Goforth formed plans for a settlement to be called Venice, at the mouth of the Tiber, as they named Mad River. The site of this proposed city lay within the seventh range of townships, which, on June 13, 1789, they agreed to purchase from John Cleves Symmes for eighty-three cents an acre. The contract was signed "at the block houses near Columbia, commanded by the above-named Benjamin Stites." One of the stipulations made by the purchasers was that a road should be at once cut through the woods to Mad River. The deed was executed and recorded, but Svmmes' misundorstandina; with the government and the Indian troubles forced them to abandon their project, and "we escaped being Venetians." But before their plan was frustrated, the town of "Venice, with its two principal streets crossing each other at right angles in the center, was laid out on paper. In each of the four quarters outlined by the streets the position of houses aud squares was indicated. The projectors were Baptists, and a whole square was set aside as a gift to the first church of that denomination organized by Venetians. A half-acre lot was promised to "each denomination of pious and well and religiously disposed people, who worship the God of Israel, found in the town within two years after the founding of the 34 SETTLEMENT OP DAYTON. 35 settlement." The lots within the town contained half an acre, and were valued at four dollars each. Three of them were donated as sites for a capitol, court house, and jail. The out-lots were to contain five acres, and the price for each was twenty-five dollars. From the time that Major S,tites and his colleagues canceled their bargain with Judge Symmes till 1794 the Indians were constantly on the war-path. White men who ascended the Miami from Cincinnati to the site of Dayton made the journey at the risk of their lives. A spy and a hunter always accompanied them, and one was as necessary as the other. Surveyors were obliged to be continually on the watch while on the march or in camp. Part always stood on guard, while the rest cooked, and for fear of attracting the attention of wandering bands of savages, it was necessary to extinguish their fire at bedtime, and to keep a sharp lookout when they rekindled it before daybreak. Previous to Wayne's victory, it would have been foolhardy to attempt a settlement in the heart ofthe enemy's country, and expose helpless women and children to the raids of the pitiless savages. The treaty of Greenville was regarded as securing the safety of settlers in the Indian country. August 20, 1795, less than three weeks after the treaty was signed, a party of gentlemen contracted for the purchase from John Cleves Symmes of the seventh and eighth ranges, between Mad River and the Little Miami. The purchasers were General Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory; General Jonathan Dayton, afterward senator from New Jersey; General James Wilkinson, of Wayne's army, and Colonel Israel Ludlow, from Long Hill, Morris County, New Jersey. They proposed to make three settlenients, — at the mouth of Mad River; on the Little Miami, in the seventh range; and on Mad River, above the mouth. This was one of the conditions of their contract with Judge Symmes. Benjamin Van Cleve, one of the original settlers of Dayton, gives in his journal an interesting account of the survey of this purchase in the autumn of 1795: "Two parties of sur veyors set off' on the 21st of September, Mr. Daniel C. Cooper to survey and mark a road and cut out some of the brush, and Captain John Dunlap to run the boundaries of the purchase. I went with Dunlap. There were at this time several stations on Mill Creek — Ludlow's, White's, Tucker's, Voorhees', aud Cunningham's. We came to Voorhees' and encamped. "In the morning Mr. Cooper and his party proceeded with the road, and our party took Harmar's old trace in company with a Mr. Bedell, who had a wagon with provisions and tools and was going to make a settlement a considerable distance in advance of the frontier, which was 36 HISTORY OF DAYTON. afterward called Bedell's Station, and lay a few miles west of where Lebanon now is. On the 23d we reached the line between the third and fourth ranges of townships, which had been run by Dunlap in 1788. On the 24th and 25th run north eighteen miles to the south boundary of the seventh range, and then run west to the Miami, running nearly south. The next morning our horse wasmissing. We hunted for him all day, but never found him. He had beei^i well secured. The Indians probably had stolen him. On the 27th we carried our baggage up to the mouth of. Mad River. About thirty rods from the mouth we found a camp of about six Wyandot Indians. We were a little alarmed at each other at first, but became very friendly. They gave us some venison jerk and we in return gave them a little flour, salt, tobacco, and other small articles. At the request of one of them, I exchanged knives with him, giving him a very large one, scabbard and belt that I had carried for several years, for his, which was not so valuable, with a worsted belt and a deer skin to boot. We had not been here long until Mr. Cooper and his party arrived. " On the 28th, Mr. Cooper returned to make some alterations in his road. We continued engaged in our survey till the 4th of October. We established the northern and southern boundaries of the purchase, and meandered Mad River and the Miami from the northern line of the eighth range to the southern line of the seventh, when we returned to Cincinnati." Mr. Van Cleve records many hardships and dangers. On the morn ing of the 1st of October, they sent their hunter and packhorseman, William Gahagan and Jonathan Mercer, forward to cook at the mouth of Muddy Run; but their surveying occupied more time than they anticipated, and it was evening before, after a day of fasting, they reached the rendezvous. "When we found them," he says, "some Indians had robbed them of the most of our provisions and menaced their lives." Soon after they fasted for thirty-four hours, working and walking most of the time. "October 3d. It rained very hard, and the surveyor got his paper all wet, aud was about stopping. We had about a pound of meat, and though we had nearly done our business, were thinking of setting off for home. I undertook to keep the field notes, , and fell on the expedient of taking them down on tables of wood with the point of my knife, so that I could understand them and take them off' again on paper." " On the 1st of November went again to Mad River. On the 4th, Israel Ludlow laid off the town at the mouth of Mad River, and called it Dayton, after one of the proprietors. A lottery was held, and I drew lots for myself and several others, and engaged to become a settler in the ensuing spring." SETTLEMENT OF DAYTON. 37 Each of the original settlers received a donation of an in-lot and an out-lot, which he or his representatives drew at the lottery held at the month of Mad River November 4th. In addition, each of them had the privilege of purchasing one hundred and sixty acres at a French crown, or about one dollar and thirteen cents per acre. The proprietors hoped, by offering these inducements, to attract settlers to the place. Forty-six persons had agreed to remove from Cincinnati to Dayton, but only fifteen fulfilled their engagement. Four others however came, so that the number of settler^ who had entitled themselves to the donations and other privileges off'ered by the proprietors was nineteen. Two or three prospectors came up during the winter, but returned for their families. Benjamin Van Cleve says in his journal, under date of April 1, 1796: "During the preceding winter two or three settlers had arrived here; several families had settled at Hole's Station, where Miamisburg now is; a few persons had settled at the Big Prairie on Clear Creek (below Middletown); two had established themselves at Clear Creek and several were scattered about the country lower down. This spring a settlement was made by Jonathan Mercer eight miles up Mad River; another was made at the forks, called Chribb's Station; another at the mouth of Honey Creek, and another at the old Piqua, on the Miami." But for several years Dayton was considered the frontier. One of the settlements begun this year was Franklin. The original settlers of Dayton were the following persons and their families: William Hamer, Solomon Hamer, Thomas Hamer, George Newcom, William Newcom, Abraham Grassmire, John Davis, John Dorough, William Chenowith, James Morris, Daniel Ferrell, Samuel Thompson, Benjamin Van Cleve, James McClure, John McClure, Thomas McClure, William Gahagan, William Van Cleve. In March, 1796, they left Cincinnati in three parties, led by William Hamer, George Newcom, and Samuel Thompson. Hamer's party was the first to start; the other two companies left on Monday, March 21st, one by land, the other by water. Hamer's party came in a two-horse wagon over the road begun, but only partially cut through the woods, by Cooper in the fall of 1795. The company consisted of Mr. and Mrs. William Hamer and their children, Solomon, Thomas, Nancy, Elizabeth, Sarah, and Polly, and Jonathan and Edward Mercer. They were delayed and had a long, cold and uncomfortable journey. In the other party that traveled by land were Mr. and Mrs. George Newcom and their brother William, James Morris, John Dorough and family, Daniel Ferrell and family, Solomon Goss and family, John Davis and Abraham Grassmire. William Van Cleve, instead of going with his relatives in the pirogue, 38 HISTORY OF DAYTON. accompanied this party to drive Mr. Thompson's cow, which was with the cattle belonging to the Newcom division- of the colonists. They were two weeks on the road. The sixty miles from Cincinnati to Mad River was a tedious and exhausting journey. The road was merely a rough, narrow, unbroken path through the woods and brush, except that part of it which led to Fort Hamilton, which, as it was used by the army, was kept in tolerably good condition. They suff'ered from cold and dampness in camp, as it had rained and was spitting snow. Their furniture, stoves, clothes, provisions, cooking utensils and agricultural implements and other property, as well as children too small to walk, were carried on horses in creels made of hickory withes and suspended from each side of pack saddles. It was a difficult matter to ford the creeks without getting the freight and women and children wet. Trees were cut down to build foot bridges across the smaller streams. Rafts were constructed to carry the contents of the creels and the women and children over large creeks, while the horses and cattle swam. Their rifles furnished them with plenty of game and their cows with milk at meals. They were obliged to stop for a time at the Big -Prairie, near Middletown, and made a second halt at Hole's Creek, now Miamisburg. They reached here in less than a week after the other parties arrived. Thompson's party came in a large pirogue down the Ohio to the Miami and up that stream to the mouth of Mad River. A pirogue was a long, narrow boat of light draft aud partly enclosed and roofed. One man steered while the others poled. The Miami in 1796 wound through an almost uninhabited wilderness. Such a journey, looking back from this safe and prosaic age when steam cars whirl us up from Cincinnati in two hours, must have been full of danger and of exciting adventures, and yet not without its pleasures. It required much skill and muscular strength to pole a boat up stream for many miles. In an article on "Early Recollections of the West," contributed to the American Pioneer, a description of this mode of navigation is given. The writer says the boats were "provided with running boards, extending from bow to stern, on each side of the boat. . . . Each man was provided with a pole with a heavy socket. The crew, divided equally on each side, set their poles near the head of the boat, and bringing the end of the pole to their shoulders, with their bodies bent, walked slowly down the running board to the stern, returning at a quick pace to the bow for a new set." Imagination invests this little band of adventurers, laboriously poling their boat load of women and children up the Indian-named river and valley to a frontier home iu the ancient Miami hunting grounds, with an atmosphere of romance. On the borders of their ancestral corn fields SETTLEMENT OF DAYTON. 39 and game preserve, lurked jealous and revengeful savages, -gazing with envious and homesick eyes on the rich lands of which the pioneers had dispossessed them. The Indian reign of terror lasted till after 1799, but travelers ou the river were probably in less danger of surprise in early spring than when the foliage was in full leaf, and the Indians could consequently more easily conceal themselves. However unpropitious the season maybe, there are always occasional sunshiny days in early spring in Ohio. Though the woods in 1796 were wet from recent showers, the rain seems to have been over before the pirogue began its voyage, and no doubt part of the time the weather was mild and bright. The banks of the Miami were thickly wooded, the flowers and foliage of the trees were just beginning to unfold, and the ground was covered with grass fi-esli with the greenness of spring. Along the lower part of the river the foliage was more advanced and the earlier varieties of wild flowers were coming into bloom. For miles on either side ofthe Miami extended a fertile and beautiful country, diversified beyond the rich bottom lands by low hills and pleasant little valleys, dense forests of ornamental trees and the most valuable timber and occasional small level prairies (natural fields and meadows awaiting the farmer's plow and cattle), the whole watered by cool, delicious springs and limpid streams. At the close of each day the boat was tied to a tree on the shore, and the emigrants landed and camped for the night around the big fire by which they cooked their appetizing supper of game and fish aud the eggs of wild fowls for which the hunger of trave.lers was a piquant and sufficient sauce. No doubt their food, as described by other pioneers, was cooked after this fashion: Meat was fastened on a sharpened stick, stuck in the ground before the fire, and frequently turned. Dough for wheat bread was sometimes wound around a stick and baked in the same way. Corn bread was baked under the hot ashes. " Sweeter roast meat," exclaims an enthusiastic pioneer writer, "than such as is prepared in this manner, no epicure of Europe ever tasted." " Scarce any one who has not tried it can imagine the sweetness and gusto of such a meal, in such a place, at such a time." No doubt the travelers by water had a more comfortable trip than those who came by land, though to hardy pioneer families a journey on horseback or in a wagon through the Miami woods, even if undertaken in early spring, had its compensating enjoyments, which were sometimes remembered after its hardships were forgotten. In the pirogue came Samuel Thompson and his wife, Catherine; their children, Sarah two years old, Martha three nionths old, and Mrs. 40 HISTORY OP DAYTON. Thompson's son, Benjamin Van Cleve, then about twenty-five, and her daughter, Mary Van Cleve, nine years of age; the widow McClure and her sous and daughters, James, John, Thomas, Kate, and Ann; and William Gahagan, a young Irishman. The passage from Cincinnati to Dayton occupied ten days. Mrs. Thompson was the first to step ashore, and the first white woman, except, perhaps, the captive Mrs. McFall, rescued by Kentuckians in 1782, to set her foot on Dayton soil. Two small camps of Indians were here when the pirogue touched the Miami bank, but they proved friendly, and were persuaded to leave in a day or two. The pirogue landed at the head of St. Clair Street Friday, April 1st. The following brief entry is the only allusion Benjamin Van Cleve makes in his journal to this important event in the history of Dayton: "April 1, 1796. Landed at Dayton, after a passage of ten days, WilHam Gahagan and myself having come with Thompson's and McClure's fam ilies in a lai'ge pirogue." We can easily imagine the loneliness and dreariness of the uninhab ited wilderness, which confronted these homeless families. There were three women and four children— one an infant— in the party. "The unbroken forest vs'as all that welcomed them, and the awful stillness of night had no refrain but the howling of the wolf and the wailing of the whippoorwill." The spring was late and cold, but though at first the landscape looked bare and desolate, before many days the air was sweet with the blossoms of the wild grape, and plum, and cherry, and the woods beautiful with the contrasting red and white of the red bud and dogwood and the fresh green of young leaves. The woods aud prairies were full of wild fruits and flowers. These wild fruits and the hickory nuts and walnuts, which were very abundant in the fall, would be a welcome addition to their scanty fare, and among the smaller alleviations of their lot. The thick growth of weeds and flowers was a proof of the richness of the soil. The experienced pioneers discovered encouraging indications wherever their eyes rested. The first settlers of Dayton passed through many thrilling and romantic adventures, and the story of their lives, if we had it in full, would be exciting and entertaining. The few biographical incidents that have been preserved are interesting to students of our early history. The Thompson party was the first to arrive here. Samuel Thompson was a native of Pennsylvania and removed to Cincinnati soon after its settlement. He married the widow of John Van Cleve. Mr. Thompson was drowned in Mad River in 1817 and Mrs. Thompson died at Dayton August 6, 1837. SETTLEMENT OP DAYTON. 41 Benjamin Van Cleve was a typical man, and as a good representative of the best pioneer character, is worthy of especial notice. He kept a journal which might well be called an autobiography, and from which the incidents mentioned in the following sketch have been mainly drawn. He was the oldest son of John and Catharine Benham Van Cleve and was born in Monmouth County, New Jersey, February 24, 1773. He had three brothers and five sisters. His ancestors came from Holland in the seventeenth century. His earliest recollection was the battle of Monmouth, which occurred when he was five years old. He remembered the confusion and the fiight of the women and children to the pine swamps and the destruction of his father's house, stock, and blacksmith shop by the British. The refugees in the pine woods could hear the firing, and "when our army was retreating many of the men melted to tears; when it was advancing there was every demonstration of joy and exultation." His father served with the New Jersey militia during nearly the whole of the Revolution. He emigrated in 1785 from New Jersey to Pennsylvania, where he lived on a farm near Washington. He removed to Cincinnati in 1789, coming down the river in a boat and arriving January 3, 1790. Benjamin Van Cleve, who was now seventeen, settled on the east bank of the Licking, where Major Leech, in order to form a settlement, and have a farm opened for himself, off'ered a hundred acres for clearing each ten acre field, with the use of the cleared land for three years. John Van Cleve intended to assist his son in this work, but was killed by the Indians on the 1st of June, while working in his out-lots near Cincinnati. He was stabbed in five places and scalped. Benjamin Van Cleve, by hard work as a day laborer, paid John Van Cleve's small debts, finished, for the benefit of his mother, work which his father had engaged to do, settled his books and sold his blacksmith's tools to the quartermaster general. He returned after the funeral to his land at Leech's Station to plant his corn, but was obliged to spend the greater part of his time in Cincinnati working to support his mother and young brother and sisters. He tried to the best of his ability, though a mere boy, to fill his father's place. Much of the time from 1791 till 1794 he was employed in the quartermaster's department, whose headquarters were at Fort Washing ton. He branded and herded government horses and cattle, brought up boat loads of salt and provisions from Kentucky, accompanied brigades of loaded pack-horses to the headquarters of St. Clair's army in the Indian country; carried orders, kept accounts, acted as hostler for his uncle and himself, often walking weary miles over icy roads or through 42 HISTORY OP DAYTON. snow, slush and mud, earning his wages of fifteen dollars a month by hard, rough work. He was young and inexperienced, but poverty and the thought of his helpless family sobered aud restrained him, and he had no inclination to fall into idle or dissipated habits. It is remarkable that he had sufficient fortitude and resolution to resist temptation, forced as he was for several years to associate with discharged soldiers and the most profane and dissolute followers of the army. He was present at St. Clair's defeat, and gives in his journal a thrilling account of the rout and retreat of the army and his own escape and safe return to Cincinnati. He lost his horse and his clothing, for "having sometimes to be with the officers and sometimes in the mud," when employed by the quartermaster's department, he carried all the clothes he owned with him. In the spring of 1792 he was sent off' from Cincinnati at midnight, at a moment's notice, by the quartermaster general to carry dispatches to the War Department at Philadelphia. At that day such a journey was a long and weary one, and although the authorities were satisfied with his services and accounts, they did not pay him until March, 1793, which subjected him to great inconvenience. In connection with this visit to Philadelphia, he mentions drawing a plan of the President's new house, reading "Barclay's Apology," and a number of other Quaker works, and purchasing twenty-five books, which he read through on the voyage from Pittsburg to Cincinnati, entries which are all very characteristic of the man. In the spring of 1794 he went with Hugh Wilson, commissary, William Gahagan, and others down the Ohio to Fort Massac in charge of two contractors' boats, loaded with provisions and accompanied by a detachment of troops. There were twelve boats in their fleet. They were constantly apprehending attacks from the Indians. He describes himself on this voyage as dressed in hunting frock, breech cloth, leggings, and moccasins, and carrying a gun, and tomahawk, and a knife eighteen inches long suspended from his belt. In the fall of 1795 he accompanied Captain Dunlap's party to make the survey for the Dayton settlement. When not surveying, he wrote in the recorder's office. April 10, 1796, he arrived in Dayton with the first party of settlers that came. This year he raised a good crop of corn at Dayton and sold out his possessions in Cincinnati, but sunk the price of his lots. Most of his corn was destroyed and he was about $40.00 in debt. He gave "180.00 for a yoke of oxen and one of them was shot, and $20.00 for a cow and she died. SETTLEMENT OF DAYTON. 43 In the fall of the year he went with Israel Ludlow and William C. Schenck to survey the United States military lands between the Scioto and Muskingum Rivers. "We had deep snow," he says, "covered with crust; the weather was cold and still, so that we could kill but little game and were twenty-nine days without bread and nearly all that time without salt and sometimes very little to eat. We were five days, seven in company, oil four meals, and they, except the last, scanty. They consisted of a turkey, two young raccoons, and the last day some rabbits and venison, which we got from some Indians." From this time until 1802 he farmed in summer, and in winter went out surveying, kept books, wrote in the recorder's office at Cincinnati, where one winter he also studied surveying; or assisted the clerk of the Ohio legislature, or made out the list of taxable persons and their property. August 28, 1800, he married Mary Whitten, daughter of John aud Phebe Whitten, who lived in Wayne township. This year he was appointed surveyor of Dayton township. He had been forced to sell his preemption rights to out-lots, but in 1801, when land offices were opened and commissioners to examine claims were appointed, he succeeded in getting certificaies for 160 acres and for some lots in Dayton, which he afterwards got patented. He built a cabin on his quarter section, and as far as his health would permit, devoted himself to farming. This quarter section is now included within the corporation of Dayton and has proved a valuable property to his descendants. Benjamin Van Cleve, though self-educated, was a man of much information and became a prominent and influential citizen. In the winter of 1799-1800 he taught in the block house, the first school opened in Dayton. From the organization of Montgomery County in 1803 till his death in 1821 he was clerk of the court. He was the first postmaster of Dayton and served from 1804 till 1821. In 1805 he was one of the incorporators of the Dayton Library. In 1809 he was appointed by the legislature a member of the first board of trustees of Miami University. He was an active member of the First Presbyterian Church. Benjamin Van Cleve's valuable and interesting journal, only a small part of which has been printed, contains almost all the early documentary history of Dayton that is now in existence. The files of Dayton news papers 1808-1821, fortunately preserved by him and presented to the Public Library by his son, John W. Van Cleve, furnish the largest part of the material for that period in the history of the town now obtainable. Mr. Van Cleve's graphic description in his journal of St. Clair's defeat is considered the best account of that terrible rout and massacre ever written and has been published many times. His manuscript journal. 44 HISTORY OF DAYTON. written for the "instruction and entertainment of his children," is now in the possession of his great grandson, Mr. R. Fay Dover, of Dayton. It is written in a beautiful hand, as legible as copper-plate, and is adorned with a neatly executed plan of Fort Defiance, drawn aud colored by the author. He had five children, one of whom died young. John Whitten Van Cleve, his eldest child, was born June 27, 1801, and died at Dayton, September 6, 1858. He had three daughters. Henrietta Maria married first Samuel B. Dover, and after his death Joseph Bond. Mary Cornelia married James Andrews. Sarah Sophia married David 0. Baker. Mary Van Cleve, their mother, died December 28, 1810. Benjamin Van Cleve died November 29, 1821. Captain William Van Cleve, brother of Benjamin, was born near Monmouth, New Jersey, in 1777. He was married twice, and by his first wife, Effie Westfall, had several children. At the first call for troops in 1812, he raised a company of riflemen in Dayton, which was ordered to the front in June. From the close of the war until his death, in 1828, he kept a tavern at the junction of War ren and Jefferson streets. Mary Van Cleve, the sister of Benjamin and WilHam, Hved in Dayton from her eleventh year till her death, March 3, 1882, at the age of ninety-five years. Many valuable facts in regard to early times were obtained from her in 1882 by Captain Ashley Brown, from whose gleanings all later historians of Dayton are obliged to borrow. She described the trip on the pirogue from Cincinnati, remem bered, in 1799 and 1800, attending the school taught by her brother in the block house on the Main Street bank of the Miami, and was famihar with events happening in every stage in the progress of the town during the first eighty-five years of its history. She was married twice— in 1804 to John McCain, by whom she had ten children, and in 1826 to Robert Swaynie. She had no children by her second marriage. William Gahagan was a native of Pennsylvania, but of Irish parent age. He was. a soldier in Wayne's legion, and came West in 1793, serving with the army till the peace in 1795. Benjamin Vap Cleve and he were friends and comrades, and in the summer of 1794 made a trip together to Fort Massac, -with contractors' goods. They were also both of the party who went, under the command of Captain Dunlap, to survey the Mad River lands. He removed in 1804 or 1805 to a tract of land south of Troy, called Gahagan's Prairie, which he owned. Here his wife died, and he married Mrs. Tennery. He died about 1845 in Troy. The McClures, after living in Dayton four or five years, removed to Honey Creek, Miami County. Of Solomon Goss, Thomas Davis, William Chenowith, James Morris, and Daniel Ferrell little is known. SETTLEMENT OF DAYTON. 45 Abraham Grassmire was a German and unmarried. He was a very useful member of the little community, helping to make the first looms owned in Dayton, and showing much ingenuity in contriving conveniences not easily obtained by pioneer housekeepers. John Dorough was the owner of a mill on Mad River, five miles northeast of Dayton, afterward known as the Kneisly mills. Colonel George Newcom was born in Ireland, but emigrated to Delaware with his father and mother in 1775. He moved to Cincinnati about 1794, and, as before stated, to Dayton in 1796. Jane, daughter of George and Mary Newcom, was born at Dayton April 14, 1800, at her father's tavern, on the corner of Main Street and Monument Avenue. She was married in 1819 to Nathaniel Wilson. Colonel Newcom, as he was usually called, served as a soldier in Wayne's campaign against the Indians, and also in the war of 1812. He was sheriff" of the county. State senator, member of the assembly, and was highly esteemed by the whole community. His first wife died in 1834, and in 1836 he married Elizabeth Bowen, who died in 1850. Colonel Newcom died February 25, 1853. William Newcom, younger brother of George, was born about 1776. He died at Dayton from the eff'ects of hardships and exposure during the war of 1812, in which he served as a soldier. William Hamer was a native of Maryland, and was born about 1750. Mr. Hamer was a Methodist local preacher. He was the first minister wJio preached in the settlement, and as soon as his cabin was finished, began to hold services there. As Jerome Holt, D. C. Cooper, and Robert Edgar arrived in the summer of 1796, they may be properly numbered among the original settlers of Dayton. Jerome Holt was a brother-in-law of Benjamin Van Cleve, and they had been partners in Cincinnati. When John Van Cleve was killed, he assisted Benjamin in his first efforts to provide for the family. His wife, Ann Van Cleve, was born in Monmouth County, New Jersey, July 30, 1775, and died in 1858, in Van Buren Township, where the Holts settled in 1797. He was appointed constable of Dayton Township in 1800, and was elected sheriff' of Montgomery County in 1809. From 1810-1812 he was Colonel of the Fifth Regiment of rnilitia. The following order was issued in 1812 by R. J. Meigs, governor of Ohio: " Headquarters, Dayton, May 26, 1812. " Captain Van Cleve's company of riflemen will march to the frontier of the State west of the Miami under the direction and charge of Colonel Holt. Coloniel Holt will assist the frontier inhabitants in erecting block 46 history of DAYTON. houses in suitable places and adopt any mode he may think best for the protection of the^rontier and the continuance of the settlements.". The men were encamped at Adams' prairie, near Hole's Creek. Daniel C. Cooper was born in Morris County, New Jersey, November 20, 1773. He and one brother constituted the whole family. Mr. Cooper came to, Cincinnati about 1793, as agent for Jonathan Dayton, of New Jersey, who was interested in the Symmes purchase. He obtained employment as a surveyor, and his business gave him an opportunity to examine lands and select valuable tracts for himself. Little is known of his history for the first year or two after he came to Ohio. In 1794 and 1795 he accompanied the surveying parties led by Colonel Israel Ludlow through the Miami valley. As a preparation for the settlement of Dayton, he, by the direction of the proprietors, in Sep tember, 1795, marked out a road from Fort Hamilton to the mouth of Mad River, cutting a narrow track through the brush, so that horses and wagons could pass over it. During the fall and winter he located one thousand acres of fine land near and in Dayton. In the summer of 1796 he settled here, building a cabin at the southeast corner of Monument Avenue and Jeff'erson Street. About 1798 he moved out to his cabin, on his farm south of Dayton. Here, in the fall of 1799, he built a distillery, "corn cracker" mill, and a saw mill, and made other improvements. He married about 1803 Mrs. Sophia Greene Burnet, a young and very beautiful woman. She was born in Rhode Island in 1780. Her father, Charles Greene, was a member of the Ohio Company, and emigrated with his family to Marietta in 1788. G. W. Burnet, Mrs. Cooper's first husband, was a young Cincinnati lawyer, a brother of Judge Jacob Burnet, who died suddenly in 1801 by the roadside, of consumption, while traveling on horseback to Marietta, with his wife and Thomas Ewing, afterwards United States Senator and Secretary of the Treasury. Mr. and Mrs. D. C. Cooper had several children, but ah died young, except David Zeigler, born November 8, 1812. He died December 4, 1836, leaving a widow, but no children. St. Clair, Dayton, Wilkinson, and Ludlow, on account of Symmes' inability to complete his purchase from the United States, and the high price charged by the government for land, were obliged to relinquish their Mad River purchase. Soon after the original proprietors retired, Mr. Cooper purchased preemption rights, and made satisfactory arrangements with land owners. Many interests were involved, and the transfer was a work.of time. He was intelligent aud public spirited, and to his enlarged views, generosity, integrity, and business capacity much of the present SETTLEMENT OP DAYTON. 47 prosperity of the city is due. He induced settlers to come to Dayton by donations of lots, gave lots and money to schools and churches, provided ground for county buildings, graveyard, and a public common, now known as Library Park, and built the only mills erected in Dayton during the first ten years of its history. He sold his mills and farm south of town to Colonel Robert Patterson in 1804, ancl from that date till his death lived in his "elegant mansion of hewn logs," on the southwest corner of First and Ludlow streets. Mr. Cooper was a very prominent and influential man in the State. In 1804, and again in 1807 and 1813, he was elected a member of the lower house of the legislature. In 1808, 1809, 1815, and 1816, he was elected State senator. He was appointed justice of the peace for Dayton Township October 4, 1799, and served till May 1, 1803, the date of the formation of the county. In 1810 and 1812 he was president of the select council of Dayton. After he sold" his farm and mills to Colonel Patterson, he built, in 1805, a saw mill on First Street, near Sears, and flour and fulling mills at the head of Mill Street in 1805 and 1809. In 1812 he built a saw mill on Fifth Street, which stood till 1847. In 1806 he built one of the first two brick stores erected in Dayton, and opened a stock o¥ goods there in partnership with John Compton. When he died his aff'airs were somewhat involved, but by prudent and conscientious management of his property, the executors, H. G. Phillips and James Steele, relieved the estate from embarrassment, and it henceforth steadily increased in value. Every improvement of this large property benefited the city. Mr. Cooper died July 13, 1818. His death is said to have been the result of an accident. A large bell, ordered for the Presbyterian Church on the corner of Second and Ludlow streets, in which he was much inter ested, having arrived at his store, on the corner of Main and First streets, he put it in a barrow and wheeled it himself to the newly-erected building. The exertion was too much for his strength, and he ruptiired a blood vessel. A few years after Mr. Cooper's death, his widow married General Fielding Loury, of Dayton. They had one son, named for his father, who served as a major in the army during the rebellion and was afterwards postmaster of Dayton. Mrs. General Loury died May 17, 1826. Robert Edgar was born at Staunton, Augusta County, Virginia, February 8, 1770, He settled in Dayton in 1796, a few weeks after the founders of the town arrived. September 17, 1798, he married Mrs. Margaret Gillespie Kirkwood. She was a native of Philadelphia and was born April 6, 1772. 48 HiSTOfeY OF DAYTOU. Mr. Edgar located eighty acres of land in section 33, now the southwest corner of Mad River township. Part of it is now within the corporation, at the south end of Wayne Street He went to housekeeping in a cabin on the southwest corner of Monument Avenue and Mill Street, but after a year or two moved on his farm. Though he engaged in farming, as he had a good deal of mechanical ingenuity he often obtained profitable employment at the Cooper and Robinson mills. In 1805 he moved to town and built a grist mill for D. C. Cooper at the head of Mill Street. He ran it for a few months, but returned to his farm at the close of the winter of 1806. In 1812 Robert Edgar served as a soldier in a Montgomery County company of mounted rangers. His sword, now in the possession of his son, John F. Edgar, is an interesting relic of the war. During his absence, the whole burden and responsibilty of the management of the farm and their four children rested on his wife, who had the industry, resolution, and hopeful courage of the typical pioneer woman. Mr. and Mrs. Edgar were, from its inauguration in 1800, which he was active in promoting, members of the First Presbyterian Church. He had a large family, but only five lived beyond childhood. Jane Ellen Edgar married Augustus George; Robert Andrew married Cath arine Iddings; Samuel D. married Minerva Jones; John F. married Effie A. Rogers. CHAPTER IV. The Pioneer's Faculty of Adapting Himself to Unaccustomed Surroundings^Temporary Protection — Log Cabins — Trees Cut Down — Scanty Furniture — Pioneer Housekeeping — Illness from Exposure — Scarcity of Cooking Utensils — Wooden, Pewter and Horn Dishes and Spoons— No Lamps — Light and Heat from the Open Fire — Cheerful Winter Evenings — Scarcity of Pood — Venison, Game, Wild Birds' Eggs and Wild Honey — Corn the Principal Article of Food — Varieties of Corn Bread — Difficulty of Making Meal — Substitutes for Mills — Dearness of Provisions Brought from Cincinnati — Flour Four teen Dollars Per Barrel — Clothes, Moccasins and Harness Made of Deer Skin — Caps of Raccoon and Rabbit Skin — Settlers Often Made Their Own Leather — The Pioneer's Dress — Home-made Linen, Flannel and Linseys — The "Faculty" of the Pioneer Women — Pioneers Wholly Dependent on Eicli Other for Society and Assistance — The Latch-String Always Out — Sports, House Raisings, Corn Shuckings, and Log Rollings — Quiltings — Weddings — Early Marriages -The Axe and Rifle Equally Indispensable — Wolves — Hunting, Trapping and Pishing — Settlers on the Town Plat — Names of Streets — Boundaries of the Town — Gullies and Ravines — Hazel Thickets Spread Over Nearly All the Town — The Country Thickly Wooded — Three Cabins on Monument Avenue Constituted Dayton in 1796 — Houses Built Near the River Because It Was Supposed to , be Navigable — People Usually Drank River Water — Prairies Within the Town— The Communal Corn Field West of Wilkinson Street — First Winter Mild and Pleasant — Out of Door Work— Dayton the Rallying Place in Case ^of Danger from Indians- Jerome Holt, D. C. Cooper, and Robert Edgar Arrive— A Good Crop Gathered in 1797— The Growth of New Vegetables Eagerly Watched— Contented with Their Situation, Poor as It Was. THE pioneers had the happy faculty of quickly and cheerfully adapting themselves to new and uncomfortable surroundings. They were skilled in the occupations peculiar to each sex, and soon supplied themselves with dwellings and with the bare necessaries of life, though they had few tools and little material to work with. As a temporary protection from the weather, the men, as soon as they arrived at the mouth of Mad River, built with poles against a log or bank, three-sided huts or shanties, roofed with skins or bark and open towards the fire, which was made outside. Then they began at once to fell timber for their log cabins, which were usually a story and a half high and contained one room and a loft. A ladder led to the loft, which was floored with loose clap-boards. They had clap-board roofs, held down by weight-poles, swinging doors on wooden hinges, and wooden latches, which were rarely fastened. The chimneys were made of sticks and mud. Wooden pins took the place of nails or spikes, which could not be obtained. Often there was no floor but the ground, but sometimes puncheons were put down. A 49 50 HISTORY OP DAYTON. piece of greased paper, fastened over an opening cut between the logs, served as a window, for they had no glass. The chinks between the logs and the interior of the chimneys, to prevent their catching fire, were daubed with clay; a few wooden pegs and shelves were put up, and the house was finished. The paper windows were not fastened in, nor the cabins daubed and chinked till winter. Sometimes the cabins remained doorless, and windowless, and without being chinked the year round, and yet the inma,tes survived and were healthy. After or before the cabin was built, the trees for some distance around ~were girdled aud left to die a slow death, as they interfered with the cultivation of the soil and also concealed skulking Indians. Then a few acres were grubbed for a corn and potato patch. The cabins were scantily furnished with tables, shelves, benches, and three-legged stools made of split slabs, supported by round legs, and usually manufactured by the master of the house. The editor of the American Pioneer says that "it was absolutely necessary to have three- legged stools, as four legs of anything could not all touch the floor at the same time." Puncheons were not as level and smooth as modern hard wood floors. Buckeye and beechwood were often used for furniture and other household articles. In eight or ten years these huts, as they would be called at the present day, gave place to comfortable frame or brick houses. The pioneer women endured many hardships, but the housekeeping, sewing, and washing and ironing must have been light. Their ward robes were scanty, and there were no carpets to sweep, no books or ornaments to dust, no paint or windows to wash in the small cabin with its one room and loft. But they suft'ered from lack of what we regard as the necessaries and comforts of life, and exposure and miasma, caused by the cultivation of the rich, new soil, produced the dreaded ague, which made many of them old before their time. But a majority of the pioneers lived to an advanced age iu the enjoyment of good health. Often there were but one or two cooking utensils in the house, but these were sufficient to cook the meat and corn bread, and occasional dish of fresh vegetables which constituted their meals. Doddridse, in his "Notes on Virginia," gives the following enumeration of a pioneer's table furniture: " Some old pewter dishes and plates; the rest wooden bowls or trenchers, or gourds and hard shelled squashes. A few pewter spoons much battered about the edges were to be seen at some tables. The rest were made of horn. If knives were scarce, the deficiency was made up by the scalping knives, which were carried in sheathes suspended from the belt of the hunting shirt." PIONEER LIFE. 51 Bear skins spread on the floor were comfortable substitutes in the western cabins for rugs, mattresses and blankets. They had no lamps, but the hickory log flres lighted, as well as comfortably warmed, the small cabins. The open wood fire, with its huge back log, front log and central mass of lighter and more combustible fuel, was a work of art, which only skillful and experienced hands could properly construct. The family made a pleasant picture gathered around the glowing fire-place in the long winter evenings. The women occupied themselves with sewing, knitting, spinning, preparing fruit for drying or cooking, and platting straw for hats. An early Dayton paper commends the straw bonnets made by a neighboring farmer's wife. The men busied them selves, we are told by pioneers who wrote of these early times in Ohio, stemming or twisting tobacco, shelling- corn for the hand-mills, making or mending articles for the house or farm, and cleaning guns and running bullets. They had plenty of nuts gathered from neighboring trees to regale themselves with when they rested from their work. No doubt Benjamin Van Cleve and other intelligent Dayton settlers, as is recorded of Mr. Williams, of Belmont County, or Mr. Dunham, the Ames pioneer, when so fortunate as to obtain a "nourishing book," read aloud far into the night to their industrious families, the fingers flying all the faster because the mind was pleasantly occupied and entertained. The frontiersman often tired of his steady, though varied diet of venison, bear's meat, rabbits, squirrels, wild turkeys, ducks, geese, quails and pheasants, the dainties of the city epicure, but it was a difficult matter to procure anything else to eat. Sometimes, when too busy in their fields and gardens to hunt, they had a limited supply of even game. They had in the season all the wild turkey, goose and duck eggs, gathered from nests in the woods, that they needed, and wild honey was found in hollow trunks of trees or in the ground at their roots. Corn was the principal article of food and from it many delicious dishes and varieties of bread now seldom seen were made. The making of hoe-cake, ash-cake, johnny-cake, dodgers and pone is a lost art since t he open fire-place gave way to the cooking stove and range, and many another wild, woodland fiavor vanished with it. Mush eaten with gravy, or with bear's oil, or with maple molasses, or mush and milk, was one of the regular articles of diet. Benjamin Van Cleve speaks of the relish with which the big pot of mush and milk was eaten, which was all the surveyors of Dayton found at Cunningham's on their arrival there, after thirty-four hours of fasting, traveling and surveying. It was not easy to get the corn ground into meal in a country where no mills had been built. Probably the Daytonians, like the Marietta peo- 52 HISTORY OF DAYTON. pie, sometimes parched it and ground it in large coffee mills. But it was usually pounded in a hominy block and then sifted through a sieve. The coarse portion was used for hominy and the finer as meal. Sometimes it was grated by hand; or it was pounded by a stone pestle attached to a spring pole in a stump mortar, which was made by burning a round hole in the top of a stump. A welcome invention was the hand mill made of two stones, twenty inches in diameter. It was worked by a pole in a socket, one end of the pole being attached to the floor overhead and the other to the edge of the upper stone. One person turned the stone, while another fed corn into the " eye." It took four or flve hours to grind enough meal to supply a small family for one day. These mills were afterwards arranged to run by horse power, aud wheat was sometimes ground in them. The next improvement was small water mills. Provisions were dear at Cincinnati, and when settlers could afford to purchase them, there was much delay in bringing them up to Dayton, so that the supply here was often nearly exhausted. Flour cost $14.00 per barrel by the time it reached here, but it was seldom used except in sick ness or on special occasions." The fine crop, which the settlers raised the first year, rendered them less dependent on the Cincinnati market. They brought horses and cattle with them, and milk was an important part of their food. Clothes, moccasins, and harness were often made of deerskin, and caps of the furs of raccoons and rabbits, killed and dressed by the wearers. They frequently made their own leather, which, though coarse, was durable. Tan bark was easily obtained and pounded for the tanning trough which nearly every family had sunk in the ground on their lot. The pioneer's dress, according to a writer in the American Pioneer, usually consisted first of a tow linen shirt and pantaloons manufactured by the v/omen of his family. Over this he wore a suit of buckskin, consisting of a hunting coat and leggins. The coat was ornamented with buckskin fringe down the sleeves, round the collar, cape, belt, and tail, and sometimes on all the seams. The leggins, which protected him from rattlesnakes, briars, and nettles, and kept out snow and mud, reached a little above the knee, and were cut the size and shape of the leg. The seams, which as in the coat were two inches and a half wide and sewed up on the outside, were cut into fringe. They were buttoned to the pantaloons by a strap reaching from the knee to the hip and tied into the moccasins at the ankle. The deerskin moccasins neatly fitted the feet. Dried oak leaves usually took the place of socks or stockings. A large scalping knife in a scabbard was generally worn suspended from the belt. Soon the pioneers began to raise flax, hemp and wool, which their PIONEER LIFE. 53 capable wives and daughters, who had as much faculty as the typical New England woman, spun and wove into tow linen, woolens or mixed flannels, linseys, and jeans for clothes and household use. They seldom bought dress goods. Every cabin had its spinning wheel and loom. Abraham Grassmire, the ingenious Dayton pioneer weaver, assisted the settlers to build looms the first or second year after their arrival. The women made dye stuff's themsejves at first, no doubt, from the hulls of walnuts and butternuts and from a wild root of a bright yellow color. A little later the hunting shirts were probably dyed with indigo or madder brought from Cincinnati. Isolated from the other settlements by miles of unbroken forests, the only road a trail marked by blazed trees or a narrow bridle path, with treacherous Indians and wild beasts prowling through the tangled under growth on either side, the inhabitants of frontier places like Dayton were dependent on each other for society and for assistance in sickness and in work. They shared everything. The latch-string was always out. Hildreth says of Marietta that the various households" in the little com munity were like the nearly related branches of one family, and probably this was true of the log cabin hamlet of Dayton. The principal amusements of the men were hunting, trapping, shoot ing matches, and the qdarter race. Then there were log rollings and burnings, house raisings, corn shuckings, and frolics at the sugar camps, in which both sexes participated, and which occupied so much of their time that their life cannot be described without mentioning them. Sometimes nearly the whole winter was spent in rolling logs, and when a number of large heaps were made, the men gathered to kindle and the women to tend the fires.* They often worked half the night, making a frolic of necessary labor, and regaling themselves with a hearty supper. Sugar camps were correctly named in those days, for in sugaring off' time when the collecting and boiling of sap often continued all night, men, women, and children literally camped in the maple groves. The line between town and country could not be drawn during the earlier years of the history of Dayton. Woods and corn fields spread over what are now city streets. The elder pioneer women were always specially interested in quiltings. Patches of gaudy colors and bizarre patterns were a substitute for the art embroidery of their granddaughters. Still more delightful than the gossipings around the quilting frame and the supper afterwards, to which the men were invited, were the wedding festivities, which, according to Mr. King, among well-to-do Ohio pioneers, lasted three, days. The first 54 HISTORY OP DAYTON. day the guests amused themselves with sports of various kinds. The second day the marriage ceremony was performed, which was followed by the wedding feast, the table groaning under a bountiful supply of backwoods dainties. Then came the dance, which lasted till morning. The third day was devoted to the infare or house-warming. The bride was escorted on horseback to her new home, and "the ride was not unlike to that of Canterbury in style." The day ended with another merry dance. Rough practical jokes were played and there was much boisterous talking and laughing. The fun was fast and furious, and unrestrained by the ceremonious and punctilious manners of fashionable society. The territorial law permitted the marriage " of male persons of the age of eighteen years and female persons of the age of fourteen years, and not nearer of kin than first cousins." But it was necessary that notice should be given either in writing posted at some conspicuous place within the township where the woman resided, or publicly declared on two days of public worship. Sometimes a manuscript notice, signed D. C. Cooper, Justice of the Peace, for the territory, was tacked to the trunk of a prominent forest tree near the road. Early marriages were so much the custom that respectable parents saw with approbation young daughters who at the present day would be still in the schoolroom married to men who were mere boys in age. A girl of fifteen was as much a young lady in 1800 as a girl of twenty at the present day. The axe and the rifle were equally indispensable to the pioneer, for wolves, panthers, and wild cats, as well as Indians, were often trouble some. Packs of wolves sometimes came into the settlement in the day time, and they made night hideous with their howls, destroyed stock and poultry, and ate up vegetables growing in the gardens. They were sometimes shot after dark through the cracks in the cabins. Large bounties were paid for scalps. The settler's rifle was never long out of his sight. When in the house, gun, powder horn, and shot pouch hung within reach on buck horns fastened on the wall, and were beside being useful, about the only decorative articles a cabin contained. Doddridge says that hunting "was an important part of the employ ment of the early settlers of this country. For some years the woods supplied them vvith the greater amount of their subsistence, and with regard to some families aud certain times, the whole of it; for it was no uncommon thing for families to live several months without a mouthful of bread." At such times children were taught to call the "lean venison and the breast of the wild turkeys bread, and the flesh of the bear was denominated meat." But the artifice did not succeed very well with those who had been brought up in the east, where beef was plenty. PIONEER LIFE. 55 "After living in this way for some time, we became sickly; the stomach seemed to be always empty and tormented with a sense of hunger." " It frequently happened that there was no breakfast till it was obtained from the woods. Fur and peltry were the people's money. They had nothing else to give in exchange for rifles, salt and iron, on the other side of the mountains." Buffaloes and elk disappeared from the Miami Valley before 1795, but the woods in 1797 were still full of deer, bears, wild turkej^s, geese, ducks, pheasants, aud numerous other edible animals, beside many that were both useless and troublesome. Harmless gartersnakes abounded and rattlesnakes were occasionally seen. Large and small animals and turkeys were frequently taken in traps for the sake both of the pelts and the flesh. The rivers were full of bass, catfish, pickerel, pike, eels and sunfish, which were caught by hook and line and in snares, traps, and nets. "Hunting," says Doddridge, "was not a mere ramble in pursuit of game, in which there was nothing of skill and calculation." " The whole business of the hunter consisted of a succession of intrigues. From morning to night he was on the alert to gain the wind of his game, and approach them without being discovered." Bear hunting required much daring and courage, as well as skill, but was constantly engaged in for the sake of obtaining the valuable skins, meat, and oil. A favorite amusement with the first settlers of Dayton was "fire hunting," which Curwen thus described: "The deer came down to the river to drink in the evening and sheltered themselves for the night linder the bushes which grew along the shore. As soon as they were quiet, the hunters, in pirogues, paddled slowly up the stream, the steers man holding aloft a burning torch of dried hickory bark, by the light of which the deer was discovered and fired on. If the shot was successful, the party landed, skinned the animal, hung the carcass upon a tree, to be brought home in the morning, and then proceeded to hunt more game." The settlers did not bring swine with them, and it was several years before "hog and hominy" were substituted for venison. The Thompsons, Van Cleves, McClures, George Newcom, his wife and brother William, and Abraham Grassmire settled on the town plat and the other colonists on neighboring farms. The farming lands for two or three miles around the mouth of Mad River were included in the Dayton settlement. William Van Cleve moved to his farm south of Day ton in two or three years, and Abraham Grassmire left here before 1803. The town plat was divided into two hundred and eighty building lots, ninety-nine feet wide and one hundred and ninety-nine deep, and reservations were made for markets, schools, churches, and burial grounds. 56 HISTORY OF DAYTON. There were also fifty-four ten-acre out-lots east of the present canal basin. The town aiid three ofthe streets were named for the original proprietors. General Dayton, General St. Clair, General Ludlow, and General Wilkin son, who were Federalists, and as a compromise one of the streets was ' called Jefferson. The town was bounded on the north by Water Street, now Monument Avenue; east by Mill Street to Third; thence west to St. Clair Street; thence south to Fifth Street; thence west to Jefferson; thence south to South, now Sixth Street; thence along Sixth Street to Ludlow; thence north to Fifth; thence west to Wilkinson, and thence north to Water Street. Water, First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and South streets were to run east and west, and cross at right angles Mill, St. Clair, Jeff'erson, Main, Ludlow, and Wilkinson streets, which were to run north and south. Water Street, now Monument Avenue, was immediately cleared of trees and brush to the river brink; but over nearly all the rest of the town plat spread for several years a dense thicket of hazel bushes interspersed with occasional clumps of haw, wild plum, cherry, thorn, scrub oak and forest trees. A gully about five feet deep extended from near the corner of First and Wilkinson streets, crossing Main diagonaUy at Third Street, to the prairie near the corner of Fifth and Brown streets. It was bordered and hidden from view by a thick hazel copse. Main Street, which was merely a narrow, rough wagon road cut out of the bush from Cincinnati to Dayton, must have disappeared at the Third Street crossing in the bottom of this gully, coming up and out again on the other side of it. The gully was sometimes full of water and difficult to cross, as it served as a natural drain for the ground on which Dayton is built; but during the greater part of the year it was dry. The First and Wilkinson Street end of the gully was not filled up till 1883. A deep ravine extended from the head of Mill Street down the course of the canal to the river below the foot of Ludlow Street. This was connected near Library Park with another ravine, which ran across the town from the river at the head of Jefferson Street Forests with a thick undergrowth of vines and bushes, and full of wild animals, covered most of the country to the east and southwest aud the hills to their summits on the south. North of the Miami, the woods extended to the river bank. The rich bottom land beyond old Mad River was, as in 1795, hidden under a tangled maze of weeds and vines. Opposite the Main Street shore of the Miami there was a large island and there were three others in Mad River just above its mouth. In the spring of 1796, three cabins on Monument Avenue, between PIONEER LIFE. 57 Main and Mill streets, constituted the whole of Dayton. George New com's cabin stood on the southwest corner of Main Street and Monument Avenue; Samuel Thompson's on Monument Avenue, half way between Jeff'erson and St. Clair streets, and Mrs. McClure's at the corner of Monument Avenue and Mill Street. They built their dwellings on Water Street lots close to the Miami, because the river was then believed to be navigable. They thought that in future years, when they hoped that boats laden with produce from their own neighborhood and supplies from abroad would be constantly passing up aud down the stream, property would be more valuable near the landing than elsewhere. The settlers, as a rule, drank river water, though there was a spring in a grove near the corner of First and Wilkinson streets. A prairie extending from First Street to Fifth, and from Perry Street to the ri-^er, was enclosed and cultivated in common by the Daytonians. This communal farm, long known as the commons, and where in later times cows had free pasturage, excited the imagination of Curwen, whose sketch of Dayton is a model of skillful condensation of facts and grace of style. " West of Wilkinson Street," he says, " was a huge corn field within one common enclosure, where, as in that golden age of the world when men lodged under trees and fed upon acorns, every man was at liberty to till as much of the soil as he chose." Between this large enclosure and the three cabins was a small prairie which served as a vegetable garden for the hamlet, though most of it -was also planted with corn. A number of prairies, usually less than half an acre in size, lay north of First and west of Wilkinson Street, and there were five east of St. Clair and south of First Street, separated by small tracts of timber. The first winter proved mild and pleasant, and both men and women accomplished a good deal -of out door work, burning brush, rolling logs and clearing ground for cultivation in the spring. During the year the settlement was strengthened by a constant stream of emigrants, though only two or three settled on the town plat. But dread of Indians, who wandered about the countiy in small bands, prevented any of them from locating far from here, for Dayton was the rallying place in case of danger. Jerome Holt, Daniel C. Cooper, and Robert Edgar came this year. During the preceding year Mr. Cooper had located one thousand acres of choice land near here and in the town. Mr. Cooper built a cabin, which he probably occupied about two years, at the southeast corner of Monu ment Avenue and Jeff'erson Street. The spring of 1791 was favorable for making maple sugar and molasses, and the settlers had also a good crop this year of corn, tobacco, 58 HISTORY OF DAYTON. hemp, flax, beans, turnips, pumpkins, and cabbage, while plenty of wild grass and fodder were gathered for their stock. The following descrip tion of the eagerness with which settlers welcomed the new vegetables after the deprivations of the long hard winter is probably applicable to Dayton: "I remember how narrowly the children watched the growth of the potato tops, pumpkin and squash vines, hoping from day to day to get something to answer in the place of bread. How delicious was the taste of the young potatoes when we got them! What a jubilee when we were permitted to pull the young corn for roasting ears, still more so, when it had acquired sufficient hardness to be made into Johnny cake by the aid of a tin grater. We then became healthy, vigorous, and contented with our situation, poor as it was." CHAPTER V. Dayton Township — Small Fees Received by Officials— Taxes in 1798 — D. C. Cooper, Justice of the Peace from 1799-1803— Newcom's Tavern— The Tavern Used as the First Court House and Jail — First Store— Newcom's Corner, the Business Center of Dayton— A Typical Frontier Tavern— Dayton Contained Nine Dwellings in 1799 — Several Roads Opened — Monument Avenue Cleared — Main Street a Narrow Wagon Road— Settlements Few and Far Between — Hardships of Pioneer Life — Indian War Apprehended — Block House Built- School Opened in the Block House — First Distillery Started — Cooper's Saw Mill — Corn Cracker— Hogs Introduced — Feed on Mast — Attacked by Wild Animals — First Flat Boat Launched — Sheep Introduced — Cost of Groceries at Cincinnati — Little Money in Circulation — Business Conducted by Barter — Value of Different Kinds of Skins — Cut Money — McDougal's Store — Trade with the Indians — First Child Born in Dayton— Taxation in 1800— First Wedding — Census in 1801 — First Minister — Methodists — Presbyterians — Log Meeting House — First Grave Yard — John W. Van Cleve's Description of Dayton in 1805 — Presbyterians Worship in Newcom's and McCullum's Taverns — Worship in the Court House — First Brick Presbyterian Church — Rev. James Welsh, First Pastor — William King — John H. Williams. DAYTQN was originally in Hamilton County, out of which several other counties were afterward carved. Dayton Township was formed in the winter of 1796-1797. It was of great size, and included the whole of what are now Wayne, Mad River and Van Buren townships, and parts of Washington and Miami townships; and also other territory at present in Montgomery, Greene, Clarke, Champaign, Logan and Shelby counties. The county commissioners and township assessors jointly controlled the expenditures of the township, but made regular reports to the county court and met yearly as a court of appeals to hear objections against assessments. Until the appointment of a justice of the peace in 1799, Dayton had no government but that administered by these county and to.wnship officers, whose chief duty was assessing and collecting taxes. The fees. of the township officials were not extravagant. An order of the county commissioners which has been preserved, directed the treasurer of Hamilton County to pay James Brady five dollars and twenty cents out of the first moneys that came into his hands, "the same being his perquisites in full as assessor for the township of Dayton in the year 1797." This year Cyrus Osborn, constable of Dayton Township, received one dollar and ninety cents, to which by law he was entitled, "for his trouble and attention in executing the commissioners' warrant for ascertaining the taxable property." He also received "fifty cents for 59 60 HISTORY OF DAYTON. one quire of paper used in the aforesaid business." The commissioners each received seven dollars and fifty cents in 1797, and the county expended for stationery fourteen dollars and thirty-four cents. The officers appointed in Dayton Township in 1798 were James Thompson, constable; Daniel C. Cooper, assessor; George Newcom, collector. Mr. Cooper's fees were seven dollars and twenty-one cents. The rates of valuation for taxes for 1798 were fixed by the commis sioners. It would seem that in the valuation of property for taxation no regard was paid to the quality of the article or animal; a good or poor house, a fine or indiff'erent horse, and so on, paid the same tax. Single men, with no property, were taxed one dollar; cleared land (valuation for taxation) per acre at twenty dollars; cattle per head, six teen dollars; horses, seventy -five dollars; cabins, twenty dollars; houses, six hundred dollars; grist mills and saw mills, each six hundred dollars; boats, two hundred dollars; ferries, one thousand dollars. There were one hundred and thirty eight tax-payers in the township, and the total amount raised for the year was one hundred and eighty-six dollars, sixty-six and a half cents. Twenty-two tax-payers lived in the village and its immediate vicinity in 1798, and the total amount of taxes paid by them was twenty-nine dollars and seventy-four cents. In 1799 Samuel Thompson was made constable; John McGrew, assessor; John Ewing, collector, in Dayton Township. The assessments amounted to two hundred and thirty-three dollars and seventy-two cents, and two hundred and twenty-four dollars were collected. Mr. Cooper was made justice of the peace for the township. He tried his first case October 4, 1799. It was a suit for eight doHars brought by Abram Richardson against George Kirkendall. The total costs were thirty-three cents; entering judgment, ten cents; summons, ten cents; subpoena, thirteen cents. " Defendant stayed collection with John Casey on the bond." The next case was a suit for six dollars and seventy-eight cents, brought by John Casey, Kirkendall's bondsman, against Matthew Bohn. The squire's decision was as follows: "From the circumstances in the case, it appears that there is really no cause for action, and plaintiff is taxed with the costs, viz.: summons, ten cents; entering judgment, twenty cents; satisfied." Another suit for seven dollars and sixty-six cents due for fur was brought by Winetowah, a Shawnee Indian, against Ephraim Lawrence. Lawrence was ordered to pay Winetowah one dollar and twenty-one cents and costs. The squire's last record was made May 1, 1803. Mr. Cooper tried one hundred and eightecu cases during this period of thre6 DAYTON TOWNSHIP. 61 years and seven months. One hundred of them were certified as settled, the rest as " satisfied." Newcom's tavern, the first in the Miami valley, north of Fort Hamilton, was built in the winter of 1798-1799. It stood on the south west corner of Main Street and Monument Avenue; was two stories high and built of hewn logs, and was the largest and best house in the hamlet and in all the country for miles around. This building, now covered with weather boards, though the logs are as sound as when cut ninety years ago, still stands on the site where it was originally placed, and is occupied as a grocery and dwelling. Lime was probably made for the first time this year from stones gathered from the bed of the river and piled on a huge log fire which took the place of a kiln. Newcom's tavern was, it is supposed, the first house in Dayton that was chinked and plastered with lime mortar. A wondering country boy, on his return from the village, reported to his astonished family that " Colonel Newcom was plastering his house inside with fiour." The southwest corner of Main Street and Monument Avenue was the business centre of Dayton Township for five or six years. At Newcom's tavern was opened the first store, and it was also the first court house and jail, and at one time the Presbyterians held- their Sunday services there. It was a typical frontier tavern, the host and hostess doing with their own hands the work of the house and of the log stable at the back end ofthe lot; taking travelers into their family and making literal guests of them. All travelers on horseback, on foot or in wagons; prospectors hunting for lands, emigrants, and farmers and their families in town for the day, stopped at Newcom's to eat and sleep; to shop; attend to law business; get a drink from the only well in the township or a glass of whisky, or to rest and gossip round the roaring log fire, where the ¦villagers loved to gather. If a crowd was possible in so small a hamlet, it assembled on the southwest corner of Main Street and Monument Avenue, perhaps when court was in session, as in 1803; or when there was a meeting to organize for defense against the Indians or to attend to religious or political business. The extreme and long continued cold and deep snows of February, 1799, caused much suff'ering in the settlement to animals and increased the labors and anxieties of the people. On the first of April, 1799, when Dayton was three years old, the town contained nine cabins — six on Monument Avenue, one of them Newcom's tavern ; two on First Street and one on the corner of Fifth and Main streets. Beside the four built in 1796, there was George West- fall's cabin on the southeast corner of Main and the alley between First 62 HISTORY OF DAYTON. and Monument Avenue, and Paul D. Butler's on Monument Avenue, near Main Street. John WilHams, who was a farmer, had a cabin on the southeast corner of Monument Avenue and Wilkinson Street Thomas Arnett, a shoemaker, lived on the northwest corner of First and Ludlow streets, and John Welsh, a substantial farmer, on the southeast corner of Fifth and Main streets, a long distance through the woods and brush from the others. Daniel C. Cooper's cabin on the southeast corner of Monument Avenue and Jeff'erson Street was empty. For a time General Brown, who greatly distinguished himself in the War of 1812, had kept bachelor's hall there, but he no longer lived in Dayton. Monuiiient Avenue was now open to its present width. A narrow wagon road led out of Main Street through Franklin and Hamilton to Cincinnati. Another beginning at the eastern end of Monument Avenue, namely at Mill Street, extended up Mad River by Hamer's farm to Demint's and Mercer's Stations, now Fairfield and Springfield. Into this road a little beyond the east line of town came a road running from what is now the northwest corner of First and Ludlow streets, along where First Street now is. Another road crossing Mad River at its old channel nearly opposite Webster Street, led to Livingston, Staunton, and Piqua. At first the only routes through the woods were trails marked bj' blazed trees. These were followed by narro-\v bridle paths worn bj' frequent passing, which were afterwards widened so that a single wagon could pass over them. The nearest settlements to the northeast of Dayton in 1799 were Chribb's Station, settled three years before in the forks of Mad River; Mercer's and Demint's stations and McPherson's Station, near Urbana. There were two or three families at Livingston at the mouth of Honey Creek in Miami County. Staunton was ^ small place near Troy. A few people lived at Piqua aud at Lorimie's store, sixteen miles northwest of Sidney, which was the frontier settlement in that direction. Cincinnati, Hamilton and Franklin were very small villages. At the corner of Warren and Main streets was a sign board, which read, "One half mile to Dayton." People Hving here reported that "the country was thickly settled and emigration to it rapid," yet there was no blacksmith living within twenty miles of Dayton. There was no clearing between Thomas Davis' cabin on the Bluffs and Hole's Station, now Miamisburg, where near the old block house and stockade there was one soHtary cabin. The good home missionary, Kobler, preached at this "old fortress" in 1798 "to a small congregation, consisting chiefly of the few families that Hved at the fort" On inquiry he found "that this fortress was on the frontier and no settlemeut around or near them.'* DAYTON TOWNSHIP. 63 Mr. Kobler was taken sick shortly afterwards, and he wrote: "To travel and preach was impossible; and to lie sick at any of the houses in these parts would be choosing death; as it is next to impossible for a well man to get food or sustenance, much more for one prostrate on a bed of sickness." He traveled fifty miles before he reached a place where an invalid could stay with any degree of comfort, a statement which may help us to realize the hardships of pioneer life. An invalid traveler would have fared badly in a cabin of one room and a loft, occupied by a large family, hospitable and unselfish as the pioneers usually were. During the summer of 1799, an Indian war was apprehended. Ben jamin Van Cleve makes the following allusion to the threatened hostilities in his journal: "In July and August the Indians were counciling and evinced an unfriendly disposition. The British traders and French among them had made them dissatisfied with the cession of their lands and with the boundaries, and block houses were built at Dayton and all through the country, and the people became considerably alarmed." The Dayton block house was large, built of round logs and with a projecting upper story, so constructed that the occupants might guard against the lower part of the building being set on fire by the savages. It stood on the Main Street bank of the Miami. The threatened attack did not come, but the men were all armed and ready to take refuge with their families in the block house in case of an alarm. It was never used as a fort, but was converted into a school house, where Benjamin Van Cleve, the first Dayton school-master, taught the pioneer children reading, spelling, writing, and aritlimetic. The lower story was occupied by the school. The room was like those in their bare, rough cabin homes, very primitive. Books were scarce and it is said that the alphabet and spelling were taught from large charts prepared by the master. If so, they were beautifully executed, for Benjamin Van Cleve's penmanship was a model of neatness and elegance. The master says in his journal for 1799-1800: "On the 1st of Septem ber I commenced teaching a small school. I had reserved time to gather my corn and kept school until the last of October." He got in his corn, of which he had an excellent crop, the first week in November. He then went to Cincinnati to assist the clerk of the house of representatives of the first Territorial legislature, so that vacation lasted several weeks after the corn was safely housed. The assembly adjourned a few weeks before Christmas, and he returned to Dayton and "kept school about three months longer." Whisky, which was regarded as the " solace and elixir of life," and freely drunk without any qualms of conscience by the most religious 64 HISTORY OF DAYTON. [leople in 1799, was very expensive when brought here from Cincinnati. In August, Daniel C. Cooper advertised in the Western Spy, published at Cincinnati, for an experienced distiHer, "off'ering him good encourage ment." In the fall he started a distillery, and soon afterwards built a paddle-wheel saw mill and a tub mill, or corn cracker, run by water power ou a creek called Rubicon, which runs through the Patterson farm, just outside the present city limits. The cabin in which he lived tiH 1804 stood near his mills. The "corn cracker" is thus described in the History of Montgomery County. "Four posts were set in the ground, about four feet apart, two on each side of the creek, forming a square; the posts stood four feet above ground, and on top of them was a puncheon floor, and on that a small pair of buhrs were set To the perpendicular shaft the 'runner' was attached; the shaft passed through the bedstone, and at the lower end was the horizontal tub wheel. Four forks were planted to hold the poles on which were laid the" clap-board roof to keep the rain out of the hopper. The sides of the miH were not inclosed." Rude and primitive as this mill was, settlers came to it from nearly the whole of the Miami Valley and from up Mad River as far as Springfield. He "obtained all the custom of town, and took toll from the Trojans and Pequods." About 1800 a small overshot mill was built in Mad River Township, on McConnell's Creek. After this date, mills improved and increased in number. Limestone or granite boulders furnished material for buhrs, and millers generally made their own. This year (1799) Mr. Cooper began to raise hogs on his farm. They had not before been introduced. They fattened rapidly in the woods on the great quantit.y of acorns and beech nuts, which the}' found there. The nuts that furnished nutritious food for the hogs were not a blessing without alloy. The unusual amount of mast which ripened in 1801 and 1802 attracted immense flocks of wild turkeys to the settlement. They did not confine themselves to the forest, but aHghted in fields and gardens, destroying the growing corn and eating such quantities as it matured, that, to save the crop, it was necessary to gather it very early. The hogs were hunted in the fall and shot with rifles, for they became very wild and savage, and went in droves. Experience taught them to defend themselves from the wolves, and to protect their pigs by making a circle around them. They sometimes tore a wolf to pieces with their tusks. When pigs wore kept in pens, they were roofed with heavy logs to exclude the wolves. Wildcats and panthers also attacked hogs. Panthers were so strong that they could carry a hog for a long DAYTON TOWNSHIP. 65 distance, through deep snow, into the woods. One day a man heard a disturbance among his hogs, which he kept on the north side of the river, opposite Ludlow Street, and crossed over in a canoe to see what was the matter. While looking about, he heard something fall to the ground under a leaning tree, which proved to be a dead hog dropped by a panther. The animal came down the tree and disappeared in the woods without attacking the man. The first flatboat was launched in the winter of 1799, near McDon nell's Creek by David Lowry. It was loaded in Dayton with grain, pelts, and five hundred venison hams, and when the spring freshet raised the river, started on the two months' trip to New Orleans. The voyage was safely accomplished. Lowry sold his cargo and boat and returned home on horseback. Many Ohio men laid the foundations of their fortunes by taking a flat boat load of provisions south. In 1800 sheep were introduced. They were difficult to raise, as they were unable to protect themselves against wolves. It was necessary to shut them up securely at night and to keep constant guard over them when pasturing. For the first three or four years the settlers had purchased all their flour, groceries, dry goods, hardware, and whisky, ancl most of their corn meal in Cincinnati. They were usually brought on pack horses. It was a long journey of nearly a week over a rough road, or of ten days if the traveler came by boat. The charge for transportation was two dollars and fifty cents per hundred weight. Flour was nine dollars a barrel, and it cost five dollars to bring a barrel to Dayton. Corn was one dollar per bushel. The fol lowing list of Cincinnati prices in 1799 has been preserved. American merchants had not yet learned to use the United States currency, and their charges were in pounds, shillings, and pence. Imperial tea, twenty- two shillings six pence per pound; Plyson, sixteen shillings ten pence; loaf sugar, four shillings; flour, eighteen shillings ten pence per one hundred pounds; pork, eighteen shillings nine pence; beef, twenty-two shillings six pence; wheat, five shillings; rye, three shillings; corn, one shilling ten pence per one hundred pounds. There was little money in circulation, and business in the Northwest Territory was chiefly conducted by the barter of articles that were easily transported on pack horses, such as ginseng, peltries, and bees-wax, which had fixed values. A muskrat skin passed for twenty-five cents; a buck skin, for a dollar; a doe skin, for one dollar and fifty cents; a bear skin, from three to five dollars. The price of a pair of cotton stockings was a buckskin; a yard of calico cost two muskrat skins; a set of knives and 66 HISTORY OF DAYTON. forks, a bear skin; a yard of shirting, a doe skin; a pair of moccasins, a coon skin or thirty-seven and a half cents. The want of small change led the pioneers of the Ohio valley to invent what was called cut money or sharp shins. They cut small coins, chiefly Spanish, into quarters and circulated them as readily as money that had not been tampered with. The first four years Dayton traders found difficulty in disposing of their peltries, as there was no store nearer than Cincinnati or Hamilton, where Henry Brown had opened a trading house in 1795. In the fall of 1800 the first store was opened in Dayton by Mr. McDougal, of Detroit, in a room in the second story of Newcom's tavern. This store was a great convenience to the settlement and -to the people for forty miles around. The Indians came in the spring in small parties, five or six in each, to trade with McDougal, exchanging their furs, skins, fish, game, wild honey, and maple sugar for his powder, blankets, whisky, dry goods, and trinkets. The Indians were, as a rule, drunken, worthless, and dishonest, and were often noisy and troublesome. They had a great deal of curiosity and the disagreeable habit of unceremoniously walking in and about the cabins, peering into chests and cupboards, and, if not watched, they appropriated any article they fancied. April 14, 1800, occurred an event of some importance to the villagers, the birth at her father's tavern of Jane Newcom, said to have been the first child born in Dayton, though others have claimed that honor; as for instance, Dayton Hamer, born December 9, 1796, on his father's farm, three miles from Dayton ; and Jane Edgar, who married Augustus George, and who was born November 24, 1800, on her father's farm, part of which is now within the corporation. Jane Newcom married Nathaniel Wilson. She died at the residence of her daughter, Mrs. Josiah Gebhart, April 5, 1874. July 14, 1800, Jerome Holt was appointed township constable. Mr. Holt was directed to make a list of the free male inhabitants who were twenty-one yeiars of age and over. His pay for this work was nineteen dollars and fifty cents. The taxation this year was at the rate of forty cents on each one hundred dollars valuation for houses, mills and other buildings; forty cents for each horse; ten cents for cattle; fifty cents to two dollars for young or single men; one dollar each for bond servants. The first wedding in the Dayton settlement occurred August 28, 1800. Benjamin Van Cleve was married on that day to Mary Whitten at her father's house, on his farm near Daj^ton. In Mr. Van Cleve's journal occurs this quaint record of the event: "This year I raised a crop DAYTON TOWNSHIP. 67 of corn and determined on settling myself and having a home. I accord ingly, on the 28th of August, married Mary Whitten, daughter of John Whitten, near Dayton. She was young, lively, industrious, and ingenuous. My property was a horse creature and a few farming utensHs, and her father gave her a few household or kitchen utensils, so that we could make shift to cook our provisions; a bed, a cow and heifer, a ewe and two lambs, a sow and pigs, and a saddle and spinning wheel. I had corn and vege^tables growing, so that if we were not rich, we had sufficient for our immediate wants and we were contented and happy." In 1801 Benjamin Van Cleve was appointed county surveyor. He was also lister for Dayton Township. He received nineteen dollars and fifty cents for his work, of which he made the following record in his diary : "This year I took in the returns of taxable property in Dayton Township which was all the Miami country from the fourth range upwards. The number of free males over twenty-one 3'ears old, between the two Miamis from the south line of the township to the heads of Mad River and the Great Miami, was three hundred and eighty-two, east of the Little Miami ie^ than twenty." The danger of attacks from Indians as well as the need of men to clear lands made it as desirable to know the number of men in the township capable of bearing arms or wielding an axe as to learn the names and the value of the property of tax-payers. The township taxes for this year amounted to five hundred and fifty-six dollars and sixty-two and a half cents, which was an increase of three hundred and twenty doHars and ninety cents since* 1799. The first minister who preached in the settlement, was Rev. John Kobler, of the Methodist Church. He delivered four sermons in Dayton, which he describes in his journal for 1798 as " a little village by that name on the bank of the Big Miami," containing a few log houses and eight or ten families. He held his first service here on Sunday, August 12th, and several of the little company assembled to hear him, were much aff'ected by his exhortations. He organized a class of eight members, of which he made William Hamer leader. Mr. Hamer was a Methodist local preacher, and had held Sunday services at his cabin, three miles up Mad River or in the woods surrounding it, ever since his arrival in 1796. During 1797 a class had met regularly at his house. Mr. Kobler's second sermon at Dayton was preached on Sunday, August 26th, "to all the people which town and country could aff'ord, which were but few at best." January 1, 1799, he " preached at Dayton to a mixed company of traders from Detroit, some Indians, French, and English," from the appropriate text, " In every nation he that feareth God and worketh righteousness is accepted of him." He spoke so forcibly on 68 HISTORY OP DAYTON. the fearful consequences of sin " that many of them looked wild and stood aghast as if they would take to their heels." April 2d he preached in Dayton for the last time to all the people of the village and surround ing farms. He considered the township a promising missionary field. In 1805 the Methodists, for the first time, had regular preaching. At that date, Abraham Amos and John Meek were assigned to preach here alternately. Before this,- they had occasional services in the log meeting-house or elsewhere, when some minister of their denomination visited the village. The first class-meeting held in town met at the house of Aaron Baker. No protracted or camp-meetings were held here earlier than 1817. In the fall of 1799, and during the following winter, the Presbyterians held their meetings in the block house, at the head of Main Street. Previously, they occasionally met for public worship at each other's cabins. Rev. John Thomson, of Kentucky, preached here several times in 1800, and occasionally for several years afterward. Rev. James Kem per also preached in Dayton once in 1800. In the spring of 1800 the people of the Dayton settlement, both in and out of town, united in getting out logs and building a cabin for a Presbyterian meeting-house at the corner of Main and Third streets. Lots numbers 133 and 134 had been given by Mr. Cooper to the Presbyterian Church, and as was customary at that day the ground surrounding the church was used as a burial ground. The log cabin meeting-house was eighteen by twenty feet in size, seven logs high, and raised two feet from the ground by pieces of log placed upright under each corner of the floor. It was neither chinked with chips nor daubed with yellow clay, and had no windows. The cracks between the logs admitted more than enough air and probably sufficient Hght. The seats and door-steps were logs, and the floor was made of rough puncheons. The clapboard roof was secured by weight poles. It was hidden from the view of passers-by on Main Street by a thick copse of hazel bushes and small trees, among which wound the narrow path through the graveyard, by which it was approached. The Presbyterian Society was organized by Presbytery in 1800-1801. Rev. WilHam Robinson, who lived three miles up Mad River and owned a mill there by which he supported himself, supplied the Dayton and Beulah congregations, the latter at Beavertown, as frequently as possible. These societies were really one church, and the Beavertown branch soon ceased to have a separate existence. In 1805 the log meeting house was sold for twenty-two dollars, which went into a building fund for a new Presbyterian church. The same DAYTON TOWNSHIP. 69 year a graveyard, doiiated by Mr. Cooper, containing four acres of ground, was opened further from the center of town, on the south side of Sixth Street, between Ludlow and Wilkinson. The graveyard was divided into three parts — equal portions being given to the Presbyterian church, the Methodist church, and the town of Daj'ton. In September, 1815, the graveyard on the corner of Main and Third streets was platted and sold at public auction by the trustees of the Presbyterian church. The remains of the pioneers were not removed from their first resting place, and there under the banks and stores erected on that busy square, "the bones of such of'the forefathers of the hamlet' as escaped the exhuming spade of cellar diggers, repose." John W. Van Cleve, who had seen Dayton change from a wilderness to a thriving town of 4,000 inhabitants, in a lecture delivered in 1833, gives the following description of his native place in 1800-1805: "While the inhabitants all lived on the river bank, it was no uncommon thing for strangers, on coming into the place after threading their way through the brush until they had passed through the whole town plat from one extremity to the other, and arrived at the first few of the cabins that constituted the settlement, to inquire how far it was to Dayton. They were of course informed that they had just_passed through it and arrived in the suburbs. The fact seemed rather ridiculous, and it was very natural for them to think that the projectors of the town had calculated much too largely in laying it out upon so extensive a scale. The inhab itants themselves indeed partook of the same opinion. The lots on the east side of Main Street, opposite the court house, were considered so far out of the way that it was not thought probable that the town would extend much beyond them, and they were accordingly appropriated for a graveyard, and remained so till 1805, when the present burying ground [on Sixth Street] was selected, which has been used by the town and country ever since." The part of the Sixth Street graveyard belonging to the Presbyterians was not improved till September, 1815, when it was cleared, fenced, sown with grass seed, and the lots offered for sale for burial purposes at the court house, the Main Street lots being sold by the trustees of the church at the same time and place for residences or business houses. For the next year or two after the log meeting-house was sold, the Presbyterians held their services at Newcom's log tavern, or at McCullum's new brick tavern, at the southwest corner of Main and Second streets, removing in 1806 to the new court house, on the corner of Main and Third streets. Here they remained until they had completed their first brick church, on Ludlow and Second streets, in 1817. They had loaned 70 HISTORY OF DAYTON. the county commissioners four hundred and twelve dollars on condition that they should be permitted to worship in the court house. The liew church was a two-story building, forty-two by fifty feet, with a gallery on three sides of the room. The lot on which it was built cost five hundred dollars. The pews were sold October 4, 1817, bringing a total amount of two thousand, nine hundred and eighty dollars. Their first settled minister was Rev. James Welsh, M. D., who came in 1805 and remained till 1817. ' During the period treated of in this chapter, two important accessions were made to the settlement. William King and John H. Williams entered and settled on land just west of the Miami River, parts of which are now included in that portion of Dayton known as Miami City. William King, dissatisfied with Kentucky on account of slavery, emigrated from that state to this vicinity in 1801. He was a remarkable man, distinguished for his strong convictions and his conscientious deter mination to carry them out at whatever cost. He was for many years an elder in the First Presbyterian church, and had something of the Puritan and Covenanter in his composition. He lived to a great old age, lacking at his death but three months of being one hundred years old. His family consisted of three sons and two daughters. His two elder sons, John and Victor, removed to Madison, Indiana, where they held positions of honor and usefulness. Samuel married Mary C, the daughter of John H. Williams, and both he and his wife were for many years highly esteemed and useful. Jane married David Osborn. John H. Williams came in 1802, and was during his residence here an honored and highly esteemed citizen. His descendants are numerous and have held prominent positions in the community. The children by his first wife were: James Lockard; Mary Carothers, married Samuel King; Sarah, married William Boal; Lucinda, married Scott Douglas; Herbert S.; Susan, married Henry Stoddard; Anna, married first Jeptha Regans, married second James R. Wallace; Samuel; Eliza beth, married James Wallace. Eliza Jane, daughter by his second wife, married Charles Sherman. Frances Taylor, daughter by his third wife, married Dr. C. 0. Waters. CHAPTER VI. Growth and Improvement — John Cleves Symmes Unable to Fulfill His Engagements — Settlei-s in Danger of Losing Lands — New Settlers Decline to Come — Unsatisfactory Preemption Law — Law of 1801 — Settlers Enter Lands — Land Office Opened — Original Proprietors Relinquish Their Claims — D. C. Cooper Titular Proprietor of Dayton — Petition Presented to Congress by Settlers — Satisfactory Titles Secured — Cooper's New Town Plat — Donations of Lots for Public Use — Only Five Families in Town — First Election of Dayton Township— Formation of Montgomery County — Dayton the County Seat — First County Court — Opening of Court Attracts a Large Crowd — Cases Tried — Unusual Fines — Punishment by the Lash — Prisoners Confined in an Old Well in Newcom's Tavern Yard — Indian Prisoners — First Election in Dayton for Member of Congress — First County Commissioners Elected — Main Street Cleared to Warren Street — Gully, Corner of Main and Third, Filled with Logs — Mr. Cooper's Elegant Mansion of Hewn Logs — Henry Brown's Frame Store — Only Store in 1804 — Henry Brown — His Sons — Col. Charles Anderson — Cooper's Saw and Grist Mills — Cooper's Carding Machine — First Jail Built of Round Logs — Benjamin Van Cleve First Postmaster — Post-office in 1805-1821— Post Riders— Postage. JOHN CLEVES SYMMES was unable to complete his payments, and the lands purchased from him by St. Clair, Wilkinson, Dayton, and Ludlow reverted to the government. The settlers had expected to receive their titles through St. Clair and his associates, the assignees of Symmes, and his failure to fulfill his contract occasioned them much anxiety and annoyance. They were in danger of losing the labor of months as well as their land and improvements. For the sake of providing homes for their families, they had expended the little money they had, and encoun tered the many difficulties, privations, and dangers of life in a frontier settlenient, and now it seemed probable that they would lose what they had ventured into the wilderness to gain.- Nothing seemed in store for them but loss and disappointment. The prospect was very gloomy. New settlers could not be induced to come, while aff'airs were in this discouraging and unsettled state, and many of the old settlers became disheartened and removed to other places. Those who came from 1801 to 1804 were glad to take possession of their abandoned clearings and thus save much time and work. After matters had remained in this state for some time, a law, on the petition of the settlers, was passed by congress March 2, 1799, for their relief. It gave to any person having a contract in writing with John Cleves Symmes previous to the 1st of April, 1797, for the purchase of lands between the Miami rivers, not included in his patent, the privilege 71 72 HISTORY OF DAYTON. of purchasing lands from the United States at two dollars per acre, the money to be paid in three annual installments. The law did not afford sufficient relief, and only three or four persons entered land under it. Symmes' patent included the lands he was able to pay for, and the a-overnment took back the rest of his purchase between the Miamis. A new preemption law was passed March 3, 1801. All persons who had made payments of money for lands, or had contracts with Symmes or his associates, were granted the privilege 'of purchasing from the government at two doHars au acre, and longer time was given for sub stantiating claims and making payments. The claimants were obliged to pay surveyor's fees and some other incidental expenses. Both Symmes and St. Clair and his associates had paid two thirds of a dollar per acre for land, and the settlers of Dayton had bought at a small advance on that sum. But probably none of them had paid as much as two dollars per acre, and while, as they could not otherwise secure a title to their land, they were glad to avail themselves of the provisions of the preemption law, they would have been in a better position if the terms of their contract with the original proprietors of Dayton could have been fulfilled. They were obliged to pay two doHars per acre to the government for the lots and in-lots received as donations on November 4, 1795. As soon as the law of 1801 was passed a land office was opened at Cincinnati, and commissioners were appointed to examine claims and issue certificates. Now that these difficulties were in a fair way towards settlement, the prosperity of the town was assured. The original proprietors of Dayton had become disheartened and determined, instead of entering their land, to relinquish their claims to the seventh aud eighth ranges. Benjamin Van Cleve, in his journal for 1801, says: "Mr. Ludlow, who was one of the proprietors and agent for them, informed me that they relinquished their claim on account of the rising price; that they could not afford to give two dollars per acre, and he made this known to the commissioners, as well as to the settlers, and aided them in supporting their claims." It was at this time that Daniel C. Cooper became titular proprietor of the town by purchase of preemption rights, agreement with settlers, and by friendly congressional legislation. The negotiations required much patience on both sides, and many nionths elapsed before the arrangements for the transfer were completed. Probably about 1803 the following paper was drawn up, which is interesting reading, because it gives a graphic account of the many difficulties which the petitioners encountered in making a new settlement "so far in a wilderness country;" their suff'erings from lack of provisions,^ QROWTH AND IMPROVEMENT. 73 and the threats and ill-treatment of the savages, who stole all their horses the first year, and resented in various ways their intrusion on their hunting grounds. It is well worth reading through, which cannot be said of the majority of such documents: " To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in Congress Assembled: " The petition of the first settlers at Dayton and Mercer's Station, in Montgomery and Greene counties, Ohio, respectfully sheweth: That the Honorable Judge Symmes having made a relinquishment of his claim to a certain tract of lands lying between the Miami rivers, to Governor St. Clair, General Wilkinson, Jonathan Dayton, and Israel Ludlow, Esquires, the said lands being all the seventh and eighth ranges of townships east of Mad River; in order to form settlements on the same and augment its value, the proprietors off'ered certain gratuities and priv ileges to such as might engage to become first settlers, which are contained in the articles accompanying the petition. "On the 5th of November, 1795, forty-six persons engaged to become settlers at Dayton, but from the many difficulties in forming a new settlement so far in a' wilderness country, only fifteen of these came forward, with four others, making nineteen in all. From the threats and ill treatment of the savages to the people of Mercer's Station, it was at once evacuated, and at several times Mr. Mercer, with two brothers, maintained the station at the risk of their lives. These settlements were formed by your petitioners a few months after the treaty of Greenville, when we had not faith in the friendship of the savages. Our settlement was immediately on their hunting grounds. We were not able to keep a 'horse amongst us during the first season by reason of their stealing. The scarcity of provisions had raised flour to nine dollars a barrel, and other articles in proportion, which we had to transport fifty miles through a wilderness, clearing roads, etc. Under all these and many more diffi culties we labored, in hopes of obtaining our lands at a low rate and the small gratuity off'ered. Several of your petitioners have not been able to procure any land; others have laid their claims before the commissioners agreeably to the late law, and purchased at two dollars per acre. We beg leave to state to your honorable body that the proprietors have not received the expected advantages from the forming of these settlements; that your petitioners have been at vast expense, labor, and difficulty in forming the said settlements, and have received no recompense nor privilege other than subsequent settlers; that they first opened a way, in consequence of which the country has become populous, and the United 74 HISTORY OF DAYTON. States has received a handsome revenue from the sale of the lands; that the town of Dayton is purchased by a subsequent settler, and we pray that Congress will make us such gratuity in lands, or deduction for payments for lands, or grant such other relief as our case merits. "Your petitioners further pray, in behalf of Rev. William Hamer, a settler at Dayton, who, having settled on the Section 29, in the second township and seventh range before the lines were run, with an expectation of holding it, agreeable to the terms set forth in Article A, and has since continued to cultivate and improve it, as it was supposed to be appropri ated for religious purposes, he being a preacher of the gospel and having the approbation of Mr. Ludlow, one of the proprietors, as appears by the Article C. Now, as the said section is to be sold as other lands, the said Hamer is wilHng to pay two dollars per acre for it, in installments, agree able to the late laws for the disposal of United States lands. We pray your honorable body may grant him a preemption and the indulgence he wishes; and your petitioners shall, etc. WHliam Gahagan, Samuel Thompson, Benjamin Van Cleve, William Van Cleve, Thomas Davis, James McClure, Daniel FerreH, John McClure, Thomas Hamer, Abraham Grassmire, William Hamer, Solomon Hamer, William Chenowith, George Newcom, and James Morris; Thomas Davis, representative of John Davis, deceased; William Hamer, representative of Solomon Goss; B. Van Cleve and William Gahagan, representatives of John Dorough; Jonathan Mercer, for himself aud others of Mercer's Station on Mad River." The settlers, oY their representatives, finally secured satisfactory titles by patent or deeds from D. C. Cooper to lands or in-lots, or to both, but on account of difficulties in proving their claims, and other delays, some of the patents were not issued tiH 1808 or later. They were obliged first to obtain certificates from the coramissioiiers at Cincinnati, and then on the payment of the stipulated two dollars an acre to the United States, which, with the fees, made the cost of town lots one dollar, they received patents for their lands. One of the terms of Mr. Cooper's agreement with the settlers was that he should make a new plat of the town on which the location of each lot-owner's property was marked. This plat differed somewhat from the original one. It was divided into three hun dred and eighty-one in-lots, ninety-nine feet wide and one hundred and ninety-nine feet deep, and east of Sears Street there were fifty-six out-lots. The streets were ninety-nine feet wide, except Main and Main Cross, now Third Street, which were one hundred and thirty-two feet wide. Lots for churches, graveyard, park, court house, school, and market house, GROWTH AND IMPROVEMENT. 75 were donated by Mr. Cooper. The .plat was executed by D. C. Cooper and Israel Ludlow, agent of the original proprietors, April 26, 1802, and recorded the next day at Cincinnati in the recOrds of Hamilton County. As a result of the difficulties just described, we find that there were four vacant cabins in Dayton in the winter of 1802-1803. But five families lived here, those of George Newcom, Samuel Thompson, John Welsh, Paul D. Butler, and George Westfall. AH but two of the original settlers had abandoned the viHage and moved on farms beyond the clearings. Benjamin and William Van Cleve, and WilHam Newcom, -were farming near town; the McClures had removed to Miami County; John Williams had settled on Wolf Creek, and Thomas Arnett had also moved away. One third of the people who were here in 1799 had left. At first county and township officers, whose principal duty was collecting and expending the taxes, had been appointed by the territorial governor and courts.' But population increased rapidly, aud in 1802 it was considered necessary to authorize an election by the people of ad ditional officers. Jerome Holt, sheriff of the county, was directed to give notice to the inhabitants of Dayton Township to convene at the house of George Newcom on the 1st of April, and then and^ there proceed to elect by ballot a chairman, a town clerk, three or more trustees or managers, two or more-overseers of the poor, three fence-viewers, two appraisers of houses, a lister of taxable property, a sufficient number of supervisors of roads, and one or more constables. In 1802 Ohio became a state. A law for the formation of Mont gomery County and several others out of Hamilton County was passed by the first State legislature at Chillicothe, March, 1803. Dayton was made the temporary county seat, and this selection was confirmed by the commissioners appointed in April to designate county seats. ' The half deserted backwoods village of Dayton, with its streets overgrown with hazel bushes and surrounded by forests filled with howling wolves, seems an unpromising place to select for the capital of a county. But it was the nucleus of a number of farming settlements, and was the principal hamlet in the township. The first county court was opened in an upper room of Newcom's tavern by Hon. Francis Dunlevy, presiding judge of the first judicial district. The associate judges were Isaac Spinning, who lived on a farm on Mad River, four miles from town; Benjamin Archer, of CentreviHe, and John Ewing, of Washington Township. The other officers were Benjamin Van Cleve, clerk pro tem.; Daniel Symmes, of Cincinnati, prosecutor pro tem.; George Newcom, sheriff, and James Miller, coroner. The law fixing the county seat, which went into force in May, 1803, also 76 HISTORY OF DAYTON. directed that the court should assemble "at the house of George New com, in the town of Dayton." The court opened on the morning of July 27, 1803, but as there was no business to transact, adjourned on the evening of the same day. Nearly the whole male population of Montgomery County assembled at Newcom's, on the 27th of July. A frolic was made of the first opening of court, and the occasion furnished unwonted excitement and amuse ment. The judges and lawyers all slept that night in one room in the tavern, and rode off" the next morni^g to open court at Xenia. Tuesday, November 22, 1808, the second session of the court was held here under a tree, back of the tavern, and the aid of the sheriff was necessary to disperse the people who were curiously listening to both the testimony of witnesses and the professedly secret deliberations of the jury. The first case was tried on November 22d. Peter Sunderland was indicted for assault and battery on Benjamin Scott, "then being in the peace of God and our State." He pleaded guilty, and was fined six doHars and costs. Two other criminal cases and four civil suits, which were tried, were discontinued. The next day the court adjourned. Owing to the scarcity of money, persons convicted by the court were often fined a number of deer or other skins, or a certain amount of corn or pork. One man's fine was a barrow pig. Nearly all mi'nor off'enders were sentenced to punishment 'by the lash, to from one to thirty-nine lashes on the bare back, "well laid on." The sentence was generally executed at once by the'sheriff. During 1803 the tavern served as a jaH, as well as a court house. Sheriff Newcom was in the habit of confining white prisoners in an old unwalled well on his lot. "The pit was empty, and there was no water in it," and, as Curwen says, following the example of Old Testa ment jailers, "he let down those who broke the peace of the State, and there they remained till brought up for trial." The sullen and vindictive Indians could never forgive punishment by the lash, and instead of inflicting it, when they were drunk and troublesome. Colonel Newcom sometimes bound them and confined them in his corn crib, as they did not consider bonds a degradation and submitted without resistance. It was difficult, till a jail was built, to confine prisoners, and the community was always gratified when they escaped and left the neighborhood. June 21, 1803, the first election for member of Congress was held in Montgotaery County, and Jeremiah Morrow was chosen. The returns were signed, Isaac Spinning and John Ewing, Associate Judges; Benja min Van Cleve, Clerk. The second Tuesday in October, George Newcom was elected sheriff' and James Miller constable. April 20, 1804, the GROWTH AND IMPROVEMENT. 77 following commissioners were elected: William Brown, three years; Edmund Munger, two; and John Devor, one year. They themselves decided by lot the length of time each should serve. The first board of commissioners met at Newcom's tavern June 11, 1804. August 4th, the commissioners ordered that a tax be laid on all the items of taxation in Dayton, Wasliington, and German townships as high as the law allows, amounting to four hundred and fifty-eight doHars and forty cents. The growth and improvement of the village was marked after it became the county seat. In 1804 Main Street was cleared of trees, stumps, and undergrowth to its junction with Warren Street. Previously it had only been cleared to Third Street. The gully at the Main and Third Street crossing was filled with logs and covered with earth. These logs are sometimes taken out now when it is necessary to dig trenches in the street, as sound as when they were buried eighty-five years ago. In 1804 Mr. Cooper built on the southwest corner of Ludlow and First streets his " elegant mansion of hewn logs lined inside, instead of plastering, with cherry boards." Another improvement was the frame store-room built on the east side of Main Street, near Monument Avenue, by Henry Brown, who since Wayne's treaty had been engaged in trading with the Indians at Fort Hamilton and Laramie, and had now removed his stock of goods to Dayton. This was the only store in Dayton in 1804, and there were but two other shingle-roof houses here — Mr. Cooper's and Newcom's, both considered great ornaments to the town. Until 1812, when the firm was dissolved, Mr. Brown and his partner traded through agents with the Indians at Greenville, Fort Wayne, and Wapakoneta towns. Henry Brown was born about the year 1770, near Lexington, Virginia, and was of Scotch-Irish ancestry. He came to the Northwest Territory in 1793 as military secretary to Colonel Preston, who commanded a regiment in Wayne's legion. Afterwards he was engaged in forwarding supplies to the army. In 1795 he entered into a partnership with John Sutherland for trading with the Indians, which continued seventeen years. After the settlement of the firm in Dayton in addition to their Indian trade by means of agents and pack horses, they shipped produce by flat boats to New Orleans, and purchased cattle which were driven to Detroit for sale to the government, Indians, and farmers in that region. In 1812 he was appointed assistant Indian agent under Colonel Johnston. He was actively engaged in business until shortly before his death in 1823, and was a prominent and influential man in the community. February 19, 1811, Mr. Brown married Miss Kitty Patterson, daughter of Colonel 78 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Robert Patterson, of Dayton. They had two sons and a daughter. A number of their descendants Hve in Dayton. The sons were both of them men of the highest character, and prominent and influential citizens. Robert Patterson, the eldest son, married Miss Sarah Galloway, of Xenia; Henry L. married Miss Sarah BeHe Browning, of Indianapolis. Henry L. Brown was noted for his services in connection with the public schools, and his devotion to religious and benevolent work. The daughter, Eliza J., married Charles Anderson, of Dayton, now of Kuttawa, Kentucky, a lawyer. famous for his eloquence and conversational gifts, and active during his residence here in all eff'orts for the improvement and prosperity of the town. He commanded the Ninety-third Ohio Regiment during the Civil War, and was afterwards governor of Ohio. A second valuable improvement in 1804 was Mr. Cooper's new mills. He built a saw mill on First Street and soon after erected a grist mill at the head of Mill Street, to which in 1809 he added a carding machine. A jail was built of round logs iu the fall of this year on the Third Street end of the court house lot. It was thirty feet long, sixteen wide and twelve high, and contained two disconnected cells, floored and ceiled with logs and plank. There were but three small ^\¦indows in the building, secured by two-inch plank shutters and iron bars, and but two doors, also of two-inch plank, spiked and hung on iron hinges. The doors and shutters were locked on the outside, and the keys kept by Sheriff' Newcom at his tavern three squares off. During the sessions of court at the tavern, a doorkeeper was appointed to conduct prisoners to and from the jail. This log fortress, which was built for two hundred and ninety-nine dollars by David Squier and iu two mouths, was stronger than the block houses which did such good service during the Indian wars, and answered every purpose till it became necessary that the sheriff' should Hve at the jail, when it was abandoned aud another of stone erected. December 13, 1803, Benjamin Van Cleve was appointed postmaster, but did not receive his commission till January, 1804. Probably in the spring of that year he opened the postoffice in his cabin on the southeast corner of First: and St. Clair streets. lie served till his death in 1821. Previous to 1804 tho only postoffice in the Miami valley, and as far north as Lake Erie, was at Cincinnati, and from 1804 till about 1806 the people to the north of Dayton, as far as Fort Wayne, were obliged to come to this office for their mail. In 1804 Dayton was on the maH route from Cincinuati to Detroit, and the mail was carried by a post-rider who arrived and left here once in two weeks. But soon after Mr. Van Cleve opened the postoffice a weekly mail was established. Only one maU a GROWTH AND IMPROVEMENT. 79 week was received for several years, the route of which was from Cin cinnati through Lebanon, Xenia, and Springfield to Urbana; thence to Piqua; thence down the Miami to Dayton, Franklin, Middletown, Hamilton, and Cincinnati. A letter from Dayton to Franklin or any other town on the route was sent first to Cincinnati and then back again around the circuit to its destination. The second mail route opened was from ZanesviHe, via Franklinton and Urbana, to Dayton. The next improvement was a mail to and from the East by way of Chillicothe, which arrived and departed Sunday evening. The following agreement between WilHam George, William McClure, and Joseph Peirce, committee, and George F. Tennery, mail carrier between Dayton and Urbana in .J808, and which was found in 1888 among the papers of William McClure, editor of the first Dayton news paper, is of some interest: "Agreement, made and concluded this seventh day of December 1808, between William George, William McClure, and Joseph Peirce, committee, in behalf of the undertakers for carrying the mail from Dayton to Urbana, of the first part: " WITNESSETH, That the said George, on his part, binds himself, his heirs, etc., to carry the mail from Dayton to Urbana once a week and back to Dayton for the term that has been contracted for between Daniel C. Cooper and the postmaster general, to commence on Friday, the ninth instant (to-wit): leave Dayton every Friday morning at six o'clock; leave Urbana Saturday morning and arrive at Dayton Saturday evening, the undertakers reserving the right of altering the time of the starting and returning with the mail, allowing the said George two days to perform the trip, the post-rider to be employed by the said George to be approved by the undertakers. They also reserve to themselves the right of sending way letters and papers on said route, and the said George binds him self to pay for every failure in the requisitions of this agreement on his part the sum equal to that required by the postmaster general in like failures. "The said committee on their part agree to furnish the said George with a suitable horse, furnish the person carrying the mail and the horse with sufficient victuals, lodging, and feed, and one dollar for each and every trip, to be paid every three months. In witness whereof the parties have hereunto set their hands the day and year above mentioned. " Witness: " Joseph H. Crane, " William George, " George Smith." " William McClure, "Joseph Peirce, "George F. Tennery." 80 history op DAYTON. December 19, 1808, a call was published in the Dayton Repertory for a meeting at the court house of the people of Dayton and adjoining townships to endeavor to secure a post route direct to Dayton, New Lexington, and Eaton, by whieh they would have intelHgence at least one week earlier from the East than they were then receiving.- This route was also considered desirable because it would promote intercourse with citizens of other states, through the northern counties of ours, and increase the value of property. It was necessary that those interested in the proposed route should raise a fund to defray the expense, but the postmaster general agreed to allow toward the expense all the emoluments arising from the several new offices that might be established. Later more direct communication with the East was opened, via Columbus, the mail coming in Sunday evening and leaving Thursday noon. The western mail went by the way of Salisbury; arrived Tuesday evening and departed Sunday evening. No further progress had been made in 1821, when Mr. Van Cleve retired from office. No stamps were used, but the amount of postage due was written on the outside of the letter. Postage was sometimes prepaid, but oftener collected on delivery. Mr. Van Cleve frequently inserted notices similar to the following in the newspapers: "The postmaster having been in the habit of giving unlimited credit heretofore, finds it his duty -to adhere strictly to the instructions of the postmaster general. He hopes, there fore, that his friends will not take it amiss when he assures them that no distinction will be made. No letters delivered in future without pay, nor papers without the postage being paid quarterly in advance." Now that postage for all distances is equal and very low we can hardly realize the burden and inconvenience the high and uncertain postage rates imposed on the pioneers. Money was very scarce and difficult to obtain and to pay twenty-five cents in cash for a letter was no easy matter. The foHowing postage rates are copied from old letters addressed to parties in Dayton: 1800, Washington, twenty cents; 1804- 1813, Cincinnati and ChilHcothe, twenty -five cents; 1804-1841, New York, Boston, and PhHadelphia, twenty-five cents; 1812, PhHadelphia (with one hundred aud thirty dollars, inclosed), forty cents; 1818, Gallipolis, eighteen and three fourths cents; 1824, Greensburg, Kentucky, twenty -five cents; 1837, Oxford, Ohio, twelve and a half cents. In 1816 the rates of postage were fixed as follows: Thirty miles, six cents; eighty mHes, ten cents; over one hundred and fifty mUes, eighteen and three fourths cents; over four hundred miles, twenty -five cents. Newspapers anywhere within the state where printed, one cent. Elsewhere not over one hundred miles, one cent; over one hundred mUes, one cent and a half. growth and improvement. 81 Magazines, at one cent a sheet for fifty miles; one cent and a half for one hundred miles; two cents for over one hundred miles. Pamphlets and magazines were not forwarded when the mail was very large, nor when it was carried with great expedition or on horseback. For a good many years the eastern mail was brought to Wheeling by post-riders, and thence down the river to Cincinuati in government mail boats, each manned with four oarsmen and a coxwain, and built like whaling craft. The voyage from Wheeling to Cincinnati occupied six days and the return trip up stream twelve days. CHAPTER VII. Dayton Incorporated — Form of Government — Taxation to Pay Town Expenses Voted Down — New Settlers — Colonel Robert Patterson — McCullum's Tavern First Bricli Building — Used as a Court House — Dayton Library Society — First Great Flood — Levees — Jonathan Harshman — Licenses — Perries — Cooper's New Plat of Dayton — Public Square in the Center of Third and Main Street Crossing — Brick Court House— First Brick Stores — Four General Merchandise Stores — Country Produce Taken Instead of Cash — Difficulty of the Trip East for Goods — Trouble in Collecting Debts — Mode of Bringing Merchan dise to Dayton — Trains of Pack Horses — Dayton Academy— John Folkerth — New Roads Opened — Miserable Condition of Roads — First Brick Private Residence — Adver tisements of Business Men in the Repertory — Troop of Light Dragoons — Taverns — Dr. Welsh— Dr. Elliott— First Drug Store— Abram Darst — Revised Town Plat — Fourth of July, 1809— First Political Convention— Navigation ot the Miami, 1809-1828— Keelboats Between Dayton and Lake Erie — Flatboating to New Orleans — First Book 'Published in Dayton — Fourth of July, 1810 — Oration by Joseph H. Crane — Militia Drill — Shakers Mobbed — Political Animosity — Two Public Dinners, July 4, 1811 — Earthquakes — Prosperity of Town, 1812-1813. FEBRUARY 12, 1805, the legislature incorporated the town of Dayton. The town government consisted of seven trustees, a collector, super visor, and marshal, elected by free-holders, who had lived in Dayton six months. A president, who acted as mayor, and a recorder were to be chosen by the trustees from their own number, and they were also to elect a treasurer who need not be a member of their board. The board of trustees was called "the select council of the town of Dayton." The first election under the act of incorporation occurred on the first Monday in May, 1805. Expenditures were authorized and voted at meetings of the free holders and householders of the town tdl 1812-1814, when this section of the law was repealed. For ten years meetings of council were held at the houses of members. A fine of twenty-five cents was imposed on a councilman for being thirty minutes late. The act incorporating Dayton provided, "that such part of the township of Dayton, in the county of Montgomery, as is included within the following limits, that is to say, beginning on the banks of the Miami, where the sectional Hne between the second and third sections, fifth township and seventh range intersects the same, thence east with said line to the middle of Section 33, second township, seventh range; thence north two miles, thence west to the Miami; thence down the same to the place of beginning, shaH'be, and the same is hereby, erected into a town corporate, which shall henceforth be known and distinguished by the name and town of Dayton." 82 DAYTON INCORPORATED. 83 In 1805 the expenses of the town were seventy-two dollars, and the council proposed raising the amount by taxation. But at the meeting of voters called to decide the question, the proposition was defeated, thirteen voting in favor of taxation and seventeen against it. An ordinance was passed forbidding the running of hogs and other animals at large on the streets of the town, in September, 1806, but Avas not enforced till the spring of 1807. A measure so far in advance of the times would not have been adopted but for the fact that few farms or town lots were fenced, and horses, cattle, and hogs wandered about without restraint of any kind. A large number of valuable citizens, principally from New Jersey, Kentucky, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the Ohio company's settlements in Washington County, were added to the population in from 1804-1808. In 1804, Colonel Robert Patterson, famous as an Indian fighter, and as one of the founders of Cincinnati and Lexington, arrived from Kentucky. His biography will be given elsewhere in this historj'. In 1805 McCullum's tavern, which Avas the first brick building erected in Dayton, was built on the southwest corner of Main and Second streets. It was two stories high, and was the best house in the viHage. A bell in the belfry, on the Second Street side of the roof, called regular and transient boarders to meals. Breakfast was served before daylight. On the sign, after 1812, was painted a picture of the capture of the British frigate Guerriere by the American frigate Constitution. A highly colored engraving of this naval battle was a favorite ornament for Ohio parlors at that date. About 1870 the house ceased to be used as a tavern, but by loAvering the fioors and other changes, the rooms were adapted for business. It was used as a business block till 1880, when it was torn down, and the Parmer's Insurance Building erected on the site. The county court, for the fall term of 1805, was held at McCullum's tavern instead of, as formerly, at NcAvcoin's, the commissioners having contracted with McCullum for the use of as much of his house, when completed, as would be needed for holding the courts. They paid him twenty-five dollars per annum. In the spriug of 1805, the Dayton Library Society was incorporated by the legislature. March, 1805, is noted as the date of the first great flood that occurred here after the settlement of the town. John W. Van Cleve gave the following interesting account of this flood in an address on the " Settle ment and Progress of Dayton," delivered before the Dayton Lyceum August 27, 1833, and published in the Journal: 84 HISTORY OP DAYTON. "In the spring of 1805 Dayton was inundated by an extraordinary rise of the river. In all ordinary freshets, the water used to pass through the prairie at the east side of the town, where the basin now is, but the flood of 1805 covered a great portion of the town itself. There were only two spots of dry land within the whole place. The water came out ofthe river at the head of Jeft'erson Street, and ran down to the common at the east end of Old Market Street, in a stream which a horse could not cross without swimming, leaving an island between it and the mHl. A canoe could be floated at the intersection of First Street with St. Clair, and the first dry land was west of that point. The western extremity Of that island was near the crossing of Main and First streets, from whence it bore down in a southern direction towards where the saw mill now stands, leaving a dry strip from a point on the south side of Main Cross Street, between Jeff'erson Street and the prairie, to the river bank at the head of Main Street. Almost the whole of the land was under water, with the exception of those two islands, from the river to the hill which circles round south and east of town, from Mad River to the Miami. The water was probably eight feet deep in Main Street, at the court house, where the ground has since been raised several feet. "In consequence of the flood, a considerable portion of the inhab itants became strongly disposed to abandon the present site of the town, and the proposition was made and urged very strenuously that lots should be laid off' upon the plain upon the second rise on the southeast of the town, through which the Waynesville road passes, and that the inhab itants should take lots there in exchange for those which they owned upon the present plat, and thus remove the town to a higher and more secure situation. The project, however, was defeated by the unyielding opposition of some of the citizens, and it Avas no doubt for the advantage and prosperity of the place that it Avas. " Sometime afterwards a levee was raised across the low ground at the grist miH, to prevent the passage of the water through the prairie in freshets; but not being built with sufficient strength and elevation, the floods rose over it and washed it away several times, until at length it was made high and strong enough to resist the greatest rises of water that have occurred since 1805, although one like the one of that year would StHl pass over it. The last time it was washed away was in August, 1814." At an early day a levee was buHt by SHas Broadwell to protect the western part of the town from the overflow of the annual freshets. The levee began at Wilkinson Street, and ran west a considerable distance DAYTON INCORPORATED. 85 with the meanderings of the Miami. Mr. D. C. Cooper agreed to give Silas Broadwell certain lots in the vicinity of the levee in payment for building and keeping it in repair. In the summer of 1805, Jonathan Harshman, one of the earliest settlers of Montgomery County, arrived in Dayton from Frederick County, Maryland, and purchased a farm five miles from town. He was for many years profitably engaged in farming,' milling, and distilling, and made a large fortune. He also had a store in Dayton, in partnership with John Rench. They traded for country produce, which they sent down the river to Cincinnati and New Orleans. In 1825 he was elected a member of the Ohio legislature. In 1845 he was elected president of the Dayton bank and served till his death, March 31, 1850. February 18, 1808, he married Susannah Rench, daughter of John Rench. His wife died December 5, 1839. They had eight children, all of whom married and settled iu this neighborhood. Elizabeth married Israel Huston; Catharine married Valentine Winters; Jonathan mar ried Abigail Hivling; Mary married George Gorman; Joseph married Caroline Protzman; George W. married Ann Virginia Rohrer; Susannah married Daniel Beckel; Reuben married Mary Protzman. The sons were largely engaged in business, and the husbands of the daughters became wealthy and prominent citizens. John Rench, the brother-in-laAV and partner of Jonathan Harshman, was for many years one of the most active and enterprising business men of Dayton, and did much to promote the prosperity of the town. His descendants are numerous in Dayton aud highly respected. Ferry rates were fixed by the county commissioners in June, 1805, as follows: For each loaded wagon and team, seventy -five cents; for each empty wagon and team, fifty cents; for each two- wheel carriage, thirty- seven and a half cents; for each man and horse, twelve and a half cents; for each foot person, six and a quarter cents. Doctors and lawyers were required to pay a license fee of three dollars each; taverns, nine dollars. The next year ferry rates were advanced and licenses were increased one dollar. There were two ferries over the Miami at Dayton; one at the foot of First Street, at the old ford on the road to Salem, and another at the foot of Fourth Street, on the road to Germantown. The First Street Ferry was used till 1819, when a bridge was built. In 1804 Mr. D. C. Cooper made a larger plat of Dayton than that of 1802; but though submitted for record on September 9th, it Avas not recorded until November 20, 1805. The plat of 1805 provided for a public square at the crossing at Main and Third streets. The center of 86 HISTORY OP DAYTON. the crossing was fixed as the center of the square, and at that point a court house was to be built. June, 1805, the county commissioners advertised in Cincinnati and Lexington, Kentucky, papers for proposals for building a brick court house at Dayton, forty-two by thirty-eight feet in size, and two stories high. February 3, 1806, the contract was let Though not finished, it was occupied in the winter of 1807. It stood on the present court house lot instead of, as had been contemplated in Mr. Cooper's plat, in the center of the Main and Third Street crossing. It contained jury rooms in the second story and a court room on the first floor. In 1815 a cupola was added, in which in 1816 a bell was hung. Curwen says that the buHding, as first completed, was but of one story. It was removed about the year 1847. ^ In 1806 D. C. Cooper built a brick store room on the northeast corner of Main and First streets, and entering into partnership with John Comp ton, opened a stock of goods there. The same year James Steele, who since November 12, 1805, had been in partnership in Dayton with William McClure, built a brick store of two stories on the southeast corner of Main and First streets. November 30, 1807, McClure and Steele dissolved partnership. Mr. Steele, on the 2d of December, 1807, entered into partnership with Joseph Peirce, and they continued the business of general merchandising together in "his new brick house, opposite John Compton's store," till Mr. Peirce's death, in 1822. This building remained without alteration till 1865, when it was removed, and Turner's opera house, which was burned in 1869, erected on the site. The building of Cooper's and Steele's stores drcAV business from the river bank towards the center of town. Brown & Sutherland, and II. G. PhiHips also had stores on Main Street. The Dayton merchants kept a miscellaneous stock of articles, selling dry goods, groceries, medicines, stationery; almanacs, Avhich Avere in great demand, books, queensware, glass, hardAvare, iron, nails, and cast ings. When cash payments could not be obtained, wheat, rye, corn-fed pork, corn, or other merchantable produce, "suitable for the Orleans market," Avas taken in payment, if delivered in time for the spring trip south by flatboat. Mechanics were wilHng to receive similar articles in payment for their labor, if delivered before the work was taken aAvay from the shop. Until as late as 1840 all merchants kept bottles of wine and whisky on their counters, from which customers Avere expected to help themselves. Hitching posts and feed boxes Avere always provided in front of the stores. Every spriug the merchants went to Philadelphia to buy goods. The DAYTON INCORPORATED. 87 journey was usually made on horseback over rough, unimproved roads and occupied a month. The streams were not bridged, and were diffi cult especially during high water, to cross. '"Is he a good swimmer?' was a common question when a man was trying to sell a customer a horse." The way occasionally lay for miles t)irough uninhabited Avoods with no protection for horse or traveler in bad ;rtfeather but the overhang ing branches of a tree, in which the rider, having secured his animal, sometimes climbed for the night, or perhaps he took refuge under a fallen tree top. All travelers carried arms. Women and children, who emigrated to Ohio, or who visited the East at this period, usually traveled on horseback. Babies were sometimes "carried in a net swung round the father's neck and rested on the pommel of the saddle." A led horse sometimes carried the clothes of the traveler, but they were generally packed in saddle bags, which were swung across the back of his horse. Often the unbeaten bridle path at the western end of the journey was difficult to follow, as it was merely a narrow track marked by blazed trees. They frequently camped in the AVOods, often, fearing otherwise to lose their bearings, close to the path. To keep off wild animals, fires were built at night, but what was a protection against one savage foe sometimes attracted the attention of roving bauds of Indians, who were even more dangerous to encounter than panthers or wolves. Often the trip between Pittsburg and Cincinnati was made in a flatboat, and part of the journey was sometimes by wagon, but there were no public conveyances. Such appeals as the foHowing, from merchants preparing to make the annual trip across the mountains, frequently appear in the Dayton Repertory: " expects to start to Philadelphia in a very few weeks, and will be very much in want of cash. Any persons in his debt are called upon to make payment before the last day of March. He will receive in payment fur, beesAvax, or talloAV." Merchandise for Dayton stores was brought across the Alleghany mountains from Philadelphia to Pittsburg in huge Conestoga wagons draAvn by horses, wearing red yokes hung with jingling bells to warn travelers through the narrow mountain passes of their approach. At Pittsburg the goods were loaded on flat- boats, popularly known as broad horns, and floated down to Cincinnati, from whence they were usually poled up the Miami to Dayton in keel boats. They were often brought on pack horses, which Avas a quicker mode of transit than by water. It was a common sight to see these long " line teams," often of a dozen horses tied together in single file, the leader wearing a bell and each animal carrying two hundred pounds, moving up Main Street to unload at one of the four stores. A train of this length was accompanied by three or four men equipped with rifle. HISTORY OP DAYTON. ammunition, axe, and blanket. The game in the woods supplied them with food. Men were stationed at each end of the file to take care ofthe leader and hind horse, keep the train going and watch over the goods. Sometimes the train was made up of loose horses taught by long experi ence and service to follow each other without being fastened together. At night during the journey up the valley, bells were attached to the necks of all the horses, and they were turned loose to graze till morning. In July, 1806, Mr. Crane, of Lebanon, endeavored to estabHsh a ncAvspaper here. After issuing a few numbers, he was attacked with ague, and, in consequence of this- illness, abandoned his project and returned to Lebanon. No file of the paper has been preserved, and even its name is forgotten. In 1807 the Dayton Academy was incorporated by the legislature. The corporators were James Welsh, Daniel C. Cooper, William McClure, George F. Tennery, John Folkerth, and James Hamer. WiHiam M. Smith was the first teacher. In 1808 a brick school house was built by subscription on the west side of St. Clair, near Third Street Mr. D. C. Cooper presented the bell and two lots. During the winter of 1807 and 1808 a debating club "was formed. Its meetings and also spelHng matches, which were very popular entertainments, were held in the school house for several winters. John Folkerth, who was one of the incorporators of the academy, came here from Baltimore among the earliest settlers. Soon after his arrival, he was elected magistrate, which position he held for more than forty years. In 1829, under the amended town charter, he was elected first mayor of Dayton. He was a man of sterling integrity, and a great reader of good books. He was one of the founders of the Dayton Library Association, the first library incorporated by the Ohio legislature. In the early history of the town, much the largest part of the deeds were drawn by him, and no doubt his distinct but peculiar chirography is familiar to many of our citizens. Quiet and unobtrusive in his manner, he was held iu the highest esteem by those Avho knew him best Four of his children are living in Dayton: Russell, who is engaged in business at the advanced age of eighty-three years; Mrs. William Atkin, and Rebecca and Margaret. March 1, 1807, by the formation of Miami County, Montgomery County was reduced to the territory now within both Montgomery and Preble counties. This year roads were opened from Dayton to Piqua, New Lexing ton, Salem, Greenville, Xenia, Germantown, Lebanon, FrankHn, and Miamisburg. Most of these roads were very narrow and cut up into DAYTON INCORPORATED. deep wagon ruts, and were not much improved tiH 1839. A bridle path was, in the winter of 1810-1811, contracted for and cut through from Dayton to Vincennes, a distance of two hundred miles. The same winter the State Road, known as the "old corduroy road," which Avas almost impassable in winter, or bad Aveather, was built, and ran east and west through the toAvn. Mud holes and low places were filled with poles, which floated, and through which horses' feet would sink. Travelers were often delayed for hours by such accidents to their horses. AH roads were neglected till 1812, AA'hen those from Franklin to Staunton through Dayton, the road south to Lebanon, and the river road from the foot of Fourth Street, Dayton to Alexanders ville, which were military. roads, were kept in tolerable repair by the quartermaster's department of the army. At the fall election of 1808 one hundred and ninety-six votes were cast at the Dayton court house. This year Henry Brown erected a tAvo-story brick dwelling ou the west side of Main Street, on the -alley between Second and Third streets. This was the first brick private residence built in Dayton. It was occupied till 1863 as a dwelling, and from then till it was torn down as the Journal office. The first number of the Dayton Repertory, a weekly four-page news paper, was issued September 18, 1808, by William McClure and George Smith. It was printed with old style type on a second-hand press, brought here from the East, and ou paper eight by twelve and one half inches in size, two columns on a page. October 21st, Avhen five numbers had been issued, the paper was suspended till February 1, 1809, when it was reissued as a twelve by twenty sheet, Henry Disbrow and William McClure editors. During tbe suspension, the office was removed to the south side of Second, between Main and Jeff'erson streets. The price of the paper was two dollars per year. About the first of January, 1810, it Avas discontinued. It contained very few local items, but was principally occupied Avith European ncAvs' several .months old. The advertisements aud a few marriage or death notices constitute its chief interest for us. A file is preserved in the Dayton PubHc Library. As the advertising columns of a ncAvspaper usually furnish a vivid picture of a town or city, a sketch of the advertisements found in the Repertory of 1808 may give us a glimpse of Dayton at that date. It contains the advertisements of John Compton, H. G. PhHlips, and Steele & Peirce, merchants; John Dodson, carpenter; John lianna, weav ing establishment, south end of Main Street; John and Archibald Burns, sickle factory; John Strain & Company, nail factory, southwest side of 90 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Main, between Monument Avenue and First Street; James Beck, blue dying establishment— cotton dyed at seventy-five cents per pound, linen or woolen at sixty-two and a half cents. David Steele had a cooper shop on First Street, near St. Clair. Thomas Nutt carried on the tailoring business in all its branches, doing Avork " on the most reasonable terms and at the shortest notice." In each number of the Repertory is found the advertisement of Matthew Patton, cabinet-maker, showing that he had something of the modern enterprise in this respect. He lived to old age in Dayton, always bearing an excellent reputation. Ilis son. Captain WiHiam Patton, has filled the offices of sheriff' of Montgomery County, and captain of the Dayton police. Paul D. Butler advertises his house for sale in 1808, which he describes " as large and commodious, and will answer for almost any business; good well and pump at the door; frame stable." In May, 1809, Henry Dis brow, now one of the editors of the Repertory, advertises two lots and "an elegant two-story frame house, forty-five feet front and twenty-four feet back; a good kitchen adjoining; good well of water at the door; good nail factory and stable; situation good for either tavern or store; post and rail fence." He off'ers to take in pay instead of cash, "such produce as will suit the Orleans market." March 20th the troop of Light Dragoons are requested through the Repertory " to meet at Colonel Grimes' tavern on Saturday, the 1st of April, at 10 o'clock A. M., in complete uniform; George Grove, first sergeant." D. C. Cooper informs the farmers that he is prepared to card wool. The publishers of the Repertory advertise for sale at their office for cash or clean rags, stationery and school books, Kentucky Preceptors, Webster's spelHng books, Murray's first book for chHdren, and primers. Apprentices, with reputable connections and of good moral character, are several times advertised for by business men. They did not ahvays prove submissive to their masters. On DecemberlO, 1810, H. D. Disbrow offers through the columns of the Gentinal the reward of one cent to any person who will return his runaway apprentice lad. The only accident reported in the Repertory is the drowning of an unknown man in Mad River, June 30, 1809. There were three taverns in Dayton in 1808— McCullum's, Grimes', and Reid's, though the latter was called Reid's inn. Colouel Reid gave notice in the Repertory that, though he should no longer keep a tavern at his house on Main Street, he Avould open a house of entertainment there. The change was made to avoid paying the tavern license of ten dollars. Reid's inn was a two-story frame building with a belfry and stood on the west side of Main Street, at. DAYTON INCORPORATED. 91 the corner of the alley between First and Second streets. In a square frame on a post, which stood on the edge Of the sidewalk, swung his sign on Avliich at a later date than this was painted the portrait of Commodore Lawrence and a scroll with his last words, "Don't give up the ship." Below hung the small sign, Reid's Inn. Grimes' tavern was a log building, one and a half stories high, with a log barn and feed yard on the alley back of it. It stood on the south corner of the first alley on Main Street, south of Monument Avenue. Several frame additions were built to the tavern some years later, and the large dining-room -of the house became the popular place for dances and balls. Dayton had now become an enterprising little town. The taverns, stores, pack-horses, and flatboats were doing a good business. Roads were opened to the surrounding settlements. There were three doctors, a minister, a school teacher, and a lawyer, Joseph H. Crane, living in town. A biography of Joseph H. Crane appears in the chapter on the "Bench and Bar." The west side of Main Street, as far as the alley north of the court house, and a square or two on First Street, east and west of Main, were occupied by residences. The streets were not graveled, and no pains were taken to keep the sidewalks in order. The fences were usually stake-and-rider, though a fcAV were post and rail. The Dayton physicians in 1808 and 1809 were Rev. James Welsh, M. D.; Dr. John Elliott, Dr. William Murphy, and Dr. P. Wood. Dr. Welsh had practiced medicine here aud kept a supply of drugs since his settle ment in Dayton, in 1804, as pastor of the First Presbyterian Church. December 7, 1809, he opened a drug store. He advertised a long list of fresh drugs and medicines. Over his signature in the Repertory, February 20, 1809, he prints the following spicy address to delinquent patients. We wonder whether his parishioners were as dilatory in paying for his spiritual as for his medical ministrations: "TAKE NOTICE! " I must pay my debts. To do this is impracticable unless those who are indebted to me pay me what they owe. All such are once more and for the last time called on to come forward and make payment before the 25th of March next, or, disagreeable as it is, compulsory measures may be certainly expected." Dr. WilHam Murphy, Avho had practiced medicine here for two or three years, died March 1, 1809. Dr. John Elliott alsoclied this year. He had been a surgeon in the 92 HISTORY OP DAYTON. United States Army during the Revolution, and also in the West under St. Clair and Wayne, and was mustered out with his regiment in 1802. Dr. Drake, a distinguished Cincinnati physician, says of Dr. Elliott, in an "Address on Pioneer Physicians," delivered in Cincinnati: "In the summer of 1804 I saw him in Dayton, a highly accomplished gentleman in a purple silk coat, which contrasted strangely* with the surrounding thickets of brush and high bushes." The "purple silk coat" appears rather bizarre when contrasted with the subdued colors now worn by gentlemen; but high colors were the fashion in the time ofthe Revolution aud for some time afterward. Dr. Elliott practiced medicine here for several years, and was highly esteemed. He died March 26, 1809, and was buried with martial honors. His remains were accompanied to the burying ground by Captain Steele's troop of horse, and Captain Butler's company of infantry, together with the clergy of the neighborhood and a large concourse of people from town and country, and of the latter to some considerable distance. An appropriate address was delivered at the grave by one of the ministers. The Repertory contains a long eulogistic obituary of Dr. Elliott. He was a great loss, socially and professionally, to the community. His wife died before he came to Dayton. He had two daughters; Julia, who married Joseph H. Crane, and Harriet, who married Joseph Peirce. They were prominent and useful pioneer ladies. April 9, 1809, the Repertory contains the advertisement of Dr. P. Wood. He opened in Reid's inn an office and a drug store for the sale of "medicine in the small," which was the first apothecary's shop established here. One of the earliest settlers Avas Abram Darst, who was born in FrankHn County, Virginia, July 25, 1782; came to Dayton in 1805, and was at the date we have now reached, and for many years afterwards -engaged in business here. He was a man of sterling integrity, highly esteemed by the community, aud occupied many positions of trust and importance. His wife was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, April 2, 1787, and came to Dayton in 1807. Mr. Darst died February 9, 1865. His wife Hved to be ninety-five /ears old, dying December 12, 1882. Mrs. Darst was a typical pioneer woman, full of energy and gifted with the faculty of taking care of a large household aud at the same time assisting her husband in his business, as was the custom in Dayton at that day. Many a lesson of cheerfulness, patience, industry, and thrift might be learned from the laborious but contented lives of the wives of the founders of Dayton, could their biographies be given at length. One of our old merchants attributed his success largely to the assistance of his wife, and DAYTON INCORPORATED. 93 what was true of her was true of many others. Mr. and Mrs. Darst had ten children: Julia, Christina, Mary, Sarah, Phebe, Martha, Napoleon B., John W., Samuel B., and Alfred Britain. The daughters all married prominent business men. Julia married James Perrine; Christina married W. B. Dix; Mary married Jacob Wilt; Sarah married W. C. Davis; Martha married George M. Dixon. Napoleon B. Darst married Susanna, daughter of Valentine Winters. In 1809 Mr. Cooper made a revised plat ofthe town which conformed to deeds and patents, and to the plat made by St. Clair and his associates in' 1795. The present town plat is essentially that of 1809, though large additions have been made. On the 4th of July, 1809, the people had a grand celebration. There was a procession of militia and citizens from the toAvn and vicinity which formed on the river bank at the head of Main Street and marched to the court house, where they listened to appropriate singing and an oration. At the close of the exercises the procession reformed and marched to the house of Henry Disbrow, where an elegant dinner was served, tickets costing fifty cents. A number of patriotic toasts were drunk. Salutes were fired by- the Dayton company of infantry, commanded by Captain Paul D. Butler, and by Captain James Steele's troop of Light Dragoons. Benjamin Van Cleve, Oavcu Davis, and William M. Smith were the committee of arrangements. They had various sports and games in the afternoon and a dance in the evening. This year an ordinance of the select council ordered all males of twenty-one years old and upwards, resident within the corporation, and who had lived in the State three months, and were not a township charge, and not physically incapable, to Avork for two days every year on the streets and roads under the direction of a supervisor, the penalty of disobedience to the order being a fine of one dollar. September 6, 1809, the first Montgomery County political convention was held at the court house. David Reid was moderator; Benjamin Van . Cleve, clerk. The nominations were as foHoAvs: For representatives in State legislature, Joseph H. Crane, Montgomery County; David Purvi- ance, Preble County; for sheriff', Jerome Holt; coroner, David Squier;-^ commissioner, John Folkerth. Six hundred votes were cast at the election and the Avhole of this ticket was elected. On the 9th a second convention had been held, and opposition candidates for sheriff' and commissioner nominated. David Purviance, in a letter to William McClure, dated Chillicothe, December 29, 1809, makes the following allusion to his colleague: "Mr. Crane is the only lawyer who is a member of the house of representatives. He conducts with prudence, and is in good repute as 94 HISTORY OF DAYTON. a member." Isaac G. Burnet was president of the select council this year, and John Folkerth, recorder. The Great Miami Avas navigable, both above and below Dayton, during the greater part of the year for keel-boats, which were built like canal boats, only slighter and sharper, as well as for 'flatboats till about 1820, Avhen the numerous mill dams, that had by that time been erected, obstructed the channel. From that date till 1829, Avhen the canal was opened, freighting south by water, except what was done in flatboats during floods, Avas almost abandoned. That some conception of the extent and value of the boating interest during this period may be formed, all the facts in regard to it that have been collected will be given in this place, though the account will extend to a date several years in advance of the other events related in this chapter. The boats were often loaded with produce, taken in exchange for goods, work, or even for lots and houses, for business men, instead of having money to deposit in bank or to invest, Avere frequently obHged to send cargoes of articles received in place of cash, south or north for sale. Cherry and walnut logs and lumber were brought down the river by rafts. The flatboatmen sold their boats when they arrived at New Orleans, and buying a horse, returned home by land. Flatboats were "made of green oak plank fastened by wooden pins to a frame of timber, aud caulked with tow or any other pHant substance that eould be pro cured," and were inclosed and roofed Avith boards. They were only used in descending streams, and floated with the current. Long, SAveeping oars fastened at both ends of the boat, Avorked by men standing on the deck, were employed to keep it in the channel, and in navigating difficult and dangerous places in the river. The Dayton Repertory for May 24, 1809, contains the first notice of a Dayton fiatboat published here. It says : " A fiat-bottomed boat, owned by Mr. John Compton, of this place, descended the Miami yesterday. She was loaded with pork, flour, bacon, and Avhisky, and destined for Fort Adams." Mr. Compton's boat got safely through to the Ohio, though, on account of low water and changes iu the channel of the river, at Hamilton navigation Avas considered dangerous. Other flatboats also made the trip this year, but it took them tAvo or three weeks to reach the mouth of the Miami. The Rvpcrtory, noticing the safe passage of Mr. Compton's boat, says: "Notwithstanding the representations made of the danger in navigating the Great Miami, Ave are Avell convinced that nothing is wanting but care and attention to take our boats with gafety from this place." During this year and the next there was much complaint that the DAYTON INCORPORATED. 95 Miami, Mad River, and Stillwater had become so obstructed Avith brush dams and fish baskets as to impede navigation, and a petition was presented to the legislature praying that Mad River might be declared a public highway, and that the channel of the Great Miami so far as the mouth of Stony Creek, be declared a state road, and that a part of the three per cent fund set apart by government for the improvement of highways, be appropriated to the opening thereof. An effort was also made to have the channel of Stillwater declared a public highAvay. Fish baskets, of which frequent mention is made in the newspapers of the day, were made by building a dam on the riffles so as to concentrate the water at the middle of the river, where an oyjeuing was made into a box constructed of slats and placed at a lower level than the dam. Into this box the fish ran, but Avere unable to return. A basket of this kind remained on the riffle at the foot of First Street as late as 1830. Paul D. Butler, on the 21st of August, 1809, gives notice in the Repertory of his intention to navigate the Great Miami from Dayton to the mouth of Stony Creek as soon as the season will permit, and fore warns all persons obstructing the navigation by erecting fish baskets or any other obstructions that he is determined to prosecute those who erect them. He and Henry Disbrow soon after proceeded to build two keel boats. They were built during the Avinter of 1809-1810 in the street in front of the court house, and when finished Avere moved on rollers up Main Street to the river and launched. They ascended the Miami to the Laramie portage, which was as far as they could go. Then one of their boats was taken out of the river and drawn across to the St. Mary's. For some time this boat made regular trips on the Maumee and the other on the Miami, the portage between them being about twelve miles across. A freight Hne, which did a good business, was thus established between Dayton and Lake Erie by -way of the Miami, Auglaize, and Maumee rivers. The fiatboating business yearly increased tiH 1829. Nine flatboats left the Water Street landing on May 13 and 14, 1811, for New Orleans. They were loaded Avith flour, grain, salt, pork, Avhisky, and pelts. AH the boats arrived safely at their destination except one Avhich was wrecked at a point twelve miles doAvn the river. A private letter dated Dayton March 28, 1812, says : " We had a snow storm on Sunday last, eight inches deep, but as it went off' immediately it did not sweH the river sufficiently to let PhiHips' and Smith's boats out." Boats usually started when the spring freshet had raised the Miami. Shipments were generally made from Broadwell's old red warehouse, at the head of Wilkinson Street, which was a busy, bustHng place when 96 HISTORY OP DAYTON. the boatmen Avere hurrying their cargoes on board, in order to get away Avhile the flood was at its height. The red Avarehouse itself was floated off' in the freshet of 1828. Boats built up the river landed and tied up at Daj'ton to join those built here, and they all proceeded south in a fleet. The trip to the Ohio usually occupied about a week, and it often took six or ten weeks more for the remainder of the voyage to New Orleans. Sometimes groceries were brought by river from New Orleans to Cincin nati, and then in Avagons to Dayton. Some of the difficulties and delays of the upward trip are described in the following letter, addressed to Steele & Peirce by Baum & Perry, Cincinnati, December 29, 1812: "We have just had the arrival of our barge from New Orleans. She was delayed at the falls for nearly two weeks before she could get over, and after she got over, detained five or six days, Avaiting for the loading to be hauled from the lower landing to the upper, and finally had to come away with part of her cargo only, there being no Avagous to be had, and ever since she left that place has been obliged to force her way for two weeks past through the ice. These are the circumstances Avhich prevented her arriving sooner. Knowing that sugar is much wanting at your place, have thought it advisable to load Mr. Enoch's wagon, and let it proceed to your town Avith that article, to Avit, Avith six boxes weighing as foHows: 438 pounds for Mr. Henry Brown; 448 pounds. Cooper & Burnet; 432 pounds, Isaac Spining; 480 pounds, Robert Wilson; 510 pounds, Steele & Peirce; 430 pounds. Major Churchill." The sugar Avas twenty cents a pound by the single box, and eighteen and three quarters cents per pound, if three boxes Avere taken by one person. The freightage by wagon was one dollar per hundred weight. In 1815 people began to congratulate themselves that the success of steamboats on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers was assured, and that they would enhance the value of property in the western country. Men of enterprise and capital on the Ohio River Avere making arrangements to import goods from Europe, by way of New Orleans, on ocean steamers and river steamboats. The citizens of Dayton Avished to share the advantage of this direct importation from Europe; otherwise they thought their Cincinnati contemporaries would groAV rich, Avhile the vast sums of money sent from along the Miami beyond the mountains to buy goods must leave them poor. The farmer could not wagon his produce to the Ohio with advantage. The Miami Avas a public highway, and an individual had the same right to fence off' one of the public roads as to impede the navigation of that stream; yet fish traps and miH dams had almost ruined the navigation of the river. A writer in the Republican for September 4, 1815, Avhom we have DAYTON INCORPORATED. 97 already quoted, says that "the wealth and increased population of the waters of the Great Miami demand immediate attention to the navigation of that stream, without which the country loses half of its value." "Will the people tamely submit to suft'er a few men so essentially to injure the country ? The obstructions in the river must be removed. All are interested in an object so important, and it is hoped the settlers on the waters of the Great Miami will immediately turn their attention to improving its navigation." As a result of all this agitation of the subject, a navigation board seems to have been appointed, which met for the first time at the house of John C. Tenney, in Franklin, on the fourth Monday of May, 1816. The board consisted of the following gentlemen: William C. Schenck and William Sayre, of Warren County; James Thomson and James Steele, of Montgomery; AndrcAV Reed and John Cox, of Greene; Jonah Baldwin and Samuel Tibbs, of Champaign; Fielding Loury and John Rogers, of Miami County. All the members were urged to attend the meeting, whieh was evidently considered of much importance. December 30, 1817, a number of citizens of Dayton and this vicinity met at Colonel Reid's inn and formed an importing and exporting com pany. It was thought that such an association would be productive of much good to this neighborhood, as the navigation of the Great Miami would soon be opened and our farmers find a market for their produce just at their doors. In March and April, 1818, seventeen hundred barrels of fiour for the New Orleans market A\'ere put on board boats at Dayton and at points a few miles higher up the river. During the last week of March, 1819, eight flatboats and one handsome keel-boat loaded here, shoved off' from the landing for the markets below, and several flatboats loaded with flour, pork, and whisky also passed down the Miami. This year a second line of keel-boats was established for carrying grain and produce up the Miami. At Laramie it was transferred, after a portage across the land intervening between the two rivers, to other boats and transported down the Maumee to the rapids, which was the point of transfer from river boats to lake vessels. At the rapids there was a large warehouse for storage of cargoes. In May Daytonians were gratified to see a large keel-boat, upwards of seventy feet in length and with twelve tons of merchandise on board, belonging ,to H. G. PhiHips, and Messrs. Smith and Eaker, arrive here from Cincinnati. She was the only keel-boat that had for a number of years been brought this far up the Miami, as the river between here and its mouth had been much obstructed. The Watchman, after announcing 98 HISTORY OF DAYTON. this arrival, says that the time is not far distant when it will not be considered a novel sight to see keel-boats and barges arrive from below, but impresses upon its readers the fact that if this anticipation is to be realized, the Avork of removing mill dams and other obstructions from the river, Avhich had been begun, must be energetically continued till completed. This year an exporting and importing association, called the "Corn- pan}' of Miami Farmers," Avas organized by citizens of Montgomery County. Among the corporators Avere B. Van Cleve, John H. Williams, David Huston, Jerome Holt, and David Hoover. For several days previous to the 21st of April, 1821, the Miami was very high, and a number of boats with fine cargoes of the produce of the country passed down the river. The Watchman, in the spring of this year, contained an article expatiating on the value of the Miami River: "Another advantage Avhich this country possesses is the ease Avith Avhich its produce may be trans ported to NcAV York by the improvement of the navigation of the Miami and the St. Mary's rivers. This improvement may be made at a very trifling expense. . . . The markets of New York and Ncav Orleans would be accessible to our produce. The spectacle avHI some day be presented here of water craft in a canal that shall unite the Avaters of Lake Erie with those of the Ohio. The scene of navigation the Miami now presents to Dayton will be then changed to the canal. It is very pleasing to anticipate the time Avhen Ave shall have boats almost at our doors ready to carry us to the Gulf of Mexico, or the city of Ncav York, and when we shall have stages passing on the National road through Dayton from the remote State of Maine to Missouri." What Avould the readers of the Watchman have thought had the writer of this communication added to his other prophecies the building of our innumerable lines of raihvays, an improvement Avhich probably did not suggest itself to the imagination of the most sanguine Daytonian! In 1822 for the first time the Dayton paper expresses a doubt of the possibility of navigating the Miami. It says that such is the composition of the bed of the river, and so liable is it to change, that every freshet would make it necessary to repeat the work of improvement, and the expense would be very great. Seven flat-bottom boats and one keel-boat left here on the 16th of March, 1822, for New Orleans. It was thought that they ran great risk in starting, and that the Miami was not high enough to carry them over the miH dams. All the boats did not get safely through. As the people of the Miami vaHey had so far faHed in securing a DAYTON INCORPORATED. 99 canal, movements were renewed in 1824 for the navigation of the river. They now hoped that the channel could be so much improved that steamboats might be run between Dayton and Cincinnati. A large and enthusiastic meeting was held at Reid's inn, "at early candle light," Saturday, April 24th, for the formation of a central navigation company, Avith branch companies throughout the Miami country. James Steele was chairman, George S. Houston secretary of the meeting. Various committees Avere appointed, composed of the foHoAving gentlemen : Joseph H. Crane, Alexander Grimes, George W. Smith, Ii. G. Phillips, WilHam Griffin, C. R. Greene, and G. S. Houston. It was suggested that locks might easily be placed in the side of the dams that now obstructed the river, and the channel cleared and deepened, Avork in which the farmers would no doubt be willing to assist personally, if they could not contribute money to pay laborers. It was estimated that a 'boat capable of carrying a cargo of about tAvo hundred and fifty barrels, and drawing, when loaded, nearly three feet of water, would cost five thousand, four hundred dollars, and could pass from Dayton to Cincinnati and back during three months of the year. The remainder of the year it could be run, with profit, between Cincinnati and Pittsburg. The profits for the three months were reck oned at six thousand, four hundred and fifteen dollars, and fifty cents for freight, and nine hundred and ninety dollars for passengers. The fare would be four dollars down and five dollars up the river; deck passengers, two dollars. It was thought there would be about six passengers each trip. It was proposed to make five trips per month, each trip requiring five or six days. But the navigation company was a failure, and the little steamboat was not purchased. The last week in April, 1824, three flat-bottomed boats left for the New Orleans market, and another passed here from sixteen miles further north. All got through safely. One of the boats contained four hundred barrels of flour, forty of whisky, ancl one thousand pounds of bacon. Saturday and Sunday, March 26 and 27, 1825, were unusually exciting days in Dayton among boatmen, miHers, distillers, farmers, merchants, and teamsters, as a fleet of thirty or more boats that had been embargoed here by low water left their moorings bound for Ncav Orleans. Rain had begun to fall on Wednesday and continued till Friday, Avhen the river rose. "The people," says the Watchman, "flocked to the banks, returning with cheerful countenances, saying, 'The boats will get off'.' On Saturday all was the busy hum of a seaport; wagons were conveying flour, pork, whisky, etc., to the diff'erent boats strung along the river. Several arrived during the day from the north. On Sunday morning others came down, 100 HISTORY OF DAYTON. the water began to faH, and the boats carrying about forty thousand dollars worth of the produce of the country got under way." The whole value of the cargoes that left the Miami above and below Dayton during this freshet Avas estimated as at least one hundred thousand dollars. Some of the boats were stove and the flour damaged, but»most of them passed safely to their destination. Twelve boats left here for New Orleans in February, 1827, from Montgomery and Miami counties, chiefiy loaded with flour, pork, and whisky. Their cargoes were worth about twenty thousand dollars. The river had been high and in fine boating condition for some days. A number of boats also left on the 29th of April. Two of them struck on a rock in going over the Broad Ripple and one immediately sunk. The other, belonging to Phillips and Perrine, and chiefly loaded with flour, was able to proceed, though considerably injured. The editor of the Dayton paper closes his notice of this accident by saying that he believed that the loss on the river during his recollection equaled the amount required to make one sixth of the Miami canal, and that for this as well as other reasons all would rejoice to see the completion of this all im portant improvement. In February, 1828, the last boat, loaded with produce for Ncav Orleans, left here by the Miamj. The next year freight began to be shipped south by canal. As late as 1836, and perhaps a year later, when the canal was opened to Piqua, the line of boats on the river to the north was continued. April 23rd a conference of ministers and laymen, Avhich met at the house of Colonel Robert Patterson, near Dayton, requested Rev. John Thomson, in conjunction with David Purviance, Samuel Westei-field, WiHiam Snodgrass, and William McClure, to collect and arrange the hymns, and prepare for the press a book, to be called the Christian Hymn Book, containing two hundred and fifty hymns. The price Avas not to exceed seventy five cents a copy; it Avas to be printed with good type on good paper, and to be well bound. It Avas published at the Gentinal office, Dayton, as according to a letter written by John Thomson to WilHam McClure on May 10th, they could not "get the Avork done anywhere on better terms than at Mr. Burnet's." WiHiam McClure, of Dayton, received subscriptions. This Avas the first work printed or published in Dayton. In the summer of 1810, the Indians were encamped at Greenville. There were twenty-four hundred of them living in Ohio, though many had emigrated to the West. Five hundred and fifty-nine of them Hved at Wapakoneta. Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, were uniting the Indians in the West and South, in a league against the whites, and their movements were watched by Dayton people with much anxiety. DAYTON INCORPORATED. 101 In 1810 D. C. Cooper was elected president of the select council and James Steele recorder. The population of Dayton was three hundred and eighty-three; the population of the county was seven thousand, seven hundred and twenty- two. The revenue of the county for 1809-1810 was one thousand, six hundred and forty-four dollars, and fifteen cents. Curwen exultingly contrasts the small income of the county in 1810 with the ninety thousand dollars raised by taxation in 1850, which seems a small amount when contrasted with 1888, when the amount levied was one million, twenty-one thousand, four hundred and eighty dollars. In 1810 the county commissioners paid thirty dollars for wolf scalps. The next year they paid twenty-two dollars. An ordinance, passed by council in 1810, indicates the size of the town at that date. The ordinance provided for the improvement of the sidewalks along Monument Avenue, then called Water Street, front Main to Mill Street; along First, from Ludlow to St. Clair, except the south side of First, between Jeff'erson arid St. Clair; and on Main Street, from Monument Avenue to Third Street. The walks were ordered to be "laid with stone or brick, or to be completely graveled, and a ditch dug along the outer edge of the walks," aud people were forbidden to drive over the walks, except when absolutely necessary. Fines imposed for the infringement of this ordinance were to be expended in making walks across the streets. The Ohio Gentinal, which had appeared on May 10th, when Dayton had been five months without a newspaper, says, in an editorial, that there will be general rejoicing among citizens and visitors from the country on account of the passage of this law. The Gentinal succeeded the Rep)ertory, and was eleven by nine inches in size, aud published weekly by Isaac G. Burnet till 1813, when it was discontinued. The editorials are remarkably interesting and Avell Avritten, for the editor was a man of talent and education. Editors in those days labored under many difficulties. In consequence of the high water in July, 1810, the eastern mail, due two or tliree days before, had not arrived here on the 26th, when the Gentinal appeared. The same month, on account of the illness of the private post rider employed by Mr. Burnet and the impossibility of procuring another at the busy season of the year, subscribers out of toAvn Avere obliged to do without their paper for two weeks. The Fourth of July was celebrated as last year by a procession from the river to the court house, where the programme was as foHows: Sing ing of an ode; prayer by Rev. Dr. Welsh; reading of the Declaration of Independence by Benjamin Van Cleve, and an oration by Joseph H. 102 HISTORY OP DAYTON. Crane. The " oration Avas eloquent and well adapted to the occasion." The exercises were followed by a dinner under a bower. Seventeen toasts were drunk, and during the drinking of the toasts national salutes were fired. Though Dayton had groAvn steadily since its incorporation, it was still too insignificant in 1810 to appear on the maps of the United States in school books; but the people might have consoled themselves by remem bering that Cincinnati was also ignored h^ the map-makers. In 1810 a work called "A New System of Modern Geography," by Elijah Parish, D. D., Minister of Byfield, was published at Newburyport, Massachusetts. In this curious book, which professes to be very com- jplete, but is full of amusing blunders ancl omissions, Xenia is spelled Xenica, and Dayton and the Great Miami River are not mentioned. Marietta, which was founded by New Englanders, has more space devoted to it than that given to all the other towns put together. " No considerable towns are yet reared iu this vast wilderness," says Dr. Parish, in the chapter ou Ohio; "Xenica, the seat of justice for the county of Greene, lies on the Little Miami, six miles from the celebrated medicinal springs, near which is a mine of copper or gold. Cincinnati i.s the largest town of Ohio, containing four hundred houses. The public buildings are a court house, prison, and two places of public worship. It is four hundred and ninety-three miles from Pittsburg." On the 17th of September Colonel Jerome Holt assembled the Fifth regiment of militia at Dayton for training purposes. Militia trainings were gala occasions. Business was suspended, and crowds flocked iuto town to witness the drill and parade. The Dayton troop of Light Dragoons were notified in orders, signed by Henry Marquardt, second sergeant, to assemble equipped, as the law requires, at McCullum's tavern to join the regiment. In 1811 a colony of Shakers lived iu Dayton, and in May of that year they were mobbed and warned seA'eral times in insulting placards, placed on their gate-posts, to leave town or suff'er the consequences. They seem to have off'ered no resistance to these attacks of armed men, but made a moderate and sensible reply to their assailants in the Repertory, and declined to leave Dayton. Soon after they bought a fertile tract of land a few miles southeast of town ou Avhich they built a village, where the society still lives. It is hard to believe that these inoff'ensive people were ever hated or feared and mobbed by their neighbors. This year the 4th of July Avas celebrated with more than the usual spirit. The general committee of arrangements was composed of Dr. N. Edwards, Joseph II. Crane, and Joseph Peirce. DAYTON INCORPORATED. 103 A sermon was preached at an early hour in the day by Rev. Dr. Welsh. After divine service the usual procession to the court house formed on the Main Street bank of the river. The Declaratiou of Independence was read by Joseph H. Crane, and an oration was delivered by Benjamin Van Cleve. For many years there was little political excitement or animosity in Dayton. Members of both parties were sometimes nominated on the same ticket. But in 1811 the opposition of the two parties to each other had become so bitter and extreme that they were unwilling to dine to gether on the Fourth of July as in former years, and drink patriotic toasts prepared by a committee appointed at a town meeting. Two public dinners were prepared under bowers erected_for the occasion, one by Mr. Strain and the other by Mr. Graham. Each company drank seventeen toasts, expressing their political opinions, accompanied at Mr. Graham's by a discharge of small arms and ending with an eighteenth volunteer toast, which was in the spirit of those preceding it, and Avas as follows: " Thomas Jefferson, late President of the United States." The party at Mr. Strain's drank their toasts " under a discharge of cannon and loud and repeated cheers." The final volunteer toast, Avhich was as follows, indicates their attitude towards the Democratic party: "May our young Americans have firmness enough to defend their rights Avithout joining any Tammany club or society." In the afternoon the Rifie Company and the Dragoons paraded, and there was a dance in the evening. Mills, barns, still houses, and all outbuildings, other than dwellings, were in 1811 exempted from taxation. The commissioners ordered a standard half bushel. James Wilson was appointed keeper of the toieasujes, and announces in the Gentinal that he will be at his house in Dayton every Saturday to measure and seal half bushels. This fall croup, or some other throat disease called by that name, seems to have been epidemic in Dayton, and a large number of children died from it. The disease was attributed to " the sudden changes of this moist and variable climate," and the people were Avarned that if they would save the lives of their children, they must carefully guard them against exposure. A comet was visible in 1811, and this, together with the series of earthquakes throughout the Ohio valley, which occurred during that and the succeeding year, and neither of which had been experienced before since the settlement of the western country, were regarded with terror by the superstitious, who considered them evil portents, and ominous of private or public misfortune. The Gentinal contains graphic accounts of the earthquakes, from 104 HISTORY OF DAYTON. which we shall borroAV largely in our description of this terrible visit ation. On Monday and Tuesday, the 16th and 17th of December, 1811, the inhabitants of Dayton Avere kept in continual alarm by repeated shocks. The first and by far the severest shock Avas felt between two and three o'clock on Monday morning. It was so severe as to rouse almost every person in the village from his slumbers. Some left their houses in aff'riglit, and all were terrified at the unusual phenomenon. The horses and cattle were equally alarmed, and the fowls left their roosts in great consternation. It was not preceded by the usual token of a rumbling noise. The earth must have been in a constant tremor on Monday and Tuesday. A surveyor went out on Monday for the purpose of surveying a road in the neighborhood, but being unable to get the needle to settle, he was obliged to desist. He tried it again on Tuesday, with the same eff'ect. Between eight and nine o'clock on Thursday morning, January 23, 1812, occurred another shock of earthquake more severe, it Avas generally supposed, than any of those which had preceded it. It was equally alarming at Cincinnati and other adjacent toAvns. Several considerable shocks followed, the most severe occurring on the morning of the 27th. It agitated the houses considerably, and articles suspended in stores were kept iu motion about one minute. About a quarter before four o'clock Friday morning, February 13th, the people were again alarmed by this awful visitor. Tavo shocks in quick succession were felt. The rumbling noise, Avhich is the usual precursor and attendant of earthquakes, Avas distinctly heard to precede and accompany both the shocks. Those who were not awake at the commencement were sensible of but one shock; but there Avere certainly two, though the intermission was but momentary. There Avas an inter mission both in the noise and the agitation of the earth; not a total one, but a perceptible degree of abatement in both. The noise appeared for a few moments to be subsiding, but recommenced with increasing loudness, and continued till the second shock was nearly or quite at its height. It was by far the most awful,-both in its severity and the length of its duration, of any that had been felt in Dayton, and left an impression upon the minds of the people which many years did not erase. Persons who experienced it in. youth spoke of it in old age with a shudder of horror. The motion on February 13th was from the southAvest, and many thought there was also a vertical motion, and that the undulatory motion was shorter and quicker than usual. The air was cold and remarkably clear, but became hazy shortly after. Many of the inhab itants left their houses; the fowls left their roosts, and cattle and horses DAYTON INCORPORATED. 105 manifested the same consciousness of danger. In the evening of the same day tAvo other shocks were felt — the first about a quarter to eight o'clock, and the other about half past ten. It snowed, and the night was cloudy aud extremely dark. A dim light in the southwest Avas seen by several for some time prior to the first shock in the evening, and disap peared immediately after it. The number of the Gentinal, Avhich describes the shocks on February 13th, contains a frightful account ofthe earthquake which destroyed Ncav Madrid, on the Mississippi, and the people of Dayton, no doubt, read it with awe and dread, it being not impossible that a similar fate awaited them. All winter the newspapers Avere full of startling earthquake ucavs. On the 27th of June the most A'iolent tornado ever previously known in Ohio passed through Montgomery County about eight miles from Dayton. The physicians practicing in Dayton in 1812 were Dr. Edwards, Rev. Dr. Welsh, Dr. Charles Este, and Dr. John Steele. This year Joseph H. Crane was elected member of congress; George Newcom was elected State senator, and Joseph Peirce representative in the legislature. The revenue of the county for 1811-1812 was one thousand, seven hun dred and forty-eight dollars, and eighty-seven cents, and the expenditures, one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-eight dollars, and sixty-six cents. In January the government had begun to raise troops for the war with Great Britairi. While the Ohio militia Avere encamped at Dayton, D. C. Cooper emploj'ed them iu digging a race from his old saw mill to Sixth Street, at the intersection of which street with the present line of the basin he erected a saw mill Avhich remained there till 1848. A letter written from Dayton iu 1812 by a prominent merchant to his partner, who had gone east to buy goods, reports "business quite as good as could be expected. Groceries, especially coffee, are scarce in tOAvn. I think eight or ten barrels would not be tOo much for us if they can be purchased cheap. A good assortment of muslins to sell at twenty-five, thirty-three, thirty-seven and a half, forty-five, and fifty cents would be desirable, and if L. Pascson can furnish you with them as cheap at four months as for cash, I would purchase pretty largely." Soon after the same merchant wrote to a relative that he had been so overwhelmed with business since the arrival of the troops that he had not had time to attend to his correspondence. Dayton prospered during the Avar of 1812. A great deal of money Avas made in regular trade and in real estate speculations. Working men and mechanics began to buy homes in the spring of 1813, and " land was platted and sold in lots up Mad River as far as the Staunton Road ford." CHAPTER VIII. / War of 1812 — Aggressions of Great Britain — Tecumseh and the Prophet — Ohio Militia Ordered to Report at Dayton— General Munger Orders a Draft — Militia Bivouac Without Tents at Library Park— Governor Meigs Arrives — Issues a Call to Citizens for Blankets — Block Houses Built in M ntgomery County — Colonel Johnston Holds Council of Shawnees — Generals Gano and Cass Arrive — Three Regiments of Infantry Formed — First Troops Organized by Ohio — General Hull and Staff Arrive — Governor Meigs Sur renders Command to Hull — The Governor and General Review Troops — The Three Regiments March Across Mad River to Camp Meigs — Leave Camp Meigs for Detroit — DiflScult March — Arrive at Detroit in Good Spirits— Munger's Brigade Disbanded — Army Contractors Make Purchases at Dayton — Hull's Surrender — Consternation of the People — Hand Bill Issued at Dayton, Calling for Volunteers — Captain Steele's Company — Suffering of Families of Soldiers — Kentucky Troops Arrive — Harrison Calls for Volunteers and Horses — Dayton Ladies Make 1,800 Shirts lor Soldiers — Expedition Against Indians Near Muncietown — War Ended — Returning Troops Encamped on Main Street — Dayton Companies Welcomed Home. THE years of 1812 and 1813 were eventful years in the history of thg town, as Dayton was the rendezvous of the Ohio and Kentucky militia called out for service in the war against Great Britain. It might perhaps be correctly said that the treaty of peace signed in 1783 was succeeded by a merely nominal cessation of hostilities between the English and the Americans. The people of the United States had from the close of the Revolution been exasperated by the aggressions of Great Britain upon the neutral rights of this country, and still more by her encouragement of the barbarities of the savages, Avho, it was well knoAvn, had received not only sympathy, but guns, ammunition, and officers from the forts which she unrightfully held to assist them in their battles with our troops. The threatening movements of Tecumseh and the Prophet had led to a debate in Congress in December, 1811, on the propriety or necessity of invading and seizing Canada early in the spring of 1812, and by this means securing the western frontier before the savages had begun hostHities. But though Governor Hull, of Michigan, who from his residence on the border was informed of the plans of the Indians and their sympathizers, and aware of the extent of the danger that threatened, repeatedly urged the necessity of off'ensive and defensive measures upon congress, no heed was given to his wise suggestions. A private letter from Colonel Armstrong to the secretary of war, received in January, 1812, at last roused the apprehensions of the government, and, moved probably by the colonel's representations of the state of aff'airs, early in 106 WAR OF 1812. 107 the spring an order was issued for raising troops in Ohio to join the army at Detroit. In April, 1812, President Madison issued orders, calling out a force of twelve hundred Ohio militia for one year's service. In obedience to this order, Governor Return J. Meigs ordered the major-generals of the West ern and Middle divisions of militia to report, with their respective quotas of men, at Dayton on the 29th of April. General Munger was ordered to raise a company in Dayton. No companies were raised in Preblei and Miami counties, which were expressly exempted because that quarter was threatened by Indians, and it was not thought advisable to draw men from there. The commissioned and non-commissioned officers of the First Bat talion, First Regiment, Fifth Brigade, First Division of Ohio Militia, were ordered by Major David Reid, commanding the First Battalion to meet at Dayton at the usual parade ground, by ten o'clock, second Tues day of April, armed and equipped as the law requires, for the purpose of a battalion muster. April 11th, the Gentinal announces that Governor Meigs is expected in Dayton on the 20th to inspect the company of rangers that was being raised in this neighborhood, and to give them the necessary orders; and, also, that General Munger has received orders [mentioned above] for raising a company in his brigade to be marched to Detroit. In its next issue it states that at the battalion muster, Tuesday, April 14th, advertised on the 11th, the orders were read and also the volunteer bill passed by congress, February 20th. "It was expected that a sufficient number would volunteer to obviate the necessity of a draft, but only twenty stepped forth at the call of their country." This was the only time that the Gentinal had occasion to reprove the people for lack of patriotism. Hostilities were now just beginning, and the citizens were not fully roused; soon the war excitement rose to fever heat in Dayton. In consequence of the lack of volunteers, the battalion was ordered to assemble on the 16th at Adams' Prairie, near the mouth of Hole's Creek, five miles from Dayton. Major Adams was also ordered to report with his battalion at that place "to have a draft if necessary." General Munger Avas determined to raise the ncAv company, Avhich Avas to be commanded by Captain Perry, wholly from these two battalions. The law authorized officers to call out all or a part of the militia under their command. In case of long service, if there were not enough volunteers, it became their duty to draft a sufficient number of men to fill the quota from the remainder of the militia. This was what they proposed to do on the present occasion. 108 HISTORY OF DAYTON. April 23d, Captain Perry's company of rangers was ordered to march immediately to Laramie. The coats of the soldiers in the army of 1812 were blue, with scarlet collar and cuff's, and they wore cocked ^hats, decorated with a cockade and white feather. April 29th, a man was kiHed and scalped near Greenville, and three murdered men were found in the woods near Fort Defiance. This news produced much excitement. The governor had appointed April 30th as a day of fasting and prayer. Religious services Avere held at the Dayton court house. On the first of May, Major Charles Wolverton, of Miami County, who had been ordered to march with Captain Reuben Westfall's com pany, of that county, from Piqua to Greenville, and kill every Indian they saw, killed tw^o Pottawatomies, Avounded one of that nation, and captured two squaws and an Indian boy. The order making Dayton the rendezvous of the militia had been issued by Governor Meigs early in April, but when on May 1st the first companies arrived, no preparations for their accommodation had been made. They bivouacked on the common, now Library Park, without tents or other camp equipage till the middle of the month. Many of them were Avithout even blankets. By the 7th of the month twelve companies had arrived, and eight or ten more were expected in a few days. There was not room for all these companies, which contained eight hundred men in all, within the town, and some of them encamped just south of Dayton. Governor Meigs arrived in town to inspect the troops and give orders on the 6th of May. His arrival was announced by a salute of eighteen guns by the citizens. In the afternoon he revicAved the mHitia. On the 7th he issued the following appeal from his headquarters, at McCullum's tavern, to the men and women of the State: " A CALL ON THE PATRIOTISM OF THE CITIZENS OF OHIO. "The situation of our country has compelled the government to resort to precautionary measures of defense. In obedience to this caH, eight hundred men have abandoned the comforts of domestic Hfe, and are here assembled in camp at the distance of some hundred miles from home, prepared to protect our frontier from the awful eff'ects of savage and of civiHzed warfare. But the unprecedented celerity with vAdiich they have' moved, precluded the possibility of properly equipping them. Many, very many, of them are destitute of blankets, and without these indis pensable articles, it will be impossible for them to move to their point of destination. WAR OF 1812. 109 "Citizens of Ohio! This appeal is made to you. Let each famHy furnish one or more blankets, and the requisite number will be com pleted. It is not requested as a boon; the moment your blankets are delivered, you shall receive their full value in money; they are not to be had at the stores. The season of the year is approaching when each family may, without inconvenience, part Avith one. "Mothers! Sisters! Wives! Recollect that the men, in whose favor this appeal is made, have connections as near and dear as any that bind you to life. These they have voluntarily abandoned, trusting that the integrity and patriotism of their fellow-citizens will supply every requisite for themselves and their families; and trusting that the same spirit which enabled their fathers to achieve their independence, will enable their sons to defend it. R. J. Meigs, " Governor of Ohio. " Headquarters, Dayton, May 7, 1812." There were two thousand Indians in Ohio in 1812, one thousand, nine hundred and seventy of them being in the northwest corner of the State. The latter were divided into five tribes: Shawnees, seven hun dred; Ottawas, five hundred and fifty; Wyandots, three hundred; Senecas, two hundred and twenty; Delawares and Muncies, two hundred. It became necessary, on account of the hostile attitude of the Indians, to build two or three block houses in Montgomery County, west from the Miami River to Preble County, as rallying places, for the settlers of Preble, Dark, aud Miami counties were in special danger, ^nd as many as a hundred settlers and their families from that locaHty fled from their homes. The flight of these famiHes increased the alarm in other localities. Scouting parties of Miami County militia were con stantly out on duty to the north and west of Piqua. Soon after Governor Meigs arrived in Dayton, he ordered General Munger and a small number of the Dayton troops to make " a tour to Greenville, to inquire into the situation of the frontier settlements." The General returned on Sunday, the 10th of May, and reported that an Indian trader, by the name of Conner, who resided at Fort Defiance, had been advised by friendly Indians to move in from the frontier, and also that the Prophet was seventy miles from Greenville, and that an attack would be made in about six weeks. He also learned that the Prophet was said to be rebuilding his town, and that his party was as strong as ever. The governor immediately ordered a completely equipped company of riflemen from General McArthur's command, to march at once to Greenville and another to Piqua for the protection of the frontier inhabit ants, who were flying in every direction. 110 history of DAYTON. On the 8th Colonel Johnston, by order ofthe governor, held a council of the ShaAvnee chiefs from Wapakoneta at Piqua. Great anxiety was felt to know whether the Indians would declare for peace or war. The report of the capture of six Indians and a squaw by the militia near Troy came on the 14th. On the 15th a party of five or six AAdiites, who were planting corn, was attacked near Greenville by Indians, and one of them wounded. The Indians assembled at Piqua decided for peace, but though Colonel Johnston believed their professions of friendship, the inhabitants generally distrusted them. All through the war, by means of appeals through the newspapers and various regulations aud procla mations. Colonel Johnston endeavored to keep faith with the friendly Shawnees, and at the same time to defend Indians aud whites from each other. The frontiersman could not believe an Indian less treacherous or more worthy of consideration than the wild beasts Avhich he shot whenever they showed themselves within range of his gun. Even the more intelligent and humane inhabitants of Ohio largelj' shared this distrust and contempt of all Indians; and Indians, professedly friendly, did many things which confirmed the cahI opinion the whites had of them. Soon after one of Colonel Johnston's appeals for a just and humane treatment of the Indians was printed, an article unjustly inveigh ing against him and his Indian friends appeared in the Gentinal. Among other statements, it was said that at the time he Avas assuring the people that the Indians would not annoy the whites iu any way, he ordered them to bring him the ears of all the hogs that they killed, that he might pay the owners for the loss of their swine. On Sunday, the 14th of May, Governor Meigs left Dayton for Cin cinnati, where he expected to meet General Hull and return to town in his company, but arrived on the 15th Avithout the general. On Wednes day, the 13th, General Gano and General Cass arrived in Dayton with between six hundred and seven hundred men. There Avere now about fourteen hundred troops here, a large proportion of Avhom were volun teers. The Gentinal announces that Captain Mansfield's and Captain Sloan's companies of volunteers, and three companies from the eastAvard, were expected in a few days. Governor Meigs was making a great effort to supply the troops with blankets, provisions, and all necessiiries. Captain Mansfield arrived from Cincinnati May 20th with his com pany of light infantry. On the 21st throe regiments of infantry — the First, Second, and Third — were formed. These troops, numbering fifteen hundred, were the first organized by the authorities of the State of Ohio. Duncan McArthur was elected colonel of the First, James Denny and William A. Trimble majors; James Findlay colonel of the Second, AVAR OP 1812. Ill Thomas Moore and Thomas B. Van Horne majors; Lenis Cass colonel of the Third, Robert Morrison and Jeremiah R. Muuson majors. The First regiment Avas encamped south of town, and the other tAvo on the com mons. After the assignment of companies and election of officers, a better state of military discipline was maintained than had previously been possible. Captain William Van Cleve's company of riflemen, of this county, volunteered their services to the governor, and they and a number of others, as more than the State's quota of troops had already been mus tered into the service, were formed into battalions and regiments, and employed in guarding supply trains and keeping open a line of communi cation with the army. The Gentinal reported that on May 21st five or six men, who were covering corn near Greenville, Avere fired upon by five Indians; one of the men was wounded. They immediately pursued the savages, killed one and wounded another. General Hull and his staff', having arrived in town, made McCullum's tavern headquarters. The usually quiet viHage was now all animation and noise, as officers, quartermasters, and commissaries were preparing for the departure of the regiments for Detroit. The broad and generally almost deserted streets were alive with bustling citizens and country people, gazing with curiosity at the uniforms and equipments of the passing soldiers, and the stores were full of customers; companies were drilling; mounted officers and couriers galloping in diff'erent directions; lines of wagons and pack horses laden with (provisions, ammunition, and camp equipage, coming in from Cincinnati or the neighborhood, and Montgomery County farmers and business men, even when they were enroHed among the volunteers, were many of them reaping a golden harvest. On the 25th Governor Meigs surrendered the command, the duties of which he had faithfully discharged, to General Hull. In the morning Governor Meigs and General Hull and their staff's rode out to the camp south of town and reviewed the First Ohio. The review was followed by addresses, and then the general and governor returned to McCullum's for dinner. In the afternoon they rode to the camp at what is now Library Park, and after making an inspection of arms, accoutrements, and equip ments, reviewed the two regiments. After the review the soldiers formed in close column and listened to addresses by the governor and general, which were reported in full in the next number of the Ohio Gentinal. Early on the morning of the 26th the three regiments, with General Hull and his staff' at their head, crossed Mad River at the ford, nearly 112 HISTORY OP DAYTON. opposite the head of the present Webster Street, and marched to a prairie three miles from toAvn, on the Avest bank of Mad River. They named their camp for Governor Meigs. The American flag was run up, the troops forming a hollow S([uare around it, and greeting it Avith cheers, and expressing their determination not to surrender it but Avith their lives. The troops, supplied with tents and equipage by the government, were more comfortable at Camp Meigs, and also better drilled aud discipHned, ¦ than they had been at their other encampments. On the 26th, Governor Meigs ordered Captain William Van Cleve's company of riflemen, then iu camp at Adams' Prairie, on Hole's Creek, to march to the frontier of the State west of the Miami, under the direction and charge of Colonel Jerome Holt. Colonel Holt was ordered to assist the inhabitants of the frontier in erecting block houses in suitable places and to adopt any mode he might think best for the protection of the settlements. The roads from Camp Meigs to Piqua were kept free from Indians by patrols of miHtia. Captain Sloan's troop from Cincinnati arrived at Camp Meigs on the 27th. On Monday, the 1st of June, the troops which were designated by the government, the Northwestern army, left Camp Meigs on their march for Detroit. The troops were in high spirits. A crowd of people from this vicinity, the governor and his staff', and many strangers from Cin cinnati and Kentucky, were assembled to Avitness the departure of the first army of Ohio for the seat of war. They Avere not encumbered with artillery, Avhich was to be supplied on their' arrival at Detroit. The column was formed as follows: Cavalry on the right; next in line, the Second regiment; then the Third Ohio, and on the extreme left the First regiment, followed by the wagon traiu and brigades of pack mules. A crowd of people followed the troops the first day, some of them sleeping in camp the first night and not returning home for a day or two. The regiments marched out what is now the old Troy pike, but was .then known as the Staunton road. They camped the first evening at Staunton, a mile east of Troy. It had been the intention of General Hull to march up the Miami to Laramie, thence over to the Auglaize and then down to the rapids of the Maumee. Bateaux and keel-boats had been loaded here with corn-meal, flour, corn, and pork, which the troops were to escort up the Miami, but the river was so low that the boats stranded on the shoals the day they started. The plans Avere accordingly changed. The men were paid off' and remained in calmp till the 6th, Avhen they marched to Urbana, arriving on tho 7th and camping in the eastern part of the town. Governor Meigs had gone to Urbana from Dayton on the 3rd to hold WAR OF 1812. 113 a council with chiefs of the Shawnee and Wyandot nations. For the purpose of impressing the chiefs with the power of the United States government, the regiments at Urbana were paraded and reviewed on the afternoon of the 8th by the governor. The First regiment was ordered on the 11th to cut a road through the woods to the Scioto. On the 16th they began to build two block houses on the south bank of the Scioto and a stockade, which were called Fort McArthur. On the 15th the remainder of the army, which had been increased by the arrival of the Fourth regiment of the United States Infantry and several militia companies to two thousand, five hundred men, left Ur bana. They arrived at Fort McArthur on the 19th. They marched with a strong rear guard and with companies of riflemen on the flanks of the army, as the woods were full of hostile Indians. June 21st the Second regiment was ordered to continue the road to Blanchard's ford of the Auglaize River. A company was- left as a garri son at Fort McArthur, and the remainder of the army marched on the 22d. The way lay through the swamps and twelve miles from the fort they "got stuck in the mud." Here they built Fort Necessity.' Block houses similar to this were erected all along the route to store provisions, to be forwarded as needed to the troops under the escort of the militia. Twenty miles further on they built Fort Findlay on the site of the town of that name. Here the Third regiment was ordered forward to clear the road for the army, now beginning its march through the Black Swamp, part of Avhich is called at the present day Hull's Prairie. The road was in places knee-deep in mud, and badly cut up by cavalry and pack horses and the one hundred and six heavily loaded army wagons. Thirteen wagons stuck in the mud and were abandoned. The men plodded wearily along through the deep mire for thirty-five miles, yet reached aud crossed the Maumee on the 30th in fine health and spirits, and continued their march to Detroit. General HuH had, for the protection of stores and public property, and to keep open his line of communication, left garri sons of militia at Dayton, Piqua, Urbana, St. Mary's, Fort McArthur, Fort Findlay, and Fort GreenviHe. General Munger was ordered up with his command of militia from Hole's Creek to Camp Meigs after the departure of the army from Dayton. His duty was to keep the roads to Piqua and Urbana open and to guard the public stores here, a service of some iniportance, as quartermaster's ordinance, and commissary's supplies were forwarded to the front by way of Dayton. Captain Perry's company of rangers were constantly out skirmishing with parties of Indians between St. Mary's and Fort Wayne. They 114 HISTORY OF DAYTON. killed aH their captives. On the 8th of July they were ordered to go as far as Vincennes. The governor in order, if necessary, to organize a second army, kept bodies of Ohio miHtia in camp in the southern and western parts of the State, and at points along the line of communication with Detroit. A number Avere at Fort Meigs ready to report ou short notice. Oh the 10th, Governor Meigs, who was then at Chillicothe, disbanded General Munger's brigade, supposing that their services would no longer be needed. On the 1st of July, Lieutenant Gwynne, of the United States Army, opened a recruiting office in Dayton. A bounty of sixteen doHars was off'ered to men enlisting for five years, and three months additional pay and one hundred and sixty acres of land were promised to recruits, or their heirs, serving their time out, wounded, or killed in the service. Men enlisting for eighteen months were to receive the bounty, but no land. Boys, with the consent of parents or guardians, were enlisted as musicians. Army contractors, during the summer, purchased grain and stock of the farmers at advanced prices. One of the contractors advertised for six hundred head of cattle, four hundred horses, and three thousand barrels of flour; and another for flour, Avhisky, beef, cattle, vinegar, and bacon, to be delivered at Dayton or any of the block houses that might be agreed upon. At noon on Saturday, August 22d, the news of the surrender of Hull's army reached Dayton. The people of this neighborhood and on the frontier were much alarmed by this terrible disaster. It was supposed that he could not have been induced to surrender, unless compelled to do so by the overwhelming superiority of the enemy. The distress and indignation of the Western people may be imagined — it Avould be difficult to flnd words strong enough to express it — Avheu they learned that, while Hull had an army of two thousand, tive hundred men well supplied with arms, artillery, ammunition, provisions, cattle, sheep, horses, and stores of all kinds. General Brock, of the British Army, was poorly supplied Avith artillery, and had but one thousand, three hundred and thirty men, three hundred and thirty regulars, four hundred militia, and six hundred Indians; yet Hull surrendered without firing a gun. Our soldiers Avere released ou parole, landed at variohs points on the shore of Lake Erie, and gradually made their way home. The people throughout the State were panic-stricken. The British Army was knoAvn to consist principally of Indians, and it was feared that, instigated by British officers, roving bands of savages would soon begin a barbarous warfare upon the defenseless people of Kentucky and Ohio. The suspense was dreadful WAR OF 1812. 115 for a time. A large number of professedly neutral Indians were in attendance at the counqil called at Piqua by United States commissioners, and it was very uncertain hoAV they would be affected by the extraor dinary reverse at Detroit. Fortunately they remained friendly, and their presence, instead of endangering the people apd the public stores, was a protection to the frontier. The citizens who had collected in large numbers at the Gentinal office, on August 22d, to hear the news, recommended the immediate issue of a handbill, containing a statement of the alarming information just received, and requesting every able-bodied man who could furnish a firelock to repair to Dayton the next day, for the purpose of marching immediately to the defense of the frontier; to guard the public stores at Piqua, and watch th,e movements of the Indians in that quarter. The response to this call justified the Gentinal in heading its editorial, relating the occurrences of the following two or three days, "Prompt Patriotism," and in challenging "the annals of our country to produce an example of greater promptitude or patriotism." The bad news came Saturday noon. The consternation and aston ishment were foHowed by immediate action, and by seven o'clock Sunday morning a company of seventy men was raised, organized, and completely equipped. It was commanded by Captain James Steele, and marched in a fcAV hours for Piqua. Men and women worked hard to get the soldiers ready to march, and probably few of thep went to bed Saturday night. During Sunday five companies of volunteers and two of drafted militia from diff'erent parts of Montgomery County, and a troop of horse commanded by Captain Caldwell, aud a rifie company commanded by Captain Johnson, from Warren County, arrived here. Captain Caldwell's troop of horse went to Piqua early Monday morning. The other six companies, numbering in all upwards of four hundred men, were organ ized into a battalion. Major Adams, who had been chosen major of the battalion, marched in the afternoon with three hundred and forty-one completely equipped men, all volunteers, the two companies of drafted militia being left here at Camp Meigs, subject to the orders of Governor Meigs. Monday evening and Tuesday several other companies from adjoining counties passed through Dayton for "the frontier." As soon as the news of Hull's surrender reached Governor Meigs, he ordered forty thousand dollars worth of the public property to be removed from Piqua to Dayton, and part of it had arrived before the 26th. Tuesday afternoon three hundred and fifty men, under the command of Captain Jenks, who had volunteered before the news of the surrender of Detroit 116 HISTORY OP DAYTON. was received, arrived on their way to the front and camped at Camp Meigs. A brigade from Greene County, commanded by General Benja min Whiteman, marched on this day. General Munger, commander of the Fifth Brigade of the First Division of Ohio Militia, Avas ordered by Governor Meigs, who was now at Urbana, to organize troops and take immediate measures for the defense of the frontier within his command. He was to cause block houses to be erected at suitable places, and to " advise the inhabitants to associate and erect suitable stations of defense in such way as to accom modate families." " The astonishing fate of General Hull's army," writes the governor, " has exposed the frontier to barbarians. I have written express to the secretary of war on the subject of defense. I hope soon to see the Kentucky army here, when a regular system of operations will be adopted. In the meantime you will direct and advise the most judicious course." In obedience to this command. General Munger marched Avith his brigade to Piqua, where he superintended the removal of the public stores. Captain Steele's company, which was at Piqua, was ordered by General Munger to march to. St. Mary's, which was the most advanced frontier post. Captain Steele was placed in command of the post, aud Private Joseph H. Crane was sergeant-major. They built block houses for the defense of St. Mary's. The following is a copy of the pay-roll of Captain Steele's company while at St. Mary's. It contained but fifty-two names, though seventy Avere enrolled on August 23rd, so that part of the men were probably at this time engaged in scouting or other duty. Perhaps some did not go farther than Piqua: Captain, James Steele; lieutenant, George Grove; ensign, James McClain; first sergeant, John Folkerth; second, Ralph WHson; third, John Strain; fourth, James Henderson; first corporal, Matthew Patton; second, Alexander Grimes; third, George Harris; fourth, David Hender son; privates, Joseph H. Crane, John Deaver, David JBrier, John McCabe, John Rowan, Samuel Walton, Joshua Greer, George Newcom, John Newcom, Simpson McCarter, George Ward, William Bay, James Miller, John Lowe, Daniel Sunderland, WilHam Vanosdarl, William Mont gomery, James Petticrew, James McClain, John Holderman, Samuel King, James Brier, Ira Smith, Abraham Smith, George Wollaston, Lewis Gordon, Jeremiah Collins, Jonathan Mayhall, David Riffle, Robert Mc- Cleary, William Van Cogk, James Ray, John Enoch, Henry Jennings, William McCorkle, Andrew Robeson, Moses Hatfield, Moses McNair, Alexander Guy, William Fryback, Caleb Worley. WAR OP 1812. 117 The accidental preservation and publication in the Dayton Journal of this pay-roll enabled a number of widows and chHdren of the men to obtain land warrants from the government. It is impossible for the present generation to reaHze the horrors and sufferings of the first year of the war. In King's " History of Ohio " it is stated that "an eye-witness described the country as depopulated of men, and the farmer women, weak and sickly. as they often were, and sur rounded by helpless little children, were obliged, for want of bread, to till their fields until frequently they fell exhausted and dying under the toil to which they were unequal." The people of Dayton and vicinity had their full share of their trials and labors. Monday afternoon, August 31st,. Colonel Wells arrived with between three and four hundred men of the Seventeenth United States Regiment, lately recruited in Kentucky, and also Captain Garrard, with a volunteer troop of horse, from Bourbon County, Kentucky. They left the next day. On Tuesday morning, September 1st, General W. H. Harrison, who had been appointed commander-in-chief of the Kentucky volunteers, arrived in toAvn and remained a few hours, and as a mark of respect and approbation, the citizens announced his arrival by firing a salute of eighteen guns. While they were receiving General Harrison in front of the court house square, Brigadier-General Payne arrived, with three Kentucky regiments, making a force of eighteen hundred men, and marching up Main Street, halted near Second Street. They were also greeted with a discharge of cannon. A Mr. Wright, while engaged in firing the salute, had one hand shot off' and the other badly injured. The Gentinal, in an editorial in its next issue, says tliat, "in the present hour of gloom and despondency, no event could have given more general satisfaction than the appointment of General Harrison." "We trust the gallant Kentuckians, under their accomplished leader, will retrieve the tarnished honor of our country." The people congratulated themselves a few months later that the army now had a man instead of an old woman to lead them. General Harrison left Dayton for Piqua Tuesday afternoon. The following letter from the Kentucky volunteers, thanking the people of Dayton for the attentions they had received from them, was publi'shed in the Gentinal on the 2d of September: " State of Ohio, " Camp near Dayton, " September 1, 1812. J ",The commander of the Kentucky volunteers begs leave to return to the citizens of Dayton the thanks of himself and the army under his 118 HISTORY OF DAYTON. command for the tribute of respect paid to them in passing through town. They flatter themselves that, in the hour of trial, they will not be found unworthy of the confidence of their country. They feelingly commiserate with the citizen who, in paying them that tribute, was maimed by the accidental going off' of the cannon; and they beg leave to present to him a small sum of money, a voluntary contribution of the officers towards defraying the expenses of his cure. "By order of the general. "Asa Payne, Aid-de-camp. "Thomas Smith, Secretary." At this time two regiments of Montgomery County militia were stationed at Piqua; Major Adams' battalion Avas ordered to St. Mary's, and Colonel Jerome Holt and his regiment to Greenville, where they were directed to build a block house and stockade. Reinforcements were sent to Laramie, and the defenses there strengthened. Fort McArthur was garrisoned with Ohio militia, and the works there and at Fort Manary and Urbana were enlarged. As the Indians were threatening Fort Wayne, it became necessary to obtain reinforcement for Major Adams' battalion, who were about to march from St. Mary's to the relief of that post. The foHoAving address and call for troops were therefore issued by Governor Meigs and General Harrison: " Piqua, September 2, 1812. " Fellow- Gitizens of Ohio: "At a moment like this I appeal to your valor aud patriotism. Major General Harrison avHI rendezvous a respectable force of Kentucky volunteers at Dayton, on the 15th instant, for a short expedition. " General Harrison desires to add to his troops any number of volun teers from the State of Ohio, who avHI serve on the expedition, not exceeding thirty days. "AH those who avHI embrace this favorable opportunity of distin guishing themselves under an able commander, and of rendering to the State of Ohio a valuable service, will, in their equipment and movements, follow the directions of General Harrison hereto subjoined. " R. J. Meigs, Governor of Ohio." " VOLUNTEERS WANTED. " Any number of volunteers, mounted and prepared for active service, to continue for twenty-five or thirty days, will be accepted to rendezvous at the town of DaytOn, on the Big Miami, on the 15th inst. "It is expected that the volunteers will provide themselves with salted provisions and a portion of biscuits; those who are unable to WAR OP 1812. 119 procure them will be furnished if possible. Those brave men who may give their country their services on this occasion may be assured that an opportunity of distinguishing themselves will be offered. "I shall command the expedition in person, and the number of troops employed will be adequate to the object proposed. " I will also hire a number of substantial horses; fifty cents a day will be allowed for each horse provided with saddle and bridle. " Those patriotic citizens, who are unable to afford personal assistance, will render essential service to their country by furnishing the horses, which must be delivered in Dayton on the 14th inst., to a person who will be authorized to receive and receipt for them. " William H. Harrison. " Headquarters, Piqua, September 2, 1812." "Headquarters, Piqua, | " September 5, 1812, 4 a. m. J "Mounted Volunteers: " I requested you in my last address to rendezvous at Dayton on the 15th inst. I have now a more pressing call for your services! The British and Indians have invaded our country and are now besieging (perhaps have taken) Fort Wayne. Every friend to. his country, who is able to do so, will join me as soon as possible, well mounted, with a good rifle and twenty or thirty days' provisions. Ammunition will be furnished at Cincinnati and Dayton, and the volunteers will draw provisions (to save their salted meat) at all the public deposits. The quartermasters and commissaries will see that this order is executed. " William H. Harrison." The brigade of Kentuckians, under command of General Payne, who, after a short stay in Dayton, had proceeded to Piqua, were ordered to St. Mary's on Sunday, the 6th, and a thousand men also marched to^ the same place from Urbana. Three hundred mounted infantry from Kentucky, commanded by Major Richard M. Johnson, arrived here on Sunday. They proceeded to Piqua on Monday, but bivouacked Sunday night on Main Street. On Monday, September 7th, General Harrison left Piqua for St. Mary's to take command of the troops, which he had been concentrating there for the expedition to Fort Wayne. Just before he left for his army he issued an address to the people of Ohio, calling for about eight hun dred horses, each provided with a saddle and bridle, as he wanted to mount at least one of his regirnents of infantry on horseback. The terms Avere fifty cents a day for each horse and equipments, to be paid for by 120 HISTORY OP DAYTON. the United States should they be lost, or should the horses die any other than a natural death. Jesse Hunt and Peyton Short were authorized to engage the horses, and they issued the following notice: " Headquarters, Piqua, September 8, 1812. ' "The subscribers will attend in Dayton, at the house of Major David Reid, on the 15th and 16th of this month to receive and receipt for horses. " Jesse Hunt, "Peyton Short." - The army collected at St. Mary's numbered four thousand, and General Harrison marched for Fort Wayne on September 9th. The distance was fifty -five miles, and he arrived ou the 12th. The enemy, without awaiting the chances of a battle, fied before him in all directions. He destroyed the Indian villages, and then returned to St. Mary's. Major Adams' battalion, from this county, was discharged, and returned home, where their prompt patriotism shown in volunteering for the defense of the frontier, without an instant's delay, was highly appreciated. There was no regularly organized hospital here, but many sick and wounded soldiers received medical and surgical care aud nursing in Dayton from our physicians and patriotic women.. Dr. John Steele, Avho settled here in 1812, devoted himself to this work, as did other doctors, who, dying early or removing soon after to other places, are not so well known to our community. In September General Harrison Avas commissioned major-general in the United States Army and commander-in-chief of the troops in the Northwest Territory, and ordered to take Detroit. The courier, who passed through Dayton to St. Mary's with this good ucavs, received a A\'arm welcome. Brigadier-General Winchester and staff' dined in Dayton on Sunday, the 13th. They were on their Avay to join General Harrison, Avho, declin ing to serA'e as second in command under Winchester, had been made commander-in-chief Winchester was another old Revolutionary relic of the Hull stamp. The unfortunate Hull Avas court-martialed, found guilty of cowardice and unsoldier-like conduct, and sentenced to be shot, but was pardoned by the president. September 16, 1812, a regiment of Kentucky volunteers, under command of Colonel Pogue, and several companies of Indiana militia were encamped at Camp Meigs, aAvaiting General Harrison's orders. On the 17th, General Harrison having received his commission, began to prepare for his campaign against Canada. His troops were neither drilled nor supplied with sufficient ammunition, provisions, and other WAR OF 1812. 121 necessaries. Ordinance and commissary supplies were immediately obtained from the government, but he was obliged to request contribu tions of AA'arm clothing and blankets from the citizens of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. Captain Steele's company, which had volunteered for short service, was now returning home, and by them he sent this appeal to the ladies of Dayton : " Headquarters, St. Mary''s, September 29, 1812. "General Harrison presents his compliments to the ladies of Dayton and its vicinity, and solicits their assistance in making shirts for their brave defenders, who compose his army, many of Avhoni are almost destitute of that article, so necessary to their health and comfort. The materials will be furnished by the quartermaster; and the general confi dently expects that this opportunity for the display of female patriotism and industry will be eagerly embraced by his fair country-women. " William H. Harrison. "P. S. — Captain James Steele will deliver the articles for making the suits on application." The shirts were made of materials furnished by the Indian depart ment, and which had been prepared for annuities for the tribes in arms against the government, but withheld in consequence of their hostile attitude. The ladies of Dayton and this neighborhood, " with a zeal and promptitude honorable to themselves and the State," and without com pensation, immediately set to work, and by October 14th had eighteen hundred shirts ready for the use of the army. A large quantity of clothing Was afterwards sent to the Kentucky troops, via Dayton, from Paris, Kentucky. Early in October Major Adams raised a company of mounted rifle men who expected to march at once to Fort Defiance, but as the Indians from the Mississinewa River region were becoming very troublesome to the inhabitants of Preble and Greene counties, the new Dayton company was ordered to Fort Greenville. The Indians murdered any of the people of those counties whom they found outside of the block houses and stole ihany horses and cattle. Two little girls were killed on the 2nd of October within half a mile of Greenville. The savages did not make their way to Dayton, but they approached near enough to alarm the people, Avho did not feel assured that their turn to take refuge in block houses would not come. General Winchester on the 4th of October arrived at Fort Defiance from Fort Wayne with his command and rebuilt the fort. His force consisted of three Kentucky regiments, four com- 122 history of DAYTON. panics of soldiers of the United States Army, a troop of horse, and Captain Ballard's company of spies. Owners of horses, saddles, and bridles, taken at Dayton for the array, were notified that they would be retained as government property and paid for agreeably to the valuations. An agent was sent here to receive the army horses, of which the valley was full, and which had strayed from the camps and battle-fields. General Harrison was maturing his plans for the campaign, in the latter part of October, and had arranged for the advance of his army in three columns by different routes to the Maumee Rapids, and thence in a body to Detroit. But the country was inundated by the heavy rains which fell in November, and as the roads were impassable, he was obliged to defer all military movements till spring. He established his head quarters at Franklinton, Franklin County. The Pennsylvania and Virginia troops were stationed at Upper Sandusky. The Ohio, Indiana, and some Virginia volunteers Avere at Urbana, under command of Gen eral Tupper. As long as the rivers continued in good boating condition, supplies were to be forwarded in boats up the Miami to St. Mary's, across the portage, then down the Auglaize and Maumee, across the lake and up to Detroit. When cold or dry Aveather rendered the roads passable, sup plies were to be sent through (Jrbaua and Fort Findlay, but during the war all stores or reinforcement by whatever route, by land or water, they proceeded, went via Dayton. In the fall the deputy commissary general notified the people that the public stores must be forwarded at all risks by water, and issued the following order; "It has become necessary to run boats from the mouth of the Great Miami to Laramie loaded with public property, and it is expected that those who own dams will immediately make arrangements for letting the boats pass with expedition and safety; otherwise their dams will be in jured. The public boats must pass at all risks." The line of communication was guarded against the Mississinewa Indians by detachments of the militia of this valley stationed at Dayton, Greenville, St. Mary's, and Urbana. The ladies of Dayton, though not formally organized into a soldier's relief society, were constantly engaged in making or collecting clothes and supplies for Montgomery County volunteers in the field or in the hospitals. War was no new thing to many of them, as their relatives had served in the Revolution or under St. Clair and' Wayne, and former experience enabled them to prepare speedily and iu the best manner the articles that were most needed. Though the muddy roads to Urbana Avere almost impassable, supplies were constantly forwarded by army agents stationed at Dayton till the WAR OF 1812. 123 fall of 1813. They bought up all the salt meat, grain, flour, horses, cattle, tow linen, and similar articles that farmers or merchants and traders would sell. It was a difficult matter to transport supplies through the almost bottomless mud of the roads and over the swollen unbridged streams which were crossed by rope ferries. Traveling was not quite so difficult Avhen the ground Avas frozen. Colonel Robert Patterson, the forage-master, advertised for fifty ox-sleds and fifty horse-sleds, which it was hoped the farmers would hire or sell to the government. Country boys, too young to volunteer as soldiers, were employed as teamsters. The farmers furnished horses, oxen, and sleds on condition that they should not be taken further than Urbana or St. Mary's. Supplies purchased here were delivered to Colonel Robert Patterson, forage- master, at the government store-house, on the west side of Main Street, between Monu ment Avenue and First Street. He paid three dollars a day for sleds that Avould haul six barrels of flour. Eight dollars a barrel was paid by the government for fiour delivered at Piqua or Urbana, and ten dollars if delivered at St. Mary's. Seventy-five cents a gallon was received for whisky delivered at the latter place. On the 1st of December a detachment of soldiers, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel John B. Campbell, of the Nineteenth United States Infantry, arrived in Dayton, where, as they were only partially mounted, they remained until the 11th to procure horses. They also, while here, drew ten days' rations and forage. On the 11th, leaving their heavy baggage here, they left Dayton for an expedition against the Indians in the Miami villages, near Muncietown, on the Mississinewa, a branch of the Wabash. Colonel Campbell's force Avas about seven hundred strong, and consisted of Colonel Sunrall's regiment. Captain Garrard and Captain Hopkins' companies of cavalry, from Kentucky; Captain Elliot's com pany of infantry, recruited in this State; Captain Marrigell's company of cavalry, and Captain Butler's and Captain Alexander's company of infantry, from Pennsylvania. The utmost secrecy as to the object of the expedition and great caution to prevent surprise by the Indians was observed during the march. A third of the command Avas on guard every night. The Aveather was bitterly cold and the ground covered with snow during the latter part of their march. Early on the morning ofthe 17th of December, having marched all night, they surprised and de stroyed the first of the Indian villages. Three others were taken and destroyed the same day. The next day, shortly after sunrise, the savages attacked our troops and were routed. Thirty Indians Avere killed during this expedition, fully sixty wounded, and forty-three taken prisoners. Our loss was eight killed and forty-eight wounded. Nearly half the 124 HISTORY OF DAYTON. horses were kiHed or lost. The soldiers Avho had been killed were interred, and stretchers made for those, of whom there Avere forty, who Avere too badly wounded to ride. Late in the afternoon the army began their return, and after proceeding three miles, encamped for the night. The next day they marched fourteen miles and camped. One half the men were placed on guard, Avhile the others erected breast works. The men had exhausted their supply of provisions and forage; snow and ice rendered the roads almost impassable; the wounded were suffering from cold and exposure aud from lack of surgical attention and nursing, and the hands, feet, and ears of nearly every man in the force were frosted. On the 22d, Major Adams arrived from Greenville with ninety-five men, and immediately supplied the almost starving soldiers with a half ration each. The next day Colonel Holt also came to their assistance with provisions, so that they were able to march to Greenville, which they reached on the 24th. While in camp twelve miles this side of GreenviHe, a resolution of thanks to Colonel Holt and Major Adams and their men for the prompt aud efficient reHef they had afforded them, was voted by Colonel Campbell's command. They arrived at Dayton on Sunday, the 27th, where they rested for several days before proceeding to their headquarters at Franklinton. Only two hundred and three of the men were fit for duty; two of the wounded had died on the road. The Gentinal says that "their solemn procession into town with the wounded extended ou litters, excited emotions which the philanthropic bosom may easily conceive, but it is not in our power to describe them." Sympathy did not exhaust itself in words; the soldiers were taken into the houses, scarcely a family taking less than four or five, and Sunday was devoted by the ladies of Dayton to the care of the wounded and the refreshment of their weary comrades. This work of mercy prevented the usual Sunday services at the churches. Religious services for the troops Avere appointed for the next Wednesday, and the following order was issued by Colonel Campbell : " Detachment Order, Dayton, Ohio, ) December 28, 1812. j " The troops will attend divine service on Wednesday, the 30th inst., in camp, at 12 o'clock. When we consider the wonderful interposition of Divine Providence in our favor during the last fatiguing, dangerous, and distressing expedition, gratitude for these favors requires our united and sincere thanksgiving for our deliverance. I hope the troops, whom I had the honor to command iu time of perH ' that tried men's souls,' will attend WAR OF 1812. 125 with suitable decency and join in devoutly expressing our obligations to that Being whose protection we have all felt and witnessed. " John B. Campbell, " Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding." After remaining here a few days, Colonel Campbell's force went on to Franklinton, but many of their wounded were left in Dayton and re mained for some time. They were carefully nursed by our people. Several of them died and were buried here. One thousand Indians of the Miami and Delaware tribes, which had been reduced to a starving condition by Campbell's expedition, came to Piqua to place themselves under the care of the Indian agent employed by the government. Heavy rains began early in January, 1813, which again made the roads difficult to travel, and soldiers, artillery, wagons, and pack horses moved slowly, yet they were kept in motion, and Dayton continued the thoroughfare for everything passing to the frontier. A company was organized here in January, 1813, by Captain A. Edwards and marched immediately. Captain Edwards, who Avas a Dayton physician, had served as a surgeon in the army in 1812. About the middle of January an engagement at the River Raisin, for which General Winchester was responsible, resulted in defeat and the loss of thirty-two officers and four hundred and seventy-four non-com missioned officers and privates, who were killed, wounded, or missing. General Harrison fortunately soon arrived and checked the disaster. A deep snow had fallen in the north and lay long on the ground, which made the continual motion ofthe troops this winter hard and disagreeable to them. The soldiers, many of them having no means of obtaining new shoes when their old ones wore out, made themselves moccasins this winter of undressed hides. Ohio and Kentucky troops, whose term of enlistment had expired, returned home through Dayton in February and usually spent a night on Main Street. The river was high, and stores in large quantij;ies were sent by boat from Cincinnati, and also through the swamps from Laramie Creek to the Auglaize and thence to Fort Defiance. Reinforcements were required in the spring, and tAvo new Ohio regiments were to be raised. General Harrison, by his personal eff'orts and visits to Urbana, Franklinton, Chillicothe, Cincinnati, and Dayton, succeeded in obtaining the desired recruits, v/ho were soon on the march in small bodies for the north. In April General Green Clay's brigade of Kentuckians passed 126 HISTORY OP DAYTON. through here, spending the night in the rain on Main Street, which was nothing but a mudroad, and was deep in mire at that time. Slow and difficult as marching through the almost bottomless mud Avas, they arrived at headquarters in time for the opening of the campaign at Fort Meigs, on the rapids of the Maumee. The British and ludians besieged it in the latter part of April, but soon retreated and retired to Canada. On the 12th of May between twenty and thirty Indians arrived in Dayton as hostages from the Miami tribe. On the 19th of May James Flinn, second lieutenant of the Second Company of United States Rangers, opened a recruiting office here to enlist thirty or forty good rangers for one year (unless sooner disbanded); pay, one dollar a day. He had recruited his company here in 1812. This year occurred Perry's victory on Lake Erie, Harrison's repulse of Proctor, and the defeat of the British at the battle of the Thames, which ended the war in the West. Returning Ohio and Kentucky soldiers were now constantly on the march from the nor-th through Dayton, and the town was full of people from diff'erent parts of the country who had come to meet relatives serving in the various companies. Sometimes the volunteers encamped in the mud on Main Street became a little noisy and troublesome. The Dayton companies received an enthusiastic welcome home. Streets and houses were decorated, and a flag Avas kept flying from .the pole erected on Main Street. A cannon was also placed there, Avhich Avas fired whenever a company or regiment arrived. The people at the siguifil gathered to Avelcome the soldiers, whom they were expecting, and fpr whom a dinner on tables set out of doors Avas prepared, and the rest of the day was given up to feasting, speeches, and general rejoicings. Our companies had all returned by the first of December, but as they had been in constant and active duty since their departure for the front, a number of brave men had fallen on the battlefield, and others came home in enfeebled health or suff'ering from wounds Avhich shortened their lives, so that many families iu this neighborhood had more cause for sorrow than for joy when the troops gayly marched into town. The war, though virtually over iu the West, had not quite ended along the lower end of Lake Erie, and a fcAV of the Ohio militia did not return home till 1814, and others during 1814 and 1815 AA^ere called out for short periods for duty at St. Mary's, Fort Wayne, Fort Defiance, and GreenviHe. The Americans and British had a number of skirmishes at Detroit in 1814, but the former held their own. In 1815 peace was declared. CHAPTER IX. First Mechanics' Society — Thanksgiving on May 5th — Dayton Bank — Alexander Grimes — Stone Jail — Mr. Forrer's Account of Dayton in 1814 — Colonel David Reid — J. W. Van Cleve's Description of Flood of 1814 — Proclamation of Peace — Female Charitable and Bible Society— First Market House— Dayton Merchants in 1815— H. G. Phillips— G. W. Smith — William Baker — Obadiah B. Conover — William Huflfman — Moral Society — Associated Bachelors — Bridge Over Mad River — First Sabbath Schools — Bridge Street Bridge — Stage Coaches 1818-1828 — Camp Meetings — ^Menageries — Cooper's Mills Burned — First Fire Company — George A. Houston — Wolf Scalp Certificates — Cut Money — Fever Prevails — Joseph Peirce — Dayton in 1821 — Charles R. Greene — Cheapness of Provisions — The Gridiron— First Musical Society — Colored People Emigrate to Hayti — First Fire Engine — Execution of McAfee. SATURDAY, March 15, 1813, at four o'clock in the afternoon, the mechanics of Dayton met at the tavern of Hugh McCullum for the purpose of forming a mechanics' society. This was the first work- ingmen's association organized in Dayton. The 5th of May was this year set apart by the governor' of Ohio for a day of Thanksgiving. In Ohio in early times Thanksgiving was not always observed by the people, and when the governor issued his procla mation for the festival, he was as likely to select Christmas or Mayday as the last Thursday in November. General Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory, in the first proclamation of this kind issued within what is noAV the State of Ohio, set apart December 25, 1788, as a day of Thanksgiving and prayer, and recommended the cessation of all servile labor on that day. On the 19th of May appeared the last number of the Ohio Gentinal, and for a year and five months no newspaper was published in Dayton. As a consequence the history of the town during this period is not as full as could be desired. The first Dayton bank, called the Dayton Manufacturing Company, was chartered in 1813. No one in Dayton was more thoroughly identified with this bank than Alexander Grimes. He Avas elected director of the bank in 1819. From 1831 to 1843 he was cashier, and on the first of January, 1843, he, as agent, closed up the affairs of the bank. Alexander Grimes was the son of Colonel John Grimes, who is frequently mentioned in this history in connection Avith the noted tavern on the east side of Main, near First Street. At an early day Mr. Grimes was in partnership with Steele & Peirce, under the name of Alexander 127 128 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Grimes & Company. The firm was dissolved in 1817. Afterwards he was auditor of Montgomery Co\inty and commissioner of insolvents. He, in conjunction with Edward W. Davies, was trustee of the estate of David Zeigler Cooper. Their wise and generous management of this property rapidly increased its value, and was also of great advantage to Dayton. Mr. Grimes was twice married; first to Miss Gordon, Avho left one son, Burnet Grimes. His second wife was Miss Maria Greene, of Dayton. They had two children; Charles Greene, who married Isabel, daughter of Daniel Keifer, of Dayton, and Susan Eliza, who married Marcus Eells. The contract for building a new jail was sold to James Thompson July 27, 1811, at public auction at the court house for two thousand, one hundred and forty-seven dollars and ninety-one cents. The jail was eighteen by thirty-tAVO feet and built of rubble stone. A rented house was used for a jail till the ncAV building was finished. It Avas not com pleted till December, 1813. The jail stood on Third Street in the rear of the court house and close to the pavement. It was two stories high with gable shingle roof, running parallel with the street; a hall ran through the center of the house from the Third Street entrance; the prison occupied the east half of the building and the sheriffs residence the west half. There were three cells in each story. Those in the second storj' were more comfortable than the others, and were, used for women and for persons imprisoned for minor offenses. One of the cells was for debtors, imprisonment for debt being still legal at that period. Often men im prisoned for debt were released by the court on "prison bounds" or "limits" upon their giving bond for double the amount of the debt. They Avere then permitted to live at home, support their families and endeavor to pay their indebtedness, but were not allowed to go beyond the corporation limits. This jail was not considered a safe place of confinement for criminals, as persons on the sidewalk could look through the barred windows, which were about two feet square, into the lower front cell, and pass small articles between the bars. Though the cells Avere double lined with heavy oak plank, driven full of nails, one night four prisoners escaped by cutting a hole in the floor and tunneling under the wall and up through the sidewalk. Mr. Samuel Forrer visited Dayton in the fall of 1814, and his reminiscences, published in the Dayton .Journal in 1863, give us a glimpse of the town at that date: "At that early day there was a house aud a well in an oak clearing on Main Street, near Fifth, surrounded by a hazel thicket. It was a noted halting place for strangers traveling northward and eastward, in order to procure a drink of water and inquire the DAYTON PROM 1813 TO 1825. 129 distance to Dayton ! The embryo city was then contined to the bank of the Miami River, between Ludlow and Mill streets, and the business — store-keeping, blacksmithing, milling, distilling, etc. — was concentrated about the head of Main Street." The next visit of Mr. Forrer was in 1818, when "he took lodgings at the principal hotel, then and long afterwards kept by Colonel Reid, " a good man and excellent landlord!" The site of that old-time traveler's home is now occupied by the Baptist Church on the west side of Main, between First and Second streets. Here, Mr. Forrer remained for some time " enjoying the hospitalities of the place and the pleasures derived from the manly sports of those times." Colonel David Reid settled in Dayton about the time the town was incorporated, and was in business until his death in 1837. Reid's inn was a noted house of entertainment before 1807. For years the menageries and shows, which found their way to Dayton once a year, had their exhibitions in the barn yard of Reid's inn. The inn parlor was the favorite place for town meetings of all kinds. At the beginning of the year 1812 Colonel Reid was in command of the first battalion of the First regihient of militia and was afterwards elected colonel. In 1814 the Miami River ovei'flowed its banks, and destroyed the levee. John W. Van Cleve gave the following description of this flood in his lecture on " The Settlement and Progress of Dayton : " " The water was deep enough to swim a horse where the warehouses stand, at the head of the basin, and a ferry was kept there for several days. The water also at that time passed through with a considerable current from the head of Jefferson to the east end of Market Street, and through the hollows in the western part of the town; and the plain through which the feeder passes, east of the mill race, was nearly all under water." In 1814 the first Methodist church was finished and occupied. October 3, 1814,, the first number of the Ohio Republican appeared. Before 1812 One blacksmith had been able to do all the shoeing of horses and repairing of wagons and agricultural implements in the toAvn and neighborhood. But after the war four blacksmiths, John Burns, Jacob Kuhns, James Davis, and O. B. Conover, did a profitable busi ness here. Charles Tull began to work a ferry across the Miami, at the head of Ludlow Street, in December, 1814. Farmers brought their produce over in the boat to trade at the stores, leaving their horses and wagons hitched on the north side of the river. In the winter of 1815, some excitement was occasioned by the Appearance of counterfeit notes of the Dayton Manufacturing Company. 130 HISTORY OF DAYTON. One and two dollar bills were fraudulently raised to twenty and one hundred dollar notes. The counterfeit bills were originally issued as post notes, but in consequence of a mistake made by the engraver in repeating the letters "tu" in the word "jmanufacturing," the directors did not think fit to make use of them as post notes; but as small bills were very much wanted, they cut off the words "post notes," which were engraved at the ends of the bills, and issued them as one and two dollar bills. In February, 1815, came the glorious news that a treaty of peace had been signed between the United States and Great Britain. The Repub lican made the foHoAving announcement of a proposed illumination of the town in celebration of the event: ' " peace. "With hearts full of gratitude to the great Arbiter of nations, we announce this joyous intelligence to our readers. EA^ery heart that feels but a single patriotic emotion will hail the return of peace on terms which are certainly not dishonorable, as one of the most auspicious events we were ever called upon to celebrate. "The citizens of Dayton have agreed to illuminate this evening. The people from the country are invited to come in and partake of the general joy." The governor of Ohio, in vicAV of the declaration of peace, appointed March 31st as a day of Thanksgiving. Wednesday April 12, 1815, the ladies of Dayton and vicinity met at the house of Mrs. Henry Brown, at three o'clock in the afternoon, to organize the Dayton Female Charitable and Bible Society. Each mem ber Avas to contribute one dollar a year for the purpose of purchasing Bibles, and also to make a quarterly contribution of twenty-five cents for the charitable fund. The society Avas organized for the purpose of gratuitously distributing the Holy Scriptures and seeking the sick, the afflicted, and needy, particularly of their own sex, relieving their Avants and administering to their comfort and giving consolation to them in their distress as far as was in their poAver. The officers of the society were the foHoAving ladies: President, Mrs. Robert Patterson; vice-presi dent, Mrs. Thomas Cottom; Mrs. Dr. James Welsh, corresponding secretary; Mrs. Joseph II. Crane, recording secretary; Mrs. Joseph Peirce, treasurer; managers, Mrs. William King, Mrs. .David Reid, Mrs. James Hanna, Mrs. James Steele, and Mrs. Isaac Spiaing. This was the first society of this kind organized in Dayton, though the ladies Avho formed it were previously and during the remainder of their lives noted DAYTON FROM 1813 TO 1825. 131 for their benevolence and good works. A charity sermon for the benefit of the society was preached by Rev. J. L. Wilson, in the Methodist meeting-house, on Sunday, June 25th. In May, Robert Strain opened a travelers' inn in his large brick building on the corner of Main and Fourth streets, the site of the United Brethren Publishing House. June 26th Ann Yamer opened a millinery shop on Main Street, south of Second Street. She announced, beside attractive goods for ladies, a full stock of plumes and other decorations for military gentlemen, and that she was in need of a supply of goose feathers. July 4, 1815, the first market-house was opened, and Wednesdays and Saturdays, from four to ten A. m., appointed as the times for the markets to be held. It Avas a frame building, one hundred feet long, on Second Street, between Main and Jefferson, with butchers' stalls on either side of the interior of the building, and stands for farmers and gardeners on the outside, under the wide projecting eaves. From the building along Second, or Market Street, as that part of Second Street was then called, nearly to Main, extended two long horse racks or rails. The ordinance to regulate the market took eff'ect April 1, 1816, aud forebade the sale of butter, cheese, eggs, poultry, vegetables of any kind, fresh fish, or meat of any kind, with some exceptions, within the corporation on any other than market day. Fresh meat and fish might be sold before eight a. m. on any day, and beef by the quarter, or fifty pounds of pork, could be sold at all times. The market prices were as follows: Flour, five dollars per barrel; wheat, seventy -five cents a bushel; beef per one hundred Aveight, three to three dollars, and fifty cents; pork per one hundred weight, four dollars; corn, twenty-five to thirty-three cents; oats, twenty to twenty -five cents; butter, twelve and a half cents; eggs, eight cents; pair venison haniSj fifty cents; pound bacon ham, ten cents. January 1, 1817, flour Avas- six doHars, and wheat; one dollar a bushel. October, 1819, flax seed was eighty-seven and a half cents, and wheat had fallen to sixty -two and a half cents. There were very large crops throughout the Miami valley in 1821, though the preceding winter was long and cold and the spring late. Wheat fell to twenty cents per bushel and flour sold in the fall at three dollars and seventy-five cents per barrel. The market prices in Dayton in March, 1822, were: Flour, per barrel two dollars and fifty cents; Avhisky, per gallon twelve and a half cents; wheat, twenty cents per bushel; rye, twenty -five cents; corn, twelve cents; fresh beef, one to three cents per pound; bacon hams, two to three cents per pound; butter, five to eiglit cents; eggs, three to five cents; chickens, fifty to seventy-five cents per dozen. 132 HISTORY OF DAYTON. After the war of 1812, in spite of the miserable roads and the lack of forage, immense numbers of cattle, horses, and hogs were driven to the eastern market from this region. The Rev. Timothy FHnt says in his " Letters or Recollections of the Last Ten Years in the Mississippi Valley," that on his journey west in November, 1815, he met a drove of one thousand cattle and hogs on the Alleghany mountains, which were "of an unnatural shagginess and roughness like Avolves, and the drovers from Mad River were as untamed and AvHd in their looks as Crusoe's man Friday." There were about one hundred dwelling houses in Dayton iu 1815, but the majority of them were log cabins. The revenue of the county from 1814-1815 Avas three thousand two hundred and eighty dollars and fifty-one cents, an increase in one year of one thousand four hundred and thirty-one dollars and sixty-four cents. The merchants doing business in Dayton in 1815, whose descendants still live here, were George W. Smith, Horatio G. Phillips, Charles R. Greene, Steele & Peirce, Alexander Grimes, and William Eaker. Henry Brown opened a leather store this year. The license for a store was fifteen doHars, and the clerk's fee Avas fifty cents. George W. Smith Avas born in Kent, England, and emigrated when a youth to the United States, settling first in Staunton, Virginia. After some years he removed to Nashville, Tennessee, and finally located, about the year 1804, in Dayton, where he lived till his death. May 14, 1841, aged about fifty-seven years. Mr. Smith was actively engaged in business during his residence here. His first partner was William Eaker, aud after they dissolved he began business by himself. He soon formed a partnership Avith Robert A. Edgar, which continued till 1831. During the last years of his life he was in partnership with hie son George. In common with many other Dayton merchants, he was engaged iu the transportation of produce (usually' taken in exchange for merchandise) for which there Avas no sale at the North, from Ohio on flatboats to New Orleans. At an early day he established extensive flour mills and a distillery on Mad River, three miles east of Dayton, laying out a village called SmithvHle, now known as Harries Station. Mr. Smith was married twice. His first wife was Miss Todd. They had two children; George W., who married Lucy Weston, and died in early Hfe, and Mary Jane, who married William F. Irwin, .of Cincinnati. Mr. Smith's second wife was Eliza Manning. They had five children, James Manning, Sophia, Louise, George W., and Ann. James Manning Smith married Caroline, daughter of Samuel Shoup, a prominent merchant of Dayton; Sophia married Isaac H. Keirsteid; Louise married Captain Fletcher, of the DAYTON PROM 1813 TO 1825. 133 United States Army; Ann married William G. Sheeley, of Covington, Kentucky. Horatio Gates Phillips was the son of Captain Jonathan and Mary Forman Phillips, and was born at Lawrenceville, New Jersey, December 16, 1744. His father was a captain in the Revolutionary Army from 1775 to the close of the war. Mr. PhHlips settled in Dayton in the winter of 1804 or the spring of 1805. In the winter of 1806, he went east to buy goods, visiting his old home in New Jersey, where, on the 10th of April, 1805, he Avas married to Eliza Smith Houston, daughter of William C. Houston. Mr. and Mrs. Phillips made their bridal trip on horseback and in a flatboat to Cincinnati, and thence in a wagon to Dayton. Mr. Phillips' first store and also his residence were in a two-storied log house on the southwest corner of First and Jefferson streets. In 1812 he built a two-storied brick store on the southeast corner of Main and Second streets, and a residence on Main Street adjoining it. During the War of 1812, Mr. Phillips accumulated large quantities of pork, whisky, ffour, and grain, taken in exchange for goods at Dayton and Troy, and this produce he sold at a good price to army contractors and government agents who were buying supplies for the array. He was largely engaged in transporting produce by flatboats to New Orleans. Mr. Phillips was in partnership at various times with James Perrine, John Green, and his son, J. D. PhiHips. Mrs. Phillips, who was noted for her hospitality and her activity in benevolent and religious work, died December 3, 1831, leaving a son and two daughters. On the 16th of December, 1836, Mr. PhiHips married Mrs. Catherine P. Irwin, daughter of Colonel Robert Patterson, who survived her husband. Mrs. Phillips' children by her flrst husband, Henry Brown, have already been mentioned. Her youngest child, A. Barr Irwin, by her second husband, Andrew Irwin, married Jane F., daughter of Rear-Admiral James F. Schenck. He now lives in Kentucky. Mr. H. G. Phillips' eldest daughter, Elizabeth Smith, married John G. Worthington, of Cincinnati; his youngest daughter, Marianna Louisa, married first Robert A. Thruston, and second John G. Lowe, both of Dayton, and men of talent and high character. His only son, Jonathan Dickenson Phillips, was a generous and public spirited man. He married Lucianna Zeigler, daughter of Charles R. Greene. WiHiam Eaker came to Dayton from Carlisle, Pennsylvania. From an early period Mr. Eaker was extensively engaged here in the business of merchandising and flatboating to New Orleans. His store was-very 134 HISTORY OF DAYTON. popular Avith country people, and he amassed a large fortune. He married Lucretia Lowrie, of Springfield, Ohio, who survived him many years. They had four children — William, Charles, Franklin, and Mary Belle. Two prominent citizens belong to this period, Obadiah B. Conover and William Huff'man. Obadiah B. Conover carae to Dayton from New Jersey in 1812. He was active in city and educational aff'airs, but was especially noted for religious and Sunday-school work. He married Sarah, daughter of John Miller, who came to Dayton in 1799, and Avas an elder in the First Pres byterian Church. Their sons, Harvey, Wilbur, and Obadiah, all received liberal educations and became prominent citialens, the first two in Dayton aud the last in Madison, Wisconsin. They had tAvo daughters: Sarah, who married Collins Wight, and Harriet, who married Colonel Hiram Strong Avho was Avounded while gallantly leadifig the Ninetj^-third regiment at the battle of Chickamauga and died in Nashville October 7, 1863. William Huff'man arrived from New Jersey in 1812. He Avas long engaged in business, and purchased a large amount of real estate which became ver}- valuable. He built the first stone house in Dayton, in which he lived aud kept his store. This stone house was long one of the land marks of Dayton and stood on the site of the Beckel House. He had oue son and four daughters. His son, William P. Huff'man, was an enterprising citizen and did much towards the building up of the toAvn. His daughters married as follows: Mary Ann to Rev. David Winters; Catharine to Morris Seely; Eliza J. to Alexander Simms; Lydia A. first to William H. Merriam, second to John Harries. In the course of the history short biographical sketches are given of some of the settlers who came as early as 1812. The names of others are frequently mentioned iu connection with the business in AAdiich they were engaged and the positions of trust they held. As the town grew in size, it would be manifestly impossible to continue these sketches, for prominent and highly esteemed citizens are too numerous. On the Fourth of July the usual program was carried out, with the exception that the young ladies Avere invited to meet at the tavern of Colonel John Grimes, at the head of Main Street, and join the procession. At the conclusion of the exercises the procession reformed and marched to Republican Spriug for dinner. In July the Moral Society Avas organized, Avhose object Avas to sup press vice and promote order, morality, and religion, and more particularly to countenance, support, and assist magistrates in the faithful discharge of their important duties aud in enforcing the laws against Sabbath breaking. DAYTON PROM 1813 TO 1825. 135 profane swearing, and other unlawful practices. The society is careful in its constitution to state that it is not its intention to exercise a censorious or inquisitorial authority over the private transactions or concerns of indi viduals. James Planna was elected chairman; George S. Houston, secretary; managers, William King, Henry Robertson, Matthew Patton, John Patterson, and Aaron Baker. Quarterly meetings of the Moral Society were held on the first Saturday in October, January, April, and July. A special meeting of the society was held on the 12th of August at two o'clock in the afternoon in the Methodist meeting-house to listen to a sermon by the Rev. Mr. Findley. In July, 1815, was also organized the Society of Associated Bachelors by convivial gentlemen of Daj'ton. ' Their usual place of meeting was Strain's bar-room. George S. Houston, secretary of the Moral Society, was at the same time president of the Associated Bachelors; so that the characters of the tAvo organizations were not as dissimilar as their names would imply. To the great satisfaction of the Moral Society, on the 24th of September Mr. Houston was married to "the amiable Miss Mary Forman." Soon after Joseph John, secretary of the Associated Bach elors, was married to Miss Jane Waugh, of Washington Township. The Republican made merry over the fact that both the president aud secretary of the Bachelors' Association were married. Their successors, who were immediately elected, were Dr. John Steele president, and Alexander Grimes secretary. October 7, 1815, the grist mill, and fulling mill, and two carding machines belonging to Colonel Robert Patterson, tAVO miles from town, were destroyed by fire, supposed to have originated from the stove pipe in the carding room. The fire was a calamity to many poor famHies as Avell as to the proprietor, as there was a considerable quantity of cloth and wool belonging to a number of customers in the mills. They were soon rebuilt. D. C. Cooper was president and J. H. Crane recorder of the select council this year. D. C. Cooper was elected State senator, and George Grove and George Newcom- representatives in the legislature. Aaron Baker, who had no opponent, was elected coroner. January 27, 1816, a meeting Avas held at Colonel Grimes' tavern to take measures for building a free bridge over Mad River, which, unlike the Miami, could not be conveniently crossed by a ferry. D. C. Cooper, Aaron Baker, Samuel Dilly, David Lock, John D. Campbell, David Griffin, and William M. Smith were appointed a standing committee to superintend building the bridge, and to circulate subscription papers. Subscriptions in work, material, trade, or cash were to be solicited. This 136 HISTORY OF DAYTON. plan was, however, abandoned, and the bridge was built the next year by the countyr The contract was sold May 21st to William Farmun at fourteen hundred dollars, and though not completed, it was opened to travel in the fall. In December it was finished at an expense of one hundred and fifty dollars. It was built at Taylor Street, just south of Monument Avenue; was a high uncovered bridge Avith a span of one hundred and sixty feet, so that the roadAvay over the middle of the river was several feet higher above the Avater than at the abutments. It was painted red. A new floor was laid and additional biraces put up in 1824. The bridge fell into the river in May, 1828, and was rebuilt during the summer by John Hale. In 1816 Daniel C. Cooper was member of the legislature. He was also president of the town council; recorder, Joseph Peirce; trustees, Aaron Baker, H. G. Phillips, Ralph Wilson, 0. B. Conover, George Grove. In 1816 Rev. Dr. James Welsh laid out an opposition town, which he named North Dayton, on the west sid^ of the Miami, on the site of the suburb called Dayton View, which he thought would take the trade from the county seat, because beside being free from overflowing by water at all times, the situation was more convenient for purposes of trade. "Two thirds of the weight and influence of Montgomery County, with a very extensive and fertile back country," he says in his advertisement describ ing the town plat, and off'ering very liberal premiums to settlers, "are now constrained to cross the Miami, whenever they have business Avith stores, or mechanics, or Avish to sell their produce." In 1821 he applied to the court for permission to vacate the town. The first theater was held in Dayton at the dwelHng of WHliam Huffman, on St Clair Street, on the evening of April 22, 1816. The lovers of the drama were respectfully informed in the advertisement that the much-admired, elegant comedy, caHed, "Matrimony; or. The Prisoners," would be presented, and that betweeii the play and farce would be given, recitation, "Scolding Wife Reclaimed;" recitation, "Monsieur Tonson;" fancy dance; comic song, "Bag of Nails;" to which would be added the celebrated comic farce, called, "The Village Lawyer." Tickets, fifty cents; doors open at seven o'clock; curtain to rise at half past seven precisely. Gentlemen are requested not to smoke cigars in the theater. At a meeting held at Reid's inn June 21st, and of which Dr. John Steele was chairman and Benjamin Vhn Cleve secretary, the following gentlemen were appointed a committee to make arrangements for the celebration of the Fourth of July: Captain James Steele, Dr. Charles DAYTON PROM 1813 TO 1825. 137 Este, George W. Smith, Fielding Gosney, James Lodge, Colonel John Anderson, and David Griffin. They had the customary procession and, exercises. Dr. Charles Este read the Declaration of Independence, and Washington's farewell address was read by Benjamin Van Cleve. About one hundred persons after wards sat down to an excellent dinner prepared by Captain J. Rhea. Nineteen patriotic toasts Ayere drunk with great hilarity. Isaac Spining, Esq., acted as president of the day, and William George, Esq., and Dr. Charles Este as vice-presidents. About fou,r o'clock the ladies and gentlemen of the town and vicinity assembled in the shade of the adjacent woods and "partook of a magnificent repast furnished by the ladies." The celebration was concluded by a ball at Colonel Reid's inn and a concert of vocal music at Mr. Bomberger's. The name of Judge Isaac Spining constantly occurs iu connection with public aff'airs. He emigrated fi'om New Jersey to the West in 1796 and a few years later located on a farm three miles east of Dayton. His sons, Pierson, Charles H., and George B., were all citizens of note, the first in Springfield and the latter tAvo in Dayton. By the summer of 1816 county business had increased so largely that it could not be properly administered in the small court house, and July 29th the commissioners sold the contract for a building for county offices to James Wilson for one thousand two hundred and forty-nine doHars. The building was erected on the site of the present ncAV court house; was" a brick, two stories high, forty-six feet front and tAventy feet deep, and Avas finished in the spring of 1817. The upper story Avas rented to the Watchma7i in 1818 "at fifty dollars per year and free publication of the annual report of the treasurer and election notices." For some time after 1820 both stories were used for county offices; then the upper story was rented for lawyers' offices. The north room on the first fioor Avas the clerk's office; the south room Avas occupied by the recorder. This floor was paved with brick. The treasurer's and auditor's rooms were on the north and south sides of the second story. In 1817 George Newcom Avas elected State senator, and William George and George Grove members of the lower house of the legislature. D. C. Cooper was president of the tovyn council, W. Munger recorder, and John Patterson corporation treasurer. This spring the advertisement of Dr. Haines, long esteemed in the community for his professional skill and benevolence, appears in the Watchman for the first time. The advertisements of D. Stout, saddler; J. Stutsman, coppersmith, and Moses Hatfield, chairmaker, also appear. The Sabbath -school Association, the first organization of that kind 138 HISTORY OF DAYTON. in Dayton, was formed in March, 1817. The society owed its origin to the exertions of the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Rev. Backus Wilbur, for whom a number of prominent citizens of Dayton were named. Mr. Wilbur died in Dayton, September 29, 1818. The inscrip tion on his monument was Avritten by Rev. Dr. Archibald Alexander, of Princeton. A long biography of Mr. Wilbur was published in the Watchmayi, February 18, 1819. The meetings of the Sabbath-school Association were held in the new Presbyterian church. Any one could become ^a member by con tributing twenty-five cents annuaHy. Donors of five dollars or more became life members. The society was managed by ladies, the officers consisting of a first and second directress, a secretary, treasurer, and five managers. The managers appointed the superintendent and the male and female teachers. The first board of managers consisted of the fol lowing ladies: Mrs. J. Ii. Crane, Mrs. Ayres, Mrs. Dr. Haines, Mrs. Hannah George, aud Mrs. Joseph Peirce. Mrs. Sarah Bomberger was the first superintendent and held the position nearly twelve years. Mrs. George served as secretary for some years and was very efficient. Mrs. Bomberger was the daughter of Judge George, who came to Dayton about 1805. In 1810 she was married to WilHam Bomberger, an excellent citizen, who held the office of county treasurer for fourteen years. Their children Avere George W.; Ann, who married Peter P. Lowe; and William, Avho removed to Colorado and died there. In July, 1818, the Methodist Sunday-school Society was organized. Their meetings began in August and Avere held in the Academy building. Adults and children were taught to read and were instructed in the Bible and catechism.In 1817 there were but two pleasure carriages in Dayton; one OAvned by D. C. Cooper and the other by Ii. G. Phillips. In July a tobacco factory, the first started in Dayton, was opened by Simeon Stanisfer on the corner of First aud St. Clair streets. Blackall Stephens re-opened the old NcAVcom tavern, "pleasantly situated on the bank of the Miami River," in December. The tavern was noAv called the Sun Inn, and a large picture representing the sun was painted on the sign. The advantages of the inn, its comforts, sufficient supply of bed linen, furniture, and other necessaries, are set forth at length in an advertisement in the Watchman, with the sun flaming at its head. A stock company Avas incorporated January 20, 1817, which began in x\pril, 1818, to build the red toll bridge across the Miami at Bridge Street. The following gentlemen were the incorporators of the company: DAYTON FROM 1813 TO 1825. 139 Robert Patterson, Joseph Peirce, David Reid, H. G. PhiHips, James Steele, George S. Houston, William George, and William King. Nathan Hunt, of Hamilton, was the contractor. The bridge was opened for use iu January, 1819. The toll house stood at the west end of the bridge. The Ohio Watchman for January 28, 1819, contains the following description of the new bridge, the first built across the Miami at Dayton : " The bridge across the Miami at this place is now finished, and presents to the eye a useful aud stately structure, highly gratifying to all Avho feel in terested in the improvement of this part of the country, as it is little inferior in strength and beauty to the best of the kind in the State, and renders the Miami no longer an obstruction to the free intercourse with our neighbors on the other side. It is supported by a stone abutment at each end and a strong stone pier in the center. It measures upwards of tAVO hundred and fifty feet in length, aud is well roofed and weather boarded." During the summer, 1818, a Mr. Lyon drove a passenger coach to and from Cincinnati, beginning his trips in May. Previously there was no public stage. The Cincinnati and Dayton mail stage, owned by John H. Piatt, of Cincinnati, and D. C. Cooper, of Dayton, commenced run ning between the two towns June 2, 1818. They left Cincinnati on Tuesday at five in the morning, passing through Springfield (now Springdale), Hamilton, Middletown, and Franklin; passengers arrived at Dayton Wednesday evening, spending the night at Hamilton. They were two days en route from Cincinnati to Dayton. They left Dayton on Friday at five in the morning and reached Cincinnati on Saturday evening. The fare was eight cents a mile Avith an allowance of fourteen pounds of baggage. John CroAvder, a Dayton colored barber, and his partner, Jacob Musgrave, also a colored man, drove a coach and four that carried twelve passengers to Cincinnati and return in 1820. The trip each way took two days and the passengers spent the night at Hamilton. In 1822 Timothy Squier ran a stage to Cincinnati. The stage line to Columbus was owned by Worden Huff'man. It connected at Columbus with a stage line to Chillicothe. In April, 1825, the mail route, which previously lay through Chillicothe, was changed, and on the 6th the first mail from the East, carried by a coach, arrived by Avay of Columbus. A regular weekly line of stages was established on the 13th of April between Dayton and Cincinnati. Passengers left Cincinnati on Monday at four in the morning and arrived here Tuesday evening at six o'clock. Coaches commenced running tAvice a week between the three places in June. When this Hne A^as first established, it was thought by many 140 HISTORY OF DAYTON. that all interested in it were throAving their money away. It was not long, however, before it became necessary to increase the number of trips from one to two, then to three a week, and at length a daily stage was established. The Cincinnati, Dayton, Columbus and Portland ou Lake Erie (now Sandusky) tri-weekly Hne of mail coaches began run ning through from Cincinnati to the lake in four days in 1827. Daily coaches each way were s'tarted June 25th. They connected at Sandusky with steamers for Detroit and Buff'alo, and at Mt. Vernon with a stage line for Cleveland. The fare from Cincinnati to Dayton was three dollars, six dollars to Columbus, and tAvelve dollars to the lake. H. G. Phillips and Timothy Squier, of Dayton ; Jervis Pike and William Neil, of Columbus; C. Barney, of Mt. Vernon; K. Porter, of Portland or Sandusky, and F. Fowler, of Milan, were the projDrietors. Four hun dred and ninety-seven passengers by stage passed through Dayton in 1825. Stage lines in every direction were in operation in 1828. Every week twenty coaches arrived in Dayton. In 1818 George Grove and Judge George were elected members of the legislature. Warren Munger was elected recorder. Friday, June 26, 1818, the first Dayton camp-meeting was held at the small prairie three quarters of a mile south' of Dayton, now the foot of Ludlow Street. Three thousand people are said to have attended. A camp-meeting was begun on September 10th, of the next year, at the same place, under the leadership of Rev. James B. Findley, presiding elder, assisted by Rev. Joseph Strange, of the Mad River circuit. The prairie AA^as entirely encircled with tents. Meetings were annually held at the foot of Ludlow Street till the canal was located. Afterwards they were held at the big spring, north side of Mad River, near the abutment of the present raHroad bridge. From the first settlement of the county it was customary to hold religious services in the Avoods, but there were no regular camp-meetings till 1818. . The advertisement of Dr. William Blodget appears in the Watchman for the first time in 1818. On the 15th of July Mr. D. C. Cooper died. This year John Collins & Co. advertise a stone saw mill, worked by water power. In 1819 George Newcom was elected State senator, and Ii. Stoddard aud J. Harries representatives. The number of voters in Dayton in 1819 was seven hundred and sixty-five, and the number in Montgomery County two thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five. Shows iu Dayton were few and far between at this period. In 1819 an African lion was exhibited in the barnyard of Colonel Reid's inn for DAYTON PROM 1813 TO 1825. 141 four days from nine in the morning to five iu the afternoon. Patrons were assured that they would be in no danger, as the lion, "the largest in America and the only one of his sort," was secured in a strong cage. Twenty-five cents admittance was charged; children half price. In April, 1820, Columbus, a large elephant, was on exhibition in the carriage house at Reid's inn; admittance thirty-seven and a half cents, children half price. An animal show, consisting of a single wild beast, was the onlj? entertainment which visited Dayton in the first quarter of the century till 1823, when the advertisement of a menagerie containing an African lion, African leopard, cougar from Brazil, Shetland pony with rider, ichneu mon, and several other animals, appeared in the newspaper. A band composed of the ancient Jewish cymbal and other modern instruments accompanied the show. This was a beggarly array of wild animals compared with the magnificent collections which Barnum yearly trans ports across the continent by steam. One wonders how they managed to transport CA'en.this small menagerie before the era of turnpikes, railroads, or canal boats. The shoAv at Reid's inn in 1824 contained but oue elephant. The first circus, Avhich appeared iu Dayton, exhibited in Reid's barnyard ou July 19, 20, and 25, 1825. No more circuses arrived till July, 1829, Avhen two came and both had their exhibitions on July 5th and 6th. A Ncav Year's ball was given on the evening of Friday, the 29th of December, at Fielding Gosney's inn, on the alley on the east side of Main, between Monument Avenue and First Street, formerly kept by Colonel Grimes. The following gentlemen Avere managers of the ball: William Griffin, Benjamin Brewbecker, E. W. Leveret, and John H. Reid. This year sixty-four lots opposite the Bridge Street bridge were platted by Joseph Peirce, agent of Samuel W. Davies and Thomas D. Carneal, of Cincinnati. The plat Avas called Pierson, but Avas soon vacated. In 1819 St. Thomas' Church, the first Episcopal church in Dayton, was organized by Bishop Chase with twenty-three members. Cooper's mills were burned on the 20th of June, 1820, and four thousand bushels of wheat and tAvo thousand pounds of wool destroyed.. They were soon afterwards rebuilt by James Steele and H. G. Phillips, executors of the Cooper estate. This was the first fire of any importance that occurred in Dayton, and led to the organization of the first fii^e company. Council provided ladders, Avhich were hung in the market- house on Second Street, and also passed an ordinance requiring each householder to provide two long leather buckets, with his name painted thereon in white letters, and keep them in some place easily accessible in 142 HISTORY OF DAYTON. case of an alarm of fire. Before this no public provision for putting out fires had been made. In 1820 appeared the first number of the Dayton Watchman, printed and published on Main Street, a few doors south of David Reid's inn, by G. S. Houston and R. J. Skinner. The publishers ofi'er to receive, in payment for their paper, the following articles at market prices: Flour, whisky, good hay, Avood, wheat, rye, corn, oats, sugar, tallow, beesAvax, honey, butter, chickens, eggs, wool, fiax, feathers, country linen, and cotton rags. Mr. Houston Avas editor-in-chief of the paper till 1826, when it was discontinued. George S. Houston was the son of William Churchill Houston, of New Jersey, who Avas professor of mathematics at Princeton. G. S. Houston came to Dayton in 1810, aud was at first in partnership Avith his brother-in-law, H. G. Phillips. In 1815 he married Miss Mary Forman. From 1814 till his death, after a long illness, in 1831, he was cashier of the Dayton bank. From 1822-1831 he served as postmaster of Dayton. He was a man of high character and noted for his benevolence and public spirit. To everything that conduced to the prosperity of the toAvn, or the comfort and pleasure of his felloAv-citizeus, he gave his hearty support, both in his paper aud in every other way in his power. Whenever in his day a public meeting was held or a society formed for the promotion of any worthy object, the name of George S. Houston, secretary, is usually signed to the printed report of the proceedings. Mr. Houston was an active member of Grace Methodist Episcopal Church and was appointed steward in 1815. Two children survived him — George S., who removed to Philadelphia, and Eliza, who married David K. Este, son of Dr. Charles Este, of Dayton. H. G. Phillips Avas president of the town council in 1820, and G. S. Houston recorder. The population of Montgomery County this year was sixteen thousand. The Montgomery County woods were at this period still full of game, and during 1821 Mr. Ii. G. Phillips frequently advertises " a few hundred raccoon skins for sale." They were used for caps. The fiush times during the war of 1812 were foHoAved by a serious and general depression iu business throughout the United States. Gold and silver were withdrawn from circulation to the great injury of business in this region, where good paper currency Avas scarce. During 1820, 1821, and 1822, so little money was in circulation that purchases and sales of all kinds^ were made by means of barter. Wolf scalp certificates, called log cabin currency, were sometimes taken in pay instead of cash. It is stated in the Watchman that there was some talk of supplying the deficiency iu coin by a return to cut money; dividing silver dollars into DAYTON PROM 1813 TO 1825. 143 five quarters, and Mexican quarters into three dimes. The Dayton bank was forced to suspend specie payment several times during this period. A fever prevailed in Dayton during the summer and fall of 1821. There were seven hundred cases, but only seven adults and six children died. The population of Dayton at this time was one thousand, so that about two thirds of the people Avere ill during the epidemic. On account of illness and death, the Presbyterian Sunday-school Avas suspended till the spring of 1822. Several valuable citizens died of the fever, among the number Benjamin Van Cleve and Joseph Peirce. ' Joseph Peirce was born March 6, 1786, at NcAvport, Rhode Island, and was the son of Isaac and Mary Sheffield Peirce. His father emigrated to Marietta in 1788, removing to Belpre in 1789, and spent the last five years of his life in Dayton, dying August 28, 1821. During the Indian war Isaac Peirce took refuge with his family in the Belpre stockades, Farmers' Castle, and Goodale's Garrison, and here Joseph Peirce spent four years of his childhood. Joseph Peirce settled in Dayton soon after the incorporation of the toAvn. He entered into a partnership in 1807 with James Steele for " retailing all sorts of goods, wares, and commodities belonging to the trade of merchandising," which continued during his life. November 10, 1810, he married Miss Henrietta Elliot, daughter of Dr. John Elliot. Their four children settled in Dayton. Mr. Peirce was elected in 1812 a member of the legislature. The following extract from a letter addressed to a relative by Mr. Peirce, while serving in the house, refiects the feeling in regard to the war of 1812: "Great unanimity prevaHs among the members so far. You no doubt have seen Governor Meigs' message. You will in a few days see the patriotic resolutions approbating the general government that have been passed. I doubt we have promised more than most of us would be Avilling to perform should we be put to the test. To-day I think we shall pass a law furnishing our militia on duty with about five thousand dollars' worth of blankets." In 1813 Mr. Peirce was elected a trustee of the Dayton bank, Avhich was just established. In 1814 he was elected presi dent of the bank and served till his death, September 21, 1821. He received from his fellow-citizens "many and various marks of their respect and confidence," and faithfully discharged the duties of all the public positions to which he was called. The Journal mentions in an obituary notice the fact that Mr. Peirce was endeavoring to secure a canal to Lake Erie when he died. "He fully appreciated," the notice says, "the importance of a canal from Lake Erie to the Ohio River, aud was making every exertion to have this great work commenced as soon as it should be consistent with the circumstances of the State." Mr. Peirce's 144 HISTORY OP DAYTON. eldest son, David Zeigler, married Eliza Johnson, daughter of Charles R. Greene; Mary Ann Peirce married Edward W. Davies, of Dayton; Jeremiah Hunt Peirce married first Elizabeth Forrer, and second Mary Forrer, both daughters of Samuel Forrer, of Dayton; Joseph Crane Peirce married Louise, daughter of Dr. Edwin Smith, of Dayton. John Compton began to keep the tavern at the corner of Main and Second streets June 19, 1821. This was the fashionable hotel. In spite of the hard times people were not discouraged, but looked forward' hopefully, anticipating an improvement in business, now that canals were projected and capitalists were talking of building manufac tories on Mad River and of improving the navigation of the Miami. A contributor to the Watchman February 13, 1821, writes in the following sanguine vein: "The Miami and Mad rivers, Avhich meet at Dayton, are very advantageous to it aud to the county. The former river is suited to navigation, and the latter to machinery to be propelled by water. Mad River is superior to most rivers, and is second to no one in the State for the facilities it oft'ers for water Avorks. The current of this river is uniformly rapid. A factory established on this river for the making of such articles as are adapted to the wants of this country, and supported by sufficient capital, would meet with certain success. At this time, it would be difficult to find a more profitable investment for capital. The articles manufactured in such an establishment Avould circulate through out the western country, and would be found on the shelves of the stores of the Atlantic cities." This year the town council advertised in the Watchman for proposals for draining the three ponds south Avest of town; the first two to be drained into the tail-race and the other into the outlet from Patterson's pond to the river; the ditch to be six feet wide at top and four at bottom and a sufficient depth to draw the water entirely out of the ponds. There Avere several fires in toAvn during 1822 Avhich led to a complaint that the council had not provided a fire engine, but nothing was done, and the leather buckets carried by the members of volunteer companies were still used. The Watchman notices a squirrel hunt in Montgomery County in April, lasting a day and a half, in whicli one thousand squirrels were kiHed, and their scalps produced in evidence. A heavy fall of rain early in April raised the river on the 13th and 14th higher than it had been for four or five years. The water was two or three feet deep on the lower floors of the nulls, but the loss was small. On AprH 23d appeared a long communication urging the construc tion of a canal between Cincinnati and Dayton, and proving that freight. DAYTON FROM 1813 TO 1825. 145 which it cost ten dollars to carry by Avagon, would cost but one dollar if sent by water; that a barrel of flour, for which fifty cents freightage Avas charged by land, would be but five cents by canal. The value of land, the writer urges, would be nearly doubled if a canal were built; Dayton farm and garden produce would find a market at Cincinnati, and above all a large trade in potash might be established. Potash, Avorth at Cincinnati one hundred dollars per ton, could be sent from here by water in large quantities, and instead of paying nine dollars per acre for clearing land, OAvners could burn the timber for potash and receive at the rate of thirty dollars an acre for it! Mrs. Julia Crane^ first directress of the Dayton Sabbath-school Association, reports in the spring of 1822 that they had distributed one hundred ancl sixty-five books during the past year; had one hundred and twelve tracts and five miniature histories of the Bible on hand and nine teen dollars and seventy-five cents iu the treasury'. The school, Avhich had been closed during the Avinter on account of illness ancl death from fever, was now re-opened. In 1822 Charles Russell Greene was appointed clerk of the Mont gomery County court, to succeed Benjamin Van Cleve, and held the office till his death. Charles R. Greene Avas the son of Charles and Phebe Sheffield Greene, and was born in East GreeuAvich, Rhode Island, December 21, 1785. The Greenes emigrated from Rhode Island to Marietta Avith the members of the Ohio Company in 1788, and C. R. Greene removed from Marietta to Dayton before 1806, and was for some time in business with his brother-in-laAV, D. C. Cooper. In 1813 he married Miss Achsah DisbroAV, of Dayton, daughter of Henry DisbroAV, who had for a number of years been engaged in business here. In 1809 Mr. Disbrow was one of the editors of the Dayton Repertory, and in 1810 he and Paul D, Butler established a line of keel-boats on the Miami and Maumee rivers from Dayton to Toledo. In 1812 and for some years afterwards Mr. Greene Avas engaged in the business of general merchandizing. The death of Mr. Greene, who was a highly esteemed citizen, cast a gloom over the Avhole community, and even the man Avho, while under the influence of liquor, caused his death, said that he had killed his best friend. A fire occurred here on the night of September 10, 1833. Mr. Greene, who Avas oue of the fire wardens, ordered MatthcAv Thompson, who was idly looking on, to assist in passing Avater to the engine. Thompson refused, and off'ering some resistance Avhen the order was repeated, Mr. Greene was obliged to use force to compel him to obey. The next day, on the complaint of Thompson, Mr. Greene 146 HISTORY OP DAYTON. was summoned, to appear before the squire, and while an examination was in process, Thompson struck Mr. Greene with a club, and the blow resulted in his death in a short time. The indignation against the murderer, who had killed a citizen whose only oft'ense Avas faithfully discharging his duty, was intense. Mr. Greene left tAvo sons and four daughters. Luciana Zeigler married J..D. PhHlips; Sophia married Egbert T. Schenck; Eliza Johnson married David Z. Peirce; Cooper died unmarried; Harriet married David Junkin; Charles Henry married Adeline D. Piper. Mrs. C. R. Greene died November 3, 1873, at the home of her daughter, Mrs. J. D. PhiHips. In 1821 and 1822 a premium was off'ered to the best drilled and equipped militia companies in the State. Several light companies of infantry and riflemen were formed in the brigade under the command of General William M. Smith and competed for the prize. As a curiosity the uniforms worn are worth mentioning. One of the infantry companies, commanded by Captain James M. Grimes, wore a yellow roundabout coat, green collar and cuff's, and white pautaloons and red leggins. The uniform of Captain Dodds' infautry company was a white roundabout trimmed with black cord, pantaloons the same, and citizen's hat with red feather. Captain Dixon's company of riflemen Avore blue cloth roifnd- abouts trimmed with white cord; pautaloons to .correspond. Captain Windbrenner's men were dressed in grey cloth coatees, trimmed Avith black cord; pantaloons the same. The Fourth of July celebration in 1822 began by the ringing of bells and firing of cannon at daybreak, aud the national flag Avas displayed ou the town flag staff. The procession to the First Presbyterian Church, where the exercises were held, Avas headed by the Hght companies of infantry and riflemen in their gay new uniforms. Then came the Ameri can flag and cap of liberty attended by four veterans of the Revolution — Colonel Robert Patterson, Simeon Broadwell, Richard Bacon, and Isaac Spining. Stephen Fales delivered " a highly interesting and animating oration" and Judge Crane read the Declaration of Independence. The music on the occasion " Avould have done honor to any place and reflected great credit on the singers." An excellent dinner at Mr. Squier's tavern foHowed the exercises. Judge Crane was president of the day; Judge Steele, first vice-president, and II. G. Phillips, second vice-president After the regular toasts Avere drunk, the following volunteers Avere given: By Judge Crane, "DeWitt Clinton, the able and persevering supporter of internal improvements;" by Judge Steele, " The contemplated canal from the waters of Mad River to those of the Ohio;" by Stephen Fales, "The memory of General Wayne, the deliverer of Ohio;" by Colonel Stebbins, DAYTON PROM 1813 TO 1825. 147 officer of the day, "The president of the day — a descendant of a Rev olutionary officer, one of the first settlers in this place, and who has borne the heat and burden of the day Avith us; as distinguished for his modesty as his worth, his is the popularity that follows, not that vvhich is pursued;" by- Judge Spining, "May the cause that first inspired the heroes of '76 to shake off' the chains of slavery be ever dear and sup ported by all true Americans." An address from the four revolutionary veterans, ending Avith the following toast, was read: "The heroes of the revolution that fell to secure the blessings of this day to us. May their children so maintain them that America may be a republic of Christians on the last day of time." The Watchman says in July, 1822, Avhen butter was five cents per pound and chickens fifty cents a dozen, that the Dayton price list, pub lished weekly in the newspapers, had been noticed in Eastern papers under the head of cheap living, and the low prices of marketing here attributed to the scarcity of money in the West. The Watchman assures the people on the Atlantic coast that the great abundance of country produce of all kinds is the true reason that living is cheap iu Ohio, and that mone}' "is quite as plenty with us as notions in the Eastern States." Five dollars reward was off'ered in August for the arrest of disturbers of the peace, who, during the past year, had been in the habit of hoisting flood gates, throwing open inclosures, and doing a variety of other mis chief after night. August 21st the Montgomery County Bible Society was organized at a meeting of Avhich Joseph H. Crane Avas chairman and G. S. Houston secretary. Dr. Job Haines was elected president; William King, Aaron Baker, and Rev. N. Worley, vice-presidents; Luther Bruen, treasurer; James Steele, corresponding secretary; George S. Houston, recording secretary; managers, John Miller, John H. Williams, John Patterson, David Reid, James Hanna, O. B. Conover, Daniel Pierson, Robert Patterson, James Slaght, John B. Ayres, Joseph Kennedy, Hezekiah Robinson, and Robert McConnel. On the 3rd of September, 1822, the Watchman contains' the prospectus of the Gridiron, a weekly newspaper edited and published by John Anderson — a sheet much dreaded by persons politically or otherwise obnoxious to the editor and contributors, and on Avhich " evil doers received a good roasting." A bitter political contest Avas being Avaged in Dayton at this period, and members of both parties published the severest and most unjustifiable attacks on their opponents. General William M. Smith's brigade assembled for drill and parade in 148 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Dayton on the 12th of October. The brigade was principally composed of young men, all Avell equipped, and though the roads were sloppy and some of the companies had eight or nine miles to march, the command Avas on parade at an early hour. The Watchman says that this was the most brilHant muster ever witnessed in Dayton. There were forty-eight burials at the Sixth Street graveyard in 1822. WilHam M. Smith was appointed postmaster in 1822, and held the office one year. E. Smith, afterwards Avidely knoAvn as Dr. EdAvin Smith, assistant postmaster, attended to the delivering of the mail for several months after Benjamin Van Cleve's death in December, 1821. George S. Houston was appointed postmaster in 1823 and served tHl 1831. The postoffice was in the two-story brick building, still standing near the north east corner of Second and Ludlow streets. Mr. Houston also kept a smah stock of books, principally reHgious, for sale at the postoffice. The Dayton Foreign Missionary Society was organized in 1822. James Steele was elected treasurer and Job Haines secretary. The membership fee was fifty cents a year whicli could be paid in money, clothes, kitchen furniture or groceries, to be sent to the Indians, of whom a number still lived in Ohio. In 1823 George B. Holt began to publish a Aveekly Democratic newspaper, the Miami Republican and Daily Advertiser, which Avas con tinued till 1826. A biography of Judge Holt avHI be given in the chapter on the "Bench and Bar." The road^to Cincinnati in the spriug of 1823 was almost impassable, and the making of a turnpike Avas urged, but without success. In 1823 the first Dayton musical society Avas organized, and John W. Van Cleve was elected president. The association Avas called the Pleyel Society and held its meetings in the grand jury room of the court house. None but members Avere admitted. A meeting to raise money for the Greek cause Avas held at Colonel Reid's inn February 9, 1824. Simeon Broadwell was chairman of the meeting. Job Haines secretary, and George S. Houston treasurer. One hundred and fifteen dollars were collected, and William M. Smith, George W. Smith, and Stephen Fales Avere appointed a committee to remit the money to the Greek Fund Committee in Ncav York. The Watchman urges the corporation this spring to procure a fire engine, drain and turnpike the streets " instead of making canals of them," fill up several ponds within the town which needed attention, and provide some means of Aveighing hay. But it Avas several years before these improvements were made. On Saturday morning, June 12, 1824, au accident happened which DAYTON PROM 1813 TO 1825. 149 threw a gloom over the little town. A party of six young ladies, four gentlemen, and two boys had gone out in a pirogue on the Miami, and Avhile trying to pass through an open place in a fish dam at the east end of First Street, the boat struck the limb of a tree and upset. All the young people barely escaped with their lives, and Miss Rue, a girl of seventeen, in spite of the efforts of the only two of the party who could SAvim to save her, was drowned. At this period there were on the Miami above Franklin fifty flouring mills, making at least two thousand barrels of flour annually; one hundred distilleries, making two hundred barrels of whisky each, and four thousand barrels of pork a year were packed, statistics which are given as an indication of the improvement of the Miami valley. Twenty-four people of color left Dayton on October 21, 1824, for Hayti. Their expenses were paid by the Haytien government, Avhich was inviting negro emigrants from the United States and sent an agent to Ncav York to take charge of the large numbers who Avere willing to go. Nearly all of those who went from here soon found their way back again to Dayton. On the night of November 16th George Groves' hat store, containing over a hundred fur and a number of wool hats, was burned, the loss being about one thousand dollars. Mr. HolHs, a watchmaker in the same building, which was frame, lost his tools, but saved the Avatches left with him for repair. This fire, whieh 'was the first of any size that had occurred since 1820, created a good deal of excitement, as the corporation ladders were not iu their place in the market-house, and the Avliole dependence for extinguishing the fire was on the leather buckets belong ing to citizens. Again there was a demand that council should purchase a fire engine and buckets, and see -that the ladders were kept in some proper and convenient place, Avhere they might be found when needed. An ordinance was accordingly passed /threatening persons removing the public ladders from the market-house, except in case of fire, with a fine of ten dollars, and providing that a merchant who Avas going to Phila delphia in the spring of 1825 should be furnished with two hundred and tAventy-six dollars and directed to purchase a fire engine. In the winter of 1825 Thomas Morrison erected hay scales on Fourth Street, near Ludlow, charging thirty-scA^en and a half cents for weighing one ton and twenty-five cents for Aveighing one half ton. The boundaries of the streets Avere at this date not very clearly defined, houses being few and far between, and the scales, Avhich were near the corner of Fourth and Ludlow streets, were described in the newspapers as " on Main Street, one square west of Strain's tavern," now the United Brethren book store. 150 HISTORY OP DAYTON. The wholesale prices of provisions in Dayton in the spring of 1825 were as follows: Flour, two dollars and seventy-five cents per barrel; whisky, seventeen to seventeen and one half cents;, leaf lard in kegs, six and one quarter cents; butter iu kegs, six cents; country sugar in barrels, seven to seven and one half cents; feathers, twenty-five cents; beeswax, thirty to thirty-one cents; wheat, forty -five cents per bushel. In the spring of 1825 occurred the trial and execution of John McAfee for the brutal murder of his wife. The trial occupied the 2d and 3d of March. lie was proved guilty, aud sentenced by Judge Crane to be hung on March 28th. He was hung at three o'clock in the after noon of that day, on the gallows erected on what is now West Third Street, a short distance east of the Third Street Bridge. The carriage in which the prisoner, accompanied by Father Hill, a Catholic priest who had come up from Cincinnati tAvice before to visit him, was taken at ten a. m., from the jail to the place of execution, guarded by Captain Conrad Wolf's rifie company and Captain Squier's troop of horse. The prisoner made confession of his crime just before he was executed, and though he professed penitence, such was the indignation against him that the calling out of the militia Avas probably a necessary measure. This was the first execution in Dayton, and produced great excitement in the town aud country; early in the morning crowds began to fiock in from the country, and nearly the Avhole population of this part of Montgomery County Avas assembled at the gallows. It is a matter of congratulation that such brutalizing public executions are no longer tolerated. In April, 1825, a gentleman reached Dayton from Philadelphia, via Cincinnati, in eight days by stages and steamboats. Very recently the trip had taken from two to three weeks. Daytonians began to feel that they were becoming close neighbors of the people of the Eastern States. CHAPTER X. Canal Agitation — Dinner to DeWitt Clinton — First Canal Boat Arrives — Enthusiasm ol the People— Trade by Wugon to Fort Wayne— Dayton in 1827— Medical Spring— Traveling Museum — First Fire Wardens — Excitement at Fires — Flood in 1828 — Dayton Guards — Business in 1828 — Price of Property — Temperance Society — New Market House — Rivalry Betvifeen Dayton and Cabintown — Seely's Basin — Peasley's Garden — Miniature Locomotive and Car Exhibited in the Methodist Church— Daytonians Take Their First Railroad Ride — Seneca Indians Camp in Dayton — Steele's Dam — General R. C. Schenck — Fugitive Slave Captured in Dayton — First Railroad Incorporated — Flood of 1832 — Relief Sent to Cincinnati Flood Suflferers — Political Excitement — Council Cut Down a Jackson Pole— Cholera in 1832 — Silk Manufactory Established — Kiglith of January Barbecue — Procession of Mechanics, July 4, 1883- Taverns — Town Watchmen — Bridge Over the Miami — Lafayette Commemorative Services — Fire Guards — One Story Stone Jail Built — First Carriers' New Year's Address — Board of Health — Fire Alarm — R. A. Thruston. THOUGH we shall be carried beyond the date we have now reached, it will be well to give in this chapter a full account of the canal. A meeting was called at Colonel Reed's inn on the evening of June 29, 1821, to appoint a committee to cooperate with committees in other places to raise means to pay for a survey of the route for a canal from Mad River to the Ohio, and to ascertain the practicability and expense of such a canal. Judge Crane was chairman of this meeting and G. S. Houston secretary. The foHoAving gentlemen were appointed to collect funds to pay for the survey: H. G. Phillips, G. W. Smith, Dr. John Steele, Alexander Grimes, and J. H. Crane. The law authorizing the making of a canal from Dayton to Cincin nati passed the legislature in 1825. On the 4th of July, 1825, Governor DeWitt CHnton, of New York, assisted at the inauguration of the Ohio canal at Newark. At a public meeting of the citizens of Dayton, James Steele and Henry Bacon were appointed a committee to wait on the governor at Newark and invite him to partake of a public dinner in their town. Resolutions were also adopted and preparations made for his reception. Mr. Steele returned from Newark on the evening of Wednesday, the 6th, and reported that the governor had accepted and would be here on Saturday. A number of gentlemen of Dayton and a detachment of the troop of horse commanded by Captain Squier met the governor at Fairfield and escorted him to town. At half past two p. m. Governor Clinton and his suite, Messrs. Jones 151 152 HISTORY OF DAYTON. and Reed; GoA^ernor MorroAv, Hon. Ethan A. Brown, Hon. Joseph Vance, Messrs. Tappan and Williams, canal commissioners, and Judge Bates, civil engineer, arrived at Compton's tavern, on the corner of Main and Second streets, where they Avere received by the citizens. Judge Crane made au address of welcome, which Avas responded to by Governor Clinton. About four o'clock the guests and citizens sat do.wn to an elegant dinner prepared for the occasion at Reid's inu. Judge Crane presided, and Judge Steele and Colonel Patterson acted as vice-presidents. The dinner closed with appropriate toasts. The Watchman suggested in October that it would be a wise plan to run the canal, which had not yet been located, doAvn the middle of Main Street. It stated that the channel need not be made wider than forty feet, which, if the sidewalks uoav sixteen and a half feet wide Avere reduced to tAvelve feet, would leave a wagon road thirty-four feet broad on either side of the water and make Main Street the handsomest street in the State. The earth taken from the canal, the Watchman asserted, would fill every hole and level every street in town. It was feared that the canal would be located a mile from the court house, which would seriously injure the town. The Dayton aud Cincinnati canal was put under contract in 1825, and was ready for navigation early in 1829. The cost of the canal was five hundred and sixty-seven thousand dollars. The construction of the canal Avas at first " violently opposed as a ruinous and useless ex'penditure." But as soon as the law authorizing the expenditure was passed, and before the canal was located, the rapid im provement of Dayton and the increase in population proved the wisdom and foresight of those Avho. since 1818 had been agitating the subject of canal improvements iu the Miami valley. One of the objections against the canal urged by opponents ofthe project Avas that it could not be made to hold water. As the bed of the canal ran through loose gravel, there seemed to be force in the objection, aud indeed some difficulty of this kind was experienced. The bottom of the canal, however, soon " puddled" aud became water tight. The canal commissioners, on December 28, 1826, authorized Micajah T. Williams to make "the fiual location of that part of the Miami canal lying within the limits of the corporation of the toAvn of Dayton." To the great satisfaction of the citizens, avIio had feared it Avould be located outside the corporation, it was located "on the common, between the saw mill race and the seminary, on St Clair Street" The canal was put under contract in the spring of 1827. At the bidding for contracts there was much competition, and proposals were CANAL AGITATION. 153 made by upwards of six hundred persons. The contractors began work about the first of June. The excavation at the basin between Second and Third streets was commenced on Monday, September 3d. In the evening a salute was fired in celebration of the event at the commons, now Library Park, where a large crowd was assembled. The first canal-boat built in Dayton was launched near Fifth Street on Saturday, August 16, 1828, at two p. m. The citizens were invited to assemble at the firing of the cannon to witness the launch. The boat was called the Alpha, of Dayton, aud was built for McMaken & Hilton by Solomon Eversull. The Alpha was pronounced by many superior to any boat on the line of the Miami canal. As the water had not yet been let into the canal, a temporary dam was built across the canal at the bluff's, and water was turned in from the saAv mill tail-race at Fifth Street. Trial trips were then made from the dam to Fifth Street and back. The Dayton Guards, the military company of boys, organized a few Aveeks before, made the first trip on the Alpha. Friday evening, September 26, 1828, Avater was first let into the canal by the contractors from the mill race at the corner of Fifth and Wyandot streets. Most of the wateV leaked out through the embankment along the river at the bluff's, in Van Buren Township, and on November 24th there was a break in the embankment at that point. On Wednesday, December 17th, a party of ladies and gentlemen made a trip on the Alpha to Hole's Creek. On Monday,' December 22d, she took a party to Miamisburg, beyond Avhich place the canal was not com pleted, returning Wednesday. Christmas there Avas a second excursion to Miamisburg which returned Friday. Samuel Forrer was the engineer of the Miami Canal in 1829. In January, 1829, citizens of Dayton were gratified Avith the sight, so long desired, of the arrival of canal-boats from Cincinnati. At daybreak Sunday, January 25th, the packet, Governor Brown, the first boat to arrive here from the Ohio, reached the head of the basin. This packet was appropriately named, for since 1819 Governor Brown had been engaged in urging the connection of the two towns by means of a canal. In the afternoon the Forrer arrived, followed at dark by the General Marion, and during the night by the General Pike. Each boat was welcomed by the firing of cannon and the enthusiastic cheers of a crowd of citizens assembled on the margin of the basin. The Governor Brown was henceforth to make regular trips twice a week between Dayton and Cincinnati. It was the only packet fitted up exclusively for passengers, and Avas handsomely and conveniently furnished. The master. Captain Archibald, Avas very popular and accommodating. 11 154 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The Alpha, which also made regular passages, was commanded by M. F. Jones, of Dayton. A part of the Alpha was prepared for pas sengers. A fleet of canal-boats, the Governor Broivn, Captain J. D. Archibald, master; Forrer, Captain Campbell, master; General Marion, Captain Clymer, master; General Pike, Captain Swain, master; accom panied by the Alpha, with a Dayton party, were to have made the first return trip to Cincinnati in company, but their departure was prevented by a break in the canal at AlexandersvHle. The people made a festival of the completion of the canal, which, they congratulated themselves, had begun a new era of prosperity for the town, and took every occasion to celebrate the event. On the evening of February 5, 1829, the canal being frozen over so that naviga tion was impossible. Captain Archibald, of the Governor Brown, which was embargoed by the ice at the basin, gave a handsome collation on board to a number of ladies and gentlemen. The next evening the captains of a number of boats lying in the basin partook of a canal supper at the National Hotel, and drank a number of toasts suitable to the occasion. On the 16th of April a steam canal-boat called the Enterprise arrived here. Two cords of wood were used in the passage from Cincinnati to Dayton. For many years it was believed that steam could be used in propelling boats on the canal, but after a fair trial it was found to be impracticable. Sometimes in the spring of 1829 as many as twenty-six canal-boats arrived here in a week. During the month of April seventy-one boats arrived and seventy-seven left Dayton. The number of passengers from Cincinnati and intermediate places towards Dayton was nine hundred and eighty-six. The total value of articles shipped Avas forty-three thousand one hundred and seventy-three dollars. The toll collected here during the year 1829 amounted to six thousand seven hundred aud thirty- eight dollars and thirty-one cents. In 1831, twelve thousand forty-seven doHars and sixty-four cents, aud in 1833, seventeen thousand one hundred and ninety dollars and three cents Avere collected. The Journal states that the number of persons traveling on the canal per Aveek in 1832 was probably not less than oue thousand, exclusive of the people employed on the boats. Twenty hours from Cincinnati to Dayton by canal Avas considered a rapid trip. Merchandise was brought here from New York by water iu twenty days. The cost of freight per ton Avas seventeen dollar's and twenty-five cents. The route was by the Erie canal to Buft'alo; thence by Lake Erie to Cleveland; thence by the Ohio canal to the Ohio River, CANAL AGITATION. 155 and doAvn the river to the Miami canal, and up the canal to Dayton — a distance of one thousand one hundred and fifty-tAvo miles. The completion of the State canal, which ended at Second Street, was soon foHoAved by the construction of a ncAV basin, beginning at the terminus of the original one and extending to First Street. It was con structed by the Basin Extension Company, formed by H. G. Phillips and James Steele, executors of the Cooper estate and others, and incorporated by the legislature February 4, 1830. Its object was to draw business to that part of toAvn, through which it passed. The Avork began in the spring of 1831. The basin ran through a ten-acre lot belonging to the Cooper estate, and the portion of the ground not used for the basin, embankment, and tow-path, Avas laid off' in lots and sold by the executors. In 1845 the work commenced some time before of extending the canal from First Street to its junction with the canal near the aqueduct was completed. Until the extension of the Miami canal to the north in 1841, Dayton was at the head of navigation, and supplies of every kind for this region for a long distance around were forwarded from here. A brisk trade Avith Fort Wayne as a distributing point Avas kept up, and wagon trains were constantly passing between the two points. Swaynie's tavern at the head of the basin was the favorite resort of the Avagoners, and his large stable yard was nightly crowded with wagons and his tavern with the drivers. The eccentric Lorenzo Dow preached iu Dayton on Friday, April 28th, at three o'clock in the afternoon and created a great sensation. The first "jubilee of the United States," commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, Avas celebrated July 4, 1826, by a procession from the court house, services at the brick church (First Presbyterian), a dinner at Mr. Rollman's tavern at the head of Main Street, and a picnic at the Medical Spring. The Declaration of Independence was read by John W. Van Cleve aud an oration was delivered by Peter P. LoAve. The Watchman for July 25th is in mourning for Thomas Jeff'erson aud John Adams, the ucavs of whose death, three Aveeks before on the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, had just been received. James Perrine was appointed in June the agent of the Protection Insurance Company, of Hartford, and was the first person engaged in this business in Dayton. Mr. Perrine was just beginning his long and honorable career as a merchunt in Dayton. Horse thieves were so troublesome in the town and country in 1826 that a public meeting was called at the court house on July 15th to devise 156 HISTORY OF DAYTON. means for their arrest. At the meeting a society for the pursuit and capture of horse thieves was formed and very efficient work Avas done by the members, Avho were called out Avhenever horses were missing. This is the nearest approach to a vigilance committee we have ever had in Dayton. A Colonization Society was formed in Dayton November 24, 1826. The foHoAving gentlemen were appointed a committee to solicit sub scriptions to the constitution: Aaron Baker, Henry Stoddard, Luther Bruen, 0. B. Conover, and S. S. Cleveland. Great advantage Avas anticipated from a spring located near the present buildings of the St. Mary's Institute, on Brown Street. The water from the spring was copious, and contributed to the volume of water iu Rubicon Creek, which in early times was a mill stream. The water was analyzed, and it was claimed that it Avas medicinal and equal iu curative qualities to the best springs that were places of popular resort. A bath house was built, a place for refreshments opened, and a plan proposed for a hotel, Avhich Avas never carried out. Although noAv just outside of the corporation limits, at that time it was sufficiently distant from the toAvn to afford a pleasant drive, and during the summer mouths the spring was a place of resort for the Dayton people. Fourth of July celebrations and picnics were often held there. It was confi dently expected that a fashionable watering place Avould be established and the town greatly benefited. The water proved to be simply chalybe ate and all hopes of attracting public attention to the spring were abandoned. There Avere eight hundred and forty-eight voters in Dayton Township in 1827. The population Avithin the corporation was sixteen hundred. George B. Holt was elected State senator this year, and Alexander Grimes and Robert J. Skinner representatives. This year the Baptist society, which Avas organized in 1824, built its first church, costing two thousand dollars, on the alley ou the west side of Main Street, between Monument Avenue and First Street In August, 1827, a traveHng museum, consisting of birds, beasts, wax figures, paintings, etc., visited Dayton. One of the articles exhibited is advertised in a style worthy of Barnum, as: "That great natural curi osity, the Indian mummy, which was discovered and taken from the interior of a cave in Warren County, Kentucky, where it was probably secreted in its present state for preservation for one thousand years." These museums, carried iu cars or vans drawn by horses, traveled all over the Western country in early times. When they reached a toAvn or village, the horses were unharnessed, and the cars Avere CANAL AGITATION. 157 fastened together so as to make a continuous room for the display of the curiosities. In 1828 Henry Best opened a jewelry store. He removed in 1836 to his building on Main Street, where the business is still carried on by his son. Council appointed the following fire Avardens in 1827: James Steele, Abram Darst, Dr. J. Haines, and MatthcAV Patton. The fire engine, which had been ordered from Philadelphia in 1825 at a cost of two hun dred and twenty-six dollars, did not reach here till 1827. It Avas a small aff'air, and the water Avas thrown by turning a crank in the side of the engine. Not much care seems to have been taken of the engine, for at a fire in 1831 it could not be used, as it was filled with ice, the water not having been taken out after a fire which occurred several weeks before. Householders, who, as before mentioned, had not themselves procured them, were provided by the town with long black leather buckets Avith their names painted iu large Avhite letters on the outside, which were used to fill the engine. The fire Avardens were notified by council to meet at the engine house at two p. M. on May 2d for the purpose of distributing fire buckets. Freeholders wishing buckets were requested to attend. One hundred aud twelve dollars and fifty cents had been expended by council in 1827 for eighty-eight buckets, half of Avhich were to be distributed among the citizens and the rest kept at the engine house. The engine house was a frame building, which stood on the court house lot, on Main Street, near the alley. The buckets kept by the citizens Avere for tAventy years inspected every April by the wardens. An alarm of fire brought out the whole population of the toAvn, and the greatest excitement and confusion prevailed. Double lines Avere formed to the nearest pump, one Hne passing doAvu the full buckets and the other returning the empty ones. Women were often efficient Avorkers in these lines. The Avater in a avcH avouIcI soon be exhausted, and a move had to be made to one more remote. It was hopeless to contend Avith a fire of any magnitude and efforts in such cases Avere only made to prevent the spreading of the fire. In January, 1828, all three rivers Avere higher than they had been since the great flood of 1814. The Third Street canal bridge and all the bridges over the mill races near town were washed aAvay, and the bridge over the canal at Jefferson Street Avas damaged. Fencing and buildings near the river banks were much injured. Among the landmarks SAvept off' by the high water this year A\'as the red warehouse, used by flatboat men and owned by Silas Broadwell, which stood on the Wilkinson Street 158 HISTORY OP DAYTON. bank of the Miami River. The State dam, which was built in 1827, was much damaged by this flood. The folloAving fire wardens were appointed in 1828: James Steele, George W. Smith, Alexander Grimes, '.Matthew Patton, and Warren Munger; engineer, J. W. Van Cleve. The population of Dayton in 1828 was sixteen hundred and ninety- seven. Twenty stage coaches arrived weekly. This summer the Dayton Guards, a uniformed military company of boys, was organized. At ten o'clock Fourth of July morning the "young heroes paraded in front of the court house aud shortly afterAvards marched to the residence of the widow of Joseph Peirce, Esq., where were assembled a considerable number ofthe heads of the most respectable famiHes and all the beauty and fashion of our flourishing town." A flag was presented to the company by the young ladies of Dayton. One of the young ladies made a lengthy presentation speech, Avhicli was replied to by a member of the Guards. Thirty-six brick buildings and thirty-four of wood Avere erected in town during 1828. In January, 1829, there Avere oue hundred and twenty-five brick buildings in Dayton; six of stone, and tAvo hundred and thirty-nine of wood. There Avere two hundred and thirtj^-five dwelling iiouses, and Presbyterian, Methodist, and Christian brick meeting-houses. This year Timothy Squier opened the National Hotel in the building on Third Street, adjoining the Beckel House. The executors of the Cooper estate ou Ma}' 9, 1829, sold a block of five lots at the head of the basin, containing a little over one third of an acre, for two thousand, nine hundred and twenty dollars, which Avas considered a high price and mentioned in the newspaper as an indication of the rise of property in Dayton since the opening of the canal. Another improvement was in the increased regularity and speed Avith which the mail was received. Papers Avere received in 1829 from Washington and Baltimore in six days; from Philadelphia in seven; from New York in eight; from Boston in nine or ten. The white population of Dayton in 1829 Avas tAvo thousand, two hundred and seventy-two; blacks eighty-six. There had been an increase of six hundred and sixty-one in the population during the past fourteen months. The amount of merchants' capital returned by the assessor of Montgomery County for 1829 Avas one hundred and tAventy-nine thou sand, eight hundred and eleven dollars. Under a new law passed by the legislature the frecAvhite male freeholders over the age of twenty-one, who had resided in the corporation one year, voted for a mayor instead of a president of council, and one recorder aud five trustees. CANAL AGITATION. 159 Morris Seely Avas elected State senator this year and John Turner representative. In spite of the growth and improvement of Dayton, customs were still somewhat primitiA-e in 1829. The Journal complains, in a humorous article, that the people were in the habit of taking their dogs to church, and that, during the service, they Avere either groAvling, barking, or jumping about the house, to the no small annoyance of the congregation, aud suggests that it might be well to have an apartment allotted for their reception, so that they might amuse themselves without disturbing the congregation . At a meeting held in 1829, the first Dayton Temperance Society Avas formed. William King was moderator and Dr. Job Haines secretary of the meeting. The following persons were appointed to prepare a con stitution and an address to the public: A. Baker, Daniel Ashton, D. Winters, D. L. Burnet, John Steele, Job Haines, H. Jewett, William M. Smith, and Henry Bacon. For some time the Dayton newspapers were full of arguments for and against temperance societies. July 27, 1829, it was decided that the new market house, which the city w-as about to build, should be located in the alley running from Jefferson to Main Street, betAveen Third aud Fourth streets. For the purpose of widening the market space, property costing one thousand, one hundred and ninety-six dollars was purchased by council. A small building was put up on Main Street, which was extended to Jeff'erson Street in 1836. All the space east of the market house of 1829 to Jefferson Street was given up to market wagons. The old market house on Second Street Avas abandoned April 24, 1830. A bitter rivalry existed betAveen the parts of the tOAvn divided by Third Street. People living north of Third Street appropriated the name of Dayton to themselves, and iu derision called that part of the tOAvn lying south of that street CabintOAvn. When it was proposed to remove the market from Second Street to the present location, violent opposition was made and every measure resorted to to defeat it. Two tickets were nominated for city officers, politics were forgotten, and this Avas made the sole issue. Cabintown proved numerically the stronger and the fate of the market house Avas sealed. When the market house Avas moved, Thomas Morrison, who had it in charge, placed a large placard on it, " Bound for CabintoAvn," which was read Avith the deepest chagrin by the people on Market, now Second Street. So bitter was the feeling that for a long while, many persons refused to attend market at the new location. William Clark was appointed clerk and marshal of the market by council in 1830. His salary Avas seventy-five dollars per annum. 160 HISTORY OP DAYTON. In 1830 a company was formed to construct a basin connecting the canal at its intersection Avith Wayne Street and a point at the southern extremity of the city. Morris Seely was the main mover in this project, aud great expectations were entertained in regard to it. The supreme court had decided that the Avater power within the city limits, and furnished by the canal, belonged to the State of Ohio, a decision which Avas afterwards reversed, and the water power given to the Cooper estate. It was believed that this water power could be leased and utilized along the proposed basin. Land was bought at what was then an extravagant price, and lots laid out. These lots were small in size, and arranged for factories, warehouses, and docks, such as would be required in a large city, but were unsuited to a place with the pretensions of Dayton. The scheme proved an utter failure, and left consequences that were an annoyance to the city for years afterAvards. The lots Avere unsalable, and the method of platting a serious detriment to that part of the town. The canal, or ditch as it was afterwards called, br-ed disease, and the city authorities were called upon to fill it up. Before the controversy was finally settled, the excitement ran so high that the saw mill of Mr. E. Thresher, located on the canal at Wayne Street, which used the ditch as a tail-race, was burned. A large part of the ditch is now filled up, and the lower end used as a city drain. In connection with the basin and on its bank a pleasure garden was opened by A. M. Peasley on Warren Street. A small pleasure boat was run from Third Street on summer afternoons to the garden, where refreshments were provided, and it was expected that large numbers of pleasure seekers would resort there. Like the basju, the garden was ahead of the times, and after a trial of two or three years Avas abandoned. In 1830 Alexander Grimes and William M. Smith, both Whigs, were elected to the legislature. General Smith died, aud Avas succeeded December 7th by Henry Stoddard, also a Whig. In 1830 Stevenson ran the first locomotive in England over the Man chester and Liverpool railroad. The same year a miniature locomotive and cars were exhibited in Dayton in the Methodist Church. The fact that the city council by resolution exempted the exhibition from a license fee, and t^hat the Methodist Church Avas used for this purpose illustrates the deep interest felt by the public in the then new and almost untried scheme to transport freight and passengers by steam over roads con structed for the purpose. A track was run around the interior of the church, and for a small fee parties Avere carried in the car. A large part of the then citizens of Dayton took their first railroad ride in this way. CANAL AGItAtlON. 161 In July, 1831, a second exhibition of a miniature locomotive and car occurred, and the following advertisement, headed "Important Exhibi tion," appeared in the Journal: "A locomotive or steam carriage draAving a car on a miniature railroad will be exhibited at Machir & Hardcastle's warehouse, near the basin, on Friday and Saturday, July 1st and 2nd. The exhibition avHI be a rich treat to the friends of State or National improvement. The locomotive works with great celerity and precision, drawing a splendid miniature car in which two persons may ride at the same time. Both locomotive and car are constructed on the raost improved principles by Mr. A. Bruen, of Lexington, Kentucky, and the workmanship may be safely pronounced of the first order. The novelty of this machine has never failed to excite the admiration and curiosity of all who have seen it. Ladies and gentlemen are respectfully invited to call" and ride. Admittance twenty-five cents; children half price." The population of Dayton in 1830 was two thousand, nine hundred and fifty -four, -a gain of one thousand, two hundred and thirty-seven in little more than two years. This year eighty-one houses were built. In 1831 fifty brick buildings and seventy-two of frame Avere erected. The population Avas three thousand, two hundred and fifty-eight Six thou sand, two hundred and nineteen passengers by coach passed through town this year. David Cathcart Avas appointed postmaster to succeed George S. Houston. In October Christ's Episcopal Church was organized by Rev. Ethan AHen. Robert Young was elected State senator, and Henry Sheideler and G. S. Swain members of the assembly in 1831. Mr. Sheideler was a Democrat and Mr. Swain a Whig. In November about tAA^o hundred and fifty Seneca Indians, men, women, and children, on their way to the reservation west of the Missis sippi River, encamped at the big spring on the north side of Mad River. They were here three days and excited great curiosity by their singular, rude, and uncivilized habits aud appearance. One of the gaping crowd, who was watching them at dinner, moved off' in some confusion, when an Indian, at whom he was staring, looked up and said: "Indian eats just like white man; he puts the victuals in his mouth." Just below the mouth of Stillwater the Miami makes a bend in the form of a horseshoe, inclosing in it that part of Dayton knoAvn as McPherson. By cutting a race across the bend, a valuable water power is obtained. About 1829 James Steele, who owned the land, completed a dam across the Miami and the race. In 1830 he erected a saw mill 162 HISTORY OP DAYTON. and afterwards a grist mill. This Avater power is now known as the Dayton View Hydraulic, and the large establishments of Stillwell &i Bierce, A. Simonds, and the Dayton Electric Light Company use the power to propel their machinery. In digging the race, an immense tooth of a mastodon Avas unearthed, Avhich was deposited as a curiosity in the Cincinnati Museum. As no other part of the skeleton was found in the vicinity, it is supposed that the tooth was brought here with the drift from some other region. General Robert C. Schenck began the practice of laAv in Dayton in 1831. He was a public-spirited citizen, taking an active interest in all efforts for the improvement of the toAvn, and impressing himself upon this community long before he attained a national reputation. He devoted much time and labor to the Dayton Lyceum, Mechanics' Institute, Public Library, Woodland Cemetery, city park, the hj'draulic, turnpikes, rail roads, and public schools, and frequently gave gratuitous lectures at the invitation of his toAvnsmen. In 1832 a fugitive slave was captured in Dayton, and carried off by his master, Avho lived in Kentucky. The occurrence produced the greatest excitement and indignation iu the community. All that was necessary to prove the detestable character of the fugitive slave laAv was au attempt to enforce it. The following account, from the Dayton Journal, of the aff'air by an eye-witness, Avho Avas not au Abolitionist, though his sympathies Avere all Avith the negro, is worthy of insertion in the history of Dayton: " A short time ago a negro man, Avho had lived in this place two or three years under the name of Thomas Mitchell, Avas arrested by some men from Kentucky and taken before a justice under a charge of being a slave who had escaped from his master. The magistrate, on hearing the evidence, discharged the black man, not being satisfied Avith the proof brought by the claimants of their rights to him. A fcAV Aveeks after Avards some men armed, employed by the master, seized the negro in our Main Street, and were hurrying him toAvards the outskirts of the toAvu, where they had a sleigh in Avaiting to carry him off. The negro's cries brought a number of citizens into the street, Avho interfered and prevented the men from taking him aAvay Avithout having legally proved their right to do so. The claimants of the negro went before the justice again, and after a long examination of the case on some new .evidence being produced, he Avas decided to be the slave of the person claiming him as such. In the meantime a good deal of excitement had been produced among the people of the place and their sympathies for the poor black felloAV were so much awakened that a proposition was made to buy his CANAL AGITATION. 163 freedom. The agent of the master agreed to sell him under the supposi tion that the master Avould sell him his liberty, and a considerable sum was subscribed, to Avhich, out of his own savings, the negro contributed upwards of fifty dollars himself. The master, hoAvever, Avhen his agent returned to Kentucky, refused to agree to the arrangement, and came himself the Aveek before last to take the negro away. Their first meeting was in the upper story of a house, and Tom, on seeing those Avho Av.ere about to take him, rushed to a window aud endeavored, but without success, to dash himself through it, although had he succeeded, he would have fallen on a stone pavement from a height not less than fifteen feet. He was prevented, however, and the master took him aAvay Avith him and got him as far as Cincinnati. The foHoAving letter received by a gentle man in this place gives the concluding account of the matter: "'POOR TOM IS FREE. ' '"Cincinnati, January 24, 1832. '"Dear Sir: — In compliance with a request of Mr. J. Deiukard, of Kentucky, I take my pen to inform you of the death of his black man Ben, whom he took in your place a fcAV days ago. The circumstances are as foHows: On the evening of the 22d inst Mr. D. and company, Avith Ben, arrived in this city on their Avay to Kentucky, and put up at the Main Street Hotel, where a room on the uppermost story (fourth) of the buHding was provided for Ben and his guard. All being safe, as they thought, about one o'clock, when they Avere in a sound sleep, poor Ben stimulated with even the faint prospect of escape or perhaps predeter mined on liberty or death, threw himself from the window Avhich is upwards of forty feet from the pavement. He was, as you may avcH suppose, severely injured, and the poor f'eHow died this morning about 4 o'clock. Mr. D. left this morning with -the dead body of his slave, to which he told me he would give decent burial in his own churchyard. Please tell Ben's wife of these circumstances. Your unkuoAvn corres pondent, Respectfully, " ' R. P. Simmons.' " Tom, or as he is called in the letter, Ben, was an industrious, steady, saving little fellow, and had laid up a smaH sum of money, all of Avhich he gave to his wife and child when his master took him away. A poor and humble being, of an unfortunate and degraded race— the same feeling which animated the signers of the Declaratiou of Independence to pledge life, fortune, and honor for liberty, determined him to be free or die." Early in 1832 the Journal suggests the building of a railroad from Dayton to Cincinnati, giving as one urgent reason for the undertaking 164 HISTORY OF DAYTON. the fact that part of every year the canal was frozen over, and, as there was then no sufficient connection with the Cincinnati market, Dayton products fell to a ruinously low price. The same winter the legislature incorporated the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad Company. In February, 1832, there Avas a freshet which equaled that Avhich had caused so much destruction of property four years before. The Journal of February 14th makes the following allusion to the high water: "The late rains produced a great flood in the Miami. On Sunday night a serious apprehension Avas felt for the safety of the levees, Avhich protect the basin and canal from the river; but they stood firmly and were suffi ciently high for the present emergency, and Ave think low enough to show the necessity of their being raised and strengthened. The flood reached exactly to the one on the 8th of January, 1828, which was the highest one since 1814." This year there was much destruction of property and great distress caused by the unprecedented height of the Ohio at Cincinnati. As soon as the news reached here that the homes of many poor people at Cin cinnati had been washed away, a call for a meeting at the court house to raise funds for the flood suff'erers was published in the Dayton news papers. At the meeting two hundred and two dollars were raised by subscription and sent^ by J. W. Van Cleve, mayor of Dayton, to the mayor of Cincinnati, "to aid in relieving the distressed people of that city." Henry Sheideler and William SaAvyer, both Democrats, were elected members of the legislature in 1832. The Fourth of July celebration in 1832 was a grand aff'air. EdAvard W. Davies read the Declaration of Independence, and Robert A. Thruston delivered an oration. Adam Houk was marshal of the procession, and G. C. Davis, Robert C. Schenck, Jeff'erson Patterson, Peter P. LoAve, and George Eugle served as assistant marshals. The following gentlemen were the committee of arrangements: Thomas Clegg, Charles G. Swain, David C. Baker, Charles R. Greene, George Grove, William Eaker, Peter Baer, Johnson V. Perrine, William Roth, John Engel, DaAnd Davis, Thomas Morrison, F. F. Carrell, Samuel Foley, and Thomas BroAvn. At no time in the history of Dayton, except during the civil war, has there been as exciting a poHtical campaign as that of 1832, preceding the second election of General Jackson as president of the United States. So bitter was the feeling ou both sides in this contest, that Whigs aud Demo crats, though neighbors and old friends, ceased speaking to each other ou the streets. Previous to Madison's administration the people of Dayton seem to have been nearly all of one mind on the subject of politics, or at CANAL AGITATION. 165 any rate not intense partisans. But for a number of years after that date an election rarely passed without several fights between the members of the tAVO parties, usually on the corner of Main and Third streets, for the court house Avas the polling place for the whole township, in which the territory uoav assigned to Harrison, Mad River, and Van Buren townships was then included. Late on the night before the presidential election in 1832, a tall hickory pole Avas erected on the outer edge of the pavement in front of the court house, and from it fioated the American flag. Great was the surprise and indignation of the Whigs when this pole greeted their eyes the next morning, and great the triumph of the party which had erected it. Crowds of Whigs gathered on the corners, muttering angry impreca tions. It was evident that they Avould not permit the hickory tree to remain standing at the polls, and as certain that the Democrats would violently resist any eff'ort whieh the other party might make to remove it, and that a pitched battle would ensue if the authorities did not inter fere. A meeting of council was held early in the morning, and presently those of the citizens who had not gone home to breakfast, saw the council, headed by the marshal, John Dodson, followed by John W. Van Cleve, the mayor, axe in hand, and Dr. John Steele and F. F. Carrell, march to the hickory tree and form a circle around it. The mayor notified the marshal of the order of council, just passed, to "cut doAvn the pole and drag it out as a nuisance." It was the duty of the marshal to perform this perilous act. An account of this occurrence published in the Journal in 1889 called out two communications on, the subject from eye witnesses. One of them says: "In the face and in defiance of an outraged and infuriated collection (not mob) of i-ed-hot Jackson Democrats — and what that meant could hardly be appreciated by one of this cold-blooded, law- abiding generation — the Avorthy marshal hesitated, as well he might. A man of lofty mien and determined purpose in every movement, stepped to the front, seized the axe, and wielding it as only a stalwart Kentuckian could wield it, AA'ith a fcAv well-served strokes, brought the off'ensive emblem to the ground. When it fell there was a pause, not a cheer was heard from the Whigs, and only muttered curses from the Democrats. The audacity of this brave act of Dr. John Steele, a man universally known and respected, no doubt prevepted a bloody riot." Another correspondent states that the pole was cut down by Herbert S. Williams. Probably both accounts were correct, as from the size of the pole it would require a good many strokes of the axe to fell it, and more than one hand may have been employed on it. 166 HISTORY OF DAYTON. A canal boat arrived in Dayton December 17, 1832, Avith twenty- five German emigrants on board, all of Avhom were ill with cholera, or something resembling it. Oue of them had died the day before the boat reached here. They all crowded iuto a small room together when they landed. Seven of them died. Oue of the doctors and the tAvo men employed by the tOAvn to nurse the Germans were taken sick. Both the nurses died. Cholera did not become epidemic here at this time, and the nine deaths just mentioned Avere all that occurred. A board of health had been appointed by council in the summer, so that all sanitary precautious were taken to prevent the spread of the disease, Avhich Avas prevailing in other parts of the United States. The board of health consisted of a member of council and two other citizens from each Avard. The following persons were appointed: First Ward, Aaron Baker and George C. Davis; Second Ward, James Steele and WiHiam Bomberger; Third Ward, Ii. G. Phillips and Stephen Whicher; Fourth Ward, Dr. Haines and E. W. Davies; Fifth Ward, James Mitchell and William Patterson. During 1832 fifty-one brick and sixty-two wooden houses were erected. A silk manufactory was established in town this year by Daniel Roe. He made sewing sHk and the warp for coarse stuff's. Some handkerchiefs were also manufactured. He advertises in June that he has two thousand Italian mulberry trees ready to pluck, and avHI furnish leaves, silk worm eggs, and frames for those vpilling to raise cocoous for him on shares. He also off'ers to pay the highest price for cocoons delivered at the store of SAvain & Demorest, and hoped by the next year to take all that the neighborhood could produce. A number of persons planted mulberry trees at this time, and expected to engage in raising silk Avorms. But the factory Avas not a success. Charles Soule, afterwards a noted portrait painter, opened a store for the sale of engravings and for framing pictures in 1833. He also carried on "his old business of sign and ornamental painting" at his shop. This year George C. Davis aud William Sawyer represented Mont gomery County in the legislature. Mr. Davis Avas a Whig and Mr. Sawyer a Democrat. The second election of General Jackson to the presidency Avas celebrated iu Dayton on the 8th of January, 1833, by a barbecue on the comraon west of the basin, now Library Park. National salutes were fired during the day. Immediately on the arrival at noon of a canal boat with from fifty to one hundred citizens of Miamisburg, " a hickory tree bearing the Aracrican flag, still larger and more majestic than CANAL AGITATION. 167 that which on a previous occasion left a stump " ( an evident allu sion to the cutting down of the Jackson pole in 1832), was erected. A large number of people from this and adjacent counties were present on this occasion. After the erection of the pole, a procession was formed in front of which walked four Revolutionary soldiers bearing Liberty caps and tAvo members of the Dayton Hickory Club carrying an appropriate banner, who were foHoAved by another soldier bearing the American flag. After moving through the principal streets, the procession passed into the court house, where an address was made and resolutions adopted. From the court house they proceeded to the comnion, Avhere an ox was roasted whole, of Avhich and other refreshments all Avere indiscriminately invited to partake. The barbecue was foHoAved by " some spirited sentiments," after Avhich the procession reformed and marched to the center of town, Avhere it dispersed. A barbecue was usually an uninviting feast. The outer part of the ox was smoked and scorched, and the remainder uncooked, though the animal was always roasted for many hours. After the feast, the almost untouched carcass was hauled ofl' by horses, surrounded by a crowd of boys and dogs, to be disposed of by hogs and hounds. November 19, 1833, a new hand engine, called the Safety, was bought, a description of which, and the other hand engines subsequently bought, and the companies formed to operate them, will be found in the chapter on the " Fire Department." In 1833 Christ's Church, the first Episcopal church erected in Dayton, was built on South Jeff'erson Street, near Fifth. The following trades marched with appi^'opriate banners in the Fourth of July procession for 1833: One coppersmith and tinner, two combmakers, three tobacconists, three bookbinders, five shoemakers, six stonecutters, seven brickmakers, eight printers, nine saddlers, ten coopers, eleven butchers, tAvelve carpenters, thirteen painters, fourteen bakers, fif teen cabinet-makers; sixteen bricklayers, seventeen chairmakers, eighteen hatters, tAventy coachmakers, nineteen blacksmiths, twenty-one tailors. On account of the cholera, a fast day was appointed by Dr. Job Haines, mayor of Dayton, for the 23d of July. There were thirty-three deaths here from cholera from June to September, 1833. There were one thousand und one buildings in Dayton in 1833. The population was four thousand. The folloAving were the Dayton taverns about this period : The frame tavern kept by John Wolf, Avest side of Second Street, east of LudloAV, Avas popular with country people because it had a large feed yard and barn in the rear. In 1829 it was called 168 HISTORY OP DAYTON. the Farmers' Hotel, aud afterwards Farmers and Mechanics' Hotel. A similar hotel, Avith barn and feed yard, was the Franklin House, south west corner Main and Second streets. Edmund Browning, of Columbus, opened the National Hotel in the building still standing on Third Street, adjoining the Beckel House, in 1830, and kept it till 1836. The Travelers' Inn, a three-story brick building on the south side of First, near St. Clair Street, was opened by John Lehman in April, 1832. The Lafayette House stood on the north side of Third, between Jefferson and St. Clair streets. The Montgomery House, which still stands on the northeast corner of Canal and Third streets, did a thriving business during the early years of the canal. January 3, 1834, an ordinance Avas passed by council for the appoint ment of one or more Avatchmen. They Avere to wear uniform badges and have the same power to call on persons to assist them in arresting off'enders as the marshal had. The marshal and these watchmen con stituted the police of Dayton. Plans for a covered wooden bridge over the Miami River ou Main Street were advertised for on the 28tli of January. The county com missioners on June 4, 1835, appropriated six hundred dollars toward the building fund, and the remainder of the money was raised by subscription. The bridge was opened for travel in 1836. February 2, 1834, tive buildings Avere burned near the basin. This was the largest fire that had occurred here for fifteen years. The engines were found insufficient, and a subscription was raised to purchase au additional one. The news of the death of Lafayette Avas received in 1834, and comraemorative services Avere held here, on the 31st of August. A pro cession, composed of the mechanics of the town, carrying handsome banners draped in black, and representing their different occupations, the Masonic Fraternity, and the order of Independent Odd FeHows, formed about eleven o'clock and marched to the Presbyterian church. The exercises Avere opened Avitli an impressive prayer by Rev. E. Allen, after which a beautiful and feeling ode, written for the occasion by a young lady of Dayton, was sung by the choir. Robert A. Thruston de Hvered "an impassioned aud eloquent delineation ofthe talents ofthe deceased patriot." Then an ode, Avritten for a similar occasion in Cincinnati by James Hall, was sung by the choir. Solemn music by the Cincinnati band accompanied the exercises, which closed with a prayer and benediction by Rev. David Winters. The committee of arrangements on this oc(v'ision Avas composed of the following gentlemen: Thomas Clegg, George Owen, W. L. Helfenstein, E. W. Davies, Peter CANAL AGITATION. 169 Odlin, John Steele, E. Browning, R. A. Thruston, E. Brabham, James BroAvn, Robert C. Schenck, John Anderson, Peter Baer, and C. G. SAvain. In 1834 the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad Conipany Avas organized. The Dayton members of the first board of directors were H. G. Phillips, J. Harshman, and C. G. Swain. In the Avinter of 1834 Alexander Grimes, I. T. Harker, John Rench, D. Stone, and others formed a company, called the Fire Guards. They carried Avhite wands, and it was their duty to protect property and keep order at fires. Horace Pease, who was a Whig, and William Sawyer, a Democrat, were elected to the legislature this year from Montgomery County. James ¦ Steele, a Whig, was elected State senator. In the winter of 1834-1835 a one-story building of heavy cut stone Avas erected iu the rear of the old jail. It contained four cells constructed Avith arched brick ceilings and stone floors. This building was used as county jail for ten years, as the one erected in 1813 was considered unsafe. On January 1, 1835, appeared the flrst rhymed Ncav Year's address of the carriers of the Dayton Journal. This custom was continued for years, and the patrons of the Journal ahvays had a quarter or half dollar ready when the carrier appeared with his verses, printed on a separate sheet from the newspaper on New Year's morning. Some of these addresses were written in excellent verse, were very witty, and full of amusing puns, jokes, and local hits. In 1835 Fielding Loury, a member of the Democratic party, rep resented Montgomery County in the legislature. In December, 1835, council passed an ordinance directing physicians, keepers of public houses, and commanders of canal boats, to report all cases of smallpox, cholera, or any other malignant or unusual disease to the mayor. A hospital Avas provided and all persons so diseased were to be sent there if willing to go, and if they objected to being removed, a notice or sign naming the disease was to be put up in a conspicuous place on the outside of the house Avhere they were, on penalty of a flue. Per sons suff'ering from such diseases Avere also to be fined if they left the house till well. All this Avas a preparation for an epidemic, Avhich, fortunately, did not appear. It was the first time that such precautionary measures were adopted in Dayton. The foHoAving fire Avardens Avere appointed in 1836: First ward, MatthcAV Patton and Moses Simpson; second, James Steele and Abram Darst; third, Musto Chambers and Samuel Shoup; fourth, John Rench and David Osborn; fifth, A. Artz and William Hart. Council agreed this year to pay " fifty cents to each of the sextons of the several churches 170 HISTORY OF DAYTON. as well as to the sherift' for ringing their respective bells at each fire to give the alarm more generally to the citizens." They also resolved to finish the cisterns already commenced with lime cement, and to purchase five hundred more feet of hose for the fire department. James Steele Avas re-elected State senator in 1836, and Robert A. Thruston was elected member of the lower house of the legislature. Mr. Thruston was re-elected in 1837, but died before the close of his second term. He Avas a man of brilliant talents and noted for his graceful oratory. The deepest regret was felt by the community that a career of such fine promise was cut short in early life. CHAPTER XI. Measures Proposed for Improving the Town — Proceedings of Council — Public Meeting to Sustain Council — Library Park-^Dayton Business Men in 1837 — Value of Property — ¦ Abolition Mob — Mad River Hydraulic — Montgomery Blues — Philharmonic Society — Shin Plasters — Thomas Morrison— Zoological Museum — William Jennison, the Natur alist — Turnpikes — Act of Legislature Authorizing State Aid to Turnpikes — Early Markets — Third Street Bridge — New Buildings Erected in 1838 — Cooper Hydraulic — Fire Department — An Anti-Slavery Society Formed — Reward Offered for Arrest of a ' Fugitive Slave— John W. Van Cleve's Map of Dayton — Dayton Silk Company Incorpo rated — First County Fair — Morus Multicaulis Excitement— Swaynie's Hotel — Carpets Manufactured in Dayton — An Old-Time Fire — Number of Buildings Erected in 1839— Mosquitoes — Log Cabin Newspaper — Improved Stage Coaches — Harrison Conven tion — Numbers in Attendance — Enthusiasm — Hospitality of Dayton People — Banners Presented. IN April, 1836, council appointed a committee, consisting of Messrs. Stone, Smith, and Winters, to effect a loan in behalf of the corpora tion of from one to ten thousand dollars at a rate of interest not exceeding six per cent and for a period of not less than five years, the interest to be paid annually. The money so obtained was to be used in improving the streets and the appearance of the toAvn. The foHoAving proceedings of the next meeting of council describe the proposed improvements: "The common council of the town of Dayton, at their meeting April 25, 1836, passed the following resolution: That they Avould appropriate and spend so much money (provided a loan, can be obtained) as will make the foHoAving improvements — viz.: wharf- ing across the head of the State basin; improving the public commons as requested by D. Z. Cooper, in consideration of his releasing a part thereof for the benefit of the corporation, provided the balance be improved immediately, to extend the market house on center market space to Jeff'erson Street; to grade the streets and walks throughout the town, and so soon as the grade is correctly ascertained, to raise and lower the Avalks in the diff'erent Avards to the said grade; to finish the cisterns already commenced Avith lime cement, and to purchase tive hundred more feet of hose for the fire department." As there was a diff'erence of opinion in respect to the. propriety of borrowing money and making the above improvements, it was resolved, on motion of the recorder, David Winters, "that all citizens interested in the above matter be requested to meet at the court house Wednesday 171 172 HISTORY OF DAYTON. evening next at early candle lighting, and then and there express their approbation or disapprobation of the above measure." Peter Aughiubaugh was chairman of the town meeting called by council, and Daniel Roe secretary. Addresses were made by Messrs. Robert C. Schenck, Ralph P. LoAve, Henry Bacon, and Daniel Roe. There Avas some opposition to the proposed improvements on the ground that they Avere more for ornament than use, and that they would increase the taxes, Avhile the advantages would be unequally distributed. Council proposed to borroAV ten thousand dollars, three thousand of which was to be expended on the park and the remainder on other im provements. After a full discussion, a majority of the meeting passed resolutions commending the improvements contemplated by council and the loan by means of which they were to be accomplished. They recommended that council should apply one tenth of any amount to be expended during the year in filling up the ditch commonly called Seely's Basin. An act of the legislature, passed February 17, 1808, empowered Daniel C. Cooper to amend the original plat of Dayton as to lots 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 141, 142, aud 143, and set them apart as a common for the use of the citizens. To induce the citizens to convert the "com mons" into a park that would be creditable, in December, 1836, David Zeigler Cooper executed a deed, authorizing the city to lease lots 94, 95, and 96, and releasing any reversionary interest that might accrue to him. It Avas provided in the deed that the remaining ground should be enclosed, planted with trees, and forever kept as "a walk" for "the citizens of Dayton and its visitors." It was manifestly the intention that the proceeds from the leases should be used to keep the park in perfect order. The income from this source now amounts to eight hundred and eighty-three dollars per annum. In 183-8 the "pubHc square," as the park Avas then called, was prepared for and planted with fine forest trees, which the Journal of that day says was "a fair beginning for a work which promises to be a credit, as Avell as an ornaraent, to the town." Major Daniel W. Wheelock, the efficient and pubHc-spirited mayor of Dayton, during 1836, 1837, and 1838, suggested many of the new improvements, and energetically hastened the completion of those begun, while he was in office. A number of new buildings were erected in 1836-1837. Among the most important was a handsome brick CathoHc church. Thomas Morri son, builder, as stated in the Dayton Journal, reported the number of buHdings put up this year as forty-five of brick aud thirty-five of frame. MEASURES PROPOSED FOR IMPROVING THE TOAVN. 173 It may be interesting to mention the names of some of the business men whose advertisements appear in the Journal at this period. Numbers had been doing business in Dayton for many years; M. & G. A. Hatfield, chairmakers; T. & W. Parrott, merchants; John Bidleman, boot and shoemaker; Swain & Demarest, produce dealers; Samuel Shoup, mer chant; Simon Snyder and Samuel McPherson, tanners; Thomas Casad, hatmaker; Thomas Brown, builder; Richard Green, shoemaker; J. Burns, edge-tool manufacturer; H. Best, jeweler; James, Johnson V., & Henry V. Perrine, merchants; James McDaniel, merchant tailor; Aughiu baugh & Loomis, hardware; George W. Smith & Sou, merchants; Samuel Dolly, coachmaker; E. Edmondson, tanner; Jacob Stutsman, copper smith; Conover & Kincaid, merchants; T. Barrett and R. P. Brown, booksellers and bindery; E. Helfenstein & Co., hardware; PhHlips, Green & Co., merchants; C. Koerner, druggist; Henry Herrman, merchant; Rench, Harshman & Co., produce dealers; D. Z. Peirce aud W. B. Stone, grocers; C. & W. F. Spining, merchants; BroAvn & Hoglen, grocers; Daniel Roe & Sons, druggists; Daniel Keifer, cabinet-maker; Alexander Swaynie, produce dealer; J. Greer & Co., stoves; T. & J. H. Boyer, copper aud tin shop; BroAvn & Peirce, merchants; Van Cleve & Ncav ell, drug gists; Estabrook & Phelps, grocers; Edwin Smith & Co., druggists; Morrison & Arnold, builders; Samuel Brady, merchant; R. A. Kerfoot, saddler; Abram Darst, grocer; J. 0. Shoup, merchant. In July, 1836, David Zeigler Cooper and David Stone platted thirty- seven acres of ground, then knoAvn as " The Buck Pasture " and now within the First ward, expecting to sell them at the rate of seven hundred dollars per acre, which was considered a fair price. But such was the demand for the lots, which Avere regarded as a good speculation, that they sold at public auction at the court house on the 6th of August at the rate of six thousand dollars per acre, a convincing proof that the town was growing and prospering in a manner unexampled in its previous history. During the winter of 1836-1837 both the pro-slavery and the abolition sentiments of the country Avere asserting themselves in the most violent manner. In February congress refused, by a vote of ninety-two to one hundred, to pass a resolution declaring that slaves had not the right of petition, and that the reception of such petitions Avas unconstitutional. The next morning the seats of the indignant Southern members, who had agreed to pursue this course, were vacant. Alarmed by this protest, the house, on the following day, reconsidered the subject aud passed by a large majority — one hundred and forty-nine to fifty-four — a resolution similar to the one that had been rejected. The Dayton Journal for February 21, 1837, which contained these proceedings of congress, published on the 174 HISTORY OF DAYTON. same }iage, with the resolutions, an account of the mobbing of Aboli tionists in Dayton. .For some time considerable excitement had been produced here by the eff'orts of Abolitionists to propagate their opinions, aud in more than one instance the opposition to them had resulted in acts of violence. In January Dr. J. G. Birney, a noted member of the Anti-slavery party and formerly editor of the Philanthropist, an Abolition paper, published at Cincinnati, but destroyed by a mob July 30, 1836, endeavored to deliver an address on the abolition of slavery iu the Union Church, but Avas interrupted ancl egged by a mob, fired Avith hatred of negroes aud Abolitionists. The Union Church stood on the west side of Main Street, south of Fourth, on the ground now occupied by the residence of G. W. Rogers, and was built mainly at the expense of the late Luther Bruen. It was usually occupied by the Christian or "Newlight" denomination, but was ahvays open to abolition lectures, Mr. Bruen being an earnest aud out spoken Abolitionist when it required no ordinary amount of moral and physical courage to be one. Mr. Bruen Avas a prominent pioneer citizen. He had four chHdren: Priscilla married Samuel Bradj-; Eliza married Robert G. Corwin; David H.; Luther B. married Augusta, daughter of Samuel Forrer. Luther B. died in hospital at Washington, D. C, from a Avound received at the battle of Spottsylvania Court House. Dr. Ii. JcAvett, who avus also a leading Abolitionist, in a letter to James Steele, State senator, asking his assistance to obtain redress from the legislature by au act compeHing the corporation of Dayton to pay, Avith part of the fees obtained from grog shop licenses, the damage caused by the mob, says: "I, for the sin of lodging him [Dr. Birney], had my house assaHed, my windows broken, and my furniture and family be spattered with rotten eggs, and my life threatened in case I should ever shelter him or any other Abolitionist lecturer." From this time the ferment increased. " In the face," the Journal says, " of threats of violence and for the purpose of braving, as it were, by a shout of defiance those Avho had threatened personal injury to anyone who might attempt the delivery of another abolition lecture in town, au individual was iuAdted here for that purpose." The lecturer was the Rev. John Rankin, a Presbyterian minister. The meeting was held on Monday afternoon, February 13th, at the Union Church. The threats of the mob were carried out, and the lecturer was egged, forced from the pulpit, and in addition to other indiguities, received a severe blow, but escaped alive and remained for some days at the house of Dr. JcAvett, intending as soon as able to attempt to speak again. MEASURES PROPOSED FOR IMPROA^ING THE TOWN. 175 Mr. Rankin Avas not willing to trust himself in the house of an Abolitionist during the night of the mob, but applied for protection to a gentleman of high character and much influence, who did not sympathize with the extreme vicAvs of either Abolitionists or pro-slavery men, but was opposed to mobs, and willing to give the lecturer a lodging ancl breakfast. During the night the mob destroyed some houses occupied by negroes, and also the glass, sash, stove, and Bible of the Union Church. The Journal's account of these occurrences both denounces Abolitionists and condemns the mob. It says: "It is known to every reader of the Journal that Ave have never countenanced directly or indirectly the eff'orts of the Abolitionists. It is not our purpose to do so noAv. But we put it to every reflecting man in the community to say whether he can do otherwise than condemn these acts of violence. . . . Shall the mob or the laAv be supreme? that is the question. If you say the law shall govern, stand by 3'our declaration, and justify no violation of it. Look to the act and not to the object." Now that the "irrepressible conflict" has been happily and forever settled, it is difficult to justly judge of the conduct of those Avho were in the midst of the heated controversy. From our standpoint the con demnation of the mob by the Journal seems tame and inadequate. But it must be remembered that at that time many excellent people, Avho were sincerely opposed to slavery, felt that it Avas a State institution, for which they were not responsible, and that the compromises of the Con stitution ought to be observed. This year a daily mail from Washington to Cincinnati, through in flfty-six hours, was established. The Montgomery Blues, Captain Hopkins commander, were organized in May. The musicians of Dayton were invited to meet at the military hall, on Market Street, on the 16th of this month, for the purpose of forming a band of music for the "Grays" and the "Blues." The invitation was signed E. F. Lupton, Jacob Boyer, Joseph Davidson, committee of Grays; David Carroll, Adam Speice, and Ii. Munn, com mittee of Blues. In the spring of this year the Dayton Philharmonic Society Avas organized for the study of sacred music, with Stephen Fry as teacher and C. Hayden secretary. They Avere in the habit of giving concerts in the churches, sometimes for the beneflt of the poor. This was a period of flnancial difficulty throughout the United States, and therefore the Dayton Journal had reason to congratulate the citizens on the fact that the Dayton bank Avas the only bank in the country which redeemed its notes with specie. > 176 HISTORY OP DAYTON. The wild s[)eculatioiis which preceded and culminated in 1837 re sulted in a complete prostration of business from Avhich the countiy did not recover for many years. The failure of many banks and the suspen sion of specie payments by the others, made money, aud especially silver change, excessively scarce. As a substitute for small coin, " shin plasters," or promises to pay fifty, twenty-five, or ten cents on demand, printed on ordinary paper, Avere issued by merchants, grocers, and others. Thomas Morrison, who Avas an extensive OAvner of real estate, Avhich Avas a basis for credit, issued a large amount of these "shin plasters." It was so easy aud tempting to issue money Avhich Avas current to be redeemed in the future, that it is not surprising that an amount Avas put out much beyond the original intention. When the time came for redemption the folloAV- ing advertisement in the .Journal of June 26, 1838, shoAvs the unpleasant position in Avhich Mr. Morrison Avas placed: " PUBLIC NOTICE^SHIN PLASTERS IN DANGER. "Fbllow-Citizens: — I am compelled to leave toAvn to fulfill a contract that I have undertaken — that is to build a mill at the falls of GreenA'ille Creek, for G. W. Smith. I leave Dayton at this time Avith regret, because the law prohibiting the circulation of small notes or shin plasters is soon to take eff'ect, and I wish to satisfy my felloAv-citizens that I am not the man under any circumstances to take advantage of that law by which the State alloAvs me to act the rascal. No, it is vain to try to induce me to do so. I intend to redeem every note I have pu-t in circulation, and that as soon as I return, and will do it Avith pleasure aud satisfaction. I desire my fellow-citizens and all who have confidence in my Avord of honor — and I trust there are some Avho believe I will do as I say — not to refuse to take them till my return, Avhen every cent shall be paid with the addition of six per cent interest for every day the notes arc left unredeemed, after the 1st of July. On my return I avHI giA^e public notice, so that the holders of my notes may call. It has been an unprofit able business, but it shall end honestly." In the end Mr. Morrison redeemed in full all the "shin plasters" he issued. Mr. Morrison came to Dayton at an early day, and Avas for many years the leading contractor and builder of the town. His son, David H. Morrison, a skiHful civil engineer, and founder of the Columbia Bridge Works, married Harriet, the daughter of Robert J. Skinner, the pioneer ncAVspaper pubHsher and editor. Mary Morrison married Dr. M. Garst, and Maria, Daniel Garst. Charles Anderson delivered the Fourth of July oration this year; MEASURES PROPOSED FOR IMPROA'ING THE TOWN. 177 EdAvard W. Davies read the Declaration of Independence; C. G. SAvain read Washington's address, and Rev. David Winters Avas chaplain. The Cincinnati Grays visited Dayton on the 29th of August as the guests of the Montgomery County Blues and the Dayton Grays, arriving on the canal packet Glarion. The three companies had a grand parade and a dinner at the Franklin House on Tuesday, the Cincinnati Grays returning home by canal on Wednesday. This parade and dinner were quite a notable event in the early history of the toAvn, and much is made of it in the Journal. A number of citizens assembled on the 16th of September at the court house for the purpose of establishing a zoological museum. A committee, consisting of John W. Van Cleve, Dr. John Steele, William Jennison, and Thomas BroAvn, was appointed to ascertain whether a suitable room could be obtained and funds for paying for it secured. A room was procured at the head of ,the basin, but the place Avas unsuitable and not attractive. The idea of establishing a public museum would not haA^e suggested itself to the citizens of Dayton at that early date, but for the presence here of a ver}- accomplished naturalist, Mr. William Jennison, Avho had been for a number of years engaged in such Avork in Germany, and being connected Avith foreign societies of naturalists, would be able to procure from abroad almost any specimens desired, merely by applying for them and paying the cost of transportation. He had a number of birds prepared by himself in the best manner and handsomely arranged in glass cases, and also hundreds of insects classified and arranged in scientific order, and aft'ording by the variety of size and color a most beautiful sight, though " the poor felloAvs Avere impaled Avith pins." All these he off'ered to place in a public museum aud to devote part of his time to the work of increasing the collection. But the project was soon abandoned, and he removed his birds and butterflies to his residence, then a short distance out of toAvn, but now on Linden Avenue, Avithin the corporation, where he had a garden and green house, iu which he raised fine fiowers for sale. He Avas an object of curiosity to the people Avhen he went out, net in hand, to collect butter flies for his cabinet and natural history specimens to exchange Avith his learned friends across the Atlantic. Mr. Jennison was an elegant and accomplished man, Avith the courtly manner of a gentleman of the old regime. He spoke English perfectly, which Avas probably clue to the fact that his mother Avas an EnglishAvoman of rank, whom his father. Count Jennison, of Heidelberg, had married while minister from the kingdom of Wurtemberg to the Court of St. 178 HISTORY OF DAYTON. James. Washington Iiwing, in a letter published in the second volume of his biography, gives an interesting account of a visit which he paid in 1822 to Count Jennison and his amiable and agreeable family. He describes the Count as an elegant aud hospitable and highly cultivated man, who spoke English as perfectly as an Englishman. A meeting was held on the evening of the 18th of November, 1837, at the court house for the purpose of exciting an interest in the Mad River & Lake Erie Railroad, incorporated in 1832, and organized, as already stated, in 1834. Since the election of officers of the companj^, nothing further had been done. Jonathan Harshman, Robert C. Schenck, and Peter Odlin took a prominent part in the meeting, and resolutions were passed urging the raising of stock and the speedy commencement of the road. The knv aft'ording State aid to railroads had recently been passed by the Ohio legislature. During 1837 there were seventeen million, seven hundred and seven thousand, seven hundred and fifteen pounds of merchandise received in Dayton by canal, and ten million, seven hundred and eighty-seven thou sand, six hundred and fifty pounds of produce were shipped from here; twenty-nine thousand, three hundred and fifty pounds of machinery made a part of the amount exported. Large quantities of machinery of excellent quality were manufactured here at this period. The era of turnpikes has now been reached, and as they Avere an important factor in the progress and prosperity of the town, a full account of them will be given. As early as March, 1817, the Cincinnati and Dayton Turnpike Company was formed, and in the summer of 1819 it Avas incorporated. William C. Schenck, father of General R. C. Schenck, who Avas secretary of the company, announced in the Watchman in June, 1819, that subscription books would be opened ou the second Monday in July at Steele & Peirce's store, under the direction of H. G. PhiHips and Joseph Peirce. It Avas the intention to make the road sixty feet wide, but the turnpike Avas not built. An act was passed on the 24th of March, 1836, by the legislature " to authorize a loan of credit by the State of Ohio to railroad companies, and to authorize subscriptions by the State to the capital stock of turnpike, canal and slack Avater navigation companies." Dayton avus one of the first towns to avail itself of the provisions of the act guaranteeing the aid of the State to works of this description, and before the repeal of the law in 1840 it had been the means of putting in the course of construc tion five turnpikes, the aggregate length of the five roads being one hundred and forty miles, and other turnpikes Avere in contemplation. To the abundance of gravel, Avliich made the construction of turnpikes cheap MEASURES PROPOSED POR IMPROVING THE TOWN. 179 and easy, is due our excellent turnpikes leading in every direction to the neighboring towns. Three of the companies — the Dayton & Covington; Dayton, Centre viHe & Lebanon, and the Dayton & Springfield — had been incorporated in 1833, but the contracts for building the roads were not let till after the passage of the law insuring State aid. In AprH, 1837, the subscription books of the Dayton, CentreviHe & Lebanon turnpike Avere opened at the law office of Peter Odlin and R. C. Schenck. The other Dayton members of this company Avere Horace Pease, H. G. Phillips, Joseph Barnett, Thomas Brown, Thomas Dover, and F. H. Carrell. In the fall of 1837 books for subscription to the stock of two turn pike routes, proposing to connect Dayton with Cincinnati, were opened. Mr. J. W. Van Cleve, believing that a correct and satisfactory estimate of the expense of any work, for which stock subscriptions are solicited, is a most important item in securing the investment of money to eft'ect the object, published the foHoAving characteristic proposal in the Dayton Journal on the 31st of October: "I avHI pay one hundredth part of the expense of making one mile of graveled road, commencing at the hill near Seely's, and measuring one mile towards Springfield; the road to be graded in the first place and then graveled thirty feet wide in the same manner with our streets. I will perform the leveling also without charge, and if any citizens will subscribe for the making of a mile of similar road or any other roads leading from town, commencing at the outer boundary of the building lots, I will also perform the leveling without charge." Mr. Van Cleve thought that the cost of making oue mile of graveled road would, not exceed two thousand, five hundred dollars, and that his plan, if carried into eftect, would at least shoAV whether his judgment Avas correct and enable estiraates of the cost of the contemplated roads to be made with much accuracy and in a most economical manner. The Journal does not inform us whether Mr. Van Cleve's proposition was accepted, but we are told that when the contracts were let the cost per mile proved to be about four thousand dollars. The subscription books of the Dayton & Springfield Company Avere opened January 19, 1838, and the contract made on the 12th of May. This turnpike, to induce travel through Dayton, Avas built in the sarae style as the National road, especially at its junction with the latter, and with sirailar bridges, stone culverts, toll gates, and mile stones. Com fortable brick taverns were erected a fcAv miles apart along the pike. It was a great disappointment to the people of Dayton that the National road did not pass through here. Strenuous efforts were made to induce 180 HISTORY OP DAYTON. congress to locate the road through Dayton, and having failed, equally strenuous efforts were made to have the route changed. A meeting of council was held, at which the following resolution Avas passed: "Resolved, That the mayor of this town forward to Joseph H. Crane, Esq., our representative in congress, Avhatever statistical information can be obtained with regard to the advantages possessed by this place, and other facts Avhich it may be thought necessary to submit to the considera tion of congress; to induce them to order a change in the route of the National road, so that it may pass from Springfield through Dayton and Eaton to Richmond, Indiana." But this effort to secure the road also failed. The following gentlemen constituted the board of directors of the Springfield Turnpike Company: Jonathan Harshman, Joseph Barnett, John Kneisly, Charles Hagenbaugh, V. Winters, and Peter Aughiubaugh. President, J. Harshman; treasurer, V. Winters; secretary, J. Barnett. Subscription books for stock in the Dayton & Covington Company were opened March 30, 1838, and the contract was let the next summer. The distance to be built Avas' tAventy-six miles, and the estimated cost ninety-three thousand dollars. It Avas proposed in June, 1839, to put tAventy miles under contract immediately at an estimate of seventy-three thousand dollars, to be raised by individual subscriptions with the addition of the aid from the State. Five thousand dollars additional subscriptions from citizens were all that Ave're uoav needed to insure the immediate commencement and final completion of the road. The follow ing gentlemen Avere elected directors of the company: N. Hart, Abram Darst, George Burtner, John Sikes, William Sheets, D. W. Thayer, Seth RHey, A. MiuAvich, D. Z. Peirce. N. Hart Avas president of the board; Abram Darst, treasurer; David Z. Peirce, secretary. The Great Miami Turnpike Company was chartered in March, 1837, and commenced in the summer of 1838. The Dayton & Western Pike Company Avas organized in May, 1839, and the contracts were let on the 8th of July. On the 6th of August, 1839, ten miles of the Dayton & GreeuAdlle turnpike were let at au average of three thousand tAvo hundred dollars per mile, which was a lower price than the cost of any pike in this neighborhood. The Journal announces August 6, 1839, that the Dayton & Springfield pike is nearly finished. In 1839 Mr. Samuel Forrer, at the earnest solicitation ofthe directors, consented to take charge of the turnpikes as engineer and general super intendent. The roads placed under his supervision were the Dayton & Lebanon, Dayton & Springfield, and the Great Miami turnpikes. The Ohio legislature, for partisan reasons, had just excluded Mr. Forrer from MEASURES PROPOSED FOR IMPROVING THE TOWN. 181 the canal board, thus depriving the State of a faithful and competent officer. But as Dayton could now secure the constant aid of his in valuable talents and experience in the various public improvements in which the citizens were interested, and which, although of a local character, deeply concerned a large proportion of the people, there were some among us, the Journal says, selfish enough not to regret the change. The Shakertown pike was chartered in March, 1841. The pike from Dayton to Troy was built in 1842. The Valley pike Avas built in 1843; Dayton & GermantoAvn in 1847; Wolf Creek iu 1849; Dayton & Xenia, 1849; Dayton & Wilmington, 1849; Salem, 1850; Brandt, 1850. For some years the county commissioners have had the supervision of the turnpikes. The toll gates, which used to be encountered at every few miles along the road, have been abolished by a law, permitting the purchase of the pikes by the county from the companies. Samuel Forrer was reappointed in the spring of 1837 by the board of public works, principal engineer on the lines of the Wabash and Erie and Miami canals. This appointment, as the proper administration of the canal involved the prosperity of Dayton, was a matter of rejoicing here. A number of Dayton young men went out with Mr. Forrer to learn civil engineering. Howe's "Historical Collections of Ohio" contains, in the chapter on "Pioneer Engineers of Ohio," by Colonel Charles Whittlesey, the following interesting biographical sketch of Mr. Forrer: "No engineer in Ohio spent as many years in the service of the State as did Mr. Forrer. He came from Pennsylvania in 1818, and in 1819 was deputy surveyor of Hamilton County, Ohio. In 1820 Mr. WiHiam Steele, a very enterprising citizen of Cincinnati, Ohio, employed Mr. Forrer at his own expense to ascertain the elevation of the Sandusky and Scioto summit above Lake Erie. His report was sent to the legislature by Governor Brown. This was the favorite route [for the Erie canal], the shortest, lowest summit, and passed through a very rich country. " The great question Avas a supply of Avater. It would have been located, and in fact was in part, when in the fall and summer of 1823 it was found by Judge D. Bates to be Avholly inadequate. Of tAventy-three engineers and assistants eight died of local diseases Avithin six years. Mr. Forrer was the only one able to keep the field permanently and use the instruments in 1823. "When Judge Bates needed their only level, Mr. Forrer invented and constructed one that would now be a curiosity among engineers. He named it the Pioneer. It was in the form of a round bar of wrought iron, Avith a cross like a capital T. The top of the letter Avas a flat bar welded at right angles, to which a telescope was made fast by solder, on 182 HISTORY OF DAYTON. which was a spirit level. There Avas a projection drawn out from the cross bar at right angles to it, which rested upon a circular plate of the tripod. By means of thumb-screws aud reversals, the round bar acting as a pendulum, a rude horizontal plane was obtained which Avas of value at short range. " Mr. Forrer was not quite medium height, but well formed and very active. He Avas a pleasant and cheerful companion. Judge Bates and the canal commissioners relied upon his skill under their instructions to test the water question in 1823. He ran a line for a feeder from the Sandusky summit westerly and north of the water shed, taking up the waters of the Auglaize aud heads of the Miami. Even with this addition the supply was inadequate. UntH his death in 1874 he was nearly all the time in the employ of the State as engineer, canal commis sioner, or meniber of the board of public works. He was not only popular, but scrupulously honest and industrious. His life-long friends regarded his death as a personal loss greater than that of a faithful public officer. He Avas too unobstrusive to make personal enemies, not neglect ing his duties, as a citizen zealous but just. He died at Dayton, Ohio, at ten A. M., March 25, 1874, from the exhaustion of his physical powers, without pain. Like his life he passed away in peace, at the age of eighty, his mind clear and conscious of the approaching end." In the Aviuter of 1838 the experiment was tried of having market on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday afternoons and in the early morning on the other three days. But the people soon returned to what Curwen calls "our midnight markets," the bell ringing at four o'clock in the depth of Aviuter, and the people hurrying at the first tap to the market house, as a short delay Avould deprive them of their favorite cut of meat or first choice of vegetables and force them to fill their baskets Avith rejected articles. As iu Ncav York tAvo hundred years ago, " such Avas the strife among the thrifty townsfolk to be on hand at the 6pening of the market, and thereby get the pick of the goods that long before noon the bulk of the business Avas done." This custom of market before da3'break, in spite of its discomfort, continued for many years. This year the Third Street Bridge Company, of Avliich Jacob D. Loavc Avas president, and Peter Aughiubaugh, II. Van Tuyl, I. Wanderlich, and Valentine Winters Avere directors, Avas formed. The Montgomery County Agricultural Society was organized on the 11th of September, 1838. Colouel Henry Protzman Avas elected president, and Charles Anderson secretary. In spite of the hard times Dayton Avas very prosperous iu 1838. The Jounial enumerates the folhjwing improvements Avliich were made that MEASCRES PROPOSED FOR IMPROVING THE TOWN. 183 year: Council expended about six thousand dollars in improving and beautifying the toAvn. The streets and pavements Avere graveled, gut tered, and macadamized for the first time, though the work had been begun three years before. Eighty-nine buildings, fifty-six of brick and thirty-three of frame, Avere erected, and more would have been put up if it had been possible to obtain sufficient brick and timber. The principal buildings erected were two brick district school houses, the first that were built in Dayton, and the Third Street Presbyterian Church. This Avas also of brick seventy-two by fifty-tAvo feet in size, "of approved architec tural beauty," and cost fifteen thousand dollars. The dwellings in town were all occupied to their fullest capacity, and there were none for rent or for sale. A great drought occurred in the summer of 1838, which almost prevented milling, yet the flour shipped by canal from Dayton this year nearly doubled the amount shipped in 1837. The tolls for 1838 show an increase of eight thousand dollars over 1837. There were eight thousand, nine hundred and three passengers by canal during 1838, and merchandise to the amount of twelve million, eight hundred and eight thousand and seventy pounds was received. The amount of tolls paid was twenty-seven thousand, five hundred and ninety doHars and seventy-nine cents. Yet the canal was closed by ice or for repairs during over five months this year. The population of Dayton in 1838 was eight thousand. The most valuable improvement made this year Avas the Cooper hydraulic, constructed by Edward W. Davies and Alexander Grimes, agents of Mrs. L. C. Cooper. "It is an enterprise," said the Journal, "for the projection and completion of which all who have the prosperity of Dayton at heart will cheerfully accord to the gentlemen above named due credit for their public spirit." In 1838 Edwin Smith and Peter P. Lowe, both Democrats, represented Montgomerj' County in the legislature. On the 30th of December, 1838, the carpenter shop of D. A. Ware- ham, on St. Clair Street, with all its contents, and the livery stable of Kiefe & Ainsworth, Avere burned and other buildings considerably dam aged. "All the fire companies were on the ground early with their apparatus," says the Journal, whose account Ave quote, as it mentions all the engines. " The Enterprise came first, and while supplied with water was very efficient. The Independence and Safety Avere stationed at the basin and threw water on the fire through their five hundred feet of hose. The Safety, however, Avas not in order, and could not be made to operate till the fire was checked and the neighboring buildings out of danger. 184 HISTORY OF DAYTON. But the Independence being in the best possible trim had water upon the fire almost as soon as her hose was laid, aud continued in active operation till the fire was extinguished and the companies exhausted by hard Avork, it being impossible, with all the efforts of the fire wardens, to entice men enough from comfortable quarters near the fire, where they could see the fun and keep their toes warm, to relieve the Avorn-out firemen at the brakes of the engines." March 12, 1839, Dayton Township Avas divided by the legislature iuto tAVO election precincts, the first precinct voting at the court house, and the second at Honk's tavern, on Market Street. The first precinct comprised all the territory north of the Eaton road. Third Street, aud the Springfield pike; and the second precinct all south of the boundary line of the first. An anti-slavery society, with forty members, was organized in Dayton iu March, 1839. Luther Bruen Avas elected president, Paul R. Wambaugh vice-presideut, James Knapp treasurer, and James A. Shedd secretary of the society. Side by side in the Journal with the account of the organization of the Abolition society appears an advertisement, off'ering a reward of four hundred dollars for the return of a runaAvay Kentucky slave, supposed to be in this neighborhood. The advertisement is headed with one of those intensely black little vignettes, representing a bare-headed colored man, with a bundle hung on a stick, and negro quarters in the back ground, making all speed for the North, which so often at this date appeared in the Dayton ncAvspapers. The poor fellow is described as " likely and pleasant when spoken to, and easily alarmed," and. calling himself Washington, though that Avas uot his real name. This year John W. Van Cleve prepared a map of Dayton, from a survey made by himself, Avhich he had lithographed in Philadelphia, and sold, according to the style of mounting, at a dollar or five dollars each. In 1839 the Dayton Silk Company was incorporated Avith a capital of one hundred thousand dollars. The company advertised that they had on hand one hundred and fifty thousand eggs for gratuitous distribution to all Avho Avould sell to them the cocoons raised from the eggs. They published fifteen thousand copies of a circular, giving all requisite in formation ou the subject of silk culture, which were freely distributed. It was proposed to introduce the cultivation of the variety of white mulberry, known as Morus Mullicaulis. The leaves of the Morus Multicaulis, unlike those of the other variety, eould be used the first year in the rearing of silk Avornis. Farmers Averc advised to turn their attention to this valuable eroji, and many of Ihem did so, and the raising of silk worms became the lashion. The trees sold iu the East for from, MEASURES PROPOSED FOR IMPROVING THE TOAA^N. 185 seventy-five cents to one dollar and fifty cents a piece, and the demand for them was increasing. The people Avere assured that one acre had been known to produce as high as seventy-five pounds of silk the first year from the Cuttings, and it Avas believed that fifty pounds could be produced the first year without injury to the trees. This silk company, like the former one, proved a failure. The first Montgomery County Agricultural Fair was held in Dayton at Swaynie's hotel, at the head of the basin, October 17 and 18, 1839. At eleven in the morning on the 17th a procession of about three hundred persons interested in the society marched, headed by a band of music, through the principal streets to the hotel, Avhere the anniversary address was delivered by D. A. Haynes. The display of horses, cattle, and farm products was fine. The Committee on Silk — Daniel Roe, C. S. Bryant, John Edgar, Peter Aughiubaugh, Charles G. Swain, W. B. Stone, and R. N. Comly — awarded a premium, a silver cup worth ten dollars, for the greatest amount of silk produced from the smallest number of Multicaulis leaves. Other valuable premiums were awarded hy the society, but the cup was offered by members of the Silk Company. The mention of the Morus Multicaulis tree recalls to memory one of those strange manias that occasionally sweep over the country. The tree had recently been introduced from China, was of rapid growth and furnished abundant food for silk worms. It was believed that the culti vation of this tree and the use of its leaA'^es to feed silk worms, would make the United States the great silk-producing country of the world. The most extravagant price was paid for young trees and thousands of acres planted. Wide-spread ruin was the result, and hundreds of persons lost their all in this wild speculation. Swaynie's Hotel, where the first Montgomery County Agricultural Fair was held, was finished in April, 1839. It was considered a first-class house and regarded with pride by the people of Dayton. All the carpets in the hotel were manufactured by the Dayton Carpet Company, and were of such superior texture, designs and colors, that guests of the house could with difficulty be convinced that they were made west of the Alleghany mountains. The Dayton carpets were sold in the stores at Cincinnati and other western towns as imported carpets, and pur chasers did not discover the deception. Edwin Smith was reelected to the legislature in 1839. A fire occurred here in December, 1839, which resulted in great loss on account of the excitement and unruly conduct of the crowd, though the Independence Engine arrived in the nick of time, and saved the building. We quote the Journal's report, as it gives a good idea of an 13 186 HISTORY OF DAYTON. old-time fire, Avhen more damage was often caused by the officious crowd and the water than by the flames: "While the work of preservation was in progress outside, some destructives Avere enacting very diff'erent scenes within the building. In their eagerness to save the owners from loss by flre, they wrenched the doors from the hinges, pulled the mantles from their places, shattered> the Avindows and broke the sash, and all to save property from destruction by fire. It avHI cost the owner of the property more money to repair damages inside his premises than to replace all that Avas destroyed by the fire." The .Journal complains that very fcAv of the white Avands of the fire guards were to be seen on this occasion, and attributes the confusion partly to their absence. In the next Journal appeared the foHoAviug card from the officers of the various fire companies, appealing to their fellow-citizens for aid in protecting firemen from uncalled-for interruption at fires: "Each com pany claims for itself the right to control its engine, hose, and pipe, and any interference by an individual not a member of the association is calculated to create useless altercation and to retard the effective operation of the firemen. The brakes of our engines are always free to those who desire to render eff'ective aid. All we ask is that those who are not connected with the fire department would either remain at a distance or work at the engines, believing as we do, that the confusion created at fires is occasioned by those who are uot connected Avith the engines. E. W. Davies, president Second Engine Company; E. Favorite, vice-presi deut; V. Winters, foreman Safety Engine and Hose Company; Frederic Boyer, assistant; E. Carroll Roe, president Enterprise Company." At this time great pride was felt in the fire department, and the most prominent citizens of Dayton Avere members of the companies. It was a great advance on all that had preceded it, but it was defective as all volunteer organizations necessarily are. With the splendidly equipped and perfectly ordered paid department of the present time, the interfer ence of citizens complained of in 1839 never occurs. The number of buildings erected in Dayton in 1839, as counted by Thomas Morrison, was one hundred — sixty-four of brick, thirty-six of wood, and twenty-six intended for business houses. A new First Pres byterian church took the place of the old one built in 1817 on the corner of Second aud LudloAv streets. It Avas fifty by eighty feet in size, of the " Grecian Ionic order of architecture and considered very hand some." It cost seventeen thousand dollars. A Baptist church was also built on the corner of Fourth and Ludlow streets, forty by sixty feet in size and seventy-five feet in height The front "presented a very neat specimen of the Grecian Doric architecture." The cost of the whole, MEASURES PROPOSED FOR IMPROVING THE TOWN. 187 including the lot, Avas six thousand dollars. A number of improvements were made along the hydraulic. Mr. Thomas Brown, after particular inquiry, made at the request of the Journal, reported that four million, five hundred thousand bricks Avere made in Dayton during 1839. The number on hand he computed at five hundred thousand, Avhich gave four millions as the number of bricks laid during the year. Dayton was increasing rapidly in population, ancl a watchman at night and bars and bolts in the day time began for the first time to be considered a necessity in the residence part of the town. The Journal complains that the march of improvement had not been made without still another attendant evil, and that while the citizens boasted of their turnpike roads, graveled streets, fine stores, and splendid churches, in getting these they had also got that small vampire, the mosquito. They appeared for the first time in the history of the tOAvn in small numbers when the canal was opened, and Avere supposed to have come on the canal from below, but they gradually increased till they murdered sleep throughout the corporation ancl became a great pest. The vocal and instrumental musical societies, under the direction of L. Huesraan, gave a series of concerts in the churches during the winter of 1840, which were very popular. In February the prospectus of the Log Cabin newspaper published in Day-ton by R. N. & W. F. Comly, appeared. The Log Cabin was con tinued during the Harrison campaign, and after enough subscribers Avere obtained to pay expenses, was gratuitously distributed as a campaign document. A large picture of a log cabin with a barrel of hard cider at the door, occupied the first page of the paper. The illustrations were drawn and engraved by John W. Van Cleve. The price of the paper Avas fifty cents for thirteen numbers. Two files of the Log Cabin, Avhich attained a national reputation, are on the shelves of the Dayton Public Library. This year David Lamme, a Whig, 'represented the county in the legislature. Peter Odlin was the Fourth of July orator in 1840, and the Declara tion of Independence, "prefaced by some happy remarks," was read by John G. Low^e. The exercises were held at the Third Street Presbyterian Church. The Dayton Grays and the Washington Artillery, a ucav military company, paraded. On the 15th of December the Messrs. Comly began to issue the Jour nal as a daily paper. This was the first daily paper published here. The subscription was six dollars per year. The project was soon abandoned and a tri-Aveekly issued. A daily paper was not again attempted till 1847. 188 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The journey to Cincinnati, which used iu the days of mud roads to be a serious undertaking, was in 1840, over an excellent turnpike and in an "Indian bow-spring coach," Avhich was superior to all other sorts in use, a short and pleasant trip. A guard accompanied each coach and the drivers were well behaved and understood their business. There were two daily lines, owned by J. & P. Voorhees. One left at eight o'clock in the morning and the other at night, immediately after the arrival of the eastern mail. The population of Dayton in 1840 was six thousand and sixty-seven. Never in the history of the North Avest has there' been a more exciting presidential campaign than that which preceded the election of General W. H. Harrison, and nowhere was the enthusiasm for the hero of Tippecanoe greater than in Dayton. A remarkable Harrison convention was held here on the date of Perry's victory on Lake Erie, and tradition has preserved such extravagant accounts of the number present, the beauty of the emblems and decorations displayed, and the hospitality of the citizens and neighboring farmers that the folloAving prophecy with Avhich the Journal began its account of the celebration may almost be said to have been literally fulfilled: "Memorable and ever to be remem bered as is the glorious triumph achieved by the immortal Perry on the 10th of September, 1813, scarcely less conspicuous on the page of history will stand the noble commemoration of the event which has just passed before us." Innumerable flags and Tippecanoe banners were stretched across the streets from roofs of stores and factories, or floated from private residences and from poles and trees. People began to arrive several days before the convention, and on the 9th crowds of carriages, Avagons, and horsemen streamed into town. About six o'clock the Cincinnati delegation came in by the CentreviHe road. They were escorted from the edge of town by the Dayton Grays, Butler Guards, Dayton military band, and a number of citizens in carriages and on horseback. The procession of delegates Avas headed by eleven stage coaches in line with banners and music, followed by a long line of wagons and carriages. Each coach was enthusiastically cheered as it passed the crowds Avhich thronged the streets, and the cheers were responded to by the occupants of the coaches. Twelve canal-boats full of men arrived on the 10th, and every road which led to town poured in its thousands early in the morning. General Harrison came as far as Jonathan liarshman's, five miles from town, on the 9th and passed the night there. Early in the morning his escort, which had been encamped at Fairview, marched to Mr. Harsh- man's and halted there till seven" o'clock, when it got in motion under MEASURES PROPOSED FOR IMPROVING THE TOWN. 189 command of Joseph Barnett, of Dayton, and other marshals from Clarke County. The line of march extended five miles. A procession from town, under direction of Charles Anderson, chief marshal, met the general and his escort at the junction of the Troy and Springfield roads. The battalion of militia, commanded by Captain Bomberger, of the Dayton Grays, and consisting of the Grays and Washington ArtHlery, of Dayton; the Citizens' Guards from Cincinnati; Butler Guards, of Hamilton, and Piqua Light Infantry, were formed in a hollow square, and General Harrison, mounted on a white horse, his staff, and Governor Metcalf and staff', of Kentucky, were placed in the center. "Every foot of the road between town and the place where General Harrison was to meet the Dayton escort, was literally choked up with people." The immense procession, carrying banners and flags, and accompanied by canoes, log cabins furnished in pioneer style, and trappers' lodges all on wheels, and filled with men, girls, and boys, the latter dressed in hunting shirts and blue caps, made a magnificent display. One of the wagons contained a live wolf enveloped in a sheep skin, representing the "hypocritical professions" of the opponents of the Whigs. All sorts of designs were carried by the delegations. One of the most striking was an immense ball, representing the Harrison States, which was rolled through the streets. The length of the procession was about two miles. Carriages were usually three abreast, and there were more than one thousand in line. The day was bright and beautiful, and the Avildest enthusiasm swayed the mighty mass of people who formed the most imposing part of " this grandest spectacle of time," as Colonel Todd, an eye-witness, termed the procession. The following description of the scene, quoted by Curwen from a contemporary newspaper, partakes of the excitement and extrav agance of the occasion : " The huzzas from gray-headed patriots, as the banners. borne in the procession passed their dwellings, or the balconies where they had stationed themselves; the smiles and blessings, and waving kerchiefs, of the thousands of fair women who filled the front windows of every house; the loud and heartfelt acknowledgments of their marked courtesy and generous hospitality by the diff'erent delega tions, sometimes rising the same instant from the whole line; the glimpses at every turn of the eye of the fluttering folds of some one or more of the six hundred and forty-four flags which displayed their glorious stars and stripes from the tops of the principal houses of every street, the soul-stirring music, the smiling heavens, the ever-gleaming banners, the emblems and mottoes, added to the intensity of the excitement. 190 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Every eminence, housetop, and Avindow, was thronged with eager spectators, whose acclamations seemed to rend the heavens. Second Street at that time led through a prairie, and the bystanders, by a metaphor, the sublimity of which few but westeners can appreciate, likened the excitement around them to a mighty sea of fire sweeping over its surface, 'gathering, and heaving, and rolling upwards, and yet higher, till its flames licked the stars and fired the whole heavens.' " After marching through the principal streets, the procession was disbanded by General Harrison, at the National Hotel, on Third Street. At one o'clock the procession was reformed and moved to the stand erected for the speeches "upon a spacious plain" east of Front Street and north of Third. Mr. Samuel Forrer, an experienced civil engineer, made an estimate of the space occupied by this meeting and of the number present at it. He says: "An exact measvjrement of the lines gave for one side of the square (oblong) one hundred and thirty yards and the other one hundred and fifty yards, including an area of nineteen thousand five hundred square yards, which, multiplied by four, would give seventy-eight thousand. Let no one who was present be startled at this result or reject this estimate till he compares the data assumed with the facts presented to his own view while on the ground. It is easy for anyone to satisfy himself that six, or even a greater number of indi viduals, may stand on a square yard of ground. Four is the number assumed in the present instance; the area measured is less than four and one half acres. Every farmer who noticed the ground could readily perceive that a much larger space Avas covered with people, though not so closely as that portion measured. AH will admit that an oblong square of one hundred and thirty yards by one hundred and fifty did not at any time during the first hour include near all that were on the east side of the canal. The time of observation Avas the commencement of General Harrison's speech. Before making this particular estimate I had made one by comparing this assemblage with my recollection of the 25th of February convention at Columbus, and came to the conclusion that it was at least four times as great as that." Two other competent engineers measured the ground and the lowest estimate of the number of people at the meeting was seventy-eight. thousand, and as thousands were still in town it was estimated that as many as one hundred thou sand were here on the 10th of September. Places of entertainment were assigned delegates by the committee appointed for that purpose, but it Avas also announced in the Journal that no one need hesitate " to enter any house for dinner, where he may see a flag flying. Every Whig's latch string will be out,and the flag will MEASURES PROPOSED FOR IMPROVING THE TOWN. 191 signify as much to all who are a hungry or athirst." A public table where dinner was furnished, as at the private houses without charge, was also announeed as follows by the Journal : " We wish to give our visitors log cabin fare and plenty of it, and we want our friends in the country to help us." A committee was appointed to take charge of the baskets of the farmers, Avho responded liberally to this appeal. In early times when hotel and boarding house accommodations in Dayton were very limited, it was the custom, whenever there was a political or religious convention or any other large public meeting here, for the citizens to freely entertain the delegates at their homes. When the meeting was of a religious character, the diff'erent denominations assisted each other in entertaining the guests. On such occasions the hot dinner, Avliich was served if possible, was supplemented by large quantities of roast and boiled meat, poultry, cakes, pies, and bread that had been prepared beforehand. All the houses in Dayton occupied by Whigs were crowded to their fullest capacity during the Harrison convention and again at the Clay convention in 1842. One family, according to a letter from its mistress written at the time, entertained three hundred persons at dinner one day in 1842 and the same night lodged nearly one hundred guests. The writer states that the houses of all her friends and relatives were as crowded as her own, and says that this lavish hospitality was a repetition of what occurred in 1840. The letter contains an interesting description of a morning reception for ladies in 1842 at the residence of Mr. J. D. Phillips, where Mr. Clay was staying. A crowd of women of all ranks and conditions, some in silk and some in calico, were present. Mr. Clay shook hands with them all, afterwards making a complimentary little speech, saying among other graceful things that the soft touch of the ladies had healed his fingers bruised by the rough grasp of the men, whom he had received the day before. Among other interesting occurrences during the Harrison convention was the presentation, on the 9th of September, of a beautiful banner to the Tippecanoe Club of the town by the married ladies of Dayton. The banner was accompanied by an eloquent address written for the occasion by Mrs. D. K. Este, and was presented iu the name of the ladies to the club, who were drawn up in front of the residence of Mr. J. D. Phillips, by Judge J. H. Crane. It was decorated on one side with an embroidered wreath, with a view of General Harrison's house in the center, and on the other side with a painting of Perry's victory on Lake Erie, executed by Charles Soule, " with the skill and taste for which he is so distinguished." 192 HISTORY OF DAYTON. On the 11th of September the young ladies of Dayton presented a banner, " wrought by their own fair hands," to General Harrison. Daniel A. Haynes m'ade the presentation speech. The convention was addressed by many noted men. General Harri son Avas a forcible speaker, and his voice, while not sonorous, was clear and penetrating and reached the utmost limits of the immense crowd. GoA^eruor Metcalfe, of Kentucky, was a favorite with the people. A stone mason in early life, he Avas called "stone hammer" to indicate the crush ing blows inflicted by his logic and his sarcasm. The inimitable Thomas Corwin held his audience speH bound with his eloquence and humor, and R. C. Schenck added greatly to his reputation by his incisive and witty speeches. R. C. Schenck, J. H. Crane, and R. S. Hart were the Dayton speakers at the convention. CHAPTER XII. Municipal History — Beginning of Corporate History — Original Boundaries of the Town Site — Difficulties Connected with Securing Titles — First Town Election — Boundaries of the Settlement — Select Council in 1816 and Other Years — Boundaries of Wards — Addition to Market-house— City Officers from 1830 to 1850— Officers' Salaries— Boundary Lines De fined—Polling Places Established in 1844— Cholera in 1849— Officers from 1850 to 1889— The Fire Department — Board of Health — City Police — Dayton Police Benevolent Asso ciation — Water Worlds. IN 1805, the corporate history of Dayton began. The first act of the legislature investing the young settlement with corporate powers Avas passed February 12th, of that year. This charter Avas amended in 1814, and again in 1829. The toAvn Avas named in honor of Hon. Jonathan Dayton, LL. D., of New Jersey, a Revolutionary soldier, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and a member of Congress, who was one of the four original owners of the town site. At that time, separated by only half the life of a generation from the stirring scenes of the Revolu tion, it was natural to find soldiers foremost in all large enterprises upon the frontier. Still it is worthy of remark that of the four original owners, two had been commanders-in-chief of the armies of the United States — General St. Clair in 1791 and General Wilkinson in 1796, while General Brown, one of the first settlers, who lived in 1797 and 1798 in a log cabin on the southwest corner of Jeff'erson and Water streets, attained the same distinguished position in 1821, and held it until his death in 1828. He entered the army from civil life when the War of 1812 broke out, and served with great credit. For distinguished bravery on the battle fields of Chippewa and Niagara Falls, and at the siege of Fort Erie, he was voted the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. At the close of the war he was continued in commission as a major-general of the regular army, until his promotion to the chief command. Three of the principal streets, in compliment to Colonel Ludlow, General St. Clair, and General Wilkin son, have always retained their names. The town site was bounded on the north by the Miami River, on the south by South or Sixth Street, on the east by Mill Street, and on the west by Wilkinson Street. The plat of the village at this date contemplated a public square at the intersection of Main and Third streets, in the center of which the courthouse was to be located; but this arrangement Avas changed by plats subsequently made. In the interval between the raak- w 193 194 HISTORY OP DAYTON. ing of this plat and of that tinally adopted, it was seriously proposed, in consequence of the great flood iu March, 1805, to abandon the improve ments already made and locate the village on the high ground of what is iiOAV East Third Street and east of High Street. But our pioneer fathers clung to the Avater courses, "the natural highways." They knew how convenient they Avere at times, and they were not to be driven from the river banks even by destructive floods. The difficulties connected with securing titles to the lands have been set forth in other pages. Daniel C. Coojier, by preemption, by legisla tion, and by the consent of the community, became proprietor of the toAvn site, and the original settlers or their representatives received their letters through him. In the adjustment of their difficulties as to titles, a ucAv plat was made b}' D. C. Cooper and Israel Ludlow April 26, 1802, and on the 27th it was sent to Cincinnati and recorded in the records of Hamilton County. In 1804, D. C. Cooper made a large plat, but it was not recorded until November, 1805. It was three or four years after this before the individual difficulties of title were all adjusted, and after this had been done, in 1809, Mr. Cooper made a revised plat to conform to deeds and patents of citizens, as then fixed, and this has remained the plat of the town. Unfortunately the records of the city from 1805 until 1829 have been lost, and with them much valuable information concerning the early history of Dayton. By the act of incorporation, a toAvn marshal, collector, supervisor, and seven trustees were to be elected annually by the freeholders who could claim six months' residence. The trustees were to elect a president and re corder from among themselves, and.a treasurer, who was not required to be a trustee. On the first Monday of May, 1805, the first toAvn election Avas held. The seven trustees elected comprised the select council of the toAvn of Dayton, and their president was in eff'ect mayor. In 1810, the population was but 383, and Cincinnati contained but 2,320. A paving ordinance at this date shows that the boundaries of the settlement were the river on the north from Main to Mill streets. Third Street on the south from Ludlow to St. Clair. The most closely-settled street seems to have been Main Street, from the river to Third Street. On July 4, 1814, ihe first market house was opened to the public. A frame building occupied the center of Second Street, for a distance of one hundred feet, betAveen Main and Jeff'erson streets, which was, for many years after the building was torn down, in 1830, called Old Market Street. Market Avas held here ou each Wednesday and Saturday, from 4 a. m. to 10 a. m. The ordinance to regulate the market prohibited retailing country produce, fresh meat, aud MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 195 vegetables within the toAvn limits except on market days, but fresh meat and fish, might be sold every day before eight o'clock in the morning. In 1816, D. C. Cooper Avas elected president of the select council; Joseph Peirce, recorder, and Aaron Baker, H. G. PhiHips, Ralph Wilson, 0. B. Connor, and George Grove, trustees. In 1820, Ii. G. PhiHips Avas elected president of the select council; George S. Houston, recorder, and Aaron Baker, Luther Bruen, David Henderson, William Huffman, and Dr. John Steele, trustees. In 1821, Matthew Patton was president of the council, and George S. Houston, recorder. In 1823, John Compton was president, and Joseph H. Conover, recorder. In 1824, John Compton was president, and John W. Van Cleve, recorder. In 1825, Simeon BroadAvell was president, and Warren Munger, recorder. In 1826, Elisha Brabham Avas president, and R J. Skinner, recorder. In 1827, Dr. John Steele was president, and R. J. Skinner, recorder. In 1828, Dr. John Steele was president, and John W. Van Cleve, recorder. In 1829, certain amendments Avere made to the charter, especially in restricting the suffrage to those who had been residents one year in the toAvn, and in the poAver conferred on the council to regulate, license, or suspend the.sale of liquor. The first election under the amended charter Avas held March 6th of that year, and John Folkerth was elected mayor; DaA'id Winters, recorder, and Nathaniel Wilson, James Haight, John Rench, Luther Bruen, and Williara Atkins, trustees. On the 24th of November, 1829, the council passed an ordinance separating the town into wards with the following boundaries: First Ward — Bounded on the north by the Miami and Mad rivers; on the south by Second Street; on the west by Jefferson Street, and on the east by the corporation Hne. Second Ward — Bounded on the north by the Miami River; on the south by Second Street: on the east by Jeff'erson Street, and on the Avest by the Miami River. Third Ward — Bounded on the north by Second Street; on the south by the south line of Market Street, and a continuance of that line due west to the river; east by Jeff'erson Street, and west by the river. Fourth Ward — Bounded on the north by a line running due east from the river to the south line of Market Street and along that line to Jeff'erson Street; thence north to Third Street, and along Third Street to the corporation line; on the south by Fifth Street, and on the east by the corporation line. Fifth Ward — Bounded on the north by Fifth Street; south by ; east and west by the corporation line. The lines made by the river on the north and west. Mill Street and 196 HISTORY OP DAYTON. the canal on the east, and Sixth Street on the south included about all the improvements of the town. In October, 1829, the building committee of the new market-house were authorized by the council to build, in addition to the market-house of two hundred feet, a council house ou the west end of the market space fronting on Main Street, to be of brick, 20x16 feet, surmounted by a cupola. On September 14, 1830, the old market-house on Second Street Avas sold and the ncAV one occupied, and in 1836 this was extended through to Jeff'erson Street. In March, 1830, the following city officers Avere elected: John W. Van Cleve, mayor; E. W. Davies, recorder; Elisha Brabham, First Ward, A. Darst, Second Ward, R. J. Skinner, Third Ward, N. WHson, Fourth Ward, and Thomas Brown, Fifth Ward, trustees. In March, 1831, Mr. Van Cleve was reelected mayor, and Mr. Davies recorder. The follow ing were the trustees elected at that time: First Ward, Thomas Clegg; Second Ward, Charles R. Greene; Third Ward, David HaAvthorn; Fourth Ward, N. Wilson ; and Fifth Ward, Beniah Tharpe. In March, 1832, Mr. Van Cleve was again elected mayor, F. F. Carnell, recorder, and the fol lowing Avere the trustees: First Ward, C. G. Swain; Second Ward, John Compton; Third Ward, Dr. John Steele; Fourth Ward, N. Wilson; and Fifth Ward, Beniah Tharpe. In March, 1833, the following officers were elected; Mayor, Dr. Job Haines; recorder. Rev. David Winters; trustees. First Ward, Alexander Grimes; Second Ward, Henry A. Pierson; Third Ward, Jacob Leeds; Fourth Ward, David Davis; Fifth Ward, Thomas Brown. In March, 1834, the following: Mayor, Henry Stoddard; recorder. Rev. David Win ters; trustees. First Ward, Alexander Grimes; Second Ward, Ii. A. Pier son; Third Ward, James Stover; Fourth Ward, N. WHson; and Fifth Ward, David Pruden. March, 1835: Mayor, John Anderson; recorder. Rev. David Winters; trustees, First Ward, Samuel Foley; second Ward,' Levi B. Jones; Third Ward, James Stover; Fourth Ward, John Engles; Fifth Ward, Henry Slaght. March, 1836: Mayor, D. W. Wheelock; re corder. Rev. David Winters; trustees. First Ward, Samuel Foley; Second Ward, Dr. EdAvin Smith; Third Ward, Richard Greene; Fourth Ward, David Stone; Fifth Ward, Henry Slaght March, 1837: Mayor, D. W. Wheelock; recorder, J. M. MiHs; trustees. First Ward, John Lehman; Second Ward, Dr. Edwin Smith; Third Ward, Richard Greene; Fourth Ward, John Engles; Fifth Ward, Augustus George. March, 1838 : Mayor, D. W. Wheelock; recorder, Joseph Davidson; trustees. First Ward, J. Lehman; Second Ward, R. C. Schenck; Third Ward, J. Boyer; Fourth Ward, John Ingles; Fifth Ward, J. Malambre. March, 1839: Mayor, MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 197 William J. McKinney; recorder, J. Davidson; trustees. First Ward, Samuel Foley; Second Ward, J. M. Mills; Third Ward, George Oavcu; Fourth Ward, John Engles; Fifth Ward, J. Malambre. March, 1840: Mayor, W. J. McKinney; recorder, James McDaniel; trustees. First Ward, Henry Kimes; Second Ward, Isaac Demarest; Third Ward, Henry L. Brown; Fourth Ward, E. W. Davies; Fifth Ward, J. Malam bre. March, 1841: Mayor, Morris Seely; recorder, A. M. Bolton; trus tees. First Ward, Henry Kimes; Second Ward, John Garner; Third Ward, H. L. BroAvn; Fourth Ward, E. W. Davies; Fifth Ward, J. Ma lambre. The officers under this election served but a short time, another election taking place under the ucav charter in the following May. This charter was granted March 8th, of that year, but was subject to a vote of the people. The vote, as published by the recorder, was as foHoAvs: Three hundred aud eighty-tAvo for it, to 378 against it. The mayor, in presence of the council, proclaimed that the act to incorporate the city of Dayton had taken effect and was in full force. It Avas thereupon resolved that the mayor should issue a proclamation^for an election under the charter on Saturday, May 22, from 12 M. to 4 p. m., for a mayor, marshal, treasurer, and two trustees for each Avard, all of whom shall hold his office until the first Monday in January, 1842. At the election 902 votes Avere cast. Williara J. McKinney was elected raayor, Epriam Broadwell, marshal, and David Stout, treasurer. The councilmen elected were: First Ward, Henry Kimes and Samuel T. Harker; Second Ward, Peter Odlin and Samuel McPherson; Third Ward, Henry L. BroAvu and David^ Winters; Fourth Ward, David Davis and John Engle; Fifth Ward, Madison Munday and Henry Strickler. In June, Mr. McPherson resigned, and William F. Comly Avas elected by the council to the vacancy. On Maj' 24, 1841, the new council assembled for the first time, and elected Peter Odlin president, and A. M. Bolton clerk aud recorder. The salary of the mayor was fixed at $200, and that of the clerk and recorder at $400. The salary of the marshal was fixed at $360, and the treasurer was allowed two per cent on all disbursements. In December, 1841, an official plum attracted the attention of the city fathers, and the council ordered the publication of a pamphlet Avitli statistics of Dayton to present to the commissions appointed by the president to report on the location of a western armory. Seven hundred copies of this pamphlet were printed, but their publication did not succeed in securing the location of the armory at Dayton. After a protracted discussion the council this month resolved to fix 198 HISTORY OF DAYTON. no compensation for themselves, but at a subsequent meeting in the same month, they established their compensation at fifty cents for each meet ing. At the election held this month there were 616 votes cast, and the following officers Avere elected: Mayor, William J. McKinney; marshal, Ephraim Broadwell; constables, Samuel Foley and Ebenezer Henderson; treasurer, David Stout; trustees — First Ward, D. A. Wareham, oue year; J. G. Stutsman, two years. Second Ward, Peter Odlin, one year; William F. Comly, tAvo years. Third Ward, Richard Greene, one year; Ii. L. BroAvn, two years. Fourth Ward, Daniel Keifer, one year; John Ii. Mitchell, two years. Fifth Ward, Madison Munday, one year; Henry Strickler, two years. The ucav council organized January 3, 1843, electing Peter Odlin president, and A. M. Bolton clerk. In December, 1842, the following council was elected: First Ward, George C. Davis; Second Ward, Peter Odlin; Third Ward, William Huff'man; Fourth Ward, Henry Kissinger; Fifth Ward, John Painter. December, 1843, William J. McKinney was reelected mayor, and the foHowing councilmen Avere elected: First Ward, J. G. Stutsman; Second Ward, WilHam F. Comly; Third Ward, Henry L. BroAvn; Fourth Ward, David Davis; Fifth Ward, Henry Strickler. Peter OdHn Avas reelected president, and A. M. Bolton, clerk. December, 1844, the councilmen elected Avere as foHows: First Ward, George C. Davis; Second Ward, Peter OdHn; Third Ward, Hiram Wyatt; Fourth Ward, Henry Kissin ger; Fifth Ward, Richard Chambers. The sarae persons were again elected president and clerk of the council. In December, 1845, William J. McKinney was reelected mayor. The following councHmen were also elected: First Ward, J. G. Stutsman; Second Ward, WHHam F. Comly; Third Ward, Adam Speice; Fourth Ward, Jacob Malambre; Fifth Ward, Samuel Marshall. The offices of president and clerk again fell to Peter Odlin and A. M. Bolton. In December, 1846, the councilmen elected were: First Ward, J. Ii. Achey; Second Ward, John Howard; Third Ward, J. M. Sullivan; Fourth Ward, Henry Kissinger; Fifth Ward, D. S. Raymond. John HoAvard was chosen president, and A. M. Bolton, clerk. In December, 1847, G. W. Bomberger was elected mayor for two years, but died June 21, 1848, and John HoAvard Avas appointed his suc cessor by the council. E. Fowler was appointed to the vacancy thus made in the Second Ward. The councilmen elected in December, 1847, were as foHows: First Ward, J. G. Stutsman; Second Ward, William F. Comly; Third Ward, B. Gilbert; Fourth Ward, Jonathan Kinney; Fifth Ward, A. E. McClure. December, 1848, the councilmen elected were: First Ward, Adam Pritz; Second Ward, Henry Herrman; Third Ward, MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 199 R. A. Kerfoot; Fourth Ward, Jacob Richmond; Fifth Ward, Wesley Boren, and from the newly created Sixth Ward, W- N. Love, one year, and WilHam John. Mr. John resigned and D. S. Raymond was elected May 25, 1849. William F. Comly was elected president of the council, and William C. Bartlett, clerk. In December, 1849, John HoAvard was elected mayor, and the foHow ing councilmen were elected: First Ward, Samuel Taylor; Second Ward, WiHiam F. Comly; Third Ward, Mark Reed; Fourth Ward, Jonathan Kinney; Fifth Ward, F. C. Baker; Sixth Ward, W. N. Love. WiHiam F. Comly was elected president of the council, and William C. Bartlett, clerk. In June, 1850, Henry Beichler was elected to represent the Fifth Ward in the place of F. C. Baker, resigned. August 9th Andrew Gump took the place of R. A. Kerfoot, resigned. In December, 1850, the councilmen elected were: First Ward, A. Decker; Second Ward, I. B. Chapman; Third Ward, Jonathan Harshman; Fourth Ward, Methnsaleh Worman; Fifth Ward, Wesley Boren; Sixth Ward, A. E. McClure. In July, 1842, the council agreed to make the annual salary of the mayor $150, that of the clerk $250, that of the marshal $400, and of the members of council one dollar each for each meeting held after June 1,1843. In the fall of 1843, John Quincy Adams passed through Dayton on his way to Cincinnati to dedicate the observatory, and the hospitality of the city was tendered him by the following resolution of the council, passed November 6th : "Information having been received that John Quincy Adams will reach Dayton this evening: "Resolved, That the members of the council proceed to the cor poration line, and escort Mr. Adams to the city, when the. president is instructed to welcome him to the hospitality of the city." A committee, consisting of Messrs. Davis, Stutsman, and Comly, was appointed to arrange with Mrs. Blair, the landlady, for the entertainment of the distinguished guest, and Mr. Comly was directed to strike off' handbiHs, to notify the citizens. Mr. Adams made a brief response from the balcony of the hotel to the address of welcome, and the next morning resumed his journey. On November 18, 1848, the foHowing ordinance was adopted, estab lishing landmarks: "Whereas, The face of the eastern Avall of the courthouse, and the original face of the eastern wall of the old tavern on in-lot Number 13, has been determined by general agreement of surveyors and by judicial proceedings to be on the true western line of Main Street; therefore. 200 HISTORY OP DAYTON. "Resolved, That three stones be set by the surveyor of Montgomery County and the city engineer, the stones to be four feet long, eighteen inches on one face, and nine inches on the other. Oue of said stones to be set in Main Street, the top level with the curbstone, sixteen and one half feet from the perpendicular Hue of th'e face of the brick work of the east Avail of the courthouse; one iu Main Street, facing east, which face shall be sixteen and one half feet from the perpendicular line of the east face of the original log Avail of the old tavern, on the corner of Main and Water streets, and the northern face in range Avith the north face of said tavern; one of said stones to be set in Water Street, the northern face sixteen and one half feet from the Water Street front of the dwelling, corner of Water and MHl streets, and the eastern edge in exact range Avith the Mill Street front of the same house." These stones Avere set as reported to the council April, 1846, by Wil liam G. George, county surveyor, and James H. Mitchell, city engineer, in presence of J. W. Van Cleve and sixteen other Avitnesses. In September, 1844, the foHoAving polHng places were estabhshed: For the First Ward, at SAvaynie's Hotel, First Street, just east of the canal; Second Ward, at Indepeudent Engine House, on Second Street, between Main and Jeff'erson; Third Ward, at Safety Engine House, on LudloAv Street, betAveen Second aud Third; Fourth Ward, at Jimmy Elliott's cabinet shop, northAvest corner of Fourtli and Main streets; Fifth Ward, at Eastern School House, on Brown Street. That portion of the city called Oregon, lying south of Frenchtown and east of the canal, was platted in 1845, and about the same time the plat of West Dayton, from the river west ou Third to WilHams streets, was made, and that of Mexico, lying immediately west of West Dayton. All that part of the city lying west of the river, between Wolf Creek and the Germantown pike, was subsequently called Miami City, and uoav West Dayton. In the summer of 1849, Dayton had a severe visitation ofthe cholera, about two hundred and twenty-five deaths occurring during the summer. A board of health Avas appointed, of Avliich George B. Holt was president. A. cholera hospital was established, Avith Dr. Edwin Smith in charge. Liberal appropriations were made by the councH; citizens' relief com mittees were appointed; the streets and alleys A\-ere Avhite and redolent with chloride of lime. Business Avas almost suspended, but fcAV people left town. The officers of the city, the physicians and the citizens united to remain at their posts and help those in need. The. poliing places in 1855 Avere as I'oHoavs: First Ward, Neptune Engine House; Second Ward, Independent Engine House; Third Ward, MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 201 council chamber; Fourth Ward, Deluge Engine House; Fifth Ward, Oregon Engine House; Sixth Ward, Eastern School House. Having heretofore given ^in account of the result of the city elec tions, including that of 1850, the record is uoav continued to the present date, 1889. In December, 1851, John Howard was elected mayor, aud the following councilmen: First Ward, Louis lieintz; Second Ward, Joseph T. Reed; Third Ward, John H. Achey; Fourth Ward, Jonathan Kenney; Fifth WaTcl, James Turner; Sixth Ward, W. N. Love. In December, 1852, an ordinance was adopted, changing the time of the city election from December to the first Monda.y in April, and the officers, whose terms expired in January, 1853, held over until April following. In April, 1853, the following officers were elected: Mayor, John HoAvard; councilmen. First Ward, B. M. Ayres; Second, J. B. Chapman; Third, Nicholas Ohmer; Fourth, Jacob Richmond; Fifth, Samuel Marshall; Sixth, A. E. McClure; president of the council, Jonathan Kenney; clerk, George W. Malambre; city solicitor, F. Collins; treas urer, D. Stout. Following are lists of the various city officers since 1853: Mayors— 1854, George M. Young; 1855, D. W. Iddings; 1860, W. H. GHlespie; 1864, E. C. EHis; 1866, Jonathan Kenney; 1868, C. L. Bauman; 1870, James D. Morrison; 1872, W. Ii. Sigman; 1874, L. Butz, Jr; 1876, W. H. Rouzer; 1878, L. Butz, Jr.; 1880, F. M. Hosier; 1882, John L. MiHer; 1884, John Bettelon; 1886, Ira CraAvford. City Solicitors— 1854, E. J. Forsyth; 1857, J. Ackerman; 1859, L. B. Bruen; 1861, Josiah LoveH; 1865, WilHam Craighead; 1867, D. B. Cor win; 1871, J. C. Baggott; 1872, A. A. Thomas; 1875, 0. M. Gottschall; 1877, W. BeHeviHe; 1879; A. W. Kumler; 1883, John Han'itch; 1889, D. B. Corwin. City Clerks— 1854, G. W. Malambre; 1855, D. A. Houk; Novem ber, 1855, Fielding Loury, elected upon the resignation of D. A. Houk; 1859, A. A. Butterfield; 1860, A. Stephens; 1865, John U. Kreidler; October, 1867, J. A. Leonard; January, 1869, D. II. Dryden; April, 1869, A. Stephens; 1872, A. A. Butterfield; 1875, N. Metz; 1876, A. H. Whytte; 1878, N. Metz; 1879, George M. Lane; 1883, C. H. Herbig; 1887, Eugene Shinn. City Treasurers— 1854, David Stout; 1856, A. V. Stansifer; June, 1857, Smith Davisson; 1859, C. C. Kiefer; 1861, James Anderton; 1862, D. W. Reese. Since the expiration of Mr. Reese's term the county treasurer has also served as city treasurer. Presidents of Council — 1854, John H. Achey; 1855, James Turner; 1856, B. M. Ayres; 1859, WiHiam Bomberger; 1861, A, Decker; 1862, 202 history of dayton. W. N. Love; 1863, Araos Decker; 1864, L H. Kiersted; 1865, D. W. Iddings; 1871, W. ?.I. Mills; 1872, D. W. Iddings; 1874, E. M. Wood; 1875, D. C. Taft; 1876, E. M. Wood; 1878, John R. Fletcher; 1879, C. E: Pease; 1880, S. T. Bryce; 1883, John R. Fletcher; 1884, Jacob Wei n rich; 1886, Galen C. Wise; 1887, Samuel A. Ambrose; 1888, J. W. Allison; 1889, E. P. Mathews. Following is a list of the councilmen elected from year to year from 1854 to 1889, both years inclusive: 1854— J. H. Achey, Thomas II. Phillips, WHliam Dickey, Richard Lane; James Turner, J. II. Thomas, for unexpired term of A. E. McClure, and W. N. Love. 1855 — B. M. Ayres, J. H. Chapman, H. Gebhart, Jonathan Kenney, George Owen, and A. E. McClure. 1856— William Dickey, Thomas H. PhiHips, J. H. Achey, Richard Lane, B. N. Beaver, and W. N. Love. 1857 — B. M. Ayres, William Trebein, H. Gebhart, John Stephens, George OAven, and A. E. McClure. 1858— Amos Decker, Thomas Ii. PhHHps, E. A. More, L. L. GiHi- land, Ezra Thoraas, and Peter Lutz. 1859 — Hugh Wiggira, Ezra Bimm, Isaac II. Kiersted, James Boyer, Lawrence Butz, and William Bomberger. I860— A'nios Decker, Thomas Ii. Phillips, John Ii. Shank, L. L. Gil- lilaud, George Lehman, and Peter Lutz. 1861--Hugh Wiggini, Ezra Bimm, I. Ii. Kiersted, I. A. Minnick, William Patton, and W. N. Love. 1862 — Amos Decker, Hiram Strong, George W. Rogers, L. L. GHH- laud, George Lehman, and Jacob Decker. 1863 — William Dickey, Ezra Bimm, I. il. Kiersted, I. A. Minnick, Ezra Thomas, and W. N. Love. 1864— A. Kuhns, D. W. Iddings, John Ii. Shank, Ii. H. Hilgefort, George Lehman, and W. R. Bennet. 1865— J. S Geary, H. W. R. Brunner, D. Kiefer, John Clingman, John W. Butt, W. N. Love, John Colhauer, and Lawrence Butz, Jr. 1866— A. Kuhns, D. W. Iddings, J. 11. Shank, Alexander Gebhart, George Lehman, W. N. Love, George Braunsweiger, and LaAvreuce Butz, Jr. 1867— John Wiggira, II. W. R. Brunner, D. Kiefer, John CHngman, James Turner, John Anian, John Colhauer, and James Boyle. 1868— John R. Brownell, D. W. Iddings, A. Pruden, A. Gebhart, John C, Baird, D. V. Pottle, George BraunsAveiger, D. C. Taft, and Georye Lehman. municipal history. 203 1869 — George Miller, C. Herchelrode, D. Kiefer, John Clingman, George Lehman, Henry Guckes, T. J. Welty, G. W. Murray, A; C. Fehring, and H. Barnhart. 1870— J. B. Gilbert, D. W. Iddings, .-J. Ii. Shank, A. Gebhart, T. N. SoAvers, James Hammond, W. Wassenich, D. C. Taft, W. R. Tomlinson, A. C. Fehring, and H. Barnhart. 1871 — George Miller, John Breene, D. Kiefer, John Clingman, J. Kratochwill, John Weaver, George Neiland, John Roher, George W. Murray, W. M. Mills, WHliam Huffman, and Charles E. Smith. 1872— A. Kuhns, D. W. Iddings, John H. Shank, Ashley Brown, Andrew Slentz, Samuel A. Ambrose, Joseph Hammond, W. Wassenich, D. C. Taft, Henry Webbert, John Kemp, and Hermann Gerdes. 1873 — George Miller, John Breene, J. J. Rossell, E. M. Wood, John Clingman, James Turner, Charles G. Meyers, Joseph Herhold, M. Cain, Charles E. Smith, J. W. Sollenberger, and N. Metz. 1874— J. B. Gilbert, S. F. Woodsum, Joseph Coiner, Williara Kiefer, John W. Butt, Joseph L. Haniraond, W. Wassenich, D. C. Taft, Henry Webbert, Joseph Pfoutz, and John F. Gerber. 1875— George Miller, J. B. Smith, John H. Shank, E. M. Wood, James Turner, W. J. Oblinger, Joseph Herhold, Julius Wehner, Charles E. Smith, Thomas Hill, and William Huff'man. 1876 — A. C. Nixon, Henry Theobald, Joseph Comer, Washington Silzell, John H. Waymire, Johnson Snyder, John Schoen, Thomas Gavin, John G. Feight, L. D. Baer, and John F. Gerber. 1877— J. R. Fletcher, William H. Pritz, P. Jollantgeu, E. M. Wood, S. T. Bryce, John W. Knaub, Joseph Desch, Simon Goodman, David Cosad, Adam Schantz, and A. E. Jenner. 1878— John Bohleuder, C. E. Pease, Joseph Comer, F. J. McCormick, II. Soehner, Samuel F. Estabrook, James Turner, J. R. Meyer, Joseph Hammond, George W. McDargh, Jacob Sortmau, John Carney, W. il. Gillespie, John G. Feight, Ferdinand S. Uuger, James Carberry, and Charles Canary. 1879 — George Buttenvorth, James Campbell, William II. Pritz, W. SHzeH, Ii. Soehner, Charles E. Clark, John Meyer, Otto Gueuther, J. W. Sortmau, George C. Davies, John Breene, T. C. Kidd, John C. Cline, John Griesmeier, ancl E. B. Lyon. 1880— Henry Tietze, C. E. Pease, A. C. Fenner, Ii. S. Gordon, W. E. Crume, Joseph Hammond, John Griesmeier, F. J. McCormick, John G. Feight, S. T. Bryce, and George W. Scherer. 1881 — John R. Brownell, First Ward, long terra; A. Beebe, First Ward; short term; James Campbell, John H. Shank, George Butterworth 204 history of dayton. S. A. Ambrose, Charles H. Geary, W. Wasseinich, Jacob Weinrich, E. 0. Thomas, Jr., Adam Schantz, and George W. Sherer. 1882 — John M. McKee, C. Haltman, Adam Pritz, H. S. Gordon, John R. Fletcher, George D. lianitch, G. C. Wise, J. H. Stoppelman, John Vance, S. T. Bryce, and F. Haeffleman. 1883— J. Gross, Thomas Wyatt, C. P. Sweetman, W. Silzell, J. K. Webster, D. C. Taft, Adolph Menke, Jacob Weinrich, C. F. Corns, S. E. Kemp, and James McEntee. 1884— John F. Canfield, Adam Pritz, J. B. Bright, S. E. Kemp, H.W.Meyer, J. A.Miller, Galen C. Wise, John A. Stoppelman, and C. A. Amend. 1885— C. J. Gerdes, Charles D. Iddings, J. A. Weed, C. F. Corns, Herman Rogge, D. C. Taft, John Huesraan, Jacob Weinrich, and James McEntee. 1886 — C. L. Reber, S. A. Ambrose, D. L. Rike, 'Joseph W. AHison, Ii. W. Meyer, James H. MHler, Galen C. Wise, J. E. D. Ward, and WHliam McGee. 1887— C. J. Gerdes, Albert F. Steinmetz, Charles F. Corns, Wilbur Heathraan, Charles F. Beckler, James R. Mercer, John Huesraan, and John A. Hahue. 1888- E. P. Matthews, S. A. Ambrose, S. E. McClure, Joseph W. Allison, Charles H. Shellabarger, David M. Martin, Fred Moehlmau, aud J. E. D. Ward. 1889— C. J. Gerdes, Albert F. Steinmetz, Charles F. Corns, Phillip Bossard, John Rock, John R. Rhea, and John Weismantel. On March 10, 1827, was organized the first volunteer fire company of Dayton. Some months before au engine had been brought to Dayton from Philadelphia, Previous to this time the only protection for the town from fire was a bucket brigade aud ladders. By ordinance every householder Avas required to provide himself Avith two leather buckets, to have his name painted on them, and to keep them hanging in some place easily accessible in case of fire. The toAvn council provided ladders, which hung on the outside wall of the market-house, and were carried to fires on the shoulders of the first volunteers. A hook and ladder corapany was organized at the same time. George C. Davis was captain of the first company, and Joseph Hollinsworth of the hook and ladder company. The engine had to be fiHed by hand, and the council bought eighty-eight leather buckets, one half of them to be kept Avith the engine, and oue half to be taken by the members to their homes. The first board of fire wardens was appointed by the council in the spring of 1827, and it Avas a part of their duty to examine periodically municipal history. 205 the buckets and other fire apparatus, and to see that everything was in Avorking order. Soon aftei'Avard a board of fire guards was appointed, whose duty it was to isolate and control the burning district during and immediately after the fire. The church bells Avere relied upon for com municating the alarm of fire, and the council paid fifty cents to each sexton for every alarm rung after nine o'clock at night, and one dollar to the one whose bell AA'as first heard. John W. Van Cleve Avas appointed chief engineer of this modest fire department. In November, 1833, a hand engine, called the "Safety," of more ad vanced type, having suction hose and gallery brakes, was bought by the council, and at the sarae time five hundred feet of hose; and the Safety Fire Engine and Hose Corapany Number 1 was organized, and its services were accepted by the council. The first officers were: James Perrine, foreman; Valentine Winters, assistant foreman; J. D. Loomis, secretary; T. R. Black, treasurer; Thomas BroAvu, leader of hose company; Henry Diehl, assistant leader; WilHam P. Huff'man, Jacob Wilt, Peter Baer, Henry Beichler, Abraham Overlease, directors. During this sarae year, and soon thereafter, fire cisterns Avere built under the streets, at First aud Main, at Third and Main, at Fifth and Main, and at two or three other points in the city, which Avere filled by pumping from adjacent wells, and sometiraes by the engines with hose from the canal or river, and used as reservoirs to draAV upon iu time of fire. The Independent Fire Company, the Vigilance, Deluge, Oregon, and others, Avere organized under the auspices of the council in the next fcAv years, and managed by some of the foreraost business men, but as these advanced in years and dignity, they gave place to younger men. As time passed on the coraplexiou of the companies changed ancl a rougher element predominated. It came to be a closely disputed honor as to which company threw the first water on the fire, and this gave rise to outrages, cutting hose, throAviug stones, and occasionally the firemen Avould cease fighting the fire and commence fighting each other. It Avas necessary to stimulate the rivalry of the firemen as to which should throAV the first water on the fire, but it was found equally necessary and more difficult to quell the spirit thus evoked. This was one of the causes of a growing opposition to a volunteer fire department. The manifest inefficiency of hand-engines, as compared with the newly-invented fire engines, under the control of men who were paid to give their whole time to their management and care, led to public agitation and discussion looking forward to such a change, which extended through a period of several years, from 1856 or 1857, until the first steamer was purchased in 1863. 206 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The force now consists of a chief, D. Larkin; assistant chief, F. B. Ramby; telegraph raanager, George Kirby, and fifty raen. There are three steam engines, tAVO chemical engines, nine hose Avagons, two hook and ladder wagons, and twenty-four horses. During the prevalence of epidemics at several periods in the earlier history of Dayton, boards of health had been appointed for temporary service, but it was not until June 3, 1867, that a permanent board of health was created by the council under authority of an act of the legis lature of the preceding March. The board is composed of the mayor, Avho is ex-officio president, and six members appointed by the council. The board elects a health officer aud their own clerk and meat inspector. The first board consisted of T. D. Mitchell, president; W. W. Lane, and B. F. Wait, appointed for one year; L. Patterson and J. W. Dietrich, appointed for two years, and C. Parker and J. W. Butt, appointed for three years — two new members coming in each year. Thomas L. Neal was health officer and J. A-. Marlay, clerk. The duties of the board are to give such directions as are necessary to insure the cleanliness of the city, improve its sanitary condition and prevent the spread of contagious or epidemic diseases, to keep a record of births and of deaths aud the causes thereof. Under this general limitation, their powers are very large, but their orders are always subject to the approval of the council. In 1868, L. Patterson and C. L. HaAves Avere elected members of the board, and the health officer and clerk Avere the same as for the first year. In 1869, the members and officers were the same as for 1868. In 1870, the members were the same except that Lawrence Butz, Jr., took the place of John W. Butt. The officers remained the same. In 1871, the members of the board were C. Parker, B. F. Wait, C. L. Hawes, R. Brundrett, John Wiggim, and L. Butz, Jr., and the officers still re mained the same. In 1872, the members were Parker, Wait, HaAves, Brundrett, Wiggim, and John W. Dietrich, the officers remaining the same except that E. B. Davis, M. D., became clerk. For the next tAvo years the members and officers remained the same. For 1875 the members were Parker, Wait, Brundrett, Wiggim, Robert Craig, and Benjamin B. Childs, the officers being the same as for the two previous years. In 1876, there was no change. In 1877, H. S. Jewett, M. D., took the place of John Wiggim. For the next three years there was no change. In 1881, the board consisted of Parker, Wait, Brundrett, Jewett, Alfred Pruden, and J. K. Webster, M. D., the officers still being the same. In 1882, the members were Wait, Bruudrett, Jewett, Webster, F. W. Thomas, M. D., and G. W. Rogers, officers the same. In 1883, the members were the same except that A. C. Fenner took the place of G. W. MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 207 Rogers. The officers remained the same. For 1884 the members of the board were John Ii. Fickensher, B. F. Wait, F. W. Thomas, M. D., A. E. Fenner, Jesse Cornell, and W. P. Treon ; and A. H. Iddings, M. D., health officer, and Charles P. Waltz, clerk. For 1885 the members were Fickensher, Wait, Fenner, Cornell, J. L. Mcllhenney, M. D., and J. S. Beck, M. D. The officers remained as before. For 1886 there was no change except that Frank S. Rechsteiner took the place of A. E. Fenner. For 1887 the board consisted of Wait, Mcllhenny, Beck, Rechsteiner, WilHam Webster, M. D., and J. A Ambrose, M. D. James M. Weaver, M. D., was health officer, and George 0. Warrington, clerk. In 1888, the members were B F. Wait, J. A. Ambrose, M. D., William Webster, M. D., W. P. Green, M. D., and John Sherlock. The officers remained the same, and for 1889 the board consists of the following members : J. A. Ambrose, M. D., William Webster, M. D., John Sherlock, George Stoffel, E. C. Crura, M. D., and W. P. Treon, M. D., and the officers are James M. Weaver, M. D., health officer, and George Warrington, clerk. The city had no prison of its. own until 1858, municipal offenders being confined in the county jail. Then a part of Deluge Engine-house, on Main Street, between Fifth and Sixth streets, was fitted up with cells and used for that purpose. In 1870, better accommodations were secured by the purchase of the United Brethren Church, for ten thousand dollars, standing on the corner of Smith and Tecumseh streets. This building was fitted up upstairs for a mayor's court, with cell rooms below. There is now also a sub-station house west of the river and south of Fourth Street. In 1875, when the county commissioners vacated the stone jail on the corner of Main and. Sixth streets, the city authorities had it arranged for a work-house, and have occupied it for that purpose since early in the fall of 1876. Male offenders sent there were employed in breaking stone to use on the streets of the city, and female off'enders were employed in necessary household work. The administration of the workhouse is committed to a board of workhouse directors. Dar ing the present year (1889) the breaking of stone has been given up, and the,whole force is now employed in making brushes. The material and machinery are furnished by a firm in Cincinnati, who take the entire output of manufactured brushes. The city pays the commissioners no rent for the property, as it holds it on a tenure requiring its use for the purposes of a prison. From the incorporation of the town, in 1805, until 1818, a marshal constituted the entire police force, and for seventeen years thereafter, or until 1835, one deputy formed his staff'. The marshal was then author ized to appoint patrolmen to serve as night-watchmen. After the grant- 208 HISTORY OF DAYTON. ing of the city charter, in 1841, au ordinance was passed providing for the election of two constables. In 1855, an epidemic of burglaries caused a meeting of citizens to consider remedies, and on an appeal from this body the council, on March 16, 1855, authorized the raayor to employ one hun dred detectives. To whatever limit this authority was used, the appoint ments were evidently but temporary. In 1853, the regular force was increased to six men besides the marshal, his deputy, aud two constables. No further increase was made until 1866, when it was enlarged to eight patrolmen and a captain. Uuder the ordinance of July, 1869, the depart ment consisted of the city raarshal, as ex-officio chief, one captain, two lieutenants, and twenty-two regular policemen, two from each ward. Appointments were made annually by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. In 1873, the metropolitan police force was organized with a chief, first and second lieutenants, twenty-six patrolmen, three roundsmen and three turnkeys. This arrangement made in pursuance of an act of the legislature is substantially that now in force. The appointments are made by the police commissioners, formerly an elective body, now a non partisan board of four persons appointed by the governor, under an act of the legislature of March 2, 1887. With them, and not with the city council, now lies the whole control of the police force. The com missioners receive a salary of two hundred dollars each per annum. In 1873, the police commissioners were E. W. Davies, E. S. Young, WiHiam Clark, W. Ii. Gillespie, D. A. Houk, and Joseph Clegg. E. W. Davies died and E. S. Young resigned during the year. The mayor was ex-officio president The police force consisted of thirty-five meu. In 1874, the commissioners were : W. M. Seely, Joseph Clegg, Harvey Conover, and W. H. Gillespie. In 1875, John Bettelon, Joseph Clegg, W. M. Seely, Harvey Conover. In 1876, Joseph Clegg, John Bettelon, W. P. Callahan, S. F. Woodsum. In 1877, W. P. Callahan, John Bettlelon, S. F. Woodsum, H. C. Graves. In 1878, John Bettelon, Ii. C. Graves, S. F. Woodsum, H. C. Marshall. S. F. Woodsum died iu July aud was succeeded by T. J. Weakley. In 1879, Ii. C. Graves, C. A. PhHlips, H. C. Marshall, and T. J. Weakley. In 1880, Ii. C. Graves, H. C. Marshall, Charles A. Phillips, and E. V. Moodie. In 1881, II. C. Marshall, Charles A. Phillips, E. V. Moodie, and James P. Wolf In 1882, Charles A. PhHlips, E V. Moodie, James P. Wolf, and Ii. Ii. Laubach. In 1883, E. V. Moodie, James P. Wolf, WiHiam Huffman, and Ii. Ii. Laubach. In 1884, James P. Wolf, II. II. Ltubach, William Huffman, and T. J. Weakley. In 1885, Ii. Ii. Laubach, T. J. Weakley, WilHam Huffman, and John L. Brenner. In 1886, William Huffman, T. J. Weakley, John L. Brenner, MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 209 and A. B. Ridgway. In 1887, J. E. Gimperling, John C. Cline, John L. MHler, and R. C. Anderson. In 1888, R. C. Anderson, J. E. Gimperling, J. C. Cline, and John L. Miller. The same board was chosen for 1889. D. B. Wilcox was secretary of the board from 1873 to 1875; F. M. Hosin from 1876 to 1879; Patrick Kelly in 1880; J. H. Gorman from 1881 to 1882; J. H. Ensign in 1883 and 1884; C. W. Faber in 1885 and 1886, and 0. E. Davidson in 1887, 1888, aud 1889. Captain Stewart served as captain a few months in the spring of 1873. Colonel William H. Martin was captain and acting superin tendent of police in 1873 and 1874. Amos Clark served then until 1881. George Butterworth in 1881 and 1882. Captain William Patton in 1883 to 1884, 1885, and 1886. Under the new law. Captain W. H. Shoemaker was elected superintendent in 1887. and served until June, 1889, when he resigned, and A. Steinmetz was elected. The force at present (1889) consists of the superintendent or chief, one captain, two detectives, four sergeants, two turnkeys, and fifty patrol men; total, sixty-one. There are also a surgeon. Dr. P. N.' Adams, and a matron. Miss Lou BoAvman. In 1877, the Dayton Police Benevolent Association was incorporated. It is supported and managed by the police, every one of whom pays an established fee on joining the force, and also regular dues thereafter if desiring to participate in its benefits. There is also another fund for their protection, called the life and health fund. Under the law no policeman can accept any reward or gratuity, but all sums off'ered in this way, and the proceeds of unclaimed property go to the above named fund. This fund is managed by the commissioners and two policemen elected by the force, constituting six trustees, aud at their discretion any policemen in jured in the discharge of his duty may be paid a weekly sum while disabled. This fund affording so desirable a protection to men engaged in a hazardous employment, now amounts to something over $2,500. The first official action taken by the city council of Dayton with reference to the construction of water works, was on March 19, 1869, when an ordinance was passed to submit the question to the voters of the city, whether water works should or should not be erected at a cost not to exceed two hundred thousand dollars. This ordinance provided that the question should be voted upon at the election to be held April 5th following. At the election the question was settled in the affirmative by the following vote : For the water works, 2,769 ; against them, 1,936. At a special meeting of the council, held May 21, 1869, a select com mittee of three was appjinted to examine and report upon plans for water 210 HISTORY OF DAYTON. works, they to recommend that system which they might think best adapted to the wants of the city for all purposes. The committee was authorized to visit places having Avater Avorks, aud to obtain the fullest and best possible information. The committee consisted of Messrs. George Lehman, George W. Murray, and D. W. Iddings. On the 13th of August, 1869, three plans for the construction of water works were submitted through the committee to the council by Joseph L. Loury. The Ames Manufacturing Company, of Chicopee, Massachusetts, submitted a proposition, Avhich was read at the same time. There was also a proposi tion from Stout, Mills & Temple, of Dayton, one from John R. Brownell, one from Henr^' R. Worthington, of New York, and one from the Holly Manufacturing Company, of Lockport, New York. It was then resolved that the various plans and bids for water works be referred to a select committee of five, with instructions to report at the next meeting. The committee selected consisted of George Lehman, J. Clingman, D. V. Pottle, A. Gebhart, and Alfred Pruden. This committee on the 20th of August reported in favor of the Holly Manufacturing Company, its system being the best and cheapest. The same select committee was thereupon authorized and instructed, iu cjuuection with the city soHcitor, to make and execute a contract in the name of the city with the Holly Manufacturing Company for water works and machinery upon the basis of their proposition, whieh had been made August 4, 1869. The proposition ot the Holly Manufacturing Company was in sub stance as follows : To erect a set of machinery to consist of two of Holly's patent elliptical rotary pumps, and one of Holly's patent six cylinder gauge pumps, each of the capacity of two million gallons in twenty-four hours. Also oue double cylinder piston steam engine, and one rotary steam engine, two of Holly's patent tubular, upright steam boilers, oue of Holly's patent hydraulic regulators, together Avith donkey engine, feed pumps, gears, shafting, steam and water gauges, aud all other necessary fixtures and machinery to make the AVorks effective and complete. The , The rotary pumps were to be of such size and power as to throw six powerful fire streams at once from hose attached to hydrants, and each stream from one inch nozzle to a vertical height of one hundred feet The price for this machinery was thirty-seven thousand dollars, to be paid iu three twenty per cent installments in one, two, aud three months, respec tively from the date of the acceptance of the proposition, and the balance of forty per cent when the machinery had been set up, aud had been accepted by the city of Dayton. The city of Dayton was to erect the necessary buildings aud lay the foundations for the machinery, and also to lay ti.e mains, set the hydrants and furnish hose. The contract be- MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 211 tween the city of Dajton and the Holly Manufacturing Company was read, approved, and placed on file September 3, 1869. On the 17th of September, 1869, a standing committee on water works was appointed as follows: George Lehman, George Niebert, and A. Gebhart. On October 8, 1869, the special committee on water pipe reported, having made a contract with T. G. Gaylord & Company, of Cincinnati, for one thousand tons of pipe. On the 15th of the month an ordinance was passed establishing a board of trustees of Avater-works On the 29th of October, the committee on water-Avorks reported that the bid for the erection of the budding for the work, submitted by Anderton & Kemp, was the lowest, and their guarantee was placed on file. Novem ber 26, 1869, the committee was authorized to purchase two acres of land on the northeast corner of Keowee and Ottawa streets. The rotary pumps for the water- works arrived in Dayton January 6, 1870. On the Ist of April, 1870, the committee on water-works made a report to the council to the effect that the machinery and fixtures placed in position were in successful operation, and were up to and over the standard guaranteed by the company. The first board of trustees of the water- Avorks was as foHows: Samuel Marshall, John Temple, and J. H. Balsley. This board organized on the 16th of April by the election of the following officers: Samuel Marshall, president; A. J. Hiller, secretary; George McCain, superintendent; E. I. Howard, engineer; Henry Farnham, assistant engineer; H. G. Marshall, assistant secretary and collector; Ezra Thomas, assistant superintendent. According to the first aunual report of the superintendent, the receipts of the Avorks from water rents, from AprH 13th to Ddcember-31, 1870, were $3,168.66, and the running expenses for the same time, $10,325.85. The entire expenditures for the AVorks up to that time had been $115,053.21, and the entire cost $324,450.31. There had been an uninterrupted supply of water in the well from the commencement of the working of the ma chinery, and from July 1st to January 1, 1871, there, had been delivered into the pipes 92,520,060 gallons of water. The total amount of pipe of all sizes laid up to the time was 20 miles aud 56 feet. The total number of fire hydrants set up was 198, and there were 257 stop-valves in use. The officers for 1871 were the same as for 1870, except that Jesse Demint took the place of John H. Balsley as a trustee, and G. S. Johnson became assistant engineer. According to the report of the trustees for the year ending December 31, 1871, the receipts irom water rents was $9,660.85. The amount of Avater supplied to the city during the year had been 209,625,940 gallons. The trustees for the year 1872 AA^ere the same as the year before, as also were the other officers, except that the 212 HISTORY OF DAYTON. office of superintendent was abolished. The receipts from water rents for the year ending December 31, 1872, Avere $12,617.79, and the number of gallons of water pumped duriug the year was 270,740,165. In AprH, 1873, Hon. Jonathan Kenney was elected a trustee, in place of Samuel Marshall, whose three years' term had expired. Martin L. Weaver was appointed assistant engineer April 26, 1873, the other officers remaining the sarae. For the year ending December 31, 1873, the receipts from water-rates amounted to $17,516.26, and the current expenses to $18,- 637.69. For the next year, that ending April, 1875, the trustees were John Temple, president, Jonathan Kenney, and Josiah E. Boyer. The remaining officers were principally the same. For the year ending December 31, 1874, the receipts from water-rates were $19,864.89, and the total receipts, $107,347.74. The total expenditures amounted to $104,193.03. Of this amount, $42,915,50 had been expended for exteud- ing the water mains, and $32,420.9;;' for new machinery. For the year ending in April, 1873, Milton Bennet took the place of John Temple as a trustee, Jonathan Kenney, however, being elected president. M. L. Weaver succeeded E. I. Howard as engineer. For the year ending in April, 1877, Josiah E, Boyer was president of the board, and the other members were Milton Bennet and George J. Roberts. Since that time the trustees elected each succeeding year, each of whom was elected for three years, have been as follows: Thomas B. Hannah, elected in 1879; John W. Butt, in 1880; Luther Peters, in 1881; T. B. Hannah, in 1882; John W. Butt, in 1883; Luther Peters, in 1884; T. B. Hannah, in 1885; John Tesseyman, in 1886; William Huff'man, in 1887; U. Ii. Odell, in 1888. The secretaries have been A. J. HHler, until April, 1878; D, B. Wilcox, until 1880; Charles W. Snyder, untH 1887, and since then, Charles A. Herbig. Since the retirement of M. L. Weaver as chief engineer, in 1882, Edward E. Euchenhofer served untH 1887, when M. L. Weaver again became engineer, and serves at the present time. The following table shows the amount of water rents, etc., received since the establishment of the system : MUNICIPAL HISTORY. ^13 Regular Street Sprink Building Pur- Year. Water Rent ling with Total. Asstssment. Carts. 1870 12,932 60 $224 56 $11 50 $3,148 66 1871 9,059 70 121 01 480 14 9,660 85 1872 12,034 15 264 95 31S 59 12,617 69 1873 16,797 87 612 49 406 03 17,816 59 1874 18,198 14 1,329 42 337 33 19,864 89 1875 18,526 24 2 042 97 156 29 20,725 50 1876 16,811 88 2,290 02 188 12 19,290 02 1877 17,355 29 2,056 73 71 06 19,483 08 1878 1B,313 11 2,032 75 74 03 18,419 89 1879 16,873 64 1,670 34 95 21 18,939 19 1880 17,106 58 1,10k! 80 67 61 18,276 99 1881 19,571 43 1,435 14 301 76 21,308 33 1882 21,310 87 1,646 91 256 17 23,213 95 18b3 22,366 81 1,597 57 439 72 24,404 10 1884 22,205 99 1,287 80 325 44 23,819 23 1885 23,539 93 1,590 48 167 09 25,297 to 188fi 24,465 49 1.072 51 338 02 25,876 02 1887 26,333 25 1,883 12 213 57 28,429 94 1888 29,326 37 2,749 83 317 95 32,629 35 Total. $451,129 34 $27,011 40 $4,565 63 $382,941 57 The following table shows the amount and cost of cast iron pipe laid since 1869 : Ybab, NO. OF FEET. COST. 42,677 $164,721 39 62,979 83,426 09 7,694 23,565 23 13,846 15,050 55 1,204 4,744 93 33,626 42,107 32 3,656 3,493 51 738 1.07:^ 36 1,362 2,881 33 1,346 1,679 81 352 111 34 3,664 3,796 06 8,180 30,022 24 11,468 7,304 97 2,963 2,504 70 1,176 1,138 96 537 362 88 1,635 1,054 90 585 517 89 67,366 52,4.52 07 267,054 4 923 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 , 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 Total Pipe taken up 262,131 feet equal to 49 miles and 3,411 feet. Since the construction of the above table, there has been laid pipe sufficient to bring the total length of pipe up to fifty- one miles, and there are attached thereto four hundred and eighty fire hydrants. Dayton claims to furnish through her system of water works better and purer water than is furnished by the water works of any other city in the country. It is practically free from organic matter, and it is as cold and 514 HISTORY OF DAYTON. clear as it is good and clear. At the public drinking fountain, in front of the water works pumping station, water is constantly flowing the tem perature of which is fifty degrees. During the months of July and August, 1887, the board of water works trustees constructed, iu the bed of Mad River, east of Keowee Street, a series of tube wells, thirty in number, eight inches in diameter, and an average depth of forty feet. The water from these wells flows of its own accord, rising above the tops of the wells and above the level of Mad River an average height of three feet. The temperature of the water in some of these wells being thirty -six degrees. A valve is attached to each well so that the water can be turned off' or on at pleasure. These tube wells are all connected into a twenty-inch main pipe leading to the pumping station, there being a fall of eight feet from the farthest well east to the pumping station, a distance of 2,500 feet, the wells and the main connecting there are all under ground; the water is not exposed in re servoirs or other receptacles as in other cities, where too often injurious matter is allowed to concentrate. It is impossible for impurities to enter into this water, as the source is subteranean,it being carried directly from the wells to the consumer. The supply seems inexhaustible, however, should the growing population in the future require more water, addi tional wells can be added to the plant at a trifling cost. With the machinery now under construction the water works will have a capacity to pump seventeen million gallons of water per day. The following table shows the totals and averages of water distributed, and cost of delivery, for each year since the completion the of works : OALLOKS DISTRIBUTED Year. tl870 1871 18721873 *1874 1875 1876 1877 18781S791880 »1881 1882 1883, »1884, 1885 1886 18871888 Per year. 92,520,560 208,626,940270,740,165 309.243,380379.782,140353,248,:.^99 351,852.2511 334,692,0(10356,337,020372,1,32,090 387,497,730 499,009,770431,6''3,000431,644,830 500,244,170 600,036,780 006.814,880 675,620,700725,620,700 Average per day. 502,829 574.317739,727847,242 1,040,499 967,803941,345916,964976,266 1,019.5,3M 1,058,737 1,367,3141,182,4741,182,5891,366,788 1,643,937 1,662,5061,851,015 '•1,982.535 TONS COAL CONS'D AND COST. Tons. Lbs. 253 698 ?859 t 1,073 1,266 1,.394 1,029 933 1,029 1,220 1,;!24 1,505 1,495 1,342 1 628 1,700 1,640 2,1202,086 700 1,130 408 1,263 518 1.391 986690 410 1,675 72 347 10 1.1551,46S 300442235 Cost per ton. $5 14 4 15 4 36 4 07 3 35 3 57 2 88 2 88 2 91 2 57 2 70 3 13 3 11 2 64 2 76 2 51 2 42 2 81 2 83 Cost. $1,303 38 2 904 87 3,748 16 4,375 55 4,246 49 4,986 4S 2,96.T 59 2,601 50 2,996 35 3,131 79 3,470 74 4,710 76 4,549 96 3,674 75 4,.'i09 26 4,264 20 3,983 '^8 5,961 41 5;903 63 182 5943 149.3246 157.5529 144.0179 149.9B22 126.639917(1.8861 179.297 173.2585152.5131146.2438165.79144.358 155.045 1,53.5,52 17'J.406184.678 MUNICIPAL HISTORY. 215 The Dayton postoffice was established in 1804 or 1805. Benjamin Van Cleve being then appointed Postmaster, opened the office in his residence on the southeast corner of First and St. Clair, and held the position until his death, in 1821. He Avas succeeded by George S. Houston, who re mained in office until his death, in 1831. From 1831 to 1843 David Cathcart was postmaster, when James Brooks for six mouths served, by executive appointment. During the latter part of 1843 Thomas Blair succeeded Brooks, and in the spring of 1845 I. W. McCorkle, subsequently a member of Congress from Califor nia, and for some, years a prominent figure in the stormy politics of the Pacific slope, was appointed and held the office until the appointment by President Taylor of General Adam Speice, a veteran of the Mexican War, in 1849. General Speice, was displaced, in 1853, by Polk, and Colonel E. A. King succeeded him, reraaining in office until another change of National politics gave the place, in 1861, to WiHiara F. Coraly. In 1868, Major W. M. Green succeeded Coraly, and in 1875 Colonel Fielding Loury succeeded him, the latter giving place, in 1882, to A. D. Wilt, Avhom W. Ii. Gillespie succeeded iu 1886. Lewis J. Judson, the present incumbent, Avas appointed by President Harrison August 17, 1889. The migrations of the postoffice during the last forty-five years have been as foHoAvs: From the south side of Third Street, between Main and Jefferson, to a building one square further east; from thence, about the beginning of the war, to the northwest corner of Third and Jefferson, under the Beckel House, now occupied by the Third National Bank; under Major Greene's administration, from the Beckel House corner to the south Avest corner of Fourth and Jeff'erson; and in 1884, during the term of A. D. Wilt, from Fourth and Jeft'erson to the northeast corner of Fifth and Main. Below is presented a stateraent of the business during 1888: EBCEIPTS. Postage stamps, postage due stamps, stamped envelopes, letter sheet envelopes and postal cards sold $89,788 37 Special delivery stamps sold 286 70 Newspaper and periodical stamps sold 4,503 20 Fees on money orders and postal notes issued 1,333 45 Box rents 424 50 Waste paper sales 20 86 Total receipts $96,357 08 EXPENSES. Postmaster's salary .'. $3,200 00 Assistant postmaster and ten clerks' salaries 10,149 45 Twenty-one letter carriers' salaries 14,992 36 Three substitute letter carriers' salaries 401 81 Two special delivery messengers' fees 265 12 Total amount paid to employees $29,008 74 216 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Rent, heat, and light 3,267 32 Office incidental expenses 86 b2 Letter carriers' incidental expenses 1,007 47 Total expenses $33,370 15 KECAPITDLATION. Total receipts .'. $96,:-i57 08 Total tx^.euses 33,370 15 Net income lo the government $62,986 93 MONEY ORDER BUSINK.S". 10,471 domestic money orde(-s issued $112,307 39 1,175 international money orders issued 15,520 21 6.795 postal notes issued 13.088 9ii 26,034 domestic ir oney orders paid 250,:i77 61 290 international money ciders p-iid 4 849 39 17.472 pustal notes paid 34,370 41 Fees ou domestic money orders issued 930 50 Fees on international money orders issued 199 lu Fees on postal notes issued 203 85 Total amount ot cash transactions $431,847 36 REGISTERED LETTER BUSINESS. Registered letters and parcels mailed at this office 4,510 Registered letters and parcels received for delivery at this office 14,787 Registered letter.s and parcels handled in transit,. 10 449 Total number of pieces handled 29,746 FREE DELIVERY BUSINESS. Number of carriers employed 21 Delivery trips daily 3 Collection trips daily 4 Registered letters dt'Jivered 12,782 Iietters delivered 2,805,045 Postal c,Q houses^ EDUCATIONAL. 233 however, were not closed, the teachers continuing private schools in them throughout the year. The text books used were Picket's Spelling Book, McGuffey's Readers, Mitchell's Geography, Colburn's and Emerson's Arithmetics, Smith's Graramar, and Parley's Book of History. The board adopted a resolution requesting the teachers to read a portion of the Bible each morning at the opening of the schools. This custom has been continued in the schools until the present time. In the revised rules adopted by the board in 1874 the following section was passed without opposition and remains in force: "The schools shall be opened in the morning with reading of the Sacred Scriptures without comment and repeating the Lord's Prayer, if desired." It was an inauspicious time for the inauguration of the public school system, and it was only the appreciation by the mass of the people of the great value of the schools and their indispensableness in a free government that carried them triumphantly through the difficulties with which they were environed. The country had not yet recovered from the reaction which followed the wild speculations of 1837, and which prostrated the business of the entire country. It was a period of depreciated currency, of broken banks aud unpaid taxes. The' sum realized from the fifty cent tuition charge, which it was hoped would in some measure supplement the deficiency in the treasury frora other sources, , amounted in 1842 to only oue hundred and sixty-tAvo dollars and forty-eight cents. No taxes, however, were so cheerfully paid as those for the support of schools, and the board was cheered in this day of small things by the cordial support of the people. In 1843 the schools Avere open for six months, and the year closed without debt. The time was lengthened as the funds would' justify until in 1849 the full school year was reached: In 1841 the legislature passed a special act directing that a German school should be opened in Dayton, to be supported by the school tax paid by German citizens. This laAv, false in principle, and calling for an impracticable division of the school fund, was evidently enacted Avithout due consideration. It remained a dead letter and no attempt was made to teach German until 1844, when the board Avas authorized by law to introduce instruction in German on the same basis as other studies. In that year a German school was opened, Avith William Gemein for teacher. Since that tirae German instruction has been a constituent part of our school system and has increased proportionally with the English, as the wants of the German population required. In the German schools one half the time is given to instruction in English, 234 HISTORY OF DAYTON. In 1845 ' a night school for instruction in the ordinary English branches was opened to meet the wants of apprentices and others who were unable to attend the day schools. For many years night schools were kept open during the winter months, in diff'erent parts of the city, with apparently exceHent results until 1888, when they were discontinued for want of sufficient patronage. Until 1849 no provision Avas made by law for the education of colored youth, who were excluded from the public schools. By the school law of 1849 school authorities Avere authorized to establish separate school districts for colored persons, to be managed by directors to be chosen by adult male colored tax-payers. The property of colored tax payers was alone chargeable for the support of these schools. Under this law a school was opened in 1849 and continued until the school law of 1853 placed schools for colored youth on the same basis as those for white. Boards of education were directed, when the colored youth iu any school district numbered more than thirty, to establish a separate school or schools to be sustained out of the general fund. From that time until 1887 the colored schools were conducted under the management of the board of education, and colored youth had equal facilities of education extended to them with the Avhite. A commodious brick schoolhouse was erected oh Fifth Street for the use of the colored graded school, knoAvn as the Tenth district, and pupils prepared in it were admitted to the intermediate and high schools. While under the fourteenth amendment which became a part of the constitution of the United States in 1868, colored youth had the legal right to demand admission to the public schools in the city districts in which they resided, the right Avas not claimed by the parents of colored 3'outh. The separate colored school Avas continued until 1887, when, as a measure of econoray and of raore efficient teaching, the board of education abolished it. Colored youth now attend without objection the schools in the districts iu AA'hich they reside. In 1849 music was introduced as a branch of study. For several years only a few hours each week Avere devoted to music, and instruction was given in the upper grades only. In April, 1849, James Turpin AA^as elected instructor, and served until 1853 when he resigned to enter iuto business. In March, 1853, Charles Soehner Avas elected and serA^ed until December, 2, 1858. December 2, 1858, James Turpin 'Avas reelected and served untH 1870. In 1870 the board employed W. B. HaH and Miss Amanda Buvinger as superintendent of music and assistant, 'both of Avhom were to devote their Avliole tirae to the schools, and give instruction in all the grades. In EDUCATIONAL. 235 1872, William H. Clarke was elected superintendent of music, and introduced the plan now adopted in the schools of using the teachers as assistants. This in some measure meets the objection that no one man can do the Avork necessary to be done iu this department. The teacher in each room is uoav responsible for the proficiency of the scholars in this as in the other branches of study. The aim is not simply to teach the scholars to sing by rote, but to give them a thorough knowledge of the rudiments of music. After the resignation of Mr. Clarke, December 12, 1872, James Turpin was elected superintendent, February 13, 1873, but died Novem ber, 1873. Mr. Turpin was the first music teacher elected by the board, in 1849, and at difterent periods rendered many years of faithful and efficient service in this department. F. C. Mayer was elected January 8, 1874, to succeed Mr. Turpin, and has been continued in the position until the present tirae. As the public schools grew in popularity, and the large raajority of the children of all classes in the city attended thera, the need of instruc tion in the higher branches was raore and raore felt by the public. In 1847 the board of education procured from the legislature the extension to Dayton of the provision of the Akron school law, granting to that town authority to establish a high school. In 1848 the principals of the schools petitioned the board for the privHege of teaching some of the higher branches to meet a Avant expressed by many of their more advanced pupils. In their petition they state that many of their best scholars are drawn frora the public to private schools from the lack of this instruction, and say that " Ave at present desire to introduce the elements of algebra and geometry, and perhaps physiology and natural philosophy." A coraniittee of the board reported on this petition that it would not be Avise to introduce such instruction in the district schools, but recommended the establishment of a high school. It was not, how ever, until 1850 that decisive action Avas taken. On April 5, 1850, Henry L. Brown off'ered the foHoAving resolution, which was unanimously adopted : "Resolved, That this board do uoav establish the Central High School of Dayton, in Avhich shall be taught the higher branches of an English education, and the German and French languages, besides thoroughly reviewing the studies pursued in the district schools." Mr. Brown was an earnest friend of the public schools and gave a large amount of thought and time to their advancement. He Avas for many years a meniber of the board of education, served for several years as its president, and rendered invaluable service to our public schools. 236 HISTORY OF DAYTON. On April 15, 1850, the school was opened in the northeastern (now the first) district schoolhouse. Jaraes Carapbell Avas the principal. Miss 'Mary Dickson assistant and Jaraes Turpin teacher of music. In the fall of 1850 the school was removed to the Academy building, the free use of which was granted by the trustees to the board of education. In June, 1857, an enabling act having been obtained frora the legislature, the trustees of the Acaderay executed a deed for the property to the board of education, and the sarae j^ear the old building was removed and the present high school building erected. Thus our high school, as a school for higher education, may legitimately trace its history back to 1807. While the new house was being built the school was taught in rented rooras in Dickey's block, on Fifth Street. The curriculura of the school has been enlarged from time to time until it now embraces all the studies usually taught in the best city high schools. Latin or its equivalent German is required to be studied by all the pupils. Greek is also taught to those who desire to prepare for college, and a large number of pupils have gone from the high school to the best colleges in the country, and many of them have taken high rank in their classes. In 1855 Jean Barthelemy was appointed instructor in French and taught for several years, but comparatively so few desired to pursue that study that it was discontinued. In 1857 the total enrollment of pupils in the high school was one hundred and one; in 1888 four hundred and twenty-eight. The number of teachers in 1857 (including Mr. Campbell Avho gave oue half his time) was four; in 1888 eleven. In 1857 the salary of the principal was one thousand and two hundred dollars; in 1888 tAvo thousand dollars. The foHoAving persons have filled the office of principal: James Campbell, from 1850 to 1858; John W. Hall, from 1858 to 1866; William Sraith, from 1866 to 1872; Charles B. Stivers, from 1872 to the present tirae. The total nuraber of graduates is seven hundred and tAventy-three; two hundred and twenty young raen and five hundred and three young women. A large majority of the teachers in our public schools are graduates of the high school, and other graduates are filling prominent positions in business circles and society. To say nothing of intellectual and moral culture, if the material prosperity only of our city Avere con sidered, no better expenditure of public money could have been raade. The Constitution of Ohio adopted in 1851 directed " that the legis lature shall make such provision by taxation or otherwise as, with the income arising from the school trust fund, avHI secure a thorough and efficient systera of conmion schools throughout the State." The first EDUCATIONAL. 237 legislature elected under the new constitution enacted the excellent school law of 1853. Up to this tirae our schools had been conducted under the city charter, and parts of several acts of the legislature that were construed to apply to thera. To simplify and make certain the law applicable to our schools, and to relieve the board in its action from the supervision of the city council, it was determined, in accordance with a provision of the law of 1853, to submit to a popular vote the question of conducting the schools of the city under that law. The vote was taken at the city election in April, 1855, and decided, without opposition, in the affirmative. The city council passed an ordinance May 25, 1855, defining the number, the mode of election, and the term of office of the board of education. Heretofore the board had consisted of one meraber from each ward, appointed by the city council to serve one year. Under the ordinance the board was to be composed of tAvo members from each ward, one to be elected each year by the people, with a term of service of two years. The first board it provided should be appointed by the coun cil. .From 1855 until the present time the schools have been conducted under this ordinance and the general school laws of the State. The first board appointed, one half to serve until the next city election, was coraposed of the following merabers: First Ward, D. A. Wareham, Harvey Blanchard; Second Ward, Robert W. Steele, J. G. Stutsman; Third Ward, Henry L. Brown, James McDaniel; Fourth Ward, E. J. Forsyth, W. S. Phelps; Fifth Ward, John Lawrence, J. Snyder; Sixth Ward, William Bomberger, W. N. Love. In 1855 the Public School Library was established, a history of which will be given under another head. The need of a general superintendent, to give unity to our school system, had long been felt by members of the board of education, but the opposition of some of the teachers who had influence with a majority of the board, and the plea of economy, prevented for years the establish ment of the office. Duties of supervision were imposed on members of the board, which, at the best, Avere very imperfectly discharged. It was not until 1855 that the office was created, and Jaraes Carapbell, principal of the high school, elected superintendent, with the understanding that he should retain his principalship, and devote one half his tirae to the supervision of the schools. Mr. Campbell prepared a report of the con dition of the schools for 1856-1857, which was the first extended report of the schools published. In May, 1859, Mr. Campbell resigned to engage in private business. Although the office was not abolished, repeated eff'orts were made in vain to elect a superintendent until 1866. In that year, impressed with the urgent need of supervision for the 238 HISTORY OP DAYTON. schools, Mr. Caleb Parker, a meraber of the board Avho had retired from business, and avIio, in early life, had had considerable experience as a teacher, agreed to accept the position, Avith the distinct proviso on his part that his services should be without compensation. He Avas elected in July, 1866, and served until AprH, 1868, when he tendered his resig nation. The second published report of the board for 1866-1867 Avas prepared by him. On retiring frora the office, Mr. Parker received a unaniraous vote of thanks frora the board for his disinterested and very useful services. Again it was impossible to find a man aa'Ho could command the vote of the majority of the board for superintendent. Various expedients Avere resorted to by members of the board friendly to the office to secure an election. To remove the objection of unnecessary cost in conducting the schools, a plan which had been adopted with marked success in Cleveland was proposed. A committee of the board Avas appointed to consider it, and reported June 22, 1871, that "the efficiency of the school system would be increased Avithout expense by the election of a superin tendent, a supervising male principal, and female principals for the district schools." This report was adopted by the board, and Warren Higley elected superintendent, and F. W. Parker supervising principal. This plan was continued for two years with excellent results; but the majority of the board of 1873 decided to return to the old system. In 1873 Samuel C. Wilson Avas elected superintendent and served for one year. In 1874 John Hancock, whose reputation for ability and large experience as a teacher and superintendent commended him to the board, was elected and continued in the office until 1884. Dr. Hancock gave ten of the best years of his life to our schools and is Avorthy of lasting reinerabrance and gratitude by the people of Dayton. In 1884 Jaraes C. Burns was elected and served until 1888. In 1888 W. J. White, the present incumbent, Avas elected. It was found that, owing to the removal of scholars frora school before reaching the eighth year grade, the classes of that grade Avere very small in some of the districts. The principals, Avho Avere receiAnng the highest salaries, were giving the most of their time to these classes aud the cost of teaching them Avas excessive. To remedy this, the inter mediate school Avas established in 1874, and all the pupils of the eighth year grade were assigned to that school. The course of study Avas not enlarged, and the school Avas simply a union of the classes of the eighth year grade for convenience and econoray. W. P. Gardner Avas the first principal, who after serving one year declined a reelection. Samuel C. EDUCATIONAL. 239 Wilson was elected principal in 1875, and held the position until the school was discontinued. The causes which led to the establishraent of the school having largely disappeared, in 1886 the school was closed and the eighth year classes were restored to the several districts. It was impossible to procure experienced teachers to fill the vacancies constantly occurring in the schools. Young girls, without knowledge of methods of governraent or teaching, Avere placed over rooras full of children just at the raost irrepressible period of their lives. These posi tions were confessedly the raost difficult to fill of any at the disposal of the board, but there was no alternative. Arabitious and experienced teachers naturallj' sought the rooras where the higher branches were taught, leaving the lower grades for the novices. It is true that sorae of the best and most valued teachers uoav in the schools began without experience, but the first year of their teaching was a heavy labor to themselves and an injustice to their pupils. A partial remedy was found by making the position of an experienced and successful primary teacher as honorable and the pay as large as that of any teacher in the district schools below the grade of principal. But that did not fully meet the case and the board determined to educate its teachers. A coraniittee of the board, August 18, 1869, presented a detailed plan for a norraal school and teachers' institute, Avhich was unanimously adopted. The first week of each school year was devoted to the Teachers' Institute. All the teachers of the public schools in the city were required to attend and to render such assistance in instruction as may be requested by the superintendent of schools. The best methods of teaching and governraent were discussed and taught, and lectures delivered on these subjects by experienced teachers at horae and from abroad. This institute was conducted with great zest and profit for several years, but as it required labor and time on the part of the teachers, they grew weary of it and with doubtful wisdom it was discontinued. In the normal school the studies to be taught in the district schools are revicAved, new methods of teaching are explained and illustrated, and thorough instruction is given in the theory and practice of teaching. Instruction is also given in intellectual philosophy, which sustains an intimate relation to teaching. Rooms in the school building, where the school is located, are placed in charge of pupils of the normal school, who, under the constant supervision of a critic teacher, thus learn the practical work of the school room. As the great majority of the teachers in the schools are women, instruction in the normal school is confined to that sex. Pupils desiring admission are required to pass a thorough examination in the ordinary 240 HISTORY OF DAYTON. branches of an English education. Applicants must be not less than seventeen years of age and must pledge themselves to teach in the Dayton schools two years after their graduation should their services be desired by the board. The board, on its part, guarantees to the graduates situa tions as teachers in the public schools Avhenever vacancies occur. In the fall of 1869 the school' was opened and up to 1888 has grad uated two hundred ancl forty-two teachers. A majority of the teachers in our schools are norraal graduates and are doing excellent Avork. It would be unreasonable to expect that all the graduates of the normal school would prove equally good teachers; but that the instruction received has been invaluable to them and a great gain to the schools no one acquainted with the facts can doubt. In the primary departments the beneficial efi'ects of this school are particularly noticeable. Colonel F. W. Parker, now at the head of the Chicago Normal School, was the first principal, assisted by Miss Emma A. H. BroAvu, a graduate of a norraal school. Upon the election of Colonel Parker supervising principal of the schools, Miss Brown became principal, but resigned in 1873. In 1873 W. W. Watkins, principal of the sixth district school, was made principal of the normal school, and held the position one year. In 1874 Miss Jane W. Blackwood, a successful teacher in the Cincinnati Normal School, was elected and served until her resig nation in 1883. In 1883 Miss Mary F. Hall, the present incumbent, was elected. Previous to 1877 special teachers in penmanship had been employed occasionally, but for the greater part of the time instruction in that branch had been assigned to the teachers in the several rooras. Satis factory results had not been obtained, and in 1877 the board elected C. B. Nettleton superintendent of penraanship. In 1878 draAving was introduced as a study, and its supervision added to Mr. Nettleton's duties. The board refused, in 1886, to elect a superintendent of these branches, but in 1887 Victor Shinn was elected superintendent of draAving. In 1888 Mr. Nettleton was again elected superintendent of penraanship, and now a special teacher is eraployed for each branch. The public exhibition of the work of the pupils in drawing in 1888 and 1889 has conclusively shoAvn the great value of the instruction iu this branch. The school law of 1873-1874 directs the board of education of each city district of the first class to ajjpoint a board of examiners, "who shall have power to examine the schools established in such district, aud shall examine all persons who desire to hold teachers' certificates valid in such district." The Dayton Board of Education had long felt the need of a board of city examiners, aud was influential in securing EDUCATIONAL. 241 the insertion of this and other clauses 'in the excellent school law of 1873-1874, sending its president, E. Morgan Wood, to Columbus, to confer Avith the House Comraitt.ee on Coraraon Schools. Under this laAV George P. Clarke, J. A. Robert, and Williara Smith Avere appointed city examiners. Mr. Clarke and Mr. Sraith removed from the city, and their places were filled by William Isenberg and Robert W. Steele in 1876. In addition to the above, the folloAving persons have served on the board at diff'erent times: A. D. Wilt, John Hancock, James J. Burns, C. L. Loos, H. C. MarshaH, Edwin L. Shuey, W. J. White. Impressed with the importance in a manufacturing city of affording artisans and others the opportunity of instruction in draAving, the board of education established in 1877 free night industrial schools. A school in free-hand drawing was opened in the Gebhart buHding, on Third Street, with James Jessup and Valentine Swartz as teachers, December 17, 1877. On March 6, 1879, a school of mechanical and architectural drawing was added and opened in the first district schoolhouse, with Thomas A. Bisbee for instructor. Mr. Bisbee taught this branch of drawing for several years Avith great success. On November 11, 1880, the free-hand draAving school Avas removed to the large hall in the Eaker building, with Isaac Broome and Charles B. Nettleton for instructors. Mr. Broome was a very superior teacher and inspired his scholars with enthusiasm. The school, under the mauageraent of Mr. Broome and Mr. Nettleton, was a great success. In addition to those mentioned above, the following persons have taught in the school at different times: William Lutzenberger, Luther Peters, Silas R. Burns, William N. Roney, LcAvis J. Rossell, George Prinz, and George Wyman. Tavo schools Avere taught in the winter of 1888-1889 of .architectural and raechanical draAv ing in the Kuhns building, on Main Street. In 1880, to call attention to this branch of study, a public exhibition of the work of the pupils was given in the City Hall. Coramittees of competent citizens Avere appointed to examine and report on the Avork, aud such results Avere shown as to firmly establish the schools in popular favor. The committee of the board of education on the schools in 1880 say: "The attendance for the past year has been greater than ever, and the -quality of the work, as attested by experts appointed to examine it, has been of a highly satisfactory character. About three hundred youth and adults from every walk of life have been instructed, many of whom are constantly using their knoAvledge in their daily avocations much to their own advantage, as well as to that of their employers." These schools are undoubtedly the first step towards the introduction of manual training in the day schools. 242 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The city is largely indebted to Mr. A. D. Wilt, a member of the board of education, for the introduction of this important branch of study, and he deserves great credit for the persistency with which he advocated the measure until he secured its adoption. A comparison of the schools at diff'ereUt periods of their history will forcibly illustrate the progress that has been raade. As the records of the board begin in 1842, that year is taken as the starting point. The years 1857 and 1867 are chosen, because reports were published in those years by Messr^. Campbell and Parker, aud the facts thus made accessible. Under the present system, the completest statistics in every department are recorded and published annually: 1888. Total enrollment Average daily attendance.. Number of teachers Amount of school fund Amount paid teachers Value of school property... 1842. 1857. 1867. 1875. 5,238 1880. 827 3,440 4,213 6,144 544 1,609 2,809 3,711 4,527 16 45 70 98 125 $2,483 $40,000 160,000 $139,066 $189,261 1,583 24,180 31,055 75,826 89,906 6,000 75,000 143,000 210,000 321,706 7,6626,001 189 $198,723 123,992 »550,000 •¦¦¦ This includes the new Library Building. The increasing proportion from period to period of the average dailj' attendance to the total enrollment is marked, and indicates the growing efficiency of the schools. In 1857 it Avas forty-eight per cent; in 1867 sixty-six per cent; in 1875 seventy-one per cent; in 1880 seventy-four per cent; in 1888 seventy-eight per cent. It is not so easy to represent to the eye the groAvth iu other and more important particulars. A complete systera of gradation has been estab lished, consisting of an eight years' course in the district schools, four in the high school, and, for those Avho wish to teach, one in the normal school, supplemented by a large and free public library. Ncav methods of instruction that promise good results have been introduced, and so far as they stood the test of trial in the school-room, are iu use; and such salaries are paid teachers as to secure the services of the best and raost experienced. Equal progress has been raade in school architecture. In the ncAV buildings, which have been erected within the past fcAV years, have been introduced whatever improvements in lighting, seating, heating, aud ventilating, experience in our own and other cities has suggested. There are in the city tAventy school buildings with a. seating capacity for eight thousand, four hundred and thirty-eight children. EDUCATIONAL. 243 As no mention could be raade in the appropriate places of many of the members of the board of education and teachers Avho have been influential in molding and giving character to the schools, in justice to them the naraes of the presidents of the board from 1842 to 1888, of those members Avho have served four or more years, and of the principals of the schools from the beginning of our graded school systera doAvn to the present tirae are given. Presidents of the board of education: 1842, E. W. Davies; 1843, W. J. McKinney; 1844, E. W. Davies; 1845, Thomas B.roAvn; 1846, Henry Stoddard, Sr.; 1847, R. W. Steele; 1848-49, II. L. Brown; 1850-61, R. W. Steele; 1861-63, Ii. L. BroAvn; 1863-64, Thomas F. Thresher; 1864-69, H. L. BroAvn; 1869-73, E. Morgan Wood, 1873-75, Charles Wuichet; 1875-78, E. M. Thresher; 1878-79, C. L. Bauman; 1879-80, J. K. Webster; 1880-82, E. M. Thresher; 1882-83, S. W. Davies; 1883-87, R. M. Allen; 1887-89, C. Ii. Kumler. Members of the board of education from 1842 to 1889 who have served four or more years: W. J. McKinney, R. W. Steele, H. L. BroAvn, J. G. Stutsman, L. Huesman, William Bomberger, D. A. Wareham, Wilbur Conover, W. S. Phelps, James McDaniel, A. Pruden, S. Bolfiu, H. Elliott, Jonathan Kenney, John Howard, John li. Stoppleraan, E. S. Young, H. MHler, W. L. Winchell, Caleb Parker, George S. Ball, Joseph Herhold, D. Dwyer, H. Anderson, N. L. Aull, Joseph Fischer, James Carberry, E. Morgan Wood, George Vonderheide, W. Ii. Johnson, B. F. Kuhns, R. M. Allen, E. M. Thresher, Charles Wuichet, D. G. Breiden- bach, Thomas Kincaid, George L. Phillips, Samuel W. DaAnes, W. S. Kemp, W. M. Murray, Jacob Stephans, Louis N. Poock, C. L. Bauman, L. Rauh, C. G. Parker, W. J. Conldin, H. C. Eversole, P. E. Gilbert, C. W. Dustin, John E. Viot, Jaraes A. Maiiey, Jaraes J. Rossell, Red mond P. Sage, James R. Andrews, A. A. Winters, A. Junikl, W. A. Lincoln, C. H. Kumler, John Aman, George Neder, A. J. Althoff', Joseph B. Thompson, W. Oldig. Superintendents of instruction: James Campbell, Caleb Parker, War ren Higley, Samuel C. Wilson, John Hancock, James J. Burns, W. J. White. Principals of the high school: Jaraes Carapbell, John W. Hall, Williara Sraith, Charles B. Stivers. Principals of the norraal school: F. W. Parker, Eraraa A. Ii. Brown, W. W. Watkins, Jane W. Blackwood, Mary F. Hall. Principals of the intermediate school: William P Gardner, Samuel C. WHson. Superintendents of music: James Turpin, Charles Soehner, W. B. Hall, W. Ii. Clarke, F. C. Mayer. 244 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Superintendents of penmanship and drawing: C. B. Nettleton, Victor Shinn. Principals of the district schools frora 1839 to 1889: Collins Wight, W. W. Watson, D. L. Elder, Thomas E. Torrence, Charles Barnes, R. W. Hall, E. H. Hood, W. W. Chipman, W. J. Thurber, WHliara WorreH, J. D. French, C. Gaylor, W. Atkinson, A. StoweH, J. A. Smith, W. Knight, W. J. Parker, Joseph McPherson, M. N. Wheaton, R. L. Mc Kinney, James Carapbell, W. F. Doggett, Charles Rogers, W. Pinkerton, W. H. Butterfield, R. Dutton, E. W. Humphries, A. C. Fenner, P. D. PeHon, Ii. Anderson, A. B. Learaan, W. Denton, A. C. Tyler, W. F. Forbes, J. B. Irvin, E. C. Ellis, W. Isenberg, A. P. Morgan, S. C. Wil son, H. Ii. VaH, W. H. Campbell, 0. S. Cook, S. V. Ruby, S. C. Crum- baugh, H. B. Furness, N. L. Hanson, J. C. Ridge, James C. Gilbert, J. C. Morris, TiHie B. WHson, Belle M. Westfall, Ella J. Blain, Lucy G. Brown, Esther A. Widner, A. Humphreys, C. H. Evans, W. W. Wat kins, W. P. Gardner, A. J. Willoughby, C. L. Loos, Alice Jennings, Samuel Peters, Solomon Day, F. Loehninger, A. B. Shauck, W. N. Johnson, J. E. Johnson, J. G. Brown, Carrie Miller, William Hoover, James M. Craven, W. 0. Bowles, Marie Jacque, N. Metz, W. D. Gib son, C. C. Davidson, Grace A. Greene, Sarah A. Finch, Margaret Burns. Many of the assistant teachers are as worthy of mention as the principals; but to give a fcAV names might appear invidious and to print thera all would be impossible. Libraries aud schools are so intimately associated that they may be appropriately noticed in the sarae chapter. Indeed the Dayton Public Library is a constituent part of the school system. The fine library building was erected, and the library is supported by tax levied by the board of education. In 1805 the citizens of Dayton obtained from the legislature the first act of incorporation for a public library granted by the State of Ohio. The incorporators were Rev. William Robertson, Dr. John Elliot, Wil liam Miller, Benjamin Van Cleve, and John Folkerth. A pamphlet, stained and yelloAV with age, containing the constitution and rules of this library — probably the only copy in existence — fortunately has been pre served and deposited in the public library. A few of the rules are peculiar and may be worth presenting: " Damage done to a book, while in the bauds of a proprietor, shall be assessed by the librarian at the rate of three cents for a drop of talloAV, or folding down a leaf, and so in proportion for any other damage." In this day of gas and electricity, the fine for a " drop of talloAv" is rather ludicrous, but no doubt books were often injured in that way when EDUCATIONAL. 245 the reader was compelled to peruse them by the feeble light of a tallow dip. Librarians are aware that the "folding down a leaf" is one of the common and annoying abuses of books at the present day. Another rule prescribes that " the method of draAving books shall be by lot; that is to say, it shall be determined by lottery who shall have the first choice, and so on for each proprietor." Unfortunately we have no intimation hoAv the lottery was conducted. Rule eighteenth declares "if a proprietor lends a book belonging to the library to any person who is not a proprietor, or suffers a book to be carried into a school, he or she shall pay a fine equal to the value of one quarter of said book." It is not easy to see what great damage could result to a book from being "carried into a school," but the whole tenor of the rules illustrates the precious- ness of books at that early day, and the vigilant care taken of them. Like all libraries supported by voluntary subscription, every expedient had to be resorted to to raise money. In The Gridiron, a satirical paper published in Dayton in 1822, a file of which has been preserved in the public library, a play ancl farce are advertised to be given by the Thespian Society for the benefit of the library.* The library existed until 1835 when it Avas sold at auction, as appears from the following advertisement iu the Dayton Journal, of September 8, 1835: "Library at auction. The books and book-ease belonging to the Dayton Library Association will be sold at auction at the clerk's office, at 2 o'clock p. M., on Saturday, the 12tli inst. Henry Stoddard, WiHiam Bomberger, John W. Van Cleve, Committee." Mr. Van Cleve thus speaks of the character of the library: "The number of books is small, but they are well selected, being principally useful standard works, which should be found in all institutions of this kind. Among them are the North American and American Quarterly Reviews for the last few years." Who can doubt that this library during the thirty years of its existence was of inestimable value to the citizens of Dayton? In 1832 the Dayton Lyceum Avas established, the object of which was "the diff'usion of knowledge and the promotion of sociability." Meetings were to be held once a week "for lectures, communications, essays, and discussions on all subjects except theology and the politics of the day." It was also proposed to collect a cabinet of antiquities and minerals and a library. A discourse was to be delivered "at the annual meeting of the society on the 27th of August, being the anniversary of the location of the town of Dayton." For several winters the Lyceum furnished courses *It is an interesting fact that Edwin Forrest, the celebrated tragedian, was, when a j'oiith, a member of this Thespian Society. In commemoration of the fact he appeared in his favorite character of Virginias at the opening of the Turner Opera House, afterwards burned and replaced by the present Music Hall. 246 HISTORY OF DAYTON. of lectures and debates Avhich Avere of the highest interest and aff'orded great enjoyment to the people of Dayton. In 1833 the library of the Lyceum avus kept at the house of Ira I. Fenn. In 1833 the Mechanics' Institute was organized. The first secretary Avas Henry L. BroAvn. The object of the institute Avas " moral, literary, and scielitific improvement." A library and reading rooras were con nected Avith it, aud for many years a course of lectures was given each winter. A public address Avas delivered at the courthouse July 1, 1833, by R. C. Schenck, in behalf of the Mechanics' Institute, and during its existence every citizen of Dayton Avho had any ability "for lecturing Avas called upon for that service. At this period there must have been unusual literary interest and activity iu Dayton, for there Avere no less than six public libraries in existence, as we learn from notices in the newspapers. None of them Avere large, but in the aggregate they reached a Avide circle of readers. In connection with the Adelphic Society of the Dayton Academy, in 1837, at that time under the charge of Mr. E. E. Barney, Avas a library, worthy of mention because of the choiceness of the books it contained. The motto of the library Avas printed on the labels of the books: "Haurit aquayn in cribro Qui vult discere sine libro." Impressed with the importance of establishing a library worthy of the city, a number of citizens met on the evening of December 10, 1846, ¦and appointed a committee to draft a constitution. At a large meeting in the City Hall ou the evening of December 29, 1846, the constitution was reported and, after considerable discussion and various amendments, adopted. Those Avho had constituted themselves members ofthe associa tion by the payment of the required fee, met at the mayor's office January 12, 1847, and fully organized by the election of a board of trustees. The library Avas sustained by membership fees, fifty dollars constitut ing a membership iu perpetuity, thirty dollars a life membership, and three dollars an annual membership. The first list of books for purchase was made by such men as Judge Joseph Ii. Crane, John W. Van Cleve, Dr. John W. Hall, Milo G. Williaras, and others. Several evenings Avere spent in discussing the best books to be purchased Avith the limited amount of money at the disposal of the association. The list numbered but little over oue thousand volumes, but the books Avere Charles Lamb's "books that are books." The library Avas opened in a second-story room near the northeast corner of Main and Third streets, where it reinained until it avOiS removed EDUCATIONAL. 247 to the ncAV Phillips budding, on the southeast corner of Main and Second streets. Mr. J. D. Phillips, who Avas a warm friend and liberal supporter of the library, had proposed to construct a roora on the second floor of his building especially adapted to the use of the library, and lease it to the association on very favorable terras. The proposition Avas accepted, and a roora forty by sixty feet, with lofty ceilings, supported through the center by handsorae Corinthian columns, Avas prepared. This room was elegantly furnished, by special subscription, at a cost of over tAvo thousand dollars. It is safe to say that at that day there Avas no library-room in Ohio, outside of Cincinnati, that Avould compare Avith it in beauty and convenience. A reading-roora, supplied with the leading newspapers and magazines, was connected with the library, and the library was a favorite resort for our citizens, and the first place to which a stranger visiting the city was taken. For the first few winters free lectures were given in the City Hall, and every citizen at all available was drafted into service. Many of our older professional men raay recall hoAv they tried their " 'prentice hand " on these lectures. After the reraoval to the Phillips building, courses of pay lectures were given in the large hall over the library. At that time the mOst noted men in the country did not disdain the lecture platform, and the naraes of a brilliant galaxy of lecturers, who appeared before the association, might be given. As may be inferred, it Avas no easy task to carry so expensive an enterprise in a city of less than twenty thousand inhabitants. Constant appeals were made to the more liberal, and Avhen this resource failed, resort was had to concerts, which enlisted all the professional and araateur rausiciaus of the city, Avho gave their services gratuitously. The first of these, called a musical soiree, was given in 1849, and in 1859 a series of " Old Folks' Concerts," Avhich were very popular, and netted to the association several hundred dollars. AH these concerts were con ducted by the late Professor James Turpin, who was ever ready freely to give his serAdces to promote any Avorthy public object. The manuscript records of the association are preserved in the public library, and furnish a complete history of it frora the beginning to the close. It fell to the lot of Mr. I. Ii. Kiersted to serve as secretary during the' last three years of the life of the association, when it Avas laboring under constant difficulties. He does not hesitate to depart from the con ventional dignity and dullness of ordinary minutes, and the records kept by him are very entertaining reading. He might rival Mark Tapley for cheerfulness under difficulties. " Hercules to the rescue," is his comment on a successful effort, headed by General R. C. Schenck, to pay off' a 248 HISTORY OF DAYTON. heavy indebtedness. He accounts for the failure of the board to provide the usual course of winter lectures in this humorous way: "The. public having feasted on lion's meat, have little or no taste for the flesh of inferior animals; but lion's meat is uoav, as heretofore, fifty dollars a meal without the incidentals, and the hard times forbid the indulgence in such expensive luxuries." By this time the Public School Library had become a formidable rival to the Library Association, furnishing the public Avith a large variety of fresh books free of cost. As the sole object of the members of the Library Association was to provide for the city a good public library, the conclusion was reached that the public Avould be best served by the union of the two libraries. In 1860 the members of the Library Associa tion, by a vote, transferred their valuable library and furniture to the board of education. Many of the choicest books on the shelves of the public Hbrary were obtained in this way, particularly the invaluable volumes of Dayton newspapers frora 1808 to 1860. From these ucavs- papers the largest part of the local history published has been derived, and could not have been written without them. It' would be unjust to close this sketch of the Dayton Library Association without a passing tribute to Wilbur Conover. In spite of the exactions of a laborious profession, he gave a large amount of thought, labor, and time to both the Dayton Library Association and the Public School Library, rendering thera invaluable service. By the excellent school laAv of 1853, a tax of one tenth of a mill on the dollar valuation was levied for library purposes, the money so raised to be expended, and the books distributed by the State superintendent of instruction. The laAv contemplated the establishment of district school libraries, and the books purchased with that view lacked the variety necessary for city libraries. It Avas determined in Dayton not to distribute the books among the several schools, but to establish a central library. After receiving such books from the purchases of the superintendent of instruction as Avere suitable, he was requested to pay in money any balance due the city, and cheerfull}' complied Avith the request. The amount of money receiA'cd was fourteen hundred dollars. Twelve hundred and fifty volumes were purchased, comprising books in every department of literature. Great care was taken in the selection of books to meet the popular wants, and the library Avas at once appreciated aud extensively used. It Avas opened in the fall of 1855 in a room on the second floor of the United Brethren building, on the corner of Main and Fourth streets. W. Ii. Butterfield, principal of the Second District School, Avas the- EDUCATIONAL. 249 first librarian, and at that time the library was accessible only on Satur days. In 1858 it was removed to the Central High School building, then just completed, Avhere it remained until the union with the Library Association, in 1860, when it came into possession of its elegant rooms. The inviting rooms and the addition -of several thousand volumes of choice books brought the library into great prominence, and it became, as it has since remained, an object of city pride. A librarian was employed to devote his whole time to it, and since then it has been kept open every secular day and evening, excepting legal holiday's. In 1867 the library was removed to the old City Hall, and wheu that building was torn down and until the new building was completed, in 1876, a room in the building next north of the courthouse was occupied. The rooms in the new City Hall were expressly fitted up for the library, and were creditable to the city. In 1856 the legislature suspended the tax of one tenth of a mill on the dollar and subsequently repealed the law. From that time until 1860 the library was maintained by appropriations made by the board of education from the contingent fund. In 1860 the legislature passed an act empowering boards of educa tion, in cities of the first and second class, to levy a tax of one tenth of a mill on the dollar valuation, and under this law the library has been conducted, until the passage of an act by the legislature in 1887, estab lishing a library board for Dayton. Until the passage of this act, the library was managed by a committee of the board of education, appointed annually. It is unquestionably better to, have an independent board, with longer terms of office, a part going out each year. Stability is thus given to the management, and a part of its members always possess valuable knowledge of the library, and experience in its government. The first board consisted of six members: two appointed for three years, two for two years, and tAvo for one year. It was provided that after the end of the first year, two shall be annually elected, who shall hold office for a term of three years. The president of the board of education is ex-offi,cio member of the board. Under the law the board of education may levy a tax of one fourth of a mill annually on the dollar valuation for the support of the library. Among the important events in the history of the library was the publication, in 1884, of the exhaustive alphabetical catalogue. No one unfamiliar with such work can form any conception of the immense labor involved in the compilation of such a catalogue. It is of the greatest practical use, making available vast stores of information, Avhich would be otherwise inaccessible. The catalogue reflects the highest credit on 18 ,250 HISTORY OF DAYTON. the librarians, the Misses Dryden and Doren, who compiled it, and with most painstaking proof-reading, carried it through the press. A word may be said of the character of the library. It has been the aim of the comraittees who have had it in charge to make it as conf- plete as possible in every department, and to build up a symmetrical library. To accomplish this, experts in every branch of literature and science have been consulted from tirne to time. As Dayton is a manufac turing city, it has been the aira to furnish such books as would be useful to those engaged in mechanical and manufacturing pursuits, and the library contains a large number of the best books that treat on these subjects. The reference books are numerous, and there are few subjects on which satisfactory information may not be obtained. In the depart ments of history, biography, travels, poetry, the drama, and essays, it is no exaggeration to say that a very large part of tbe best books in the English language raay be found. The library is particularly rich in Shaksperiana. We raay anticipate an annual increase in the future of from fifteen hundred to two thousand volumes, and can readily imagine what a grand library it avHI becorae — a jewel worthy of the splendid casket which has been provided for it. As the library grew in size, the need of a library building was in creasingly felt. Successive library coraraittees called the attention of the board of education to it, but nothing was done effectively until 1884. The library committee of that year, consisting of Dr. W. J. Conklin, A. Junikl, and George Neder, on the 26th of June, 1884, offered a resolution that a committee of four be appointed to inquire into the expediency of the board erecting a library building that should be fire proof. This Avas adopted, and the president of the board appointed as such committee Messrs. W. J. Conklin, A. Junikl, George Neder, and Elihu Thompson. The coraraittee reported favorably, and the erection of a library building was agreed upon. Various sites were proposed for the building, but after full consideration the City Park was chosen and the consent of the city council obtained for the use of a portion of it for that purpose. Attention Avas now given to the plan of the building. Mr. W. F. Poole, of Chicago, who, frora his large experience in libraries in Boston, Cincinnati, and Chicago, has no superior in the knowledge of library construction and management, was invited to visit Dayton and suggest a plan. The plan suggested by him was substantially adopted, particularly as to the storage of books, after it had been submitted to prominent citizens who were invited to meet Mr. Poole. The rotunda so common in the best libraries Avas discarded because, although Avith its galleries it EDUCATIONAL. 251 is more imposing, it is attended with serious objections. By the plan adopted the books are all on the first floor with Ioav shelves, within easy reach of the librarians, thus economizing space, securing easy and rapid delivery, ancl preventing the damage to the binding of books resulting from the excessive heat of the upper galleries. Architects Avere invited to submit designs in accordance with the plan and three were presented. The coraraittee Avere unable to agree and asked the board to add three members to the committee. The addi tional members were Louis Reiter, C. L. Bauman, and A. A. Winters. On the 5th of March, 1885, this committee reported that they had agreed upon the design submitted by Peters & Burns, architects of Dayton. On the 11th of June, 1885, Mr. R. M. Allen off'ered a resolution, Avhich was adopted, that the Committee on Buildings and Repairs be instructed to advertise for bids for the work of excavation and furnishing of the materials and labor necessary in the construction and laying of the foundation. The bids Avere opened on the 14th of July, and at the follow ing meeting the contract for the excavation was awarded to Cain & liildebrand, and for the foundation, stone, and work to Conrad Herrman. On the 17tli of September the bids for the cut-stone and brick work were opened, and after being referred to the Committee on Buildings, the contract Avas, on the 1st of October, awarded' to Mr. A. Doll, Jr. The contracts were aAvarded for Avrought and cast iron work to McHose & Lyon; carpenter work to B. N. Beaver; plastering to George B. Sefton; copper, tin, and slate Avork to Adam Bretch; plumbing and steam heating to Ware & Moodie; painting and glazing to McCune & Pugh; fire proofing to The Wight Fire Proofing Company; shelving to C. Wight & Son. The architects describe the building as follows: " In general style of architecture the building is a free treatment of the Southern French Gothic, or Romanesque, built of Dayton liraestone, laid in randora range work, with Marquette red sandstone triraraings freely used, giving a very rich contrast, assisted largely by red slate for the roof. The building, standing in the park araong the trees, avHI always have a very attractive appearance." The library was reraoved into the new building in January, 1888. In May, 1889, it contained twenty-six thousand, six hundred and forty-seven volumes and one tliousand and two pamphlets. The following persous served at diff'erent times during its existence on the board of the Dayton Library Association : Presidents: M. G. Williams, Joseph II. Crane, C. G. SAvain, J. W. Van Cleve, D. A. Haynes, R. W. Steele. 252 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Vice Presidents : Dr. John Steele, J. D. Phillips, E. Thresher, H. L. Brown, Wilbur Conover. Secretaries: R. W. Steele, G. W. Houk, I. H. Kiersted. Treasurers: V. Winters, D. H. Bruen, Y. V. Wood, W. C. Bartlett, H. S. Fowler, Charles G. Grimes, J. H. Winters. Directors: D. Beckel, James McDaniel, J. G. Lowe, J. H. Peirce, John Howard, Edmund Smith, L. B. Gunckel, T. A. Phillips, W. P. Huffman, Joseph G. Crane, E. A. King, J. A. McMahon, D. E. Mead, J. Greer, S. Craighead, Harvey Conover, T. J. S. Smith, L. B. Bruen, E. 0. Ellis, E. S. Young, James Carppbell, Dr. John Davis, D. Waymire. Library committees of the board of education: Henry L. Brown, E. J. Forsyth, John Lawrence, W. Bomberger, S. Boltin, H. Elliott, J. V. MiHer, John HoAvard, B. F. Ayres, R. W. Steele, D. A. Houk, E. M. Wood, Wilbur Conover, E. S. Young, W. J. Shuey, W. F. Heikes, I. H. Kiersted, G. P. Clarke, G. M. Lane, W. L. WincheH, George L. PhiHips, J. R. Andrews, J. G. Soulsby, C. L. Bauman, C. N. Vallandig ham, D. G. Breidenbach, W. J. Conklin, A. Junikl, S. W. Davies, J. A. Marlay, G. Neder. The library board to 1889: W. J. Conklin, J. H. Hall, R. M. Allen, J. A. Marlay, George Neder, J. A. McMahon, II. C. MarshaH, R. W. Steele. In 1844 the Cooper Female Seminary was incorporated. The first boarii of trustees consisted of Samuel Forrer, J. D. Phillips, Edward W. Davies, Robert C. Schenck, Robert W. Steele, and Richard Green. The principal object of the founders was to provide a school for the thorough education of their daughters at home. The name was given in honor of the founder of the town. The trustees of the Cooper estate, with the consent of Mrs. L. C. Backus, gave to the seminary a large and valuable lot on First Street, extending from Wilkinson to Perry streets, and a liberal subscription of stock was made by citizens for the erection of a building suitable for day and boarding scholars. The stockholders neither desired nor expected dividends on their stock, and the only privilege they enjoyed above others was the right to vote for directors to manage the institution. In October, 1845, the school was opened. Mr. E. E. Bar ney was elected principal, and entered upon the work with the ability and energy that characterized whatever he undertook. Under his man agement the school attained a great reputation, and attracted a large number of scholars from abroad. « The following persons served as principals of the school in the order in which they are named: E. E. Barney, Miss Margaret Coxe, Dr. J. C. Fisher, Rev. Victor Conrad, Rev. John S. Galloway, Mrs, B. G. Galloway, and J. A. Robert. EDUCATIONAL. 253 For many years the seminary property was exempt from taxation, but was placed on the duplicate by order of the auditor of state. As the owners of the property' derived no profit from it, and it was used for educational purposes, the trustees believed that it could not be legally taxed and refused to pay. The property was sold for taxes add the trustees, acting on what they thought sound legal advice, appealed to the courts. The decision was adverse, and by this time the taxes, pen alties, and court costs amounted to a large sum, which the stockholders personally were unwilling to pay. Rev. John S. Galloway, at that time principal of the school, bought the tax title and paid the costs in self- defense. Subsequently Jhis widow obtained from a large majority of the stockholders the transfer of their stock to her, and by the purchase ofthe reversionary interest of the Cooper heirs, became the unquestioned owner of the property. Although the trustees had ceased to exercise jurisdiction over it, the school was continued until June, 1886. The property has uoav been sold by Mrs. GalloAvay and will be used for other purposes. While it is to be regretted that this valuable property has been lost to the public, no blame can justly attach to anyone in the matter. The Parochial Schools connected with Emanuel Catholic Church were established almost iraniediately after the church itself was organized in 1832. The present brick school building was erected in 1865. It is two stories high and seventy by ninety feet in size. It contains six school rooms and a chapel. The boys occupy three of the schoolrooms and are taught by three Brothers of Mary. The girls also occupy three rooms and are taught by Sisters of Notre Dame. The school for boys was established in 1875 when the brothers came to take charge, the sisters having had charge of both boys and girls until that time. The or^dinary branches of an English education are taught in both English and German, and in addition needlework is taught the girls. St. Joseph's Parochial Schools Avere established in 1847. Boys and girls both attended the same school until 1873, and were taught by the Sisters of Charity. Since that time the two sexes have been taught in separate schools, the girls still being taught by the Sisters of Charity and the boys by the Brothers of Mary. The school building for the girls is immediately east of the second district public schoolhouse on Second Street, and the St. Joseph's public school for boys is opposite the church building of the parish. It is a two-story brick building and was erected at a cost of thirty-five thousand dollars. In this building there are about two hundred boys iu regular attendance. In both schools both the ordi nary branches and the higher branches of an English education are taught. The Parochial Schools of St. Mary's Church were established in 1859 254 HISTORY OF DAYTON. in a small buHding, which Avas su23planted in 1878 by the present one erected at a cost of five thousand . and three hundred dollars. There are in this building three rooras for boys and three for girls, and there are enrolled about two hundred and fifty pupHs. The boys are taught by the Brothers of Mary and the girls by the Sisters of Notre Dame. The schools connected Avith Holy Trinity Church were established early in the history of the church, and since then the schoolhouse first erected has been torn down, and a larger one erected a little distance from the church edifice for the girls and another more spacious for the boys. Each has four rooras, and that of the boys has besides a large hall for meetinffs. There are enrolled about two hundred of each sex in these schools, and the boys are taught by the Brothers of Mary and the girls by the Sisters of Notre Dame. There is also a school connected with the new CathoHc church, the Holy Rosary, in North Dayton, which has its schoolrooms in the ucav buHding. St. Mary's Institute had its origin iu 1849 for the purpose of giving employment to three unemployed teachers and to establish a better school than any then in existence here. The ground upon Avhich the school is located was purchased of a Scotchman, named John Stuart. Two of the three brothers who Avere to take charge of the school arrived iu Dayton on March 8, 1850, and oue of these tAvo, Rev. M. Zehler, is still connected with the institution. The third one arrived here tAvo days afterward to take charge of the farm. The movement so far had been under the supervision of Rev. L. Meyer, a priest, who came to Dayton to assist the Rev. Mr. Juncker, then pastor of Emanuel Church, and afterAvard bishop of Alton, Illinois. On the 9th of March, 1850, the deed Avas made to the one hundred acres of land of Avhich the farm is coraposed, and as Rev. Father Meyer had no money he handed Mr. Stuart a sraall medal of St. Joseph, saying, " St. Joseph AviH pay." Mr. Stuart, soon after selling the property, left for Europe, and the brothers took entire possession of the premises. In June foHoAving the school was opened Avith about thirty-seven day scholars. In September of the same year boarders were adraitted, the boarding school being started with one pupil, Joseph Greu- lich. Rev. Father Meyer, in 1853, purchased tAvelve acres more land, which lay within the corporation limits and adjoining the other land. In 1854 he built an addition to the first house erected, but in Decem ber, 1855, a fire broke out and destroyed both the new building and the old. The brothers, together with their superior, Avere then without a home and had a debt of twelve thousand dollars on their hands, as they had paid nothing on the principal and had no insurance on their buildings. EDUCATIONAL. 255 The little community for a time lodged in a house in toAvn, which was being erected, and had in it neither doors nor windows. In August, 1856, they began to rebuild the old house, and carried on the work as time and means would permit. Such was their success that in 1857 the school was reopened and was well patronized from the first. In November, 1862, Rev. L Meyer Avas recalled to France, where he opened an orphan asylum at Kembs, Alsace. Before he left this country, however, he had paid off' all the debt upon the property and left it unencumbered. As the number of pupils increased, it became necessary to erect another building. In 1864 the buildings in existence Avere a chapel, thirty-two by sixty feet; the main building, forty by eighty feet, and a Aving to the south, thirty by sixty feet. To this Aving was added a building extending eastward forty by eighty feet, with a basement and two stories for schools and sleeping rooms. A dwelling house was erected in 1866, forty by sixty feet. In 1868 a church was built, fifty by one hundred and twenty-three feet, and forty feet from floor to ceiling. In 1870 the actual institute building was erected. This is four stories high, has a Mansard roof, seventy by one hundred and sixty-four feet. It was built in a very substantial manner and cost sixty-two thousand dollars. The lower floor of this building is occupied by two large study halls, two parlors, a refectory, a kitchen and a store-room. There is a corridor on each floor, ten feet wide, with stairs of easy ascent, with iron plates covering the steps at each end ofthe build ing that lead up to the diff'erent stories. The ground floor is taken up with eight class rooms and eight private rooras. Other stories are occupied for the various purposes of the institute, and the fourth floor is one large hall extending over the entire building, and is used as a sleeping room. The amusement hall consists of four diff'erent divisions — a floor sixty by one hundred and ten feet, and then sixty by fifty-eight feet on a floor for quiet amusements. The bath house consists of twelve small rooms, each provided with a window, bath tubs, and faucets for both cold and warra water. The upper story is frarae and is the exhibition hall, in which the pupils give entertainraents frora tirae to tirae during the year. The expenses lor construction were ten thousand and five hundred dollars, and the buildings so far were all coraplete and paid for. The Rev. L. Meyer was superior provincial untH 1862, when he was succeeded by the Rev. John Courtes who served until 1864. From this time until 1886 the Rev. J. N. Reinbolt served in that capacity, and was then succeeded by the present superior provincial. Rev. L. Beck. The superior provincial has charge of all the schools belonging to the Brothers of Mary in the United States, Canada, and the Sandwich Islands. The office of inspector of schools was held by Brother J. B. Stintzi 256 HISTORY OP dayTon. from 1869 until 1886. He Avas then succeeded by Brother John Kim, who is still in that position. Like the superior provincial, he is obliged to visit all of the schools in the province once each year. Of these schools there are about forty in the United States, one in Canada, and thirty-tAvo in the Sandwich Islands. In these schools there are employed about two hundred and fifty teachers, each of whora has, on the average, sixty scholars under his care, making a total of at least fifteen thousand scholars in the province. The first superintendent of the institute was the Rev. M. Zehler, one of the first of its teachers, who served until 1876. At this time he asked' to be relieved from the cares and responsibilities of his position, and was succeeded by the Rev. Francis Feith, Avho was succeeded iu 1879 by the Rev. George Meyer. Rev. George Meyer served until 1886, when he was succeeded by the Rev. John Harks, and he was succeeded in his turn by the present superintendent. Rev. Joseph Wfeckesser. The present normal school building Avas erected in 1883, to take the place of one that had just been destroyed by fire. Previous to 1870 this building had been used for both boarding and normal school, but then the building on the north side of the church relieved the one on the south side from its boarding scholars, and has since been used exclusively for the normal school', Avith the slight exception of being used for teachers who have served out their years of usefulness as a kind of retreat. Rev. George Meyer has been the superior of the normal school since 1886, when he succeeded Brother Joseph Senentz, Avho is now employed at Tokio, Japan, in connection with a college which the Society of Mary established there in 1888. The number of scholars in attendance upon this institute varies from about two hundred and fifty to three hundred. The latter number is in attendance at the present time, including day scholars and boarding scholars. The day scholars usually comprise about one third of the entire number in attendance. The institute was incorporated in 1878, and in 1882 it was empowered by the legislature of Ohio to confer degrees. The academic year consists of but one session, beginning on the first Monday in September, and closing the last Aveek iu June. Can didates for admission are required to present testiraonials of good raoral character, and being examined imraediately upon their arrival at college, they are placed in the classes to which they belong. The course of study includes the coraraon branches, and a full classical, coraraercial, aud theo logical course, the student making his own choice of the higher course of study which he will follow. The discipline of the school is firm yet kind, strict obedience to the rules, diligent application to study, and blameless EDUCATIONAL. • 257 conduct being required of every pupil. In securing these results, appeals are made to the honor of the pupil, to his conscience, and to religion. Deaver Collegiate Institute was established by Professor G. C. Deaver in 1876. The first year the school was taught in Miarai City on the site of the old military' school, which was burned down in January, 1877, and at that time it was removed to its present location, the northwest corner of Wilkinson Street and Monument Avenue. The object of the school is to prepare young men and boys for college, and the course is of such a grade that scholars pursuing it faithfully are admitted to the Freshman class of such colleges as Harvard, Yale, Araherst, Williams, and Cornell. For several years Professor Deaver had different assistant teachers, but the plan not succeeding to his satisfaction, he amended it by dismissing his assistants, and limiting the number of his pupils to eighteen, and teaching them all himself. Professor Deaver is a graduate of Prince ton, and has met with remarkable success in his educational work in Dayton, his scholars in numerous instances having carried the honors in the leading colleges in the country. Miss Anna L. J. Arnold's select school for girls is located at No. 310 West Second Street. It was established in the fall of 1886. The number of scholars in attendance has steadily increased until, at the present time, there are seventy. There are three distinct courses of study in this school — literary, scientific and classical. The design of the school is to prepare young women for coHege, and two of the graduates of the school entered Wellesley College in 1886. The course of study is somewhat higher for those young women who do not intend to pursue their studies after leaving this school, the last term's studies for those who finish their education here being literature, the history of art, chemistry, geology, mental science, and two of the thi-ee languages — Latin, German, and French. The teachers in Miss Arnold's school are Miss Anna L. J. Arnold, principal; Miss Frances R. Benson, primary department; Miss Ella G. Sullivan, intermediate department; Miss Myrtle Brett, penmanship aud conven tional drawing; Miss Emma Mercer, vocal and instrumental music, and Mrs. A. L. Howard, French. Scholars from this school are admitted to Vassar, Wellesley, and some other eolleges, on certificates. John Truesdell's select school for boys was established in the fall of 1885. It was at first located on Second Street, and afterward was raoved into the Cooper Academy building, and at last into Room 8, Rike'g build ing, where it is at present. The number of scholars is limited to fifteen. The course of study is adapted to the wants of each student, each student who desires, being fitted for college in the shortest time possible, consistent Avith thorough preparation. The work of the school, however, is not 258 HISTORY OF DAYTON. limited to that object. The course of study includes the ancient lan guages (Latin and Greek), French and German, English literature, and a thorough course in the natural sciences. Miami Commercial College has, for more than a quarter of a century, held au important position among the educational forces, not only of the city, but of the central West. It was founded in 1860 by E. D. Babbitt, Esq., a cultivated, scholarly raan, Avho, after a little over a year, admitted into partnership with him the present proprietor and principal, Mr. A. D. Wilt. During the four years in which they were associated together, the college received a large patronage and was firmly established. The firm issued the Babbittonian system of penmanship, Avhich becarae Avidely known throughout the United States and in England. This branch of their business assumed such proportions that in 1864 Mr. Babbitt retired to take entire control of it, and Mr. Wilt has since then been sole owner and raanager of the college, excepting a period of four years and a half, frora 1882 to 1886, during which time he was postmaster of the city, and at that time had associated with him as partner Mr. W. H. Sunderland, who retired in 1886, leaving Mr. Wilt in sole control again. Since its foundation the college has had an attendance of between seven and eight thousand students, many of whom are among the leading business raen of the West, their successful careers illustrating in the raost satisfactory manner the practical value of the course of training here given. This course embraces a training in the theory of accounts, and also a series of practical transactions in^ a thoroughly equipped practice department. This department is provided with banks, and transactions are made by students in the various departments of trade, in such a Avay as to elucidate the operations of the business world. In addition to the course in ' book-keeping, a very comprehensive course in phonography has been given foi' the past seven years, and hun dreds of graduates have entered business offices as amanuenses. The college has occupied for a nuraber of years the entire upper fioor of the elegant Fireraen's Insurance buHding, on Main 'Street. Its present corps of instructors consists of the principal, A. D. Wilt, aud Messrs. Charles S. Billraan and Bickhara Lair in the book-keeping department, and Miss Ella Steely and Miss Margaret Parrott in the phonographic department. Union Biblical Seminary is located on the northwest corner of First and Euclid streets, in Dayton, Ohio, on a slight elevation, which com mands an excellent view Of the city, its suburbs, and the surrounding country. The grounds contain five acres of land. The building is a neat, substantial, three-story brick structure, with porch, tower, and double front. Its dimensions are sixty-four by eighty-three feet. It EDUCATIONAL. 259 contains, on the first fioor, a chapel, i»usiness office, and two recitation rooras; on the second floor, a library and two recitation rooras; and on the second and third floors, well furnished dormitories for the accommo dation of twenty-five students. The cost of the building Avas about twelve thousand dollars, and the building and grounds are now valued at thirty thousand dollars. Previous to 1871, the Church ofthe United Brethren in Christ had no institution specially devoted to theological training. In a few of the colleges instruction in some of the branches of theology had been given to young men who intended to enter the ministry, but nothing had been attempted adequate to the necessities of the Church. The General Conference of 1869, therefore, which Avas held at Lebanon, Pennsylvania, "instructed the bishops to appoint a board of education, whose duty it should be, besides seeking to promote the general work of education in the Church, to devise and adopt a plan for founding a Biblical institute, to be under the control of the General Conference, and to take measures to raise funds, to locate the institution, and to proceed with its establishment as soon as possible." Accordingly, the following persons were appointed raembers of the board of education, naraely : Rev. Lewis Davis, D. D., Rev. Daniel Shuck, Rev. W. C. Smith, Rev. M. Wright, Rev. E. B. Kephart, Rev. D. Eberly, Rev. S. Weaver, Rev. P. B. Lee, Rev. W. S. Titus, and Rev. E. Light. " This board met, July 29, 1870, and passed resolutions soliciting one hun dred thousand dollars for the founding of the proposed institution, to be located in or near Dayton, Ohio, and to be called Union Biblical Seminary. At the second meeting of the board, August 2, 1871, it was resolved to open the seminary, October 11, 1871, with Rev. L. Davis, D. D., and Rev. G. A. Funkhouser, A. M., as professors. The executive committee was empow ered to add another member to the faculty. They accordingly appointed Rev. J. P. Landis, A. M., pastor of Home Street [now Summit Street] Church, to assist in the work of teaching." The executive committee consisted of Bishop J. J. Glossbrenner, Rev. W. J. Shuey, Rev. L. Davis, D. D., Rev. John Kemp, Rev. D. K. Flickinger, Rev. D. Berger, and Rev. M. Wright. The seminary Avas opened at the. tirae appointed, October 11, 1871, in the classrooms of the Home Street Church, Dayton, Ohio, with eleven students. This church was used for seminary purposes for eiglit years, in addition to its occupation by the congregation. Meanwhile Rev. John Kemp, Jr., treasurer ofthe Missionary Society from 1853 to 1869, donated grounds not far from the church, valued at ten thousand doHars, and upon this site a seminary buHding was erected in 1879, and to this buHding the Avork of the seminary was transferred in September of the same year. 260 HISTORY OF DAYTON. At the opening of the institution, in 1871, Dr. L. Davis was called to its head from the presidency of Otterbein University. He held the position of senior professor until 1886, when, on account of advanced age, he was succeeded by Rev. George A. Funkhouser, D. D. Both of these gentlemen have been connected with the institution from the beginning. Rev. J. P. Landis, D. D., occupied a professorship from 1871 to 1874, and also from 1880 to the present time. Rev. A. W. Drury, D. D., was called, in 1880, to the chair of Church History, which he still occupies. Rev. R. Wahl, A. M., was Professor of Hebrew Exegesis and Church' History from 1874 to 1875, and Rev. George Keister, A. M., was Professor of Hebrew Exegesis and Biblical History from 1875 to 1880. The faculty at the present tirae are Rev. G. A. Funkhouser, D. D., Senior Professor and Cherry Professor of Greek Exegesis and Homiletics; Rev. J. P. Landis, D. D., Professor of Systematic Theology and Hebrew Exegesis; Rev. A. W. Drury, D. D., Professor of Church and General History; and Rev. L. Davis, D. D., Emeritus Professor and Lecturer. The board of trustees elected by the General Conference of 1889, which met at York, Pennsylvania, May 9th, are as follows: Bishops J. Weaver, D. D., E. B. Kephart, D. D., LL. D., N. Castle, J. Dickson, D. D., and J. W. Hott, D. D., ex officio; Rev. W. M. Beardshear, D. D., Iowa; Rev. I. Baltzell, Pennsylvania; Rev. T. J. Harbaugh, S. L. Herr, Rev. G. W. Deaver, D. L. Rike, Rev. G. M. Mathews, Rev. S. M. Hippard, and Rev. S. W. Keister, Ohio; and Rev. J. L. Funkhouser, Indiana. Trustees for two years, elected by the board: S. E. Kumler, Rev. H. A. Schlichter, D. L. Overholtzer, and two others not yet elected at the time of this writing. The executive committee is as follows: D. L. Rike, Rev. G. M. Mathews, S. E. Kumler, S. L. Herr, and J. A. Gilbert. The general financial agents from 1871 to 1885 were Rev. John Kemp, Rev. S. M. Hippard, Rev. W. J. Pruner, and S. L. Herr. The office of general manager was created by the General Conference of 1885. Rev. D. R. Miller Avas elected to the position, and reelected in 1889. The number of graduates from this institution from year to year has been as follows: 1874, eight; 1875, six; 1877, five; 1878, fourteen; 1879, two; 1880, four; 1881, five; 1882, five; 1883, eleven; 1884, twelve; 1885, eleven; 1886, ten; 1887, nine; 1888, ten; 1889, four. Total number of graduates, one hundred and sixteen. The entire number of students that have been in attendance at this institution is two hundred and eighty-two. The financial condition of the seminary is shown by the following statistics: The grounds, building, and furniture are valued at |30,000, \ \ EDUCATIONAL. 261 and the library at $2,253.84; total, $32,253.84. The endowment fund is now $100,001.67; the contingent fund is $44,714.31; and the present assets, over and above all liabilities, are $128,375.22. The Alumnal Association, organized in 1880, now numbers one hundred and sixteen members. It has created a fund for an alumnal library, which library is used in connection with that belonging to the seminary, and is being enlarged by additions made each year. CHAPTER XIV. The Great Floods— That of January 2, 1847— That of September 19, 1866— That of February 3 and 4, 1883— The Local Flood of May 12, 1886— With Statements of Losses, Description of Floods, Etc. , THE following account of the flood of January 2, 1847, is taken from Masked B. Curwen's " Sketch of the History of Dayton : " "I have now to do an act of justice to Dayton by stating the extent of the flood here on the 2d of January, 1847. It has been so grossly exaggerated that I have thought it worth while to give, iu the accom panying diagram,* an exact representation of that portion of the town plat west of the canal basin, which was inundated. The submerged portions are marked in the plat. Frora this it will be seen that not one fifth of the Avhole town plat Avas overflowed; and frora the levelness of the ground, to anyone who has since taken an observation, it will be clear that on that portion which was covered, the water could uot have been more than a few inches in depth. "The river had been rising for several days, and on the first, the principal merchants along the canal basin thought it prudent to raise their goods to the second story, in anticipation of any accident that might happen to the levee, which was then new and not yet settled. A few minutes after midnight, the insignificant outer levee that had for years been neglected, weakened by earth being hauled from it to fill np house yards and roads, gave Avay near Bridge Street, and the inner levee being insufficient to withstand the torrent suddenly rushing upon it and rising in a breast two feet above it, soon after fell in. A breach once made, the Avaters rose rapidly, covering the ground floors of houses iu the vicinity. At one o'clock the church bells rang an alarm. A croAvd of meu with boats and on horseback promptly turned out to rescue those who lived on the low grounds Avest of Perry Street, Avliile others assembled on the levee north of Mill Street with shovels to check the leakage there. The water had by this time risen nearly to the top of the bank, and the work Avas soon abandoned as hopeless. A small party * In the absence of the plat referred to in the text, the following description of the boundaries of that portion of the city not submerged, may be of use; Wnter Street on the north, from AVilkinsou to Mill Street; thence along a straiglit line to the intersection of Main and Sixth streets; thence to ferry Street, and thence to the beginning. There was but little water within these limits. 262 THE GREAT FLOODS. 263 passed down Kenton Street, St. Clair Street, and Stone Street, rousing the inhabitants along the line of the basin, and advising them to move their valuables into the second stories of their houses. The levee gave Avay near the head of Mill Street about two o'clock, and the water, rush ing down the canal basin, gradually rose to the level exhibited on the diagram, which is taken from a map by John W. Van Cleve from personal observations at the time. "In the course of the night all the principal citizens opened their houses, lighted fires, and off'ered accommodations to those whom the water had temporarily rendered homeless. The council, on the next day, voted a handsome appropriation to relieve the wants of the destitute. " It was a bright moonlight night, and. the air was calm and mild. There was not a life lost nor endangered, nor did any accident happen during that night or afterward. In striking contrast with the truth, it was represented abroad that one hundred and fifty persons, at least, were droAvned; that the poor, shivering survivors were huddled together on the high grounds awaiting their fate in agony; that persons were rescued in boats from the third-story windows of sorae of the high buildings in the town, and that Dayton was literally in ruins. The daraage was estiraated at a million and a half, a sum, by the way, equal to half of all the personal property in Montgomery County. " From the most accurate information that could be collected, the loss sustained by the private individuals in Dayton could not have exceeded five thousand doHars, and that was made up principally in inconveniences occasioned by the Avetting of carpets, the spoiling of such family stores as happened to be left in cellars, the damage done to fences from fioating driftwood, and to the yards by being washed by the tor rent, etc. If engineers had quietly staked off the limits to Avhich the water rose, and slowly let it in upon the town to that height for sorae public design, it is extremely doubtful whether it would have excited sufficient attention to interrupt the course of business for half a day. It is not that which we see, but that which we apprehend will come after — evils bodied forth by the imagination, but which never happen — that chiefly excite our terror. " A levee was soon afterward constructed Avhich will completely secure the lower parts of the town from any such catastrophe for the future." The flood above described occurred on Saturday, and the Journal and Advertiser of Monday, the 4th, stated that many persons did not leave their dwellings until it was too late to retreat. liorses and boats were used to rescue them, and all were reraoved to a place of safety in this way, through the indefatigable labor and eff'ort, and in some cases to the 264 HISTORY OF DAYTON. imminent peril of those who so promptly and nobly undertook that service. Among those eraployed in this way, the following gentlemen are entitled to be specially noticed: David Johnson, Joseph Barnett, Jr., Fielding Loury, Jr., Charles Harris, WiHiam and Frank Eaker, the Messrs. Fair, John Lehman, M. Wilson, Thomas Morrison, Joseph Crane, T. Ware, and Tim. Farnham, the latter belonging in Washington Township. The same report said that all the canal bridges were so badly damaged that they could not be crossed by horses, except the new oue across the canal in the vicinity of the break at the head of Water Street. The First Street canal bridge was the first one to go down, and those at Third, Fifth, Sixth, Jefferson, and Main streets were badly damaged, and had to be rebuilt. On the western side of the city the principal damage was sustained by the owners of building materials on the ground and of new buildings in course of erection. There were given the names of thirty-three "prin cipal suff'erers." On January 6th the same paper said, in correction of reports that had been circulated, that not one fifth of the plat of the city had been at any time overflowed, and the statement was also raade that at that time the water was down so low that by a ride of a few hundred yards through water from one foot to eighteen inches in depth, the bridge over the Miami River on the Troy pike could be reached. The waters soon subsided, and the great flood of January 2, 1847, was a thing of the past. One of the heaviest rain storms that ever occurred in this region of country commenced on September 17, 1866. It prevailed for nearly three days, a steady, pouring rain. The streams above and below Dayton were all largely swollen, and on Tuesday, the 18th, all railroad communi cation was cut off'. At Elk Creek, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad, the trestle work put up for a temporary crossing, while the bridge that had been swept away a few weeks before was being rebuilt, was swept away, and as a consequence trains were stopped on that road. The railroad track on the Dayton & Michigan Railroad, just this side of Troy, was washed away, and travel stopped in that direction. A bridge on the Dayton & Western Railroad, near New Paris, was destroyed, and five bridges on the Indiana Central, betAveen Piqua and Columbus, •also. At dark on Tuesday night, the Miami River had overflowed its banks and covered all the adjacent bottoms. The Third Street way to the bridge Avas under water. Old citizens had never seen the river rise so rapidly as it did on Tuesday. On the Dayton & Western Railroad the abutment of the bridge at Brinley's was washed away, as also the ba:idge af Deep Cut THE GREAT FLOODS. 265 between Brinley's and New Paris. At a quarter of twelve o'clock on Tuesday night, there Avas a temporary cessation of the deluge, but the Miarai River was rising with extraordinary rapidity. A powerful tide was running across Third Street roadway and communication was cut off' with the new bridge. At tAvo o'clock a. m., Wednesday morning, it was still raining with no prospect of clearing away. There were scenes of desolation on every hand. From the summit of the ridge in East Dayton, there was a wide prospect of water in the valleys and broad, open pools above Bucktown. The corn in the fields, as far as the eye could reach, was standing up in seeming defiance of the floods. At the head of the hydraulic there Avas a wide crevasse, and from that point down to Spining's corner, there was an indiscriminate mass of drift lumber, staves, barrels, bridge timber, shingles, hen coops, outhouses, aud frame shops of every description. The side tracks of the railroad in that vicinity were undermined, and the rails stretched across gaps in the embankments. One of the most weary scenes was that of women ankle deep in mud, collecting their scattered household treasures for the resumption of housekeeping, and the men busily engaged in fishing their effects out of the water and mud of Mad River. Manufacturers suff'ered much frora the mixing and piling up pro miscuously of their movable and floatable property. Above Jeff'erson Street the torrent made a clean sweep in a direct line, striking the dwellings, tearing up the fences, etc. The raain force of the current struck Butz's corner at the foot of the bridge embankment, and seriously threatened the house, but only the pavement was torn up and a fcAv cart loads of gravel washed away. At Sixth Street the embankment on the west side leading to the change bridge was cut, closing the carriage way, the bridge going, too. The volume of water rushing through this channel was ten feet deep and about one hundred feet wide. It, however, threatened more than it destroyed. There was no Avater between the canal and Fifth Street in Oregon, the canal bank not giving Avay. Just below Fifth Street there was considerable damage done, the Oregonians blaming Seely's ditch. The back water entered from the south, and most of the people who lived in two-story houses moved their furnifure and carpets to the second floor. Those in cottages were compelled to take refuge with their more fortunate neighbors. In South Dayton, west of the canal, the people were sorelj^ afflicted; the water was several feet deep in most of the houses. The water ,did not find its way to the West End until Wednesday afternoon. The residents on Second Street were generally more fortunate, the water taking possession of not more than one third of the houses. 266 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The losses by this great flood were about as follows: Barney, Smith & Co., twenty -five thousand dollars; Stout, MHls & Temple, sixteen thousand dollars; Snyder & Co., seven thousand, five hundred doHars; Ezra Bimm, six thousand dollars; Wight & Wallace, two thousand dollars; Neff', Bennett & Co., two thousand doHars; J. R. Pitts & Co., three thousand doHars; C. & L. M. Frank, three thousand dollars; C. Burrous, two thousand dollars; J. R. Hoglen, three thousand, five hundred dollars; Snyder & MaxweH, two thousand, five hundred dollars; Beaver & Butt, two thousand, five hundred doHars; N. L. Darrow, one thousand dollars; D. H. Dryden, three thousand dollars; Brown & Irwin, five hundred dollars; Broadup & Co., one thousand dollars; Monitor Paper Mill Co., one thousand dollars; John S. Bell^ two thousand, five hundred dollars; George W. McCain, one thousand dollars; Munday Laubachs, one thousand dollars; Sternberger & Co., two thousand dollars; Thresher & Co., one thousand dollars; Dr. J. A. Walters, one thousand, two hundred dollars; John W. Harries, five thousand doHars; John Greer, one thou sand doHars; M. WoodhuH, tAvo hundred doHars; John Klee, two hundred dollars; A. Pruden, five hundred dollars; L. Kimball, five hundred dollars; R. Chambers, five hundred dollars; WiHiam Harries & Co., five hundred doHars; Joseph Bimm, two hundred dollars; Blanchard & Brown, two thousand, five hundred dollars; John Edmondson, three hundred dollars; Raugh & Pollock, five hundred dollars; Walters & Kelso, three hundred and fifty dollars; Van Ausdal, Harmon & Co., five hundred dollars; R. M. Marshall, five hundred dollars; Langdon & Bro., three hundred dollars; H. Kline, three hundred dollars; T. M. Cochrane, one hun dred dollars; Clark & Hass, one thousand dollars; Clark & Hawes, two thousand, five hundred dollars; Payne & Holden, three hundred dollars; Kneisly & Mclntire, two hundred dollars; John Neiderman, one hundred dollars; George W. Hoglen, five hundred dollars; Jacob Webber, tAvo hundred and fifty dollars; L. WoodhuH, three hundred dollars; J. S. Beaty, three hundred and fifty dollars; J. D. Dubois, oue hundred and fifty dollars; J. B. Gilbert & Co., two hundred and fifty dollars; J. A. Minick, two hundred and fifty dollars; James Abbey, three hundred and fifty dollars; Naureth & Son, two hundred dollars; Joseph Beck, five hundred dollars; Welley & Recker, three hundred dollars; W. S. Phelps, three hundred dollars; United Brethren PubHshing House, two hundred dollars; miscellaneous losses, twenty thousand dollars. Total losses thus far, one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. The above list includes most of the losses where the loss to each person was one hundred dollars or raore. It Avas estimated that there were one thousand persons additional whose losses averaged seventy-five THE GREAT FLOODS. 267 dollars each, aggregating seventy-five thousand dollars for these smaller losers. The loss to individuals thus aggregated tAvo hundred thousand dollars, and in public property the loss was estimated at fifty thousand dollars, making the total loss by this fiood two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. To enter into further details in this work would require too much space, and the trouble given to individuals by the flood can be better imagined than described, as all kinds of property throughout the city suffered to a greater or less degree. The latest general flood, ancl one of the greatest, was that of February 3 and 4, 1883. The rain commenced falling on Friday night, the 2d inst., but it was quickly changed to sleet by a sudden lowering of the tempera ture. About three o'clock A. M., on Saturday, the temperature commenced falling, and all of that day the rain fell in great torrents such as are rarely seen in this latitude at this season of the year. There was scarcely any cessation until three o'clock A. M., on Sunday morning, the 4th. Reports commenced coming to the city that the smaller streams tributary to the Miami and Mad rivers were bank full, and damage had commenced to the bridges and fences. After the rain of Saturday night, the rivers began to rise very rapidly, aud in a very short time they were up to the high water mark of the February before. On Sunday night the water was at least eighteen inches higher than that. All day Sunday the river banks were lined with people. The Miami River assumed the proportions of the Ohio, and huge floes of ice floated down the river, crashing against the piers of the bridges and against each other. During the afternoon of Sunday the river was full of portions of floating buildings, bridges, and fences, and there was seen, besides other things, a horse floating downjthe river tied to a log, but it could not be ascertained whether or not the horse was dead. BeloAv the Washington Street bridge the commons were heaped with driftwood and rubbish. It Avas the most disastrous flood since 1866. In Miami City there was considerable damage done by the back water. The flood-gate at Williaras Street gave Avay at half past flve o'clock Sunday afternoon, and most of that portion of the city was covered with several inches of water. Wolf Creek was swollen to an unprecedented height, and most of the low ground west of the levee was inundated down to and below the Washington Street bridge. In the southern portion of the city, Warren Street, Pulaski Street, Brown and Old BroAvn streets were covered with about two inches of water. On Sunday night the levee was crowded with spectators until ten o'clock, and after that hour men paraded the dangerous portions with lanterns. At one o'clock Monday morning, there were twenty-tAVO inches of Avater on the 268 HISTORY OF DAYTON. sidewalks at Stout, Mills & Temple's works. On Monday the water subsided considerably more than three feet, and the people began again to feel secure. The water reached the high water mark of 1847, but was two feet lower than in 1866. A fierce thunder storm, accorapanied by rain aud hail, visited Dayton and vicinity on the evening of May 12, 1886. About eight o'clock, the clouds converged over the city, and twenty minutes later the rain began to fall, at first in a sharp shower, followed by a blinding and continuous fall of water, lasting nearly tAvo hours. During the whole time the rain fell with even intensity, with occasional exceptions, when it came down in au almost solid sheet of water. While the storm was at its fiercest, a shower of hail fell for about ten minutes, the hail stones in many instances being as large as hens' eggs. There was not much wind, but thunder and lightning continued incessantly. No serious accidents to persons oc curred, the damage done being confined principally to goods stored in the basements of business houses. On Fifth Street, from Wayne to Eagle, the water covered the streets and, for nearly the entire distance, the side walks also. Between Wayne and Bainbridge streets the water was belly deep to streetcar horses, and Wayne Street was in the same condition from its junction with Fifth Street to the new market-house. In the southeast portion of the city the territory embraced by Warren Street on the west. Buckeye and Chestnut streets to Wayne on the north, and Park Street sewer on the south, was entirely submerged, deep enough in places to swim a horse. Business houses ou Main Street, from Second to Fourth, suff'ered considerable damage. No night trains arrived after nine o'clock p. M. Dayton View streets and sidewalks were covered with water, and the railroad bridge over Wolf Creek in the West End was swept away. Far up Wolf Creek, from Hoover & Gaines' nursery, one sheet of water frora ten to twelve feet deep covered an area of over one hundred acres. The water began receding about half past twelve o'clock A. M., May 13th, and in a short time the ground was again dry. CHAPTER XV. War with Mexico— The Nueces River the Boundary Between the United States and Mexico —The Erection of Fort Brown— Beginning of Hostilities— Battle of Palo Alto— CaHing out of Troops — War Spirit in Dayton — Recruiting OflSce Opened — PuVjIIc Meeting — Resolutions Adopted — Military Parade — Approval of Call for Fifty Thousand Men — Executive Committee Appointed— Troops Organized and Leave Dayton — Battle of Montgomery — Return of First Troops— Attitude of the Whigs— Resolutions by Re turned Soldiers — Conclusion of the Mexican War — War of the Rebellion — Nomination of Lincoln in 1859 — George W. Houk on Southern Members of the Charleston Conven tion — Vallandigham Elected to Congress — Petition Circulated — Democratic Resolution — Attempt to Assassinate Mr. Lincoln — Various and Conflicting Opinions — Attack on Fort Sumter — Troops Organized — Relief of Soldiers' Families — Mr. Vallaudigham's Letter in Cincinnati Enquirer — Relief Societies — Military Companies — Military Com mittee for Montgomery County — First Draft — Kirby Smith's Advance — Drafted Men Come into Town — Relief ot Soldiers' Families — Union League — Burnside's Order No. 38 — Vallandigham's Arrest — Destruction of Journal Office — Martial Law — Morgan's Raid— Soldiers' Pair and Bazaar— Destruction of Dayton Empire Oflice — Ohio National Guard — Draft in 1864 — Rejoicing Over Lee's Surrender — Assassination of Lincoln — Summary of Dayton's Enlistment— History of First Ohio Regiment — Of Ninety-third Regiment — ^National Soldiers' Home — Soldiers' Monument. FOR the general history of the war with Mexico the reader is referred to the various authorities on the history of the United States. A few dates and facts, hoAvever, in connection with the beginning of that war, are appropriate and even indispensable in a work of this kind, in order that the dependence of local events upon general events may be clearly discerned. General Zachary Taylor landed his forces on St. Joseph's Island, July 25, 1845, and soon afterward embarked for Corpus Christi, a Mexican viHage near the raouth of the Nueces River, Avhich river the Mexican government claimed as the boundary between that country and Texas, Avhile the Texan government claimed that the Rio Grande was the boundary. General Taylor located his camp at Corpus Christi iu Sep tember, and remained there during the winter. January 13, 1846, the secretary of war ordered General Taylor to advance to near the mouth of the Rio Grande, opposite the city of Mataraoras, because he thought the Mexicans intended to invade Texas, and when, on the 25th of March, he encamped at Point Isabel, about tAventy-eight miles from Mataraoras, he was warned by the Mexican authorities that lie was on foreign soil. On the 28th of March, 1846, he advanced to the banks of the Rio Grande, 269 270 HISTORY OF DAYTON. and commenced the erection of a fort which subsequently received the name of Fort BroAvn. General Paredes, who had recently been elected president of Mexico, imraediately sent General Arapudia to Mataraoras to drive General Taylor beyond the Nueces. He arrived on the 11th of April, but when General Taylor refused to comply with his demand to Avithdraw Avithin twenty-four hours, he was superseded by General Arista, who was thought to be a more active general. General Arista arrived on the 25th of April, and on the 26th notified General Taylor that hostilities had begun. On the sarae day a body of American troops was attacked by a party of Mexicans east of the Rio Grande, the Amer icans, Avho were under Captain S. B. Thornton, after losing sixteen raen in killed and wounded, being obliged to surrender. Point Isabel was uoav threatened by a party of Mexicans, and General Taylor, leaving a regiraent to complete Fort BroAvn, himself hastened to Point Isabel to prevent his stores at that point from falling into the hands of the Mexicans. Perceiving this movement of General Taylor, General Arista, thinking the Americans in full retreat, opened a heavj- cannonade upon Fort Brown, which lasted three days, at the end of which time signal guns were fired for General Taylor to return to the relief of the fort. On his way back to Fort Brown, General Taylor, on the 8th of the month, encountered the Mexicans under General Arista, six thousand strong, at Palo Alto, fought the battle which bears that name, and won the victory. Thus was coraraenced the war with Mexico. What Dayton did for the country during that war, of the justice and necessity for which many of her citizens were strongly in doubt, to say the least, it is now the province of this history to record. January 16, 1846, the intelligence Avas published in the Dayton papers, that the position and moveraents of the United States troops at Corpus Christi, ever since General Taylor had been there, had caused much alarm, fear, and jealousy in the minds of the Mexicans. They seemed to be hourly expecting that the United States troops Avould march upon Mataraoras, seize upon that place, and march thence upon other cities. On April 17th the Dayton Journal said that General Taylor, in his advance, raet two parties of Mexicans on the Rio Grande; that these Mexicans had orders to fire upon the Americans, but that they did not fire, and that no blood Avas shed. Immediatel}' upon the receipt of the news that General Taylor's refusal to Avithdraw beyond the Nueces, in accordance with the demand of General Arapudia, was the cause of the declaration of war by the Mexican general, and that as a consequence, men were needed for the defense of the country, the governor of Texas called out two thousand and four hundred troops, aud the governor of MILITARY HISTORY. 271 Louisiana called out two thousand and five hundred troops. On May 11, 1846, President Polk called for fifty thousand men and ten million dollars for the war. On May 13th war was officially declared. By May 19th there was considerable war spirit manifested in Dayton. Not only among the militia companies, but among the citizens generally, there were indications of a prevailing desire to take part in the contest. The militia of the county, organized as the First Brigade, which was commanded by Brigadier-General Adam Speice, Avas attached to the Tenth Division of Ohio Militia, all under the command of Major-General Hiram Bell, of Greenville. In order to give such of the militia as desired to enlist, an opportunity to do so, an office was opened for recruiting at the office of T. B. Tilton, and by the 20th of May about twenty-five names had been enrolled. On the 21st, a public meeting was held at the City Hall, which was "literally jammed full of people." General Adam Speice Avas called to the chair, and Major Thomas B. Tilton appointed secretary. The chairraan stated that the object of the meeting was to give an expression of the sentiment of the people with reference to the war, and to adopt such measures as were calculated to encourage the enrollment of volunteers. Captain Luther Giddings, of the Dayton Cavalry, in response to a call, raade some patriotic remarks, as did also Captain M. B. Walker, of the GermantoAvn Cavalry;- Major Tilton; Captain Lewis Hormell, of the Dayton National Guards; Lieutenant Atlas Stout, of the Dayton Gun Squad; Lieutenant John Love, of the United States Army, and others. At the close of the speaking, the following resolutions were offered and adopted: " Whereas, The railitary despot who has recently usurped the gov ernment of Mexico, h^is refused to receive the olive branch borne to the gates of his capital by a minister of the United States; has concentrated his forces upon our southern frontier, and commenced with murder an offensive war; therefore, "Resolved, That we view with satisfaction the promptness with which our congress has drawn the sword and appealed to the God of battles to establish — Avhat has been as earnestly sought as it has been insolently refused — peace with Mexico and peace with Texas. "Resolved, That it becomes us as American citizens, desiring the success of our arms, to cast off , the shackles of party and unite in carry ing our country speedily and triumphantly through the war. "Resolved, That, as it is our duty as soldiers to be always ready, we will exert ourselves to fill up the ranks of our companies, and whenever the requisite number of good and true men shall have been obtained, we 272 history of dayton. Avill marcli to the seat of Avar, rejoicing in the opportunity aff'orded of defending our country." At that time Honorable Mordecai Bartley was governor of Ohio. On the 20tli of the month, the governor, in compliance with the presi dent's requisition, issued General Order Number 1, calling upon division generals to muster their commands at once, and thus ascertain how many meu would enlist as infantry or rifiemen for twelve months' service, unless sooner discharged. Major-General Bell, who Avas at Greenville, received the order on the 23d, and immediately ordered the Tenth Division to assemble by brigades at the following places: The First Brigade at Dayton, May 26th; the Second at Troy, May 27th; the Third at Sidney, May 28th; and the Fourth at Greenville, May 29th. Ohio was called on for three regiments, an aggregate nuraber of two thousand, three hundred and thirty-one men. Upon the receipt of this order of General Bell's, General Adam Speice, on the 25th of the month, issued his General Order Number 1, ordering the coraraandants of corapanies to parade at Dayton on the 26th, with their full strength, "armed and equipped according to law." At eleven o'clock on that morning, nine corapanies reported and paraded the streets, with the view of immediate organization for the service of the United States. They marchedto the southern part of the city, where they were addressed by Major-General Bell. As the numbers of the companies Avere not full, the general gave the several commandants another day to see their men. The National Guard began recruiting at their armory, on the north side of Second Street; the Dayton Dragoons at McCann's store, northeast corner of Third and Jeff'erson streets, but receiving the information that the gov ernment would not receive cavalry, they the next day organized as the Dayton Riflemen. On May 28th a meeting was held at the City Hall. Enthusiastic men of all parties participated in the proceedings. A series of resolutions was adopted to the effect that whatever diff'erences of opinion raay have existed, or raight still exist Avith reference to the causes or the necessity of the war with Mexico, now that it had actually begun, it was the duty of every citizen, as well as the dictate of enlightened patriotism, to forego those differences of opinion, and to forget all other and meaner considerations for that of the glory of our cherished country, and ap proving the call for fifty thousand men to carry on the war. Other resolutions Avere adopted, among thera one moved by John G. Lowe, providing for the appointment of a committee of five to procure a loan of money to be disbursed on the order of General Speice, to defray the expenses of the volunteers from Montgomery County until they should MILITARY history. 273 be mustered into the service of the United States. The committee con sisted of Thomas Brown, Peter Odlin, WilHam Eaker, T. J. S. Smith, and F. Gebhart. An executive committee of twenty was then appointed to raise funds for the support of the families of the volunteers during their absence in the war, the coraraittee being as foHoAvs: Alexander Swaynie, Robert W. Steele, Ii. G. Phillips, P. P. Lowe, Henry L. Brown, and Samuel Marshall, of Dayton; Joseph Barnett, of Harrison ToAvnship; Jeff'erson Patterson, of Van Buren ToAvnship; Henry S. Gunckel, of German Township; Jonathan Harshman, of Mad River Township; John Coiiley, of Miami Township; John Burnett, of Jefferson Township; John Sherer, of Randolph ToAvnship; James Patterson, of Madison Township; Henry Shidler, of Jackson Township; William Baggott, of Butler Township; Amos Irwin, of Washington Township; Moses Sherer, of Wayne ToAvnship; Isaac Voorhees, of Clay Township, and Dr. Linds ley, of Perry Township. The committee was organized by the selection of H. G. Phillips, chairman; Robert W. Steele, secretary, and lienry L. Brown, treasurer. General Speice established his.depot and headquarters at the corner of Jefferson and Third streets, and detailed Major Tilton as mustering officer in command of the volunteers. By June 1st one hundred and seventeen men Avere enrolled, fifty-two belonging to Captain Gid dings' rifle company, and the remainder to the German National Guard. The Dayton Rifleraen Avere organized on the 30th of May, with the following officers: Captain, Luther Giddings; first lieutenant, D. Long; second lieutenant, D. Brecount; first sergeant, J. P. Speice; second sergeant, N. Allen; third sergeant, G. Coon; fourth sergeant, C. L. Helrigle; first corporal, W. G. Davis; second corporal, V. B. HoAvard; third corporal, John Smith; fourth corporal, James Craig. Camp Washington was established in Mill Creek Valley, near Cincinnati, as a rendezvous for the Ohio volunteers, and Samuel R. Curtis, adjutant- general of the State, placed in command. The two companies from Dayton started for Camp Washington on the 4th of June, 1846. The Riflemen were under command of Captain Giddings aud the National Guard under Captain Hormell. They went to Cincinnati by the canal, leaving Dayton at sunset. A beautiful flag Avas presented to the Rifleraen by the citizens, before they left the city, which bore on one side an em broidered eagle and the motto, " Our Country," and on the other side the State arms with the name, " Dayton Riflemen." The two companies were escorted to the canal by the Dragoons and a large concourse of people, and the banks of the canal were covered Avith spectators. The National Guard was officered as follows: Captain, Lewis Hor mell; first lieutenant, WHliam Egry; second lieutenant, Christ Knecht; 274 • HISTORY OF DAYTON. first sergeant, Williara Spangler; second sergeant, Peter Weist; third sergeant, Adam Ziller; fourth sergeant, Frederick Ploch. When these two companies left Dayton, there was being enrolled another corapany, which for a time was known as the " Tall Company." The aggregate height of the first twenty-one men enrolled was one hundred and twenty-three feet, an average of very nearly six feet. By the 8th of June this company had sixty-two men enrolled. It was officered as follows: Captain, A. L. Stout; first Heutenant, Daniel Tucker; second lieutenant, J. M. D. Foreman; first sergeant, M. Umbaugh; second ser geant, Oavcu Smith; third sergeant, Joshua Bowersock; fourth sergeant, William Anderson; corporals, Lewis Motter, Russel George, Boyer Decker, and AndrcAv Curtner. This company left Dayton for Camp Washington, June 9, 1846, at ten a. m., amid the cheers of the men and the waving of handkerchief's by the Avoraen. The first two companies that left Dayton, as above narrated, had in their ranks Avhen they left the city, ninety-six and ninety-tAvo men respectively, and in order to reduce the size of the companies, any who desired to do so had the privilege granted them of returning home, and though it was not a very popular step to take, yet several availed themselves of. the privilege, and by this means the number in each company was reduced to seventy-seven men. These two companies were incorporated into the First Regiraent, while the third corapany was excluded from all organizations for the reason that too many men volunteered for the necessities of the service. But this company of Captain Stout's had in it two Germans, while the Dayton National Guard had in it two Americans, and at Camp Wash ington the two captains raade an even trade, two Americans for two Germans, in order that the German corapany, the National Guard, might be all Germans. On June 24th, the returned company, sadlj- disappointed because they were not accepted, passed a series of resolutions strongly denouncing the State authorities for having rejected them, the company being under the impression at the time that their rejection Avas on account of political reasons. The three regiraents which Ohio Avas asked to furnish were all organ ized at Carap Washington on the 23d of June. The officers of the First Regiraent were as follows: Colonel, Alexander M. MitcheH, of Cincin nati; Heutenant-colonel, John B. Weller, of Butler County; Major, Thoraas L. liaraer, of BroAvn County; a,nd the two Dayton companies (the Rifles and the Guard) became Company B and Company C respect ively of this regiment. On the 2d of July, the three Ohio regiments marched from Camp Washington into Cincinnati, and embarked on the steamers New World MILITARY HISTORY. 275 and North Carolina, at the foot of Broadway. These three regiments arrived at Point Isabel about July 15th, and according to a letter from the German company, they all enjoyed good health, the climate was fine, and the water good. In August they were at Fort Belknap, on the Texas side of the Rio Grande. Captain Giddings, of Company B, Avas pro moted to major; Lieutenant Brecount was elected captain; Sergeant J. P. Speice, second lieutenant, and Nathan Allen orderly sergeant. At Camargo, Captain Brecount resigned, and Lieutenant Speice died, his death occurring on the 27th of August, 1846. August Rex, first sergeant of Captain liormell's company, died the day before. Lieutenant David Long Avas promoted to captain, and Sergeant Nathan Allen Avas promoted to second lieutenant. At the battle of Monterey, Colonel Mitchell was severely wounded, as was also Lieutenant-Colonel Weller, ancl thus the command of the regiment devolved upon Major Giddings. In this battle the Ohio soldiers bore theraselyes with conspicuous bravery, raost of the companies remaining compactly together throughout the day. The battle was described in a letter published in the Cincinnati Atlas as the greatest achievement of raodern times, and the loss in the battle was only thirty men in General Worth's coraraand, eight of these being frora Dayton. One of the killed Avas Corporal William G. Davis, and one of the wounded Lieutenant L. Motter. During the winter of 1846-1847 it was decided to raise a regiment for the regular army, the Fifteenth, to serve during the Mexican war. This regiment was to be recruited in Ohio, Michigan, Iowa, and Wisconsin. E. A. King, of Dayton, was appointed a captain in this regiment, and Thomas B. Tilton lieutenant. Of this company, tAventy-two raen were from Montgoniery County, and thirty-eight from Logan County. It left Dayton for Cincinnati, April 24, 1847, a large concourse being in the neighborhood of the packet depot to witness its departure. Mayor McKinney, on behalf of the citizens, bade the boys farewell, and Captain King responded on behalf of the soldiers. There were five Ohio com panies in the regiment, three from Michigan and two from Wisconsin. The colonel was George W. Morgan; Heutenant-colonel, John Howard, of Michigan, and the major, Samuel Woods. The Michigan and Wis consin companies passed through Dayton on their way to the war, May 12, 1847. The same day on which these companies passed through the city, news was received that the two corapanies that first went out to the war. Companies B and C of the First Ohio Regiment, were on their way home from Mexico, and it was immediately determined to give them an appropriate reception. A committee was appointed to arrange the recep- 276 HISTORY OF DAYTON. tion ceremonies. A meeting of this committee was held on the 17th to complete the arrangements. The Dayton Rifles, Company B, was mus tered out at New Orleans on the 11th of June, and Captain Hormell's Company C on the 12th. Company B reached Dayton on the 26th of the month with but forty men. The regiment, when it left Cincinnati the year before, numbered about eight hundred men. Of this number thirty-three had died of disease, one had been accidentally killed by a comrade, six had been murdered by the Mexicans, sixteen had been killed at the battle of Monterey, and tAvo at the battle of Ceralvo. The average strength of the regiment had been five hundred and thirty-three. Upon the arrival of the forty raen in Dayton, the people turned out en masse to receive them. Citizens from the town and country, with the militia, with the brass band and the gun squad, assembled at the foot of Main Street, upon the canal, to the nuraber of about five thousand. The volunteers were escorted to the National House, where a speech of welcorae was raade to them by Mayor McKinney. Major Giddings made a speech in reply, in which he alluded to the trials through which they had passed while away from home, to the small number of those that returned, to the twenty-one who had been buried in Mexico, and to the fiag which had been presented to them by the ladies of Dayton before they went away, and which they had brought back Avith them, tattered and torn, biit Avith untarnished honor. Cheer upon cheer was given to the brave volunteers, and croAvds waited upon each man to his home. Captain Hormell's company, the National Guard, reached home on Tuesday, the 29th of the same month. They were welcomed at the National House by J. W. McCorkle in a brief but eloquent address. The volunteers under the first call having served their term and been discharged, another call was made upon Ohio for a regiment of soldiers. The Dayton German Grenadiers was raised under this "call, and was officered as follows: Captain, John Werner; first lieutenant, John Fries; second lieutenant, lienry Toepfer. There were oue hundred enlisted men in this company — thirty-five from Montgomery County, twenty -five from Columbus, and the rest from the vicinity of Bremen. On May 31st they were escorted to the public landing, where they boarded the packet for Cincinnati, and were there assigned to the Fourth Ohio Regiment. Of this regiment Captain Werner was made Heutenant-colonel, Lieutenant Fries was promoted captain, Henry Toepfer became first lieutenant, and Will iam Graebe second lieutenant. C. H. Brough was made colonel of the regiment. The regiment was with General Scott at Contreras, Cheru- busco, Chapultepec, and the city of Mexico. At the storming of the city of Mexico the Dayton company suff'ered severely. Lieutenant MILITARY HISTORY. 277 Toepfer and a number of his men being killed. Captain John Fries was wounded. In February, 1848, the regiment was on garrison duty at Puebla, and in July, 1848, the Dayton company returned home with only thirty-six men. Upon their arrival they were escorted by the National Guard and artillery to the common just east of Bainbridge Street, near Third, where a grand dinner was served. An incident occurred in September, 1847, to which considerable interest attached at the time. It is well known by all Avho have, given attention to the history of the Mexican war, that there Avas a large party in the country at the time who disapproved of the war from its com mencement, and that there were some who condemned, if they did not oppose it, all th'e way through. This was the case very generally with the Whigs. The sentiment of those opposed to the Avar is perhaps as Avell expressed in the following resolution introduced into congress by the Hon. Thomas H. Benton, as in any language that was used by anyone iu connection with the subject: "Resolved, That the incorporation of the left bank of the Rio del Norte, in the American Union, by virtue of a treaty with Texas, com prehending in the said incorporation certain portions of the Mexican departments of New Mexico, Coahuila, and Taumalipas, would be a direct aggression on Mexico, for all the consequences of which the United States would stand responsible." The Hon. Thoraas Corwin, then United States senator frora Ohio, and the Hon. Robert C. Schenck, then representative in congress from this dis trict, were conspicuous in their condemnation of the war and its objects. This course was very distasteful to many if not to most of the soldiers who went into the army from Dayton. In order to give expression to their views, a meeting was held by the returned volunteers September 18, 1847, at which they adopted a long series of resolutions. The meeting was held at the Farmers and Mechanics' Hotel. Captain Hormell was made chairman of the meeting, and M. H. Umbaugh secretary. The object of the meeting, as stated by the presiding officer, was to make arrangements for the celebration of the battle of Monterey. The committee on resolu tions consisted of Lieutenant McCarter, Lieutenant Kline, Lieutenant Knecht, and Sergeants Coon and George. There were thirteen resolutions in the series, two of which, together with the preamble, were as follows : " Whereas, We have in contemplation the celebration of one of the most glorious achievements of American arms, the storming and capture of the Mexican city of Monterey, and deeming it necessary to vindicate ourselves from th^ stigma which a portion of the American people seem desirous of casting upon us, by denouncing the war in which we fought 278 HISTORY OF DAYTON. as unrighteous, unholy, damnable, and unjust, we give expression to our views in the following resolutions: "Resolved, That we consider the present war between the United States and Mexico as first brought ou by the act of Mexico by refusing to amicably adjust the difficulties existing between us, with having ordered her troops to cross the Rio Grande and attack the American arms. "Resolved, That hostilities having thus commenced, and war having been thus declared actually to exist by the act of Mexico, it became the duty of every patriotic citizen to give it his entire and cordial support until Mexico should be forced to terras of peace." Other resolutions were very severe in their criticisms upon Senator Corwin and lion. R. C. Schenck for the course they had pursued in congress, and the twelfth resolution extended a cordial invitation to the military of the city to unite in the celebration of the anniversary of the battle of Monterey. This war was brought to a close early in 1848, by a treaty of peace which was made February 2d, of that year, and Avhich was ratified by the senate of the United States, March 10th, following. By this treaty the boundary line was defined as follows: The Rio Grande, from its mouth to the southern limits of Ncav Mexico; thence westward along the southern, and northward along the western boundary of that territory to the River Gila; thence down that river to the Colorado, and thence westward to the Pacific Ocean. The United States agreed to pay to Mexico fifteen million dollars, and to assume all debts due from the Mexican government to American citizens, to any amount not to exceed three million five hundred thousand dollars. Peace was proclaimed by President Polk, July 4, 1848. Although the war of the rebellion did not actually commence until the firing upon Fort Sumter took place, yet the events of the political arena occurring during the latter part of 1860 and the early part of 1861, were so intimately related to that great struggle that it is deemed proper to introduce the history of this conflict with a brief reference to the leading moveraents of both the great political parties immediately precedent to the initiation of the strife. The Republican National Conven tion assembled in Chicago on the 16th of May, 1860. After the usual contest aniong the several candidates for the nomination for the presidency, the convention nominated Abraham Lincoln on the 17th of May. It is a remarkable fact, and one that may not be remembered by all who were cognizant of it at the time, that in October, 1859, eight months before the nomination was actually made by the Republican convention at Chicago, Abraham Lincoln had been named for the presidency at MILITARY HISTORY. 279 Dayton by the Hon. Robert C. Schenck, in a speech made from the same platform from which Mr. Lincoln had himself addressed the people but a few hours before. The Wide Awakes, which played such an important part during the campaign which followed, held a meeting on Saturday night, June 9th, at which J. C. Healy was chairman and S. B. Jackson secretary. At this meeting the draft of a constitution was read, and on the 11th an organiza tion was eff'ected and the constitution adopted. G. G. Prugh was chosen president of the organization, and the vice-presidents, one for each ward of the city, were as follows: S. B. Leach, C. Snevely, A. W. Tenny, W. H. Rouzer, George Lehman, P. Lutzs; corresponding secretary, J. C. Healy; recording secretary, John McMasters; treasurer, John Procunier; executive committee, H. W. Orvis, chairman, Moses Crowell, John Winder, W. J. Comstock, George Gohen, S. A. Hendricks, and Noah Shaffer. On the same day upon which the Wide AAvakes held their first meet ing as mentioned above, there was held a meeting ofthe Democrats which was addressed by George W. Houk, who had been a delegate to the Charleston convention, which failed to nominate a candidate for the presidency. Mr. Houk dwelt at some length ou the causes which led to the disruption of the convention, and was very severe upon the South ern members thereof, by whose secession therefrom a nomination was prevented. J. Durbin Ward followed Mr. Houk, and after his address Mr. Hofer read a series of resolutions endorsing Mr. Houk's course at Charleston, and instructing him to vote for Stephen A. Douglas at Baltimore. At the presidential election, which occurred on the 6th of November, 1860, the following Avas the vote cast in the several wards for the several candidates, together with the total vote at the preceding October election: WABDS. a80 3 1 S o O 1 O O First , 248 258324 290397322 210 136188 413 359 262 10 11 31 17 13 2 1 585 12 1 469410 551725 781 587 498 432 Third Fourth 578 753 Fifth 830 Sixth 622 Total 1,839 1,568 84 32 3,523 3,713 280 HISTORY OF DAYTON. There was great excitement in Dayton on the 27th of December, for on that day the news Avas received that Major Anderson had transferred his command from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter. This movement, it was supposed, Avas taken on the major's own responsibility, and not only were his courage and patriotism commended and admired, but the ap prehension in the minds of the people that Major Anderson and his command Avould be captured, was to a great extent relieved. Then came the news on the 29th of December, that the 'Southern seceders had taken possession of Fort Moultrie and Castle Pinckney, and many thought this movement demonstrated the folly of President Buchanan in refusing to garrison the forts in Charleston Harbor with a force sufficient to resist any attack that might be made upon them. Some went still further than this, considering it a burning disgrace that such possession should have been permitted. The Hon. C. L. Vallandighara was then a resident of Dayton. He had been elected to the Thirty-third Congress over his Republican com petitor, Hon. Samuel Craighead, by eleven thousand and fifty-two votes to Mr. Craighead's ten thousand, nine hundred and eighteen. The exciternent caused by the movements of the military in the vicinity of Charleston was not allayed by the fact that a short time previously Mr. Vallandigham had said in a letter to the Cincinnati Gazette, correcting that paper as to a report that had appeared in its columns, of a speech he had made a short time before : "And now let me add what I did say, not in Washington, not at a dinner table, not in the presence of fire-eaters, but in the city of New York, in a public assemblage of Northern men, in a public speech at the Cooper Institute, November 2, 1860, that ' If any one or more of the States of the Union should at any time secede, for reasons of the suf ficiency and justice of which before God and the great tribunal of history, they alone may judge, much as I should deplore it, I never would as a representative iu congress vote one dollar of money whereby one drop of American blood should be shed in a civil war,' etc. "Aud I now deliberately repeat and reaffirm it, resolved, though I stand alone, though all others yield and fall away, to make it good to the last moment of my political life; no menace, no public clamor, no taunts, nor sneers, nor foul detraction from any quarter, shall drive me from my firm purpose," etc., etc. Mr. Vallandigham remained true to his convictions. Ou the 7th of January, 1861, Mr. Adrian, of New Jersey, introduced into the house of representatives the folloAving resolution: " That we fully approve the bold and patriotic act of Major Anderson in Avithdrawing from Fort Moultrie MILITARY HISTORY. 281 to Fort Sumter, and the determination of the president to maintain the fearless officer in his present condition; and we will support the president in all constitutional measures to enforce the laws and preserve the Union." Mr. Etheridge, of Tennessee, raoved to suspend the rules for the reception of Mr. Adrian's resolution. Upon this motion Mr. Vallandigham voted "No," and afterward voted "No," with fifty-five other members of con gress, nearly all frora the South, against Mr. Adrian's resolution. At the time of casting this vote, he said, " I vote for peace and compromise. You refuse it. I vote uoav against force. No." During the early part of January, 1861, there was circulated through out the Third Congressional District for signatures, a petition urging congress to adopt the Crittenden compromise which proposed that the institution of slavery should be raade legal south of latitude 36° 30' in the territories, and that slaveholders should be guaranteed the right to take their slaves through the free states to any point they might desire. This petition received but few signature's in this city. By those who were opposed to the compromise, it Avas said that the North could consent to no such humiliation under threats of secession, so long, at least, as the secessionists were laughing at all attempts at compromise. On the 19th of January, 1861, there was a Democratic meeting held in Dayton for the purpose of electing delegates to a State convention. The question came up. as to what was the sentiment of the meeting on the endorsement of the Crittenden compromise. The committee on resolu tions, through their chairman, submitted a series of resolutions, a portion of which were thought by a part of th0 people of the city to lean rather too strongly toward the recognition of the right of a state to secede from the Union. As a matter of fact, they did savor so strongly of secession- ism that the meeting could not endorse the resolutions. In response to a demand for their publication they were published, the objectionable ones being as follows : "Resolved, 3. That whilst we unhesitatingly avow our attachment to the Federal Union as it exists under the constitution of the United States, and whilst we are ready to express our conviction that there are no political evils now existing which justify secession as a remedy, yet we recognize the right of the people of the slave-holding States of this confederacy to form their own judgment and to act upon their own convictions in reference to a state of facts which involve not merely their political, but also their personal rights, interests, and safety. "Resolved, 4. That secession is neither constitutional nor insurrec tionary, but it is essentially revolutionary in its character; and Avhen, therefore, it takes place under our form of government in such a manner 282 HISTORY OP DAYTON. as to assume the magnitude of revolution, there is no power conferred by the constitution of the United States to put it down by force, and an attempt to do so by arms would be an act of usurpation and would inevitably lead to mHitary despotism. "Resolved, 5. That the resort to force under the circumstances would be the direct sacrifice of the very ends for which all legitimate govern ment is instituted — the inevitable and final destruction of the Federal Union, and would present the most conclusive illustration ever furnished in the history of the world, of the incapacity of the people for self- government. "Resolved, 6. This resolution was in favor of the adoption of the Crittenden compromise. "Resolved, 7. That war, when waged with a foreign power, to main tain our national honor, or the rights and liberties of the people, is righteous and justifiable; but when waged by two portions of the same people against each other, professedly to maintain a government that must necessarily perish in the conflict, would furnish a raelancholy spectacle of huraan folly and fanaticism; that in such a war all the vin dictive and revengeful passions of huraan nature would be called into exercise; its purpose would be destructive and not protective, and its inevitable issue would leave us the exhausted victims of a military dictatorship." These resolutions are interesting in an historical sense, as showing the limit in sentiment, to which only a few of the people of Dayton, and in fact of Ohio, could persuade themselves to go. The great majority of them, without regard to past political affiliations, could entertain no sentiraent inconsistent with the maintenance at any cost and at all hazards, of the Federal Union. With the exception of the attempt to assassinate Mr. Lincoln on his way to Washington to be inaugurated president of the United States, there was, after the rippfe of excitement caused by the publication of the above recited resolutions, nothing of unusual interest that transpired until the month of April. The people siraply watched the progress of events in and around Charleston, South Carolina, Avliere the tAvo forces were engaged in watching each other, and each Avaiting for the other to make the first overt act of war. The month of April Avas, hoAvever, an exciting one in Dayton, as elsewhere throughout the country. The'great question with many at that stage of the progress of events was, " On which side shall we take our stand?" It had become clear by that time that the fate Of the party which had succeeded in electing its president the fall before, Avas at the most but of secondary consequence. The MILITARY HISTORY. 283 success of the administration of Mr. Lincoln, however, was necessary to the preservation of the government itself. That the adniinistration of Mr. Lincoln must be upheld in order that it might succeed, became more and more apparent to a constantly increasing nuraber of the people. It also becarae raore clearly evident to all observers, that the great masses of the people were loyal to the government, even those whose choice for president had not been that of a constitutional majority. Still there was an occasional Northern man, even af that early day, Avho considered that the demands of the South were reasonable, and argued that the South could never be coerced back into the Union. A. few thought that certain of the Northern States, as IHinois, Indiana, and Ohio, should make appli cation for admission iuto the Southern Confederacy. While it could not then, and cannot now, be truthfully said that many of the people of Ohio entertained such sentiraents, yet to the great raajority of the people, the utterance of them, even though known to be entertained by only a few, was exceedingly irritating and obnoxious. Some charged that the South was driven to secession by the success of the Republicans at the polls, and others denied this quite as vigorously as it was asserted. It was argued that the Democratic party, from 1848 down to 1854, if not later, promul gated, as one of its fundamental doctrines, that congress had the power under the constitution to exclude slavery from the territories, the very ground upon which the Republican party had won its victory. And it was also shown that the Republican party, after the election of Mr. Lincoln, had passed enabling acts under which the slave-holders had the right to go into the territories with their slaves, which Avas the very doctrine that had become so notorious under the name of "Popular Sovereignty," and for which Mr. Douglas and his party had so strenuously contended. The ground for the necessity of secession seemed thus to have been completely taken from under the feet of those who contended for the right of secession. The difficulty, however, at this juncture, seeraed to be that secession, Avhether or, not necessary or right, was almOst, if not quite, an accom plished fact. And the only course that had iu it any of the possibilities of success in preventing it of absolute accomplishraent, inasrauch as the seceders certainly would not be Avilliug to forego secession unless they could be assured of the protection of slavery in the Union, appeared to sorae, Avho really loved the government of their fathers, to be to defend the institution of slavery against any and all kinds of aggressions, and this view led those who reasoned thus to defend the institution, not only as constitutional, but also divine. Others Avho could not go to this extreme, seemed compelled to defend the institution of slavery against 284 HISTORY OF DAYTON. their own judgraent, in order that they raight consistently defend the government itself. Again, on the other hand, while the minds of sorae were thus con fused, the majority could see that after all there was no real cause for the war. Mr. Lincoln had said in his inaugural that the fugitive slave law should be enforced, and taking this in connection with the action of congress in regard to the enabling acts above referred to, it was seen that the South had really been promised all she demanded, and stiH she was not satisfied; and the logic of the position was that if she, was not satisfied when she was granted what she asked, the case was, indeed, hopeless. Or to state the case in other words, it was clearly seen that the South was determined to be satisfied with nothing but the total disruption of the government. The news of the attack upon Fort Sumter reached Dayton on the 13th of AprH, and the excitement consequent thereupon was painfully intense. Groups of excited citizens discussed the situation at all hours of the succeeding night. Every one was grieved profoundly at the outbreak of the war, but there was no sentiment apparent but the determination that the government should be sustained. True men of all parties were united in this determination. Still there was one paper in this city that, immediately on receipt of the news of the bombardment, said: " Civil war is upon us by the act of the Lincoln administration and as the natural result of the election of Lincoln. Having taken our position at the beginning, against the policy of coercion, we intend to stand by it to the end. Whatever others may do, we stand firm and immovable against men or money for a civil war. Let the watchword be ' Com promise, but no coercion, no war.' " Notwithstanding the publication of this statement, the people were animated by an enthusiastic Union sentiraent. On the 15th, this sentiraent found expression in the raising of a United States flag frora the AvigAvam staff in the presence of a great croAvd of people. The Regimental Band played the " Star Spangled Banner," and patriotic speeches were made by E. S. Young, S. Craighead, Mr. Egsley, and others. Thirty-four rounds were fired from the cannon in honor ofthe Union, the only accident being the breaking of a negro's leg by the bursting of the SAvivel gun. On the same day, the services of the Dayton Light Guards were tendered to Governor Dennison, and also those of the Light ArtiHery Company. Captain Dister rapidly filled up the ranks of the Lafayette Yagers, afterAvard the Lafayette Guards, for the sarae patriotic purpose. The young men of the city and vicinity rapidly enrolled themselves in the diff'erent conii)anies then forming for the service of their country.- MILITARY HISTORY. 285 Captain Hughes had a recruiting office at Nixon's Hall, for the purpose of filling up the ranks of the Montgomery Guards. Captain Pease was at the Light Guards' Armory, aud Captain Dister was at the corner of Jeff'erson and Market streets. Patriotic citizens made known their read iness to contribute to the support of the families of volunteers frora Dayton during their absence in the array. Funds were subscribed for the purchase of uniforras for the Lafayette Guards, but as the State afterward uniformed the company, these funds were devoted to the support of the families of the raembers of the company. At a meeting of the Zouave Rangers, held on the 16th, a resolution was unanimously adopted that the services of the company be tendered to the governor as a home guard to perform dutj- within the limits of the State. On the sarae day there cara« a telegram from the governor, calling for the services of two companies of seventy-five men each to report immediately at Columbus. Captains Pease and Hughes promptly responded to the call, and Captain Dister telegraphed to Columbus that his company was ready to march. Captain Childs, of the Light Artillery, also sent the same announcement the same afternoon with reference to his corapany. The governor's call was received at three o'clock in the afternoon, and before night three cora panies of infantry and one of artillery were in readiness to raarch. They all left Dayton for Colurabus on the next day. The Light Guards were officered as follows: Captain, W. B. Pease; first lieutenant, J. H. Winder; second lieutenant, W. Woodward; ensign, W. H. Martin; sergeants, P. M. Harman, J. E. Jones, and W. L. Patter son; corporal, S. C. Reed. There were fourteen privates and one hundred and twenty-six recruits, raaking an aggregate of one hundred and fifty men in the company. Recruiting Avas comraenced on the 18th for Corapany B, Dayton Light Guards, by W. Bennett, Thomas Hale, and S. Raraby. A. Kuntz, lieu tenant, made a call upon all who were desirous of entering a corapany to be called the Montgoraery Cavalry. On this same day Colonel E. A. King was appointed by the governor to take charge of the volunteer encarapraent at Columbus. A meeting was held in the Fifth Ward for the purpose of forming a company of horae guards. Of this meeting Simon Snyder was the chairman and A. C. Marshall secretary. A recruiting committee of five was appointed, consisting of E. C. Ellis, T. D. Mitchell, George Leh man, T. K. Sigman, and Ezra Thoraas. Thirty-five raembers enrolled their names that day. Captain Lister's company was officered as follows : First lieutenant, LeAvis Kuhlman; second lieutenant, John Hand; sergeants, A. Kiessling .and Anton Kuhlman. 286 HISTORY OF DAYTON. On the 19tli of April, the first and second regiments of Ohio Volun teer Militia left Carap Jackson for Washington, D. C. The first regiment contained the foHoAving Dayton corapanies: Lafayette Guards, Dayton Light Guards, and Montgoraery Guards. E. A. Parrott, of Dayton, was in command of the regiment as major. Captain Childs' light artHlery company was converted into an infantry company, and on the 19th of April, paraded the streets of Dayton, one hundred and seventeen strong, to the tune, "The Girl I Left Behind Me," and made a brilliant appear ance. Their departure on that day was an event of thrilling interest. The Zouave Rangers Avere, at about the sarae tirae, ordered to Columbus to perform guard duty. During the week ending April 20, 1861, nearly six hundred raen enlisted in Dayton to defend the flag of their country. Four companies were then on their way to Washington, and earlj- the next week the Anderson Guards, Captain Nolan, were ready to take the field. Of this company M. P. Nolan was captain, S. B. Smith first lieutenant, and R. Patterson second lieutenant. The company left for Colurabus April 23d. Just before leaving the city. Captain Nolan made a speech to the citizens assembled to witness their departure. He said that he had opposed Mr. Lincoln's election, but he had been constitutionally elected, and was consequently the president of the countr}^, and as such he was his president. lie said that the North had been sneered at by the South as wanting in true courage, but he believed that the Anderson Guards would prove to the Southern people that all the courage and chivalry of the country was not to be found south of Mason & Dixon's line. When this company left the city, J. Ii. Tho'mas Avas first sergeant and Ashley Brown second sergeant. P. H. Darcy was the first corporal. On the 20th of April, a raeeting was held in Beckel Hall for the purpose of petitioning the city council for an appropriation for the relief of the families of those of the citizens of Dayton avIio had volunteered, or who should volunteer, in the army. The county commissioners were also requested to make such an appropriation for the same purpose, as they might deem proper, for the families of the volunteers frora the county. Two persons from each ward in the city Avere appointed a volunteer relief coraraittee to take charge of whatever money might be appropriated by the council or the commissioners, and also such subscriptions as might be contributed by private citizens, and to distribute the same to the families of the volunteers. The president of this meeting was Hon. W. H. Gil lespie, mayor of the city. He appointed as a committee to select the relief committee, the foHoAving gentlemen: B. M. Ayres, R. W. Steele, John H. Achey, Thomas Brown, B. F. Wait, and M. Burrous. The committee selected by them Avas as follows : First Ward, D. A. Ware- MILITARY HISTORY. , 287 ham and William Dickey; Second Ward, Daniel H. Dryden aud William H. Gillespie; Third Ward, James McDaniel and H. Gebhart; Fourth Ward, Jonathan Kenney and John G. LoAve; Fifth Ward, C. F. Kneisly and Samuel Marshall; Sixth Ward, Thomas Dover and N. Viot. E. S. Young then raoved that a subscription be taken up aniong those present, and imraediately $4,553.91 Avas subscribed in suras of frora ten dollars to oue hundred dollars. Twenty of the subscriptions were for one hundred dollars each, and besides these there were tAvo subscriptions, by Gebhart & Brother and by T. A. Phillips, each for tAve'nty-five barrels of flour. During all this time, when each seemed to vie Avith the other as to the demonstration of his readiness to serve the government in whatever capacity he could best do so, there Avas considerable anxiety as to the attitude of the representative in congress, Hon. C. L. Vallandigham, from the Third Congressional District. In order to set this matter at rest, Mr. Vallandighara published a letter in the Cincinnati Enquirer, under date of April 17, 1861, in Avhich he said: " My position in regard to this civil Avar, which the Lincoln adminis tration has inaugurated, Avas long since taken, is Avell known, and will be adhered to to the end. Let that be understood. I have added nothing to it, subtracted nothing from it, said nothing about it publicly since the war began. I know well that I ara right, ancl that in a little while the sober, second thought of the people will dissipate the present sudden and fleeting public madness, and avHI demand to know why thirty mil lions of people are butchering each other in civil war, and will arrest it' speedily. But meanwhile, should ray oavu State be invaded or threatened Avith invasion, as soon it may be, then as a loyal, native-born son of Ohio, acknoAvledging ray first allegiance to be to her, I avHI aid in defend ing her to the last extreraity, asking no questions. Whoever shall then refuse or hesitate, will be a traitor and a dastard. And this sarae rule I apply to the people of Virginia, Kentucky, or Missouri, as to any of the free States, north or Avest." On the 23d of April, the city council, " as a first installraent," raade an appropriation of ten thousand dollars for the support of the farailies of the volunteers during their services in the array, providing for raising the amount by the issue of bonds of the city for that amount. Only one fourth of that sum Avas considered necessary to be raised at that time, but the relief committee Avould call for whatever portion of the amount should be needed as it Avas needed. There Avere numerous interesting incidents during the next few months, in the nature of fiag raisings. One of the first of these occurred 288 HISTORY OF DAYTON. on the 26th of April, a beautiful national emblem being on that day thrown to the breeze from the tower of the northwestern district school-house. The flag was made by the pupils themselves. On this occasion speeches were made by S. Craighead and H. Elliott. Another of these flag raisings occurred next day, at the intersection of East Third Street with the Xenia pike. On the 1st of May, a magnificent flag was raised over the council chamber. It was twenty by thirty-six feet in size, and the pole was fifty- six feet high. The speakers on this occasion were G. W. Houk, Hon. Robert C. Schenck; Colonel Murphy, of Bellbrook, a leading Democrat of Greene County, and the Hon. F. C. Cuppy. An election for officers in the First Ohio Regiment was held at Har- risburg, Pennsylvania, on the 22d of April, in which the people were somewhat interested. Lieutenant A. D. McCook, of the regular army, was elected colonel; E. A. Parrott, of Dayton, Heutenant-colonel, and Captain J. G. Hughes, of Dayton, major. On April 27th, the Buckeye Guards, of Dayton, elected officers as follows: Captain, S. B. Jackson; first lieutenant, George M. Bacon; second lieutenant, George W. Sum mers; first sergeant, Samuel L. Wilson; second sergeant, S. R. Smith. This company left Dayton for Hamilton May 1, 1861. Captain Gunckel raised a corapany named the Union Guards, which, by Maj' 6th, was composed of over one hundred men. The Regimental Band was accepted as musicians for the First Ohio Regiment, and left Dayton to join the regiment May 13, 1861, having previously given a farewell concert at the courthouse on the 11th, in the presence of a large assemblage of people. As they left the depot, J. D. PhiHips and D. E. Mead, on behalf of friends of the band, handed them a purse of one hundred dollars in gold, for contingent expenses. On May 19th, the Buckeye Guards returned to Dayton for the purpose of filling up their ranks for three years, if the Avar should last so long. Forty recruits were wanted. About May 20th, the Oregon Guards were organized by the election of A. C. Fenner, cap tain; T. D. Mitchell, first lieutenant; J. Roberts, second lieutenant; E. Randall, third lieutenant, and George Lehman, ensign. At a regular meeting held that evening, they tendered their services through the gov ernor of Ohio, to the president of the United States, "for three years or until the war shall end." About this time the ladies ofthe German St. John's Lutheran Church organized themselves into an association, for the support of the families of the German volunteers. Mrs. Trebein Avas the treasurer of the association, and Mrs. Falke was the secretary. Toward the latter part of May a beautiful flag was made by the young ladies of Dayton for the First Ohio Regiment, to be borne by the color company of the regiment, the MILITARY HISTORY. 289 Dayton Light Guard. The flag was of blue silk trimmed with a yellow fringe. On each side was seen the American eagle. The inscriptions were simply "E Pluribus Unum" and the "First Regiment Ohio Volun teers." This flag was presented to the regiment in Virginia, and accepted for them by Hon. Robert C. Schenck, who during the month of May had been appointed brigadier-general by President Lincoln. The first battle this regiment was in was that at Vienna, Virginia, and the next was that at Bull Run in the brigade of General Schenck. Upon the expira tion of their three months' term of enlistment, they returned to Dayton, reaching here on the 2d of August. They were received at the depot by the military companies then in the city, by the fire department, and by a vast concourse of citizens, who gave thera a right royal welcome with patriotic speeches and with salvos of artillery. It was a most enthusiastic demonstration, a just tribute to their gallantry on the field of battle. For a considerable tirae they were the center of attraction, the heroes of the hour. A company was organized and named the State Guard, of which the following were the officers elected: Captain, E. W. Davies; first lieuten ant, Joseph Clegg; second lieutenant, A. Pruden; first sergeant, N. Allen; second sergeant, T. Kibby; third sergeant, N. Ells; fourth sergeant, J. M. C. Matthews; corporals, WiHiam Trebein, John Mills, A. Belden, and H. L. Warren. The Dayton Light Guard, Company B, elected officers June 3d, as follows: Captain, John A. Dickey; first lieutenant, LcAvis LaRose; second lieutenant, N. H. Watters; sergeants, William Van Doren, James Turner, T. D. Hall, D. M. Stewart, and Williara Harmon; treasurer, L. LaRose, and secretary, G. W. Rouzer. The Buckeye Guard, which has been mentioned before in these pages, opened recruiting lists for three years' service on the 20th of May, and on the 30th of the same month, left Dayton for Columbus. There were fifty men in this company from Dayton, and the company was afterward transferred to the Twenty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. On the day before the Buckeye Guard left Dayton, twenty-five men left the city to serve for three years in Company A, Eleventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The company which they joined, contained seventy men from Dayton. The Union Guard, Captain Gunckel, had one hundred men enrolled by the 6th of May, but up to the 5th of June they could not enter the service because Montgomery County already had a full quota in the field. However, on the 19th of the month Captain Gunckel received marching orders from General Carrington, and was to report at Camp Dennison by 290 HISTORY OF DAYTON. the 22d of the month. His company was to join the TAvelfth Regiment as Company I. It contained twenty-five Dayton men, the rest being from Montgoraery, Preble, Greene, and Darke counties. During the early part of July there were recruited in Dayton twenty raen for the First Ohio Battery, who Avere taken to Carap Dennison, where the battery was organized. During its first year's service its equipment and duties were so pecuHar that it received the cognomen, the "Jackass Battery," and, as raay be readily conceded, it was known by that narae to the end of the war. There was opened in Dayton on July 25, 1861, a recruiting office for the United States regular array, which continued here throughout the war. About one hundred raen enlisted in that arm of the service, the term of euHstment having been reduced by congress frora five years to three. Following is a list of the recruiting offices open iu Daytou, in August, 1861: Captain Thruston's, on Main Street, near Second; Captain O'Con- nell's, over the old postoffice; Captain Gunckel's, on Main Street; Captain Kuhlman's, in Frohsinn Hall; cavalry recruiting office, at the corner of Third and LucHoav streets; Lieutenant Denton's, in Clegg's building, on Third Street, for the Eighteenth Regulars; Lieutenant Tiraoney's, in the Beckel building, for the Fifteenth Regulars; T. C. Mitchell's, on Main Street, for his company of sharpshooters; Captain Smith Davisson's, in the Beckel building; Captain WoodAvard's, in the Huston building; Cap tain George McKinney's, at the Light Guard Armory; Lieutenants Smith and Steward's, on Third Street; George Poraeroy's, at the Beckel House, and F. W. Anderton's, at No. 108 Main Street. An eff'ort, which was very successful, Avas raade duriug the week ending October 19, 1861, to coHect and forAvard clothing and blankets to the First Regiment. The number of blankets furnished by the several wards of the city was as folloAvs: First Ward, 158; Second Ward, 267; Third Ward, 186; Fourth Ward, 130; Fifth Ward, 101; Sixth Ward, 65 — total from the city, 907. At the same time Miami City sent 71, making 978 in all. In addition to the blankets, there Avas forwarded to the soldiers a great quantity of clothing, coats, shirts, socks, etc. There was then on hand a sum of money equal to $105.48, and to expend this amount a coraraittee was appointed, consisting of Jaraes McDaniel and Robert W. Steele. The regiment was then at Camp Corwin. This camp had been selected on the 19th of August, and Avas located two and a half miles east of Dayton on the hill. On the 23d of the month the first three companies, numbering iu the aggregate tAvo hundred men, marched to this carap. September 2d, the Dayton Cavalry Avas ordered to Camp Cor- MILITARY HISTORY. 291 win. Two months were then devoted to organization and drill. On the 12th of October notice was received that the government could not supply the regiment with blankets, and hence the action of the citizens as noticed above. Ou October 31st the regiment marched through the streets of Dayton, one thousand strong, and took the cars for the field of battle on their way to join McCook's brigade. The foHoAving numbers of Dayton men were in the regiment: Company B, one hundred men; Company C, eighty raen; Conipany E, sixtj' raen; Corapany F, one hundred raen. On the 7th of August recruiting coraraenced for a company to join the Thirty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, pf which regiment they became Corapany Ii. In this corapany there Avere forty-five Dayton raen. Re cruiting was coraraenced August 20th for a corapany for the Fourth Ohio Cavalry, aud the corapany contained about fifty Dayton raen. On the same day recruiting commenced for a company of sharpshooters which was assigned to the Second Ohio Infantry, forty of the men being from Dayton. About thirty Daytou raen were raised for another corapany for the same regiraent. In September about forty Dayton raen were recruited for the Thirty-fifth Indiana Regiraent and about thirty-five for the Forty-fourth Ohio. The State Guard, above referred to, was coraposed of men over forty-five years of age. Each Avard had its own corapany of railitia, and the Society of Turners formed themselves into the Dayton Yagers. There were two cavalry companies and one artillery corapany. The Ohio Guard, the Oregon Horae Guard, and the Cadet Grays were reorganized. Besides these, there were the Franklin Invincibles, the Dayton Forcibles, the National Guard, the Union Reserve Guard, the Harrison Rangers, the Slemmer Guard, the McClellan Guard, and the Franklin Zouaves, all of which corapanies with their parades, picnics, drills, and festivals served to enliven the duller occasions when exciting war ucavs Avas not very plentiful. Governor Tod > appointed a military committee for Montgoraery County on the 15th of October, 1861. This committee Avas composed of the following gentleraen : E. S. Young, Daniel A. Haynes, Jaraes Turner, T. A. PhiHips, Henry Fowler, Robert W. Steele, Thoraas J. S. Sraith, J. G. Stutsman, and Thomas B. Tilton. This committee had charge of the recruiting and organization of companies and all other military matters for the county so far as the interests of the State and government of the United States were concerned. Twenty-seven men frora Dayton left here on October 17th for Benton Barracks, Missouri, AAiiere they joined a regiment of sharpshooters. During October and November, twent}-- three more raen from Dayton joined the sarae corapany, while several 292 HISTORY OF DAYTON. others also joined the same regiment from Montgoraery County and the adjoining counties. After a time spent in skirmishing in Missouri, they went to Pittsburg Landing. AprH 1, 1862, the name ofthe regiraent was changed to the Fourteenth Missouri, and in the fall of 1862 the name was again changed to the Sixty-sixth Illinois. Following is a partial list of the organizations containing soldiers from Dayton that were in the service on the 1st of January, 1862: In General Rousseau's brigade at Green River, Kentucky, four corapanies. Captains Kuhlman, Thruston, O'ConneH and Pomeroy; in camp at Wick- liff'e, Kentucky, two companies. Captains George D. McKinney and S. B. Jackson; at Somerset, Kentucky, Captain M. S. Gunckel; in the Fourth Ohio Cavalry, Captain John W. King and Lieutenant Adam Kuntz; Captain Childs, at Point Pleasant, West Virginia; Captain W. W. Wood ward, on the Kanawha River; Captain F. Gunckel, at Charleston, West Virginia; Lieutenant George L. Croome, with a part of McMullen's battery, at Camp Fayette, Virginia; Captain T. C. Mitchell's sharp shooters on the Iron Mountain RaHroad, one hundred miles from St. Louis. John Crowe had a conipany in the Thirty-fifth Indiana Regiment in Kentucky. Besides these, there Avere about one hundred and fifty men from Dayton in the regular army, belonging to the Fifteenth and Eighteenth regiments. Much Avas done in Dayton in the way of supporting the families of volunteers who had gone to the field. Entertainments were given by different companies, dramatic, musical, etc. The Soldiers' Aid Society was one of the first to occupy this field, and it was earnest and active and efficient throughout the war. Fairs and festivals were held, and every means that could be relied upon to raise money, clothing, or any needed supplies. The Second Ladies' Aid Society was organized August 7, 1862. Its officers were: President, Mrs. Preserved Smith; vice-president, Mrs. Ii. Wyatt; treasurer, Mrs. A. Jewett; secretary, Mrs. Ii. D. Carnell. It had a board of managers, consisting of sixteen ladies. The Third Sol diers' Aid Society was organized September 3, 1862. It was afterward named the Oregon Ladies' Aid Society. Its officers Avere: President," Mrs. T. N. Sowers; vice-president, Mrs. J. R. Hayden; secretary, Mrs. D. L. Rike; treasurer, Mrs. E. Heathraan. This society had a board of managers, consisting of twelve ladies. Besides these societies composed of adults, there were societies composed of children, Avhich did good work in collecting articles needed by the soldiers in the tent and in 'the field. Their services were highly appreciated by the beneficiaries of their labors. During the entire year 1862, recruiting was continually going on in MILITARY HISTORY. 293 Dayton. It was the great year of doubt and anxiety as to the success of the national cause. Recruiting was comraenced for the Ninety-third Regiment early in July, 1862. Captains W. H. Martin, T. C. MitcheH, and William Birch were each raising a company for the regiment. Captain Martin's was to be a company of sharpshooters, and to have its place on one of the flanks of the regiraent. Its other commissioned officers were P. H. Harman, first lieutenant, and George H. Phillips, second lieutenant. All three of these officers Avere men of experience. The inducements off'ered to join this regiment were a bounty of one hundred dollars, of which twenty-five dollars was to be paid in advance, one month's pay in advance, and a premium of tAvo dollars. The regiraent was organized at Hamilton on the evening of July 15th by the military commission, with the following officers: Charles Anderson, colonel; Hiram Strong, of Dayton, Heutenant-colonel; Abner A. Phillips, of Butler County, major, and Josiah Campbell, of Preble County, quarter master. Mr. Campbell almost immediately resigned, and Joseph Eaton was appointed to the place. The name of Colonel Anderson was a potent influence in recruiting for this regiment. Great interest was taken in the filling up of the companies that were being recruited in Montgomery County, and special efforts were made by the citizens of Dayton to secure the required number of meu. A meeting was held at the courthouse on Saturday night, July 19th, by the ward committees, Avhich' had been ap pointed the Saturday evening previous, for the purpose of assisting to fill up the ranks of the companies. The Avard coramittees were as follows: First Ward, Alfred Pruden, Robert Chambers, and J. S. Morehouse; Second Ward, Robert R. Dickey, Robert W. Steele, and H. S. Fowler; Third Ward, H. L. Brown, G. W. Rogers, and John H. Achey; Fourth Ward, J. W. Dietrich, E. W. Davies, and W. Conover; Fifth Ward, S. Boltin, James Turner, and C. F. Kneisly; Sixth Ward, William Bom berger, M. Burrous, and W. Eichelberger. The raethod used by this committee to induce men to unite their fortunes with this regiment was to raise a fund, with which to assist the families of the volunteers to live while the volunteers themselves were fighting the battles of the country. For this purpose, a meeting was held on the 29th of July at the court house, at which about ten thousand dollars was raised. Another meeting was held next day, at Avhich it was ordered that twenty-five per cent of the subscriptions should be paid to the treasurer of the citizens' com mittee, George W. Rogers, and a series of resolutions adopted with reference to the appointment and the duties, after their appointment, of au executive committee. The committee appointed consisted of Messrs. Steele, Dietrich, Davies, Dickey, and Rogers. This committee, in con- 294 HISTORY OF DAYTON. nection with the military committee, extended an invitation to the Hon. George E. Pugh to address the people on the subject of the war, with the vicAv in part of assisting to complete the recruiting of the Ninety-third Regiment. Mr. Pugh delivered a powerful and patriotic address, urging upon the people the necessity of sustaining the national government in its struggle with armed rebellion. On the 11th of August, several companies of this regiraent went into camp. Besides the three companies already menfioued, there were at the close of that day, the foHoAving corapanies: Tavo from Preble County, Captains Dasher and Paullus; one from Butler County, Captain Ii. II. Wallace, and one from Miamisburg, Captain John Alleu. The regiment was placed under marching orders August 18th and departed from Dayton on the 23d of the same month. The city was full of people to witness the departure of the regiraent, and the scene was both aff'ecting and inspiring. The young ladies of Dayton presented the regiraent Avith a handsoine stand of colors, and it was the intention ofthe Dayton Feraale Bible Society to present the regiraent with a Bible before it left the city, but adverse circumstances prevented this from being done. The book was, however, sent to the regiment together with a Ncav Testa- raent for each raeraber thereof, by W. Herr on behalf of the society. The fund, Avhich was raised for the benefit of the families of members of the Ninety-third Regiment, Avas afterAvard converted into a military fund. Up to August 12th, about the time when the regiment Aveut into camp, there had been subscribed a sum of tAventy tliousand and seventy-seven dollars and seventy-five cents, in sums ranging from ten to a thousand dollars. The thousand dollar subscriptions were by John Harshman, Thomas Parrott, and V. Winters & Son. The summer and fall of 1862 witnessed great activity in recruiting men for the Avar. While the Ninety-third Regiment was being filled up, and after it had gone to the field, there were numerous other organizations bidding for raen. A great war raeeting was held August 9, 1862, at which, iu the absence of General Lew Wallace, who was expected, the meeting was addressed by a remarkably eloquent gentleman, a stranger to nearly all present, the Rev. C. B. Keyes, of Ncav York. In the after noon, Lieutenant-Governor Fisk, of Kentucky, delivered a speech, tracing the germ of secession back to the days of Jackson. He said that there was no such thing as conciliation. The Southern leaders spurned and spit upon Northern men as flunkies, who talked about conciliation. There was uo hope for the country except iu making war the business of the country. Colonel Anderson followed Lieutenant-Governor Fisk, and made a most eloquent appeal for the vigorous prosecution of the war. The Dayton Rangers were being recruited at the courthouse in MILITARY HISTORY. 295 August. The commissioned officers Avere: Captain, Daniel S. Thorne; first lieutenant, A. C. Fenner; second lieutenant, Henry Guckes. One hundred dollars bounty was oft'ered to married men. At the sarae time, Captain Joseph Staley, First Lieutenant F. W. Anderton, and Second Lieutenant Thomas StcAvart, were recruiting a company for the Eleventh Ohio Regiment. Another company Avas being raised by Captain William S. Louis, First Lieutenant lienry Callihan, and Second Lieutenant Will iam Hannon. Also one by Captain W. J. CallifloAver, First Lieutenant M. T. Hill, and Second Lieutenant Ames H. Hoft'man. The special induceraents off'ered for raen to join this company were tAvo hundred and twenty-seven dollars bounty to all who had families to support. Captain W. E. Wells, First Lieutenant Sraith Davidson, and Second Lieutenant R. G. Clark, were engaged in raising a company. Captain Daniel Rouzer, First Lieutenant J. D. Marshall, and Second Lieutenant Thomas Randall, were similarly engaged. Lieutenant A. Knecht, Jr., was at the sarae time recruiting a company for the Fifty-second Regiment, off'ering one hundred dollars bounty at the end of the war. On the 19th of August the military coraraittee coraraenced making arrangements for the first draft. Formal notice was given on the 22d that it Avould begin on Septeraber 3d. In order to make the draft impar tial among the. several counties ofthe State, it had been necessary to enroll all the citizens between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. The enrollment for Dayton, and the number of volunteers up to August 29, 1862, were as follows : WARDS. ENROLLMENT. VOLUNTEERS. First 440 365 462 583683 584 178 161 Third 162 Fourth 225 Fifth 293 Sixth - - - ''46 Total .3,117 1 265 E.xtra inducements were off'ered at this tirae so as to render the draft unnecessary if possible. To raarried raen, two hundred and tAventy-five dollars Avas off'ered, and to single raen, one hundred and forty-five dollars. Some were enlisting in obedience to the call of duty, others in order to save the county from the draft, while others Avere afflicted with various 296 HISTORY OF DAYTON. imaginary diseases in the hope of being thus relieved from the disagree able duty of fighting. The difficulty iu cases of this kind was that the examining officers could not see that the disease imagined to exist was sufficient reason for issuing a certificate of exemption. Meanwhile the soldiers in the field were enjoying themselves immensely at the prospect of some of their friends, who had refrained from entering the service of the government, either from personal or political motives, having to become active patriots albeit against their will. On the 1st of Septeraber, Carap Dayton was rapidly filling up, though it again became necessary for the people of Dayton to supply them with blankets and clothing, as the government was unable to prepare the quarters in the camp in tirae. On this day a meeting of the county commissioners was held, and it was resolved to increase the sura already authorized to be raised by the issue of conditional bonds, from fifty thousand dollars to sixty-five thousand dollars. An appeal was also made to the citizens to assist the commissioners, as there were at that time five hundred families of volunteers in the county dependent in part or wholly upon the public for means of support. The advance of Kirby Smith's army upon Cincinnati thoroughly aroused the citizens as to the danger Ohio Avas in of being invaded. A meeting was held at Armory Hall, September 1st, to consider the best means of defense. R. H. Corwin was made chairraan of the meeting and J. C. Healy secretary. On account of the slim attendance of citizens, those present adjourned to Beckel Hall in the evening, a committee having first been appointed to prepare business for the evening meeting. This committee consisted of Rev. Mr. Specs, E. S. Young, Judge Wood, J. A. Jordan, and G. G. Prugh. At the evening raeeting it was resolved that, in view of the impending danger of invasion of the State, all able- bodied men should enroll themselves for military discipline and drill, and hold themselves in readiness to go to the front at the call of the governor, and a committee of five was appointed to prepare an address to the citizens of Montgomery County, setting forth the necessity .of immediate action. This coraraittee consisted of Rev. Thoraas E. Thomas, John G. Lowe, Rufus King, Theodore Barlow, aud Judge Haynes. The address of this committee was published September 4th. It expressed the opinion that only the uprising of the entire community could prevent invasion. Every moment was precious. But the simple array of the citizens in arms would secure safety. It was the guerrilla and the raider that were to be prevented from entering Ohio; there Avas not so much to be feai-ed from the regular rebel army. Organization, drill, and arms were the great necessities. The battle with the advancing foe would have to be decided within a few days. MILITARY HISTORY. 297 The governor called out the militia of the river counties to stand guard over their homes against Kirby Smith and his approaching hordes. All armed raen that could possibly be in readiness by the 4th of Septem ber would be accepted by General Lew Wallace. Dayton was urged to send to Cincinnati by that day, every raan that could possibly get away. Under such appeals as these, meetings were held in each ward of the city, and each Avard raised at least one corapany for the defense of the State. .In the Second Ward nearly one hundred and fifty men were enrolled, and W. W. Woodward Avas chosen captain. In the Third Ward there Avere two meetings, and tAvo corapanies raised. Of Company A, D. J. Rouzer Avas elected captain. In the Sixth Ward, W. L. Winchell was elected captain of the company. Other wards did fully as well, and in the evening of the 4th, two hundred and fifty men left Dayton for Cincinuati, to prevent Kirby Smith from crossing the Ohio River. In the same evening, there was held a raeeting of German citizens at Beckel Hall for the purpose of forming a Home Guard Battalion of Gerraans, and on the 5th there was a Avar meeting held at the same place. Of this meeting Colonel D. S. Fitch Avas raade chairman, Robert Lehman, vice-chairman, and John P. Tolan, secretary. A coraraittee of three Avas appointed on resolutions, consisting of Hon. W. Ii. Gillespie, C. S. Chisora, and Ii. Elliott. This committee reported a series of four resolutions in favor of organizing, arming aud drilling the militia of the city and county ; of taking the steps necessary to organize a regiment under the military laAv of the State, and of arming and equipping it, ancl tendering its services to the governor of the State; of appointing a committee of five to carry this resolution into effect; and in favor of giving this committee authoritj' to appoint all ward committees necessary to secure the immediate organization of this regiment. The committee appointed under these resolutions, consisted of D. A. Houk, William W. Egry, Jonathan liarshnian, Dennis DAvyer, and Colonel Henry Miller. The result of these and similar eff'orts was, that from all parts of the State, men came to the front with all kinds of arfns, shot-guns, rifles, pistols, anything that came handy, and dressed in any kind of attire that happened to suit the occasion. So variously were they dressed, and so variously Avere they arnied, that they received the name of "Squirrel Hunters," but whether Kirby Smith's soldiers would have been as easily brought down at the crack of their rifles aud shot-guns as squirrels had frequently been on previous occasions, Avas never demonstrated, as they retreated southward without testing the valor of the "Squirrel Hunters." That this would be the case could not be foreseen in Dayton. Here it Avas by no means certain that Dayton itself might not be besieged. To 298 HISTORY 0^ DAYTON. guard against the possibility of such a contingency, there was held on the evening of September 6tli, a meeting to consider the best means of defend ing the city against an attacking rebel force. The question was, should Dayton procure three cannon for the defense of the city, which being decided in the affirmative, a committee of three from each ward was appointed to canvass for subscriptions to a fund for the purchase of the necessary cannon. The citizens did not, in their excitement, think that for them to attempt to defend the city against an invading army, should oue attack it, Avould be the most certain way of causing its destruction. Happily the occasion of putting their valor, or their wisdom, in- this matter to the test, never came. There was abundant opportunity, however, for testing their generosity in connection with this expected invasion of the State, in the numerous calls raade upon thera to feed the hungry regiments of " Squirrel Hunters " going to the front, aud right nobly did they respond to every call, no matter whether raade in the middle of the day or the middle of the night. One eff'ect of this rush of citizen-soldiers to the front was the post ponement of the draft for men to fill up the old regiments in the field. It was first postponed to the 15th of September, aud then to the 1st of October. Many thought that the government was merely threatening a draft for the sake of frightening men into the army, aud for this reason kept out of the array, thus, upon their own theory, making the draft a necessity so far as their owu course was concerned. Just previous to the first postponement, E. S. Young, draft coraraissioner for Montgoraery County, gave notice that all the wards of the city of Dayton were exempt from the draft except the Third and Fourth, the first lacking twelve men of having her quota full, and the second lacking five. On the 17th, notice was given that all the Avards of the city were exempt except the Third, which still lacked twelve raen. This ward, hoAvever, filled its quota before the draft calne off' on the 1st of October. After it had been concluded, there Avas great curiosity to know hoAv it all had been conducted; it Avas something ucav; it had not occurred before within the memory of the oldest inhabitant, hence the anxiety to learn the precise process, and the names of Uncle Sam's favorites, Avas perfectly natural aud commendable. The men were drafted for nine months, and the number drafted in Mont goraery County, curiously enough, numbered precisely six hundred and sixty-six. Opportunity was then given the drafted meu to enlist. The Dayton Light Guards were being recruited for the Eighty-fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry by B. W. Kerfoot, captain; Jaraes C. Turner, first lieutenant; Jaraes II. BroAvncll, second lieutenant. One hundred dollars government MILITARY HISTORY. 299 bounty was offered, two dollars premium, and one month's pay in advance. The field officers of this regiment were lialbert B. Case, colonel; Jaraes E. Piccard, Heutenant-colonel, and John H. Winder, raajor. J. D. Marshall was raising a corapany for the One Hundred and Twelfth Regiraent. Lieutenant Eiiiil Schmidt was recruiting a corapany for the Eighth Ohio Battery. Joseph Hess was raising a company for the One Hundred and Ninth Regiment, commanded by Colonel M. P. Nolan. Captain W. J. CallifloAver Avas recruiting a company for the One Hun dred and Twelfth Regiment; Captain John Birch for the Twenty-second, and ajso one for the Eighth Ohio Cavalry. Not all of the drafted men took matters with an undue amount of seriousness. On the 8th of October, those drafted in Miami Township came into Dayton in splendid style, preceded hy a four-horse omnibus bearing the Miamisburg Brass Band, which discoursed its sweetest music on the Avay. The drafted raen Avere in high spirits, and were, in mauy cases, accorapanied by their friends. After the excitement caused by the draft had subsided, there was excitement in the field of politics, over the election of a member of congress from the Third District. The Republican candidate was Major- General Robert C. Schenck, and the Democratic candidate the Hon. C. L. Vallandigham. The votes cast in Dayton for the former were as foHoAvs: First Ward, 233; Second Ward, 232; Third Ward, 283; Fourth Ward, 286; Fifth Ward, 392; Sixth Ward, 290. The total number of votes cast for General Schenck was 4,007. The number cast in Dayton for Mr. Vallandighara was as follows: First Ward, 220; Second Ward, 123; Third Ward, 190; Fourth Ward, 408; Fifth Ward, 373; Sixth Ward, 309. Total vote for VaHandigham, 4,972. The work of citizens of Dayton in aid of the families of her soldiers Avas so great, and the meetings held and eft'orts made were so numerous, that it is impracticable to set forth in detail all that was doue. The best that can be done in this Avork is to relate illustrative incidents, from which the reader must be permitted to infer the rest, and he will be in Httle danger of estimating the work done -at too large an amount, unless his imagination is exceedingly fertile. A soldiers' aid raeeting was held at the courthouse October 23, 1862, to devise means for the relief of the famiHes of the volunteers. Dr. Thomas was made chairraan of the raeet ing, and L. B. Gunckel, secretary. On raotion of John G. Lowe it was resolved that, in view of the distress araong the families of the volunteers, it was both expedient and necessary to increase the subscriptions to the county volunteer fund, adding thereto twenty thousand dollars immedi ately. E. S. Young, Esq., was appointed a committee to correspond Avith 300 HISTORY OF DAYTON. the authorities for the purpose of securing government employraent for the women and children of the volunteers. Messrs. Conover and John G. Lowe were appointed to wait upon the members of the legislature frora this county, and secure frora thera, if possible, pledges that they would use their best eft'orts to secure the legalization of the bonds issued by the county for the relief of the soldiers' farailies. A coraniittee of tAVO from each ward was then appointed to solicit subscriptions in the city for the immediate relief of such as were in the greatest need. Nearly three thousand dollars Avas subscribed at the nieeting. One of the obstacles to be overcome in raising recruits for the army, Avas closely connected with this matter of supplying the farailies of those who had already enlisted, and of those who might enlist. The few who were opposed to the war, Avere industriously engaged in circulating reports among the soldiers at the front, that their families at home were suff'ering frora the neglect of those Avho had promised that such a state of things should not exist Avhile they were absent in the army. This Avas done in order to induce desertion, ancl the circulation of the same stories at home had the effect, to some degree, of discouraging enlistraents. The difficulty Avas understood by sorae of those Avho had the cause of the government most at heart, but there were others who did not so fully realize this raatter, and then sorae of those who did realize it Avere uot able thera- selves to extend the needed aid. From all these causes there was considerable suff'ering that would not have existed had the loyal people been more fully aware of its existence, and there avus also suff'ering that would not have been permitted to continue, had others, avIio were Avilling, been able to relieve it. All these considerations, however, the soldiers could not be expected to take into account, and the result Avas that some of them thought that it Avas poor encourtigemcnt to fight for their country, if that country would permit their families needlessly to suff'er want. In order to relieve the families of suff'ering, and the soldiers of the painful consciousness that their families Avere suffering, the leading citizens, and the city and county authorities Avere untiring in their oavu efforts and in their a[)peals to all classes of their fellow-citizens. To this end a meeting was held on the 24th of October, 1862, and on the 27th of the sarae month the county commissioners issued an appeal to the people to furtlier aid in the good Avork. In connection Avith their appeal, they published a brief history of what had been done and gave a descrip tion of the condition in which man}^ of the soldiers' families were living. This was done because there had been an attempt made in certain quarters to throAV doubt upon the truth of the statements that there Avas MILITARY HISTORY. 30l as much distress existing as had been supposed. On December 6, 1862, a meeting of ladies Avas held for tlie purpose of carrying on this work. One feature of the ladies' plan Avas to ask each minister of a church in Dayton to request his congregation to take up a collection for the benefit of the poor of his parish, and to strive to develop a spirit of emulation among the churches as to Avhich Avould do the most in this direction. The Avork was continued at an adjourned raeeting held on the 8th of the same month. After the draft, which occurred on the 1st of October, there was but little recruiting in Dayton during the remainder of the year. In December, 1862, there were tAventy-two men recruited here for the One Hundred and Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers. This regiment, at the battle of Chickamauga, lost one hundred and thirty-eight officers and raen. In January, 1863, an officer of the Tenth Tennessee Infantry came to Dayton to organize a brass band for his regiment, Avhich Avas known as Governor Andrew Johnson's Body Guard. He secured seven raen in Daj'ton and ten in Gerniantown. During the winter of 1862-1863 the various soldiers' aid societies published reports of the amount of AVork they had done, usually for the preceding six months. The Soldiers' Aid Society, as it Avas called until other societies of a similar nature were organized, Avhen it took the narae of the First Soldiers' Aid Society, published a report in January, 1863, of the amount of Avork it had done from August 15, 1862, to January 2, 1863. It had sent boxes of provisions, clothing, and other necessities to the Cincinnati commission, to ' the Ninety-third Regiment, to the First Ohio Regiraent, aud to the hospital at Nashville, Tennessee. The list of articles sent to these places was very large. The treasurer's report showed that there had been received in money $707.20, most of which, $582.37, M'as by individual subscriptions. The expenditures during the same tirae had been $624.46. After the reading of these reports, the folloAving officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, Mrs. Richard Bates; vice-president, Mrs. E. Thresher; secretary, Mrs. Wilbur Conover; treasurer, Mrs. R. R. Dickej'. The board of managers, elected at the same tirae, consisted of ten ladies. The Second Ladies' Aid Society Avas organized at a date- previously given in these pages. It made a report February 7, 1863, of Avhat it had accomplished in the six nionths since the time of its organization. The total cash receipts of its treasurer had been $1,329.44, of Avhich sura Mrs. H. Wyatt had collected $1,197.50. Its disburseraents had been $1,058.92. The Ladies' Benevolent Society was organized December 29, 1862, 302 HISTORY OF DAYTON. for the purpose of relieving the distress that existed among the Avorth}' poor. This society divided the city up into districts, and appointed a coraraittee of ladies for each of the districts. Mrs. Dr. Steele was president of the society; Mrs. C. II. CraAvford, secretary, and John Ii. Winters, treasurer. The treasurer's report, raade February 14, 1863, showed that the receipts up to that tirae had been $677.35, and that he had paid out $684.31. The Oregon Aid Society, an account of the organization of Avhich has been given, raade its semi-annual report February 24, 1863. Since August 26, 1862, the date when they commenced their labors, they had sent to the soldiers in the field large quantities of all kinds of clothing and other necessities. They had received in money $440.90,. and had expended $390.40. The officers elected to serve during the next term were Mrs. T. N. Sowers, president; Mrs. J. R. Hoglen, vice-president; Mrs. D. L. Rike, secretary, aud Mrs. E. Heathraan, treasurer. The board of managers elected at the same time consisted of twelve ladies. An incident of considerable interest at the tirae of its occurrence, was the arrival in the city from the array of General Rosecrans, ou Friday evening, March 13, 1863, of Mr. J. W. Dietrich, with packages, letters, etc., for soldiers' families, containing tAventy thousand dollars for distribu tion among thera. The envelopes Avere marked with their respective amounts of money, and the money was carefully packed about the person of Mr. Dietrich. There Avere packages, letters, etc., for more than three hundred different persons, all of which Avere properly delivered to the intended parties. A great mass meeting was held Saturday night, March 21, 1863, at which a Union Association, or Union League, was formed. The principal speakers were J. A. Jordan and Colonel Charles Anderson. A committee was appointed to draft a constitution for the league, consisting of S. Craig head, Y. V. Wood, Jacob Dietrich, Jaraes Dietrich, and Warren Munger. Articles of association and by-laAvs were adopted, b}' Avliich the condition of membership Avas made unqualified loyalty to the governraent, and unwavering support of its efforts to suppress the rebellion, and the priraary principle of the association Avas to discountenance and rebuke by raoral and social influences, all disloyalty to the federal governraent. A coraraittee of one frora each ward Avas appointed to nominate officers for the league, these gentlemen being as foHoAvs, named in the order of the nuraber of the Avards: John Morehouse, Charles Harries, V. Winters, Alexander Gebhart, Christian Kneisly, and B. F. Wait. The league was organized March 28, lH(i3, by the election of the foHoAving officers nominated by the committee: Presideut, E. W. Davies; vice-presidents MILITARY HISTORY. 303 — one from each Avard — A. M. C. MathcAvs, H. W. R. Bruuer, George W. Rogers, W. S. Phelps, A. G. Walden, Henry Guckes; recording secre taries, S. C. Brumbaugh and J. W. Dietrich; corresponding secretary, A. C. Hueppman; treasurer, V. Winters. An executive committee Avas appointed, consisting of Lewis B. Gunckel, J. A. Jordan, E. A. McCain, Samuel H. Boltin, M. Burrous, H. S. FoAvler, Warren Munger, Christian Grosse, John S. Morehouse, Nicholas Viot, J. B. Morrison, and Augustus Kuhns. There Avas considerable exciteraent about this tirae, because of the extraordinarily large sale of flrearras and araraunition in the city. Even to those who did not knoAV Avhat was going on, it was impossible not to knoAV that it Avas for no ordinary purpose. It was not for hunting purposes, because the season for hunting was over. As much as five hundred dollars' worth of revolvers were being disposed of every week, and in some instances one man would buy as much as five pounds of powder. The simultaneity of the raoveraent showed that there was a general understanding. To a great extent, the demand was from the country. It was well known that at that time the Knights of the Golden Circle Avere making preparations for resistance to the national authority. It was also well known that there was a lodge of the Knights in, or near Dayton, which was holding nightly vigils within one raile of the courthouse, and it was the raost natural thing in the world to connect the unusual sale of arms and ammunition, and the existence of this lodge. It was not long after this time, until the loyal people of the county made a characteristic deraonstration also. During the latter part of March and first part of April, 1863, the relief coraraittee succeeded in awakening among the farmers a laudable desire to do soraething for the benefit of the families of the soldiers in the Avar, and the result Avas, that a concerted eff'ort was made to shoAv what could be done. The farmers agreed to bring wood aud provisions to the city, and place all in charge of the relief committee for distribution. The plan of those having the matter in charge, was to have a grand procession, consisting ofthe farm wagons loaded with wood, pro visions, etc., as they came into toAvn. The procession formed at the head of Main Street, on the 11th of April, a little before 12 m., and raoved down Main Street to Fifth, on Fifth to Jeff'erson, on Jeff'erson to Third, on Third to the public landing, and there unloaded. The delegation frora Beaver town came into town headed by the band, Avhich went out to meet them. It consisted of forty-one loads of wood and ten spring wagon loads of provis ions. As it passed along the streets, it was greeted with cheers and the waving of handk,^rchiefs. The procession comraenced moving at 1 p. m., the Brantford wagon taking the lead. This wagon carried three cords of 304 ' HISTORY OF DAYTON. wood, and w;is drawn by six horses. Seated upon the load Avas Samuel D. Edgar, holding the United States flag in oue hand, and his hat in the other, his gray hair streaming in the breeze. After the Beavertown delegation, carae the delegation from Madison township, Avhich made a very long line. There Avere in the procession oue hundred and thirty-three wagons at the start, and while the procession was moving, enough other wagons joined itto in crease the nuraber to one hundred and forty -two wagon loads of Avood, all of which were unloaded at the landing. Besides these, there were several wagon loads of provisions. There were about four hun dred contributors, and the relief coraniittee reported that there Avere about four hundred soldiers' families in their charge. It was evident, therefore, that the provisions so generously donated to the cause, would not go very far with so many mouths to feed. The committee, therefore, felt justified in making another appeal to the public for provisions to feed the huugiy. The wood was distributed mostly ou the 13th of April, at the rate of one third of a cord to a family. On the sarae day that the wood was distributed as above described, the Ladies' Benevolent Society made a report of their Avork for the preceding four months. They had, so far as lay in their power, relieved the necessi ties of two hundred and fifty families, and had expended $1,144.10 out of a total receipt of $1,220.75. Mrs. L. Steele was the president of the society, Mrs. C. H. Crawford secretary, and Mrs. John H. Winters treasurer. A pleasant incident occurred in Daytou on the 21st of this month. It was the presentation of a.sAvord to Captain John U. Kreidler. The sword was a beautiful pearl-mounted one, and there Avere presented besides, a belt aud a fine Smith and Wesson revolver. The sword bore the following inscription : " Presented to Captain John U. Kreidler, of Dayton, Ohio, by his friends and loyal felloAV-citizens." There Avere implicated in this kindly piece of business about two hundred citizens of Dayton, and the present ation committee consisted of H. Gebhart, W. Dixon, aud D. W. Iddings. Frora this time on, the year 1863 Avas far from being devoid of events of stirring interest. For the purpose of preventing as far as possible the continuance of a groAving evil — the inducement of soldiers to desert, and the discouragement of enlistments. General Burnside, Avhose headquarters were at Cincinnati, on the 13th of April, issued Avhat' be^me his famous " General Order No. 38." This order provided that persons found within the lines of the array committing acts for the benefit of the enemies of the country, would be tried as spies and deserters, aud if convicted, would suffer death. Under this heading there Avere numerous classes of persons specified. The paragraph in the order, which eventually had the most interest to the people of Dayton, was the following: MILITARY HISTORY. 305 " The habit of declaring sympathy for the enemy will no longer be tolerated in this department. Persons committing such off'enses will at once be arrested with a vicAV of being tried as above stated, or sent beyond our lines into the lines of their friends. It must be distinctly understood that treason expressed or implied, will not be tolerated in this department." It was generally understood that this order of General Burnside was at the tirae of its issue, airaed raore particularly at the Hon. Clement L. Vallandighara, that gentleman being the raost conspicuous of those Avho, within the General's department, Avere "declaring sympathy" for the enemies of the country. But if this understanding of General Burnside's intention in its issue Avere correct, it did not deter Mr. Vallandigham from the expression of his opinions as to the necessity or policy of the Avar. A[>ril 30, 1863, was appointed by President Lincoln as a clay of humiliation and prayer throughout the countr}'. On this day, Mr. Vallandigham made a speech at Colurabus, Ohio, to an assemblage of his felloAV-citizens, in which he denounced the order of General Burnside and the courts-martial to try violations of the order. On the next day, at Mount Vernon, Mr. Vallandigham addressed another assemblage of citizens, and in the course of his address, as Avas proved in his trial, made use of the foHoAving expressions: "This war is a cruel, Avicked, and unnecessary Avar;" "a Avar not being waged for the preservation of the Union;" "a Avar for the purpose of crushing out liberty and the establishment of a despotism; " " a war for the liberty of the blacks and the enslavement of the whites." He also said, that if the administration had so Avished, the war could have been brought to an honorable termination months ago, etc. With reference to General Order Nuraber 38, he said that it was a base usurpation of arbitrary authority, and invited his hearers to resist the same by saying: " The sooner the people inform the minions of usurped poAver that they will not submit to such restrictions upon their liberties, the better." The response of General Burnside Avas very prompt Avith reference to the enforcement of his order. On the 5th of May, 1863, Mr. Vallandig ham was arrested at his home in Dayton, Ohio, about three o'clock in the morning. There were about one hundred and Mty soldiers in. the body that eff'ected' the arrest, Mr. Vallandighara tbeing taken to Cincinnati for trial by a military commission. There had been for a year or more a growing dissatisfaction with the government with reference to its war policy even among its friends, and their discontent, added to the open hostility to the war as a war, raade the eneraies of the administration appear more numerous than they really Avere. The feeling caused by the arrest of Mr. Vallandigham Avas therefore exceedingly intense and bitter. Throughout the day messengers Avere sent out into the country to bring 306 HISTORY OF DAYTON. in as many as possible of those Avho thus felt bitterly toward the govern ment, for the purpose of organizing a mob for the destruction of the Journal office, as that paper had, through thick and thin, through evil and good report, sustained the adrainistration in its efforts to suppress the rebellion, and had raade itself especially obnoxious to those Avho, for one reason or another, had persistently opposed the suppression of the rebellion. The Empire, which had been Mr. Vallandighara's staunch friend from the beginning of the war, expressed the sentiments of the raost deter mined opponents of the war, in the evening of the arrest, in the foHoAving language: "Neither Mr. Vallandighara nor his friends Avould have off'ered any resistance to his arrest by due process of laAV. He has told them time and again that if be was guilty of treason under the constitution, he was ready, at all times, to be tried according to that instrument. But they have disregarded all law and usages of laAV in his arrest. No charges were preferred; he Avas not told for Avhat crirae he Avas arrested, dragged from his family and friends, in the dead of night. lie Avas simply informed that Burnside had ordered it. Does Burnside or any other raan hold the lives and liberties of this people in his hands? Are we no longer free men, but vassals and slaves of a militar}- despotism? These are questions that will uoav be decided, if the spirit of the men who purchased our freedom through the fiery ordeal of the Revolution, still lives in the hearts of the people, as we believe it does. Then all will yet be Avell, for it avHI hurl defiance at such military despotism, and rescue through blood and carnage, if it must be, our uoav endangered liberties. CoAvards are not deserving of liberty, brave men cannot be enslaved. In our opinion the tirae is near at hand, much nearer than unthinking people suppose, when it will be decided whether Ave are to remain free, or bare our necks to the despot's heel. The contest Avill be a powerful one. It Avill involve the loss of many lives and imraense destruction of property. Men in affluence to-day will be beggars to-raorroAv. There will be more orphans and widows, tears, raoans, and suffering; but the meu who love liberty wiH emulate the spirit and daring of the immortal heroes of the Revolution and make the willing sacrifice. . . . We knoAV the raen here who have been raainly instrumental in having this hellish outrage perpetrated, and by the Eternal, they Avill yet rue the day they let their party malice lead them as accomplices into the scheme of depriving by force, as loyal a citizen as they dare be, of his liberty," etc. The 'consequence of the feeling, intensified by the arrest of Mr. Val landighara, Avhich is portrayed in the above extract from the Empire, was the assembling in the evening of the same day the arrest Avas made and MILITARY HISTORY. 307 the above extract appeared, of a mob Avhich raade an attack on the office of the Dayton Journal and completely destroyed it. The proprietors lost about ten thousand dollars, including fifteen hundred copies of the " Life and Speeches of Thoraas CorAvin," a coraplete set of Niles' Register, and a rare and valuable library. One of the most aggravating features connected with the riot was that there was apparently no eff'ort raade by the city authorities to prevent the organization, or to dissuade it frora the perpetration of the crime. The result was, hoAvever, that on the 6th, by special order No. 146 from General Burnside's headc^uarters, Montgomery County was placed under martial law. Major Keith, of the One Hundred and Seventeenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Avith an adequate force of sol diers, being appointed provost marshal of the county. While Mr. Vallandigham was held a prisoner, awaiting trial before the military comraission, application was made iu the United States cir cuit court for a writ of habeas corpus, directed to General Burnside, requiring him to produce the body of Mr. Vallandigham in court. Judge Leavitt, of this court, refused the writ, and said in the concluding portion of his decision so refusing: "There is too much pestilential leaven of disloyalty in the com munity. There is a class of men in the loyal States Avho seem to have no just appreciation of the deep criminality of those who are in arms avowedly for the overthroAV of the government and the establishment of a Southern Confederacy, and they will uot, I fear, listen to any right estimate of their duties and obligations as American citizens, to a gov ernment which has strcAvn its blessings with a profuse hand. . . . For the reason that I have set forth, I am led clearly to the conclusion that I cannot judicially pronounce the order of General Burnside for the arrest of Mr. Vallandigham, a nullity, and must therefore hold that no sufficient gromid has been exhibited for granting the writ applied for. And I raay properly add here, that I am fortified in my conclusion by the fact that the legislature of Ohio, at its last session, passed two statutes in Avhich the validity and legality of arrests in this State under military authority are distinctly sanctioned." This decision was rendered May 16, 1863. The commission, before which Mr. Vallandighara was tried, found him guilty of the charge of uttering disloyal sentiraents, and sentenced hira to be placed in close confineraent in sorae fortress of the United States, to be designated by the coraraanding officer of the department, and there to be kept during the continuance of the war. The finding was confirmed by General Burn side, and Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, selected as the fortress in which Mr. Vallandigham should be confined. 308 HISTORY OP DAYTON. The sentence of close confineraent Avas, however, changed to that of sending Mr. Vallandighara into the Southern Confederacy, and on the 24th of May, 1863, he arrived at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, in charge of Captain Murray, of the Thirteenth Regular Infantrj', and was taken to the office of the provost raarshal, where General Wiles and General Rosecrans called upon him. Next raorning he Avas turned over to a private soldier of the Fifty-first Alabama Regiment, and sorae tirae afterward carae to Windsor, Canada, where he remained until after the result of the election for governor of Ohio was announced, he being the candidate for governor on the Democratic ticket. The vote cast for Brough in the A'arions AA'ards in Dayton at that election Avas as foHoAvs: First Ward, 244; Second Ward, 283; Third Ward, 346; Fourth Ward, 304; Fifth Ward, 408; Sixth Ward, 3^; total, 1,916. The vote cast for Vallandigham Avas as foHoAvs: First Ward, 216; Second Ward, 138; Third Ward, 170; Fourth Ward, 403; Fifth Ward, 387; Sixth Ward, 355; total, 1,639. The total vote iu the county for Brough was 5,092, and for Vallan- dingham, 5,025. June 1, 1863, General Burnside issued Order Number 84, forbidding the circulation of the Ncav York World in his department, and suppress ing the Chicago Times. In accordance with the order of the coraraanding general. Major F. M. Keith, provost marshal of Montgomer}' County, issued his General Order Number 4, prohibiting all postmasters, ucavs agents, aud other persons froiii delivering, selling, or circulating in any way, either of the two papers. On the 21st of June, Special Order Nuraber 240 Avas issued, relieving the county frora the operation of raartial law. About the 15th of June, 1863, there Avas great alarm felt throughout the country on account of General Lee's threatened invasion of the North. In order to meet this emergency. President Lincoln called ou the various loyal States for three hundred thousand railitia for six months, of which nuraber Ohio was expected to furnish thirty thousand. The governor, therefore, called for this nuraber on the 15th ofthe month, and designated Camp Dennison as the rendezvous for all that might respond from Montgomery County, and fifteen other counties in the soutliAvest portion of the State. The military companies of the several countie^ Avere specially requested to exert themselves to secure a prompt response to the call. The press urged young men to drop their ploAvs and seize their muskets, for the old men and the women Avould take care of the harvests. Workiugmen were urged to drop their irapleraents of labor and flock to the defense of the country, in Avhich they had a deeper interest than even their employers. MILITARY HISTORY. 309 Business men, professional men, and all were called upon in that hour of emergency to rally round the flag and rescue the country from the danger that threatened. In the evening after Governor Tod's call was issued, both militia corapanies then in Dayton, raet and tendered their services to the governor to ^o anyAvhere, for any length of time. The reply carae back immedi ately, that the call was only for volunteers in the regular service for six months, and that militia com[)anies could not be received. Matters continued in about this shape until after the great defeat of Lee's invading army at Gettysburg, which caused the greatest rejoicing in Dayton. Quiet was then for a time restored, but not for a long time, for on the 13th of July the call "To arms! to arras!''' rang through the southern half of the State on account of the commencement of General John II. Morgan's raid. The call was issued by the military committee, of Avhich D. A. Haynes was chairraan, and E. S. Young secretary. Mayor Gillespie proclairaed raartial laAvin Dayton. It was stated upon apparently good authority that Morgan's forces were within a day's raarch of the city, aud the exciteraent was of course intense. All the original militia companies ofthe State were called out by the governor, to report forthAvith at Camp Dennison. Companies A ancl B left Daytou, July 13tb, for the rendezvous. As it Avas thought General Morgan's line of raarch AVOuld be through Hamilton, Major Keith, Avith two corapanies of infantry, one of them mounted, started for Hamilton, July 13th, at midnight. General Morgan camped on the hills five miles frora Loveland on that day, ancl on the 14th reached GeorgetoAvn, BroAvn County. He did not, hoAvever, corae very near this city, and, besides the excitement and the rather rough experience of the militia cora panies that went in search of him and did not find him, the residents of the city suff'ered no harm. Morgan's/ raid finally came to an end July 26,1863. He Avas intercepted one aud a half miles frora SaliuevHle, Ohio, by Major W. B. Way, of the First Michigan Cavalry, who succeeded in enticing hira into an engagement which lasted about an hour, with the result to Morgan's forces of a loss of tAventy-five killed, fifty wounded, and tAvo hundred prisoners, the rest escaping. Afterward, on the same day, Brigadier-General J. H. Shackelford came up with the balance of Morgan's forces, and succeeded in capturing the command, about four hundred strong, about three miles south of Ncav Lisbon, Ohio. Six car loads of Morgan's raen as prisoners passed through Dayton for Johnson's Island on the 27th of the same month. In the meantime, such of the citizens as had horses and could secure guns, Avere organized intO a company of scouts, and Avent out into the country to look for Morgan, and to patrol the roads. They reached 310 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Middletown at night, and scoured the country as far west as Winchester, being mistaken for Morgan's raiders. They returned to Dayton in the evening of the 14th. The six months' cavalry recruits were organized into a corapany and Avere sent in pursuit of the raiders. They captured fifteen of thera and turned thera over to General Burnside and returned to Dayton. While the recruits and the railitia companies were absent, all the able-bodied raen reraaining at home Avere organized into companies aud squads for defense. Pickets were thrown out ou all the roads, and the entire surrounding country thoroughly patroled. The "outpost" doAvn the river road became alarraed at soraething, was reinforced and held in line of battle until daylight behind the fence, only to find at last that the cause of alarm was three cows feeding along the road. Under a new militia law, then recentlj' passed, each ward in Dayton was, on the 9th of July, divided into military districts. Each district was required to organize a company of militia, which was corapleted on the 15th of the month by the election of officers, as folloAvs: First Ward — First District: Captain, R. M. Marshall; first lieu tenant, J. BisliAvilder; second lieutenant, W. J. Comstock. Second District: Captain, McCormick; first lieutenant, J. M. McCarthy; second lieutenant, Charles Jones. Third District: Captain, W. S. Tiff'any; first lieutenant, George Simraons; second lieutenant, J. E. Ross. Fourth District: Captain, A. M. Miserner; first lieutenant, George Matthews; second Heutenant, Thomas Randall. Second Ward — First District: Captain, J. W. Hall; first lieutenant, W. C. Howard; second lieutenant, S. C. Dickson. Third Ward — First District, Captain J. P. Dietz; first lieutenant, W. Woodbridge; second lieutenant, Daniel Heinz. Second District: Captain C. Bradley; first lieutenant, E. D. Kiefer; second lieutenant, John Achey. Third District: Captain, John Mclntire; first lieutenant, James Wam- wope, second lieutenant, Thomas D. Hall. Fourth Ward — First District: Captain EdAvard Daley ; first lieutenant, L. Seebohra; second Heutenant, A. K. Rouzer. Second District: Captain, Z. Zinc; first lieutenant, J. E. Boyer; second Heutenant, A. Freundhoff. Third District: Captain, Ezra Clark; first Heutenant, R. Baker; second lieutenant, M. Wolf Fourth District: Captain, J. C. Turner; first Heutenant, G. W. Boyer; second lieutenant, George Bish. Fifth Ward— First District; Captain, J. W. Butt; first lieutenant, Elias Ileathniau; second lieutenant, II. K. Greble. Second District: Captain, J. C. Baird; first lieutenant, B. F. Hoar; second lieutenant, J. M. Wolf. Third District: Captain, Amos Clark i first lieutenant, D. C. military history. 311 Taft; second lieutenant, Henry Schlaman. Fourth District: Captain, J. M. Clayton; first lieutenant, D. Bartell; second lieutenant, L. Butz, Jr. Sixth Ward — First District: Captain, Daniel J. Rouzer; first lieu tenant, J. Washington; second lieutenant, Joseph Rayraond. Second District: Captain, W. N. Love; first lieutenant, P. Eicher; second lieutenant, J. Martin. Third District: Captain, Henry Berry; first lieutenant, Joseph Glaser; second lieutenant, William Zeigler. Fourth District: Captain, W. R. Bennett; first lieutenant, H. Timmerraan ; second Heutenant, Williara Menke. On the 20th of July, 1868, the railitary committee ordered that the company of volunteers, which had been recruited by J. Ii. Thomas, Charles D. Herrman, and WiHiara Barnett, meet at the Independent Engine House on the 22d, at one p. m., for the purpose of electing, by ballot, one captain, one first lieutenant, and one second lieutenant. The result of the election was that C. D. Herrman was elected captain; J. H. Thomas, first lieutenant, and C. R. Hickler, second lieutenant. In August, 1863, there were organized in Montgomery County seven regiments of militia, two of Avhich, the Sixth and Seventh, were organ ized in Dayton. The officers of the Sixth Regiraent were as foHows: Colonel, J. K. Mclntire; Heutenant-colonel, Oscar Bennett; raajor, R. M. Marshall. Of the Seventh Regiraent the officers were: Colonel, D. A. Houk; Heutenant-colonel, J. Ii. Stoppelman; major, W. N. Love. On the 2d of September, 1863, great excitement was caused by the shooting of Second Lieutenant George L. Waterman, of Company C, One Hundred and Fifteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, by Thoraas Spiel- man. First Lieutenant John Eadie, of the same corapany, Avas provost marshal at the time, and about midnight started out after some men who were creating a disturbance iu the vicinity of his headquarters, followed by Lieutenant Waterman. The men whora these two officers were pur suing, fired upon them and hit the latter, wounding hira so that he died on the 19th of the month. Immediately after the shooting, Spielraan was arrested by Lieutenant Eadie, Avho held hira as a prisoner, notAvith- standing a Avrit of habeas corpus was granted for Spielraan by Judge Haynes, of the superior court. The provost raarshal preferred to wait until he could hear frora General J. D. Cox as to the course to be pur sued. Deputy Sheriff' Kelly, considering it his duty to execute the Avrit, made a requisition upon Lieutenant-Colonel Culbert, coraraanding the Second Regiment Ohio Volunteer Militia, to assist him in its execution. But upon a statement of the facts connected with the shooting being made by Lieutenant Eadie to General Cox, the general ordered that Spielraan be turned over to the civil authorities for trial. Spielman was 312 HISTORY OF DAYTON. then lodged in jail to await the action of Judge Haynes, the charge against him being "shooting Avitli intent to kill Lieutenant Waterman." Spielman Avas admitted to bail in the sum of tAvo hundred dollars, and, upon preliminary examination, discharged. Samuel D. Edgar has been mentioned earlier in these pages, in connection with the large wood procession of April 12, 1863. Again, on the 21st of October, in the same year. General Edgar proposed that on the first Saturday in November, every man who had a load of Avood to spare for the families of the soldiers, should meet at the head of Main Street and repeat the performance of the previous April. Comraittees were appointed to solicit subscriptions, one for each road leading out of Daytou, to the number of seventeen. The wood and relief committee held a raeeting November 5th, to make final arrangements for the deraon stration and the distribution of the donations, Avhich were to occur on the 7th. Samuel D. Edgar Avas the general comrauuding, and J. W. Dietrich, secretary. For the day of the procession, J. W. Dietrich Avas chief marshal, and his assistants Avere Thoraas Schaeff'er, B. F. Eaker, and Ii. W. R. Brunner. The order of the procession was the same as that of the previous one. It was headed by Hawkins' Springfield cornet band, Avliich outdid itself in the quality of its music. Then came Prof Keifer and the Glee Club, in Gillis'- large omnibus, singing a song called the " Wood Song," composed for the occasion by Prof Keifer. General Edgar then foHoAved in a tAvo-horse carriage, bearing aloft the beautiful flag of Company B. Next in order Avere several dray loads of flour. Next Avas the main part of the procession, consisting of three hundred and tAventy-five loads of Avood, and then fifty-six other wagons loaded Avith various kinds of furni produce. It Avas certainly one of the largest aff'airs of the kind that occurred in the State, aud the Dayton Journal felt justified in challenging the Avorld to produce such another patriotic demonstration. Aiiother manner in which patriotism manifested itself at this time, in connection Avith, or rather as a result of this wood demonstration, was in the organization araong the boys of Avood sawing and splitting companies. The first company was organized November 9th, and it called itself the "Oregon Bucks." Its captain was Alexander Tucker; first lieutenant, Charley Baird, and Orderly Sergeant, Jacob Bowman. There Avere thirty-seven members in the company. The "West Enders" Avere organized November 10th, aud consisted of forty boys. John Waymire Avas the captain; Joseph McKee, first lieutenant; WiH DarroAV, second lieutenant, aud William McCane, orderly sergeant. Other companies organized were the "Frenchtown Rangers," "Water Street Bucks," "Bucklot Itangers," "Buckeye Rangers," "Central Club,"' "Oregon MILITARY HISTORY. 313 Champions," "Independent Rangers," and "Red Rovers." These com panies were organized into a regiraent on the 16th of Noveraber, and named the First Regiment of Woodsawyers. The officers Avere as follows: Colonel, Charley Pearson ; Heutenant-colonel, Charlie McReynolds; major, Frank Pease; adjutant, John Waymire. These boys thus organized, performed a great and very acceptable labor in sawing, splitting, and piling the wood distributed among the soldiers' families. The next event in the history of the city which had for its object the benefiting of the soldiers' families, was the great Soldiers' Fair and Bazaar. Preparations for this bazaar Avere begun at least as early as November 21st, for on that day a meeting of several ladies' aid societies was held in the Council Chamber. D. A. Haynes was made chairman of the meeting, and Mrs. Carnell, secretary. A resolution was passed to the eff'ect that all the merabers of the several aid societies pledge theraselves to use every exertion in town and country to enlist all fathers, husbands, brothers, and sweethearts, and also, all mothers, wives, sisters, and daugh ters in the noble enterprise then in contemplation, and to give their time and labor with the vicAv of making it a brilliant success. An organization was effected by the election of Judge D. A. Haynes, president; and Mrs. Bates, Mrs. Wyatt, and Mrs. Sowers, presidents respectively, of the three ladies' aid societies, and Mrs. Carnell and J. W. Dietrich, secretaries. On the 23d of the raouth au executive committee of sixty merabers was appointed, as foHoAvs: Mrs. Bates, Mrs. Wyatt, Mrs. Sowers, Mrs. Judge Brown, Mrs. Dr. Smith, Mrs. Dr. Carnell, Mrs. A. C. Van Doren, Mrs. Jaraes Perrine, Mrs. E. Thresher, Mrs. S. Craighead, Mrs. Robert Dickey, Mrs. N. B. Darst, Mrs. Simon Gebhart, Mrs. David CarroH, Mrs. Hawkins, Mrs. E. Heathraan, Mrs. Wilbur Conover, Mrs. Raymond, Mrs. William Dickey, Mrs. M. Burrous, Mrs. Jacob Decker, Mrs. Adams JcAvett, Mrs. WilHam Bomberger, J. W. Dietrich, R. W. Steele, Jaraes McDaniel, WHHam Dixon, R. G. Corwin, Samuel Craighead, Valentine Winters, J. D. PhiHips, T. A. Phillips, Harvey Conover, Caleb Parker, H. L. Brown, Frank Eaker, lienry Stoddard, G. W. Rogers, R. A. Kerfoot, T. S. Babbitt, D. E. Mead, B. F. Wait, Judge Boltin, Jaraes DarroAv, M. Burrous, W. D. Bickhara, Frank Heckler, Joel Holden, Isaac Kiersted, Sarauel D. Edgar, C. Ii. Kielmeier, Josiah Gebhart, C. Herchelrode, R. M. Marshall, George Lehman, John L. Martin, W. R. Brunner, E. C. Swalem, John Dodds, aud J. B. Pitts. The executiA'^e committee raet the next day and appointed a list of sub-committees, and a coraraittee of five was appointed to give names to these various sub-committees. On the 25th, the executive committee met again and appointed the following permanent officers, and named the 22 314 HISTORY OF DAYTON. coraraittees: President, D. A. Haynes; vice-presidents, Mrs. Wyatt and Mrs. Sowers; treasurer, John L. Martin; secretaries, Mrs. H. D. Carnell and J. W. Dietrich; corresponding secretary, Henry Stoddard, Jr. The committees were named as follows: On Appeal and Circulars; on Finance; on Pictures and Arts; Flags and Trophies; Jewelry and Fancy Articles; Machinery; Tables, Dining Hall, etc.; Wood and Produce; Booths and Stands; Tableaux and Charades; BuHdings, Halls, etc.; Donations; Dining-room Table, etc.; Decorations. A number of these coraraittees were afterward divided into smaller sub-comraittees. An address was raade to the people of the county by the committee, in which they made a gloAving appeal, and in which they praised in the highest terms the patriotism of the soldiers in the field, and set forth the great debt the country owed to thera for protection against the rebel array. On the 30th of November, a meeting was held, at which the policy of the committee was given shape in the following resolution: "That the proceeds of the fair and bazaar be devoted to the support of the soldiers' families in this county, and for sanitary purposes, the amounts to be hereafter decided, and to be disbursed through the agency of the ladies' soldiers' aid societies of this city." It was then decided to open the bazaar on the evening before Christmas and continue it until Saturday night after New Year's. From this tirae on until the opening of the fair, all the coraraittees were kept busy in making their preparations. Donations of all kinds kept pouring in from all directions. The fair really began on the 21st of December, with the presentation of the noble cantata of "Esther," by local talent. It was again rendered on the evening of the 22d, and won raany words of praise. On the regular opening night of the fair, December 23d, the receipts were $218.45, and up to and including the 26th, they had reached $1,354.40. Up to and including the 29th, the receipts aggregated about twelve thousand dollars. New Year's night at the bazaar was a memorable one. The story of " GeneA^ra" Avas given in pantomine. Miss Turpin sang the "Mistletoe Bough;" tAvo gentlemen sang "Johnny Smoker," besides which there Avere other songs, and some fine music by Professor Pierson's Juvenile Band. The next night there was a similar entertainment. At a raeeting of the executive committee, held Januaiy 6th, the foHowing appropriations Avere raade: For the purchase of wood, one thousand dollars— coraraittee, Mr. Kielraeier, Sarauel D. Edgar, and M. Burrous; for the purchase of flour, twelve hundred dollars, the flour to be distributed by Sarauel D. Edgar on orders from the relief committee; and nine hundred doHars Avas distributed anioua' the three ladies' aid MILITARY HISTORY. 315 societies for the purchase of shoes and clothing to supply the immediate necessities of the soldiers' families in the city of Dayton. J. L. Martin was excused frora serving longer as treasurer, and authorized to turn over all funds in his hands to the general treasurer, V. Winters. A statement was published about this tirae, shoAving what had been received by the various booths. It was as follows: Quaker booth, $218.20; American, $428.15; German, $415; French, $263; Scotch, $262.79; gypsy, $257.15; Chinese, $421.05; Russian, $295.70; Turkish, $523.95; children's, $135.60; flowers and fruit, $292; jewelry, $315.65; ice cream, $1,093.80; dining-room, $1,173.80; candy and fancy goods, $178.35; tobacco, $369.72; books and pictures, $545.48; miscellaneous, $1,091; cantata, $238. Total, $8,518.39. On the 11th of January, an association was formed, which was named the Ladies' Relief Association for the Farailies of the Soldiers, by the election of the following officers: President, Mrs. Dr. Adams JcAvett; vice-president, Mrs. Dr. E. Smith; treasurer, Mrs. N. B. Darst; secretary, Mrs. E. Thresher. Comraittees for the separate wards were formed as follows: First Ward, Mrs. P. Smith and Mrs. Haas; Second Ward, Mrs. Jane Dickson; Third Ward, Mrs. Dr. Smith and Mrs. Craighead; Fourth Ward, Mrs. E. W. Davies, Mrs. Josiah Gebhart, Mrs. J. W. Dietrich, and Mrs. A. Zeller; Fifth Ward, Mrs. Wyatt, Mrs. G. Hoglen, Mrs. Turner, Mrs. Heathraan, Mrs. Sowers, Mrs. Decker, Mrs. Carnell, and Mrs. Rayraond; Sixth Ward, Mrs. Boraberger, Mrs. Foley, Mrs. Buvinger, Mrs. Condit, Mrs. Pogue, Mrs. Burrous, and Mrs'. McReynolds; at McPher- sontown, Mrs. J. B. Thresher; Miami City, Mrs. Sarauel King and Mrs. Vail. A purchasing committee was appointed, consisting of Mrs. N. B. Darst, Mrs. Carnell, Mrs. Sowers, and Mrs. Van Doren. Following is a statement of the total receipts and expenses of the fair and bazaar: Cash donations, $2,594.50; season tickets, $957; receipts at door, $2,185.92; promenade concert, $124.50; receipts frora booths, $8,681.10; tableaux and charades, $726.05; cantata, $235.20; fiour, wood, produce, etc., $3,055; C. Rex's concert, $61; sundry donations, $1,223.63. Total receipts, $19,843.90. The total expense attending the bazaar was $2,262.37, of which there was taken in $63.50 worthless money. In this connection it raay not be improper to record the steps taken by the legislature to prevent the families of the soldiers from suff'ering want while the soldiers were away in the army. This was the passage of a bill providing for the levy of a tax of three mills on the dollar, two mills on the general duplicate, and one to be optional with commissioners of each county, the amount thus raised to be paid to the families of the soldiers. The taxable property in Montgomery County at that tirae was 316 HISTORY OF DAYTON. $27,140,040. The tax provided for by this bill, if it were all levied, would yield in Montgomery County $71,420.12. This would be about $120 for each soldier's family in the county, ancl when added to the soldier's pay would give each family $23 per raouth, and to those of the veterans $37 each month. Thus none need suffer under such generous provision. The First Soldiers' Aid Society made a report on the 17th day of January, 1864, of their operations for 1863. According to this report, the total receipts of the society had been $556.10, and the total expenses, $531.21, of which sum one hundred dollars had been sent to the Cincinnati Sanitary Commission. The officers elected for the ensuing year were as foHoAVs: President, Mrs. E. W. Davies; vice-president, Mrs. E. Thresher; secretary. Miss Jennie Dickson, and treasurer, Mrs. Josiah Gebhart. The Second Soldiers' Aid Society made its semi-annual report on the 24th of February, 1864, showing that its receipts for that time Avere $845.53, and the total expenses $248.75. The election of officers resulted as follows: President, Mrs. H. Wyatt; vice-president, Mrs. George Hoglen; treasurer, Mrs. Adams Jewett; secretary, Mrs. H. D. Carnell. The Board of Managers elected, consisted of thirteen ladies. The Oregon Aid Society held an election on March 1, 1864, with the following result: President, Mrs. T. N. Sowers; vice-president, Mrs. M. Burrous; treasurer, Mrs. E. Heathraan; secretary. Miss Carrie Wait. The receipts since Septeraber 8, 1863, were $700.80 and the expenditures $202, leaving a balance on hand of $498.80. The Soldiers' Farailies Relief Association, formed for the purpose of distributing certain funds appropriated by the executive committee of the bazaar, made a report March 1, 1864, showing that they had received of the bazaar funds. $3,000, and a donation frora J. Nietert of $2.10. Of this amount they had expended in sums of from $1.50 to $684.90, a total amount of $2,718.92, leaving iu their hands a balance of $283.18. The number of families visited by this relief association was four hundred and twenty. An incident occurred about this time, that caused a good deal of a sensation, the occurrence being the mobbing of the office of the Dayton Empire by about fifteen soldiers Avho Avere at horae on furlough. The i^imediate cause of the attack on the office Avas the publication of an article in the Empire, Avliich the soldiers considered a reflection ou the sol diers of a certain regiment in the field, although the Empire strenuously denied ever having made any attack on the soldiers. It had persistently and consistently opposed the war, the administration, and many of the leading Union generals, but that it had made any attack on the private MILITARY HISTORY. 317 soldiers of the Union, it maintained Avas false. It regarded them as tbe dupes of the leaders of an Abolition party, and in the raain, innocent of any intent of wrong, even in the case Of the attack upon its office, which was made about 12 m. of the 3d of March. And that the soldiers did not generally approve of mob law was amply demonstrated by the fact that there were at the time one hundred and fifty soldiers in the city, and that only fifteen Avere engaged in the riot, and it was aHeged that these fcAV were under the infiuence of whisky when they raade the attack. The type of the office was scattered about the fioor and trampled upon, and the stove top was thrown out of the window, and the fire in the stove scattered about the fioor, but by the exertions of parties that came to the rescue, the office was prevented from taking fire. Prominent citizens did all in their power to prevent the destruction of property, but as the attack was an unpremeditated one, nearly all the damage Avas done that was intended, before there Avas opportunity for anyone to restrain the fury of the soldiers. Those Avho did use their best endeavors in this direction were E. W. Davies, E. S. Young, and Jaraes McDaniels. When the trouble was all but quelled, E. C. Maxwell commenced making some remarks and was attacked by the soldiers. Thereupon he fired a shot from a pistol, by which a peaceful citizen was killed. This infuriated the mob and a rush Avas made for those who defended the office of the Empire, and a general fire Avas opened on the crowd. No one Avas, hoAvever, killed, but the one persou mentioned above. Messrs. Hubbard & Brother were then editors and proprietors of the Empire. To them Hon. C L. Vallandigham addressed the following letter, which was published in the 'Empire of the 11th of March, 1864. " Windsor, Canada, March 7, 1864. "Hubbard & Brother: "Gentlemen — I read several days ago the telegraph announcement of the '.riddling' of the Empire office by furloughed soldiers. I offer you no sympathy, for that would avail nothing uoav or hereafter. I do express to you my profound regret that you were not prepared to inflict on tbe spot, and in the midst of the assault, the coraplete punishment Avhich the assailants deserved; and I am gratified to learn that some of them did, soon after, receive their deserts. But these cowardly acts cannot be guarded against, and they do not primarily come from the soldiers. There is, therefore, but one reraedy for the past, and one preventive for the future injuries, and that is instant, summary, and ample reprisals upon the persons and property of raen at home, who, by language and conduct, are always inciting to these outrages. No legal or military punishment is ever inflicted upon the immediate instruments. Retaliation, therefore, is the 318 HISTORY OF DAYTON. only and rightful remedy in times Hke these. I speak advisedly, and recommend it in all cases hereafter. It is of no avail to announce the falsehood that "both parties condemn the act" after the destruction has been consuraraated. The time has gone by for obedience without protec tion. I speak decided language, but the continued recurrence of these outrages, frequently attended with murder, demands it. They must be stopped. Reprisals in such cases are now the only way left for a return to law and order. .Very truly, "0. L. Vallandigham." The Empire ou the same day on which it published the above letter said editorially: "It is a sad necessity which renders it pressing and iraperative. It is a position which the Democracy will take with regret, but take it they must, and hold it they will. Be it remerabered that it is not of their own choosing, and that they who have driven thera to it must accept the responsibility, however burdensome it may be. Hitherto it has been to the interest ofthe Democratic party to suppress raob violence and outrage; hereafter it raust be made to the interest of all ! And by this means only can we hope to end it." In an editorial on the letter in the next day's issue the Empire said, after giving a history of the three years previous: " Hence, we have come to the conclusion, after waiting nearly three years for justice of sorae kind or other, to fall back upon the well known principle of self-defense — the doctrine of retaliation upon the persons and property of those who -are inciting by their words and language the violence which we suffer. That may not sound pleasantly to some ears, but it is the only remedy and we adopt it." On March 15th, in an editorial bearing upon the same subject, the same paper said: "We say to the Democracy that they ought to adopt any measures that will secure their personal safety. The law of self-pres ervation is the first law of nature. Desperate cases require desperate reraedies. Society will soon break loose frora all bonds, and resolve itself into its original elements. Who will be the losers then?" The last extract was written in response to certain outrages upon Democrats by Union soldiers who could not tolerate speeches denunciatory of the war or of the president, and the Democrats themselves looked upon attacks upon members of their party for indulging criticism upon the adrainistration or upon the war, as violations of personal liberty and free speech. WhHe all this was going on, there were also other features of the war which were of even greater permanent interest to the people than the MILITARY HISTORY. 319 destruction of newspaper offices, or the labors of the ladies' aid societies. The principal matter that engaged the attention of the citizens of Dayton fropi December, 1863, to May, 1864, Avas the way in which the city's quota for the several requirements made upon her in common with the rest of the country, was to be met. Meetings were held in the various wards for the purpose of raising money to procure recruits for any regiment that the enlisted men raight choose to join. Large bounties were off'ered; $407 for new recruits, and $507 for veterans. The draft to fill the quota for the three hundred thousand call of the president was set for January 1, 1864. It was then postponed, and on the 1st of February it was announced that the total number required frora Montgomery County was 830. For the several wards of the city of Dayton the numbers were: For the First Ward, 47; Second Ward, 36; Third Ward, 46; Fourth Ward, 56; Fifth Ward, 67; Sixth Ward, 57. Soon after this, there was a call for two hundred thousand men, and not long afterward there was another for two hundred thousand more men. The various apportionraents made under these several calls were not in accordance with strict mathematical justice, and the conse quence was, that there was sorae very strong protesting done against Montgoraery County's having to furnish raore men under the later calls than due proportion justified. This injustice is set forth in the following table, which was published at the tirae, with the view of having the proper apportionment made, but it had uo eff'ect upon the numbers called for: S , CO 4J Oso o ooo i% cT a> a (2. U lO --' o t~ WARDS. s . o o iiR u Oopo 13 1^ 03 O C 3 H & ta H & H a H First 402 310402479577440 23 13 2924 3120 12 8 15121610 35 2144 36 47 30 1215 2 202021 47 36 46 566751 25 19 2530 3628 7'^ Second 55 Third 71 Fourth 86 Fifth 103 Sixth 79 Totals 2,610 140 73 213 9J 303 163 46 f) This table seemed to show that the quota for the second call of two hundred thousand was in excess of the true requirement. How ever, the q,uestion of quota made less diff'erence with recruits than did 320 HISTORY OF DAYTON. the bounties offered.' The government itself off'ered, in order to fill those three quotas, three hundred dollars for new recruits and four hundred dollars for veterans; and during the winter session of 1863-1864, the Ohio legislature off'ered each recruit one hundred dollars bounty. The quota for Dayton, under all these calls, was, as may be seen by the above table, 466; aud to give each man Avho Avould enlist to fill her quota, one hundred dollars, Avould require $46,600 to be raised by taxation. The taxable property of the city was then nine million doHars, hence it is easy to estimate the rate of taxation required in Dayton to raise the needed sum of money for bounties for 466 recruits. The question as to whether veteran enlistments would be credited on the quota being decided in the affirmative, Dayton received credit for 81 veterans. In the First Ward, 19; Second, 10; Third, 13; Fourth, 16; Fifth, 19; and Sixth, 17. The entire number of veterans credited to the county Avas 191. When the draft finally carae off', on the 11th of May, the city was clear except the First Ward, and the county was clear except Madriver Township. In the former 24 were drafted, and in the latter 21; but before the drafted men were ordered to report, the First Ward had secured a sufficient number of recruits to free it frora the draft, and thus once more Dayton sent her quota to the field. It is interesting to note the Avay in which the soldiers in the field voted at the municipal election held April 4, 1864. Captain E. C. ElHs, of the Ninety-third Regiraent, was the Union candidate for raayor and W. H. Gillespie the Democratic candidate. Araong the soldiers Avho had a right to vote for officers in Dayton, there were 237 votes cast for Captain Ellis and 2 for. Mr. Gillespie. In the Ninety-third Regiment there were cast 38 votes; in the First, 115; in the Eleventh and Fifty-second, 75; and in the Twelfth, 11 — making a total of 239 votes. In all parts of the State there had been organized by the merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, doctors, preachers, bankers, and farmers, com panies of "Home Guards," which Avere distinct from the regular State railitia. These companies of Home Guards, in common Avith the entire population of the State, were taken quite by surprise on the 25th of April, 1864, by the issuance of a call by Governor Brough, for the Home Guards, under the narae of the Ohio National Guard, to take the field for one hundred days unless sooner discharged. This step Avas done in order to permit the large numbers of veteran soldiers, Avho Avere then engaged in doing guard duty iu raany cities and posts, to go to the front, thus strengthening the army in the field to the extent of the number of National Guard soldiers called out to the relief of the veterans. Another reason for calling on the National Guard was that iii this Avay a large MILITARY HISTORY. 321 force could be raised at once, Avhile to trifle with the volunteering system had been demonstrated to be, at the best, a very slow process of strengthening the army. Colonel John G. Lowe, of the Second Regiment, Ohio National Guard, on the very day of Governor Brough's call, sumraoned his regiment to the rendezvous at the county fair grounds. The Twelfth Regiment, Ohio National Guard, was also called to rendezvous at the same place, both regiraents to be in carap on the 2d of May. On Mon day, May 2d, the soldiers thus caHed upon asserabled at "Carap Lowe," located at the lower end of Main Street, there being by six o'clock p. M. of that day, 1,065 soldiers in camp in obedience to orders. Elijah Culbert was lieutenant-colonel of the Second Regiment. The officers of the Twelfth Regiment were Levi Waltz, colonel, and Joseph Kennedy, lieutenant-colonel. The former regiraent had 571 men rank and file, and the latter 480 on the night of the 2d. The total nuraber in the State that responded to the governor's call on that day, was twenty-five thou sand. On the next day the National Guard was surprised by receiving a furlough until the 10th, on which day the tAvo regiments again carae into camp, and the TAvelfth Regiment left Dayton for Camp Chase, the Second Regiment leaving on the 11th. The two regiraents were there consoHdated and formed into the One Hundred and Thirty-first Regiment, Ohio National Guard. Colonel John G. Lowe retained his position at the head of the regiment. Levi Waltz became Heutenant- colonel; E. Culbert, major; Orion Britton, surgeon; Justin E. Twitchell, chaplain; Henry Stoddard, Jr., quartermaster; and G. N. Bierce, adju tant. The regiment was sent to Baltimore and was divided up betAveen Forts Marshall, McHenry, and Federal Hill. In these forts they reraained doing garrison duty until August 19th, when they returned to Camp Chase and were mustered out of the service on the 25th. Almost immediately after the calling out of the National Guard, the question arose as to whether the farailies of the raerabers of the Guard were entitled to relief as were the families of the volunteers. This question was decided on the 16th of May by the executive committee of the Ladies' Fair and Bazaar in the affirmative, and one thousand, five hundred dollars was at once appropriated for their relief. Com mittees were appointed for the diff'erent wards of the city and diff'erent townships of the county, all of which committees were requested to report all cases of families needing assistance to J. W. Dietrich, secretary of the executive committee. The committees for the city were: First Ward, C. H. Kielmeier; Second, John W. Stoddard; Third, Ii. C. Stout; Fourth, Dr. Bosler; Fifth, George ; Sixth, WiHiam Speckler, 322 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Thus no partiality was shown between the volunteer soldiers and the National Guard. A most interesting incident occurred in Dayton on the 27th of June, 1864. This was the reception tendered by the citizens to returning members of the Eleventh and Twenty-fourth regiments, whose terms of enlistment had expired. Three years before, they had gone forth in their full strength and pride, full of patriotism and hope, followed by the anxieties and best wishes of their relatives and friends. Now they carae back a mere handful, not less patriotic if less numerous. The two com panies that at this time returned, were Company A, Eleventh Ohio, Captain Childs, and Company E, Twenty-fourth Ohio, Captain Jackson. Their reception on this 27th of June was a hearty and grand ovation. The people assembled iu crowds at the depot to give them Avelcome. A band of rausic was in attendance, and the cannon belched forth its welcorae in sonorous thunder. A procession was forraed, in Avhich the United States Express Corapany's large wagon and the three steam fire engines were conspicuous objects. Along the route of the procession the national flag was profusely displayed, and the soldiers were greeted everywhere with hearty cheers of joy and pride. At the PhHHps House, Colonel E. A. Parrott, then late of the First Ohio Regiment, addressed the war-worn veterans and their friends in an eloquent speech, aud in response was followed by E. C. Swalem in behalf of the soldiers. At three o'clock p. m. there was a banquet at the Phillips House, after which Samuel Craighead made a speech, reciting the principal causes of the war, and saying that in the nature of things peace was impossible until the national government should be thoroughly established over the entire Republic. Colonel M. P. Nolan then followed in a speech, extending a hearty welcome to the returning soldiers. Sergeant John C. Reed, of Company A, Eleventh Regiment, Avas called out, and, after hira, Michael Carberry, of the TAventy-fourth, raade a speech, responding to a call. Thus ended the first reception to returning veterans from the war. There had been recruited for the Eleventh Regiment 1,811 men, and when the regiment was mustered out there were but 453 men in the field. On July 18, 1864, President Lincoln, in accordance with an act of congress authorizing hira to do so, called for five hundred thousand volun teers, who might enlist for one, two, or three years, as they themselves should choose. On the 20th of the month Governor Brough called for twenty new regiments of infantry from the State of Ohio. It then became the duty of Dayton to raise her quota under this call, as she had done under previous calls. The quotas of the several wards under this call were as follows: First Ward, 59; Second Ward, 52; Third Ward, MILITARY HISTORY. 323 56; Fourth Ward, 64; Fifth Ward, 100; Sixth Ward, 66. The bounties offered by the government were one hundred dollars for one year; two hundred dollars for two years, and three hundred dollars for three years, one third to be paid at the time of enlistraent in each case. As iu former instances, each ward undertook to raise its own quota. A raeeting was held in the Third Ward on the the 23d of July for the purpose of taking raeasures to free the ward from the draft. Colonel E. A. Parrott was made chairman of the meeting, and E. S. Young, secretary. John Shank reported that he had raised ten recruits when the call for five hundred thousand Avas made, and as the ward had at that time a surplus of nine, it was entitled to a credit of nineteen on the quota. A finance and soliciting coraraittee was appointed, and a recruiting office was opened in the ward aud placed in charge of B. F. Eaker as recruiting agent. The city council was requested to offer a bounty of one hundred dollars to fill the city's quota uuder the call. Similar meetings were held in the different wards, and at most of them the council was requested to offer the bounty, as was the case in the Third Ward. On August 2, 1864, the city council adopted an ordinance off'ering one hundred dollars bounty to each recruit credited to Dayton, bonds to be issued to the amount of thirty -five thousand dollars, bearing six per cent interest. And on the 27th of September, when the number of men Dayton was required to furnish became definitely known, the councH authorized the araount of bonds to be issued for this purpose to be increased from thirty-five thousand dollars to forty-tAvo thousand dollars. On the 3d of September the announcement was raade that the provost marshal Avas all ready for the draft, which it was then expected would be made on the 5th. It was, however, postponed until the 15th, and then until the 21st,when it was made. When the city council authorized an increase of the araount of bonds to be issued, they did so on the follow ing basis of numbers to be furnished by the several wards in the city: WARDS. QUOTA. First Second...Third .... Fourth...Fifth Sixth Total 5851 67 72 103 74 $ 5,8005,1006,700 7,200 10,300 7,400 425 42,500 324 HISTORY OP DAYTON. When the draft came off' on the 21st, as indicated above, the following numbers Avere drafted from the wards given below: In the First Ward, 48; Fourth Ward, 64; Fifth Ward, 86; Sixth Ward, 76— aH the other wards having filled their quotas before the day of the draft by recruits. The numbers given above as drafted are one hundred per cent in excess of the number required respectively from the wards, that number being drafted in order to fill deficiencies, if deficiencies there Avere. Thus once again was the quota of Dayton filled. This important duty having been performed, the next thing to engage the attention of the people was the relief of the soldiers' families for the coming winter. On the 18th of November, 1864, the military coraraittee of Montgomery County, which then consisted of D. A. Haynes, R. W. Steele, J. G. Stutsman, James Turner, Henry S. Fowler, and T. A. PhiHips, made an appeal to the people for a rencAval of their generosity of previous winters, and fixed upon Saturday, NoA'-ember 26th, for a general contribution to that purpose. Soliciting comraittees were ap pointed for each ward iu the city, and also for each township in the county. At this time a question which agitated the people greatly was whether, in order to raise the funds which all conceded were needed, a bazaar should be again held sirailar to the one which was so eraineutly successful the winter before. This question was discussed at a nieeting held at the courthouse on the 18th of November. Of this meeting Justice Young was the chairraan, and J. W. Dietrich, secretary. B. F. Wait made a statement to the effect that during the previous year sixty thousand dollars had been distributed among the farailies of the soldiers, Avhich was about oue dollar and a half per week to those who had been assisted. Judge Boltin was in favor of a bazaar, to commence about Christmas time. Rev. Dr. Thomas argued strongly and earnestly against a bazaar, believing there were other and better ways of raising the money that was needed. There Avere plenty of raen, he said, Avho could give, sorae one hundred, some fifty, some twenty-five dollars, directly to the cause, and they would do so if their hearts were iu it. Mr. Steele proposed to raise tAventy thousand dollars on Saturday, the 26th, by means of efficient comraittees, and then have a bazaar supplementing other efforts. He said that Dr. Thomas' plan sounded well, but he feared it would not work as well as it sounded. The ladies desired to work iu the good enterprise, and they felt that they could accomplish more by means of a bazaar than in any other way. He beHeved in employing both methods, committee Avork first, then the bazaar. This was also Dr. CouAvay's plan. After some remarks by Hon. P. Odlin, Avho spoke in opposition to a bazaar, Mr. Steele offered the following resolution: MILITARY HISTORY. 325 "That this meeting recommends to the people of Montgomery County to respond with generous liberality to the appeal of the governor of the State for contributions on Saturday, the 26th inst., for the relief of the famiHes of the soldiers in the field; and that in case the ladies of Dayton should deem it expedient to hold a bazaar, we pledge to them our zealous and hearty cooperation in the enterprise." Discussion on the bazaar question still continued — Judge Boltin, E. W. Davies, and Colonel Lowe in favor of it, and Dr. Thomas in opposi tion. Rev. Mr. Herr proposed an amendraent to Mr. Steele's resolution, leaving the question of holding a bazaar entirely to the ladies. A nieeting of the several ward coramittees Avas held at the court house on the 21st for the purpose of considering the best means of canvassing the city for subscriptions. A series of resolutions was adopted to the effect: "That for the purpose of avoiding the necessity of holding a bazaar, this raeeting is of the opinion that by a grand corabined effort money enough can be obtained by subscriptions to provide for the wants of our gallant soldiers, and a public raeeting of the citizens of Dayton is hereby called for Thanksgiving night to inaugurate this work." Messrs. Kuhns, Hanitch, and Wait Avere appointed a committee to provide a place for the meeting. An executive committee to manage the relief fund was also appointed as follows: First Ward, Augustus Kuhns; Second Ward, C. Herchelrode; Third Ward, John H. Shank; Fourth Ward, Josiah Gebhart; Fifth Ward, B. F. Wait; Sixth Ward, W. N. Lowe. Treasurer, Valentine Winters. The amount of money to be expected from taxation, which could be devoted to this purpose, was stated as foHoAvs: Taxable property of Montgomery County, $29,879,280. State tax for the relief of soldier's families, at two mills, $59,758.56; county levy for the same purpose, one mHl, $29,879.28; city dupHcate, $10,315,310; levy of one half mHl, $5,157.65. Total amount applicable to this purpose, $94,795.49. A relief meeting was held on the 25th of the month, at Avhich S. Gebhart presided, the vice-presidents being Henry Herrman aud T. A. Phillips, and the secretaries Charles Parrott and W. D. Bickham. A large nuraber of subscriptions were taken, the aggregate amount sub scribed being $4,200. The committees continued to work zealously in the cause, and a large number of wealthy citizens contributed Hberally. The military committee, however, thought it best to give one more opportunity for those to subscribe who had not done so, and they asked for twenty thousand dollars, in order that there might be enough for each family to have one dollar and a half per week. 326 HISTORY OF DAYTON. On the 19th of December, 1864, President Lincoln called for three hundred thousand more men, which was the last call made. The quota for the Third District under this call was 2,577 men. A comparison of the quotas of the various districts in the State showed that there must have been some mistake in the calculations upon which the quotas had been based. The understanding between the United States authorities and the authorities of the State of Ohio was that on the 25th of October, 1864, all requisitions raade upon the State had been filled. It was also understood that on the 1st of July, 1864, Governor Brough had procured an order from the war department of the United States, stating that up to that tirae there was no deficiency existing against any of the districts of the State, but that on the contrary the State was entitled to a credit of twenty thousand men, Avhich credit was to be applied on the call for five hundred thousand men of July 18th. It was also claimed that the Third District furnished its full quota under that call and had- a small excess. The quota of the Third District under the call of July 18th was 3,043, and in filling that quota the terras of enlistraents of the men amounted to 5,832 years, being an excess of service over the men fur nished of 2,789 as due. The aggregate service furnished by Ohio under the call of July 18th amounted to 102,853 years, which was an average to each district of 5,413 years; but the Third District had furnished 5,832 years of service, an excess of 419 years' service. The excess of years of service over the nuraber of men furnished by the State under call of July 18th was 52,324, an average to each district of 2,754, and the excess in the Third District was, as has been stated, 2,789, leaving the district an excess over the average of 35. Under the call of December 10, 1864, the whole number of men required from Ohio was 26,155, au average to each district of 1,376. The Third District Avas required to furnish 2,577, an excess above the average for the entire number of districts in the State of 1,201. The question arose: " Why was the Third District required to furnish one tenth of the entire number of men required of the State, while the Eleventh District was asked for only 320 raen, the Fifteenth District only 461, the Fourteenth only 387," etc. An atterapt was raade to have the inequality rectified by application to the provost marshal general of the United States, James B. Fry, but that officer replied, under date of January 2, 1865, to the provost raarshal of the Third District, Captain John Mills, that the quotas assigned under the call of December 19, 1864, for three hundred thousand men, must not be reduced except by actual enlistments in the array, navy, or marine corps since the date of that call. This order of General Fry was denounced MILITARY HISTORY. 327 by Union men as an outrage upon the rights of men Avho had been the most earnest in maintaining the government in its efforts to overthrow the rebellion. General Robert C. Schenck, who was then serving in con gress, receiving information of the injustice being done toward his district, immediately called upon Provost Marshal General Fry, who upon having his attention pointedly called to the inequalities of the requisition from the various districts in this State, concluded to have the whole account revised and to have all errors in calculations rectified. From this time on, enlistments which had received a temporary check, were very brisk, and the most, of the wards and townships succeeded in filling their quotas before the draft was finally made on the 30th of March, 1865. One cousideration, which may have stimulated enlistments, was the pay an enlisted man Avas receiving from the general government, the State government, and the people, in the way of bounties and allowances of various kinds, a statement of which is as foHoAvs: Government bounty $100; local bounty, $100; special bounty, (average), $800; monthly pay, $192; clothing, $150; rations, $300; total annual pay of a private soldier, $1,642. On the 2d of February, 1865, the provost marshal published a statement of the number of men required from the county and the city, 598 frora the forraer, and 200 from the latter. After the month had closed, it was found that 499 men had been recruited and mustered, and 24 men had been recruited, but not mustered. The local bounty money paid in during the month was $199,600, while the local bounty money paid out was $177,435. The treasurer of the Fifth Ward made a statement just previous to the draft of March 30th, showing that 239 subscribers in that ward had paid in $5,797; that he had received from city bonds discounted, $5,120, and $12.10 from the sale of stamps; total araount, $10,929.10. He had expended for 21 recruits, $9,825; for various small matters, $14.50, and had on hand a cash balance of $1,089.60. He also said that there were some tAVO hundred and fifty persons on the enrollment lists who had contributed nothing toward freeing the ward from the draft, and urgently requested the delinquents to pay their share. The quotas of all the wards not being full. Major L. V. Bierce, acting provost raarshal of the Third District, issued the order for the draft on the 27th of the month, and on the 30th the draft Avas made in the foHoAving wards: In the First Ward, 58 men were drafted; in the Fifth Ward, 66, and in the Sixth Ward, 56, these numbers including the one hundred per cent in excess of the quota, in order to fill possible deficiencies. On the next day Major Bierce was relieved of the duties of provost marshal of the Third District, and Captain John Mills, Avho had been temporarily relieved, resumed his place. 328 HISTORY OF DAYTON. But a few days after this draft was completed came the intelHgence that the rebel General Lee had surrendered to General Grant. The news began to be telegraphed over the country about midnight of the 9th of April, 1865, and the next day the entire country was electrified with the intelligence. Every one saw plainly then that the Union was saved. In Dayton, Billy Keifer was at the telegraph instrument, and after a lull in the receipt of dispatches of au important nature, Avhich for a time seemed to justify the expectation that the Avar ucavs would be unusually dull for the next day, said at half past ten p. m., that he had received nothing then, but was going to have a bully report, as Buft'alo said that Lee had surrendered, sure pop. At 11 o'clock Dayton was called by Columbus: " Send for another operator, we have a government dispatch of thirteen hundred words. Lee has surrendered]" It was not long before messen gers sped up and down the streets shouting heartily, ringing door bells, and explaining to the people who, awakened in this way, and in some cases alarraed, were thrusting their heads out of upper windows, "Lee has surrendered! " And generally there came back the response of "Hurrah for Grant," or " Three cheers for the Union," or sorae other expres sion indicative of joy. Soon a soldier ran on the double quick to the engine house, and in a second afterward the fire bells Avere ringing out a glad alarm. The deep thunders of the cannon were heard echoing grandly down the streets and their reverberations gradually died away in the distant hills. The streets were soon thronged Avith people yelling with frantic pleasure. The darkness of the night was dispelled by blazing torches which Avere everyAvhere visible throughout the city. Old men as well as young, vied Avith each other as to who should exhibit the most extravagant manifestations of joy. Women's voices were heard as well as men's, in the singing of patriotic songs. The cannon boomed on till daylight, and the exultation of the hour was intense. Its like will not be seen again for generations yet to come. On the 8th of April, Governor Brough set aside the 14th of the month as a day of thanksgiving and praise. In accordance with the proclamation, the people of Dayton made preparations to celebrate the day in a befitting manner. Committees were appointed on the various features of the pro posed proceedings. The committee on singing and string band consisted of Dr. Brewster and W. J. Comly; on brass band, R. M. Marshall; on National Guard, Colonel John G. Lowe, J. W. Dietrich, Frederick Fox, and Dr. Brewster; on veterans. Captain William BroAvn; on artHlery, Ii. W. R. Brunner and C. A. Starr; on fircAVorks, R. M. Marshall; on printing, II. W. R. Brunner and C. A. Starr; on bonfires, Ii. C. Fox, C. A. Starr, and C. L. Bauman; on finance, II. W. R. Brunner, A. Pruden, and MILITARY HISTORY. 329 D. W. Woodmansee. The above arrangements Avere made by 'a committee appointed for the purpose. The mayor issued a proclamation to the people calling attention to the recomraendation of the governor, and requesting that all the citizens of Dayton suspend their regular business for that day and unite in a proper observance thereof. At sunrise on the 14th the rejoicing began by the firing of a national salute at the park. The bells of the various churches and of the engine- house were rung for a considerable length of time. Everywhere the national flag Avas displayed, and Avith very few exceptions the people made every possible exhibition of the joy and gladness that filled their hearts to overfloAving. At 10:30 a. m., the church bells called the congre gations to their respective houses of worship, and the attendance was unusually large. After the noon salute, at about 1 p. M., Marshal Dietrich and his aids proceeded to collect the military and civic materials for the grand procession, which was formed in the following order: The field band; the veterans Avith their battle-flags; AVOunded and infirm soldiers, in carriages, under the command of Colonel E. A. Parrott; brass band; National Guard of Montgomery County, under coraraand of Colonel John G. Lowe; raayor of Dayton and other civic authorities; fire departraent; the boys of Dayton; citizens on horseback, in carriages, and on foot. The most interesting feature of the procession was the veterans with their tattered battle-flags — colors borne by the First and Ninety-third Ohio regiments on many a sanguinary battlefield. The boys in the procession were coraraanded by Captain Herchelrode, but they being quite young could not keep their places in the procession until the end, and so fell out by the wayside as they became too tired to go further. The steam fire engines Avere decked out with flags, evergreens, portraits, etc., and were a very noticeable feature of the display. Captain Hoole had a ship beautifully decorated, and labeled "Old Constitution." The massive Avagon of the Express Company, loaded with boxes, was a very prorainent feature. Sarauel Thoraas had a wagon in the procession containing a wheel spinning hemp, and a galloAVS on which was displayed an effigy, placarded "Jeff' DaA'is has found his last Hitch." It was esti mated that thirty thousand people were in the streets, and that as many more Avere in the doors, Aviudows, etc., preferring to be spectators rather than participants in the display. After the evening salute there was the grandest illumination of the city ever witnessed in Dayton. All the prorainent houses and stores in the principal portion of the city were most brilliantly illuminated, and the tower of the Lutheran church, on Main Street, was the center of a 330 HISTORY OF DAYTON. most gorgeous display of fire-works, as was also the vicinity of the court house. Afterward there was a big bonfire, and during the entire evening the band varied the progrararae by playing all kinds of patriotic and soul-stirring music. Speeches Avere made by Colonel E. A. Parrott, Samuel Craighead, Senator Gunckel, and Colonel Lowe, and the Glee Club sang "Richmond has Fallen," "Johnny Comes Marching Home," "John Brown's Body," aud other patriotic songs, the crowd joining in whenever they could or Avhenever they desired. Never before in Dayton was there such universal joy, or so hearty a demonstration, as on that occasion. It was something Avhich those who participated in it can never forget. Almost imraediately after the close of this joyful jubilation carae the astounding news that President Lincoln had been assassinated. The news was so shocking and so horrible, that at first it could not be believed; but when the first dispatches were confirraed, and there was no longer any hope that it was not true, joy gave way to grief, and the hearts of the people bled with inexpressible anguish. It seeraed clear that this cowardly assassination Avas the last expiring thrust of slavery, and the determination that that gigantic crime against humanity should be extinguished became more intense and more irrcA'ocable, if that were possible, than it ever had been before. Everyone kucAv that the murder was wholly without the least semblance of justification; that the assassin had never been in any way injured by his unsuspecting victim, and that slavery was, in this case as in that of the inauguration of the rebellion itself, the great criminal. On the morning of Saturday, the 15th, Mayor Ellis, of Dayton, by proclamation, called the people together at the courthouse at one p. M., to consider the great calamity that had befallen the country. Mayor Ellis was called to the chair, and W. D. Bickham was made secretary. Upon the suggestion of E. W. Davies, Dr. Thoraas off'ered prayer. A com mittee, consisting of lion. L. B. Gunckel, E. W. Davies, Samuel Craig head, J. A. Jordan, and Dr. lienry K. Steele, Avas appointed to draw up resolutions for the consideration of the meeting. While the committee were absent preparing their resolutions. Dr. Thomas addressed the asserably Avith fervent eloquence, dwelling upon the inscrutable Avisdom of God in his dispensations Avitli raen, and calling attention to the fact that the calamities which he visited upon nations often proved their greatest blessings; and that, notAvithstauding the bullet of the assassin had stricken doAvn the great captain of the hosts, the people stHl lived, aud AA^ould yet triunipll. After a sirailar address by Dr. Keraper, the committee on resolutions made its report. The resolutions were as foHows: MILITARY HISTORY. 331 First. That, according to the suggestion of the mayor, business be generally suspended for the remainder of the day, and that the people avoid, as far as possible, undue excitement, and devote the afternoon and evening to such considerate calmness and quiet as seemed appropriate to the occasion. Second. That all the church bells be tolled between the hours of ten and half past ten o'clock A. M. on Sunday, and that solemn reHgious services be held in all the churches of the city, and that the pastors of the several churches, as far as practicable, conform their exercises to the national calamity. These resolutions were unanimously adopted, and the mayor cau tioned the people to coraply with the resolutions and to use their best infiuence to preserve the good order and peace of the city. Sermons were preached in accordance with the spirit of the resolu tions, at the First Presbyterian Church by Dr. Thomas; at the First Baptist Church by Rev. Dr. Harvey; at the First United Brethren Church by Rev. W. J. Shuey; at the First Episcopal Church by the Rev. Mr. Jewett; at the First German Reformed Church by Rev. T. B. Bucher, and at St. Joseph's Church by Rev. Father Kelly. Ou Wednesday, the 19th, in accordance with the suggestion of the war department of the goverument, religious services were held at twelve M., in all parts of the country, in honor ofthe dead president. In Dayton all the business houses were closed, minute gnus emphasized the solemnity of the day, church bells tolled out sad requiems to the great soul of the departed, and the city was clad in sad and appropriate emblems of mourning. On the 25th, a meeting of citizens was held at the court house, at which a coraraittee of one hundred was appointed to go to Columbus on Saturday, the 29th, to participate in the obsequies of the president, whose body reached there that day on its Avay to its final resting-place at Springfield, Illinois. Following is a summary of the raen enlisted at Dayton in the service of the United States during the War of the Rebellion: Lafayette Guard, 85; Dayton Light Guard, 70; Montgomery Guard, 85 — all in ther First Ohio Infantry; Dayton Riflemen, 100; Anderson Guard, 55— both in the ElcA^euth Ohio Infantry; Buckeye Guard, 87 — Twenty-fourth Ohio Infantry; Eighty-fourth Ohio Infantry during the summer of 1862, 26; Eighty-sixth Infantry, 4. Total number of three months' men, 512. In the Fourth Ohio Independent Cavalry, for six months, 90. One year's enlistments: One Hundred and Seventy-ninth Ohio Infantry, Company K, 18; One Hundred and Eighty-fourth Ohio, 6; 332 HISTORY OF DAYTON. One Hundred and Eighty-sixth Ohio, 5; One Hundred and Eighty- seventh Ohio, 10; One Hundred and Eighty-eighth Ohio, 5; One Hundred and Eighty-ninth Ohio, 25; prior to draft of March 30, 1865, 100; drafted March 30th, 40. Total for one year, 209. Three years' enlistments: TAventy-fourth Ohio, 50; Eleventh Ohio, Company A, 70; Company I, 20; Twelfth Ohio, 25; regular army, 80; First Ohio, Company B, 100; Company C, 80; Company E, 60; Company F, 100; Second Ohio, 30; Twenty-second Ohio, 40; Thirty-flfth Ohio 45; Thirty-flfth Indiana, 40; Forty-fourth Ohio, 25; Sixty-sixth IlHnois 50; Seventy-flfth Ohio, 25; Fifty-eighth Ohio, 95; Sixty-ninth Ohio, 7 Seventy-first Ohio, 12; Sixty-first Ohio, 20; Fifty-second Ohio, 12 Ninety-third Ohio, 200; Fiftieth Ohio, 20; Oue Hundred and Sixth Ohio 15; One Hundred and Eighth Ohio, 43; Sixty-third Ohio, 25; One Hun dred and Twenty-fourth Ohio, 10; prior to draft October 1, 1862, 25 One Hundred and Thirteenth Ohio, 22; Tenth Tennessee, 7; First Ohio Heavy Artillery, 60; Second Ohio Heavy Artillery, 11; prior to the draft of May 11, 1863, 170; One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Ohio, 10; after the draft to clear First Ward, 5; colored enlistments, 20; First United States Veteran Volunteers, 20; other Ohio infantry regiments, 45; United States naA'y, 15; First Ohio Independent Battery, 20; Eighth Ohio Indepeudent Battery, 30; Seventeenth Ohio Independent Battery, 15; other Ohio bat teries, 10; Fourth Ohio Cavalry, 50; Second Ohio Cavalry, 37; Twelfth Ohio Cavalry, 5; other Ohio cavalry regiments, 12. Total for three years, 1888. Special calls in emergencies: Zouave Rangers, State Guard, 1861, 50; Squirrel Hunters, 1862, 330; Morgan's Raid, 1863, 240; Ohio National Guard, 1864, 365. Total miHtia service, 985. Recapitulation: Three months' men, 512; six months' men, 90; one year's men, 209; three years' men, 1,888. Total in the service of the United States, 2,699. Under special calls of the State, 965, making a grand total of Dayton raen in the service, of 3,664. At the close of the War of the Rebellion there were soldiers' hospitals in many of the larger cities in the loyal States, in Avhich everything was done for the comfort of the returning soldiers that skill and sympathy could suggest. As these hospitals disappeared, it became necessary to establish national homes, which may be considered as great hospitals on a solid and enduring basis, the principal object being to enlarge their usefulness and to extend their benefits to as many of the wounded or otherwise dis abled soldiers of the Union as might need the care and protection of the nation they had suffered to preserve. To carry this purpose into effect, the national congress passed an act which was approved March 3, 1865, and Avhich was entitled MILITARY HISTORY. 333 " An Act to Incorporate a National Military and Naval Asylum for the Relief of the Totally Disabled Officers and Men of the Volunteer Forces of the United States. " This act is to take eff'ect as follows : " Be it enacted, etc. That Ulysses S. Grant, David G. Farragut, Hannibal Hamlin, Andrew Johnson, Salmon P. Chase, Edwin M. Stanton, Gideon Welles, John A. Dix, George Bancroft, William T. Sherman, John A. Andrew, Andrew G. Curtin, Oliver P. Morton, Benjamin F. Butler, George G. Meade, John Brough, Nathaniel P. Banks, Joseph Hooker, Samuel R. Curtis, Richard J. Oglesby, David Tod, lienry Ward Beecher, Ambrose E. Burnside, John A. Logan, Daniel S. Dickinson, WiHiara A. Buckinghara, Carl Schurz, Oliver 0. Howard, Hamilton Fish, Franz Sigel, Francis Wayland, Austin Blair, Thomas C. Fletcher, Robert Breckenridge, Lovell H. Rousseau, Horace Greeley, George H. Stuart, Joseph Heney, John G. Barnard, Henry J. Raymond, William B. Astor, Jaraes Gordon Bennett, H. W. Halleck, William E. Dodge, WiHiara M. Evarts, James T. Brady, Gerritt Smith, Reuben E. Fenton, Bellamy Storer, George P. McIl vaine, Galusha A. Grow, lienry W. Bellows, J. S. C. Abbott, Jay Cooke, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Israel Washburn, Jr., Ichabod Goodwin, Frederick Smyth, John Z. Goodrich, Charles Henry Davis, William Claffin, J. Wiley Edmonds, Araos A. Lawrence, Edward S. Tobey, Thoraas Russell, Charles G. Loring, George B. Upton, Charles G. Greene, J. M. S. Williams, George G. Stannard, Henry M. Rice, Greenville M. Dodge, Morton McMichael, Thomas Webster, James M. Scovel, Nathaniel B. Baker, Richard J. Field, lienry C. Carey, John W. Forney, Bishop M. Simpson, G. S. Griffith, William Henry Channing, James E. Yeatman, Dwight Durkee, A. T. Stewart, Barnabas Hobbs, Montgoraery Blair, Joseph R. Barnes, E. B. Ward, Henry Benhara, Frank Moore, Alfred Lee, EdAvard Solomon, Thomas C. Bryan, B. B. French, Sarauel J. Crawford, James T. Pratt, Alfred Ii. Terry, Edward Tompkins, Moses F. Odell, and their successors, duly chosen, are hereby constituted and created a body cor porate in the District of Columbia." Section 2 of this act provided that the corporation thus constituted should consist of one hundred members. Section 3, that the business of the corporation should be managed by a board of tAvelve directors, who should select frora their nuraber a president, two vice-presidents, and a secretary; and that seven of the directors, of whora the president or one of the vice-presidents should be one, should form a quorum for the transaction of business. There were other important provisions in the act, to which it is necessary to refer the reader for fuller information. 334 HISTORY OF DAYTON. On March 21, 1866, this act Avas so amended that the president of the United States, the secretary of war, the chief justice of the United States, and such other persons as might, from time to tirae, be associated with thera, should be a board of raauagers of the establishment for the care and relief of the disabled volunteer soldiers of the army. The board of managers should consist of twelve members, of whom the three above-named of the United States Government should be members, ex-officio. The other nine members of the board were not to be members of congress, and no two of them Avere to be from any oue State. No person Avho had given aid or countenance to the rebellion was eligible to a place on the board. The officers of the Asylum were to be a gover nor, deputy governor, secretary, and treasurer, and such other officers as the board of raauagers raight deera necessary, and they were to be appointed frora disabled officers serving as before raentioned. A joint resoliition of congress, appointing raauagers for the National Asylura, was approved March 21, 1866. These raanagers were as follows: Richard J. Oglesby, of IHinois; Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts; and Frederick Smyth, of New Harapshire, of the first class, to serve six years. Lewis B. Gunckel, of Ohio; Jay Cooke, of Pennsylvania; and P. Joseph Osterhaus, of Missouri, of the second class, to serve four years. John H. Martindale, of New York; Horatio G. Stebbins, of CaHfornia; aud George H. Walker, of Wisconsin, of the third class, to serve two years. The first raeeting of the board of raanagers Avas held, pursuant to a call made by Major-General Benjamin F. Butler, at the office of the surgeon-general of the United States, in the city of Washington, May 16, 1866. At that meeting, Major-General B. F. Butler Avas elected president, Major-General P. J. Osterhaus first vice-president, Hon. George H. Walker second vice-president, and Lewis B. Gunckel secretary. Proposals for sites for the Asylum were required by the board to be sent to its president on or before June 20, 1866, and on the 13th of July, an executive coraraittee was appointed, whose duties included the making of a report on the selection of a site or sites for one or more asylums. On September 6, 1866, it was decided by the board of managers to establish three branches of the Asylum, and the Togus Springs property, near Augusta, Maine, Avas selected for the Eastern Branch. Mr. Gunckel oft'ered a resolution at this meeting to the eff'ect that, in the opinion of the board, the Central Branch of the Asylum should be located in the State of Ohio, but a substitute Avas presented by EdAvin M. Stanton, instructing the executive committee to make further examination for a suitable site for the Central Branch. On the 7th of December, 1866, MILITARY HISTORY. 335 Governor Frederick Smyth, Lewis B. Gunckel, and Dr. Wolcott were appointed a committee to make a selection of a site for the Northwestern Branch of the Asylum in the vicinity of MilAvaukee, aud they Avere also constituted a committee on the location of the Central Branch. As may readily be imagined, the question of the location of the Central Branch of the Asylura Avas of great interest in raany parts of the country at that time, and noAvhere more than in Dayton ancl vicinity. For several months this question was earnestly dis cussed. Measures to carry out the design of congress were taken by the Soldiers' National Asylum Association, a meeting of which was held for the purpose indicated about tlie 20th of May, 1866. The managers of this association extended invitations for the donation of sites, the premises to be situated in the loyal States. Each site must contain not less than two hundred acres, must be in a healthy locality, and easily accessible by railroad or otherwise. It was the intention of the raanagers to erect suitable buildings upon the sites that were accepted, without unnecessary delay, the buildings to include detached cottages for soldiers with farailies. In the erection of the buildings, the Gothic style of architecture was to be avoided. When it becarae fully knoAvn that the building of soldiers' horaes had been definitely decided upon, the question at once arose as to whether Daytou had not two hundred acres of land that she could offer to such an enterprise. The attention of the board of managers was directed to the fertile valley of the Miami, aud they, on their visit to the Northwest and Ohio, made an investigation of its merits. On the 11th of April, 1867, the committee reported to the board of managers, "that the committee had also visited Ohio, and carefuHy examined the sites off'ered at Colurabus, Daytou, and White Sulphur Springs, and come to the conclu sion that, all things considered, the site of Dayton was most suitable, and, therefore, recommended its purchase as the site of the Central Branch.' The board, upon the consideration of this part of the report of the select committee, after a lengthy discussion, adopted the following resolution : " That a committee be authorized to negotiate for the purchase of the White Sulphur Springs property; provided they can arrange for perma nent railroad accommodation to the^same, at least once a day each Avay by a responsible railroad corapany, at their owu expense, and at the usual fare and freight; and if such accoraraodation cannot be obtained, then to raake the purchase at Dayton, according to the proposition made by Mr. Gunckel, to-wit: The land named by the committee, four hundred acres at $113 per acre, less a donation by the citizens of Dayton." 336 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The committee appointed under this resolution was composed of General J. II. Martindale, Governor Frederick Smyth, and General John S. Cavender. The lands referred to, lie about three miles west of Dayton. At the time of the purchase, it was in the ordinary condition of farm lands throughout the State, but possessed great natural beauty, and several springs of excellent Avater. At the request of the board of managers. Chaplain T. B,. Van Horn, of the United States Army, Avas detailed by Secretary Stanton to lay out the grounds. In this connection the statement should not be omitted that great credit is due to the exertions aud influence of Hon. Lewis B. Gunckel, who Avas secretary of the board of managers. Vigorous measures were at once taken to erect and make ready, at the earliest possible time, the buildings necessary for the accommodation of the disabled soldiers. The governraent performed its part of the work by contributing the lumber which had been used in erecting the temporary buildings at Camp Chase, with the use of Avhich, uuder the supervision of Mr. Gunckel, buildings were rapidly constructed, and these buildings Avere fllled as fast as ready for occupancy. The buildings, barracks, and other property of the United States, at Carap Chase, were turned over to the board of nianagers of the National Asylura, for the use and benefit of the soldiers, under authority of a resolution of congress, approved March 22, 1867. On the 5th of Septem ber foHoAviug, Mr. Gunckel reported that he had shipped from Camp Chase to Dayton, for the construction of the temporary buildings of the Central Asylum, about two hundred and fifty thousand feet of lumber; that there was ready for shipment about one hundred thousand feet more, and that he had realized from the sale of smaller buildings the sum of $4,554.69. On Debember 5, 1867, the board of raanagers passed a resolution returning thanks to the patriotic citizens of Dayton, Ohio, for the sum of twenty thousand dollars donated by them to the board, and used in the purchase of lands for the Central Asylum, near that city. On the next day. General Timothy Ingrahara Avas detailed for duty as acting governor of the National Asylura, and was stationed at the Central Branch. On the same day. Dr. Wolcott and General Cavender were appointed a visiting coraraittee for the Central Branch. June 14, 1868, fifteen hundred dollars Avas appropriated for the purchase of a printing office for the Central Branch, and on October 8, 1868, a report was made to the board of managers that Mrs. Mar}^ Lowell Putnam, of Boston, Massachusetts, had donated a large and Avell selected Hbrary, and over one hundred beautiful pictures to the Central Branch, VIEW OF THE NATIONAL MILITARY HOME, DAYTON, OHIO. MILITARY HISTORY. 337 as a memorial of her son, William Lowell Putnam, Avho fcH at the battle of Ball's Bluff. The following resolutions were thereupon unanimously passed and adopted by the board: " Resolved, That the board of raanagers receive with pleasure the raunificent donation of Mrs. Mary LoweH Putnara, and return the thanks ofthe board and the gratitude ofthe beneficiaries ofthe National Asylum therefor; and direct that the same shall be carefully kept for the use of the disabled soldiers of the Asylura, so 'long as the National Asylura shall exist, and then disposed of in accordance with the request of the donor. "Resolved, That the board do further direct that the books be cata logued and kept apart in cases, bearing the inscription of 'Putnam Library.' " During the first year of the existence of the Central Branch, there were cared for there, 1,249 disabled soldiers, and up to December 1, 1868, there had been expended in the construction of buildings, furnishing them, and in work on the grounds, $212,900.69. On June 14, 1868, plans for a hospital building at the Central Asylum were adopted, and proposals were invited for the construction of the building. In March, 1870, three thousand dollars was appropriated for the erection of officers' quarters, and twelve hundred dollars for a wagon shed, hennery and fence. On July 25, 1870, the construction of a ucav building with fire proof vaults was authorized for the books and papers of the asylum, the building to cost not more than tAventy-five thousand dollars. On the 29th of October, 1870, Colonel John W. Sidles, of Ohio, was dishonorably discharged as secretary of the asylum, ancl Avas succeeded by Captain W. II. Lough, of Ohio, who Avas at that time made acting secretary, but who, on the 10th of the following July Avas appointed secretary. On March 9, 1872, the narae "Asylum" was changed to " Home," so that the name ofthe institution became the "National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers." Ou July 10th, five thousand dollars Avas appropriated for the construction of a brick quarterraaster and commissary building; eight thousand dollars for the construction of a barrack iu place ofthe one to be removed, the new barrack to be three stories high, of brick, with hollow Avails, and with flat metal roof; and two thousand dollars for the removal of the frame barrack which was to be superseded by the new one. The purchase of one hundred and one acres of wooded land Avas authorized on the 6th of December, 1872, the price being one hundred and ninety dollars per acre. Captain Williara Thorapson Avas appointed steward of the Home on the same day in place of Captain A. P. Wood- 338 HISTORY OF DAYTON. ruff', who was appointed secretary and steward of the Branch at its establishment in 1867, and who resigned on account of ill-health. On December 19, 1874, Captain R. E. Fleming, of Ohio, was ap pointed secretary of the Home, and Dr. J. M. Weaver, who had been, during the Avar, surgeon of the Ninety-third Ohio Volunteers, was appointed acting surgeon of the Home. Ou July 10, 1875, the erection of a building for dormitories for the raen Avas authorized, the cost of Avhich Avas not to exceed fourteen thousand dollars, and on Septeraber 17th, foHoAving, OAving to the rapid increase of the number of inmates, thirteen thousand dollars more was appropriated for the construction of another brick barrack; tw^o thousand, five hundred doHars for the construction of a new amusement hall; one thousand dollars for a new epileptic Avard, and one thousand dollars for an additional building for greenhouse aud conservatory. Still another epileptic ward and slaughter-house werS authorized ou December 17th, the cost of which was not to exceed four thousand dollars. With reference to the conduct of the men in the Home, the president of the board of managers, Major-General B. F. Butler, in his report to the United States congress for the year 1875, said: " Upon the whole there has been scarcely any need of coercive measures for discipline. Ninety-seven per cent of all the inmates of the Home behave themselves with perfect propriety and good conduct, save in one single regard, and that is that army vice (although not by any means wholly confined to the army ), the too great use of spirituous liquors. Were it not for the vice of drunkenness, Avhich the board have come to look upon almost as a disease, less than one per cent Avould cover the entire number of those inmates of the Home Avho are guilty of any serious infraction of the rules, or conduct themselves otherAvise than with perfect propriety, and as it is, less than three per cent give_the board or officers any trouble by their misconduct. Perhaps there is no more remarkable, and certainly no more compHmentary thing to be said of the disabled soldiers of our horaes than this: The proportion of vicious men among thera, as shoAvn by the necessity of punishment, is not greater than the equal number of any part of the community; and considering the fact that during the war the prisons Avere substantially emptied into the army, and the necessary demoralization of camp life, Ave have in our homes this example of the highest commendation of the American soldiers." In the report of Hon. Lewis B. Gunckel, secretary of the board of managers, to the president of the board, he shoAvs the cost of the rations per day in each of the four branches of the Home then established. The cost at the Central Branch was 22 4-5 cents per raan. This was the total MILITARY HISTORY. 339 cost of running the Home, including food, clothing, fuel, Hghts, medicine, officers' salaries, inmates' pay roll, transportation of men to the Home — in short, all expenses except those for construction and repairs. The total expense for the year 1875 was $325,527.30, or $151.16 per man, or when the cost of clothing was deducted the cost per man Avas $141.56. On September 21, 1876, ou account of the continued increase iu the number of inraates at the Horae, the construction of four wooden bar racks was authorized, each to be 110 feet long, 24 feet wide, and two stories high. The sura of six thousand dollars Avas appropriated for this purpose. On the sarae day, in response to an application for the same, the board of managers resolved to alloAV poHtical meetings iu the Central Home grounds during the presidential campaign of that year. Under this resolution, one political raeeting was permitted to be held in the afternoon by each party, on different days, at Avliich two speakers frora without the Home were to speak, the speakers to be indicated by the political organizations of the county. The governor of the Home was to preside and to keep good order. No one was to be admitted to the grounds during the meetings except authorized reporters for the press, and the organized central committees of the several parties, and not to exceed ten other persons to be selected by the said committees. In Mr. Gunckel's report for 1876, the cost of maintaining the inmates upon the same basis as that above mentioned for 1875, was $143.15 per man, or Avlien the cost of clothing was deducted, $128.07. With reference to the school established at the Home some years previously, the sarae report said: "Several years ago schools Avere estab lished at each of the branches, but the nuraber of young men (little could be expected of the old) who had sufficient health aud arabition to educate theraselves, was uot sufficient to justify the expense. It Avas deemed better, as well as more econoraical, to transfer all Avho desired the advantages of a school to the Central Branch, Avhere a school has been maintained with continued and marked success. It was established February 24, 1868, ancl has been ever since in charge of Miss Mary J. Eaton, of New Hampshire. The attendance during the year has been 93, and branches taught, reading, writing, arithraetic, English grararaar, geography, book-keeping, rausic, algebra, and telegraphy. The total number Avho have availed themselves of the school during the past eight years is 524. Since the establishment of the school, not a single case of disorder or misconduct has been reported, the veteran scholars having been regular, attentive, and studious. Some (mostly colored men, Avho have never before had the advantage of a school) have learned to read aud write; others have studied the higher branches and qualified them- 340 HISTORY OF DAYTON. selves to teach school; some who lost the right arm have learned to write, and well, with the left hand; and others have prepared themselves to earn their oavu living as book-keepers and telegraph operators. It is known that not a fcAV, educated in this school, have secured lucrative positions, which they have so worthily filled as not only to satisfy their employers, but in several cases to earn honorable promotion." With reference to the morals and religion of the men at the Central Branch of the Home the same report says : " At the Central Branch there is a resident chaplain. Rev. Williara Earnshaw, who has most worthily performed the duties of his high calling for ten years past, and succeeded in doing much good, both for the spiritual advantage ancl moral improvement of the men. . . . At the Central they have had the Sons of Temperance, Good Templars, and Red Ribbon Brigade, each Avitli one hundred or more raerabers; a German Veteran Association, and Hibernian Benevolent Society, each with large membership." In July, 1877, it becarae evident that ucav accoraraodations would be needed for the ensuing winter, and that it was necessary to erect a rausic hall. The governor was 'therefore instructed to prepare plans, specifications, and estimates for the building of an amusement and lecture hall, to be two stories in height, the loAver story to be used as a concert and lecture room, ancl the upper story as a memorial hall and museum. He was also to put in the foundations of the building, and to make prepa rations for the vigorous prosecution of the Avork. In Septeraber, it was resolved to erect three new frame barracks, similar in size to the four erected in 1876, and that six thousand dollars be appropriated therefor. In December, 1877, the subject of the increase of the Avater supply was taken up, and six thousand dollars appropriated for increasing it. In their report for the year 1877, the managers made a statement as to the magnitude of the Central Home at that time. There Avere then erected 132 buHdings of all sizes, 56 of them Avere suppHed Avith Avater, 26 were heated Avith steam, and 50 Avere lighted with gas. The buildings contained 501,172 square feet of flooring, and the dormitories contained 1,614,066 cubic feet of air space, an alloAvance of 570 cubic feet for each person. The grounds Avere then nearly a mile square, and included 6| miles of raacadaraized roads, 2 miles of graveled Avalks, 8 miles of paved gutters, and 15 miles of scAvers and drains. There were 5 never failing natural springs, 10 deep avcHs, 54 large rain-Avater cisterns, and 4 large lakes. The workshops of the Central Branch had become so large and im portant, and had been so successfully conducted, that considerable space MILITARY HISTORY. 341 was devoted to thera in the report. Ninety raen were eraployed in the cigar factory, who earned $6,160.15, and raade 1,858,515 cigars, which sold for $33,347.41, realizing to the Home a net profit of $2,901.16. Eighteen men Avith knitting machines made 2,069 dozen pairs of stockings, which realized a total of $7,391.46, and a profit of $1,478.26. The shoe shop turned out 220 pairs of boots, and 286 pairs of shoes, all hand made, at a profit of $1,256.36. The tailor shop turned out 695 garments made, and about double that number repaired, at a profit to the Home of $1,435.32. The soap factory had made 121,599 'gallons of soft soap, and 29,309 pounds of hard soap, all chiefly from material from the kitchens of the Home. ' Besides these various industries, there Avere the printing office and book bindery, and inmate carpenters, painters, plumbers, gas fltters, tinners, etc., Avho did much of the work of construction, and all of the repairs, resulting in both couA^enience and econoray. Cabinet-raakers and blacksmiths, Avagon- makers, harness-makers and upholsterers were also in the Home, and found employment in the shops. During the latter part of 1877, and the first part of 1878, the water supply was increased by deepening and increasing the capacity of the three lakes, 1,800,000 gallons, by digging a large well fifty feet deep, giving 24,000 gallons of pure spring water daily, and by the purchase of ten acres of land of James Applegate and W. P. Howell, immediately east of the lakes of the Home, forming an additional reservoir which, with a small expense, was raade to hold at least 20,000,000 gallons. Three thousand dollars Avas appropriated for the continuance of the work. The amusement hall mentioned above, was formally opened by the board of managers and the president of the United States, September 12, 1878. This hall had a seating capacity of fifteen hundred persons, and all the appointments of a first-class theater. During the succeeding winter thd National Dramatic Company, the National Minstrels, and the German Veteran Association, composed of inraates of the Horae, and a few ladies of Dayton, gave several excellent entertainments. Clubs from Cincinnati and the Dayton Reading Club, also furnished suitable entertainments. A " Memorial Hall" Avas erected in 1878, without cost to the govern ment, the money being derived from the " store and posthumous fund." It was a large, splendid brick buHding, 129x75 feet on the ground, and 65 feet high, and was designed for all classes of literary, dramatic and musical entertainments. In May, 1880, it was destroyed by fire. On July 10th, following, the rebuilding of the hall Avas taken into consideration by the board of managers, and referred to General John Love and Colonel Harris, who Avere authorized to secure the rebuildiug of the hall, at a cost not to exceed thirty thousand dollars, which amount had been appropriated by 342 HISTORY OF DAYTON. congress for that purpose. The new hall was finished in October, 1881, and opened during the succeeding winter. It possesses all the latest improvements in hall architecture, is beautifully frescoed, and has a seating capacity of sixteen hundred. September 23, 1880, Dr. A. H. Stephens," of Eaton, Ohio, was ap pointed surgeon of the Central Home in place of Dr. J. M. Weaver. The postoffice at the Horae is altogether independent of any other postoffice. Justin Ii. Chapraan, postmaster, made a report to the governor Noveraber 8, 1879, as to the working of his office for the six months ending June 30, 1879. This report is of interest as shoAving what the inmates were doing in the way of correspondence with their friends. The number of letters mailed, including postal cards, was 54,080; the number received Avas 37,752; papers and packages mailed, third class, 9,464; papers and packages received, second and third class, 45,994; total cash received for money orders sent, both domestic and foreign, $4,852; total cash drawn on money orders, domestic and foreign, $1,271.71. For the year ending June 30, 1880, the report was as foHoAvs: Number of letters mailed, including 12,301 postal cards, 119,870; number of letters received, 82,240; papers and packages mailed, third class, 38,928; papers and packages received, second and third class, 101,988; cash received on money orders issued, $14,215.05; cash paid for money orders drawn on the office, $2,813.56. For the six months ending June 30, 1879, the total current expenses of the Home, including cost of all clothing issued to the men and exclud ing construction and repairs, was $187,927, or $55.50 per man. Deducting the cost of clothing, $47.46 per man. For the year ending June 30, 1880, the cost per man, including clothing, was $117.32, aud excluding clothing, $95.40. Following are the numbers of disabled soldiers cared for at the Central Branch since its establishment: In 1867, 616; 1868, 1,320; 1869, 1,637; 1870, 2,101; 1871, 2,329; 1872, 2,426; 1873, 2,664; 1874, 3,177; 1875, 3,769; 1876, 4,120; 1877, 4,023; 1878, 5,098; 1879, 4,596; 1880, 5,304; 1881, 5,552; 1882, 5,914; 1883, 9,481; 1884, 7,146; 1885, 6,884; 1886, 6,020; 1887, 6,022; 1888, 5,936. The following table shows the cost of running the Central Branch, exclusive of expenses for construction and repairs, since 1872, the statistics for previous years not being available. MILITARY HISTORY. 343 1872.. 18T3 .. 1874 .. 1875 .. 1876 .. 1877 .. 1878 .. 1879 .. 1880 .. 1881 .. 1882 ., 1883 .. 1884 .. 1885 .. 1886. 1887.1888. TOTAL COST. $199,186 68 227,927 43 COST PER MAN. $156 72 157 95 325,527 30 . 360,740 81 371,983 64 375,881 83 187,927 60 398,791 54 459,731 29 472,939 32 613,753 58 670.417 53 686,391 13 640,959 58 631,103 04 705,270 21 151 16 143 15 131 95 118 50 *55 50 117 32 tl03 24 130 51 124 10 146 54 146 72 124 05 126 65 131 18 For six months. t Exclusive of clothing. The following table shows the States and Territories, in which the soldiers admitted to the Central Branch enlisted frora date of organiza tion to June 30, 1888: Alabama 6 Arlsansas 6 California 77 Colorado 23 Connecticut 278 Dakota 1 Delaware 73 District of Columbia 107 Florida 2 Georgia 3 Illinois 1,390 Indiana 1,826 Iowa 205 Kansas 235 Kentucky 790 Louisiana 105 Maine 81 Maryland 192 Massachusetts 580 Michigan 885 Minnesota 75 Mississippi 9 Missouri 488 Nebraska 18 Nevada 5 New Hampshire 80 New Jersey 478 New Mexico 3 New York 2,627 North Carolina 1 Ohio 6,990 Pennsylvania 4,170 Rhode Island 48 South Carolina 4 Tennessee 73 Texas 7 344 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Vermont 57 West Virginia 177 Virginia 59 Wisconsin 160 Washington Territory 3 .j,^^.^, -^^ The following table shows the number of soldiers frora each State and Territory admitted into the Central Branch, National Home for Dis abled Volunteer Soldiers, from the date of organization to June 30, 1888: Alabama 15 Missouri 563 Arizona .*. 2 Montana 5 Arkansas 31 Nebraska 65 California 44 Nevada 5 Colorado 18 New Hampshire 80 Connecticut 210 New Jersey 427 Dakota 10 New Mexico 7 Delaware 60 New York 2,579 District of Columbia 184 North Carolina 6 Florida 2 Ohio 7,.5in Idaho : 1 Oregon 11 Illinois 1,091 Pennsylvania 3,662 Indiana 2,187 Rhode Island 46 Indian 'Territory 4 Tennessee 83 Iowa 225 Texas 32 Kansas 270 Utah 4 Kentucky 811 Vermont 32 Louisiana 76 Virginia 81 Maine 71 Washington Territory 20 Maryland 188 West Virgifiia 126 Massachusetts 337 Wisconsin 179 Minnesota 72 Michigan 915 Total 22,397 Mississippi 40 The cemetery is beautifully located west of the hospital ou sloping ground. At the present tirae (June 1, 1889) there are about thirty-three hundred graves of soldiers who lie buried therein. A raonunient has been erected to their raeraory on high ground overlooking the cemetery. The shaft of this monument was forriieiiy one of the columns of the famous United States bank building in Philadelphia. It is forty-eight feet in height, and is surmounted by a colossal statue of a private soldier at parade rest. The height of the statue is ten feet. The corner-stone was laid July 4, 1873. On this occasion an address was delivered by the Hon. Stanley MatthcAVs; the list of articles deposited under the corner-stone was read by Captain Fernald; the corner-stone was laid under the supervision of Chaplain Earnshaw; the oration Avas delivered by Hon. T. W. Ferry, United States senator from Michigan; an address was delivered by General Bridgeland, of Indiana, and also by Governor Noyes, of Ohio. The monument Avas unveiled Septeraber 12, 1877, by MILITARY HISTORY. 345 the president of the United States in the presence of twenty-five thou sand people. On the pedestal are the words, "To our fallen comrades" and " These were honorable raen in their generation." On the base are four figures representing the four arms of the service — viz.: artillery, cavalry, infantry, and the navy. These four figures were carved in Italy. The base is surrounded by tablets on which are engraved the names of the veterans who lie buried in the cemetery. The entire cost of this monument was about twenty thousand dollars, and its erection was in charge of the Monumental and Historical Society of the Home. The officers of the Central Branch since its establishment have been as foHoAvs : Governors — Major E. E. Tracy, of Ohio, was appointed deputy- governor in March, 1867, and died in June, 1868. General Timothy Ingraham was appointed December 6, 1867, and served until January 1, 1869. Colonel E. F. Brown, who had been appointed acting governor, October 8, 1868, took charge of the Branch January 1, 1869, and was appointed deputy-governor July 2, 1869. He Avas appointed governor September 6, 1873, and served in that capacity until appointed inspector- general of the National Horae for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Avhen he Avas succeeded by General M. R. Patrick, of New York, who held the office until his death, July 27, 1888, when he was succeeded by Colonel J. B. Thoraas, the present governor. Treasurers — Colonel J. B. Thoraas Avas elected treasurer of the Cen tral Branch December 5, 1867, and held the office until his appointment as governor, November 17, 1888, when he Avas succeeded by Milton McCoy. Secretaries — Captain A. P. Woodruff was appointed secretary in 1867, and served until September, 1870, when he was succeeded by Captain W. Ii. Lough, Avho served until September, 1873. Captain R. E. Fleming then' became secretary and served until May 14, 1880, when Captain Lough again became secretary. He was succeeded in the position by the present incumbent. Major M. F. Watson. Surgeons — Dr. C. McDermont was surgeon at the Central Branch from the time of its establishment until August, 1874, with the exception of fourteen months, when he was surgeon at the Southern Branch Home. Duriug this interval Dr. S. K. ToAvle Avas surgeon at the Central Branch. In November, 1874, Dr. J. M. Weaver became surgeon and served until October, 1880, Avhen he was succeeded by Dr. A. H. Stephens, of Eaton, Ohio, who resigned September 18, 1884, and was succeeded by Dr. F. H. Patton, the present incumbent. Stewards — Captain A. P. Woodruff' acted as steward while he Avas secretary, and untH December 4, 1872, Avhen he resigned, and was followed I 346 HISTORY OF DAYTON. by Captain Williara Thorapson, who was succeeded March 1, 1882, by Major M. F. Watson, secretary. On December 1, 1885, Captain J. il. Chapman was appointed commissary of subsistence, aud still retains this position, the duties of Avliich are the sarae as those previously performed by the steward.. Major Watson since that date has been secretary only. Chaplains — Rev. William EarnshaAv, D.D., was appointed chaplain of the Central Branch Septeraber 5, 1867, and served until his death at the Branch, July 17, 1885. His successor Avas Rev. J. V. Lerch, Avho is the present chaplain. ToAvard the latter part of the year 1864, it was suggested by General Robert C. Schenck that it would be appropriate to erect a monuraent to the memory of the soldiers of Montgoniery County Avho had died of wounds, or of disease contracted in the Avar. To carry out this sugges tion a committee Avas appointed to have charge of the movement. This coraraittee held a raeeting November 19, 1864, at Huston Hall. The meeting was addressed by Dr. Thomas and Colonel Charles Anderson. The object of the meeting was to discuss plans for carrying into effect the enterprise. E. W. Davies Avas elected president, and IJ. S. Young, secre tary. Colonel John G. Lowe submitted a series of resolutions, which were adopted, aud Avhich were to the effect that it Avas the opinion of the citizens of Dayton that an appropriate and permanent nionument should be erected to perpetuate to future generations the memory of the patriot ism and valor of every citizen of Montgoraery County who has heretofore died or who raay yet die frora wounds received, or frora disease contracted whilst in the service of the United States in the present civil war. Reso lution second provided for the appointment of a committee of three to report the names of persons suitable for an executive committee, Avliich should devise and inaugurate the erection of a monument, and resolution third requested the citizens of the several toAvnships in the count}^ to appoint each a coraraittee to cooperate with the committee of the city of Dayton. Colonel John G. Lowe, Charles Parrott, and II. W. R. Brunner, the committee of three, appointed as au executive committee the foHoAving gentlemen: Lieutenant-Governor Charles Anderson, V. Winters, J. D. Phillips, R. W. Steele, T. A. Phillips, D. E. Mead; U. Burrous, J. H. Peirce, J. McDaniel, A. C. Brown, W. S. Phelps, D. Waymire, Ii. S. Foav- ler, George Lehman, John HoAvard, J. Gebhart, C. Herchelrode, Henry Herrman, Colonel E. A. Parrott, Samuel Craighead, L. B. Gunckel, E. Morgan Wood, R. D. Harshman, and Colonel John G. Lowe. This movement, hoAvever, like several similar movements made at a later day, was not a success. But they all served to keep alive the spirit of the soldiers aud the hope of the comraunity that ultimately such a MILITARY HISTORY. 347 movement Avould succeed. It was finally determined to hold a meeting of the old soldiers of the county for the purpose of giving definite shape to their desires, and such a meeting was held August 29, 1879. At this meeting there were present seventy veteran soldiers, and it was decided to organize a permanent soldiers' association. A committee of five was appointed, whose duty it was to select fifteen others out of the seventy present, who, together Avitli the five, should constitute the charter mera bers. The second meeting was held at the same place, the City Hall, September 5, 1879, and the organization Avas effected with the following as charter merabers: Charles Anderton, Ashley Brown, B. B. Crossley, J. St. John Clarkson, A. C. Fenner, J. C. Staley, G. W. Hatfield, C. F. Kimmel, Ad. Knecht, George LaRue, C. H. Miller, P. O'ConneH, Robert Patterson, J. C. Reber, Jacob Renner, W. Radcliff', H. B. Sortmau, S. B. Smith, E. M. Wood, and Peter Weidner. The following officers were chosen at this raeeting: E. M. Wood, president; H. B. Sortraan, vice- president; A. C. Fenner, treasurer, and J. C. Reber, secretary. They were to serve until the regular meeting in October. Soon after the organization of the association, or the Old Guard, as it was called, a board of trustees was appointed, whose duty it should be to solicit funds for the erection of the monument. As tirae rolled on, however, nothing Avas acconiplished ,by the trustees, and the association resolved to try to raise a fund by giving entertainments for its benefit. Accordingly an entertainment was given at the fair grounds July 4, 1880, at Avhicli about two hundred dollars Avas realized, and as this was such a success, it was determined to give another entertainment, which came off in the fall of the same year Avhen the "Drummer Boy" was presented at Music Hall. At this time a little raore than two hundred dollars was raised. The tAvo sums aggregating about four hundred dollars were placed in bank as the nucleus of the monuraent fund. Subsequently two other attempts were raade to raise money in the same way, but they were both failures, and instead of increasing the sum already on hand, actually reduced it. Perceiving that this plan of raising money enough to erect a suitable monuraent raust necessarily fail, other and Avidely diver^se plans Avere discussed, and at length it avus resolved to try the legislature and secure, if possible, a law that would permit the amount to be raised by tax, provided the people would, at an election at Avhich the question Avere submitted to them, approve of the laAV. The chairman of the trustees at that tirae Avas General T. J. Wood, and he, assisted by D. B. CorAA'in, one of Dayton's attorneys, drafted a bill which Avas forwarded to Senator John F. Sinks. The bill Avas returned to General Wood Avith the sue:- gestion that if it Avere raade general in its nature, instead of applying only 348 HISTORY OF DAYTON. to Montgomery County, there was no doubt that it would pass. The suggested amendment was thereupon made, and the bill returned to Senator Sinks. In due course of time the bHl became a law, being passed by the house of representatives April 8, 1881, having been previously passed by the senate. It is entitled "An Act to Authorize the Commissioners of Any County to Build a Monument or Other Memorial to Perpetuate the Memory of the Soldiers Who Served in the Union Army During the Late Rebellion. " Section 1. Be it enacted, etc. That the commissioners of any county in this State be, and they are hereby authorized to submit to a vote of the people of said county at any general election for State and county officers, the question whether or not a tax of not more than one half mill on each dollar shall be levied upon all property upon the tax duplicate of said county, to raise a fund wherewith to erect a monument or other suitable memorial structure to perpetuate the raeraory of soldiers from said county who served in the Union army during the late rebellion. " Sec 2. In case a majority of the voters of any county voting upon the question shall vote in favor of imposing the proposed tax for said purpose, said tax shall be made j)ayable in tAvo installments of one fourth of a mill each, and shall be imposed and collected during the tAvo years next succeeding the taking of said vote, and the moneys arising from said tax shall be expended by said commissioners in the erection of a monu ment or other suitable memorial structure as said commissioners shall deem best and most appropriate, at such place in said county as may be designated by said comraissioners, and said money shall be applied to no other purpose whatever." This law having been passed, the chairman of the trustees followed it up by securing its endorsement by both political parties at the next general election, which was held October 11, 1881. The result of this vote Avas the sanction by the people of the project, by the following vote: Total vote in the county in favor of the tax, 7,489; total vote against the tax, 6,755, being a majority in its favor of 734. The vote in Dayton Avas 4,641 in ¦ favor of the tax, and 2,116 against it, or a raajority in its favor in the city of 2,525. The county commissioners at the time of this election were Bassett, Purcell and Marshall. The first installment of the money was paid in December, 1882, aud amounted to $5,580.12. From this time on, bids came in with plans, models, etc. Many long and tedious meetings were held by the commis sioners, and the trustees of the Old Guard, General Wood, G. G. Prugh, A. C. Fenner, J. C. Kline, and Henry Kissinger. Months Avere consumed MILITARY HISTORY. 349 in settling preliminary questions. The first bids that carae in Were as follows: J. M. Carpenter & Son, $22,500; Thoraas StanHand, same; C. B. Caulfield, same; 0. L. Billings, sarae; Thoraas Callahan and Leopold Tettweis, sarae; T. Hard wick & Son, $22,000; L. H. Webber, three designs, each $22,500, and one design, $22,000; and the Monumen tal Bronze Company, $22,500. After several meetings and discussions in connection with the Old Guard, the commissioners, on April 10, 1883, rejected all of the bids and directed the auditor to readvertise for bids. On May 30th, the second set of bids was opened and found to be as foHows: John M. Eberle, $20,475; Thomas StanHand, one bid, $20,500; R. F. Carter, $21,200; Isaac Broorae, $22,000; ten bids each at $22,500, and one bid by Carpenter & Son at $27,000. On June 28, 1883, the coraraissioners, assisted by the Old Guard, awarded the contract to Carpenter & Son for $22,500, the monument to stand at the intersection of Main and Water streets. The contract stipulated that the monuraent should be completed by July 1, 1884, the statue to be of Columbia, and the design showed a very striking and beautiful statue. After several weeks had passed, however, the Old Guard became dissatisfied with the design, thinking that as the monument was to perpetuate the memory of the comraon soldier, the statue should be one of a coraraon soldier. A change, therefore, was secured and made September 22, 1883. This change necessitated a delay in the progress of the work, and the tirae for its corapletion was extended to July 25, 1884, and its dedication to July 31, 1884, at the tirae Avhen the soldiers and sailors had decided to hold their reunion. The excavations for the foundation were commenced September 19, 1883. They were thirty-six feet square and seven feet deep. The foundation, which is of Dayton stone, Avas corapleted November 22, 1883. The granite for the monument came from Maine, and the first four car-loads reached Dayton April 15, 1884. Other car-loads carae on from time to tirae, the last reaching the city July 12, 1884. The statue itself was made in Italy, in the studio of Carpenter & Son at Carrara, under the supervision of Ross Adams. It left Leghorn, Italy, in the ship Alsatia, April 15, 1884, and landed at New York June 20th, arriving in Dayton a few days afterward. It is of the best Italian marble. It was shipped tAVO weeks earlier than Avas originally intended, and curiously enough, had it left at the time and in the ship intended, it Avould never have arrived ill this country, as that particular ship was never heard of after leaving port. FoHoAving are the divisions of the monument with their names and sizes: First esplanade, 25 feet square and 1 foot high; second esplanade. 350 HISTORY OF DAYTON. 22 feet 4 inches square and 1 foot high; third esplanade, 19 feet 10 inches square and 1 foot high; fourth esplanade, 17 feet 6 inches square and 1 foot high; base, 15 feet square and 4 feet high; plinth, 12 feet square and 2 feet 3 inches high; die, 10 feet 6 inches square and 10 feet high; first mold, 7 feet 6 inches square and 5 feet 6 inches high; first column, 5 feet 6 inches in diameter and 8 feet high; second mold, 5 feet in diameter and 4 feet 3 inches high; second column, 3 feet 6 inches in diameter and 28 feet high; capital, 5 feet in diameter and 5 feet 8 inches high; statue plinth, 3 feet 2 inches. in diameter and 1 foot 10 inches high; statue, 11 feet 6 inches high; total height of the m-onument, 85 feet. The stones of the die are inscribed as follows: On the south face, "The raeraorial of Montgoraery County to her soldiers;" on the east face, "The republic rests upon the virtue, intelligence, and patriotism of its citizens;" on the north face, "The federal union raust and shall be preserved;" and on the west face, "Liberty and union, uoav aud forever, one and inseparable." On the south side is also the date of dedication, as follows: " Dedicated July 31, 1884." The exercises connected with the dedication Avere extremely interest ing. They commenced on the evening of July 15th, when the Old Guard marched to the monuraent and deposited a box of records. There were one hundred and twenty-five raerabers of the Old Guard present at their hall that evening. Allen 0. Jeff'ries presented a large and handsome bunting flag, with appropriate remarks, to the E. A. King Post, G. A. R. After several speeches had been raade, the coraraittee on preparation of the record box was called upon. This committee Avas coraposed of Captain A. C. Fenner, Dr. J. M. Weaver, and E. M. Thresher. The latter gentleman, as chairman of the committee, reported the contents of the box as follows: A. copy of the Bible, city directory for 1883- 1884, last annual reports of the city clerk, of the Avork-house, of the directors of the board of fire commissioners, of the chief of the fire department, of the board of health, of the city infirmary directors, of the city solicitor, of the police commissioners, of the Woman's Christian Association, constitution and by-laws of the Old Guard Association; Dayton Journal of May 30th, containing the names of deceased soldiers iu the various cemeteries, copies of the Aveekly papers published in Dayton, list of the officers of E. A. King Post, roster of the G. A. R. Posts of Ohio, and other things. Upon the completion of the reading of the list, E. M. Thresher delivered an address, and then Mr. Carpenter carried the box to the top of the raonunient and deposited it in its resting-place. Meanwhile the band played "Hail Columbia," and the Old Guard marched back to the hall. MILITARY HISTORY. 351 The ceremonies proper of the dedication began July 29th at sunrise, with a salute of thirteen guns. The day was, in reality, asserably and reception day, and was in a great raeasure devoted to the reception of the comrades and ex-prisoners of war. At midday there was a salute of thirty-eight guns, and in the afternoon there Avas music, prayer by the Rev. W. A. Hale, an address of welcome by Mayor Bettelon, a response by General Robert P. Kennedy, and a salute of thirteen guns at sundoAvn. The next day was spent in a manner similar to that of the 29th. There Avere salutes and speeches, the latter by the mayor, by General Robert P. Kennedy, by General W. S. Rosecrans, and by Ex-President Hayes. But the 31st was the great day of the celebration. General Thomas J. Wood Avas the coramander-in-chief. The procession formed about ten o'clock, and the line of march Avas as follows: Commencing at the inter section of Main and Fifth streets, proceeding north on Main to Water Street, Avest on Water to Wilkinson, south to First, Avest to Perry, south to Second, east to LudloAv, south to Fifth, east to Bainbridge, north to Third, west to Jeff'erson, north to First, Avest to Main, north to the monu ment, and countermarch to Fifth, Avhere the column Avas dismissed. This parade Avas a grand aff'air. The Seventh Regiment Band marched at its head, aud was foHoAved by the Veteran Old Guard and the Junior Old Guard, coraraanded by Colonel Patrick O'ConneH. Next carae General Thomas J. Wood, comraander-in-chief, and staff', accom panied by Governor Hoadly aud staff'. Following them carae the G. A. R. Posts, coraraanded by Vice-Departraent-Coraraander Bro'wn; then the regimental organizations, commanded b}' Colonel E. A. Parrott; then the various societies in full dress, Uniformed Rank of the Knights of Pythias, Dayton, lola, and Humboldt divisions, commanded by Captain Peter Weidner; Knights of St. George, of Emmanuel and Trinity churches; the Catholic Cadets, A. 0. H., and labor organizations; a line of infantry and carriages, foHoAved by Ex-President Hayes, General J. R. Hawley, Hon. G. W. Houk, Hon. Samuel Craighead, Judge Henderson Elliott, Hon. John A. McMahon, W. D. Bickham, Colonel C. Williams, Justice Stanley Matthews, General W. S. Rosecrans, General R. P. Kennedy, Chaplain Earnshaw, and John W. Stoddard. The speeches were made in the afternoon. The grand stand contained the above-named persons and others. Hon. S Craighead introduced the Hon. G. W. Plonk, who delivered the monument to the people. Governor Hoadly foHoAved in a response, accepting the monument. A song was then sung entitled " Peace to their ashes, their graves are our pride." This song Avas composed by Mrs. John Hancock, and the music Avas composed 352 HISTORY OF DAYTON. by Prof. Blunienschein, both especially for the occasion. Colonel E. A. Parrott then deHvered an oration, and the " Battle Hymn of the Republic" was sung. Then followed the oration of the day by General Joseph R, Hawlej', and other speeches were made by General Rosecrans, Ex-President Hayes, Hon. John Sherman, and General Robert P. Ken nedy, and the exercises closed with the singing of the song " America." ^i'% CHAPTER XVI. Mercantile and Commercial — Numerous Branches of Trade and Commerce— Numbers of Firms in Business in Various Years — The Wholesale and Retail Grocer — Dry Goods Dealers — Extent of Trade — Disproportionate — Explanation — Dayton Exchange— Cir cular Issued — Railroad Construction from Xenia to Washington — Cheap Coal a, Desideratum — Death of the Exchange — Completion of the Railroad into Jackson County — Gradual Reduction in Price of Coal — New Board of Trade — Its Efforts in Behalf of the Prosperity of the City. THE branches of trade and comraerce in Dayton, like the classes of manufactures, are so numerous that it is manifestly impracticable to trace them out in all their details, and it is likcAvise impossible to present an historical sketch of this branch of the city's interests that shall be anything like satisfactory either to the reader or to the Avriter. No one realizes this more clearly or forcibly that those gentlemen, officers and members of the board of trade, who have made several earnest efforts, all of them unsuccessful, to collect coraplete statistical information regarding either commerce or manufactures. Neither merchants nor manufacturers, as a rule, are willing to give the necessary facts and figures from Avhich, when summed up, such a statement as is required by those who are merely seeking information might be made, even Avhen every assurance of the most rigid secrecy as to the facts concerning any individual firm or com pany is given. Hence it is evident that any attempt to do justice to this subject must fail from the necessities ofthe case. But, if it is possible by a problem in proportion to arrive approxi mately at the extent or amount of business done in any one year, from a tolerably close estimate of the number of firms and the amount of business transacted in any other year, the foHoAving figures may be of some value and interest, besides satisfying the curiosity of the reader : From the city directories of 1856, 1871, 1880, and 1888, it has been computed that there were in those years in the various branches of business, the following numbers of individuals and firms engaged : In 1856 — Bookstores, 3; dealers in clothing, 4; coal dealer, 1; com mission merchants, 2; confectioners, 4; druggists, 6; dry goods merchants, 6; furniture dealer, 1; grain dealer, 1; grocers, 26; hardware dealers, 2; hat, cap, and fur dealers, 3; land agent, 1; leather dealers, 3; lime and limestone dealers, 1; lumber dealers, 6; meat marketraen, 2; merchant tailors, 4; milliners, 3; piano dealers, 1; pork packers, 1; produce dealers, 2; provision stores 3; restaurateurs, 2. 353 354 HISTORY OF DAYTON. In 1871— Bakers, 24; in 1880, 31; in 1888, 32; bookstores, in 1871, 7; iu 1880, 9; and in 1888, 10; boot and shoe dealers, in 1871, 70; in 1880, 97; in 1888, 90; butter dealers, in 1871, 1; in 1880, 4; in 1888, 3; dealers in china, glass and queensAvare, in 1871, 55; in 1880, 23; in 1888, 7*; dealers in cigars and tobacco, in 1871, 24; in 1880, 60; in 1888, 53;. coal dealers, in 1871, 13; in 1880, 19; in 1888, 33; commission merchants, in 1871, 12; in 1880, 9; in 1888, 10; confectioners, in 1871, 23; in 1880, 34; in 1888, 47; druggists, in 1871, 23; in 1880, 30; in 1888, 43; dry goods mer chants, in 1871, 35; in 1880, 22; in :!888, 32; dealers in flour and feed, in 1871, 20; in 1880, 30; in 1888, 30; fruit dealers, in 1871, 17; in 1880, 17; in 1888, 15; furniture manufacturers and dealers, in 1871, 12; in 1880, 17; in 1888, manufacturers, 7; dealers, 13; merchant tailors, in 1871, 23; in 1880, 23; in 1888, 21; grain dealers, in 1871, 6; in 1880, 8; in 1888, 6; wholesale grocers, in 1871, 9; in 1880, 12; in 1888, 8; retail grocers, in 1871, 211; iu 1880, 190; in 1888, 250; hardware merchants, in 1871, 9; in 1880, 9; iu 1888, 10; dealers in house furnishing goods, in 1871, 4; in 1880, 7; 1888, 9; ice dealers, in 1871,2; in 1880,1; in 1888,5; lumber dealers, iu 1871,10; in 1880; 9; 1888, 11; meat-marketraen, in 1871, 14; in 1880, 52; in 1888, 100; milHners, in 1871, 34; in 1880, 33; in 1888, 34; dealers in notions, in 1871, 18; in 1880, 62; in 1888, 49; piano dealers, in 1871, 3; in 1880, 6; in 1888, 6; pork packers, in 1871, 2; in 1880, 3; in 1888, 4; sHverAA^are dealers, in 1871, 6; in 1880, 5; in 1888, 6; dealers in stoves and hollow- ware, in 1871, 15; in 1880, 26; 1888, 30; Avatch-raakers and jcAvelers, in 1871, 10; in 1880, 13; in 1888, 27. One of the raost important branches of business in connection Avith any city or community is that of the grocer. Everyone must patronize the grocer, because everyone must live. The increase in the number of establishments carrying on the grocery business, therefore, would seem to be a better index to the growth of a city than perhaps any other class of business. At the present time there are five exclusively wholesale grocery corapanies in Dayton: John K. Mclntire & Company, Weaklej', Worman & Company, N. Thacker & Corapany, W. S. Phelps & Sons, and Crosslc}' & Adamson. These five firms transact iu the aggregate an annual business of over three million dollars. The directory of 1888, as stated above, contains a list of about tAvo hundred and fifty grocers doing a retail business. However, it has been stated upon apparently good authorit}', that there are over five hundred aud eighty retail grocers in the city, a fcAV of whom carry on also a wholesale business. The estiraate is made that these retail grocers, including those Avho are wholesalers as well, transact an annual business of about ten thousand dollars each, or an aggregate of over five million eight hundred thousand dollars per annum. In the dry goods lines, the directory of 1888 enumerates three wholesale * The number for 1888 includes only exclusive dealers. MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL. 355 houses and tAventy-nine retaH houses. Sorae of the largest of these retail firras are D. L. Rike & Co., Daniels & Meldrum, Lambert & Clock, Elder, Hunter & Johnston, and Bauer, Forster & Co., all of whom do an immense business. The first firm mentioned is said to transact a business of tAvo hundred and fifty thousand dollars per year, a part of it being Avholesale. In the ready-made clothing line there are several large establishments, which is also true of the boot aud shoe trade, the jcAvelry business, fancy goods, and several other lines. The last directory enumerates forty-three drug stores in the city, and in all there are, in all probability, over twenty- three hundred retail establishments of all kinds. The estimate is raade that each of these establishraents, large and small, on the average, do a business of about sev^en thousand dollars per year, and, according to this estimate, the retail business of Dayton Avould amount, annually, to nearly eighteen raillion dollars. The entire nuraber of wholesale houses in the city is forty, and the araount of their business annually is estiraated at eight million, five hundred thousand dollars. This trade is largely disproportionate to the population of the city, but is explained by the fact that Dayton is in the heart of a rich agricultural region, which is inhabited by an industrious and thriving community of farmers. It is also surrounded on all sides by an immense number of wealthy toAvns and villages, whose raerchants, for the most part, make it the source of supplies of all kinds. The merchants of Dayton buy directly frora the raanufacturers, and are thus enabled to compete successfully Avith merchants of even larger cities. They occupy not Only all the territory to Avliich they are rightfully entitled, but encroach considerably on the territory that would seem to belong to such cities as Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The groAvth of the trade of the city for the past five or six years has been particularly remarkable and gratifying. This fact would seera to indicate that Dayton has becorae a raore important center of trade than ever before in her history. While conservatism raay haA'c its faults and disadvantages, yet it is doubtless owing to this characteristic of the inhabitants of this citj' that this very valuable feature of the life of the city is due. The first organized eff'ort made in this city to collect data Avith reference to the commercial and manufacturing interests of the place, and to stimulate and increase their groAvth, was in 1873. The first meet ing of citizens for tliese purposes was held in the law office of Jordan & Linden, December 1st. Hon. J. A. Jordan was called to the chair, and S. B. Smith was made secretary. Hon. Mr. Jordan made a short address, in which he said that the object of the nieeting was to organize a board of trade which would give irapetus to the business of the city. He said 356 HISTORY OP DAYTON. that the prospects of the city were good, business had not been overdone, and the people had confidence in the future of the place. Some had thought that the business prosperity of the city depended largely on the facilities for securing cheaper coal, and it was true there was a large class of manufacturers to, whom coal was an important item in the success of their business. There were then three coal roads aud less than one hun dred and thirty miles from the coal fields. Instead of shipping coal from Cincinnati to Dayton, as had to be done in former years, coal was then being shipped from Dayton to Cincinnati. There were then twelve coal yards in the city, instead of two as formerly. Dayton was then consuming about one hundred and twenty thousand tons of coal per annum, Avhich cost to bring it to Dayton two dollars per ton, and the facilities for getting coal to Dayton were constantly increasing. These were the principal reraarks raade, from which it will be seen that the main idea in which the raeeting was interested, was that of securing cheaper coal. An organization of the board was then eff'ected with Hon. J. A. Jordan, president; Michael Ohraer, vice-president; Ashley Brown, secretary, and John W. Stoddard, treasurer. The next meeting was held on the 6th of the month. At this meeting the principal question discussed was the building of a coal road to the coal fields in Jackson County. Mr. Jordan, however, called attention to the fact that there were numerous branches of manufacture, to whieh coal was not a necessity at all. Coraraittees were appointed for carrying out the work of the board. There was an executive committee, a finance coraraittee, a coraraittee on statistics, a committee of the whole, a com mittee to raise funds for the procuring of statistics, a committee on the extension of manufactures, and a committee ou holding an annual exposition at Dayton. A constitution was adopted setting forth the objects of the board, which Avas named the Dayton Exchange, which were to collect and publish statistics and facts; to develop the business interests of the city; to encourage men to engage in business; to encourage merchants and manufacturers, and to create a market for real estate. A report Avas made to the exchange by Mr. Arnold that he had information to the eff'ect that there was one hundred and fifty thousand dollars ready to go into various manufacturing enterprises, and that there were citizens with sufficient public spirit to donate laud to the value of one hundred thousand dollars to enterprises of the kind. A committee on freights was, at this meeting, appointed to inquire into and report the price of freights on railroads leading into Dayton, as compared with other cities, and to learn whether there were any discriminations in favor of through freights as against local freights. Robert G. Corwin was MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL. 357 requested to make a statement as to the feasibility of completing the railroad from Xenia to Washington and what advantages would be gained thereby to Dayton. The exchange issued a circular on the 17th of the month, hj a cora raittee composed of A. D. Wilt, Charles E. Pease, and W. H. Gillespie, requesting all classes of business men to send to them statistics of their business, so that a comprehensive statement and accurate report might be made. W. B. Pease was appointed to collect statistics. At the next meeting held on the 20th of December, Robert G. CorAvin made a report on the construction of the railroad frora Xenia to Washington. LLe said that if it were corapleted there would be a saving of forty railes in the distance from Dayton to Muskingum and Perry counties, and the cost of bringing coal to this city would be greatly reduced. Coal then cost at the mines, on board the cars, one dollar and fifty cents per ton, and with this road completed the freight would be one dollar per ton, making coal cost, laid down in Dayton, two dollars and fifty cents per ton. The two roads then in existence, leading frora Dayton to Columbus, were not competing with each other for the transportation of coal, ancl as a con sequence the rates of freight were excessive. An informal meeting Avas held at the Beckel House on the 23d of December for the purpose of conferring with a number of gentlemen from Greene, Jackson, and Fayette counties, in relation to the ucav road to the Jackson County coal fields. The plan discussed at that time was that of building a road from Xenia to Anderson, Ross County, fifty-four miles in length, and there making connection with the Cincinnati and Marietta road, which, at the distance of thirty-four miles, came into the rich coal and iron fields, to which Dayton was desirous of securing access. The cost of building or of completing the road, as part of the grading was already done, including the laying of the ties and rails, was estimated at five hundred and seventy thousand dollars. The Exchange frora this time on seems to have done but little, as on the 9th of February, 1874, it was reorganized, Mr. Jordan suggesting the importance of employing a secretary who could devote his whole time to the duties of the position. The discussion of the construction of the Dayton and Southeastern Railroad was further continued, and the Exchange from that time on seeras to have been suffered to lapse into nonentity, as no further accounts of its meetings could be found in the daily papers. The road into the Jackson County coal fields was corapleted in 1881, and it is of interest to all to trace the gradual reduction in the price of coal for the past tAvelve or fifteen years. This reduction may not, hoAv- 358 HISTORY OF DAYTON. ever, be wholly OAving to competition in railroad freights, and doubtless is not, as iu any civilized country there are at work numerous agencies which have a steady tendency to reduce the cost not only of what may be termed luxuries, but also the necessaries of life. But whether or not the cora pletion of the Dayton & Southeastern Railroad has done all or most of that Avhicli has been doue toward bringing doAvn the price of coal, one thing is certain, and that is that it has prevented it from going higher. Early in the fall of 1872, anthracite coal Avas selling to consumers at $10 per ton, while at the same time Hocking Valley coal Avas $5 to $5.40 per ton. In January, 1872, in accordance with the general rule that coal is higher during the Avinter nionths than in the summer aud early faH, the prices Avere, for Hocking Valley coal, $5.90 per ton, and for Yough- iogheuy coal, $6.50 to $7.25 per ton. In August and October, 1873, the price for Hocking Valley was $5 per ton. In November, 1874, Hocking Valley coal Avas $4 per ton, and iu Septeraber and October, 1875, it was the sarae, Aviiile anthracite coal Avas $9 per ton. In December, 1876, Hocking Valley coal Avas still $4 per ton, Youghiogheny was $4.50. In February, 1877, Hocking Valley Avas $4, and in September and November it was $3.50. In April and July, 1878, the price was still $3.50, while in AprH and June, 1879, it Avas $3.25. In September, 1882, it was $3.25, as Avas also Jackson County coal, in December the price for both kinds went up to $3.75, and it was the same in January, 1883. In May and October, 1884, the price for both Hocking Valley and Jackson County coal Avas $3.50 per ton, while anthracite Avas $7.25. The prices were the same for all kinds of coal in January, 1885. In October and November, 1885, the prices Avere $3.25 for Hocking Valley and Jackson County coal, and for anthracite, $6.50. In September, 1886, the prices- Avere the sarae all round, aud in 1887 they were about fifty cents higher on the ton. In the fall of 1888, Hocking Valley and Jackson County coal ranged frora $3.25 to $3.50 per ton, and in the spring of 1889, both Hocking Valley and Jackson Countj' coal were $2.75 per ton, and anthra cite $6.25. With reference to coal for manufacturing or steam-making purposes, it raay be stated that Avlien coal for domestic purposes is $4 per tou, lump coal for other purposes named usually is from $2.50 to $2.75 per ton, vA^hile slack is $2. During the last four or five years steam coal has been on the average, for slack, $1.50 per ton, nut and slack, $2, nut, $2.25, and lump $3; at the present time the prices for steam coal are, slack, $1.25, nut aud slack, $1.75, nut, $2.25, and lump, $2.50. The prcseut loAv prices for coal arc in i>art, at least, attributable to the introduction of natural gas iuto domestic and manufacturing purposes. MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL. 359 It is estimated that in 1870, the consumption of coal in Dayton was about forty thousand tons, while in 1888 an estimate was made, which is very close, and in every way reliable, shoAving that the consumption reached very nearly if not quite tAvo hundred thousand tons. The next effort to organize a board of trade was made in April, 18,87. A preliminary raeeting was held on the 30th of that month at the Phillips House, at Avhich John K. Mclntire presided, and A. S. Estabrook acted as secretary. Speeches Avere made by Dennis Dwyer, Jaraes McDaniel, G. N. Bierce, N. P. Rarasey, W. R. Nevin, S. D. Conover, E. P. Matthews, and others. A coraniittee on by-laws and constitution Avas appointed, consisting of Ii. B. Pruden, W. Worman, W. E. Crume, G. N. Bierce, 11. E. Mead, N. P. Ramsey, and E. P. Matthews. At this preliminary raeeting, fifty-eight individuals and firms signed a list, signifying their desire to become merabers of the I t organization. The first official session of the directory of this new organization was held in the Council Chamber May 23d, with President II. Ii. Weakley in the chair. E. P. Matthews Avas the secretary, and all the merabers were in attendance. The following standing comraittees Avere announced by the president : Executive Committee — H. Ii. Weakley, H. B. Pruden, R. R. Dickey, E. P. Matthews, and L. B. Gunckel. Committee on Appeal — Warren Munger, W. E. Crume, and D. W. Engle. Arbitration — J. A. McMahon, D. L. Rike, A. C. Fenner, E. E. Barney, Joseph R. Gebhart. Membership — 0. W. Kneisley, H. E. Mead, George M. Lane, Milling- ton Kemper, and A. Beebe. Manufactures — H. H. Laubach, V. P. Van Horne, W. R. Baker, Orion Dodds, A. A. Simonds, G. Stomps, J. W. Sefton, E. F. Stoddard, W. W. Sraith, G. W. Heathraan, William M. Kinnard, and Calvin Lyon. Transportation — George P. Huffman, W. M. Mills, S. D. Conover, G. N. Bierce, R. C. Schenck, Jr., S. J. Patterson, W. Ii. Simms, J. K. Mclntire, and John D. Turner. Mercantile Interests — N. Thacker, Walter Worman, T. A. Legler, C. V. Osborn, Ii. C. Thorapson, Harry Kiefaber, A. NcAvsalt, Houston Lowe, E. F. Cooper, D. R. Johnston, and Charles Spatz. Statistics— W. R. Nevin, B. F. Hargrave, E. C. Baird, Frank Conover, Jaraes Cummin, F. T. Huffman, and Joel 0. Shoup. Printing— 'Ed.wdrd Sachs, A. L. Bauman, and G.,C. Kennedy. Public Improvements — C. A. Phillips, Ezra Birara, B. Kuhns, J. E. 360 ¦ HISTORY OF DAYTON. Lowes, M. A. Nipgen, John G. Doren, Ira CraM'ford, S. N. Brown, H. B. Groneweg, R. I. Cummin, and M. W. Chambers Finance and Legislation—^. M. Thresher, A. S. Estabrook, O. M. Gottschall, George P. Gebhart, Adam Lessner, Walter A. King, A. A. Winters, W. D. Bickhara, W. D. McKeniy, E. A. Parrott, and J. H. Cook. .Produce — Joseph Kratochwill, Williara Kiefaber, N. Jacobs, A. A. Birara, and S. D. Bear. Fuel and Light — Charles Whelan, J. E. Gimperling, Frank D. FoAvler, Frank Huff'man, Dennis Dwyer, Alonzo Ridgway, and J. Lane Reed. Lumber — Harry C. Wight, Silas R. Burns, Elliott Pierce, William Ohmer, Charles I. Williams, George Herbig, aud David Pruden. Grain — Harry Schaeffer, J. L. Norris, W. H. Nauman, Thomas Negus, and George P. Gebhart. Insurance — H. N. Williams, Horace Fox, A. D. Wilt, J. N. Thorn, Henry Zwick. Sanitary Affairs — Dr. A. H. Iddings, E. C. Baird, William Burk- hardt. Otto Weusthoff', and George Schantz. Water — Luther Peters, Frederick Withoft, Charles W. Brown, George Neder, aud E. R. StHwell. Municipal Matters — Frank Conover, John Hanitch, Charles D. Iddings, J. A. Weed, and G. C. Wise. At that time there were three hundred and thirty-six members of the association. The executive committee was entrusted Avith the question of securing rooms for the raeetings of the board, and a special committee was appointed to prepare a code of by-laws. Rooms were secured at Number 8 North Main Street, and the first meeting held therein Avas on June 7th. At this time appropriate resolutions were adopted regarding the death of E. F. Stoddard, and Houston Lowe Avas appointed to the vacancy caused by his death. The regular quarterly nieeting Avas held June 13, 1887, at which time there had been paid of the membership fees, nearly $4,000. Four of the National Banks had joined the association, and the rooms then occupied by the Public Library were rented by the board. The officers of the board for 1887 were as follows: Ii. H. Weakley, president; H. B. Pruden, first vice-president; A. A. Winters, second vice-president; E. P. Matthews, secretary, and Walter A. King, treasurer. The officers for 1888 were the same as for 1887. The officers for 1889 are the following: A. A. Winters, president: H. B. Pruden, first vice-president; A. C. Marshall, second vice-president; E. P. Matthews, secretary; A. S. Estabrook, treasurer, aud Herraann F. Cellarius, superintendent. The superintendent takes the place of the MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL. 361 manager, according to a new code of by-laws adopted February 11, 1889. Following are the standing committees for .the year 1889. Executive Committee — II. H. Weakley, A. C. Marshall, S. J. Patterson, A. L. Bauman, W. E. Crume, H. R. Groneweg, Ii. B. Pruden. Municipal Affairs — R. I. Curarain, W. D. McKemy, A. C. Nixon, E. P. Mathews, A. C. MarshaH, H. H. Laubach, G. N. Bierce. Finance and Legislation — E. M. Thresher, R. C. Schenck, Jr., James Turner, W. D. Bickham, J. 0. Shoup, 0. B. Brown, Albert Beebe. Railroads and Transportation — George P. Huff'man, Walter W. Smith, Cyrus V. Osborn, Joseph R. Gebhart, C. J. Ferneding,» D. B. Corwin, B. F. Hargrave. Manufacturers — G. N. Bierce, A. A. Simonds, Frank J. Patterson, W. P. Callahan, Adam Schantz, H. B. Pruden, John F. Ohmer. Mercantile Interests — J. K. Mclntire, Walter Worman, Houston Lowe, Samuel Weller, DeWitt C. Arnold, Henry Lessner, H. C. Kiefaber. Fuel and Light — H. E. Mead, 0. I. Gunckel, J. E. Boyer, Millington Kemper, H. E. Parrott, Charles Whelan, Charles I. Williams. Health and Sanitary Affairs — Dr. J. E. Lowes, Ira Crawford, J. J. Rossell, John A. Mayer, E. C. Baird, Otto Weusthoff, PhHip E. GHbert. The objects of the board of trade, as set forth in its recently adopted constitution, are to encourage integrity and fairness in business; to discover and correct abuses; to establish aud maintain uniformity in commercial usages; to collect, preserve, and circulate statistics and information regarding business; to prevent or adjust controversies that may arise betAveen persons engaged in trade, and generally to advance the commercial and material interests of the city of Dayton. In furtherance of these objects the board, in the spring of 1889, found it necessary to undertake to secure the erection of a ucav union depot. The first meeting at Avhich this subject was discussed was held March 11, 1889. The following series of resolutions, adopted at that meeting, abundantly set forth the views of the board of trade and of the citizens of Dayton on the subject: " Whereas, The passenger depot facilities of the city of Dayton are inadequate for the transaction of its business, and for the convenience and safety of the public, to an extent which does not exist in any other city of the country in proportion to population and the number of railroads using the said depot, and the business transacted; and, "Whereas, The citizens of Dayton have protested against this injus tice for many years without any other result than securing promises from the railroad companies to speedily erect a suitable building with proper 362 history of dayton. approaches and commensurate in all respects with the city's just claims, which promises have not been fulfilled; and, " Whereas, The competing roads for the business of the city assert their desire and readiness to join in the erection of a new depot, with the single exception of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad Company, and have attended the joint conferences called for the purpose, but without action being taken on account of the representative of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Company having failed to attend the meeting as appointed; and, "Whereas, We believe that the cooperation of the said Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis RaHroad Company, and an eff'ort on its part in proportion to its interests in the business of the city, would secure'the erection of a ucav station during the coming summer; therefore, "Resolved, That a special committee be'appointed to advise the proper representatives of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad, and connecting lines, the White Line, the Merchants' Dispatch, and the American Express Company, that the business and traveling public hold the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati aud Indianapolis Rail road Company responsible for the continued disregard of the rights and interests of our people. "Resolved, That said coraraittee be requested to rexaort the results of its correspondence with said company at the regular meeting of the board of trade, to be held April 1, 1889, together with such recommenda tions on the subject of continued patronage of this company and its associate interests, as it may deem proper." The coraraittee appointed to carry out the instructions contained in these resolutions was as follows: A. C. Marshall, George P. Huff'man, and H. Ii. Weakley. This committee desiring to be indorsed by a strong representation of the city's business, secured the active support of the leading business raen and firms of the city. Thus sustained, the committee comniunicated with General-Superinteudent Beach, of the Cleveland, Columbus, Ciucinnati & Indianapolis Railroad Company, and the result has been several meetings of the board of trade, and the final submission of plans and specifications for the raising of the railroad tracks and the erection of a new union depot building, the prospect being that in the near future an agreement will be arrived at, which will be satisfactory to all concerned, and a building erected which will be not only a convenience, but an ornament to the city. ' if ^ m^^2^^ CHAPTER XVII. Banking — Dayton Manufacturing Company— First Loan — New Banking Law — Trials of the Bank— Final Suspension of Specie Payments — Closing Up the Business of the Bank — New Banking Law Promised— On National B-mks— Various Views— New Banking Law — Dayton Branch of the State Bank — The Dayton Bank — The Crow-bar Law— The City Bank— The Farmers' Bank — The Miami Valley Bank — The Exchange Bank — The Dayton National Bank — National Banking Law — First National Bank — Second National Bank — Third National Bank — Merchants' National Bank — Fourth National Bank— Union S.v r/i/lM'l^7//y^'-'- -¦¦'-*¦''' '¦ MANUFACTURES. 453 and David Stout was elected treasurer. On the 7th of August the entire board of directors resigned their offices, and on the 28th a new board was elected, consisting of C. G. Swain, S. B. Brown, David Stout, H. Pease, and W. F. Coraly. S. B. Brown was chosen president, and G. W. Rogers, secretary. November 19th Jaraes M. Kerr becarae secretary and was succeeded March 14, 1851, by Ii. Strickler. Robert Means becarae director Septeraber 10, 1850, and Williara Dickey, September 25, 1850. John Garner becarae secretary Septeraber 1, 1851, and T. A. Phillips, director, August 1, 1853. Durmg all the first few years, after converting the works into the coal gas works, the corapany had a great deal of trouble with its debt, which, in 1853, araounted to from forty-eight thousand to fifty thousand dollars. Upon this large araount ten per cent interest was paid, and the debt was Secured by mortgages upon the homesteads of two of the largest stockholders. This indebtedness ran along until the first years of the war, and was finaHy extinguished in 1862. A stockholders' meeting was held August 6, 1855, at which a ucav board of directors was elected. This board was organized on the 17th of the same raouth by the election of R. R. Dickey, president, and S. T. Evans, secretary. Mr. Evans reraained secretary until 1877, when he Avas succeeded by George M. Smart, who has retained the office ever since. Mr. Dickey remained president of the corapany until 1858, though frora March, 1856, until August 2, 1858, his brother, Williara Dickey, served as president pro tem. At this latter date, Mr. Dickey, on account of continued ill health, resigned the presidency, and Williara Dickey was elected to the vacancy, serving until May 10, 1876, Avhen he resigned, and S. A. Dickey was elected to the position. He served until 1880, when R. R. Dickey was again elected president, and has served ever since. In 1880, the office of vice-president was created, and H. C. Graves was elected to the position. Joseph Light has been superin- "tendent of the corapany ever since 1855. In the price of gas, as in the prices of alraost everything raanufac tured, there have been several changes and a steady decline. In 1865, the price was $4.50 per thousand cubic feet, while at this time the price is $1.15 per thousand. The reasons for such a large reduction in the price are that raore gas is now obtained from a ton of coal, the company now utilizes a good deal of what was formerly wasted, and there is a largely increased consumption. The water used in washing the gas is now used in the manufacture of sulphate of araraonia. In 1885, the corapany erected araraonia Avorks, near the gas works, Avhich are run continuously uuder the process knoAvn as Dr. L. S. Fales' Process. 454 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The product of these works are aqua ammonia and fertilizers, from three to five car loads per year. The Dayton Electric Light Company was originally organized as the Brush Electric Light Company, but failing to raake a contract with the Brush Electric Corapany, a re-oganization Avas effected, and the name changed to the Dayton Electric Light Corapany. The first raeeting of the board of directors of this conipany was held in March, 1883. There were present the foHoAving directors : Valentine Winters, J. E. Lowes, Thomas S. Babbitt, R. D. Hughes, il. C. Kiefaber, Ezra Bimra, and Williara A. Barnett. On the 25th of April, the following officers Avere elected: J. E. LoAves, president; Thomas S. Babbitt, vice-president; William A. Bar nett, secretary, and Valentine Winters, treasurer. The corapany selected a location for their plant on the Dayton View Hydraulic, and secured a perpetual lease of Avater-power frora the Dayton View Hydraulic Cora pany. Here they erected an electric light plant of 224 arc lights of the Fuller- Wood Systera. Power is furnished the plaut by four seventy-five horse-poAver Victor Turbine water wheels, and one one hundred and fifty horse-poAver Buckeye steara engine. The electricity is developed by tAvo fifty-five light dynamos, oue forty-five light dynamo and three twenty- three light dynamos. The city was lighted the first tirae by the electric light on the night of February 16, 1883. Fifty lights had been put up for trial Avhich ran for thirty days, and gave such satisfaction that they Avere accepted, and orders Avere given by the city for one hundred and fifty lights, including the fifty that had been on trial. These one hundred and fifty lights Avere all in operation before the close of the year, 1883, and this is about the average number in use by the city at the present tirae. Private citizens have added since then about fifty of these arc lights, so that now there are about tAvo hundred in use in the city. On May 26, 1887, the corapany finished aii Edison electric light plant of tAVO thousand sixteen candle-power Hghts, and in July, 1888, the capac ity of this systera was increased by the addition of an engine aud dynamo capable of supplying one thousand raore incandescent lights. The Edison station is located at Nurabers 124 and 120 East Fourth Street, the front being used for offices and the rear for the plant. Here there are four one hundred horse-power boilers, tAvo one hundred and fifty horse-poAver high speed Taylor engines, and oue one hundred and fifty horse-poAver high speed Buckeye engine. There are six Nuraber 20 Edison dynamos, capable of running fiA^e hundred sixteen candle-poAver lamps each. The average price of the Edison light is about one cent per hour for a sixteen candle-power light. For the arc light a lamp burning from dusk to 9:30 MANUFACTURES. 455 P. M., is twenty-five cents per night. If the larap burns up to midnight the cost is $12.50 per month. If it burns all night, $15 per month. The cost to the city for its arc lights is one hundred and fifty dollars per year for each light. The officers of the Dayton Electric Light Corapany at the present time are: Joseph E.Lowes, president; Thoraas S. Babbitt, vice-president; Valentine Winters, treasurer, and John R. Fletcher, secretary and raanager. At a raeeting of the board of directors, held March 12, 1889, the meter systera was adopted as the basis for charges to the consumers of the electric light. The company intend to charge for the same araount of light, the same as is charged for gas light. The corapany has also intro duced the electric motor system, which is being used by a fcAV of the citizens of Dayton. The power is furnished in any quantity frora one- eighth horse-power to five horse-power at about seventy -five dollars per horse-power per annum. The latest forra of heat with which the citizens of Dayton have been favored is that derived from natural gas. The story of the bringing of this forra of gas to this city is briefly as foHoAvs: Judge Dennis DAvyer has a farm in Mercer County, which, upon careful study of the course of the gas and oil flelds leading southwestWard from Pennsylvania, he thought would fall within the limits of that field extending in this direction. The discovery of oil was, however, uppermost iu the mind of Judge Dwyer during his study of the question. In order to determine Avhat was best to do, he called together a few of his friends for consulta tion, these gentlemen being T. A. Legler, Michael Neal, George Ohraer, Francis J. McCormick, Michael J. Gibbons, Stephen J. Patterson, John McMaster, John A. Murphy, and James Ward. After consultation it was determined to put down a well on the judge's farm. This was in 1886, and was the first successful gas Avell west of Findlay. The prospectors Avere, however, disappointed, inasmuch as gas was discovered instead of oil, and what was stiH more remarkable, this gas was found in territory which had been marked "barren" by Professor Orton. Upon finding themselves successful in their search, the ten persons named above at once organized the Dayton & Southwestern Natural Gas and Oil Company, Avhich narae Avas subsequently shortened to the Dayton Natural Gas Company. The first officers of the company were T. A. Legler, president; Dennis Dwyer, vice-president; Francis J. McCormick, treasurer, and Michael Neal, secretary and general manager. The company proceeded on that basis until in the fall of 1888, when a re-organization avus eff'ected, and the foHoAviug officers elected: Hon. Calvin S. Brice, president; T. A. Legler, vice-president; George H. 456 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Meiley, secretary; Orr, treasurer, and Williara P. Orr, of Piqua, raanager, the other members of the company being General Sarauel Thoraas, of Ncav York, Judge Dennis DAA'yer, S. J. Patterson, and George R. Young. At the present tirne the corapany has a capital of two raillion dollars. It owns the lease of thirty thousand acres of land in Mercer County, and already has a nuraber of valuable Avells drHled, and intends to put down twenty-five wells this season, so as to be fully prepared to furnish gas as fuel by the early winter of 1889-1890 to all Avho raay desire to substitute that kind of fuel for coal — the company proposing to furnish natural gas for fuel at seventy-five per cent of the cost of coal. At the present time (June 1, 1889) the corapany has a high-pressure, tAvelve-inch pipe leading frora Dayton to Troy, and will soon have the pipe leading frora Troy to the Avells, which are about fifty railes from Dayton. With this pipe line, the corapany will be able to supply fifty million feet of gas to the city of Dayton per day, if so much should be needed. Early in the year 1889, the Dayton council revoked the charter of the Dayton Natural Gas Corapany, because that corapany did not cora plete its lines into the city in accordance with the terms upon which that charter was originally granted. For sorae tirae it looked to the citizens as if this action of the council Avould prevent the city from receiving the benefit of this cheaper fuel, and as a natural consequence several indignation meetings were held, at Avhich the council Avas roundly denounced. At length, however, all difficulties in connection with this question were satisfactorily solved toward the latter part of March, by the adoption by the corapany of a certain schedule, providing that the gas should be supplied by raeasure, at ten cents per thousand cubic feet, and that a pressure of not less than four ounces should be maintained. The conipany thereupon commenced laying pipes in the streets of Daytou, and by the 19th of April turned on the gas, the first house in Avhich it was used being that of Thomas Brown on Monuraent Avenue, on the date just given. Work since that time has been pushed as rapidly as circumstances would permit, and it is confidently expected that, by the comraenceraent of the coming Avinter, there avHI have been laid in the city at least seventy miles of pipes. It is iu conteraplation to have the Dayton Natural Gas Corapany purchase the interest of the Mercer Natural Gas Corapany, and thereby control the entire natural gas territory of NorthAvestern Ohio, making Daytou the central point for the business of the company. MANUFACTURES. ' 457 The Publishing House of the United Brethren in Christ raay be said to have had its origin in an eff'ort of Rev. Aaron Farraer to establish a religious journal for the benefit of this Church, in 1829. Under the auspices of the Miarai Annual Conference, within whose territory Dayton is situated, Mr. Farraer began the publication of a paper called Zion's Advocate, at Salem, Indiana, in the year mentioned. For Avant of patron age, it was soon discontinued. Its appearance, hoAvever, awakened the Church to the iraportance of such an enterprise. The General Conference, therefore, which was held in Pickaway County, Ohio, May 14, 1833, adopted -a resolution that subscriptions be circulated in each of the Aunual Conference districts, — one to raise a fund, and another to secure subscribers, — and adopted an order that a printing establishraent be erected in Circleville, Ohio, for the purpose of .circu lating a religious paper, and doing other necessary printing. The name selected for the paper Avas the Religious -Telescope, and it was to be published semi-monthly, ou a large imperial sheet, Avith good type, at the price of one doHar and fifty cents per year if paid in advance, or two dollars within the year, exclusive of postage. The trustees appointed were Rev. John Russel, John Dresbach, and George Dresbach. These gentlemen soon began to solicit subscriptions for funds, and on April 12, 1834, they purchased, at public sale in Circleville, Ohio, a printing-press, type, and fixtures, for four hundred and fifty dollars. In May, they bought a lot and two houses for five hundred and fifty dollars. Early in the same year, William R. Rhinehart, of the Virginia Conference, had begun the publication, at Hagerstown, Maryland, of a paper called the Mountain Messenger. The trustees, anxious to gather into one body all the power of the Church, purchased the Messenger and all of its material for three hundred and twenty-five dollars, aud employed Mr. Rhinehart to edit the new paper. The first number of the Religious Telescope appeared December 31, 1834, at CircleAdlle, Ohio. It had a subscription list of twelve hundred, and a debt of sixteen hundred dollars. But little of the subscription money was ever paid to the Telescope. The paper was continued as a semi-monthly until July 30, 1845, Avhen it Avas changed to a weekly, and it has remained a Aveekly paper ever since. The full history of the Telescope raay be found under the head of "The Press." The Publishing House remained at Circleville until 1853. A de- failed account of its operations need scarcely be given in this connec tion, as it Avas engaged principally in the publication of the Telescope. Fiuancially, it struggled under a heavy debt from its founding until 1845, by Avhich tirae, under the raanageraent of Rev. WiHiara Hauby, this was 458 HISTORY OF DAYTON. greatly reduced, and by 1849 entirely canceled, leaving net assets, above all liabilities, of $6,928.36. In 1853, at the end of the first twenty years, and just before the reraoval from Circleville, the actual value of the assets was $9,514.36; the liabiHties were $3,759.90; net assets, $5,754.46. The growth of the establishment was steady, but slow, up to the time of removal to Dayton, and it was also slow for some years afterward, as the subsequent history will show. The General Conference of 1853 directed that the Publishing House be removed from Circleville to the city of Dayton. The trustees ac cordingly purchased a lot on the corner of Main and Fourth streets, at a cost of eleven thousand dollars. The lot measured 59J feet on Main Street, and 152 on Fourth, and was occupied by a large two-story brick residence, which for some time was used as the Publishing House building. Upon the corner of this lot, the trustees erected, in 1854, a large and substantial brick building, admirably adapted to the publishing interests of the Church. The building, as first erected, was four stories high, and ninety feet deep by forty feet wide, with a basement under the whole. The entire cost of this building, including the steam-engine, gas, and water pipes, and the necessary apparatus for warming the rooms by steam, was about fifteen thousand dollars. It was found imperative, in order to carry on the publishing business on an advanced scale, to purchase new machinery for all parts of the business, which involved a large expense. Although it was necessary to borrow money to com plete the erection and equipment of the building, yet the credit of the establishment was maintained, and during the succeeding four years sorae addition was made to its net capital. At the time of the removal of the establishment to Dayton, a stereo type foundry was erected, and the necessary apparatus for the foundry was purchased at a cost of $280. A book-store was opened in the corner room of the first floor of the building, which from the first was well stocked with a fine selection of miscellaneous books, besides a constant and full supply of the publications of the House. The average number of persons employed during the year 1856-57 was thirty-three, whose wages amounted to $816 per month. Rev. S. Vonneida was the publishing agent at the tirae of reraoval, continuing in office from 1853 to 1861. Rev. H. Kumler, Jr., served as assistant agent for a few months in 1854. At his resignation, T. N. Sowers, Esq., became assistant, continuing in that position until 1861. The trustees in 1853 were Rev. C. W. Witt, Rev. L. Davis, Rev. J. C. Bright, Rev. L. S. Chittenden, and Rev. Ii. Kumler, Jr. The total receipts from the business of the House for the four years ending AprH 30, 1857, were as folloAvs; For 1853-54, $18,638.72; for MANUFACTURES. 459 1854-55, $20,336.06; for 1855-56, $26,076.52, and for the year ending AprH 30, 1857, $33,504.58; total for the four years, $98,555.88. For the same four years the expenditures were: For 1853-54, $17,769.88; for 1854-55, $35,965.90; for 1855-56, $31,143.91, and for the year ending April 30, 1857, $43,964.68; total for the four years, $128,844.37. Excess of expenditures over receipts, $30,288.49, resulting chiefly from the investment in ground, building, and machinery at the time of removal, and from the credit system. Gross assets, April 30, .1857, $84,552.39; HabiHties, $53,115.71; net assets, $31,436.68. The receipts from the business for the next succeeding four years were $114,314.69. The expenditures for the same period were $113,244.54. Gross assets, AprH 30, 1861, $86,479.42; liabHities, $48,836.98; net assets, $37,642.44. Of the above gross assets, $25,445.16 are reported doubtful or worthless, thus reducing the actual net assets to $12,197.28. During the quadrennium from 1857 to 1861, the trustees sold 30 feet front by 59J feet in depth from the east end of the property, on Fourth Street, for two thousand dollars, and 19J feet front by 90 feet in depth from the north side of the Main Street front for three thousand dollars. As a measure of economy, also, the book-store was removed to the second floor. In May, 1861, the General Conference elected T. N. Sowers, Esq., senior agent, and J. B. King, Esq., became his assistant. In June, 1864, J. B. King having resigned. Rev. W. J. Shuey was appointed his successor by the trustees. The receipts from business for the four years ending April 30, 1865, were $136,486.73. The expenditures for the same period were $134,- 007.68. Gross assets, March 31, 1865, $63,822.29; HabiHties, $52,215.46; net assets, $11,406.83. In June, 1861, the indebtedness of the estabhshment aggregated $48,836.98. This was at the commencement of the war. On account of the disturbed condition of the country, commerce and industrial pursuits were seriously affected. The trade in reHgious books and ncAvspapers appeared to suffer flrst and most, and the prospects of this estabhshment were not very flattering. At this time, the salaries of agents and editors were fixed at five hundred doHars per annum, and the price of the Relig ious Telescope was reduced to one dollar per year. In June, 1864, a new Hoe large-sized cyHnder printing-press was purchased at a cost of three thousand dollars, and on account of higher prices in "the necessaries of life, the salaries of the agents and editors were advanced to fifteen dollars per week. The heavy debt resting upon the establishment was the chief obstacle to continued prosperity, and its liquidation had become an imperative 460 HISTORY OF DAYTON. necessity. In the tAvelve years from 1853 to 1865, more than thirty thousand dollars had been paid in interest on borrowed capital, while over tAventy-five thousand doHars had been lost in worthless arrearages, etc., under the credit system., While the House was sufficiently well equipped with real estate, raachinery, and stock, if pressed by creditors and forced to public sale, but little, if anything, would have reraained. At this crisis, — for such it may be called,— the newly appointed assistant agent. Rev. W. J. Shuey, having been elected by the trustees in June, 1864, made a careful, rigid, and thorough exaraination of the condition and resources of the business, including the causes and possible reraedies* of the enormous debt. As a result of this investigation, it became clear to the assistant agent that the raost speedy and certain reraedy was to ask the Church for donations to the capital of the House. This plan he proposed to the trustees, with the suggestion that the General Conference apportion the fund araong the Annual Conferences. The plan was approved by the trustees, and by thera recommended to the General Conference of 1865. It was adopted by the General Con ference, and the apportionment was made by a coraniittee of that body appointed for the purpose. The result was eminently satisfactory. Mr. Shuey Avas elected by the General Conference principal agent, and assumed the raanageraent. With the fund thus obtained, araounting to over eighteen thousand dollars, the debt was greatly reduced during the next four years, so that in 1869 the agent reports as foHoAvs: "The reduction of the debt by nearly twenty thousand dollars, and the perraa nent funding of a large portion of that which remains, have very much lessened the burden of the agent. These, and the prosperity of the past few years, render the concern really strong, and put it upon the highway of further prosperity and ever-increasing usefulness." By judicious raanageraent the prosperity of the House continued, the debt gradually ceased to be a cause of anxiety, and by 1880 the last, dollar of it was paid. It should be remarked, that within the last ten years the House has returned to the Church, in donations to benevolent funds and other interests, considerably raore than was thus received as partial relief of the debt. As stated above, in 1865 Rev. W. J. Shuey was elected by the General Conference to the position of senior agent. At the sarae tirae, T. N. Sowers, Esq., was elected assistant. Mr. SoAvers resigned soon after his election, and was succeeded by Rev. W. McKee, who served untH 1866, when by his resignation Mr. Shuey was left without an assistant. He has continued in the raanageraent, as the sole agent, ever since, and to MANUFACTURES. 461 hira, more than to any other, is due the rencAved life and permanent prosperity of the House. A brief suraraary of the finances since 1865 will shoAv the steady, and soraetiraes rapid advance in its progress. The available assets on April 1, 1869, were $94,584.61, while the total liabilities were but $32,801.75, placing the net assets, over and above all indebtedness, at $61,782.86, an increase of $50,176.03. In calculating the profits, however, there must be deducted from this sura $15,000 increase in the valuation of the real estate, and also $18,364.29 received from the publication fund, leaving as clear profit duriug the four years, $16,811.74. The receipts frora the business for the four years were $234,386.38; frora the pubHcation fund, $18,364.29; total, $252,751.17. Expenditures, $230,761.62. Reduction in debt, $19,413.71. In 1867, the book-store, together with the general office, was reraoved frora the second fioor to the corner room on the first fioor, and a special effort begun to attract local trade. In 1869, the increase of business required the erection of an additional building. The lot in the rear of the main buildiug, raeasuring 32 feet front on Fourth Street, with a depth of 59} feet, was occupied by cheap frames belonging to the House. Upon this lot a three-story brick power building was erected for the accoraraodation of the press and job printing depart ments. Previous to this date, the presses had occupied the basement of the raain building. The new building added largely to the facilities of the House. The first articles of incorporation were obtained in 1839, for a period of thirty years. The terra of incorporation having expired in 1869, with out the knowledge of the trustees and agent, the business Avas decided to be legally vested in the agent. By a special act of the legislature, the House was re-incorporated in 1871, and Mr. Shuey transferred the property to the trustees for the sura of one dollar. When the agent made his report, April 1, 1873, the financial condi tion of the concern was as follows: Total value of assets, $124,308.98; total liabilities, $27,783.68, making the net assets $96,525.30, an increase in four years of $34,742.44. The cash receipts for the four years ending April 1, 1873, were $322,370.54. The expenditures for the same time were $318,628.89. The debt had been further reduced $5,018.07. The stereotype foundry which had been established in 1853 having been discontinued for sorae years, a new foundry Avas opened in 1873, on the third floor of the new building. April 1, 1877, the gross assets were $130,128.89; the liabilities had been reduced to $15,600.67, leaving the net assets, $114,528.22. Reduction 462 HISTORY OF DAYTON. in debt, $12,183.01. Profits for the four years, $18,002.92. At the same time, on account of the general decline in values in all branches of busi ness, the invoice of fixed assets had been reduced by the amount of $10,345.15. Without this reduction, the actual profits were $28,348.07. The cash receipts for the four years ending April 1, 1877, were $378,545.36; expenditures, $377,343.77. By 1880, the entire remaining indebtedness, amounting to $15,600.67, had been finally liquidated. In 1878, the book-store was enlarged by adding the rear portion of the store on the north side of the first floor. On April 1, 1881, the net assets of the establishraent were $162,- 726.17, an increase in four years of $48,197.86. In 1880, on account of increasing business, two large printing-presses, two folding-machines, a new engine, and other machinery were purchased at a cost of twelve thousand dollars. The cash receipts for the four years ending April 1, 1881, were $390,376.02; expenditures, $385,685.89. The cash receipts for the four years ending April 1, 1885, were $507,157.98; expenditures, $502,516.38. During this quadrennium, ten thousand dollars of the profits of the House Avere distributed propor tionately to the Annual Conferences as benevolent funds. April 1, 1885, the net assets were $212,887.09, an increase of $50,- 160.92; adding to which $10,850.00 donated to the Conferences and other interests, the net profits for four years ending April 1, 1885, were found to be $61,010.92. In the sumraer of 1881, the capacity of the book-store was enlarged to the full size of the ground fioor of the raain building, the furniture was alraost entirely renewed, and neither effort nor expense was spared to make it attractive to customers. The result of this step was a continued increase in the retail trade of the establishment. In 1883, a fourth story was added to the rear buildiug on Fourth Street, at a cost of three thousand dollars. An electrotype foundry was added, and more room was provided for the bindery and mailing departraent. In the sarae year, in order to increase the capacity in job printing, a lease was obtained of the three-story brick buHding on the east. In May, 1884, this property was purchased at a cost of $14,500. In AprH, 1885, a piece of ground running east of the other property of the establishment was purchased, which is 36x59} feet in size, and there was also secured a perpetual leasehold of a piece of ground 40x68 feet in size, lying imme diately north of the east end of the property of the House. The total cost of this purchase and leasehold was twelve thousand dollars and the assumption of the obligations of the lease. Upon the lot bought in fee simple, upon the leasehold in the rear, MANUFACTURES. 463 and over a twelve-foot private alley on the east, there was erected, in 1886, a four-story brick buHding, suitable for a power-plant and heavy machinery. At the sarae tirae, changes and improvements were made in the older house, raaking an outlay, including the cost of the new buHding, of $24,212.21. Two new boilers and a new fifty horse-power engine were put in, and all the steara power-plant reraoved to the rear of the new building. Three large new printing-presses were purchased, the press-roora reraoved to the second fioor of the new building, and the buildings were provided throughout with the best steara-heating ap paratus and other conveniences and necessities for safety and service. The cost of these iraproveraents was $19,526.10. Including the payraent of twelve thousand dollars for the last ground purchased, and four thou sand, five hundred dollars still due on the building bought in 1884, the aggregate expenditure for ground, buildings, raachinery, etc., for the quadrenniura ending in 1889, was $60,238.31. In 1887., the book-store was again enlarged by the addition of a portion of the room in its rear, vacated by the press departraent, and by the reraoval of the general office of the House to new and coraraodious quarters in a part of the sarae roora, fronting on Fourth Street. The ground now occupied by the buildings measures 40 feet front on Main Street, and 200 feet front on Fourth Street, with a varying depth frora Fourth Street northward of 40, 59}, 80, and 100 feet. The coinbined area of the four floors is raore than one acre. The present number of eraployes is about one hundred. According to the agent's quadrennial report for the year 1889, the cash receipts of the establishment for the quadrenniura just closing Avere: From business, $587,458.76; from loans, $34,781.41; total, $622,240.17; expenses, $618,113.62; and the actual net profits of the four years Avere $50,903.70. The cash sales of books reached $242,972.73, an increase of $63,278.72 over the four years ending in 1885. The cash income from the sales of periodicals araounted to $219,613.69, which was an increase of $20,381.44 over the previous quadrenniura. The gross value of the assets of the establishraent is now $282,884.70. The total indebtedness is $21,297.30, thus leaving the net \'alue of the assets $261,587.40, an increase of $48,700.31 in four years. On the 1st of April, 1865, when the present agent assumed the raanageraent of the House, the net assets were $11,406.57. At the present time they are, as stated above, $261,587.40, a net increase of $250,180.57, an average annual increase of $10,424.18, exclusive of dividends "made to the Con ferences, and other unremunerative outlays ordered by the General Conference. 464 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The history thus far has been concerned chiefiy with the financial and raaterial progress of the House. Soraething should be added to show more fully the development of a few of its departments, and the nature and character of its work. At the beginning of the enterprise, in 1834, only one periodical Avas issued, — the Religious Telescope, — with but one editor. In 1889, ten peri odicals are published, under the supervision of seven editors, and devoted to general religious, Sunday-school, and missionary interests. Eight of these are English, and two German. Seven are prepared for the Sunday- school, an interest whieh has itself grown into promiuence since the founding of the House. The periodicals now published, with the dates of first issue, are: the Religious Telescope, weekly, 1834; Froehliche Bot- schafter, weekly, 1840; Children's Friend, semi -raonthly, 1854; Missionary Visitor, serai-raonthly, 1865; Jugend Pilger, senii-raonthly, 1870; Our Bible Teacher, monthly, 1873; Lessons for the Little Ones, weekly, 1876; Our Bible-Lesson Quarterly, 1818; Woman's Evangel, monthly, 1881; Our Liter- mediate Bible-Lesson Quarterly, 1882. Total average combined circulation for the year 1888-89, 288,744. Several -other periodicals have been pub lished for a time, and then discontinued, or merged into the above. Among thera Avere the Unity Magazine, a monthly, published frora 1854 to 1859, aud Lesson Leaves, issued from 1873 to 1878, when it Avas succeeded by the Quarterly. A new periodical, — a Church quarterly, — was authorized by the General Conference of 1889, and the first number will be issueil in January, 1890. For other inforraation concerning these periodicals, see " The Press." The book departraent, opened upon a sraall scale in Circleville a few years after the founding of the Telescope, at first confined its work to the sale of the few publications issued by the House, and a limited nuraber of books of special value to ministers iu preparation for their work. The enlargement of its work Avas not rapid, but steady. Though receiving more or less attention from the agent and his assistants, it was not given special proniinence until its removal for the second time into the corner roora of the first floor, in 1867, Avhen Mr. Shuey selected Rev. W. il. Lauthurn, Avho had been engaged iu the book trade in Richmond, Indiana, to become the head of the department. To his literary talents and admirable judgraent of books, is largely attributable the building up of the local, as Avell as a large part of the general, reputation and trade of this department. Since 1867, it has expanded into a store Avell stocked in all departraeuts of literature, domestic and foreign, together with all supplies of a first-class book-store. Mr. Lauthurn died in 1884, and was succeeded in 1885 by E. L. Shuey, A. M., who has continued to improve manufac'turbs. 465 the departraent, until it is regarded as one of the foreraost book-stores of the country. When the House was reraoved to Dayton, iu 1853, the book-store was invoiced at $2,190.50; in 1889, it has reached $71,864.54. A subscription-book sub-departraent was opened in 1884. The printing departraent, opened in 1834, Avith a few stands of type and an old-fashioned hand press, valued at a few hundred dollars, has expanded into a first-class plant, valued at $35,245.49. In 1850, the first power press — an Adams — was purchased at a cost of $1,549.77. It was at first operated by hand. Now there are in operation, in a press-room admirably adapted to its purpose, eleven steara presses. At first, the work done Avas creditable, but in the course of years this department has kept abreast of the times, and is now noted for the exceHence of its work. Job Avork has been done from the beginning, in addition to the regular work of the House. Of the other departments, it is sufficient to say that they have been expanded from tirae to tirae, as the deraands of the business required. The establishraent includes all the departraeuts needed to perforra the Avork of a large publishing house, — publisher's departraent, Avholesale and retail book-rooms, composing, job printing, power, press, and raailing rooms, bindery, electrotype and stereotype foundry, and editorial departments. " The establishraent is controlled by a board of nine trustees, elected every four years by the General Conference. In iraraediate charge of the House is the publishing agent, chosen also by the General Conference. The board meets annually, and fixes the salaries of the general officers, controls the property, and plans for the extension of the work. In the interim, an executive coraniittee of five advises the agent when neces sary. The agent has direct raanageraent of all the business of the House, appoints and pays all subordinates, plans and executes all its coraraercial enterprises, and is responsible for all its work."* Besides these business officers, are the editor of the Religious Telescope and his associate, the editor of the Sunday-school literature, the editor of the Church quarterly (who is also assistant Sunday-school editor), the editor of the German papers, the editor of the Missiona.ry Visitor (the secretary of the Missionary Society), and the editor of the Woman's Evangel and her assistant, Avho direct the various periodicals with which they are connected. "The Discipline provides that the profits of the establishment, beyond Avhat is necessary as a reserve, shall be distributed among the Confer ences, according to the number of itinerants, for the benefit of worn-out preachers and their families."* <" Sand-Book of the United Brethren in Christ, by E. L. Shuey, A. M. 32 466 HISTORY OF DAA'TOX. The House also furnishes rooras, free of rent, Avith light and heat, to the Missionary Societies and Historical Society of the Church, "pays the expenses of all General Conferences, makes donations for various benevo lent [lurposes, and aims to furnish its products at the loAvest reasonable rates. Among the trustees of the House have been the following citizens of Dayton : Rev. L. Davis, D. D., Rev. Henry IvunHer, Jr., John Dodds, James Applegate, Rev. John Kemp, Rev. D. K. Flickinger, D. D., D. L. Rike, T. N. Soavci-s, Rev. D. R. MHler, Rev. G. Fritz, Rev. William McKee, and Judge J. A.- Shauck. The present board of trustees, elected in May, 1889, are the folloAV- ing: D. W. Crider, Pennsylvania; Rev. C. I. B. Brane, Maryland; Rev. J. S. MHls, Iowa; B. F. Witt, Indiana; Rev. S. MHls, IlHnois; Rev. George MHler, Iowa; Rev. G. F. Deal, Nebraska; D. L. Rike and Judge J. A. Shauck, Ohio. The present executive committee are D. L. Rike, Judge J. A. Shauck, Rev. L. BookAvalter, A. M., and S. L. Herr, of Dayton, Ohio, and B. F. Witt, of IndianapoHs, Indiana. For some time the financial interests of the Publishing House were in the hands ofthe editor ofthe Religious Telescope in connection Avith the trustees. AfterAvard they Avere conducted by the Rev. William Hanby. The General Conference Avhich met at Circleville, Ohio, May 12, 1845, elected Rev. J. Markwood as publishing agent, but he soon resigned and was succeeded by Rev. Nehemiah Altman. Mr. Altman Avas reelected in 1849, and in 1852 Rev. Williara Hanby was appointed by the Scioto Conference. In May, 1853, the Rev. Solomon Vonneida Avas elected, and served alone until March, 1854, Avhen Rev. Henry Kumler, Jr., Avas associated Avith him. This association continued until Deceraber, 1854. In 1855, T. N. SoAvers Avas elected assistant agent. In May, 1861, T. N. SoAvers and J. B. King Avere elected publishing agents. In June, 1864, Rev. W. J. Shuey became associated Avith Mr. SoAvers iu place of Mr. King. In May, 1865, Rev. W. J. Shuey and T. N. SoAvers Avere elected agents, and during the same year, upon the resignation of Mr. SoAvers, Rev. Williara McKee was chosen to his place by the trustees. Since 1866, Mr. McKee having resigned, Rev. W. J. Shuey has been the agent, Avith out assistants. Of the agents above named, T. N. SoAvers and J. B. King Avere citizens of Dayton at the time of their election. Rev. S. Vonneida, though coming to Dayton for the lirst time at the time of his election in 1853, remained a citizen after his retiicinent from the management, continuing his con nection with the House, first as editor and then as chief book-keeper, until MANUFACTURES. 467 his death in 1880. Rev. W. J. Shuey is a native of Montgomery Couuity, and a forraer presiding elder in the Miami Annual Conference. He had been a citizen of Dayton before his election to the raanageraent of the House, and has been actively identified Avith the interests of the city since 1864. The folloAving persons have been editors of the Religious Telescope: Rev. William R. Rhinehart, 1834 to 1839; Rev. William Hanby, 1839 to 1845; Rev. D. Edwards, 1845 to 1849; Rev. WilHam Hauby, 1849 to 1852; assistant. Rev. John LaAvreuce, 1850 to 1852; Rev. John LaAvreuce, 1852 to 1864; Rev. D. Berger, 1864 to 1869; Rev. M. Wright, 1869 to 1873; assistant. Rev. D. Berger, 1869 to 1873; Rev. M. Wright and Rev. W. 0. Tobey, A. M., 1873 to 1877; Rev. J. W. Hott, D. D., 1877 to 1889; assistant. Rev. W. 0. Tobey, A. M., 1877 to 1881; assistant. Rev. M. R. Drury, A. M., 1881 to 1889; Rev. L L. Kephart, D. D., elected, 1889; associate. Rev. M. R. Drury, A. M., elected, 1889. The editors of the Sabbath-school periodicals have been the follow ing: Rev. D. Edwards, 1854 to 1857; Rev. Alexander Oavcu, 1857 to 1858; Rev. S. Vonneida, 1858 to 1869; Rev. D. Berger, D. D., 1869 to the present; assistant. Rev. J. W. Etter, D. D., elected, 1889. The editors of the Unity Magazine were: Rev. David EdAvards, 1854 to 1857; Rev. Alexander Oavcu, 1857 to 1859. Editor of the Church quarterly: Rev. J. W. Etter, D. D., elected, 1889. The German papers have had the folloAviug editors: Rev. John Russel (unofficial), 1840 to 1841; Rev. Jacob Erb, 1841 to 1842; Rev. N. Altman, 1846 to 1847; Rev. D. Strickler, 1847 to 1851; Rev. Henry Staub, 185:^ to 1855; Rev. Julius Degmeier, 1855 to 1858; Rev. S. Vonneida, 1858 to 1866; Rev. Ezekiel Light, 1866 to 1869; Rev. WiHiam Mittendorf, 1869 to 1885; Rev. Ezekiel Light, 1885 to 1889;.:^Lev. WilHam Mittendorf, elected, 1889. Editors of the Woman's Evangel: Mrs. L. R. Keister, M. A., 1881 to the present; assistant, Mrs. L. K. Miller, M. A., 1888 to the present. Music editors: Rev. W. H. Lauthurn, 1873 to 1874; Rev. Isaiah Baltzell, 1874 to the present; Rev. E. S. Lorenz, A. M., B. D., 1876 to the present. Book editors: Rev. D. Berger, D. D., 1873 to 1877; W. A. Shuey, A. M.,1881 to 1888; Rev. M. R. Drury, A. M., 1888 to 1889. As to the character of the publications of the House, their general reputation is such as to render a lengthy notice unnecessary. Alraost without exception, the books published have discussed important themes in an able manner, and have secured the commendation of the pulpit and the press. Within the last fcAv years the literary reputation of the House / 468 HISTORY OF DAYTON. has advanced to a high standard, and its products have coraraanded the favorable notice of the most critical journals of the country. Over two hundred books, of various sizes, have been issued since the foundation of the establishraent. The principal departraeuts of literature represented are church and Sunday-school rausic, Sunday-school Hbrary books, and historical, doctrinal, and practical theology. The Sunday-school period icals are used by large numbers outside of the denomination. The raanageraent of the House has had the uniforra good-AvHI of the coramunity in Avhich it is located, aud the liberal patronage of the citizens of Dayton and the surrounding territory has contributed largely to its success; indeed, the growth of this establishraent has been, for many years, a raatter of local pride. It is altogether probable that a raore complete, well appointed, aud carefully kept institution of its size does not exist in this country, aud its reputation for superior workmanship and fair dealing was never higher than at the present tirae. The Christian Publishing Association was established in 1843, as the Ohio Christian Book Association. The first raeeting of the raerabers of this Association was held at Ebenezer Chapel, Clarke County, Ohio, April 24, 1843, at which there were present the following persons: Elders Jacob G. Reeder, Derastus F. Radby, Arthur W. Sanford, Robert McCoy, and Elijah Williamson. These individuals constituted the executive com mittee of the Association. The committee organized by the choice of the foHoAving officers: Elder J. G. Reeder, president, and Elder Elijah WiH iamson, secretary. The second session of the coraraittee Avas held at New Carlisle, Ohio, October 23, 1843, at Avhich tirae a constitution Avas adopted. The executive coraraittee managed the business of the Association until the appointment of a publishing agent, which Avas done at this tirae iu the person of Elder I. N. Walter. The executive coraraittee iu 1852 Avas as foHows: Jacob G. Reeder, Elias Smith, John R. Miller, J. N. Walker, and A. W. Sanford. The name of the Association Avas changed at the con vention of 1852, frora the Ohio Christian Book Association to the Western Christian Book Association. In Jaquary, 1854, the executive coraraittee raet at Springfield, Ohio, and elected officers as foHoAvs: Jacob G. Reeder, president; A. W. Sanford, secretary, and John R. Miller, treasurer. The incorporation of the Association Avas authorized at the sarae time. Ou September 14, 1863, the executive committee met at Eaton, Preble County, Ohio, and on December 14, 1864, at Ogden, Indiana. WiHiam Worley was raade chairraan of the coraraittee, and J. T. Lynn, secretary. The first meeting of the committee at Dayton, Ohio, was held at the house of Elder P. McCullough, January 17, 1865. The name was changed to the MANUFACTURES. 469 Chrif^tian Publishing Association, and the Association Avas re-incorporated on Noveraber 28, 1866. For several years after removing to Dayton, the business of the Association avus carried on iu the United Brethren Publishing House, on the corner of Main and Fourth streets. On May 21, 1868, it Avas resolved that the trustees of the Christian Publishing Association accept the property bought of J. L. Falkuer, on the southeast corner of iVIain and Sixth streets, at $11,500; purchased previously for the Association by WilHam Worley, P. McCullough, and W. A. Gross. William Worley Avas employed to coHect the rent and manage the property. The question arising as to whether the Association should occujty its oavu property thus purchased, the executive committee, on December 9, 1868, resolved to stay another year in the Telescope building, ou the corner of Fourth ancl Main streets. On the 15th of September, 1869, the executive committee on buildings and grounds Avas instructed to mature plans for building, or for renting a building, for future operations. AfterAvard, the south portion of the ground, together Avith a house upon it, was sold, and the money applied on the debts OAving by the Association. On June 21, 1870, the trustees of the Association met at Marion, Indiana. The president was Elias Sraith; secretary, J. T. Lynn, and treasurer, William Worley. The other raembers of the board Avere Elders N. Summerbell, A. C Hanger, A. R. Heath, W. A. Gross, C. T. Eranions, Thoraas Holmes, D. Lepley, and Brothers George W. Webster and William Pence. Tavo days afterward, an executive board Avas chosen, as follows: N. Summerbell, J. T. Lynn, Williara Worley, W. A. Gross, aud A. R. Heath. This executive board Avas authorized to close a contract vvith such builders as they raight select to erect a publishing house in Dayton, and it was resolved that the main floors of the first story be at least two feet above the sidewalk, and that the basement have a Avide entrance and good and sufficient wiudoAvs. On December 6, 1870, it Avas resolved that the constitution be so construed that the president, secretary, and treasurer of the Christian Publishing Association be considered the president, secretary, and treasurer of the board of trustees, and the trustees assumed all the responsibilities of the executive committee incurred since the last meet ing of the trustees. The present building of the Christian Publishing Association was erected iu 1871 aud 1872, and on the 4th of December, 1872, authority was given to paint in large letters the AA'ords, "Christian Publishing House," on the building. The board of trustees met for the first time iu their new publishing house on January 2, 1873. A resolution was adopted June 21, 1872, to the eff'ect that a large and fine engraving of the new publishing house be made and circulated, Avith 470 HISTORY OF DAYTON. certificates of donation or stock, and the following four sentiments of the Christians: 1. The Bible, our only creed. 2. Christian, our only name. 3. Christian character, our only test of felloAvship. 4. Liberty of private interpretation in faith, and obedience to God. One of these engravings was off'ered to each church or person that should pay oue hundred dollars into the treasury of the Association, either as a donation or as a subscription to its stock, and each minister Avas requested to work to raise one hundred dollars iu his church at as early a day as possible. Rev. Frank BroAA'iiing was chosen publishing agent January 1, 1870; Rev. A. L. McKinney, December 7, 1870; Rev. W. A. Gross, December, 1871, and December, 1872; Rev. Williara Worley, December, 1873, 1874, and 1875; Rev. N. SumraerbeH, December, 1876 and 1877; Rev. T. M. McWhinney, 1878, 1879, and 1880; Rev. C. W. Garroutte, December, 1881, 1882, and 1883; Rev. A. W. Coan, December, 1884, and Rev. Mills Harrod each year since that tirae. The periodicals pubhshed by this house are as foHoAvs: Herald of Gospel Liberty, weehly; S unday- School Herald, aemi-monthly; Glad Tid ings, serai-monthly; the Little Teacher, weekly, for children, Avith Sunday- school lessons; Bible- Glass Quarterly; Intermediate Quarterly. The Reformed Publishing Company Avas organized early in 1882, by the election of the Rev. Edward Herbruek and the Rev. M. Loucks as editors of the Christian World and the other publications of the corapauy, and having associated with them .John Blum as foreman of the printing establishraent. The object of the firra Avas to buy printing-presses and material with Avhich to print the Christian World and the Sunday'-school papers, aud to do such job printing as they might secure. The very best type that could be obtained Avas purchased both for the papers aud the job department. A room Avas secured in the Brooks & Kemper building, which Avas already fitted up Avith shafting and pulleys ready to attach machinery. At first but three compositors Avere employed, suffi cient to set the type on the Christian World, aud more were employed as they Avere needed. In the summer of 1884, it became necessary to seek larger quarters, and to add ucav machinery, in order to keep up Avith the demands ou the printing office. The rooms now occupied are at Number 131 South Jefferson Street. Here five rooms are in use, the floor surface being 5,400 square feet. The foHoAving periodicals are published by this company: The MANUFACTURES.. 471 Christian World, Leaves of Light, Golden Words, Little Pearls, Heidelberg Teacher, Scholars' Quarterly, and Lesson Papers. In the foregoing pages, it has not been attempted to notice every manufacturer in the city, or to present a detailed history of even those who are mentioned, since to succeed in such an attempt would have been im practicable. The number of raanufacturing establishraents is far too great for that. According to the report of the president of the board of trade for 1888, there were then raore than seven hundred raanufacturing establish raents of all kinds, doing an annual business of over twenty million dollars. Reference to the preceding pages will show that in almost every case, each establishraent, no matter to Avhat proportions it may have grown, coraraenced in a small way, with few hands, or perhaps none except those of the proprietor, and with but very limited capital. Many of these establishments have now grown to mararaoth proportions, and in almost all cases, if not in every one, the manufactured products of Dayton firms are held in very high estimation wherever they may be found, whether in the United States, Europe, South America, or Australia, or any other part of the civilized Avoiid. Besides the large nuraber of manufacturing establishments, and the high grade of goods raade, the next most notable feature of this class of the industrial interests of the city, is the great variety of articles manufactured, the result of all being the bringing to Dayton of a large number ofthe best grade of raanufacturers and artisans of all kinds. And it is also worthy of note that in most instances these raanufacturers and artisans own the horaes in which they live, the pro portion of those thus owning horaes being ranch greater than is usually the case in cities of the size of Dayton. This fact is due in part also, it raay be proper to state, to the existence of so raany aud so Avell raanaged building associations, a history of which may be found in other pages of this volume. CHAPTER XIX. The Bench aud B-ar of Dayton— Early LegislHtioii E tKhlishing Omits — First Courts Held in Dayton--Jurisdiction — Eoglish Common Law — Roman Civil Law — E-arly American and English Lawyers — Corninon Pleas Court — Judges — Superior Court — Judges — I'er- soiinel of Ihe Daytou Bar, Etc. ON the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed an act, authorizing the people of the eastern part of the NorthAvest Territory to forra a State governraent, preparatory to the admission of Ohio into the Union. A convention assembled at Chillicothe, ou the first of November foHoAving, to frame a State constitution, Avhich Avas adopted on the 29tli of the same mouth, and on the 19tli of February, 1802, Congress passed an act, admitting Ohio as a State into the Federal Union. The first legislature which assembled under the ucav State govern ment, passed an act on the 15th of April, 1803, organizing the judicial courts of the State. By the sixth section of that act, the State Avas divided into three judicial circuits, the first comprising the counties of Hamilton, Butler, Montgomery, Green, Warren, and Clermont. A presideut judge of the court of coraraon pleas Avas required to be appointed in each circuit, who, together Avith three associate judges (uot necessarily lawyers), constituted the courts of common pleas of the respective counties. By an act of the legislature, passed on the 24th of March, 1803, the county of Montgomery was established, and its boundaries prescribed. It then comprised all the territory north of the line of Butler and Warren counties, as far as to the State line, and west to its Avestern boundary; and included the present counties of Preble, Darke, Mercer, Allen, Van Wert, Paulding, Williams, Fulton, Henry, Defiance, Putnam, Auglaize, Shelby, and Miami. The sixth section of that act provided that, "until perraanent seats of justice should be fixed, in the several ucav counties, by comraissioners appointed for that purpose, the temporary seat of justice, and the courts, should be held in the county of MontgHmiery, at the housQ of George NcAvcom, in the town of Dayton." 472 By.liilimilwusillnll: /x.^fc^'Wv^ THE -BENCH AND BAR. 473 The tirae fixed by the statute for holding the court of comraon pleas in Montgoniery County, Avas the fourth Tuesdays in March, July, and November; and that fixed for holding the supreme court, was the third Tuesday of October, thus establishing and perpetuating araong us the custom of "court terms," which still generally prevails, and which originated centuries before in England, under widely different conditions, when the sovereign hiraself, Avith a retinue, passed frora county to county to dispense justice to his subjects. This persistent survival of institu tions, long after the conditions in which they had their origin seera alraost entirely obliterated, is one of the raost suggestive phenoraena of civilization. March having passed, the first court for Montgomery County was held on the 27th of July, 1803, in the upper room of George Newcora's tavern, in the house still standing at the southwest corner of Main Street and Monuraent Avenue, in the city of Dayton. It is a hewed log house of quite ample dimensions, and has long since had its rude frontier-looking surface concealed and preserved under successive coats of painted weather-boarding. It is the last Avell preserved relic of the first settleraent of Dayton, and the only one connected with the origin of the judicial history of Montgomery County. Its unpretentious shelter and hospitalities were enjoyed in those early times by the rugged pioneers, who carae, in the face of dangers and privations of which we can noAV have but the faintest conception, to lay the foundations of this fair city, whose wonderful progress and splendid future they could not haA'c foreseen, even in dreams. A patriotic inspiration has preserved the headquarters of Washing ton, at Newburgh, Ncav York, in the precise condition in which they were left by the comraander-in-chief and his staff' at the close of the Revolutionary War. It is the great attraction of the city; regarded with affectionate reverence for its rare historical associations and as an object lesson of deep significance. It contrasts the simplicity and economy of the early days of the Republic, when life Avas an heroic struggle for liberty and independence, Avith the luxurious ideas of modern times when the ruliug passion seems to be the acquisition of wealth and its extrava gant display. Would it not be the gratification of a worthy and noble sentiment for the people of this city and county to preserve this old land mark of our early history with all its deeply interesting historical associations, especially as it is in the very shadow of the splendid monu ment dedicated to the raeraory of the soldiers of Montgoraery County, whose valor so largely contributed to the preservation of the blessings of constitutional government? It Avould not be difficult to secure the neces- 33 474 HISTORY OF DAYTON. sary legislation to enable either the county coraraissioners or the city councH to acquire this property and to utilize as well as preserve it. Judge Francis Dunlevy, a learned lawyer aud a gentleman of high character, residing in Warren County, was the first presiding judge of the first judicial circuit. His associate judges for Montgoraery County were Isaac Spining, Avho lived a little east of Dayton; John Ewing, and Benjarain Archer, of Washington Township, all of Avhora have left numerous descendants in the county. The first terra of the supreme court for Montgomery County was held at the same "seat of justice," on the third Tuesday of October, 1803. Samuel Huntington and William Sprigg were the judges; George Ncav- cora, sheriff; Arthur St. Clair, Jr., prosecuting attorney, and Benjamin Van Cleve, clerk. The supreme court at that time, besides its usual jurisdiction in law and equity, provided by the constitution and laAvs, had exclusive jurisdic tion in divorce cases. In the courts of comraon pleas Avas vested by statute as now, jurisdic tion in civil and criminal cases. The first case tried in the coraraon pleas, as the record shows, was in vindication of the public peace and personal iraraunity from violence. It Avas in the form of a prosecution for an assault and battery upon the person of Benjarain Scott, to Avhich one Peter Sunderland pleaded guilty. Benjamin lived to grow old, and to become one of the uotable characters of the village; and to enjoy the unique honor of having been the first raan to put in raotion the judicial raachinery of Montgomery County, Avhich has been moving with accelerated speed aud iraportance ever since. He was a faithful patron, especially in the latter years of his life, of the great infant industry of the frontier. I well remember his grizzled image, and his characteristic expression "Plumb as R," in emphasizing the truth of his assertions. The first case recorded iu the supreme court, Avas au action of divorce, in which Hannah Burk asked to be released from tbe obligations of the raarriage relation, which had been violated on the part of her uuAvorthy husband Thoraas, by gross abuse. Thomas Avas made an early example to all undutiful husbands of Montgomery County forever, by the decree of the court compelling him to renounce all clairas upon the helpraeet he had falsely vowed to "love, honor aud keep," and it Avas on this occasion doubtless, that the expression originated, "Ancl that was what was the raatter with Hannah!" Laws had already been enacted prescribing the methods of proceeding in civil as avcH as in criminal cases, pursuant to which grand and petit \ THE BENCH AND BAR. 475 jurors had been suraraoned, who Avere in prorapt attendauce, Avith the officers of the court, to be instructed in their duties by the presiding judge. Any person accused of crirae then, as uoav, had the constitutional right (under the sixth amendraent to the Federal constitution, as well as the provisions of the State constitution), to " a speedy and public trial by an irapartial jury of the State and district in AAdiich the crirae shall have been coraraitted;" could only be held for trial "upon presentraent of an indictment by a grand jury," and could not be deprived of Hfe, liberty, or property, " unless by due process of law." The grand jury being duly impaneled, SAVorn, and instructed in their duties, for want of a more convenient place to deliberate, Avere directed to withdraw to the secluded shade of a neighboring oak tree. liaving found an indictment against a luckless culprit, for larceny, he was put upon his trial before a petit jury of his "peers," and being found guilty, was sentenced by the court to punishment in jail. He was there upon let down into an adjacent dry Avell, iu Sheriff' NcAVcora's back yard, there to be "fed on bread and water" during the weary hours of his iraprisonnient. Such Avere the courthouse, seat of justice, and jail of Montgoraery County, in Dayton, but eighty-five years ago — Avhich to-day find luxurious accoraraodation in stately structures of stone, located but three squares distant, upon ground Avhich was then partially covered by a swamp, but is uoav worth more than three quarters of a million of dollars. Althougli these rude surroundings characterized the inauguration of the first tribunals provided for the adrainistration of justice iu Mont goraery County, it must not be inferred that the laAvs themselves, aud the rapthods of procedure, Avere in like manner rudimental. On the contrary, the establishment of regular tribunals to hear and determine matters in dispute, had been from time immemorial characteristic of all phases of civilization. The first step, indeed, in the advance of mankind from a savage to a civilized state, is the substitution of the principle of justice for the use of force, in the adjustment of huraan controversies. Araong the enuraerated objects for Avhich the federal governraent itself had been organized but a fcAv years before, the second in importance was declared to be "to establish justice." Tlje principles of the English comraon law constituted a Avell defined systera long before the colonization or even the discovery of the American continent, and many of the provisions of the great charter of English liberty, forced frora King John by the barons at Runnyniede, in 1215, were transplanted to Araerican soil frora the mother country, and nurtured by our forefathers until they bore fruit in the Declaration of 476 HISTORY OF DAYTON. American Independence and the ordainnient of our splendid systera of Araerican written constitutions. But long before Runnymede, or even the conquest of England by William of Normandy, back in the sixth century, a celebrated Roman emperor, named Justinian, the son of an illiterate savage, descended from one of the conquered tribes that had yielded reluctant obedience to the yoke of imperial Rorae, at the instance of the David Dudley Fields, Judge Dillons and other learned jurists of his day, had ordered a com raission, coraposed of the most eminent lawyers of the age, to codify the' existing comnion and statute laws of the expiring empire. The imraense body of jurisprudence, which had resulted frora the varied conditions of that wonderful people through the experiences of a tliousand years, coraniencing with the twelve tables of the Deceravirs, and including the successive revisions that had been raade frora tirae to tirae, embraced a monstrous and unwieldy raass, corresponding to our elementary, statute, comraon law, and court decisions. This vast ag gregate was again revised, condensed, and classified into Avhat are known to the profession as " the Code Pandects and Institutes of Justinian." An historical sycophancy has thus ascribed iramortal honor to a titled monarch of ordinary capacity and gross passions, Avhich the Avoiid will forever oavc to a body of illustrious lawyers (most of whose names are long since forgotten ), Avith the celebrated Triboniau at their head, who, by the diligent labor of yearsj achieved this mighty work, and rescued from the debris of a perishing empire, what is knoAvn as " The Civil Law," the priceless legacy of the dying raistress of nations to the modern world. This " civil law," together with what is knoAvn as the comraon laAV of England, established in the colonies by legislative enactraent, or custom, being those principles, rules of action, and usages applicable to thegOA'crn- ment and security of person and property, constituted the basis of Araerican jurisprudence, as it existed when the first courts were organized and held in Montgomery County in the year 1803, in the upper room of the log tavern of George NcAvcora, in the infant town of Dayton, Ohio. The whole adjoining country was an unbroken wilderness. The clearings were fcAV and far between, only sorae half dozen cabins consti tuted the little settleraent, naraed in honor of the distinguished senator from New Jersey, Jonathan Dayton; and doubtless the entire population of the county, far and near, comprising but a few hundred, at most, of men, women, and children, together with those avIio were interested as projectors or proprietors of the ucav town, Avere present at the first holding of the court. THE BENCH AND BAR. 477 It is to be regretted that even tradition has not transraitted to us any account of this notable occasion. Colonel Newcom had no doubt made suitable preparation for the important event. lie must have pro cured several chairs for the judges aud laAvyers, whose duty required them to be present, and a table of some sort upon which a record of the proceedings could be Avritten. Benjarain Van Cleve Avas clerk of the court, and had doubtless provided hiraself Avith a sheet of foolscap paper frora Cincinnati, to keep his rainutes upon. Seats for spectators Avere probably provided, on benches raade of hcAved slabs or puncheons. There was no forraidable array of statutes or books; such as were absolutely necessary, were brought in the saddlebags of the presiding judge, Dunle\'y, who had arrived on horseback the day before frora the village of Lebanon, in Warren County. The conditions of the infancy of an American frontier comraunity in the beginning of this century, Avere vastly diff'erent frora those existing now. Then eraigrants carae singly or in very sraall parties, by slow and toilsome journeyings, either in rude boats upon the streams, or on foot, with animals, through a tangled Avilderness, infested with wild beasts and savage Indians. They came, briiiging with them but few of the comforts or conveniences of the older settlements, prepared to encounter all sorts of dangers and privations, until their own patient labor should supply them, in their new homes. None but the more courageous, frugal and hardy, would venture upon an enterprise so daring. Few expected that even during their oavu lives they Avould reap the reward of their toils, but Avere cheered by the hope that to their children and their children's children would come blessing and abundance out of their labor and privations. The instinct of self-preservation inspired a willingness to assist each other, and their siraple acquisitions were scarcely of sufficient value to supply a temptation to transgress the tenth comraandment. Under such circura- stances, there was but little of course to subrait to the adjudication of judicial tribunals— still the courts were regularly held, as prescribed by law, aud as iramigration increased, subsistence becarae less precarious, property rights aud land boundaries raore iraportant and specifically defined, traffic grew raore active, and as a necessary result of these better conditions, sources of litigation also increased. " Agriculture, manufac ture, and commerce slowly but surely began to lay the secure foundations of wealth, growth, and increasing prosperity in the infant settleraent. The very first demand for raachinery to supply the Avants of the new settlers was for saw and grist-mills. The only practicable power was that of water. Contracts 'became necessary. Water rights grew iraportant and had to be defined; land boundaries had to be more carefully 478 HISTORY OF DAYTON. prescribed, and the law of meum et tuum better understood and strictly observed. Gradually the business of the courts increased. Great consideration Avas conceded to the judges and law"yers, Avho were necessarily men of superior knowledge, of especial legal learning, often of eloquence and always of high character. The most conspicuous men of the ante-revolu tionary era, as avcH as of the merabership of the colonial legislature, of the Continental Congress, and afterAvards of the convention which fraraed the constitution of the United States, were laAvyers. Of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, raore than half Avere lawyers. It was so also in the history of the progress of constitutional liberty in England. Every protest ever raade against the encroachments of arbitrary poAver was formulated by lawyers. Lawyers Avere the authors of the " Great Charter," Avhich laid the foundation ofthe liberties of England. LaAvyers drew the "Statute of Treason," the "Habeas Corpus Act," and the " Petition of Right." After the revolution of 1688, Avliich was a vindica tion of the power of parliament over the succession of the crown, the great " Declaration of Rights " was prepared by a coraraittee, of which Soraers, afterward lord chancellor, was chairraan, and very soon after confirmed by an act of parliament. The lawyers of our revolutionary era, and those Avho were influential in laying the foundations of the judicial system, as avcH as of the constitution of Ohio, were familiar with these time-honored muniments of English liberty, and in raany instances, even their exact phraseology is incorporated into our own bills of rights and constitutions. The early Araerican bar, therefore, was coinposed of raen, not only educated in the technical learning of the law, as a profession, but who were conversant with the principles of personal and political liberty, and with the history of the struggles of the people against the encroachraents of arbitrary power. The organization ancl faithful adrainistration of the departraent of the judiciary, under our systera of governraent, is necessary to that doraestic tranquillity and general welfare that can noAvhere exist in huraan societies without the observance of the principles of justice and their enforcement in the settlement of controversies among raen. The judicial system of this country, with its vast, complex, but har monious organization, raay justly be regarded as among the most notable achievements of the human intellect. Through its numerous tribunals of every grade, frora that of the supreme court of the United States to local justices of the peace, it takes cognizance of every question of constitu tional construction, or of personal and property rights, that can arise out THE BENCH AND BAR. 479 of the social conditions or commercial activities of an indefinite number of separate comraunities, organized as States, and forming a Federal Union — the foremost nation of all the world. It reaches the daily life of the people. It protects the weak against the strong, the peaceable against violence, the innocent against Avrong, the honest against fraud, the in dustrious against rapacity. By the universal consent of enlightened men, justice is regarded as a divine attribute, and such is its essential nature, therefore, as to impart dignity and purity to all those who are worthily engaged in its administration. The wise and just judge has, therefore, in all ages and societies, been held in universal esteem. The American lawyer can only be admitted to the practice of the profession upon proof of good, raoral character and of such proficiency in knowledge of the law, as to enable hini to render valuable service in the administration of justice. The special laAv of each State prescribes the character and method of the exaraination to which each applicant for adraission must be subjected, the length of time he must have devoted to the study of the elementary principles of the laAV aud the system of its practice. As the judicial department of the governments. Federal and State, can be administered only by those learned in the law, aud trained in its practice, the legal profession is the one only calling, indispensably necessary to the continuation of our constitutional system. Those called to the performance of legislative or executive functions, need not necessa rily be lawyers. Indeed, many of those who have raost acceptably filled the various offices in both, have been called from other pursuits. It is different with the judiciary. No raan can attain the dignity of the Bench, who has not deraonstrated his fitness and learning at the Bar; and Avho has not displayed in the course of his legal practice, those abilities, correct habits, and raoral principles that comniend hira to the endorsement of his fellow-members of the profession for promotion. Common Pleas Bench. — The first judge of the court of coraraon pleas of Montgoraery County, Francis Dunlevy, of Leba'uon, presided up to the year 1817, Avhen he was succeeded by Joseph H. Crane, who served until the year 1828, when George B. Holt was elected by the legislature. Judge Crane having been elected as a representative iu Congress in the fall of that year. Judge Holt was a native of Connecticut, aud came to Dayton in 1819. He was a learned lawyer, an active, bright, and ambitious raan — had been adraitted to the bar in Litchfield, Connecticut, iu 1812, and was elected as a nieniber of the legislature of Ohio from Montgomery County, in 1824. 480 HISTORY OF DAYTON. He was conspicuously connected with some of the most iraportant early legislation of the State; served acceptably his first seven years' terra on the bench, up to 1836, and afterAvards in 1842-1843, and was again elected judge, his last terra expiring in 1849. In 1850, he and C. L. Vallandighara, who had then but recently located in Daytou, were rival candidates for the State convention, Avhich was called for 1850, to adopt a new State constitution for Ohio. Mr. Vallandigham was then quite a young raan, although he had served a terra in the general assembly of Ohio as a representative from Columbiana County. He was au active politician, and acted as president of the convention called to make the nomination. Judge Holt, however, having a high reputation as a lawyer and judge, and popular among all classes of the people, received the nomina tion, very much to Mr. Vallandighara's chagrin, who openly repudiated the action of the convention, and opposed the election of Judge Holt, who was, nevertheless, successful, and a few years afterAvards retaliated by opposing Mr. Vallandighara's candidacy for Congress in a notable paper of the times, entitled, " The Bolter Bolted." Judge Holt took a prominent part in the labor of the Constitutional Convention, Avhich was composed of raany of the ablest men of the State. He soon after retired, from active professional aud political fife, was a strong supporter of the Union during the Rebellion, aud died in the year 1871, at the advanced age of eighty-tAvo, at his home in Dayton. William L. Helfenstein was elected by the legislature to succeed Judge Holt at the expiration of his first terra in 1835, and served as judge up to 1842, Avhen, as we have seen. Judge Holt Avas caHed to the bench a second tirae. In 1849-1850, he was succeeded by John Beers, of Darke County, Avho served but a short tirae, when Ralph S. Hart Avas appointed in 1851; and after the adoption of the ncAv constitution in 1852, under which the judiciary was raade elective by papular vote, he Avas elected for the constitutional terra of five years. After au acceptable service for that term. Judge Hart removed to St. Louis, where he practiced law until the Avar broke out. lie accepted frora Secretary Chase sorae appointment in the Treasury Department iu the South, and after the termination of the Avar, did not again engage in active practice. He was always highly esteemed in this coinmuiiity where he had passed the greater part of his professional life, and retired some years after to the quiet of rural pursuits. He is now, at nearly eighty years of age, one of the only three sur- THE BENCH AND BAR. 481 vivors of the original Dayton bar, and is still in the . possession of his mental faculties. Rich only in reminiscences and the Christian hope of soon entering upon the enjoyment of a better world than this, he looks out upon the setting sun from the porch of his comfortable farm house in the fertile valley of the Miarai. ' Judge Ebenezer Parsons, a very respectable laAvyer of our neighboring tOAvn of Troy, followed Judge Hart upon the bench, continuing until 186!!, when he was stricken with a malady that terminated his life a year or two afterwards. John C. McKemy, of Darke County, succeeded Judge Parsons, and occupied the bench from 1868 until 1872, when he resigned aud resuraed the practice of his profession. After remaining in Dayton several years in active business, he removed to Hamilton, Butler County, where he contin ued to practice laAv until his decease, which occurred within the last year. Judge McKemy was' a man of bright, active mind, very arabitious, of genial disposition, and popular raanners. His successor upon the common pleas bench was Henderson Elliott, who Avas elected in 1871, and has been continued in office ever since. Judge Elliott's terra of service has been distinguished, not only by its great length, but by the faithfulness and ability which he has uniforraly brought to the discharge of his duties. No judge has ever so long continuously discharged judicial functions in Montgomery County since its organization. The judicial qualities of a mind possessing a strong sense and clear perception of natural justice, and well learned in the eleraentary principles of the law, have been developed by long experience and conscientious devotion to duty iuto rare excellence. Judge Elliot-t's decisions uniformly give evidence of a clear legal mind, great industry and patience in the exaraination of cases tried before hira, and an honest purpose to do no unrighteousness in judgraent. Superior Court. — Soon after the adoption of the new constitution, under the authority granted by that instruraent, superior courts were established in Cincinnati and Cleveland, and by an act of the General Asserably of March 29, 1856, the superior court of Montgoraery County was established iu Daytou. Its jurisdiction Avas local; sirailar, however, to that of the court of common pleas, excepting criminal cases, cases on appeal frora justices of the peace, and in divorce. Under the very able administration of Daniel A. Haynes, who was elected its first judge in June, 1856, it soon engrossed the larger portion of the important litigated business of the county. It possessed many 482 HISTORY OF DAYTON. advantages in the dispatch of business over the common pleas court. Its terras Avere raonthly or bi-nionthly. If Avas not subject to the interrup tions of the criminal calendar, nor of appeal or divorce cases. The judge was ahvays to be found here. By the common consent of the bar. Judge Haynes' preeminent fitness for tbe position of superior judge was con ceded, and from the start gave a high reputation to the court in the history of the judiciary of Ohio. Daniel A. Haynes Avas born in the toAvn of Chatham, Colurabia County, New York, Septeraber 9, 1815. He was educated at Union College, Schenectady, when that institution was under the charge of the celebrated Dr. Eliphalet Nott. Before entering college, he had been a pupH of Mr. E. E. Barney at LowviHe Acaderay. Mr. Bar ney Avas also a graduate of Union College, and who came to Dayton in 1834. Not long after Mr. Haynes' graduation at Union CoHege, in 1835, he came to Dayton at the instance of Mr. Barney, who had taken charge of the Dayton Academy. He Avas an assistant teacher to Mr. Barney for a year or more, and iu 1838 entered the office of Judge Crane as a law student, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. He formed a partnership in the practice, in 1840, with lienry Stoddard and afterward Avith John Howard. He Avas elected prosecuting attorney in 1843 and served two terms, and Avas then elected to the legislature. Oue term of service in the house of representatives of Ohio seeraed to be sufficient to satisfy his political ambition, and he devoted himself thenceforth to his chosen profession as a lawyer. Judge Haynes Avas continuously on the bench of the Superior court from July, 1856, until February, 1870, Avhen he resigned to enter into a laAV partnership Avith Hon. C. L. Vallandigham, Avho had a national reputation poHtically, and Avas regarded by those who knew him best, as a lawyer of superior ability. The untimely death of Mr. Vallandighara iu June, 1871, resulting from the accident that caused a profound sensation throughout the United States, and even abroad, Avhich occurred during his engagement in the celebrated McGehan murder case at Lebanon, abruptly terminated the existence of the firm of Haynes & Vallandigham, Avhich originated but a brief year before, Avith such high promise of future distinction. After an interval of a fcAv years' practice at the bar under the firm of Haynes, Howard & HoAvard, Judge Haynes Avas again elected to the bench of the superior court, and served another term of five years, frora 1876 to 1881. Upon Judge llayncK' resignation, in 1870, of the suprerae court judgeship, Jackson A. Jordan Avas selected and recommended by the Dayton bar to fill the vacancy through the appointment of the goveriior. THE BENCH AKD BAR. 483 Mr. Jordan had been for many years a very active and successful practitioner at the bar, had earned a good reputation and a large practice by hard work, and Avas very, ambitious. He highly appreciated the compliraent of being selected by his brethren of the bar to fill the place Avhich had been so long and honorably •occupied by Judge Haynes; and seeraed fully to realize the araount of dHigent labor it would require of anyone, of even the highest ability, to sustain the high reputation the court had acquired under his predecessor. Judge Jordan displayed .from the start sorae of the very best qualities of a judge. He Avas methodical, courteous, very attentive, and patient in the hearing of cases. He Avas prorapt and diligent in investigation aud decision, and for the brief period he occupied the bench, increased the reputation he had acquired at the bar as a clear-headed and energetic lawyer. At the regular annual election, succeeding Judge Jordan's appoint ment, Thomas 0. Loavc was elected judge of the Superior court, Avhicli position he held and adorned until 1876. He sustained the high reputation of the court and fully entitled himself to be esteemed as a faithful, able, and honest judge. After the expiration of his term, he continued a fcAV years at the bar, ancl becarae afterAvards a regularly ordained minister in the Presbyterian Church, which position he still fills Avith rare abHity and acceptance. In 1881, Judge Haynes was again elected to the Superior court bench and served one terra, at the expiration of which he was succeeded by Hon. Dennis DAvyer, who held the position until the court passed out of existence in the year 1886, and was superseded by an additional court of coraraon pleas for Montgomery County, of Avhich Judge Dwy^er becarae judge by popular election, and which place he still holds. Judge Dwyer's official characteristics are carefulness and diligence in the hearing and exaraination of cases, courtesy to the bar and all others engaged in the adrainistration of justice, and unimpeachable uprightness of character. The probate court of Montgoraery County Avas organized under the provisions of the fourth article of the State constitution, and Avent into operation in 1852. Youngs V. Wood Avas elected as its first judge, assum ing office in February, 1852, and Avas succeeded by Joseph G. Crane iu 1855. In 1858, James H. Baggott Avas elected judge, and Avas succeeded by Samuel Boltin who continued to discharge the duties of probate judge until 1867. Dennis Dwyer was elected in the fall of 1866, and held the position continuously for three terms, up to 1875, when John L. II. Frank was elected for two successive terras. Judge Frank was succeeded. 484 HISTORY OF DAYTON. in 1882, by W. D. McKemy, who still most acceptably discharges the duties of the office. Personnel of the Dayton Bar. — For the purposes of this sketch, I have divided the merabers of the Dayton bar info three groups, to-wit^ First, those who were adraitted and practiced laAV here previous to 1840. Second, those who were admitted and practiced after 1840, and up to 1860. Third, those who were admitted after 1860, and up to the present time. The following, or first group, raay be properly classified as the original Dayton bar: *Fales, Stephen *Fenn, Ira S. Hart, Ralph S. *Iielfenstein, Wm. L. *Holt, George B. *IIuff'raan, Williara P. *Lowe, Peter P. *Lowe, Ralph P. *McKinney, Wm. J. *Munger, Warren All the above nampd members were living in the year 1840, except General William M. Smith, Henry Bacon, Robert A. Thruston, William H. Blodgett, and Stephen Whitcher. Now, in 1889, but three are surviving — General Schenck, Governor Anderson, and Judge Hart. John W. Van Cleve, Edwin Smith, and William P. Huffraan were never in active practice. The second group is coraprised in the following alphabetical list: * Ackerman, John J. Craighead, Sarauel CorAvin, David B. Boltin, Samuel Craighead, William *Curwen, Maskell E. fBrown, George W. *Clegg, John *Darst, Samuel B. *Cuppy, F. P. *Conover, Wilbur *Clay, Adam *Collins, Francis *Chipman, W. W. *Craue, Joseph G. *CahiH, Abraham Corwin, Robert G. Anderson, Charles *Bacon, Henry *Bacon, Henry Jr., *Blodgett, Wm. H. *Boraberger, Geo. W. *Brown, Robert P. *Bruen, David H. *Crane, Joseph Ii. *Crane, Williara E. *Davies, Edward W. *Odlin, Peter Schenck, Robert C. *Shedd, Jaraes A. *Smith, WHHam W. *Smith, Edwin *Sraith, Thomas J. S. *Stoddard, Henry *Thrustou, Robert A. *Van Cleve, Johu W. *Whitcher, Stephen Baggott, James Ii fBartlett, Williara C *Bruen, Luther B. "*Booth, Ely *BelvHle, W. H. tBond,.L M. fBrown, Williara E. fButterfield, M. Q. f Douglass, John G. Elliott, Henderson *EAving, Joseph Ii. fEHs, George W. fElls, StcAvart *Fry, J. Harrison *Forsyth, E. J. *Fitch, D. G. the bench and bar. 485 *Fox, F. C. *Graham, J. V. L. *GHman, W. II. *Garst, Michael fGates, Leo fGebhart, Siraon Gunckel, LcAvis B. "'Giddings, Luther Haynes, Daniel A. *Howard, John Houk, David A. Houk, George W. *Iddings, D. W. ¦* Jeffords, Elza fJordan, Jackson A. fJordan, Isaac M. fJordan, Nathan E. fKiersted, Isaac H. *Kelly, Jaraes *Kelly, Patrick fKnox, I. Riley^ *King, Edward A. *Kennedy, Gilbert fLoAve, John G. ""•"Lowe, John W. *LoAve, Jacob D. fLoAve, Thoraas 0. *Lord, II. V. R. *Lovell, Josiah fLyraan, A. 0. McMahon, John A. Malarabre, George W. fMcMaster, John M. *Moyer, George W. Munger, Warren '^McCorkle, J. W. Nolan, M. P. *Nead, Daniel P. f Osborn, William ¦"Parrott, Marcus J. fParrott, EdAvin A. fParrott, Charles Pfouts, Lewis R. *Plunkett, Joseph *PoAveH, Thomas *Piper, WiHiara li. f Robertson, Isaac *Scott, John ¦"Scott, A. M. fShaw, George W. *Strong, Hiram. fStoddard, lienry, Jr. fStoddard, John W. fSimms, Williara Ii. f Starr, George W. fSulHvan, Theodore fSwallem, E. C. *Sraith, Lucius Q. f Sraith, J. McLain fSraith, Sarauel B. fSmith, Jas. Manning SuHivan, S. M. fSnyder, Jacob *Taylor, Dr. J. C. Thresher, Thoraas F. Thorapson, W. P. fThruston, Gates P. fTyler, Reuben ¦"THton, Thomas B. ""Vallandighara, C. L. *Wood, Youngs V. f Wood, Frederick L. f Walker, Moses B. ""Walker, George fWilliams, Israel fWeakley, Ii. H. fWeaver, George *Young, E. Stafford. The third group is composed of the following list (sinoe 1860): AH araan, D. W. f Allison, Daniel K. . ¦"Brurabaugh, Lee Bauman, C. L. Baldwin, Cyrus Ii. Breene, Frank S. *Belville, J. J. *Baggott, John S. BelvHle, Wickliffe Brotherton, Theo. W. Brown, Oren B. Carr, S. H. Clay, Amos K. Conover, Frank Corwin, Thomas Craighead, Charles A. Crickraore, L. S. Dale, Charles W. Davisson, Oscar F. *Delaney, Edward *Dechant, W. L. *Dravenstadt, I. B. fDunlevy, John C. Dustin, Charles W. *EHis, liirara W. Finch, Charles W. Garst, Jasper Gebhart, Fred. W. Gottschall, 0. M. Greer, John E. fGunckel, Patrick Ii. f Henderson, S. J. fHosier, Frank M Hanitch, John *Hallinan, John liallinan, Walter A. Hershey, B. F. fHoward, Williara C. Hartranft, Uriah C. HISTORY OP DAYTON. f Huesraan, Aloise Iddings, Charles D. Iddings, William B. f Jackson, Sarauel B. Jones, Walter D. Jeffreys, Jaraes 0. Kennedy, Grafton C. Kerr, E. H. Kern, Albert Kuraler, A. W. Kumler, Charles H. fKeating, Thomas J. Lichliter, J. H. fLefevre, 0. E. Marshall, R. D. McDermont, Horace McKee, Charles J. McKemy, D. W. *McKeray, John C. *Manning, J. S. Murray, L. G. MatthcAvs, Edwin P. *Mory, Bert C. Muni ma, James A. Murphy, Barry S. fMount, WiHiara f Marshall, A. L. Nevin, Robert M. Nolan, Harry F. Nolan, Christian M. Nutt, John M. ="0'DriscoH, D. f Oram, John L. fOAven, Benjamin F. Patterson, J. C. Parker, Granville Prugh, liariy H, f Peck, C. M. Payne, E. D. Rowe, Edward L. Roraspert, A. Ii. RusseH, William H. Robert, J. A. Ritchie, Williara Sage, Ii. Ii. Shauck, John A. *Sharts, J. W. Schuster, John Shuey, Webster W. fSchaff'er, S. 0. Shuey, Philip M. *Sigraan, W. H. f South, PhiHp G. Sraith, Sumner T. Sprigg, John M. Sullivan, Williara B. Swadener, Charles E. f ShoAvers, Frank Thorapson, Elihu VanSkaik, Williara Ii. fVallandigham, C. N. WHHarason, T. S. Waltmire, Charles A. Warrington, Geo. 0. Waymire, 0. P. Weaver, W. I. Wortman, Jaraes A. Winters, A. A. Winters, Charles H. fWood, E. M. Young,'_George R. Young, William H. Young, James C. *ZeHer, D. M. These lists give the aggregate nuraber of those who have been mera bers of the Dayton bar since the organization of the county — 281. Of the first group, there are only three survivors; of the second group, thirty-three, and of the third, seventy-five. A large nuraber, embraced in the aggregate, have retired from the practice to engage in other business, or have removed from the county and are in practice elsewhere — all such are marked Avith f and those who are deceased are raarked with *. Of those now surviving, four are exercising judicial functions, to-wit: .John A. Shauck, circuit judge; Henderson Elliott, coraraon pleas judge; Dennis Dwyer, coraraon pleas judge, and W. D. McKemy, probate judge. Of the first group, one, Charles Anderson, becarae governor of Ohio upon the death of John Brough in 1863. Four served as judges of the court of coraraon pleas, to-wit: Joseph H. Crane, R. S. Hart, WHliara THE BENCH AND BAR. 487 L. Helfenstein, and George B. Holt. Two were merabers of Congress — Joseph H. Crane and Robert C. Schenck. Eleven were at different periods raerabers, of the State legislature of Ohio — viz.: Charles Anderson, Joseph Ii. Crane, George B. Holt, Peter P. LoAve, W. J. McKinney, Peter OdHn, Robert C. Schenck, General Sraith, Edwin Sraith, Thoraas -J. S. Sraith, Henry Stoddard, and Robert A. Thruston. Of the second group, three were merabers of Congress — viz.: Lewis B. Gunckel, John A. McMahon, and C. L. Vallandighara. Four were judges of the superior court — Daniel A. Haynes, Dennis DAvyer, Jackson A. Jordan, and Thoraas 0. Lowe. Two were judges of the court of common pleas — Henderson Elliott and Dennis Dwyer, both now in office, and four were judges of the court of probate — Youngs V. Wood, Joseph G. Crane, Samuel Boltin, and Jaraes H. Baggott. Ten Avere raerabers of the general assembly of Ohio — viz.: W. H. BelvHle, F. P. Cuppy, David B. CorAviu, L. B. Gunckel, Daniel A. Haynes, George W. Houk, Marcus J. Parrott, E. A. Parrott, J. McLain Sraith, Thomas F. Thresher, and Moses B. Walker. In the War of the Rebellion, three merabers of the Dayton bar became generals — Robert 'C. Schenck, Gates P. Thruston, and Moses B. Walker. Eleven were colonels — Charles Anderson, EdAvard A. King (coraraanding a brigade Avhen he was killed), Hirara Strong, M. P. Nolan, Edwin A. Parrott, John G. Lowe, Sarauel B. Sraith, John W. Lowe, and Ii. H. Sage. Three were raajors — Luther B. Bruen, Daniel O'Driscoll, and W. H. Sigman. Three were captains — E. M. Wood, S. B. Jackson, and George W. Brown. Tavo Avere lieutenants — 0. M. Gottschall, and William Howard; and two Avere sergeants — Elihu Thomp son, aud William Craighead. Although the bar embraced, during the terra Avliich I have assigned to the first or original class of lawyers, only about an average of ten to twenty active practitioners, and during the next period, from 1840 to 1860, not to exceed double that number, Avhich increased, after 1860, to some fifty or sixty, the brief statistical facts I have detailed of the impor tant public services performed by its merabers, indicate to a considerable extent their general character, ability, and spirit. My personal recollections of the original Dayton bar extend as far back as 1840. At that time the leading firras were Crane & Davies, Odlin & Schenck, Stoddard & Haynes. Messrs. Peter P. LoAve, Charles Anderson, W. J. McKinney, and George W. Bomberger, were also in active practice. Riding the judicial circuit on horseback Avas still the custom. Regular terms of court Avere held in Greenville, Eaton, Troy, Sidney, and St. Mary's, Avhich some, at least, of the Dayton lawyers 488 HISTORY OP DAYTON. regularly attended. Beyond St. Mary's, and as far north as Defiance and Toledo, the wilderness Avas unbroken. The roads were through the AVoods, alraost impassable at times, and the streams generally without bridges. I have made diligent eff'orts, I regret to say without success, to perpetuate the recollection of, or rather to rescue from oblivion sorae of the experiences of the members of our early bar, in this raethod of laAV practice which has long since passed away never to return. 1 have appealed to my honored friends. General Schenck and Governor Ander son, to enable me to embody in this very brief and imperfect raeraorial sketcli of the Daytou bar, some of their recollections which I ara sure Avould have been as entertaining in substance, as charraing in style. But the increasing infirraities of advancing age were pleaded alike by both, and Ave are only left to lament that such men have to' groAv old. General Schenck, however, was kind enough to supply me with a fcAv brief notes iu regard to some of the more prorainent members of the bar Avhen he came to Dayton in 1831, aud coraraenced the practice with Judge Crane. He says: " The leading and most prorainent members of the Dayton bar at that tirae were Joseph Ii. Crane, Henry Bacon, lienry Stoddard, Peter P. Lowe, Judge Holt, Edward W. Davies, Thomas J. S. Smith, aud Robert A. Thruston. " Judge Crane was at that time regarded as the father of the Mont goraery County bar, not only for his age, but for his ripe and profound learning in his profession. * * Outside of mere professional and technical learning, he was a man of Avide and varied reading, and prodigious memory, especially familiar with EngHsh history, aud the English classics. and poets. " lienry Bacon under a careless personal appearance and dress, aud sometimes moody luanner, concealed much force and keenness, and Avaked up soraetiraes in addressing a jury, especially as a prosecutor iu criminal cases, to fiashes of eloquence. "lienry Stoddard, without special briHiaucy, Avas a most industrious, methodical, painstaking, and successful practitioner. He Avas particularly distinguished for the care with Avliich he hunted up and prepared all the evidence in his cases. "Peter P. Lowe, although Avithout the benefit or advantage of early education and training, and not, in any sense, a profound^or discriminating student of his profession, Avas remarkable for his shrewdness and perti nacity. He ahvays knew men better than books or principles, and went for Avinning, and generally did win. If there was a pi-ejudice or passion iu the mind of a juror to be appealed to, he was pretty ^ure fo find it out. THE BENCH AND BAR. 489 " Judge Holt had been a student and well-trained, but I suspect did not keep up his reading. He improved his opportunities by being on the bench. He was adroit and shrcAvd. "Edward W. Davies was a careful, exact, business-like lawyer, cool, calm, and always respected. "Thomas J. S. Sraith was a good deal of a student, trained and measured in manner, safe though not brilliant. "Robert A. Thruston was the most strikingly brilliant and flueut speaker among them all. He was varied in accomplishment, a fine belles lettres scholar, with high social knowledge; and with a commaud of language, polished diction, and glowing manner, which raised hira to the quality of an orator in a superior sense. He was besides a charming gentleman personally." I have been most happy as well as fortunate to obtain from General Schenck this estiraate of the prominent members of the early Dayton bar. It possesses especial value by reason of his own long association and varied experience with distinguished men in public life. Joseph H. Crane, who received General Schenck as a partner in the practice of the law, wheri,^ as a young man, he came to Dayton in the year 1831, Avas the first meraber of the Dayton bar. He came to Dayton in the year 1804, at the age of about thirty years. He had studied laAv with Aaron Ogden, governor of New Jersey, an officer in the Revolutionary War, an able lawyer, and a distinguished statesman. The Federal Government had only been in operation fifteen years under the constitution, when Judge Crane came to the West, then literally a wilderness. He became at once the trusted attorney and legal counselor of Daniel C. Cooper and his associates, the original proprietors and projectors of the new town of Dayton. Of course, at that early period, Ohio having been admitted as a State into the Union only two years before, there was but little call for the pro fessional services of a laAvyer in general practice; but in those early years of the Republic, when States were being organized, communities forming, the foundations of local and municipal institutions being laid, and methods of procedure established, men of trained minds, of legal learning, men instructed in the principles of the new representative system of Federal and State government, and in the history of English constitutional liberty, were of the class most in requisition. To this class belonged Joseph H. Crane. He was in the first flush of a vigorous manhood; of large frame and coraraanding presence. He came from a family identified with the heroic struggle for American inde pendence. His father was an officer iu the Revolution, aud in the service 490 HISTORY OF DAYTON. under Washington lost a leg in the battle of Brandywine, at the head of his regiment. He was nearly groAvn when the convention asserabled which fraraed the Federal constitution in 1787, and attained his majority during the second terra of General Washington as president of the United States. His preeminent purity of character, his superior learning and ability as a lawyer, were at once recognized by the little coramunity of pioneers, with Avliom he determined to cast his fortunes. At the first convention ever held in Montgoraery County in 1809, he was norainated for a seat in the general assembly of Ohio, was elected, and rendered an almost invaluable service to the State aud the legal pro fession, as the author of Avhat was terraed the Practice Act — uuder which legal proceedings in the State were regulated until the adoption of the constitution of 1851. Frora 1813 to 1816 he acted as prosecuting attorney, and in 1817 was elevated to the judgeship. In this capacity he rendered valuable aud satisfactory service until the year 1828, when he was elected to Congress, where he served eight years, at the expiration of which period he Avith- drew from public life and resumed the practice of his profession in Dayton. To the end of his illustrious and blameless life, he was universally venerated in the comraunity with which he had been so long and honorably identified. His great ability as a lawyer was recognized not only by his associates , at home, but by all the most distinguished lawyers and judges throughout the State. He belonged to the class of Ohio laAA^yers, of which Thomas EAviug, Hocking Hunter, Henry Stansberry, Ebenezer Lane, Judge Burnet, Samson Mason, Charles Hamraond, Gustavus SAvan, Charles Goddard, Sarauel F. Vinton, Peter Hitchcock, John C. Wright, and John McLean were illustrious representatives. Merabers of the bar will readily recognize the brilliance of such a galaxy of naraes, to which raight be added as many more, showing the stamp of the men who constituted the original bar of Ohio. Judge Crane was not only thoroughly read in the literature of the laAV, but he Avas accomplished in his attainments and scholarly in his tastes. He was siraple and doraestic in his habits, and I have a grateful personal remembrance of his custom, in the latter years of his life, of reading to his family the English classics, especially the historical novels of Sir Walter Scott. 1 Avell remember, too, the warm association that grcAV up betAveen THE BENCH AND BAR. 491 him and Mr. Vallandigham, when the latter gentleraan carae to Daytou, a very young raan, in 1847, — more especially, a few years later, Avhen Mr. Vallandigham became actively engaged in the practice of laAv. He Avas au exceedingly industrious student of his cases, and often availed himself of the superior facilities afforded by Judge Crane's extensive laAV library in their preparation. With characteristic kindness. Judge Crane encouraged the aspiring diligence of the young barrister, who became an enthusiastic admirer of so capable and instructive a mentor, and a warm personal friendship sprung up betAveen them Avhich was never broken. I have thus spoken at sorae length of J udge Crane's life and fcharacter, not only because I feel it to be a grateful duty to pay a deserved tribute to his exalted raerit, but because I regard him as the best type of the early American lawyer; and raore especially because of the indelible irapressiou he left upon the tone of the Dayton bar, which has been perpetuated, I think I can truthfully say, to. a large extent, through its merabership, doAvn to the present hour. His OAvn high sense of honor and professional integrity, impressed itself upon all his associates. No raeraber of the bar Avould have ventured, had he been so inclined, to resort to a dishonorable device, to. attain a professional advantage under the searching scrutiny of Judge Crane. Upon Daniel A. Haynes, who was a student, in his office, and who carae to the bar about 1840, his spotless mantle as a laAvyer aud a man, seems to have fallen. Esteemed alike by the bar, for his superior abilities as a lawyer, his clearness, purity and impartiality as a judge, and by the whole coramunity for his unirapeachable character in all his relations as a citizen afid a man. Judge Haynes, better than anyone else, deserves to •succeed to the honorable preeminence so long awarded by the unaniraous suffrages of his professional cotemporaries to the venerable Judge Crane. I have some personal recollection of all the members of the original Dayton bar, except Stephen Fales and General Sraith, the father of Dr. Edwin Smith, so long a prominent resident of this city. Mr. Fales was a native of Boston, and a graduate of Harvard. He studied laAv with Jeremiah Mason, one of the most eminent of the early lawyers of New England, and carae to Dayton about the year 1819. He reraained until 1830, when he removed to Cincinnati, where he was highly esteemed by the older set of lawyers, and where he died in 1855. General Sraith's narae is connected with a traditionary story, ascrib ing to hira a somewhat unique and ingenious defense he made in behalf of a client, who was upon trial, in Preble County, for larceny. It seeras the defendant had stolen sorae property from the person of the prose- 492 HISTORY OF DAYTON. cuting witness, while the latter was asleep. It was a cold, wet night, and the felloAV was sobering off' in a fence corner, where he had taken refuge. A sudden change in the temperature had frozen his clothing fast to the ground. This circumstance. General Smith insisted, converted his client's off'ense from larceny to trespass, inasmuch as a well-estab lished and loug-recognized rule of laAv held that nothing that was attached to the freehold could be the subject of larceny, but if taken, constituted trespass. Judge Holt, in his charge to the jury, said that the rule as stated by General Smith, could not be disputed, but he did not think it was applicable to the case at bar. The jury, however, took a diff'erent view, and returned a verdict of not guilty. Of the members of the early Dayton bar, no one attained so wide a reputation as General Robert C. Schenck, born in Franklin, Warren County, Ohio, in 1809. General Schenck, who for many years past has resided in Washington City, will coraplete his eightieth year on the 4th of next October. He has retained in a reraarkable degree his vigor of raind and even of body, although some years ago he was regarded as stricken with a fatal physical malady. By the poAver mainly of an indomitable^wHl and voluntary self-subjection to the most severe and long continued dietetic restriction, he astonished the medical faculty by overcoming a pronounced case of Bright's disease of the kidneys. In congratulating himself to his older brother. Admiral Schenck, upon his recovery, he wittily said : " I have beaten Bright's disease, but I can't beat old age." Whereupon an esteemed lady friend, who had always been interested in his spiritual welfare, wrote him that she could give him a sure prescription to "beat old age" — that was, "to be born again," In the year 1824, when fifteen years of age, Robert C. Schenck, then the ward of General Jaraes Findlay, of Cincinnati, (his father. General Williara C. Schenck, having died in 1821 ), entered Oxford CoHege, Ohio, in the sophomore class. He graduated in 1827 and remained in the capacity of tutor until 1830. In the fall of the same year, he entered the office of Thoraas Corwin, in Lebanon, as a student of law and was ad mitted to the bar in January, 1831. He came to Dayton in that year on horseback, inquiring at a house ou the roadside, then surrounded by undergroAvth, at a point uoav near the centre of the city, the distance to the town. He was told it was about three-quarters of a mile.' He brought a letter of introduction frora his law preceptor, Mr. Corwin, to Judge Crane, who iraraediately off'ered him a partnership, which he accepted. THE BENCH AND BAR. 493 This association continued three years. Judge Crane being then in Congress, the partnership was dismissed and a new one forraed with Mr. Peter Odlin, then a young lawyer recently arrived from Perry County, Ohio, but formerly frora Washington City, where he had been adraitted to the bar in 1819. The firm of Odlin & Schenck continued until about 1844, enjoying an always increasing and important practice until Mr. Schenck entered upon congressional life. His first political success was in the celebrated " Log Cabin " campaign of 1840, when General W. H. Harrison Avas elected to the presidency. He was a candidate that year for the legislature, and was elected. He was at that time but thirty-one years of age, slender in form, of an extremely nervous physical organization, white hair and complexion, weighing not over one hundred and forty pounds; quick in raoveraent, with a sort of explosive energy in delivery, and captivating speaking talent. His partisanship was of the raost combative, bitter sort. He seldom honored his opponents by calling them Democrats, but always " loco-focos." The older Whig stumpers, CorAvin, Crittenden, Metcalfe, and others, who were conspicuous supporters of "Tippecanoe and Tyler too," regarded " Schenck " as one of the foremost young Whigs of Ohio, and among the raost eloquent and eff'ective of their speakers. He was already a popular orator; his speeches were strong, argumentative, witty, and sarcastic. In the legislature he became at once conspicuous as a leader of his party. His term of service was signalized by an act of boldness, which indicated his mastery of emergencies. The Democrats were in a majority in the general assembly, and had prepared a bill for the apportionment of the State into congressional districts. Montgomery County Avas placed in a strongly Democratic dis trict. The bill was vehemently denounced by the Whigs as unfair to their party, and as giving the Deraoerats a grossly unjust predominance in the congressional representation of the State. One of the districts along the Ohio River extended up and down some hundreds of miles, and was likened in shape to some nondescript monster, called a "gerry mander," and thus a ucav word, coined by one of Mr. Schenck's most ardent Dayton supporters, John W. Van Cleve, was given to American political nomenclature, which still survives. Mr. Schenck led the bitter opposition to this raeasure in the house and under his leadership the Whigs determined in caucus to resign in a body and leave the legislature without quorum to enact the laAV, if no other raeans could be found to defeat it. 494 HISTORY OP DAYTON. The final test carae. As Rufus P. Spalding, then the speaker of the house, ordered the roll to be called upon the passage of the bill, Mr. Schenck nervously arose in his seat, and, pointing his finger to the chair, said, " No, you don't, Mr., Speaker," whereupon he announced the resignation of hiraself and his felloAV Whig raerabers, of their seats as representatives, and left the hall of the house in a body Avithout a quorum. The measure of course was defeated. An exceedingly bitter contest in the following fall election ensued throughout the State, but Mr. Schenck was returned to the legislature, although by a reduced raajority. An apportion raent act was passed by the next legislature which gave the Dayton district to the Whigs. In 1843, after an exciting contest for the congressional nominations, with Charles Anderson, who was then a rising young lawyer and Whig politician of Dayton, and possessed Avonderful popularity^ by reason of his extraordinary oratorical talents, Mr. Schenck was norainated and after wards elected to his first terra in Congress. He was reelected subsequently tAvice, serving three successive terras, and was ranked araong the foremost men of his party in Congress. In 1851, he Avas appointed by President Fillmore as United States minister to Brazil. After an absence of sorae years, during which he performed important diplomatic services, he returned to his horae in Dayton, taking no active part in political affairs until the year 1859, when he raade a characteristic speech in Dayton on the political situation, and was credited with first suggesting Abraham Lincoln for the presi dency upon introducing him to an audience before the Dayton courthouse for a political address. Upon the breaking out of the Rebellion, he promptly tendered his services to the governraent and received a coraraission as brigadier- general. His career throughout the Avar is farailiar histor}-. He received a severe wound at the second battle of Bull Run, Avhich perraaueutly disabled his right hand and arm. He soon afterwards received a coraraission as major-general and served until December, 1863, when he resigned to accept a seat in Congress, to which he had been elected in the fall of 1862 OA'cr C. L. Vallandigham from the Third District which had been raade strongly ' Republican by the legislature by the addition of Warren County to Butler, Preble, and Montgoraery. He was raade chairraan of the railitary coraraittee of the House, upon which he rendered most important and arduous service. He was reelected to Congress in 1864, over his Democratic competitor. THE BENCH AND BAR. 495 David A. Houk, and again in 1866, over General Durbin Ward, and again in 1868, over C. L. Vallandigham. During this term of service he was chairman of the committee of ways and means, and the recognized leader of his party in the House. In 1871, General Schenck was appointed by General Grant minister to Great Britain, in which capacity he served with distinction until 1876. It Avas during this period that he was appointed a member on behalf of the United States of the celebrated Joint High Commission, Avhich asserabled at Washington and eff'ected a treaty providing for the Geneva Conference, a raeasure which, by the substitution of arbitration for war in the settle raent of a serious controversy between two powerful and war-like nations, marked an era in the development of the spirit of a true Christian civili zation. General Schenck's highest faculties were brought into requisition in this important service. Upon no occasion in his eventful life were his intellectual abilities, his tact and force of character raore conspicuously or advantageously displayed. Associated with hira on the commission in behalf of the United States, were liamilton Fish, secretary of state; Judge Nelson, of the United States Supreme Bench; Hon. E. R. Hoar, now senator from Massachusetts, and Hon. George H. Williaras, then United, States attorney-general. The gentleraen comprising the British comraission were all greatly distinguished and able — Earl DeGrey and Ripon, a baronet and peer of the realra, president of the privy council; Sir Stafford Northcote, a privy councilor and member of parliament; Sir Edward Thornton, British minister to the United States; Sir John A. McDonald, member of her majesty's privy council for Canada, and minister of justice, and attorney-general for the Dominion of Canada; and Monta.gue Bernard, professor of international law in the University of Oxford. The matters submitted to this celebrated commission comprised the existing diff'erences between the government of the United States and that o^ Great Britain, the most notable of which was known generically as the Alabama claim. The treaty, however, which was successfully negotiated, embraced questions connected with the fisheries, navigation of the St. Lawrence, relations Avitli Canada, and the boundary at Fuca Strait. It is hardly necessary to say that in a commission thus constituted, all these questions were exhaustively and critically examined. The relations between the government of Great Britain and that of the United States, owing to circumstances that had transpired duriug the war, were, to say the least, somewhat strained. The Confederate cruisers. 496 HISTORY OP DAYTON. which had inflicted such irreparable daraage to our coraraercial raarine, had been built and alraost equipped in British ports, and had sailed frora British Avaters Avitli the knowledge of all the Avorld except that of the EngHsh authorities, whose duty it was, as the officers of a neutral govern raent, to have prevented so palpable a breach of the laAv of nations. In addition to this serious grievance, involving an imraense unadjusted pecuniary loss, the Araerican governraent still felt the sting of the sur render of Mason aud Slidell, which England had virtually demanded at the cannon's mouth. Some seven years had passed since the collapse of the Southern Confederacy, which, notAvithstauding its slavery corner stone, England Avould have gladly seen erected upon the ruins of the Araerican Union, and still no hour of reckoning had ever come. It Avas fortunate for all, that this step for adjustment Avas taken, when the sHent man, whose name and farae were associated in England and throughout the world Avith the conquest of the gigantic Araerican Rebellion, was seated in the presidential chair. Whilst Araerican public opinion recognized and embraced all the mighty forces that had conibiued to achieve the great victory, not by any means Avithholding his due proportion of credit to General Grant, abroad, and especially in England, he was looked upon as a military colossus, aud the " conqueror of the Rebellion." The suggestion of a peaceful method of settling existing differences with England, therefore, emanating from his adrainistration, was proraptly responded to by that governraent. General Schenck, iu addition to the qualifications resulting from his long experience in political life, from his training as a laAvyer and diplomatist, went upon the commission as, in a degree, a representative of the military element, a close friend of General Grant, with personal knowledge of his ideas and purposes. With social quaHties of a notoriously high order, great intellectual alertness, as well as force, keen discrimination of points in controversy, and unflinching firraness and courage, it is uo depreciation of others to say that no raan's infiuence on the comraission was superior to that of General Schenck. So widely were his iraportant services on this coraraission known and recognized throughout the country that there Avas a perceptible current of public opinion in his party setting his narae in connection with the approaching nomination for the presidency. It was about this tirae that, through the malicious resentment of a neAvspaper correspondent in London, for some imputed personal aff'ront, a wide notoriety was given (or revived rather) to General Schenck's con- THE BENCH AND BAR. 497 nection with a mining enterprise in Colorado. The sarae matter, Avhich had transpired several years before, had been brought to the attention of the American secretary of the State, Mr. Fish, who, upon full investiga tion of all the f^cts, had entirely exonerated him from any blame in connection Avith it. Before the termination of his mission broad, the raembers of the Dayton bar and his, other personal friends in Dayton, without distinction of party, tendered General Schenck a banquet (Avhich he accepted) as a testimonial of the high respect entertained by those who had been intimately acquainted with hira for a life tirae, for his personal purity of character, and the high appreciation of his neighbors for his eminent public services. Born, reared, and educated in Ohio, his profes sional and political successes having been achieved here, always regarding Dayton as his home, he has been throughout his whole life, a thoroughly typical Western, or raore distinctively, an Ohio raan. The raarked traits he has displayed in a long and illustrious career of public service, as a legislator, diplomatist, soldier, and statesman, have been strong virility of character, superior intellectual power, courage, decision, and unirapeach able integrity. Although, for the last forty years General Schenck has not been continuously engaged for any considerable length of tirae in the active practice of the legal profession, his general habit of raind has been that of the trained laAvyer. With strong intellectual tastes he has ahvays been an extensive reader in the higher departraeuts of belles lettres, as well as of historical and scientific literature. On the floor of the house of representatives Avhere he Avas so long conspicuous ancl influential, he displayed, whenever opportunity off'ered, the poAver of logic, lucidity of stateraent, closeness of reasoning, and adroitness of presentation, characteristic of an educated and superior legal raind. He was espe cially gifted in repartee. The ten or fifteen years of close study and laborious training in a large miscellaneous practice at the Dayton bar, in the early part of his life, so familiarized him Avith the elementary prin ciples of the common and civil laAV, with methods of legal procedure, the law of evidence, ancl the fundaraental principles of international laAv, that when he was called upon to exercise the high functions of statesmanship or diplomacy, he did not find himself by any means unequipped for the service. The early bar of Ohio was no mean school for men destined to be called into the highest ranks of public life. In it were trained Ewing, Corwin, Crane, Vinton, the Stanberrys, Chase, Stanton, McLean, SAvayaie, and later, Thurman, Ranney, Groesbeck, Waite, and a score of others whose public services have conferred lustre upon the State and nation. General Schenck Avell deserves to be ranked among the most illustrious 498 HISTORY OF DAYTON. men Ohio has produced — and no State in the Union could furnish him better company. He has himself sketched briefly but accurately, in a letter kindly Avritten by hira and quoted iu this chapter, the other more prominent members of the original Dayton bar when he came here in 1831. Mr. Odliu,for raany years his senior partner, and to whom he did not refer, did not come to Dayton until afterwards. His partnership with Mr. Schenck Avas forraed iu 1834. He was purely a laAvyer and one of very high standing. He was a most eff'ective speaker, educated, always logical, and at times very eloquent. He Avas a superior trial lawyer, as strong in the arguments of questions of laAv to the court as of facts to the jury. There Avere very few, if any, law firras in the State that excelled in their day that of Odlin & Schenck. Another most Avidely-extended reputation attained by a member of the Dayton bar Avas that of Clement L. VaHandigham. He belonged to the group of laAvyers who came to the bar here after 1840 and prior to 1860. He also was a native of Ohio, born in Columbiana County, July 29, 1820. His father Avas a Presbyterian minister, Avho graduated in the year 1804 at Jeff'erson College, Canuonsburgh, Pennsylvania. His mother, whose maiden name Avas Laird, Avas of an Irish family. Mr. Vallandig ham, Avitli three brothers, Avas prepared for a college course by his father, Avho gave instruction in a private classical school, and at the age of seven teen, entered the junior class of the same college at Avhich his father had graduated more than thirty years before. lie remained, however, but a year, Avhen he was solicited to take charge as principal of an academy at Snowhill, in Maryland, where he reraained tAvo years. Iu 1840, being then twenty years of age, he reentered Jeff'erson College as a member of the senior class. A short time before he would have graduated, by reason of a difficulty with Dr. BroAvu, the president of the college, he requested an houorable dismission, Avhicli Avas granted. Mr. Vallandigham studied laAV and Avas admitted to the bar in December, 1842. He coraraenced his professional and political life in Columbiana County, and removed to Daytou, Avhere he permanently located, iu August, 1847. He was inclined to seek a career in politics rather than in laAV, aud although his early practice in Columbiana County gave promise of success, he became a representative in the legislature frora that county as soon as he arrived at the eligible age of tAventy-five years, as prescribed by the constitution. He AA'as the youngest raeraber of the legislature, and at once became popular Avith his felloAV-members, and greatly respected for his superior taleuts, his lofty aims, and pure THE BENCH AND BAR. 499 personal habits. He was a raost industrious and discriraiuatiug reader, and Avell versed iu the best class of ancient aud modern literature. Soon after he located in Dayton, in 1847, he took charge of the Democratic paper, the Empire, Avhich he continued to edit with marked abHity until 1849, when he sold out his interest. The year before he reraoved to Dayton, in August, 1846, he had raarried Louisa. A. McMahon, sister of the distinguished hiAvyer, Hon. John V. L. McMahon, of Baltimore, Maryland. Upon the diposal of his interest in the Empire he raore diligently pursued the practice of the laAv, still, hoAvever, avoAvedly looking forAvard to political leadership. He Avas a candidate before the State Democratic Convention for lieuteoant-governor in 1851, but Avas defeated. He Avas a candidate for Congress against Lewis D. Campbell in 1852, aud Avas defeated. Again in 1854, in the memorable "KnoAV-Noth/ng" year, he Avas a candidate against Mr. Carapbell, and Avas "snoAved under" by a majority of over tAVO thousand five hundred. He Avas a third time a candidate against Mr: Campbell in 1856, aud although the official returns shoAved a majority of nineteen against him, he gave notice of contest, and Avas declared, upon trial by the House of Representatives, entitled to his seat by a lawful majority of tAventy-tbree. From his entrance iuto Congress he becarae at once conspicuous in the political history of the country. He was reelected in 1858, and was serving in the House wheu the War of the Rebellion broke out. He strenuously opposed the Avai' as being an unnecessary, unconstitutional, and impracticable method of settling the matters in controversy between the North and South. His term in the House ended in 1862. He had ranked among its raost able and distin guished members. His opposition to the Avar was radical. He did not believe, and so boldly declared, that a Federal Union, based upon consent, could be restored by force. He questioned upon constitutional grounds what Avere claimed as "Avar powers" of the government by the adminis tration of Mr. Lincoln and its supporters, and had the thorough conviction that the only feasible and constitutional method by Avhich the controversy^ could be adjusted, Avould be the calling of a convention to revise and amend the constitution of the United States. Mr. Vallandigham became the most conspicuous man perhaps in the entire North for his opposition to the war. He was arrested upon the order of General Burnside ou the raorning of the 5th of May, 1863, at about tAVO o'clock, at his residence on First Street in Daytou by a coni pany of soldiers and taken to Cincinnati, Avhere he Avas tried by a railitary comraission the next day, found guilty of charges Avhich Avere preferred against him for disloyal utterances iu a public speech raade 500 HISTORY OF DAYTON. some tirae before at Mount Vernon, Ohio. An application for a Avrit of habeas corpus raade to Judge Leavitt was refused, aud he was sentenced to close confineraent during the Avar, which sentence was afterwards changed to banishraent Avithin the rebel lines. In June foHoAving, he ran the blockade frora Wilmington and arrived by sea at Halifax, whence he proceeded to Windsor, his place of final sojourn, on the 24th. While at Windsor he Avas norainated for governor of Ohio, Avith George E. Pugh as lieutenant-governor, against John Brough and Charles Anderson, who were nominated for the sarae offices, and were elected by over one hundred thousand raajority. In June, 1864, Mr. Vallandighara returned to his horae in Dayton, was elected a delegate to the Chicago Convention that nominated General McClellan for the presidency, aud Avas active iu the political campaign in Ohio in which Judge Thurman ran for governor. His audiences were generally larger throughout the State than Avere draAvu by any other speaker, and he was an avowed candidate for the senate. Much to his disappointment, the Democratic majority in the legislature elected Judge Thurman to that position over hira. He Avas a delegate to the National Convention in Ncav York in 1868, and, although supporting Mr, Pendleton with the Ohio delegation as Ohio's candidate, Avas really in favor of Mr. Chase's nomination. In the confusion resulting from the withdraAval of Mr. Pendleton's narae, a con centration could not be effected on Mr. Chase before the current set in for Horatio Seymour, who Avas nominated on the twenty-second ballot by a majority which Avas made unaniraous on Mr. Vallandigham's motion. In January, 1870, Mr. Vallandighara formed a laAv partnership with Judge Haynes. In May, 1871, he inaugurated in Montgomery County the celebrated political movement, known as the "Ncav Departure." The author of this sketch Avas president of the meeting, at Avhich Mr. Vallan dighara presented his resolutions, and ou taking the chair, delivered a brief address Avhich "shadoAved forth the action afterAvards taken by the meeting." Mr. Vallandighara, after reading the resolutions, deliA'^ered a brief but powerful speech in support of thera, and thej^ Avere unanimously adopted. They Avere, iu the folloAving July, adopted at his instance by^- the Democratic State Convention of Ohio, upon Avhich occasion he made one of his greatest political speeches and the last of his life. I vividly reraeraber the elation with Avliich he received and read to rae the foHoAving letter he had just received from Mr. Chase, Avho Avas then chief-justice of the United States, complimenting him upon the inauguration of this important movement: THE BENCH AND BAR. 501 Washington, D. C, May 20, 1871. "My Dear Sir: — I have just read the resolutions of the Montgomery County (Ohio) Democratic Convention, reported by yourself, together with your reraarks and those of Mr. Houk. You have rendered great service to your country and the party; at least such is ray judgment. May God bless you for it. Nothing can be truer than your declaration that the movement contemplated by the resolutions is the restoration of the Democratic party to its ancient platform of progress and reform. I know you too Avell to doubt your courage or your fidelity to your convictions. " Very truly yours, " S P. Chase. "Hon. C. L. Vallandigham." In the foHoAving June occurred at Lebanon the iraportant trial of the case of Thoraas McGehan, for the raurder of Myers, in Ilarailton, in which, with a large array of distinguished counsel ou both sides, Mr. Vallandighara Avas the leading attorney for the defense. His tragic c death, Avhich resulted on that occasion frora an accidental self-inflicted pistol shot, received whilst illustrating his theory of the manner in which Myers had been shot, created a feeling of sympathy and sorroAV as profound as it Avas universal throughout the United States. He had to a great extent lived doAvn the hatred with Avhich he had been regarded in the Northern States bj' the supporters of the adrainistration of Mr. Lincoln during the war. No one had expressed a raore utter detestation of Mr. Lincoln's assassination than he, nor declared more strongly the conviction that it could be regarded in no other light than as a most serious national calamity. He had continued to be a conspicuous figure in American politics, and his great abilities were everywhere recognized. He Avas a most accomplished and popular orator, of attractive presence, and winning manners. His style was forraed upon the best models of ancient, as Avell as of English and Araerican oratory. His study of these raodels had been one of the chief occupations of his life. His convictions were- strong, and as honest as they Avere infiexible. His personal courage and integrity were undoubted. Although Governor Anderson has not been a resident of Dayton for many years, and was in active practice at our bar only frora 1835 to about 1847 or 1848, he has yet always regarded this city as, in some sort, his home, identified as it Avas Avitli his early social and professional life, and being still the location of iraportant property interests, as avcH as of a large family connection. He came here early iu 1835, at twenty-one years of age, and in the 502 HISTORY OF DAYTON. auturan of the same year married Miss Eliza J. BroAvn, of one of the most estimable of tbe original Dayton families — the Pattersons. liaving graduated tAvo years before at Oxford, then under the charge of the celebrated old Scotch Presbyteriau, Dr. Bishop, and corapleted his laAV studies, he "hung out his shingle," and commenced the practice of his profession in Dayton. He found here a galaxy of bright, educated, ambitious young laAv yers, like himself, just entered upon the threshold of life, — Odlin aud Schenck, Ralph and Peter P. Lowe, George B. Holt, Henry Stoddard, and Robert A. Thruston, with Joseph Ii. Crane, then in early middle life, their exemplar and leader, at the head of the bar. He at once took equal rank with them; for he, too, Avas educated and accomplished, as he was generous, brave, and especially gifted as an orator. The literary accomplishments of this class of young men, in those days, — before the world was droAvned in the fiood of current literature that now prevails. — consisted mainly in familiarity Avith the classic stories, in verse, of the Odyssey, the Iliad, and .^neid; the poetry' of Ovid and Horace; the Avritings in philosophy of Plato aud Aristotle, of Epictetus and Seneca, and the teachings of the great master of thera all, Socrates; and with the biographies of Plutarch; in English literature, first of all with Shakespeare — then, in poetry, with Milton, Chaucer, and Spenser, Cowper and Pope, Thorason and Young, Grey and Goldsraith, and later, Byron, Burns, Scott, Moore, Shelley, and WordsAvorth; iu philosophy, Avith John Locke, and Lord .Bacon, Bolingbroke, and Dugald StcAvart, and in lighter literature and politics, Avith Ben Jonson, Butler, SAvift, Steele, Fielding, Sterne, Addison, Horne Tooke, and Dr. Hugh Blair; interraingled with all these there Avere, for steady, systeraatic, dutiful reading, the " Coniraentaries upon the LaAvs of England," by one "Sir WHliara Blackstone," Tidds' "Practice," ChHty's "Rules of Pleading," and Espinasse's "Nisi Prius." Their raodels in oratory Avere Demosthenes and Cicero among the ancients; Burke and Chatham, Curran, Grattan, aud Phillips, among the moderns; not forgetting the Adamses, Henry, and Lee, with the other celebrated orators of our oavu Revolutionary era. The intervals of leisure iu the practice of most young lawyers at an inland Ohio bar in the thirties and forties, Avere neither fcAV nor brief; so that these young Dayton barristers did not pine for Avant of time to indulge their literary proclivities in the cultivation of these ancient and raodern classics, with whora it Avas fashionable and popular to be conversant. Charles Anderson's early habit of extensive niiscellaneous reading, so congenial to his mental organization, has continued with hira through life. With the rarest faculty, aided by a AVonderful memory, of classify- THE BENCH AND BAR. 503 ing and retaining knowledge so acquired, an unrivalled power of chaste aud happy expression, aud the strongest and purest social tastes, he becarae widely celebrated, not only for his eloquence upon the platforra and at the bar, but for those raost attractive and charraing personal traits, that have endeared hira to perhaps as large a circle of cultivated and admiring friends, as have ever fallen to the lot, or blessed the social life, of an Araerican gentleman. After a successful term of service as prosecuting attorney of Mont gomery County, he Avas elected to the State Senate, serving in 1845, with Henry B. Payne (then a young Democratic leader and now senator frora Ohio) and other. gentlemen Avho have since become eminent iu public life. His brave, chivalrous nature there found expression in a bold single- handed assault upon what were kiiOAvn as the black laws of Ohio — oue provision of which prohibited negroes from testifying in courts of justice. Although a native of Kentucky, born and reared in a slaveholding faraily, he was the first raan in the legislature of Ohio to raise a voice in protest against these laAvs. It was raany years before public sentiraent advanced so far as to deraand their repeal. At the close of his senatorial terra, he raade a visit to Europe, spend ing some time in Constantinople; and upon his return went to Cincinnati, where he formed a laAV partnership with the Hon. Rufus King — so Avell known and so universally esteemed, afterwards embracing John W. Herron, now the very capable United States attorney for the Southern District of Ohio. 'This partnership continued for a nuraber of years, commanding a large and successful business. Cincinnati supplied a most congenial place of abode to Mr. Anderson, being the place of residence of his brother Larz, one of its most eminent and esteemed citizens, and embracing a very large society of gentlemen as well as ladies, of the highest culture and social distinction. Returning to Dayton along in 1855 or 1856, he resided here until his precarious state of health induced hira to reraove to Texas, where he invested in large landed property, and reraained until the breaking out of the Rebellion. He raade no scruple in the face of an overwhelming secession sentiment surrounding hira, of announcing his unfaltering fidelity^ to the Union and the i old flag, Avhich he afterwards so fondly and eloquently denominated the "banner of beauty and glory." Too brave and patriotic to conceal his sentiments, he at once becarae known as a pronounced "Union man," and with the inauguration of the Rebellion, by the firing upon Fort Sumter, then garrisoned by a corapany of United States troops under the coraraand of his distinguished brother Robert, he was placed under arrest by^ the secession authorities in Texas and held in close custody. At great per- 504 HISTORY OF DAYTON. sonal risk, he adroitly effected his escape, leaving his property, including a large and valuable library, legal and miscellaneous, to be confiscated, and he returned to his home in Dayton. ' He was entrusted by Mr. Lincoln Avith a special mission to England, to atterapt to stem the tide of opposi tion to the Union cause in that country, but found the task hopeless, and returned to the United, States. He Avent into the field as colonel of the Ninety-third Ohio Regiment, raised in this city and county, aud close vicinity, and Avas Avounded at the battle of Stone River. His Avonnds and exposure so impaired his health, he Avas compelled to resign, and Avas elected lieutenant-governor of Ohio, over his Avariii personal friend, the Hon. George E Pugh, in the celebrated Brough and Vallandigham campaign of 1863, to which allusion has been made. Upon Governor Brough's decease, Charles Anderson became governor of Ohio, in which capacity he Avas serving at the close of the A\'ar, Avhen he again returned to his home in Daytou. Ahvays having a taste for agricultural life aud a large landed estate, he finally removed frora Dayton about 1870, and settled upon a tract of some ten thousand acres of land, which he pur chased in Lyon County, Southern Kentucky, where he uoav resides, widely known and houored as a hospitable, chivalrous, aud accomplished Christian gentleman. It was the fortune of still another member of the Dayton bar to have been aff'orded the opportunity of attaining a national reputation in public life. John A. McMahon Avas elected to Congress from the Dayton district in the fall of 1874, was reelected in 1876 and again in 1878. Although not a native of Ohio, he Avas educated from his early youth at St. Xavier Col lege, iu Ciucinnati, from Avhich he was graduated in 1849. He Avas born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1833. His father, lion. John V. L. McMahon, ranked among the very first huvyers of the early American bar. lie was purely a hnvyer, and seems to have transmitted to his son the superior legal qualities that so eminently distinguished himself throughout his career at the bar. .lohu A. McMahon came to Dayton in the year 1851, and at once entered upon the study of the law. in the office C. L. Vallan digham, Avho had married his aunt. Miss Louise McMahon. He Avas admitted to the bar in 1854, aud entered upon practice in Dayton in part nership with his preceptor. In 1861, he formed a laAV partnership Avith George W. Houk, Avhicli contiiuied uutil the third term of his service in Congress. Since his withdraAval from public life in 1880, he has practiced' his profession alone, and is generally knoAvn and regarded as one of the most able and distinguished lawyers of the State. Although during Mr. McMahon's first term in Congress he was ])laccd by Speaker Kerr upon a THE BENCH AND BAR. 505 rather inconspicuous standing coraraittee, that of post-offices and post- roads, an opportunity occurred in the irapeac%raent trial of Secretary of War Belknap, which enabled hira to become known and recognized, not only by the bar throughout the United States, but by the press and public generally as a most capable and thorough lawyer. The impeachment pro ceedings were instituted in the House of Representatives, and a. special committee of managers was selected by that body, coraposed of Scott Lord, Mr. McMahon, Proctor Knott, Williara P. Lynde, George A. Jenks, George F. Hoar, and E. G. Laphara, all lawyers of recognized ability. Mr. McMahon was chosen by the committee to conduct the trial on be half of the prosecution. The attorneys for the defense were Hon. Jere miah Black, attorney-general uuder Mr. Buchanan's adrainistration, Ex-Senator Matthew Carpenter, of Wisconsin, and Montgoraery Blair, of Maryland, all lawyers of the highest rank. The trial lasted from the 6th of July to the 1st of August, and was the engrossing political topic of the time. It attracted the attention of the bar, especially; not only at Washington, but throughout the^ country; was fully reported daily in the press, every raoveraent upon both sides being closely watched and criti cised. Mr. McMahon's especial duty was regarded as the raost arduous and responsible, and required the continuous, raost vigilant exercise of the highest quaHties of the trial lawyer. The facts involved in the case were numerous and intricate, requiring patient and thorough searching out, and, in their presentation to the senate, the utmost farailiarity with the law of evidence. It was universally conceded that Mr. McMahon's conduct of the case was beyond criticism. The press, without distinction of party, teemed Avith coraplirapnts upon the consuraraate tact and ability he displayed. A correspondent of the Cincinnati Commercial (Republican) thus speaks of him: "The coraplete manner in Avhich Mr. McMahon has avou the plaudits and admiration of the public here in Washington, and especially of the members of the bar, Avho resort to the senate chamber day by day to Avitness and enjoy as a rare treat the masterly, unequaled manner in which he conducts the trial, on behalf of the house, may be taken as another tribute to the State of Ohio. The unanimity with Avhieh, on all hands, Mr. McMahon is enthusiastically applauded, is soraething ucav and wonderful in Washington. He is combating giants, but he meets those veterans, Jereraiah Black, Montgoniery Blair, and MatthcAv Carpenter, to say nothing of Conklin, Logan, and others, avIio seem to have undertaken the dual labor of judging and defending, Avith the assured air of their conceded superior, aud his uniform success in overthrowing them is ample 506 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Avarrant for the calm confidence that becomes him so avcH. Nobody was raore surprised than Carpenter himself, at the great poAver and skill so unexpectedly displayed by the hitherto almost uuknoAvu laAvyer from the interior of Ohio. * * * Jeremiah Black himself cannot refrain from testifying to his admiration for this young master of vAsi prius practice." A special dispatch to the Graphic (Repubhcan ) speaks thus: "Nearly everyone thought that when the case actually came to trial, Messrs. Black and Carpenter Avould be more than a match for the Avhole board of managers. A fcAv days has served to undeceive us all, including the counsel for the defense. The manager, McMahon, who had charge of the introduction of testimony for the prosecution, has managed his case with consummate skill. He has again routed the defense on all points. He has again and again measured sAvords Avith Carpenter, on q^iestions arising on the competency of testimonj-, and the famous ex-senator has retired worsted from the field. In acuteness, iu -logic, in laAv, he has shown himself fully able to cope Avith the defendant's counsel, Avhile in thorough knowledge of his oavu case and theirs, there is only contrast betAveen him and them." Special dispatches equally corapliraeutary to Mr. McMahon, Avere sent to the Boston Po,st, Chicago Times, and other leading papers of the country. General Belknap having resigued before the inipeachraent proceeding Avas regularly begun, his counsel raised the question that the senate had no jurisdiction of his case. The vote of the senate nevertheless stood thirty-six guilty, tAventy-five uot guilty; nineteen of the latter giving the qualified vote of " not guilty for want of jurisdiction " In the next, being the Forty-fifth Congress, Mr. McMahon was placed upon the judiciary committee and also on the committee on accounts. To the judiciary committee was referred, during the first session of this congress, tho important bill to provide for the further distribution of the moneys received under the Geneva A^vard. It avHI be remerabered that the aggregate award of the Geneva a.rbitration, to be paid by the govern ment of Great Britain to that of the United States, amounted to fifteen million five hundred thousand dollars. This amount Avas duly paid over to our government, and proi)er steps taken by Congress for its just and ecpiitable distribution to those who liad suffered loss during the war, iu consequence of the depredations upon Ameriean coiunierce, for which it had been duly deterinined England should be held aecountable. Among the claims upon this fund, the most iinp(jrtant, and by far the largest in the aggregate, Avas the class presenti-d by the American, marine insurance companies for losses they had lietui com[ielled to pay for property insured THE BENCH AND BAR. 507 by them, and destroyed or confiscated upon the high seas by the Con federate cruisers that had been permitted to Sail from British ports. Some nine or ten millions of dollars yet reraained for distribution, and a bill was reported frora the judiciary coraraittee, for the purpose of prescribing the principles and rules which should be observed in such distribution, and govern the same. A minority of the judiciary coraraittee, consisting of Mr. McMahon, General Butler, William P. Frye, now senator from Maine, Oscar D. Conger, afterward senator frora Michigan, and Elbridge G. Laphara, dissented frora the bill reported by the raajority, upon the ground, mainly, that in indemnifying the insurance conlpanies for the losses they had suff'ered during the war, in paying for property destroyed or confiscated, they should be required to account for what gains they had made during the sarae period in increased war preraiuras. Against any such rule the insurance corapanies, of course, violently protested. With unlimited means at their command, they had a powerful lobby and the most eminent counsel in Washington to represent their interests. It is hardly necessary to say that Mr. McMahon could probably have prescribed his OAvn terms for the AvithdraAval of his opposition to the bill that had been reported in accordance with the interests of the insurance corapanies. As a lawyer, he regarded it as a violation of justice and equity, and con sidered it his duty as a faithful representative of the people to oppose it. He, therefore, prepared a bill Avith the cooperation of the other members of the minority of the judiciary coraraittee, embodying their views and a report upon its presentation to the House. On the 18th of January, 1849, he raade an argument upon the bill to the House, which, together Avith the report which he submitted as the views of the minority of the judiciary committee, was exhaustive of the whole subject, and which, in vieAV of the international character of many of the legal questions involved, as well as the magnitude and importance of the claims, raay justly be regarded as oue of the raost logical, corapre- heusive, aud able speeches ever raade upon any subject in the Congress of the United States. For the first tirae in a long lapse of years in the his tory of Congress, the House refused to sustain the raajority report of the coraraittee on the judiciary and passed the bill reported as a substitute on behalf of the rainority by Mr. McMahon. It went to ^the Senate and failed there only for want of time. At a subsequent session, hoAvever, a law was passed by Congress and signed by the president, providing for the distribution of the balance of the awai^d iu accordance substantially Avith the views Avhich had been so ably and conclusively presented by Mr. McMahon in his report and speech. As a practicing lawyer at thfe Day ton bar, he has always been held in the very highest esteem by his 508 HISTORY OF DAYTON. brethren and the community. Invariably honorable and courteous, he is as generous to Aveakor adversaries as he is formidable to the strong. A sincere encomium upon the purity and beauty of his domestic life, the spotless integrity of his character, and his unsurpassed abilities as a lawyer, raay be pardoned to one Avho has long known and esteeraed him in most intimate association, social and professional, and Avho has felt a pride as a member of the Dayton bar, in the well-deserved fame he has achieved in the legislative councils of the country. From the distinction won by these gentlemen may be inferred what raight have been accora- plished by others had occasion off'ered — ex pede Herculem! It is no disparageraent to those Avho attained such wide celebrity to say that there have been, doubtless, raany men who have been in tirae past, aud others who are now raerabers of the Dayton bar, who, if they had sought or been aff'orded opportunity, Avould have achieved a like dis tinction. Araong these, I ara sure it avHI not be regarded as invidious to mention the uoav senior practicing member of our bar, Mr. Samuel Craighead. Mr. Craighead came from the Cumberland Valley, Pennsyl vania, Avhere he was born and reared among the Allegheny Mountains, and from as fine a race of nieil as there is in the world. In his early manhood, with the advantages of an early ordinary edu cation, he Aveut to the city of Ncav York, Avhere a relative Avas the pro prietor of a large publishing house, aud Avas there eraployed for several years. He studied laAv, Avas admitted to the bar, and, arriving in Dayton ill the spring of 1844, at once entered upon the practice of his chosen profession. He was elected prosecuting attorney of Montgomery County iu 1848 aud served two terms, fully maintaining, by his able discharge of the duties of that office, the high character that had been conferred upon it by his predecessors, Daniel A. Haynes, Charles Anderson, Judge Holt, William Blodgett, Judge Crane, Peter P. Lowe, and Harry Bacon. From this time forward, continuousl}', until the present, Mr. Craighead has main tained his position in the foreraost rank of our laAvyers. His practice has been wide, varied, and successful. Uniforraly able and thorough in the trial of cases, ahvays distinguished for courteous bearing, gifted as au orator, aud strong in argument, Avith exeellent literary taste, and superior social accomplishments, no one has better title to be regarded as a typical Ohio laAvyer. Had Mr. Craighead determined, instead of pursuing the even tenor of his })rofessiou, to have entered the political arena, there is little doubt that he would have attained, through his sterling abilities and character, as avcH as his social qualities, a rank aniong those Avho are re garded as the foremost public raen of the United States. Although not personall}' in politics, he has ahvays been a prouonneed Republican, and THE BENCH AND BAR. 509 has for years been considered as one of the safest and ablest counselors of the Republican party in Ohio. Preserving to a raost Avonderful degree the appearance of the freshness of youth, his presence repels the sugges tion of age, and he still pursues diligently the duties Avhicli professional and private business relations impose upon him, regarded Avith the unani raous and Avarraest esteem of his professional brethren, as avcH as that of the entire general community. Of the early Dayton laAvyers, Henry/Stoddard and Judge Holt, both natives of Connecticut, Avere about the sarae age, the former born in 1788, aud the latter in 1790. Mr. Stoddard came to Dayton in 1817, aud George B. Holt in 1819. They both speedily became prominent and suc cessful, and maintained their high position to the close of their lives. Mr. Stoddard died at the age of eighty-one, in 1869, and Judge Holt died at the sarae age in 1871. This interval of tAvo years betAveen thera, first occuring at their birth, by a singular coincidence marked the diff'erence in the dates of their location in Dayton, and the final end of their long lives. They Avere both prorainent raerabers of the Presbyterian Church, and ahvays highly esteeraed as citizens. Judge Holt's professional quali fications and public services have been hereinbefore alluded to. Mr. Stoddard was a careful, raethodical, and successful laAvyer, reputed to be especially Avell A^ersed in real estate law. Messrs. EdAvard W. Davies and Peter P. LoAve Avere about ten years younger than Stoddard and Holt, and about the age of each other— Mr. Lowe haA'ing been born in 1801, and Mr. Davies in 1802. Mr. Lowe carae to the bar here in 1825, and Mr. Davies in 1826. Mr. Davies was for raany years a partner in practice of Judge Crane, Avith a leading and iraportant business. He Avas long the attorney of the Cincinnati, liarail- ton & Dayton Railroad Corapany, and, in the latter part of his life, a partner of Colonel John G. LoAve. The following extract frora the testimonial of the Dayton bar, adopted at his death, is a truthful, though brief, summary of his character: "Edward W. Davies deserved and maintained Avithout reproach, throughout his long and useful life, the character of a sincere and upright Christian, and an honest raan. By unsAverviug integrity and force of character, he coraraanded the confidence aud respect of the entire public, but those only who Avere intiraately associated Avith hini kncAv the excellence of his social qualities, and the still higher attributes that adorned Avith grace and happiness his doraestic circle, and belong to the cultured Christian gentleraan. With a dignity that seeraed natural, alike to his personal appearance, and character, he blended a generous kindness that never failed to respond when a proper occasion called it 510 HISTORY OF DAYTON. forth, and such were his sterling qualities that no temptation could swerve his fidelity to truth or his devotion to duty." Mr. Davies Avas one of the executors and trustees uuder the avHI of D. Z. Cooper, and for many years managed the large property interests of the estate with great wisdora and judgraent. lie, in connection with his co-trustee, Mr. Alexander Griraes, projected the iraportant improve ment, changing the original natural channel of Mad River from the aque duct to its raouth, thus bringing into the raarket all the valuable property now occupied by Mr. Birara's ice business, the car AVorks, city water Avorks, raanufacturing establishraents, railroad tracks, canal extension and desir able ground between the present bed of Mad River and First Street. When the will of Mr. Cooper Avas contested, about 1858-1859, the Avhole raanageraent of the litigation devolved upon Mr. Davies, and after a long and really celebrated trial, most ably contested by eminent counsel on both sides, the will was sustained. Of Mr. Peter P. LoAve, his confrere, it may be truthfully said that, in his prime, he was for many years one of the very foremost and successful laAvyers at the early Dayton bar. Governor Anderson very kindly says of hira.: "He gained and long held a raost leading position. That fact Avas not an accident. He could only have done it by his oavu abilities. For one thing, to his great honor, he Avas Avithout rival. Even to my knowledge, the foremost man at the bar in giving to any raw fiedgHng the most considerate, kindly, generous, and efficient countenance and hand of help in his new vocation. I never can forget," continues Gov ernor Anderson, "this noble trait, as shown to myself and to raany others, yourself included." And I wish to add for myself, that I know this warm praise to be fully deserved, for neither can I "ever forget" this " noble trait," as shown to myself. I may be regarded as entitled to bear personal testimony to mauy estimable qualities in the character of Mr. LoAve when I say, that at eighteen years of age I entered his office as a law student, under his preceptorship. Upon ray adraission to the bar three years afterAvards I became associated Avith him as a partner in the practice. He Avas a true, considerate, and generous friend to me iu ray early life. During a long business connection Avith hira and, in fact, during forty years of raost intimate association, personal, professional, and social, I can recall no act or word of Mr. LoAve that I Avould desire to forget, but many that it is a pleasure to remember. He Avas always kind, just and hospitable, enter taining in conversation, vigorous in thought, ripe in refiection aud instructive experience. Colouel John G. Lowe, uoav for many years past retired from active THE BENCH AND BAR. 511 practice, was originally in partnership Avith his brother, Peter; afterward Avith Mr. Odlin, then with EdAvard W. Davies. He graduated at Oxford iu 1839, and commenced practice iu Dayton in 1841. He Avas an active and enthusiastic young Whig in the celebrated campaign of 1840, and an ardent supporter of Mr. Clay in 1844. He has ahvays coutinued to be one of the most respected and public spirited citizens of Dayton, aud regarded as au accomplished laAvyer and safe counsellor. He served as colonel of a regiraent in the war, being called into sudden service, to do iraportant garrison duty at Baltimore, Avhen there was urgent need of veteran troops at the front, full reference to which avHI be found in the chapter upon the militaiy history of the cit}-. Before further reference to others of the group of attorneys to Avhich Mr. John Lowe belongs, I Avish to speak of tAvo others of the original bar. I allude to Thoraas J. S. Sraith and Robert A. Thruston. Both these youug men came from Marjdand, or the District of Columbia,' to Dayton about 1830. Mr. Smith Avas a graduate of Jeff'erson College, Pennsylvania, and Mr. Thruston of West Poiut; or if not a graduate, had been a cadet there several y'cars, completing his education elsewhere. He Avas accoraplished and very talented, a, son of Judge Buckner Thruston, one of the first senators from Kentucky after its adraission to the Union; afterAvard appointed, by President Madison, United States district judge at Washington. Mr. Smith, soon after settling in Daytou, deterrained to remove to Troy, Avhere he at once took a leading position at the bar, and remained there until 1844, Avhen he returned to Dayton and resumed the practice here. He was president of the Dayton & Michigan Railroad Company upon its organization, ancl continued in that position until the road Avas completed. He represented Montgoraery County in the legislature in 1856 and 1857, aud Avas a candidate for the suprerae bench in 1860. Mr. Smith Avas au excellent lawyer, and especially qualified to exercise judicial func tions. He Avas highly esteemed personally for his social quaKties, and as a thorough gentleman. He Avas the father of Hon. J. McLain Smith, Avho for a Avhile was proprietor and editor of the Dayton Ledger, and repre sented this county in the legislature, and is a gentleman of the highest culture aud abHity; and also of General Samuel B. Sraith, Avho served gallantly through the Avar, and Avas, during Governor Foster's adminis tration, adjutant-general of Ohio, uoav a resident of LudloAv Falls — both members of the Dayton bar. Mr. Smith was for a considerable time the senior Hiav partner of Mr. Vallandighara, and afterAvard of Elza Jeffords, Avho, after the war, be came judge in Louisiana and a member of Congress from that State 512 HISTORY OP DAYTON. Robert A. Thruston Avas conceded by his brethren, as stated by General Schenck, to be the most accomplished orator at our early bar, as he Avas one of its most promising raerabers. He Avas not a raan of robust physique, and died when coraparatively young, universaHy lamented. His eldest son. Gates P. Thruston, also a meraber of our bar, and a graduate of Miarai University, served Avith distinction through the war. He entered the service as captain of the color corapany of the First Regiraent of Ohio Volunteers, recruited and organized here at Dayton, and coraraanded by Colonel Alexander McD. McCook, afterward, on General McCook's promotion, by Colonel EdAvin A. Parrott, also a member of the Dayton bar. General Thruston earned his rank by conspicuous gallantry in battle; was promoted to the post of adjutant upon General Rosecrans' staff', and afterwards to the same position on the staff of Major-General Thomas. On one occasion he Avas promoted on the field by his chief. At the close of the Avar he reraoved to Nash ville, where he married aud entered upon the practice of the law. Property investments, united with failing health, so interfered with his professional duties as to withdraw him frora active practice. He has becorae thoroughly identified with NashvHle interests, and is engaged in the preparation of an illustrated AVork uoav in press, upon the "Antiquities of the Mound Builders," of which the vicinity of NashA'ille and the region of Middle Tennessee supply a most prolific aud inter esting field. Ralph P. Lowe, another of the early Dayton lawyers, brother of Peter and John G. Lowe, did not practice many years in Dayton. He removed to Keokuk, Iowa, about 1839. He, too, was a graduate of Oxford, and attained eminence in Iowa both as a laAvyer and a public man. He became Governor of the State, and afterAvard one of the judges of the Suprerae Court. He reraoved to Washington about the year 1873, where he practiced in the higher courts, ranch esteeraed as a laAvyer and gentle raan, until his death, which occurred in 1883. Among the group of laAvyers, nurabering one hundred and eleven, who carae to the bar after 1840 and prior to 1860, fifty-one are dead, forty-one reraoved or retired to other business, and only nineteen are UOAV living. Among the deceased those Avho were most actively engaged in the practice and more prorainent in the profession, were Wilbur Conover, Adam Clay, Abraham Cahill, John Howard, D. W. Iddings, Daniel P. Nead, Hiram Strong, Youngs V. Wood, C. L. Vallandigham, and E. S. Young. Wilbur Conover Avas in his tirae one of the best lawyers that ever THE BENCH AND BAR. 513 practiced at the Dayton bar. He was a graduate of Oxford (in the year 1840) and was distinguished at college for his superior faculties. He Avas a close student and possessed a clear, vigorous intellect. He studied laAV Avith Odlin & Schenck, and on his admission to the bar, becarae a raeraber of the firra. He afterAvard Avas the sole partner of Mr. Schenck until that gentleman Avent to Brazil as United States minister. He then entered into partnership with Mr. Samuel Craighead, which continued up to his death in 1883. The- firm of Conover & Craighead ahvays coraraanded a leading practice, and was regarded as one of the ablest aud and raost reliable in the State. Mr. Conover's opinions as a lawyer were regarded Avith deserved confidence as well by the coramunity as by the profession, and his busi ness life seeraed to illustrate a lofty sense of duty united to a sincere devotion to his profession. He carae to the bar imbued Avitli those ideas of professional honor, handed doAvn by -Iudge Crane, Edward W. Davies, Robert C. Schenck, and he Dayton laAvyers of their generation. He never tarnished the achievment of professional success by personal self-seeking, or that uuAvorthy rivalry that finds its oavu advancement in the deprecia tion of others. He esteemed that professional eminence only as worthy of attainment that is deserved by real raerit and faithful devotion to the interest and cause of a client. John Howard, Avho died in 1878, was for raany years one of the raost erainent and successful of our lawyers. He was a graduate of Kenyon College, carae to Dayton about 1839, and studied law Avith Odlin and Schenck. His association in the practice with Mr. Haynes was forraed some years after, and thence forward the firm of Haynes & Howard ranked with the other leading firras at the bar. Mr. Howard, without being eloquent or attractive as a speaker, Avas extremely adroit and con- convincing. He generally exhausted every favorable point in his case with a force equal to the ingenuity he displayed in concealing or refut ing those of his adversary. Mr. Howard was ahvays popular and uni versaHy esteeraed. He Avas terapted once to run for Congress, but after a very vigorous canvass, in which he proved himself a formidable oppo nent, lost by only sorae ninety votes. Colonel Hirara Strong, who was fatally Avounded at the head of the Ninety-third Regiment at the bloody battle of Chicamauga, was oue. of the most estimable raen who CA^er belonged to the Dayton bar. He was a graduate of Miarai University in the class of 1846, and Avas admitted in 1849. He practiced with success, first as a partner of William C. Bart lett, and afterAvard, in 1853, became associated with Lewis B. Gunckel. The firm of Gunckel & Strong ranked among the best in Dayton, and 514 HISTORY OF DAYTON. commanded a large and growing business. In August, 1862, he Avas commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Ninety-Third Regiment. No raan ever entered the service from purer motives of patriotism. He had been married but ten years, and had a family of Httle children and a de voted Avife, and besides Avas in a prosperous business. lie had never sliOAvn the slightest taste for military life or aff'airs, and Avas totally without such knowledge. He speedily, however, mastered the duties of his ucav posi tion, and became conspicuous for his proficiency as a drill master. He Avas a gallant soldier, a good lawyer, a faithful friend, a pure patriot, and in every sense of the Avord a true man. Daniel P. Nead aud Youngs V Wood, both of whom have been dead raany years, died when iu full practice. The firm commanded a large and lucrative business, aud possessed to a large degree the public confidence. Daniel W. Iddings Avas a student at law at the same time with Samuel Craighead, Wilbur Conover, and their set of brilliant young men, and Avas conceded to be about the brightest of them all. He graduated at Oxford in 1842, and Avas admitted to the bar in 1846. Possessing especial literarj' qualifications and taste, he drifted iuto journalism and becarae the part proprietor and editor of the Dayton Gazette, Avhicli he conducted for five years. He became prominently connected Avith municipal aff'airs, and served tAvo terms as Mayor of the city in 1856 aud 1858. He Avas presi dent of the city council for nearly ten years, Avas Register in bankruptcy frora 1867 until the office Avas aboHshed, and meantime conducted a successful and growing legal business in association Avitli his tAvo sons. He had a clear legal mind, Avas gifted intellectually, aud drafted the first laAV ever passed iu Ohio to incorporate joint stock insurance companies. He had accumulated a handsome property, aud Avas stricken Avitli paraly sis, dying in 1883, at the age of sixty-four. Adam Clay Avas another of the deceased lawyers of this class Avho' Avas long prominent in practice and in public Hfe. He Avas a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1872, Avhicli assembled at C'ihcinnati. His son, Amos K. Clay, who is a graduate, aud an estimable aud good lawyer, succeeded to his business. The raost recent death at the Daytou bar among this group of laAvyers Avas that of E. Stafibrd Youug. Mr. Youug Avas a raan of marked legal abHity, aud for thirty ya^ars had been a prominent member of the bar. His sterling qualities of personal independence aud integrity commanded everybody's confidence and respect, aud his diligent devotion to business and his constantly improving capabilities, Avith his large ex perience, commanded a Avide and \aried practice. Mr. Young avcH deserved to rauk among the foremost meu of the Dayton bar, and he THE BENCH AND BAR. 515 was so regarded at home and abroad. A biographical sketch of him, written by myself, too extended for this place, will be found in the closing chapter of this book. His sudden death, which occurred on the evening of the 14th of February, 1888, was a startling shock to the whole com raunity, for there were few among us who had been so conspicuous or more generally known and respected. The only survivors of this group of lawyers now at the bar are Judge Boltin, Judge Baggott, Samuel and William Craighead, Robert G. and and Colonel D. B. Corwin, Judge EHiott, LcAvis B. Gunckel, Judge Haynes, David A. and George W. Houk, John A. McMahon, George W. Malambre, James Manning Smith, Warren Munger, Colonel Nolan, Lewis R. Pfouts, S. M. Sullivan, and Thoraas F. Thresher. Judges Boltin and Baggott each filled two terms of honorable service in the probate court. Judge Baggott was also prosecuting attorney for two terms and distinguished hiraself in the prosecution of Frank Dick for murder, in which he was convicted and hung. Judge Boltin has always pursued diligently his profession, has not sought political distinction, but has been contented with the good repu tation he has earned, and always enjoyed as a lawyer and an honest man. Robert G. Corwin has long since retired frora active practice. Colonel David B. Corwin, his son, has had a share of political distinction iu a very creditable term of service in the State senate as senator from this district. He Avas regarded not only as one of the most industrious and useful, but one of the very ablest raerabers of that body. He is uoav city solicitor of the city of Dayton, a very iraportant and responsible legal position. Colonel Corwin served in command of a regiment Avest of the Mississippi during the war. Williara Craighead, now the partner of his relative, Mr. Samuel Craighead, practiced for many years in partnership Avith Mr. Warren Munger. He graduated at Oxford in 1855, and after teaching two years, studied law with Conover and Craighead, and Avas admitted to the bar in 1859. He soon after formed a partnership with Warren Munger, the firm at once acquiring a prosperous business. Mr. Craighead was elected city solicitor, and served acceptably two terms; the only office, I believe, he ever sought or accepted, as he has been singularly free all his life from any desire for distinction outside of his profession. His association with Mr. Munger continued some fifteen years, during which his reputation as an accurate and able lawyer continued to grow. Since the decease of Mr. Conover, he has been a partner in the present firm of Craighead and Craighead, in full and well-sustained practice. ^ Warren Munger, who is about Mr. Wm. Craighead's age, came to the 516 HISTORY OF DAYTON. bar about the sarae time. He is the son of Warren Munger, deceased, one of the most respected of the members of the original Dayton bar, and most esteemed of the early citizens of Dayton. He graduated at Kenyon College in 1858, and studied law also with Conover and Craighead. Dur ing the continuance of the firm of Craighead and Munger, Mr. Munger filled for two terras the office of prosecuting attorney with great credit, and Avas regarded as one of the ablest men at the bar; distinguished not less for the purity and beauty of his social character, than for his wise judgment and abilities as a lawyer. He is still in full practice as senior in the firm of Munger & Kennedy^ Lewis B. Gunckel is uoav one of the senior merabers of the Dayton bar. He graduated at Farraer's College in 1848, and frora the Cincinnati law school in 1851. In his early professional life he was associated with Mr. Strong, and laid the foundation of a practice which, through his fidelity, industry, and abilities, has grown to be as important as any ever enjoyed at our bar. In 1862, Mr. Gunckel was elected to the State senate. He served there during the years of the war, was chairman of the judi ciary committee, and during the entire period especially distinguished himself in furthering legislation favorable to the soldiers aud their families. He introduced a bill for the establishraent of a State soldiers' horae, another for a bureau of railitary statistics, and in all that concerned the welfare of the soldiers in the field he was especially conspicuous aud efficient. In 1864, he was a presidential elector, and canvassed the State for Mr. Lincoln. He was influential in the inauguration of measures for the establishment of the Soldiers' Home in Daytou, and was appointed oue upon its first Board of twelve managers. He held this responsible position for twelve years, during ten of which he Avas Secretary of the Board, aud local raanager. In 1871, Mr. Gunckel was appointed by President Grant special coraraissioner to investigate frauds upon the Cherokee, Creek and ChicasaAV Indians, upon which he made a valuable report, Avhich led not only to the detection and punishment of the guilty parties, but to import ant reforms in the Indian service. In 1872, he was elected to Congress, served on the MiHtary Committee, voted to repeal the salary-grab law of the preceding Congress, and declined to accept the increased pay to which he was legally entitled under that law. Since Mr. Gunckel's retirement from congress, he has been raore especially identified with his profession and devoted to its practice, in connection with his partner, Mr. E. L. RoAve. He was for three successive years a delegate frora the Ohio State Bar to the National Bar Association, aud was for the same period treasurer and member of the executive coraraittee of the latter. THE BENCH AND BAR. 517 In 1884, he was nominated by his party for Congress, but persisted in his refusal to accept the noraination, raaking another convention and noraination necessary; Mr. Gunckel's public services have been varied and iraportant — those raost highly appreciated by the community, as well as most satisfactory to hiraself, were rendered in connection Avith the Soldiers' Horae. He has been long knoAvn as one of the leading raerabers of the Dayton bar, and so recognized throughout the State. David A. Houk carae to the bar about the year 1854. He first forraed a partnership Avith Mr. Malambre, and afterwards with Mr. E. S. Young. He served as prosecuting attorney for two terras, and raade a high reputation in that department of practice. He was recognized as a laAvyer of fine acquirements in his profession, was clear and powerful in ar gument. He was a candidate for Congress against General Schenck, in 1864, in an overwhelmingly Republican district, and of course defeated. He is a man of conspicuous integrity and independence of character, has measurably withdrawn, in recent years, from the practice, on account of failing health. Colonel M. P. Nolan is another of the older laAA'yers who has long been regarded as among the raost prominent of Dayton attorneys. He, too, has had experience in public aud military life. He was United States commissioner by appointment of President Johnson, and always an active participant in political affairs. He Avas a war Democrat, and entered the railitary service during the Avar. He has long been distinguished for his powers as a jury-trial laAvyer, and is still in active practice in partnership with his son. LcAvis R. Pfouts, of the firm of Pfouts & Hartranft, and in the enjoy ment of a large and successful business, has been content to pursue the even tenor of his way without seeking any conspicuousuess in the political field of public service, with the best results to his prosperity and happiness. Thoraas F. Thresher, another of the survivors of the second group, came to the bar in the fifties, and, Avhen in active practice, Avas an unusually bright laAvyer. He served in the legislature of the State two terms, and took rank Avith the most infiuential and able of the merabers of that body. Mr. Malarabre, S. M. Sullivan, aud Jaraes Manning Sraith, all of whom have withdraAvn from the practice, are the only reraaining mem bers of the class of lawyers before '60, besides myself, other than those I have naraed. It is obviously irapossible to raake even similar brief reference to the Dayton lawyers embraced in the last list, from which I observe I have accidently omitted the names of Quincy Corwin, A. A. Thoraas, J. L. Ii. Frank, and Mr. Harvey Conover. 518 HISTORY OF DAYTON. There is, hoAvever, oue gentleman Avhose good fortune it Avas to be elevated to a seat on the bench of the Circuit Court, who may be rightfully embraced as belonging to the judiciary of Dayton. I refer to Hon. John A. Shauck. As he was elected circuit judge over myself by some three thousand votes iu 1884, his omission here might be regarded as invidious. Mr. Shauck was born in MorroAv County, iu this State, Avas educated at Otterbein University, Avliere he graduated about 1864, and entered the hundred-day service as a soldier. After the clo'se of the Avar, he entered Michigan University, Avhere he graduated iu the laAv department. Upon his admission to the bar, he Avent to Kansas City to enter upon the prac tice of his profession, but being, through various influceuces, attracted to Dayton, he finally determined to settle here, about 1868. Soon after, he forraed a partnership with Judge Boltin, which continued up to his nom ination aud election to the Circuit Judgeship, in 1884. The canvass for the nomination for this office was the raost ex traordinary that ever occurred in Dayton. It was generally understood that the Republicans of Montgomery County Avould narae the nominee. Mr. Quincy Corwin and Mr. Shauck were the tAvo candidates for the nomination. It Avas a regular primary election. The utmost activity Avas displayed by the respective friends of the tAvo candidates. Polls Avere opened, ^[trinted ballots received for Shauck and Corwin delegates, aud it was ascertained upon count that over fifteen hundred votes had been cast, resulting in the election of the Shauck delegates by a majority of some seventy or eighty votes. Mr. Shauck Avas nominated by the Circuit Con vention that assembled at Urbana a short time after, and Avas duly elected at the fall election of 1884. He drcAv the six year term, aud has been upon the bench ever since, increasing his reputation as a lawyer aud as a diligent, very capable, and scholarly judge. Two organizations have been established, aud are in successful opera tion, to promote the interests of the Dayton bar in connection Avith the administration of justice. The Dayton Bar Association avus incorporated iu April, 1868, by E. S. Youug, Samuel Craighead, John A. McMahon, Thomas 0. Loavc, Abraham Cahill, and John HoAvard. The principal object Avas to establish and maintain a L'iav library, whieh consisted, at the tirae of the incorporation of the association, of sorae eight hundred volumes. Its first }ircsident and board of directors, elected iu December, 1868, were Daniel A. llayncs, president; John A. McMahon, C. L. Vallaudig ham, J. A. Jordan, David A. Houk, Thomas 0. Loavc, and E. S. Young directors; Thomas 0. Loavc, treasurer, and 0. M. Gottschall, secretary. The library is now located iu a suitable roora, fitted up for its especial & o- THE BENCH AND BAR. 519 accoraraodation, iu the new courthouse, coraraunicating with the court rooms as Avell as Avith the private chambers of the judges, ancl contains some three thousand and six hundred volumes, consisting of full sets of English common laAV, exchequer and chancery reports, together Avitli full sets of nearly all the State reports and United States reports, digests, etc. The association is a joint stock corapany, the stock being divided into fifty-dollar shares and held by the members of the bar. The board of directors, elected yearly, at present consists of Warren Munger, president; J. A. McMahon, 0. M. Gottschall, George R. Young, John M. Sprigg, A. A. Winters, and E. L. Rowe. The Montgoraery County Bar Association was organized in 1883, Avith a constitution aud by-laAvs, and embraces some seventy merabers, being all the lawyers, Avith few exceptions, at the Daytou bar. It holds raonthly raeetings, at which discussions of legal questions and matters of interest to the profession are held, and has regular standing comraittees, to-Avit: On raenibership, on grievances, on jurisprudence and laAv reform, on legal biography. Merabers are elected by a majority vote. Present president, 0. M Gottschall; secretary, George 0. Warrington. Of these coming to the bar later, and still iu active business, are r! D. Marshall, E. L. Rowe, John M. Sprigg, C. L. Bauraan, J. L. H. Frank, 0. M. Gottschall, Charles W. Dustin, Johu Hanitch, 0. F. Davis son, C. W. Dale, C. W. Finch, A. K. Clay, L. S. Crickraore, A. A. Winters, Charles E. Swadener, Elihu Thompson, J. C. Young, John E. Greer, the most of whom raay be ranked as the uoav senior raerabers in successful practice at the Dayton bar. Of the junior raerabers, ranch might be said in high personal com mendation. In the front rank of this list may be placed iu seniority R. M. Nevin, Wickliff'e BelvHle, George R. Young, Frank Conover, Charles Craighead, Frederick W. Gebhart, Charles J. McKee, Harry E. Prugh, Edward D. Payne, G. 0. Warrington, James A. Wortman, C. S. Waltmire, Henry Nolan, 0. B. BroAvu, Grafton C. Kennedy, W. Ii. Van Skaik, Charles D. and WHliam B. Iddings, Albert Keru, Webster W. Shuey, A. W and C. Ii. Kumler, U. C. Hartranft, E. P. Matthews, W. B. SuHivan, E. li. Kerr, S. H. Carr, Tom CorAvin, W. Ii. Young, A. Ii. Roraspert, and J. C. Patterson. There Avere a few names of the younger merabers of the bar accidentally omitted from the third group (as hereto fore classified), Avhich are here supplied, to-wit: John D. Borough, Car^ L. Bauman, WHliara G. Frizell, L. B. Mcllhenny, E. T. Snediker, and Harvey Conover. CHAPTER XX. Medical History— Early Niedical Societies — Early Physicians— The First Medical Bill — Dr. John Steele — Other Early Physicians — Ur. Job Haine- — Dr. John W. Shriver — Dr. Oliver Crook — Dr. C^larke Mcbernjoiit — Other Deceased Physicians— Ur. John Wise — Dr. J. C. Refive— Dr. Ellis Jennings— Dr. W. J. Conklin— Dr. D. W. Greene- Dr. C. H. Von Klein — Dr. George Goodhue — Dr. John S. Beck — Dr. A. E. Jenner — Dr. James M. Weaver— Dr. J. J. Mcllhenny- Dr. E. Pilate— Dr. P. N. Adams— Dr. C. H. Pollock— Dr. H. K. Steele — Dr. A. H. Iddings — The Montgomery Countv Medical Society- Homeopathic Physicians— Dr W. AA'ehster — Er. J. K. Lowes — Dr. W. Thomas— Dr. AV H. Gninily, deceased — The Alontgomery Oonntv Homoop¦^thic Medical Soci' ty — The Mad River Dental Society— Early Dentistry and Dentists — Later Dentists — The Cholera in Dayton iu 1819. THE Ohio Centinel July 24, 1814, contains a call over the signature of A. Coleman, of Troy, secretary, for a meeting of the Seventh District Medical Society, to be held iu Dayton, at Major Reid's tavern, on the first Monday in September. On the 16th of October, 1815, Dr. John Steele, secretary of the board of censors of the Seventh Medical District of Ohio, announced in the Republican a raeeting of the board in Dayton, on the first Monday iu Noveraber, and requested all emigrant physicians Avho had coramenced the practice of medicine within the limits of the district since 1812, to attend for examination. The censors who neglected this raeeting were warned that they Avould be reraoved from office by the election of others to fill their places. On the 3d of July, 1816, a number of practicing physicians in the Seventh Medical District met at Dayton and formed the Dayton ^fedical Society. It Avas to meet at Dayton on the first Mondays of April, July, and Novem ber. Dr. Henry Chapze, of Xenia, delivered the first dissertation before the society. Dr. John Steele Avas the secretary. The naraes of the other omcers are not given in the Republican. Ou May 25, 1824, the Montgomery and Clarke County Society Avas organized at DaAdd Reid's tavern, by the phj^sicians of the Seventh Medical- District of Ohio Dr. Job Haines Avas appointed secretary. The Seventh Medical District, Montgoniery and Clarke counties, raet at David Reid's inn May 21, 1824, and elected the foHoAving officers for the ensuing year: President, John Steele; vice-president, Hugh Alex ander; treasurer, Nathaniel Strong; censors, William Blodgett, William Mount, R. W. Hunt, and A. A. Blount. 520 MEDICAL HISTORY. 521 On May 27, 1828, at a raeeting of the Medical Society of the Seventh District, held at Colonel David Reid's tavern, the folloAving officers Avere elected: President, Dr. Williara Blodgett; vice-president. Dr. Lot. Cooper; secretary and treasurer. Dr. W. Mount; censors, D(*. A. A. Blount, E. Lawrence, H. Alexander, W. A. Needham, and R. E. Stephens; delegate to the medical convention. Dr. EdAvin Smith. Following is a list of the members ofthe Seventh District Medical Convention: Drs. H. Alexander, William Blodgett, A. A. Blount, P. M. Crume, Lot. Cooper, Nelson Donnellan, C. G. Espich, Robert Houston, Job Haines, R. W- Hunt, H. Humphreys, E. Lawrence, I. I. TeHers, Nathaniel Strong, John Steele, Robert E. Stephens, Thoraas S. Fowler, Edwin Smith, Hibbert Jewett, Thomas Haines, Williara Lindsey, W. A. Needhara, and W. Mount. Nothing further could be learned with reference to any of these socie ties, and the probability is, that they were permitted to expire without further effort to continue their labors. in a chapter of this kind it will hardly be expected that mention of all the physicians that have been in Dayton can be made. All that can be done is to notice a few ofthe more prominent ones, and it is uot pretended that many of those who are not mentioned are not as AVorthy as many of those that are. The first physician to practice in Dayton was James Welsh, M. D., D.D., who Avas also pastor ofthe First Presbyterian Church. He commenced practice here in 1804, and reraained until 1817. William Murphy, M. D., was here from 1804 to 1809. Johu Elliott, M. D., was also au early physician of the place, and died iu 1809. Dr. P. Wood carae to Dayton in 1809, and advertised that he had taken part of the building occupied by David Reid Avhere he might at all times be found by those who needed medical or surgical aid. Dr. Charles Este carae here in 1810. Dr. N. Edwards came in 1811. He raised a company of soldiers during the war of 1812, and with it marched to Detroit. Dr. John Steele carae in 1812, and reraained until 1854. Dr. Job Haines carae in 1817, and reraained until his death in 1860. Dr. William Blodgett carae in 1818. Dr. Edwin Smith was here in 1826. Drs. Hibberd and Adams Jewett are mentioned in later p9.ges. Dr. WilHam Lindsey was here in 1826. Dr. David Jordan carae in 1831, and offered his services to the public by raeans of advertiseraents, as was custoraary in those days. He said that he belonged to the Reforraed or Botanical School of Medicine, and would practice that system as taught in the Reformed Medical College of the city of New York. Dr. D. L. Terry came in 1832 and formed a partner ship with Dr. Jordan. Dr. Elisha Brown, Jr., was a prominent physician of Dayton about 1840. He Avas drowued in White River, at Indianapolis, 522 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Indiana, June 30, 1843. Dr. Jacob Coblentz and Dr. Edward Bantz were iu partnership in the practice of medicine in 1849. Numerous other physicians came from time to time, and brief professional sketches of some of thera, Avho Avere among the oldest class of doctors, and also a few of those Avho are uoav in practice are inserted in this chapter. The foHoAving is a copy of Avhat is believed to have been the first bill by a medical man in Dayton. It was furnished by Dr. J. C. Reeves, who Avas indebted for it to the kindness of Mrs. John G. Lowe: FBBKOAKY 18, 1811. H. G. PHILLIPS TO JAMBS WELSH, DB. 1811. August 15. To delivery of lady and attendance, afterward spirits laud., oil cin., and large paper of niagnes piO 00 ^August 22. To one visit and advice 50 October 11. To oz. ij elixir paregoric 56^ November 2-3. To five visits, one in the night, ten drs. phosphorated soda, and oz. magnes alb. for lady 2 00 December 6. To two visits and oz. iv. phial antispasmodic for child 125 December 7. To visit and oz. ij elixir paregoric for child 62K December 17-18. To visit and phial antispasmodic medicine oz. ij spiilts nitre and oz. ij elixir paregoric 2 12 J^ December 2.-I. To visit and advice 50 December 28. To two visits, box mercurial ointment and oz. ij conserve roses 1 18^ December Sn. To three visits, phial anodyne medicine and three portions of calomel for child 1 25 1812. January 1. To visit and advice 50 January 1. To bottle laxative absorbent medicine 75 January 2. To attendance through the day and night, one large blister, sundry injections, soarifloations, one bottle Godfrey's cordial, and sun dry portions of calomel and ipecac 2 50 23 75 15 91 7 84 John Steele, M. D., was the sou of Robert and Agnes Coulter Steele, and Avas born in Fayette County, Kentucky, April 1, 1791. He Avas educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky, and afterAvard atteuded lectures in the medical department of the University of Pennsyl vania, at Philadelphia, of Avhich college the celebrated Dr. Benjamin Rush was a professor and lecturer. Dr. Steele chose Dayton as the place for the commencement of the practice of his profession, because it was the resi dence of his brother James Steele. During the Avar of 1812 he found ample opportunity to use ancl increase his knoAvledge of surgery, and thus to better prepare himself for a career in the practice of that branch of his profession Avhich Avas much more than ordinarily successful. His practice was uot confined to the city of Daytou, but extended to much of MEDICAL HISTORY. 523 the County of Montgoraery, and the field of his labors Avas thus very extensive. His suricess in his profession was doubtless OAving in part at least to the unusual geniality and kiudness of his nature, aud to his inex haustible fund of wit and huraor, Avhich did ranch to relieve the pain and despondency of the sick room. His life was so uniform in its course and in its events, that in a professional sketch of this kind Avithiu the limits assigned to such sketches but little can be said except of a general nature. He had been a member, and also at one time presideut of the Montgomery County Medical Society. Immediately after his death, October 21, 1854, the society passed a series of resolutions of respect aud of eulogy, and attended his funeral in a body. Dr. Job Haines Avas born October 28, 1791, in the State of New Jersey. He was furnished by his parents with the means of a collegiate education. Haviug graduated at Princetou, aud having prepared himself for the medical profession at MorristoAvn and Philad<^lphi;i, he left his father's house July 5, 1815, and arrived at Ciucinnati August 2d. After a visit to friends at Springfield, he came to Daytou, where he commenced the practice of medicine on the 29th of January, 1817. lie coutinued in the practice of his profession until his death, Avhieli occurred July 23, 1860. Dr. Haines Avas a raan of great merit, but was more retiring and modest than many others. He Avas a good physician of the old school, and had the respect and confidence of the coniinuiiity to the highest degree. Fcav, if any, of the early pioneers of Daytou Avere missed more at their death than Dr. Haines. John W. Shriver, M. D., was born in Chester County, in 1812. He was educated at Jefferson College, and read medicine with Dr. Hayes at CenterviHe, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. After being thus engaged ab,out three years, he succeeded to the practice of Dr. Hayes, who died at that time. He practiced there until about 1852, Avhen he carae to Dayton, and reraained in practice here until his death, iu 1875. Dr. Shriver Avas an excellent physician, as well as an excellent raan. He Avas always very considerate ofthe necessities of the poor, and had a very extensive practice. Oliver Crook, M. D., was born in Wayne Township, Montgoniery County, Ohio, August 14, 1818. His first study of raedicine Avas Avith Drs. Elias and Michael Garst, and he then atteuded lectures at the medical department of the University of New York, graduating there in 1847. He was also in attendance at the BeHevue liospital Medical College, and comraenced practice in Dayton iu 1847. After being iu practice here sorae years, he went to the Eye aud Ear Infirmary in Ncav York for some tirae, in order that he raight make diseases of those 524 HISTORY OF DAYTON. organs oue of his specialties. He Avas in partnership Avith Dr. Koogler a fcAV years, and afterAvard with his brother. Dr. Jaraes Crook, the latter partnership being terrainated by the death of Dr. James Crook, iu 1855. From this time until his death, April 28, 1873, he was iu practice alone. His practice was very large among all classes in Dayton, and it is believed that its exacting requirements very materially shortened his life. Clarke McDermont, M. D., was born in Ireland in 1823. Having received a classical education, he eraigrated to America; was for a time principal of a private school in Lexington, Kentucky, and there began his professional studies uuder the celebrated Dr. Dudley, of Transylvania Uni versity. Graduating Avith the degree M. D. frora the University of New York, in 1849, he subsequently attended lectures in the medical schools of Edinburgh, and upon returning to America, in 1850, was associated with Prof. Detraold, of New York, as his assistant in teaching a class of medical students and in the management of his surgical clinic. He was a raeraber of the Araerican Association and of the Montgoraeiy County Medical Society, being president of the latter in 1860. In 1861, he was appointed surgeon ofthe Second Ohio Regiraent; was promoted to be surgeon of United States volunteers in April, 1862; was medical director ofthe right wing ofthe army ofthe Curaberland in 1862-1863; Avas surgeon in charge of the Curaberland United States army hospital at Nashville, Tennessee, in 1863-1864, and subsequently of the officers' hospital at Louisville, Ken tucky. He is honorably mentioned in General Rosecrans' report of the battle of Murfreesboro for "gallantry on the battle-field" and "great humanity in the care of the Avounded." In recognition of his services he received the brevet (relative) rank of Heutenant-colonel United States volunteers. At the close of the Avar he Avas appointed surgeon-general of Ohio, and from 1867 to 1874 held the position of chief surgeon to the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, near Dayton, having some tAVO thousand beneficiaries. Samuel G. Arraor, M. D., was born in Washington County, Pennsyl vania, January 29, 1818, of Scotch-Irish parentage. While young, his parents raoved to Ohio. He received his education at Franklin College, New Athens, Ohio, and the degree of LL. I), was conferred upon hira in the same institution, at its commencement iu June, 1872. He studied medicine with Dr. James S. Irvine, of Millersburg, Ohio, and graduated in the Missouri Medical College in 1844. Soon after his graduation he located at Rockford, Illinois. In 1847 he accepted an invitation to deliver a special course of lectures on physiology iu the Rush Medical College, Chicago, and the foHoAving year he was tendered the chair of physiology- MEDICAL HISTORY. 525 and pathology in the sarae institution, which he decHned for the reason that he had just accepted the sarae chair in the raedical department of the loAva University, located at Keokuk, loAva. He subsequently resigned his chair in this institution and accepted the chair of natural sciences in the Cleveland University, in the meantime devoting hira self to the general practice of his profession. In July, 1853, the Ohio State Medical Society aAvarded to Dr. Arraor a prize for his essay on the "Zymotic Theory of the Essential Fevers," and during the same year he resigued the chair of the natural sciences in the ^Cleveland University, and accepted the chair of physiology and pathology in the raedical college at Cineiunati, Ohio. During the following year he was transferred to the chair of pathology and practice of medicine and clinical medicine, made vacant by the resignation of Professor L. M. LaAvson, Avhich chair he continued to fill during his connection Avith the school. In raay, 1856, Dr. Armor was niarried to Mary M. Holcomb, of Dayton, Ohio, and soon after resigned his position in the Medical College of Ohio, and transferred his residence to this city. Imme diately after his resignation in the Medical College of Ohio, he Avas elected to the chair of pathology^ and clinical medicine in the Missouri Medical College of St. Louis, of Avhich institution he Avas an alumnus. In 1861, he Avas tendered the chair of institutes of medicine and materia medica in the University of Michigan, Avhich position he accepted, raaking his- residence at Detroit. In 1866, he accepted the chair of therapeutics, materia medica and general pathology in Long Island College liospital, of Brooklyn, Ncav York, aud the following year he Avas transferred to the chair of practice of medicine and clinical medicine raade vacant by the resignation of Professor Austin Flint, which position he held until his death. John Davis, M. D., was a native of Virginia, and Avas a graduate of Starling Medical CoHege, Colurabus, Ohio, iu 1847. For a fcAv years he practiced "raedicine in the country, and came to Dayton in 1850. Here he reraained in practice the rest of his life, practicing alone Avith the exception of the two years, during which tirae, from April 1, 1881, to his death, June 10, 1883, he Avas in partnership Avith Dr. George Goodhue. For raany years Dr. Davis was one of the most prominent physicians in Dayton, had a very large practice, aud enjoyed the confidence and esteem of the entire community. The better he was known the better he was appreciated. He was one of nature's true noblemen, Avith a large heart and a generous disposition. He gave his attention largely to surgery, and had most of the work iu this departraent of practice that the railroads centering in Dayton required to have done. He Avas a raeraber of the 526 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Ohio State Medical Society and of the Montgomery County Medical Society, and Avas consulting surgeon in St. Elizabeth's Hospital. He was one of the trustees of the Dayton asylura for the insane, and was very influential in securing the location of the National Horae for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers at this place. Hibberd Jewett, M. D.,was born in Putney, Vermont, November 9, 1799. He graduated from the raedical departraent of Dartmouth College in 1820, and from that time until his removal to Dayton, in 1828 or 1832, practiced medicine in Vermont or Ncav Hampshire, dr both. He was, of course, an allopathic physician aud practiced according to the principles of that school until his death, October 26, 1870, enjoying a large practice and the confidence of the community in an unusual degree. He had, as a partner in his practice, his brother, Adaras JcAvett, frora 1842 to 1859 or 1860; for the rest of the tirae he practiced alone. Adams Jewett was born July 26, 1807, in St. Johnsbury, Vermont. He graduated as bachelor of arts from Dartmouth College in 1827. He then studied medicine in Paris from 1834 to the early part of 1837, aud went thence to Edinburgh, Scotland, Avhere during the sarae year he received his diploma from the Royal College of Surgeons. Returning to the United States, he entered upon the practice of medicine in Mobile, Alabaraa, reraaining there until 1842, when he carae to Dayton and entered into partnership with his brother, Hibberd Jewett, which partner ship lasted until 1859 or 1860, Avlieu it Avas dissolved, and Dr. Adams JcAvett practiced alone until 1870, Avhen he took into partnership his son, Henry S. Jewett, who graduated as a bachelor of arts frora the University of Michigan in 1868, and frora the medical department of that university- in 1870. In 1872, Dr. Ii. S. Jewett went to Europe and studied medicine for a year and a half at Berlin and Vienna, returning to Dayton in the latter part of 1873. The partnership betAveen Dr. Adams JeAvett and Dr. Ii. S. Jewett continued until the death of the forraer in 1875, since when the latter has been engaged in practice on his oavu account. Thoraas L. Neal, M. D., was born in Mechanicsburg, Ohio, iu 1830. He was educated at the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati, and was appointed house physician at St. John's liospital in that city, serving in that capacity one year. He served as surgeon in connection with the Second West Virginia Regiraent of Cavalry during a portion of the war, and then located at Dayton, AVliere he practiced raedicine the rest of his life. He Avas health officer of the city for about ten years. He practiced medicine in partnership Avith Dr. Jennings for three years, from 1870 to 1873. He was a member of the board of pension examiners during 1872, and he was a member of the American Health MEDICAL HISTORY. 527 Association, and of the Ohio Medical Society, and also of the Mont gomery County Medical Society. His death occurred in February, 1885. Dr. Neal Avas one of the raost prominent and esteemed merabers of the medical profession in the city of Dayton, and was also highly houored in social circles. Edmund Smith, M. D., was born on Long Island, N. Y., July 1, 1816. He graduated at Miami University in 1835, and took his degree of medicine at the Medical College of New York City. In 1839, he entered upon the practice of raedicine in Dayton, and continued in the practice here until his death, August 15, 1851. He enjoyed a high reputation as a physician. During the cholera epideraic of 1849, he was chosen physician of the cholera hospital, and in this trying and responsi ble position acquitted himself in a manner at once creditable to his skill as a physician and his firmness and courage as a raan. ' John Wise, M. D., one of the oldest resident physicians of Dayton, studied medicine at Damascus, Ohio, with Drs. Solomon Schreve and John Vale. He commenced his studies with thera in 1842, and reraained a student there until the latter "part of 1844, passing two of the winters in Cleveland, Ohio, attending lectures in the raedical departraent of the Western Reserve College, the coHege, however, being located at Hudson, Ohio. In 1844 he graduated from the Cleveland college, and settled down to the practice of medicine at Petersburg, Ohio, where he remained four years, and in 1848 went to Cincinnati. After a practice of one year in Cincinnati he reraoved to Dayton, arriving here April 10th of that year, and iraraediately secured a large practice in connection with the cholera epideraic, in which he was indefatigable in his labors and largely suc cessful. The extensive practice he then aquired he has since retained. In April, 1861, within twenty-four hours after Fort Surater was fired upon. Dr. Wise entered the service of the United States, and frora that tirae until the fall of 1864 he was connected with the Mississippi squadron as surgeon, returning then to Dayton, where he has since reraained. John Charles Reeve, M. D., Avas born in England, June 5, 1826. His parents carae to the United States iu 1832, and he enjoyed exeellent educational advantages until he Avas twelve years of age. At this tirae, by faraily reverses, he was thrown entirely upon his own resources. He learned the printer's trade, ancl spent several years in the offices of the Cleveland Advertiser and Herald. While thus engaged, and afterward by an attendance of several winters at coraraon schools, and by one summer at an academy, he qualified hiraself for teaching, and followed this profession as the best raeans of self-improvement. He then read medi cine with Dr. John Delamater, professor of obstetrics in the medical 528 HISTORY OF DAYTON. department of the Western Reserve College, at Cleveland, Ohio. In 1849, he began the practice |0f medicine in Dodge County, Wisconsin. Some four years afterward he visited Europe for the purpose of further prosecuting his studies. After spending one winter iu Loudon, aud a summer at the University of Gottingen,- Germany, he returned to the United States aud settled in Dayton. Here he rapidly avou the confidence of the people, and has since occupied a leading position in the community as a physician and surgeon, lie is a meniber of the Montgoniery County Medical Society, and has been several times its president. He is also a meniber of the Ohio State Medical Society, and has been its })resideiit; of the American Medical Association, and of the American Gyneco logical Society, of which he was one of the founders, and was its first vice-presideut. His attainments and position have been recognized by his election as an associate felloAV of the CoHege of Phj'sicians of Phil adelphia. Ellis Jennings, M. D., was born at Wilmington, Ohio, December 29, 1833. He Avas educated at the Troy high school and at Antioch College, and graduated at the Medical College of Ohio, Cincinnati, iu March, 1862. Ou his retirement from the array, at the close of the civil Avar, he settled at Dayton in September, 1865. He is a meniber of the Montgomery Couuty Medical Society, and of the Ohio State Medical Society, of which. he was assistant secretary in 1875. He entered the United States Army iu August, 1862, as acting assistant surgeon of the Fifth loAva Infantry, serving at ther battle of Corinth, October 4, 1862; at Hospital Number 2, Nashville, Tennessee, frora Deceraber, 1863, to March, 1865; and at Carap Dennison, Ohio, as post surgeon from March to June, 1865, the close of the war. Since that time he has been contiuuouslv engaged in practice, and tilone, except during the three years from 1870 to 1873, inclusive, wheu he was in partnership Avith Dr. Thomas L. Neal. He has been raedical director of the Odd FelloAvs' National Beneficiary Association since its organization. Williara Judkins Conklin, A. M., M. D., Avas born in Sidney, Ohio, Deceraber 1, 1844. He entered the Ohio Wesleyan University at Dela ware, Ohio, where he graduated as a bachelor of arts iu 1866, aud began the study of raedicine Avith his father. Dr. II. S. Conklin, one of the most prominent physicians of the Miami Valley, aud graduated from the Medical College of Ohio in the spring of 1868. In 1869, the Detroit Medical College conferred upon him the ad eundcm degree. In May following, he Avas appointed assistant physician of the Dayton asylura for the insane, which position he held until December, 1871, AA'hen he resigned to accept a partnership Avith Dr. .1. C. Reeve, of Daytou, aud he MEDICAL HISTORY. 529 was thus associated until January, 1876. In the sarae year he was ap- • pointed by Governor R. B. Hayes a member of the board of trustees of the Daytou asylum for the insane. Frora 1875 to 1886 he was a raeraber of the faculty of Starling Medical College, Colurabus, Ohio, first as professor of physiology and afterward as professor of the diseases of children. He is a raeraber of the Araerican Medical Association, of the Ohio State Medical Society, of the State Sanitary Association, and of the Montgoraery County Medical Society. He has been a meraber of the surgical staff' of St. Elizabeth Hospital since its organization. D. W. Greene, M. D., was born in Fairfield, Greene County, Ohio, May 17, 1851. In 1868, he entered the Ohio Wesleyan University and would have graduated from the classical department in 1873, but for an injury received in a fall near the close of the junior year. This caused him to sever his connection with the university, but, notwithstanding, the degree of bachelor of arts was conferred upon him by the university in 1887. On January 1, 1873, he began the study of medicine Avith his father, and afterAvard attended three full courses of lectures at the Ohio Medical College and graduated with honors in the spriug of 1876, having received the BartholoAV prize for best examination in raedicine and the Dawson prize for best surgical drawing. After practicing his profession three years in Fairfield with his father, he came tb Dayton in May, 1882, the previous year, however, having been spent in New York in the study of diseases of the eye and ear. In the fall of 1883, he was appointed oculist and aurist to the Central Branch of the Soldiers' Home and is still serving in that capacity. During 1888 he spent six raonths in study and observation Avith the leading oculists and aurists in Europe. He is a raeraber of the Montgoraery County and Ohio State raedical societies, and is an honorary meraber of the NortliAvestern Ohio Medical Society. Carl Ii. Von Klein, A. M., M. D., was born in West Prussia, in 1843. He is of Polish origin, his grandfather on his raother's side, Count Sigmuud Veutovitch, having been the last treasurer of Poland. Until he was thir teen years old, he was educated in his father's faraily by a governess, who taught hira three languages, Polish, French, and Gerraau. He then pre pared for college at Marian Weder, West Prussia, and at the age of sixteen entered the gyranasium of Koenigsberg, remaining there until he graduated at the age of twenty-two. He then commenced the study of medicine at the University of Prussia, at Koenigsberg, and from there he Avent to Berlin, and thence to Prague, reraaining tAvo semesters at each place, and then spent one semester at Berlin. In 1867, he passed the " Stat Exarain" at Berlin, which entitled hira to practice medicine. In the same year he Avas placed as assistant surgeon in the Fifth Array Corps, remaining there one year. 5o() HISTORY OF DAYTON. 'avIicu he Avas transferred to the Sixth Array Corps, remaining in connec tion therewith until the breaking out of the Franco-Prussian war, Avhen he took charge of a temporary field hospital in the suburbs of Hanover, remaining thus engaged five months. He then went on board the man- of-Avar, "King Frederick Williara the Great," reraaining there until February 23, 1872, when, after lauding at Portland, Maine, he went immediately to Cincinnati, and engaged in the practice of medicine until 1876, wiien he Avas ordered by the "Red Cross of GencA^a" to take a position in the army during the Avar in Servia. He reraained there eight months aud returned to the United States in 1877. On June 2d of this year, he Avas commissioned by the Russian government as surgeon in the Russian army, and served iu that capacity until 1880, when he again returned to the United States and settled doAvn to the practice of raedicine in Hamilton, Ohio. Here he remained until 1883, wheu he came to Dayton, and has been here ever since. He noAv has a large and lucrative practice. Dr. Von Klein is a member of the German National Association of Physicians and Surgeons, of the German Microscopical Association, of the German Laryngological Association, of the German Philological Association, of the International Congress Laryngological and Autolog- ical Association, of the Araerican Medical Association, of the Araerican Academy of Medicine, is ex-president ofthe Araerican Rhinological Asso ciation, is a meraber of the Medico-Legal Association, of the American Microscopical Association, of the Araerican Medical Editors and Authors' Association, and of several other associations both State and national. He is an honorary meniber of the Moscow Imperial Association, of the Niederlander Association, and of the International Medical Association. He is corresponding member of the Medical Society of Geneva, ofthe Im perial Society of St. Petersburg, and of the Imperial Society of Bucharest, and he has been decorated with the Order of St. Anna, of St. Vladimir, of St. Stanislaus, ancl of the Stara Roniaua. George Goodhue, M. D., Avas born in Westminster, Vermont, May 24, 1853. He graduated at Dartmouth College, with the degree of A. B., in 1876, and was then appointed professor of chemistry in the Miami Vtilley College, holding that position until the close of the year 1877. He then commenced the study of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and for a second course Avent to the Medical Department of Dartmouth CoHege, and graduated there in 1879. He then attended the University of New York one year, graduating there in 1880. Previous to graduating he became an interne in the Brooklyn City liospital, remaining there one year. He then s])ent six mouths at the Manhattan Eye and Ear llospittil, and etime to Daj'tun in the spring of 1881, entering MEDICAL HISTORY. 531 into partnership with Dr. John Davis, April 1, 1881, and remaining in partnership with hira until his death, June 10, 1883. In 1884, Dr. Goodhue forraed a partnership with Dr. S. H. Davis, Avhich continued iu force tAvo years, and since 1886 he has been in practice alone. He is engaged in the general practice, and in addition gives considerable attention to diseases of the eye. He is surgeon for the Ciucinnati, Ham ilton & Dayton Railroad Company, for the Dayton & Michigan Railroad Company, for the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad Corapany, and for the Dayton, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Compauy^ John S. Beck, M. D., was born near Lancaster, Ohio, May 19, 1842. He attended Capital University, Colurabus, Ohio, until Avithin a fcAv raonths of the tirae when he would have graduated had he remained, but desiring to enlist in the volunteer army of the United States, he left school without graduating and served as a private soldier until the spring of 1865, when he was commissioned first lieutenant. After the close of the Avar he commenced the study of medicine Avith Dr. P. M. Wagenhals, at Lancaster, and afterAvard attended lectures in the raedical department of the University of Pennsylvania, at PhHadelphia, graduating there in 1868. He then went to Miaraisburg and practiced medicine at that place until Deceraber, 1870, when he came to Dayton, and has been engaged here in the practice of his profession ever since, alone, except for nearly five years, from the beginning of 1872 to 1876, Avhen he Avas iu partner ship with Dr. A. Geiger. He has been a raeraber of the board of United States pension exarainers since 1872; is a raeraber of the staft' of physi cians at St. Elizabeth Hospital; is a raeraber of both the couuty and State medical societies, and was a delegate to the Ninth International Medical Congress. Alexander E. Jenner, M. D., Avas born January 26, 1830, in Phila delphia. He studied medicine Avith his father, and attended Oberlin CoHege for some time. He attended a course of lectures at Western Reserve College, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1850-1851, aud then practiced medicine at Crestline, Ohio, uutil 1873, after having atteuded Bellevue liospital Medical College, Ncav York. He Avas appointed assistant surgeon of the Twenty-eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry-, and shortly afterward, surgeon of the Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Avith Avhich he served uutil the close of the Avar. He served as surgeon of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad for eleven years, aud he Avas appointed superintendent of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, but felt compelled to resign at the end of a fcAv months, ou account of political jealousies. He came to Daytou in 1874, and has been in the practice of his profession here ever since. 532 HISTORY OF DAYTON. James M. Weaver, M. D., was born in Decatur County, Indiana, April 1, 1838. After leaving the comraon schools he was educated at Monroe Acaderay, at Monroe, Butler Couuty, Ohio. He then studied medicine at Wooster, Ohio, in 1858, and graduated from the medical department of the Western Reserve College, at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1861. In AprH of that year he located at Jackson, Wayne Couuty, Ohio, and practiced medioine there uutil 1862, Avhen he entered the array of the United States as assistant surgeon of the Ninety-third Regiraent of Ohio Volunteers, and was promoted to surgeon of that regiment th 1864. He reraained in the service until the close of the Avar, part of the tirae with the regiment and part of the time in charge of hospitals. In September, 1865, he located at Wooster, Ohio, and was there engaged in the practice of medicine until 1874, when he was appointed surgeon of the Central Branch, National Soldiers' Horae, serving in that capacity uutil Novera ber, 1880, since Avhich tirae he has resided and practiced raedicine iu Dayton, and has served as health officer since June, 1886. John J. Mcllhenny, M. D., was born in Adaras County, Pennsylvania, September 24, 1813. He commenced the study of medicine at the age of tAventy, at Georgetown, Brown Couuty, Ohio. He then attended medical lectures at Cincinnati, and began the practice of medicine in Brown County in the spring of 1836. In 1843, he became an alumnus of the Willoughby University, near Cleveland, uoav the Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio. In May, 1855, he located in Dayton, Ohio, which place has since been his residence. In May, 1856, he Avas appointed superin tendent and physician of the Dayton asylura for the insane, retaining the position six years. For three years subsequently he was connected professionally with the United Spates Navy, as surgeon of the Mississippi Squadron. He then returned to Dayton Avhere he has since been engaged in the active practice of his profession. He was one of the originators of the Ohio Medical College. He is still engaged in practice, haviug asso ciated with hira his son, Julius L. Mcllhenney. E. Pilate, M. D., was born in Paris in 1804, where he also received his medical education. In 1835, he came to the United States, and practiced medicine in Texas and in Louisiana, until the breaking out of the civil war, and for a year or two during the war. In 1866, he carae to Dayton, and has been engaged here in the practice of raedicine ever since. He has |occupied the position of city physician, and of consulting physician of the St. Ehzabeth Hospital, in which he performed the first operation performed therein. He is a meraber of the Montgomery County Medical Society, and enjoys a large practice. P. N. Adams, M. D., was born in Lewis County, Kentucky, June 22, MEDICAL HISTORY. 533 1852. He was educated at Center College, DanvHle, Kentucky, and then studied medicine with Dr. Richard Gundry, superintendent of the Athens, Ohio, asylum for the insane. He graduated at the Starling Medical Col lege, Columbus, Ohio, in 1878, and Avas immediately afterAvard appointed assistant physician at the Dayton asylura for the insane, serving there four and a half years. He then entered upon the regular practice in Dayton. In 1885, he was appointed United States examining surgeon for pensions, holding the place until the spring of 1889. He is at present a member of the medical staff, at St. Elizabeth liospital, and is police surgeon of the city of Dayton, and has a large practice. Calvin Pollock, M. D., Avas born Deceraber 3, 1843, at Leesvillc, Carroll County, Ohio. He was educated at Geneva Hall, Logan County, where he was in attendance six or seven years. In 1860, he coramenced the study of medicine at Belle Center, Logan County, with M. D. Wilson, M. D., and then attended a course of lectures at the University of Michigan iu 1865-1866, and graduated at the Long Island College Hospital in Brooklyn, in 1867. He began the practice of medicine at Donnelsville, Clarke County, Ohio, the same year, and remained there until 1880, Avhen he removed to Muncie, Indiana, and remained there until October, 1883, when he carae to Dayton, and Avas engaged in the general practice of raedicine until June 18, 1888, since when he has been physician and superintendent of the Dayton asylura for the insane. For sorae tirae previous he was one of the visiting physicians at St. Elizabeth Hospital. While he was in Clarke County he was president of the Clarke County Medical Society for 1875-1876. While he resided in Indiana he was a member of the Delaware County Medical Society, and also of the Indiana State Medical Society, and since coming back to Ohio in 1883 he has been a meraber of the Montgoraery County Medical Society, but has not yet becorae a meraber of the Ohio State Medical Society, although before reraoving to Indiana he was a member of that organization. Henry K. Steele, M. D., was born in Dayton, April 1, 1825. He was graduated from Center College, Danville, Kentucky, aud received the degree of A. M. from the same institution. In 1848, he graduated from the raedical department of the University of New York. He commenced the practice of medicine in Dayton with his father, John Steele, M. D., and served as surgeon of the Forty-fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry from September, 1861, to Noveraber, 1864. He raoved to Denver, Colorado, in 1871, Avhere he had a large practice. He Avas president and dean of the medical department of the University of Denver from its organization until h^s retirement from practice in 1887. 534 HISTORY OF DAYTON. In 1875, he was president of the Colorado State Medical Society. He is now temporarily residiug in Dayton. A. H. Iddings, M. D., was born at Pleasant Hill, Miami County, Ohio, January 1, 1840. At the age of eighteen he graduated from the Friends' Academy, a local literary institution. He pursued the study of raedicine while Avorking on his father's farm, and in the winter of 1860 he attended a course of lectures at the Cincinnati College of Medicine, and soon afterward located in the practice of his profession at Fort Jeff'erson, Darke County, Ohio. He then took a course iu Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York City, and graduated there in 1866. After practicing five years in Arcanum, Darke County, he reraoved to Dayton, where he has been engaged in the uninterrupted practice of his profession for the past eighteen years. The Montgomery County Medical Society was organized September 15, 1849. Following are the naraes of the charter members: Drs. H. G. Carey, Joshua Clements, Oliver Crook, John B. Craighead, Johu Davis, Elias Garst, Michael Garst, Job Haines, Edmund Smith, EdAvin Smith, H. K. Steele, John Steele, JuHus S. Taylor, D. B. Van Tuyl, and Ii. Van Tuyl. The first officers of the society were Dr. Edwin Smith, president; Dr. Michael Garst, vice-president; Dr. Edmund Smith, secretary; Dr. D. B. Van Tuyl, treasurer; and Drs. Elias Garst, H. K. Steele, H. Van Tuyl, H. G. Carej', and Oliver Crook, censors. The raeetings of the society Avere for some time held in the Daytou Council Charaber and afterward at the houses of the raembers of the society, but at length they were transferred to the parlors of the various hotels. During recent years the meetings have been held in the parlors of the Young Men's Christian Association building. The objects of this society are the improvement of its members in scientific and professional knoAvledge, association for the purposes of mutual recognition and fellowship, the promotion of the character, interests, and honor of the fraternity by maintaining union and harmony, and the elevation of the standard of medical education. Any regular graduate of medicine and surgery, from any accredited medical college, may becorae a raeraber of the society after a residence of one year in the county, an exception being made, hoAvever, in favor of the officers of the National Soldiers' Home and of the Southern Ohio Asylura for the Insane. A two-thirds vote is necessary either to receive a raeraber or to expel one. "The Code of Ethics of the Araerican Medical Association" is the guide for raerabers of this society in their intercourse Avith patients, irregular practitioners, and with their raedical brethren. At each meeting one essayist and an alternate are appointed to MEDICAL HISTORY. 535 entertain l^eir brethren at the next meeting, the regular meetings being held on the first Friday of each month. Elections are held annually in January, but inasmuch as the records of the society, in which are its pro ceedings previous to 1881, have been either lost or raislaid, it is irapossible to present a list of its officers prior to that date. Since then, however, these officers have been as follows: Presidents.— 1881, Thoraas L. Neal; 1882, J. S. Beck; 1883, J. S. Beck; 1884, W.J. ConkHn; 1885, W. J. ConkHn; 1886, H. S. Jewett; 1887, C. Ii. Humphries; 1888, E. C. Crura; 1889, F. Ii. Patton. Vice-presidents.— 1881, J. M. Weaver; 1882, A. H. Iddings; 1883, W. J. ConkHn; 1884, E. C. Crura; 1885, S. G. Stewart; 1886, A. Boone; 1887, P. N. Adaras; 1888, A. Boone; 1889, D. C. LichHter. Secretaries.— 1881, J. B. Shank; 1882, W. J. Conklin; 1883, D. C. LichHter; 1884, D. W. Greene; 1885, J. A. Roraspert; 1886, G. B. Evans; 1887, J. C. Reeve; 1888, G. C. Meyers; 1889, H. 0. Collins. Treasurers.— 1881, J. S. Beck; 1882, W. J. ConkHn; 1883, H. S. Jewett; 1884, H. S. Jewett; 1885, H. S. Jewett; 1886, J. M. Weaver; 1887, J. M. Weaver; 1888, D. C. Lichliter; 1889, J. S. Beck. Censors. — 1881, J. C. Reeve, John Davis, and W. J. Conklin; 1882, J. M. Weaver, J. C. Reeve, and T. L. Neal; 1883, J. C. Reeve, J. M. Weaver, and T. L. Neal; 1884, J. C. Reeve, J. M. Weaver, and T. L. Neal; 1885, J. S. Beck, C. H. Humphries, and J. M. Weaver; 1886, J. C. Reeve, W. J. ConkHn, and J. S. Beck; 1887, J. C. Reeve, W. J. Conklin, and J. S. Beck; 1888, W. J. ConkHn, J. S. Beck, and P. N. Adaras. In 1881, there were thirty-four raerabers. At the present tirae there are the following merabers: P. N. Adaras, J. S. Beck, A. Boone, Lee Corbin, W. J. Conklin, E. C. Crura, George B. Evans, 0. E. Francis, A. H. Gable, George Goodhue, D. W. Greene, C. H. Humphries, A. H. Iddings, E. Jennings, H. S. Jewett, D. C. Lichliter, G. C. Myers, E. Pilate, J. C. Reeve, J. A. Roraspert, Samuel Souders, J. M. Weaver, I. B. Wilson, R. R. Pettit, C. W. King, J. S. Harper, C. Pollock, A. Scheibenzuber, J. A. Roseberrry, C. H. Von Klein, V. M. BaHey, F. H. Patton, R. H. Grube, J. C. Reeve, Jr., H. 0. ColHns, E. C. Davisson, A. R. Moist, J. Y. Eagan, H. SnevB, and Richard Grundy. The first homeopathic physician to locate in Dayton is believed to have been Dr.. A. Adaras, in 1841. The next was Dr. Henry Wigand, who came in 1847, and reraained until 1858, when he sold out his practice to Dr. W. Webster, and left Dayton for three years and returned in 1861. He again practiced in Dayton five or six years, when he died of sorae aff'ection of the heart. Dr. Jacob Bosler, after a practice of twenty-five years as a regular physician, became a convert to homeopathy in 1849, 536 history of dayton. and foHoAved that systera of practice the rest of his life Dr. Webster Avas the next horaeopathist to locate in Dayton, and a brief sketch is here appended. Williara Webster, M. D., Avas born in Butler County, Ohio, January 12, 1827. He attended the Monroe Acaderay, aud then the Ohio Wes leyan University, at DelaAvare, Ohio, during the years 1845 and 1846. He then attended the Farmer's College, near Cincinnati, Ohio, graduating in 1848. Having read allopathic medicine during his last year at college, he entered the Eclectic Medical lustitute at Cincinnati. In the spring of 1849, the cholera epideraic spread iu this country, and Dr. Webster opened' an office for the practice of medicine in Middletown, Ohio, at once entering upon an active and busy practice. The following fall he closed his office, and returned to the raedical college to coraplete his niedical course. During his last terra of attendance, the faculty employed Dr. Storm Rosa, of Painesville, Ohio, to deliver a Avinter's course of lectures on homeopathy, a ucav theory of medicine at that tirae, the result being the conversion of nearly all the class and faculty to the new systera of raedicine. Dr. Webster returned to Middletown in the spring of 1850, and reentered upon the practice of raedicine, adhering to allop athy, however, for one or tAvo years, experiraenting and investigating the subject of homeopathy at the sarae time until 1854, Avhen he adopted the new system entirely. He has adhered to it ever since. He removed to Dayton, Ohio, in 1858, where he still resides, engaged in the practice of medicine according to the principles of Hahnemann. Ten years since, he associated with himself his sou. Dr. Frank Webster, a graduate of Pulte Medical College, Cincinnati, Ohio. For t^he past twenty years Dr. Webster has devoted his attention mainly to gynecological and orificial surgery and chronic diseases in general, including the successful removal of cancers. lie is a charter raeraber of the Moutgoraei'y County Homeopathic Medical Society, is a member of the Ohio Homeopathic Medical Society, and has been an active member of the American Insti tute of Homeopathy since 1865. Joseph E. LoAves, M. D., received his early education at the common schools in Canada, and afterAvard at the high school at Brantford, Canada, graduating at the latter school Avheti he Avas fourteen y.ears old. He then studied oue year Avitli an eminent Irish teacher, named Moore, and at the age of sixteen commenced reading medicine Avith Professor Ii. C. Allen, a resident of Brantford, Canada, but at the same tirae a professor iu the Homeopathic Medical College, at Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. LoAves Avas in attendance at this college three successive winters, reading medicine during the intervening summers at Brantford, with Professor MEDICAL HISTORY. 537 Allen. In 1868, he graduated frora the college at Cleveland, and alraost immediately coraraenced the practice of medicine in Dayton, Ohio, in partnership with Dr. Bosler, the second homeopathic physician to practice in this city. Dr. Bosler died a few months afterward, and since then Dr. LoAves has continued in practice here alone. He has ahvays been successful, and as a consequence has had an extensive practice. His only public positions as a physician have been that of physician at the Dayton Avorkhouse, to Avhich position he was chosen in Septeraber, 1888, and that of United States pension exarainer, to which he Avas appointed in the spring of 1889. F. W. Thomas, M. D., Avas born in Watertown, Ncav York, Decera ber 25," 1846. He graduated from the Philadelphia high school in 1864, and then went into the drug business. After a short time he began attendance upon the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, graduating in 1868. He then attended the Philadelphia Homeopathic College, grad uating therefrom in 1871. He next Avent to Albany, New York, and had charge for one year of the Albany City Hospital, and came t0 Dayton in October, 1872, Avhere he has been ever since engaged in the practice of his profession. He was a raeraber of the board of health for one terra, frora 1880 to 1882, inclusive. WiHiara II. Grundy, M. D., homeopathic physician of-Dayton, Avas born at Maysville, Kentucky, iu 1854. His father Avas the Rev. Dr. R. irrundy, of Cincinnati, aud his mother was a daughter of Jamies Kemper, also of Cincinnati. From 1854 to 1865 the Rev. Dr. Grundy had charge of churches in Maysville, Kentucky, Memphis, Tennessee, and Cincinuati, Ohio. On his death in 1865 his AvidoAV, Mrs. E. S. Grundy, raoved to Day ton with her family, subsequently removing to Hanover, Ncav Harapshire. It was at this place that Williara Ii. Grundy began his preparations for college uuder the tutorship of Professor John Lord, of Dartraouth College, and the Rev. Lemuel S. Hastings. At the end of one year he went to Princeton, New Jersey, and studied a year under the Rev. James O'Brien and graduated Avith honor at Princeton in 1875. Iraraediately afterward he entered upon his medical studies at, the College of Physi cians and Surgeons, Ncav York, ancl Long Island Hospital College, Brooklyn. After successfully practiiing medicine and surgery in ElHs County, Texas, for some time. Dr. Grundy returned to Dayton, Avhere he formed a partnership with Dr. Egry, which lasted uutil the suramer of 1881, when Dr. Egry went to Europe aud Dr. Grundy took charge of the entire practice of the firm. This practice, Avhich was q*ite large, he re tained until the time of his death, Avhich occurred on Tuesday, February 12, 1889. He was a member of severtil secret aud beneficial organiza- HISTORY OF DAYTON. tions, notably the Knights of Pythias and Masonic lodges. The funeral of Dr. Grundy took place at Spriug Grove Cemetery, near Cincinnati, on Friday, February 15, 1889, the Rev. Prentiss de Veuve, of the First Presbyterian Church of Dayton, officiating. Resolutions of respect were adopted by lola Lodge Number 83, Knights of Pythias, and by the homeopathic physicians of the city. The Montgoniery County lioraeopathic Medical Association was organized June 14, 1860. A call had been issued a short tirae previous by Drs. J. Bosler, William Webster, and E. W. Bosler, of Dayton, Ohio, for the homeopathic physicians of this section of the State to asserable in Day'1;on for the purpose of organizing such an association for the good of the cause, and for the mutual benefit of all physicians who might take an 'interest in the same. The foHoAving physicians answered the call by their attendance upon the raeeting: Drs. J. and E. W. Bosler, W. Web ster, and George Dick, of Dayton, Dr. W. A. Scott, of Eaton, Ohio, and Dr. M. Appleby, of Hamilton, Ohio. Dr. J. Bosler was raade chairraan of the meeting, aud Dr. E. W. Bosler, secretary. It was then resolved to name the UCAV association the Miami Homeopathic Medical Association, and the foHoAving officers were elected: Dr. W. A. Scott, president; Dr. M. Appleby, vice-president;. Dr. George Dick, recording and corresponding secretary, and Dr. Williara Webster, treasurer. Dr. A. 0. Blair, and Dr. Star, of Columbus, Ohio, were made honorary raerabers. The next raeeting of the association was held December 13, 1860. At this nieeting a constitution and by-laAvs were adopted, and the association permanently organized by the election of the foHoAving officers: Presideut, J. Bosler; vice-president, M. Appleby; secretary, George Dick; treasurer, W. Webster; censors, W. A. Scott, E. W. Bosler, and J. J. Antrim. For some time the meetings of the association were held at various places, as ut Hamilton, Middletown, aud Glendale, but for a great number of years they have been held in Dayton. There are tAvo meetings each year, one in May aud the other in November, the latter, at which the officers of the association are always elected, being called, by way of distinction, the annual meeting. At the meeting held in Dayton, on the fifth of November, 1868, the name of the association Avas changed from that first adopted to Avhat it is uoav, the Montgomery County Homeopathic Medical Association. This step Avas rendered necessary by au act of the legislature Avhicli required physicians to have been in practice twenty years, to be graduates of sorae medical college, or to have member ship in the State or some county niedical society. The Miami Homeopathic Medical Association being a district associatfion eould not, under this law, grant ceitifieatcs to physicians, unci hence it resolved to convert itself into MEDICAL HISTORY. ' 539 a county society. This step Avas taken and the narae changed as just narrated, and the association was thus enabled to issue certificates to non-graduates, or to such physicians as had not been in practice twenty years. Elegantly engraved certificates were provided, for which each applicant paid to the association ten dollars. The certificates -\vere procured by Drs. Webster and Coffeen, and Dr. G. W. Sraith procured a seal for the association. Dr. Williara Webster was authorized to procure a charter for the association, Avhich was incorporated in Novera ber, 1871. ' The officers of the association, since those elected in 1860, have been as follows : Presidents— J. M. Parks, 1861; J. Bosler, 1862; A. Shepherd, 1863 WiHiam Webster, 1864; J. Bosler, 1865 and 1866; J. M. Parks, 1867 A. Shepherd, 1868; J. Dover, 1869; W. D. Linn, 1870; J. M. Parks, 1871 J. B. Owens, 1872 and 1873; J. E. Lowes, 1874 and 1875; F. S. Foster 1876; J. M. MiHer, 1877 and 1878; William Webster, 1879 and 1880 A. Shepherd, 1881; Ii. M. Logee, 1882; C. F. Ginn, 1883; W. H. Grundy 1884 and 1885; J. C. Fahnestock, 1886 and 1887; C. R. Coffeen, 1888 Vice-presidents- WiHiara Webster, 1861; J. M. Parks, 1862; J Bosler, 1863; A. Shepherd, 1864; John Coe FaH, 1865; J. Dover, 1866 J. W. Vance, 1867; J. Q. A. Coffeen, 1868; W. D. Linn, 1869; A. Shep herd, 1870; C. W. Sturam, 1871; J. E. Lowes, 1872 and 1873; S. L. Stewart, 1874; F. S. Foster, 1875; J. M. MiHer, 1876; W. Egry, 1877 and 1878; J. W. Clemmer, 1879 and 1880; J. E. Lowes, 1881; H. E. Beebe, 1882; W. H. Grundy, 1883; T. S. Turner, 1884 and 1885; T. E. Reed, 1886; A. S. B. Nellis, 1887; A. A. Lovett, 1888. Secretaries — George Dick, 1861; WiHiam Webster, 1862 and 1863; D. E. Taylor, 1864; G. W. Smith, 1865; William Webster, 1866 to 1873; F. W. Thomas, 1874 and 1875; A. C. Rickey, 1876; J. K. Webster, 1S77 to 1882; Frank Webster, 1883 to the present tirae. Treasurers- T. E. Clark, 1861; George Dick, 1862 and 1863; J. M. Parks, 1864 and 1865; J. Einraons, 1866; W. D. Linn, 1867 and 1868; J. Q. A. Coff'een, 1869 to 1872; W. D. Linn, 1873; W. W. Wolf, 1874 to 1886; WHliara Webster, 1887 and 1888. Censors.— T. E. Clark, J. B. Owens, and E. W. Bosler, 1861; S. L. Stewart, J. B. Owens, and T. E. Clark, 1862; J. M. Parks, D. E. Taylor, and T. E. Clark, 1863; C. Cropper, George Dick, and S. L. StcAvart, 1864; W. D. Linn, A. Shepherd, and WilHam Webster, 1865; Ii. Wigand, F. A. Sanborne, and A. Shepherd, 1866; G. W. Smith, I. Dever, aud W. W. Wolf, :!867; J. E. Loavcs, S. L. Yourtee, and Isaiah Dever, 1868; J. E. Lowes, F. S. Foster, and J. B. Omens, 1869; J. E, LoAves, A, Shepherd, 540 history of dayton. and J. M. Parks, 1870; A. 0. Longstreet, B. F. Lukens, and G. W. Sraith, 1871 ; A. Shepherd, F. W. Thomas, and R. Spooner, 1872; F. W. Thoraas, C. W. Stunini, and J. Geiger, 1873; C. W. Sturam, J. Geiger, and A. C. Rickey, 1874; J. M. Parks, William Webster, and W. Egry, 1875; WH liam Webster, J. Geiger, aud F. W.|Thoraas, 1876; William Webster, Mrs. E. A. Nobles, and Ii. E. Beebe, 1877; W. A. Shappee, H. E. Beebe,' and J. M. Parks, 1878; W. Egry, W.-A. Shappee, and B. S. Hunt, 1879 and 1880: A. C. Rickey, G. W. Smith, and II. E. Beebe, 1881; E. T. AHen, C. F. Ginn, aud J. B. Owens, 1882; J. C. Fahnestock, J. D. Harris, and T. S. Turner, 18&3; W. A. Shappee, J. E. Lowes, aud C. R. Coff'een, 1884 and 1885; il. E. Beebe, A. S. Roseuberger, and Madge Dickson, 1886; W. A. Shappee, C. R. Coff'een, and C. 0. Muuns, 1887; Ii. E. Beebe, C. 0. Munns, aud C. F. Ginn, 1888. FoHoAving is a list of the names of the merabers of the society at the present time: C. R. Coff'een, A, Shepherd, J. M. Parks, WilHam Web ster, Elias Webster, G. W. Smith, C. F. Ginn, C. E. Waltou, W. E. Duel, T. E. Reed, W. A. Shappee, E. W. Robertson, A. S. B. Nellis, C. 0. Munns, M.'M. Eatou, II. B. Beebe, J. W. Means, J. C. Fahnestock, W. A. Cook, Frank Webster, Charles Cropper, J. Emmons, J. E. LoAves, F. W. Thomas, M. AV. Byrkitt, J. Dillon, Harris, A. A. LoA-ett, G. W. Moore, M. P. Hunt, R. B. House, L B. WHson, C. A. Pauly, W. A. Cook, C. G. McDermont, J. K. Webster, Madge Dickson, WiHiam Oavciis, E. T. Allen, W. Egry, Abraham Laser, Mrs. E. A. Nobles, Kate C. Cobhara, J. J. Antrim, aud F. D. Bittenger. The Mad liiver Dental Society Avas organized in 1855 or 1856, at the office of Dr. William A. Pease. Its early histoiy is uot easily accessible, but it held a nieeting July 3, 1860, in the office of Dr. William A. Pease. The members preseut at the meeting were as folloAvs: A. A. Blount, aud, J. Ramsey, of Springfield; George Watt, and G. L. Payne, of Xeuia; J. G. Palmer, J. G. Rose, aud E. M. See, of Urbana; S. Clippinger, of Bellefou- taiue, George F. Foote, of Cincinnati, and C. Bradley, J. E. Jones, aud William A. Pease, of Dayton. Tlie subjects discussed at this meeting Avere as foHoAvs: First, certain points in mechauieal dentistry; second, diseases accorapanyiug deep seated caries, and third, the cure of ulcerated teeth. The last topic elicited the most interest at this nieeting, the members being very enthu siastic as to resources in possession of the profession, by means of Avhich they said ulcerated teeth could be permanently cured in tAvo or three days. In February, 1861, an important subject occupied the minds of the dental profession of Dayton, ft Avas this; "Who are Dentists?" The MEDICAL HISTORY. 541 question Avas treated at sorae length by Dr. Williara A. Pease ih the public prints. After presenting a brief history of dentistry, he pro ceeded to divide those Avho operated on the teeth, into tAVO classes, viz.: raechanics and dentists. Very diff'erent systems, he said, might be expected from the tAvo classes. From the dentists one might expect the preservation of the teeth, as they based their practice on the knoAvl- edge of the laAvs of the huraan system, and Avould refuse to extract a tooth merelj' because it ached, or because there was a soreness about the gums. Or in case they^ did consent to extract the tooth in such a case, it Avas reluctantly, at the request or command of the suff'erer Avho refused to undergo the treatment necessary to its preservation. The mechanics, on the other hand, having little more than mechanical skill and dexterity, conscious of their inability to preserve an aching tooth, persistently advised the sufferer to have it extracted, or if not that directly, they talked so disparagingly of the process of "plugging," us it Avas then called, as to induce the patient to deraand the extraction of the tooth, ou the principle that dead raen and extracted teeth tell uo tales. The patient of the true dentist saved his teeth, and Avith thera his ability to masticate his food, and thus preserve his health, while the patient of the mechanic secured a shining set of white teeth Avhich could be readily seen to be artificial, and Avith them iraperfect raastication and consequent imperfect nourishnient, an off'ensive breath, sunken mouth, protruding nose, com pressed lips, Avrinkled and shriveled cheeks, unnaturally prominent, cheek bones and an appearance of premature age. About the same time Dr. Pease issued a warning to dentists as to the use of a certain substance or compound for filling the teeth. This raaterial Avas variously called artificial bone, artificial dentine, etc., and Avas coraposed of zinc paint, chloride of zinc,, together Avith a little borax, quartz, or other raaterial. It was a very strong and" active compound. If a little of it touched the gums or lips, it would cauterize the spot touched in an instant. The writer said, however, that the dentists of Dayton had never done more than to experiment a little Avith it, aud as soon as they ascertained the true nature of the compound they ceased to use it in their practice. This society continued its regular meetings until 1887, Avhen it was suffered to lapse into a state of inactivity; but measures are uoav being taken to revive it and its usefulness. All matters pertaining to the progress of the profession were the subjects of discussion at its meetings, but it is a question Avith some as to Avhether ranch raaterial progress has been raade in the methods of filling, or in the ability of the profession to save ulcerated teeth. No materials have been found to take the places 542 HISTORY OF DAYTON. of gold and amalgam, aud it is still out of the poAver of dentists to save some ulcerated teeth. With reference to the materials of which to manufacture plates for artificial teeth, celluloid has been found unsuited to the requireraents and gold is to sorae degree objectionable. Alurainum has not yet been brought under perfect subjection, but on account of its many superior qualities, viz., lightness, strength, fusibility at a compara tively Ioav temperature, fiexibility, non-corrosiveness, and other peculiar qualities, it is looked forAvard to as the " metal of the future," in this as iu raost other departments of the arts and manufactures. Probably the first dentist in Dayton was Dr. A. Knisely, who, in 1831, advertised that he tendered his services to the ladies and gentlemen of Dayton in the several branches of dental surgery. He proposed to insert natural or artificial teeth with such permanency and so naturally as to escape detection. He could cure all cases of scurvy of the teeth, pre serve those Avhich Avere decaying, extract decayed teeth and reraaining roots with care and safety. He said that the benefits of filling teeth were so truly important that it was impossible to recomraend it too highly, but it was generally delayed so long that decay could not be eff'ectually stopped; whereas, if the filling were perforraed at the comraenceraent of decay, or before the nerve was exposed, the teeth would be preserved not for a short tirae only, but for the period of a long life. This advertisement would seem to indicate that the filling of teeth was something new to this locality, at least, otherAvise its advantages would not have had to be so strenuously insisted upon. Dr. G. A. Frydinger, surgeon dentist, carae to Dayton early in 1833. In an advertiseraent in the ncAvspapers he tendered his professional ser vices to the citizens of Dayton and vicinity. He said that he inserted incorruptible teeth, the utility of which Avas incomparable on account of their neatness, cleanliness, and durability. So far as they had been used, they continued to claim superiority over every other kind of artificial teeth. He substantiated this statement by the following extract from a certificate frora the Medical Society of Philadelphia: "Ivory, the tibiae, and the teeth of oxen, the teeth of the hippopot- araus, and even the huraan teeth, when transplanted, are all subject to putrefaction. They contract, besides, conimunicating disease to the gum and the adjoining teeth, and thus irapart to the raouth the raost offensive and scorbutic appearance. The saliva becomes impregnated with un- Avholesorae matter issued from the decayed teeth and gums, which, being carried to the stomach, frequently produces the most unmanageable dyspepsia. "These teeth combined among others the following properties: MEDICAL HISTORY. 543 "1. They are unalterable by heat. "2. Neither alkalies nor acids produce the least irapressiou upon them. "3. The material of Avhich they are composed, being indestructible, the injurious eff'ects resulting from those in coraraon use are thus avoided. "4. They can be raade of anj' shape or color to correspond Avith the adjoining teeth. "5. They are less expensive on account of their great durability." The naraes of the coraraittee signing this certificate Avere as folloAVs: Thomas Harris, Sarauel Jackson, and C. D. Uregs. Dr. Williaras advertised as a resident dentist April 17, 1838. Dr. Jolm Jones .was probably the next dentist that carae to the city, and he was the teacher of some who have since become dentists, aud are now in practice here. He came early in the forties. Dr. BashuAV cume soon afterward. Dr. Williara A. Pease came in 1847, has been iu practice ever since, and has written very largely for medical journals. Dr. C. Bradley came in 1849 and is still in practice in the city. Dr. Edward Conway, like Dr. Bradley, was a student of Dr. John Jones, and practiced here a long time. Dr. A. S. Tolbert carae early, and Avas shortly followed by his brother. Dr. T. R. Willard carae iu 1850, Dr. Satterthwait in 1859, Dr. C. H. Learaan iu 1865, Dr. Compton and Dr. E. F. Sample in 1866, and Dr. Whiteside in 1875. Dayton has been twice visited by the cholera, the first time in 1833 and the second tirae in 1849. The first death frora this disease in 1833 was that of Elijah Crist, vvhich occurred June 25th. Just outside the city there Avas one death before that of Mr. Crist, at HoAvard's factory on the Rubicon, above Patterson's farm. The disorder continued until the latter part of September, and the Avhole nuraber of deaths from the disease during its prevalence here that season was thirty-three. Araong those Avho died frora it Avere Aaron Casad, Robert L. Hagan, Jeremiah Tritt, Barnhart Speck, Daniel Stutsman, John Munday, J. N. Fasnacht, Mrs. Perry, Mrs. Baker, Mrs. Simms, Mrs. Huntington, Mrs. Mundaj', and several children. , The epideraic of 1849 was much more virulent. The first death this year occurred May 18th, and Avas that of Williara Munday. He avus nineteen years of age and resided at the corner of Sixth and Jeft'erson streets. He Avas confined to his bed but tAveh^e hours. He had just returned "from Cincinnati, Avhere the cholera Avas then epidemic. On the same daj' that this young man died, there Avas an old man attacked in FrenchtoAvn, who, hoAvever, recovered, and up to the 24th of the month there were no other cases, and the general health of the city was good. 544 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The citizens Avere cautioned against interaperate habits aud raethods of life, intemperance usually, if not always, being conducive to the spread of epidemics. Ou June lltli, John J. Pearson, a merchant of Lockport, Shelby Couuty, visited Dayton Avitli his Avife and put up at Kline's tavern. On Wednesday, the 13th, he started horae, but died of cholera before daylight next raorning. William Hill, a blacksmith living on Eaton pike, stopped at the sarae tavern on Wednesday, the 13th, and died on the 15th of the month. George W. Snyder died on the 16th, as did also a young man who Avas hostler at the Kline Hotel. Up to this time there had been no case of cholera in the city except those Avhich Avere iu some way connected Avith this hotel. This was looked upon as being extreraely singular. At that tirae all the boarders had left except Mr. and Mrs. Marshall, and they left on the 17th. Mr. and Mrs. Kline also vacated the premises, with the intention of closing the hotel until such tirae as it should be thought safe to again open it to the public. Mrs. Marshall died at the Engine House on the 19th. This raade seven deaths among those who had been inmates of the Kline House, aud there had so far been no fatal cases except araong those which had originated there. It Avould require more space than it is deemed practicable to spare in this connection to give a detailed account frora day to day of the deaths that occurred here during the epidemic, but the numbers that died on each day, so far as could be conveniently ascertained, are presented below. The disease becarae epidemic on the 13th of June, and on that day there was one death, that of -J. A. Kline, Avho lived on Second Street, Avest of Main. On the 15th there Avere two deaths, those of John Spohn, who lived on Main Street, and of Johu Willey, Avho lived near the corner of Main aud South. On the 19th there were five deaths, those of Absalom Kaylor, Elizabeth Marshall, Peter 11. Gravatt, Mrs. Krause, and Mrs. Turner. On the 20th there were 3 deaths; on the 21st, 3; on the 22d, 2; on the 23d, 1; 24th, 7; 25th, 5; 26th, 2; 27th, 6; 28th, 6; 29th, 4; 30th, 4; July 1st, 11; 2d, 8; 3d, 12; 4th,^8; 5th, 7; 6th, 5; 7th, 5; 8th, 4; 9th, 8; 10th, 6; 11th, 5; 12th, 8; 13th, 4; 16th, 7; 17th, 7; 18th, 3; 19th, 6; 20th, 5; 21st, 5; 22d, 6; 23d, 5; 24th, 6; 25th, 3; 26th, 3; 27th, 1; 28th, 4; 29th, none; 30th, 1; 31st, 2; August 2d, 1; 3d, 2; 4th, 4; 5th, 1; 6th, 2; 7th, 2; 8th, 1; 13th, 1. Thus there Avere at least 216 persons who fell victims to the cholera that year in Dayton, and probably a few more, the record of Avhose deaths was not discovered by the corapiler. As is Avell knoAvn, the epidemic was general and severe throughout the country that year, insomuch that the president of the United States issued a proclamation rccomniending that the first Friday in August be observed as a day of humiliation and prayer by the people. In accord- ¦ MEDICAL HISTORY. 545 ance with this proclamation of the presideut, the mayor of Dayton, the Hon. John Howard, on the 27th of July, issued a proclamation to the people of Dayton, in which he said that in vicAv of the presence of a fearful pestilence, Avhich, under the providence of God, was in the land, he recomraended that on the day set apart by the president of the United States, the people generally close their houses of business, and observe the day in a becoraing manner. A "recomraendation" was published next day, signed by nine of the ministers of the churches, in which they said: " Whereas, It has pleased Alraighty God in his sovereignty, to affiict our beloved country by sending the pestilence araong us, Avhereby many of our fellow-citizens have been suddenly removed into eter nity; and, "Whereas, The epidemic is still lingering in the midst of us, and is severely visiting other parts of the land; and, "Whereas, We believe it to be both the duty aud the privilege of a Christian people to acknowledge in a public manner the just providence of God in this visitation, to humble themselves before hira, to confess their sins, and to unitedly deprecate his wrath, and implore his mercy in the reraoval of this dreadful scourge; and, " Whereas, The president of the United States has set apart the first Friday in August as a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer; therefore, "Resolved, That we do earnestly request our several congregations to suspend all public and private business on that day and meet in their several places of pubHc worship at 10:30 o'clock a. m." As Avill be seen by the death rate published above, the epideraic gradually disappeared in the beginning of August, and on the 16th of the month the board of health resolved that in their opinion the cholera had ceased to be epidemic in the city. This resolution was iraraediately published, signed by George B. Holt, president, and M. G. Williaras, secretary of the board. By the raiddle of the raouth almost all traces of the disease had disappeared, the health of the populace was daily improv ing, aud few deaths were occurring from any disease. Business was reviving, and the people in the country were no longer afraid to visit the city. Thus passed away the second visitation of this dread scourge. CHAPTER XXI. Literature, Music, and Art — Early Writers— J. W. Van Cleve — W. D. Howells — Maskel E. Curwen — W. D. Bickham — Isaac Strohm — Gertrude Strohm — Hon. G. W. Houk— Mrs. G. W. Houk — Mrs. L. B. Lair — Miss Mary D. Steele — Mrs. Charlotte Reeve Conover — Miss Leila A. Thomas— Samuel C. Wilson- Rev. M. P. Gaddis— Rev. J. W. Hott, D. D. — Professor A. W. Drury, D. D.— Bishop J. Weaver, D. D.— Rev. E. S. Lorenz, A. M. —Rev. M. R. Drury, A. M.— Rev. L. Davis, D. D.— Rev. W. J. Sbuey— Rev. D. K. Flickinger, D. D. — John Lawrence — Rev. D. Berger, D. D. — Professor J. P. Landis, D. D., Ph. D.— Mrs. Isadore S. Bash— E. L. Shuey, A. M.— Rev. D. H. French, D. D.— Rev. E. Herbruek, Ph. D.— Dr. J. C. Reeve— Dr. W. J. Conklin— Edward B. Grimes— Dr. C. H. Von Klein — Robert W. Steele— Pearl Y. Collins — Dayton Literary Union — Woman's Literary Club — Early Musical History — Music Teachers— Vocalists — Instru mentalists — Composers — Philharmonic Society — ,Harmonia Society — Y'. M. C. A. Orchestra — Other Societies — Charles Soule, Sr. — Mrs. Clara Soule Medlar — Mrs. Octavia Soule Gottschall— Charles Soule, Jr. — Edmond Edmondson — John Insco Williams — Mrs. Williams — Mrs. Eva Best — T. Buchanan Read — Mrs. Mary Forrer Peirce — Miss H. Sophia Loury — Mrs. Elizabeth Rogers — Effie A. Rogers — Miss Laura C. Birge — Hugo B. Froehlich — Harvey J. King — The Decorative Art .Society — Otto Beck — Miss Mary Burrowes — The Misses Edgar — Valentine H. Swartz— Early Architecture — Daniel Waymire — Joseph Peters — Recent Architecture — Leon Beaver — Peters and Burns — Charles I. Williams. ONE of the first literary celebrities of Dayton was John Whitten Van Cleve. At an early age he exhibited marked proficiency in the classics, and was equally remarkable for his proficiency in the acquisition of a knowledge of mathematics. In 1828, he purchased an interest in the Dayton Journal, and assumed editorial control of the paper. This position he retained six years, at the same time contributing to other papers and magazines. During the raeniorable presidential campaign of 1840, he contributed a series of caricatures to the Log Cabin, the carica tures being drawn and engraved by himself. A brief sketch of this paper raay be found elscAvhere in this volume. The caricatures made the paper famous throughout the United States. Mr. Van Cleve Avas an active meraber of various societies, literary, scientific, etc. He was one of the founders of the Dayton Library Association He avus very fond of the study of botany and geology, aud is knoAVii us an authority in raany of the leading botanical and geological works. He was a superior linguist, thoroughly understanding both the French and German lan guages. He translated from the German the first volume of "Goldfuss," and Schiller's "Robbers," besides numerous comedies and fairy tales. He compiled and had lithographed a map of the city of Dayton in 1839, 546 LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART. 547 and in 1846 he corapiled.a raap in book form for the city. He died of consumption Septeraber 6, 1858, at the age of fifty-seven years. Williara D. HoAvells was also connected Avith the early literary history of Dayton. He Avas born at Martin's Ferry, Ohio, and Avas a son of an active country editor. He learned to set type in his father's office. After the inauguration of President Tyler, in 1849, his father sold the Hamilton Intelligencer and purchased the Dayton Transcript. The pro prietor and his sons labored faithfully aud hard to build up the paper, but the load was too heavy for thera. But in the' hour of disaster tbe faraily pluck was unshaken. "We all went doAvn to the Miarai River, and Avent in swimraing," says Howells.* Maskell E. CurAven was a Dayton writer of merit, his principal AVork being a "History of Dayton." This is a small volume of sixty-four pages, two editions of Avhich were published— one in July, 1849, and the other in August, 1850, the publisher being Jaraes Odell, Jr., of Dayton. Although written in great haste, it is in raany respects a valuable work as it is a AV^ll written one. It is now out of print. It contains a brief outline of Indian history, the naraes of the earliest settlers of Dayton, together with a brief account of each, a description of the first toAvn plat, topog raphy of the city in 1799, Avhen there Avere but nine log cabins on the present town site, habits and customs of the early inhabitants, the growth of the city frora tirae to tirae, the first incorporation of the town, its first ncAvspapers, the War of 1812, the great fiood of 1847, several tabular stateraents, statistics, etc. Another work of rare merit is " Rosecrans' Campaign with the Fourteenth Army Corps," by W. D. Bickhara, volunteer aid-de-carap on Rosecrans' staff Avith rank of raajor, Avho was one of the best array' cor respondents connected with any portion of the Union array, and who is now editor of the Dayton Journal. The AVork commences with the removal of General Buell and the accession of Rosecrans to the command of what at that time was "The Array of the Ohio," but Avhich Avas ira raediately changed by Rosecrans to the " Fourteenth Array Corps," and subsequently was changed to the "Array of the Curaberland." It goes into details sufficiently to present a viyid portraiture of the raen under Rosecrans and a striking portrayal of the battles in which they Avere engaged. It is written in very picturesque language aud treats quite as fully as could be desired the perfidy of Southern ladies in their dealings with the officers of the Union array, of those aa'Ho Avere still in favor of the " Union as it was," and of every phase and variety of army life. * From The Story of Ohio, by Alexander Black. 548 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Rosecrans' preference for youngsters on his staff' and elscAvhere Avhere prorapt ancl efficient action was an essential to success, the correspondence betAveen the rebel General Bragg and General Rosecrans regarding the uses to Avhich a flag of truce had been put up by soldiers in the command of the former general, and Avith reference to the exchange of prisoners of Avar, including General Bragg's violation of the cartel, are clearly pre sented, as are also the movements preceding, during, and subsequent to the battle of Stone River. Taken altogether, the little Avork is a valuable contribution to the literature of the Avar. Isaac Strohm Avas prominently identified Avith the literature of Dayton, his chief Avork, if not his only one, being entitled "Speeches of Thomas CorAvin, Avith a Sketch of His Life." It was published iu 1859, by W. F. Comly & Corapany, of Dayton. The sketch, though brief, is interesting and the work contains all of the speeches of Mr. Corwin frora that against corporal punishment, delivered in the general assembly of Ohio, December 18, 1822, upon the bill to introduce public Avhipping as a punishment for petty larceny, to that on "Current Political Issues," delivered at Ironton, Ohio, August 19, 1859. This collection contains, of course, Mr. Corwin's great speech on "The Mexican War," deHvered February 11, 1847, in the Senate of the United States. It Avas this speech that decided Mr. CorAvin's fate as a public man. The book is now out of print, but is very valuable. Miss Gertrude Strohm, daughter of Isaac Strohm, has compiled the foHoAving books: "Word Pictures," published by D. Lothrop & Com pany, 1875; "Universal Cookery Book," White, Stokes & Allen, 1887; and "FloAver Idyls," Estes & Lauriat, 1887; and the following mis cellaneous works: "Scripture Exercises for Use iu Sunday-school Concerts," United Brethren Publishing House; "Scripture Reward Cards," by Ncav York firms; and "Social Games for Home Amuse ment," of which three were published by Milton, Bradley & Conipany, oue in Boston, and one in New York City. The Hon. George W. Houk has attained distinction through his literary labors and acquirements, as avcH as in his profession, the law. His literary labors, however, have been performed raainly for the sake of diversion and the pleasure derived therefrom, rather than for sake of gain or farae, and what he has achieved in this kind of labor has not been done at the expense or to the neglect of the legal profession. He has faithfully studied the English classics and the best current English literature. Some of Mr. Houk's more noted productions are, "Au Address on Religion and Science," delivered at the Music Hall, Dayton, before the Young Men's Christian Association, in March, 1875, in Avhich LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART. 549 he shoAvs that, inasrauch as religion and science occupy altogether diff'erent fields of thought, they are therefore not in conflict; an address delivered on the occasion of the celebration of the centenuial of the birth of Huniboldt; an address delivered in Dayton, in Septeraber, 1887, on the occasion of the celebration of the centennial of the adoption of tlie^ Constitution of the United States; and an address delivered in Dayton, April 30, 1889, on the celebration of the inauguration of George Washington as first president of the United States. Besides these, Mr. Houk has contributed frequently to the ncAvspapers and other periodicals as occasion deraanded or seemed to render advisable. The following extract from "An Address on Religion and Science," shows its spirit and tone as well perhaps as any that could be selected : " Before passing, then, ladies and gentlemen, from this Mosaic account, let rae present this brief suraraary: It professed upon its delivery to be a revelation from God. It assigns to light an existence anterior to that of all other created forces. It describes the progressive development of organic life which scientific discovery has substantially verified. Although it is now asserted to be of but raoderate antiquity, it was announced sorae fifteen hundred years before the rise of Greek philosophy with Thales, who was the first to atterapt a logical solution of raaterial phenomena, and to account for the beginning of things. It was already an ancient record when the arras of the Macedonians diff'used over Egypt and Asia the language and learning of Greece, and when the Ptolemies gathered at Alexandria the Avisdom aud culture of the ancient world. It has survived the rise and fall of systems of philosophy as it has of States, empires, and phases of civilization. It was held sacred and preserved as divine truth through the tAVO thousand years before the birth of Christ, during Avhich Tyre and Sidon, Nineveh, Babylon, ancl Palmyra rose, fiourished, and fell. It is now, and has been for nineteen centuries, accepted in accordance with its assumption of inspiration, as a portion of the Divine revelation, embodied in a theological system, which character izes the civilization ofthe raost enlightened portions ofthe huraan family. It yet remains the raost widely known, conspicuous, and infiuential legend ever given to the world. It has beamed, lo! these raany thousand years, with the steady efl'ulgence of a Zodiac in the firraaraent of huraan thought. Aud what standard of comparison can we find among the illustrious of our race for that capacious brain in which Divine inspiration generated conceptions that embraced a vision of the origination and development, through countless ages, of all the forms of existence — to which tirae, eternity, and even Deity itself seeraed alike faraiHar. Well might the master sculptor of the modern Avorld take for the model of his colossal 550 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Moses that forra which Phidias, the sculptor of the gods, gave to Olympian Jove himself ! " Mrs. George W. Houk (nee Eliza P. Thruston) Avas born in Dayton, October 23, 1833. Her father, Robert A. Thruston, who died in 1839, was one of the most brillunt and promising youug members of the origina, Dayton bar, ancl her mother Avas Marianna Phillips, daughter of Horatio G. Phillips, deceased, and uoav the Avife of Colonel John G. Loavc. Mrs. Houk graduated at Cooper Feraale Seminary iu 1851. Early in her niarried life she developed a decided fondness for systeraatic and extensive reading, the fruit of which has been a nuraber of literary productions of varied character and decided raerit. Only two of these productions have found their way into print — the first a poera entitled, "Puritan," in seven cantos, embracing two hundred and forty-five stanzas, in the Speucerian verse, a measure but little used iu modern times, OAving to the extreme difficulties it imposes upon the composer. "Puritan" is accurately historical in character, and typifies the brave, earnest spirit of Puritanism, its religious fervor and love of liberty, in the person of the hero of the poem. The character of this poera, of which a sraall edition was published some years ago by Robert Clarke & Corapany, of Cincinnati, raay be well judged by the foHoAving stanzas in the opening portion of the first canto, entitled " The Voyage": I. What quivering craft braves ocean's stormy deep? What daring will bears on in such a gale? The boreal winds, fierce, unobstructed sweep, The autumnal clouds drop low aud darkly veil The pointed mast's damp cords aud tattered sail ; There thro' o'erwhelming wave appears the bow ! In racking trough, a feather were less frail ; The upper works rise torn to fragments now ! Y'el onward course she holds, with bold unwavering prow. IIL He leans against the creaking mast and feels The ocean's puls,e in every trembling beam ; The wind holds him fast bound, and now reveals Beneath his long dark pilgrim's gown, the gleam Of sword and corselet; and his eye doth seem To pierce thro' mists and clouds, and view beyond The land of hope and promise ; for no dream The precious words that he but now hath conned ; Tho' wet, wind-torn, eacli page forbids him to despond. The incidents of the voyage of the Mayflower, the hopes and aspira tions of its devoted, heroic band are related through the rest of the canto which closes with this splendid stanza: ' LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART. 551 XXVIII. A day and night upon that rock-hound coast ! Another morning 'round that yearned-for land ! A headland bold, and narrow, for the most Dense wooded to the shore, nigh such a strand, The vast and furious ocean passed, doth stand The knight, brave, proud, inspired to lead the van Of hosts that dared to follow his command, And in the light of faith unfold a plan Conceived nor carried out by mortal man — Needs it proclaim this daring hero — PURITAN. The second canto recounts all the "celebrated voyages," from that of the bold Argonauts under the lead of Jason, in search of the Golden Fleece, down through that of Menelaus, Ulysses, ^neas, Seleucus, Alexander Magnus, Patrocles, Onesecritus, and Soloraon in ancient times, to the time of the chivalrous King Arthur, the era of Portguese, Italian, and Spanish discovery, Colurabus, DaGaraa, the Cabots, Magellan, and the rest, closing with this happy reference to the first circuranaviga- tion of the globe by "Successful Cano:" " — Bold Magellan sought To compass this great earth ; he onward pressed Thro' his famed fret, in middest ocean brought To untimely end, by savage imps untaught. Successful Cano, bearing westwardly That unsought glory through great suffering found ; His monarch proud that all the world might see, Wrote " Primus omnium circumdedisti me," XXIX. Upon his shield; and set the globe beneath ; A vaunting emblem, highest boast of fame. The third canto is "The Landing;" the fourth a "Retrospect," being a sort of historical review of the rise and progress of Puritanism; the fifth is the "Settlement" and contains thirty--four stanzas; the sixth is entitled "Labors in England," and exhibits more than any other in the poem stateliness of versification and dramatic power. The seventh and last canto records in thirty-nine stanzas the achievement of the " Final Success " of this onerous enterprise. XXXVII. " This work of human hahds — by dauntless will Encouraged and directed, fills the world With wonder ; far-off nations gazing still, To mark how Puritanic race has hurled The gauntlet of achievement, and unfurled Its standard, Liberty, with power and pride ! Where human progress all the past has purled, Here an advancing flood— deep, swift and wide— What can withstand the power of the willful tide ? " 552 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The other production of Mrs. Houk, to which allusion has been raade as haviug found its way into print, is an essay of a purely scientific nature, Avhich was read at Portland, Maine, before the American Associa tion for the Advancement of Science, at its annual meeting in August, 1873. It Avas Avritten in deraonstration of the theory first propounded by Mrs. Houk, of the gradual diminution of the water upon the surface of the earth, and its slow, but continuous conversion into perraanent solid forms. The argument Avhich is closely logical and Avell sustained throughout the five distinct chapters of the essay, is as foHoAvs; 1. The decrease of water surface. 2. Transformation of terrestrial matter. 3. Chemical and geological changes. 4. Water changed into solid forms by acidification, alimentation and respiration. 5. Change iu species, and in human history aud development. This reraarkable aud most interesting paper concludes with the folloAving paragraph, which may be regarded as a fair specimen of its style. " The thought of the gradual diminution of water, the raost Avonder ful, glorious, beautifying and gladdening of all terrestrial substances, can but be painful to us, constituted as we are. But the sarae Alraighty aud Omniscient PoAver that has continuously controlled and molded the adaptations of the physical universe to the perceptions and Avelfare of sentient beiugs, opening to us even in our own short lives new aud uuconceived-of scenes of pleasure, Avitli the development of our physical, intellectual und spiritual faculties, will doubtless continue to preserve betAveen the living races of his creatures and external and physical con ditions, that perfect adaptation that has aKvays existed and that seems to be an endless aud progressive anieliorution. " That matter has thus developed through countless ages, uuder his own immutable laws, Avitli fuultless precision, in the vastest operations of the stupendous uuiverse, and unerring perfection in the minutest details of everything, is one of the raost glorious proofs of his wisdom and omnipotence. And Ave cannot doubt that this revelation avHI become more and more glorious even to the far distant future foretold eighteen hundred years ago by the beloved disciple, avIio suav a ucav heaven and u UCAV earth; . . . and there avus no more sea."* Besides these published AVorks, Mrs. Houk has finished, in manu script, a [)oeni in the same style und stanza of "Puritan," entitled, " Virgiiiius," as Avidely diil'ercnt, hoAvever, as the Virginians Avere diff'erent in history und' antecedents from the Puritans. It is far more voluminous, '•' Revelation 21: 1. a LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART. 553 comprising eighteen cantos, and six hundred and seventy-four stanzas, making a volume of tAvo hundred and tAventy-five pages. She has also produced two five-act dramas (both yet in manuscript, but finished some years ago) of the tirae of the Reformation — one entitled, "Martin Luther," and the other, "The Three Lovers." In addition to these, she has written and completed two unpublished love stories — oue entitled, "Aerail and Elea," the other, "The Laraarks; or. Marriageable Woraen." "Virginius" is an allegorical history in verse, after the raanner of the "Faerie Queen," and in the sarae stanza, extending frora the tirae of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's first patent in 1578, to 1619-1620, when the guaranties of a written constitution gave permanence to colonial institu tions. The knight, Virginius, is the embodiment of the spirit of the enterprise — at times identical AA'ith a single individual, Gilbert, Raleigh, or Smith, when the labors of the adventure seeraed especially to press upon thera; then, again, raaintaining an individuality^ through changes and confusion of characters, indispensable to the unity and interest of a poera — where facts give force to rather than fetter the iraagination. Another poera, somewhat sirailar iu idea, but altogether different in measure and character of treatment, entitled " Mauritius," has been in part written by Mrs. Houk, and is intended to commemorate the coloniza tion and settlement of New York and the spirit of coraraercial enterprise. It has been deeraed only just in a work of this character to allude thus at length to a lady so well known for her raany estiraable qualities, and who has so unostentatiously perforraed so vast an amount of excellent literary labor. Mrs. L. B. Lair has written sketches for the periodicals of the day, this line of writing being followed more during the Avar than since. She has also written sorae poetry, and essays on various occasions. Miss Mary D. Steele has for several years been a regular contributor to some of the best newspapers and magazines in the country, among them the New York Evangelist, the Magazijie of Western History, and the Atlantic Monthly. Mrs. Charlotte Reeve Conover is also a valued contributor to several periodicals, and Miss Leila A. Thoraas has written some commendable poetry, two of her pieces being "In Medias Res" and "Liber Fatalis," the latter written for a certain celebration at Wheaton Seminary, Norton, Massachusetts. Samuel C. Wilson's poetry is also Avorthy of note, a few of his poems having more than ordinary merit being " Sleep and Rest," "A Course of English Reading," and "A Lament for My Alpenstock," the latter being in a fine vein of hunior, 554 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Rev. M. p. Gaddis avus the author of a number of books, among Avhicli Avere "Foot-Prints of an Itinerant," "Sacred Hour," "Saintly Women and Death-Bed Triumphs," and "Last Words and Old-Time Memories." Rev. J. W. Hott, D. D., for many years editor of the Religious Telescope, is the author of "Journeyings in the Old World; or, Europe, Palestine, and Egypt." This book is highly commended by all critics. Mr. Hott has ulso contributed introductions to numerous volumes of other authors. Professor A. W. Drury, D. D., is the author of two valuable volumes — oue being the "Life of Philip William Otterbein," founder of the Church of the United Brethren iu Christ. In this work many facts of great historic interest are presented to the public for the first time. The other work of Professor Drury is the "Life of Bishop J. J. Glossbrenner, D. D." Bishop J. Weaver, D. D., is the author of the following works: "Discourses on the Resurrection," "Divine Providence," "Doctrine of Universal Restoration Carefully Exarained," and other publications. He is also the editor of a volume on "Christian Doctrine; a Compre hensive Treatise on Systematic and Practical Theology," by numerous AV liters. Rev. E. S. Lorenz, A. M., B. D., is oue of the most prolific authors to whom Dayton can lay claim. A large number of. his productions are Sunday-school music books, Avhicli are raentioned elsewhere in this chapter. His other volumes are: "Gospel Worker's Treusury," "Get ting Ready for a Revival," "The Coming Revival," and "Christmas Selections." He has also contributed to the Methodist Quarterly Review and other publications. Rev. M. R. Drury, A. M., is the author of the "Otterbein Birthday Book" and a "Hand-Book for Workers." Rev. L. Davis, D. D., has Avritten a "Life of Bishop David EdAvards, D. D." Rev. W. J. Shuey aud Rev. D. K. Flickinger, D. D., wrote "Dis courses on Doctrinal and Practical Subjects," published in 1859. Mr. Shuey is the author of several pamphlets, Avas a contributor to the Unity 3Iag(i.ziiie, und has been for years ;i frequent Avriter for the Religious T'elescope. Mr. Flickinger has Avritten several volumes on missionary Avork. John LuAvrence wrote "The Slavery Question" aud the "History of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ," issued in 1860. Rev. D. Berger, D. D., the editor of Our Bible Teacher and other periodicals, hits contributed to numerous publications. He has also LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART. 555 edited a series of Sunday-school library books, and has published a pamphlet on " The Bible in the College and Seminary." Professor J. P, Landis, D. D., Ph. D., has been a contributor to the Old Testameyit Student, and to various publications of the United Brethren Publishing House. Mrs. Isadore S. Bash wrote "Brickey Sorrel; or, the Twin Cousins," a fascinating temperance story, ancl was for sorae tirae an interesting special contributor to the Dayton Journal. E. L. Shue}', A. M., is the author of a "Hand-Book of the United Brethren in Christ," and of services for special occasions. All the above books, beginning with "Journeyings in the Old World," have been published by the United Brethren PubHshing House, of this city. Rev. Daniel Ii. French, D. D., has Avritteu "Frora Eden to Glory, or Footsteps of Mercy," published by A. D. F. Randolph & Company, Ncav York City, 1889. Rev. E. Herbruek, Ph. D., editor of the Christian World, is the author of "Under Eastern Skies. The Record of a Pleasant Journey Through Bible Lands," issued by the Reformed Publishing Corapany, of this city, 1889. Dr. J. C. Reeve is one of the leading contributors to the medical periodicals of the day. His work has been chiefly in 1;he line of the revicAV of new books, aud sorae of these published in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Philadelphia, a periodical noted for the excellence of its revicAV departraent, have attracted considerable attention. He began literary work by the translation of Flouren's "History of the Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood." He has Avritten no inde pendent work. He has been called upon to contribute to several encyclopedias of medical science. He wrote the article on " Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics" for the American edition of "Holmes' Surgery," three voluraes, Philadelphia. He also wrote the article, " AuEesthetics," for "Wood's Reference Book of the Medical Sciences," seven volumes, Ncav York; the article on " Ansesthetics iu Labor" for the "American Systera of Obstetrics," two voluraes, Philadelphia, and an important chapter upon a subject relating to the diseases of woraen, iu "Pepper's Systera of American Medicine," five volumes, Philadelphia. Dr. W. J. Conklin has contributed quite largely to the litera ture of his profession, and has also prepared several of the leading articles for " Wood's Hand-Book of the Medical Sciences," recently issued. 556 HISTORY OF DAYTON. EdAvard B. Grimes graduated at Otterbein University in 1883, and has the distinction of haviug published a book before graduating. The book referred to is entitled " Poems, by Edward B. Grimes." It consists of about one hundred pages, and the entire edition Avas either sold or given away in a very short tirae after its appearance. The most noted poems of this little volume are " The Old Lamp- Hghter," "A Model— A Cook," and "Bother and his Castle." "The old larap-lighter" consoles hiraself with the thought that by Hghting laraps he is of use to a portion of his felloAv-raen. He says in reply to a question as to whether he does not suff'er from the rain and the cold: . " Though I know my lot is lowly, And my talents are but few ; Yet I light the way for others, 'Tis the best that I can do." In " A Model — A Cook," diff'erent kinds of wives are compared, or rather contrasted. One class consists of those wives who are thoroughly educated in music or the classics, to the neglect of useful things, and the Other consists of the Avives who can cook. All kinds of misery come to the farailies of the forraer class, while an ideal happiness is the lot of the family of the wife that can cook. It contains an excellent lesson for young Avoraen who desire a happy horae after marriage. " And see as they meet at the table, How healthy and happy they look ; And listen, for Dan is now saying, ' My wife is a model — a cook.' So girls, ' t is a lesson worth learning, To know how to cook is an art — An art that will bring you a husband, And conquer and soften his heart." "Bother and his Castle" is the most pretentious poem in the collection. It deals rather severely with that class of people who are continually bothered with their tasks, and seldom or never take hold of their duties with a heart ancl a will. " Fancy said this was a lesson, Given to each doubting man, Wlio is always calling bother, But is never saying can. " ' Weak and feeble,' whispered Fancy, ' Man at first may seem to be, But if he will seek the zenith, All he sought he'll surely see. " 'And his work all well completed, Like the crimson, setting sun, 'Cross his course it will be written, ' Well and bravely hast thou done,' ' " LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART. 557 Dr. Carl H. Von Klein is one of the distinguished Avriters of Dayton. He is the author of numerous books, pamphlets, -papers, etc. The titles of his books are as follows: "Vaginal Diseases of North America," Leipsic, 1874; "American Physicians aud Surgeons," Leipsic, 1875; "Hand- Book for Coroners," Cincinnati, 1882; "Anatomical Osfeologise," 1883, and "Editio Emendata," 1885, both Cincinnati; "Pharniaceupolistical Lexicon," New York, 1880, second edition, 1884. Dr. Von Klein is also author of the following paraphlets and papers: "Medical Jurisprudence on Homicides," "Surgical Remarks and Practical Observations," both in German, the first published in 1878, the latter in 1879; "Points on Medical Jurisprudence" (German), Koenigsburg, 1879; "Manual of Medi cal Jurisprudence," Hamilton, 1882; "Jewish Hygiene and Diet," from the "Talmud" and various other Jewish writings hitherto untranslated, Chicago, 1884; "Medical Jurisprudence in Divorce," delivered before the Ohio State Bar Association, 1885; "Voice in Singers," Colurabus, 1885; "Rhinology of the Past and Future," 1886; "Address on Rhinol- ogy," 1888; "Unhealthy Dress of American 'Women," 1881; "Eruptions of the Skin, by Various Causes," 1882; "On the Utilization of Sewerage for Burning Material," 1884; "Examinations of Throat and Nose," 1888; "On Medical Education," 1883. Dr. Von Klein is a regular contributor to various niedical journals, as the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, the Journal of the American Medical Association, the Cincinnati Lancet and Clinic, the Philadelphia Medical Register, the St. Louis Medical Journal, the Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal, the Virginia Medical Monthly, the Sanitarium, the New England Medical Monthly, the Medico-Legal Journal, etc. Dr. Von Klein's latest work is a translation of the " Medi cine of the Talmud, with Rabbinical Commentaries of Ancient and Latter Ages." Robert W. Steele has done much literary work. He has Avritten largely for the newspapers, and has published numerous essays ou educa tional and horticultural subjects. He has also written a history of the public schools of Dayton, of the public library, of the cemeteries iu the city, and the early history of Dayton from the beginning doAvn to 1840, the four latter topics appearing in this work. Pearl V. Collins is another of Dayton's noted writers, his principal work being a novel, entitled "A Baton for a Heart." The Dayton Literary Union was founded in September, 1876. It grew out of the feeling on the part of a number of citizens interested in the intellectual welfare of the place, as well as of themselves, that the united effort of such a body Avould be productive of good in the way of stiraulating inquiry into many subjects of literary, scientific, artistic, and 558 HISTORY OF DAYTON. social interest. The first officers of the union were George W. Houk, president; A. D. Wilt, vice-president; A. M. PoaatcH, secretary; -George R. Young, treasurer. The union was divided into sections of ten mem bers aud upAvard, each section named according to the particular course of study pursued by it. At first these diff'erent sections Avere as follows: belles lettres, Robert W. Steele, chairraan; sociological. General T. J. Wood, chairraan; Gerraau, Dr. A. Scheibenzuber, chairraan; scientific, ' A. Humphreys, chairman; historical, L. P. Thompson, chairman. The officers for 1877-1878 Avere as follows: A. D. Wilt, president; J. A. Robert, vice-president; John H. Thoraas, secretary; A. J. Hiller, treasurer. By this tirae the number of sections had been increased by the addition of a French section aud an art section, thus making seven sections to the union. The chairmen of the first three were the sarae as the year before; Dr. H. S. Jewett was chairraan of the science section, and the other three sections were without chairmen. The Union had an apartment in the Winters' Block, Nuraber 118 East Third Street. Meetings of each section Avere held once in two Aveeks, and the work was so systeraatically arranged that each member of the various sections was enabled to take part in the proceedings according to his capacity and inclination. It was found difficult, how ever, to keep up the interest equally in the various sections, and the result has been that first one and then another section dropped off, until at the present time only the belles lettres section is in existence. Those Avho have been raost prorainently identified Avith the work of the Union are Professor J. A. Robert, E. M. Thresher, and John Hancock. The Woraan's Literary Club, of Dayton, Ohio, was organized iu April, 1889. This club is divided into the following sections: General literature, history, art, and niiscellaneous. The meetings of the club are held each alternate Thursday from ten to twelve a. m., except duriug the sumraer raonths, frora the first week in June to the first week in October. Members are distinguished as close-Avorking and non-close-working members, the former paying one dollar per year as a fee and the latter five dollars. The first and present officers of the club are as follows: Mrs. J. A. Marlay, president; Mrs. E. R. StilAvell, vice-president; Miss Mary Reeve, recording secretary; Miss Anna Rogers, corresponding secretary; Miss Martha Perrine, treasurer; Miss Electra C. Doren, critic; executive board, Mrs. W. D. Bickham, Mrs. Harry Lytle, aud Miss Florence Gebhart; Mrs. -Fra^nk Conover, chairman of the general Htera ture section; Mrs, J. B. Thresher, chairman of art section;. Mrs. A. D. Wilt, chairman of history section, and Miss Carrie Brown, chairman of miscellaneous section. The programme committee is as follows: Mrs. J. LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART. 559 A. Marlay, Mrs. Frank Conover, Mrs. J. B. Thresher, Miss Carrie BroAvn, and Mrs. A. D. Wilt. The first musical society in Daytou Avas organized iu 1823 and called the Pleyel Society. John W. Van Cleve, who had great talent for rausic and could play on a great variety of instruments, Avas elected president. In 1836, the Dayton Philharmonic Society for the study of sacred music was forraed. Stephen Fry was the teacher aud C. Hayden secre tary. This society gave several concerts in the churches for the benefit of the poor of the city. In 1840, the vocal and instruraental societies of Dayton, Avith L. Huesraan as conductor, gave a series of concerts, which Avere very popular. Mr. Louis Huesraan was organist, pianist, and teacher in Dayton fifty years ago. He Avas of the stately German musical scholarship, and his taste might be voted slow in this sensational age, but he helped to lu}- the strong foundations which have made the larger musical groAvth of to-day possible. In the special line of instrumental teaching, Mr. Huesman Avas foHoAved by Charles Rolfe, Charles Rex, Adolph Carpe, and W. L. Blumenschein. The music in the public schools has been at diff'erent times iu the care of Charies Soehner, James Turpin, W. B. Hall, W. H. Clarke, aud F. C. Mayer. The leading teachers of vocal music have been James Turpin, Leon Jasciewiez, Ii. B. Turpin, and W. L. Blumenschein. George W. Pearson was for raany years a leading teacher of the violin. Mr. Dennewitz, J. D. Brunner, Lucius Cook, Paul Habenicht, and G. Ii. Marsteller, have since been prominent aud efficient teachers of various orchestral instruments. The prominent vocalists have been Clara Turpin, Mrs. S. W. Davies, ¦Kate Wagoner, Mrs. J. A. Jordan, Mrs. E. J. Kneisley, Agnes Stout, Ella Brusraan, Mrs. W. N. Hunter, Belle Ralston, Lydia Stout, Mrs. A. B. Shauck, soprano; Mrs. Jaraes Turpin, Mrs. P. Ii. Gunckel, Emma Mercer, Fannie Favorite, Mollie Spindler, Anna V. Zeller, contralto; J. F. Boyer, Park Willard, W. II. Boyer, John N. Bell, S. F. Phelps, Ii. Ii. Biram, S. E. Kumler, W. J. Baltzell, tenors; W. L. Bates, W. J. Comly, William Burkitt, John L. Burkitt, Philip Mehlburger, George Hessler, Ii. B. Turpin, Judge J. A. Shauck, basses and baritones. Jaraes Turpin, John Zundel, Charles Rex, N. Metz, John A. Schenck, Joseph Schenck,, A. Ebel, A. T. Wittich, W. F. Gale, C. Ii. Lyon, S. B. Hurlburt, Robert Ayers, Jaraes A. Robert, HoAvard Peirce, and W. L. Blunienschein have had prorainence as church organists. 560 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The leading piano players now are HoAvard Peirce, Mrs. E. J. Kneisly, Mrs. Jaraes Anderton, Nannie Williaras, Theodore Scheerer, Thoraas Iche- ler, F. L. Eyer, and W. L. Bluraenschein. John Lytle, Dr. L. E. Custer, and Frederick Kette, perforraers upon various instruraents, are worthy of special notice. In the special departraent of rausical coraposition, Mr. Bluraenschein and W. J. Baltzell have achieved a high reputation and success. Mr. F. C. Mayer has published a book for the use of pupils. Rev. W. H. Lan- thurn was the editor of " Ilyrans for the Sanctuary and Social Worship," a fine collection of standard hymns for church services, issued by the United Brethren Publishing House in 1874. He was also the composer of numerous hymns appearing in this and other publications, and joint author with Rev. E. S. Lorenz, of " Praise Off'ering," published in 1876. Rev. E. S. Lorenz, A. M.,. has been a prolific writer aud editor of church and Sunday-school music. He has written rauch of the music for, and edited in whole or in part, "Praise Off'ering," "Songs of the Cross," " Pilger Lieder," " Heavenly Carols," " Songs of Grace," "Gates of Praise," " Songs of Cheer," " Songs of the Kingdom," " Holy Voices," " Songs of Refreshing," " Notes of Victory," " Notes of Triumph," " Garnered Sheaves," " Missionary Songs," " Songs of the Morning," and numerous services for special occasions, all of which, with one exception, have been published by the United Brethren Publishing House, since 1876. The Dayton Philharmonic Society was organized in the fall of 1874, the principal projectors of the raoveraent being the following gentleraen: J. A. Shauck, Johu N. Bell, Jaraes Breneman, John L. Burkitt, H. V. Lytle, C. F. Snyder, and Jaraes A. Martin. Mr. W. C. Herron was the first president, and Leon Jasciewiez the first rausical director. The first few seasons the society met in the building north of the courthouse, known as the Journal building. Later ou in its history meetings were held in the Young Men's Christian Association Hall, aud for the past fcAV years at Huston HaH, on the corner of Third and Jefferson streets. The musical directors have been Mr. Jasciewiez, above mentioned, who served tAVO seasons; Otto Singer, of Cincinnati, who also served two seasons, and W. L. Bluraenschein, Avho has been director for eleven successive years. The chorus has kept up a steady grade of raerabership, with a yearly average of nearly one hundred raerabers. In all, up to the close of the season of 1888-1889, fifty-three concerts have been given, covering a large range of choral and orchestral works, prorainent among the former being the "Messiah," "Creation," "Elijah," "Last Judgment," "Judas Maccabffius," "Hymn of Praise," "AthaHe," "Crusaders," "Fair Ellen," " Feast of Adonis," " Erl King's Daughter," and many shorter works. LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART. 561 The solo parts to many of these works have been sung by local singers, and singers of known reputation from other cities have also been heard. Many fine instrumental performances have been brought here to aid in the concerts also. It is a raatter of sincere congratulation that a local society can have achieved so decided an historical success. Usually such organizations fall a victim to local jealousies, lack of enthusiasm, or meager financial support, but the Dayton Philharmonic Society has always Aveathered such storms, thanks to a wise policy on the part of its officers and the tact of" its present director. Mr. A. B. Shauck is the present presiding officer, with W. B. Sullivan, W. J. Kuhns, E. L. Bone, S. E. Kumler, and other well-knoAvu gentlemen as his coadjutors. The Harmonia Society was forraed of a consolidation of the Sociale Ssengerbund and Frohsinn, Avhich was eff'ected on Noveraber 1, 1861, and the narae Harraonia adopted. The first officers were: President, Daniel Leonhard; vice-president. Dr. Palra; treasurer, John Stoppleraan; first secretary, George lioft'raan; second secretary, A. Froendhoff. The articles of incorporation set forth as the objects of the society, the cultivation of literature and science, and the performance of musical and dramatic productions. In September, 1882, the third ssengerfest of the Central Ohio Ssenger Bezish was held in this city^, under the auspices of the Harraonia. During its existence, operas and operettes have been produced by the society, as "Stradelle," "Haifisch," " Mordgundbruck," "Social- Deraocrat," Schiller's "Lay of the BeH," etc. At present the society numbers two hundred merabers, and consists of two sections— rausical and dramatic. Officers: President, G. C. Kellner; vice-president, Bruno Williaras; recording and corresponding secretary, Erail Reichert; financial secretary, Angelo Mosbrugger; treas urer, Henry Hollencarap; rausical director, Theodore Scheerer. Beckel Hall, on Jeff'erson Street, has been the headquarters of the society since its org-anization. Singing rehearsals are held every Wednes day evfening. The Young Men's Christian Association Orchestra was organized in 1886 under the leadership of G. H. Marsteller. Mr. Marsteller was succeeded by John Lytle, W. J. Baltzell, and J. C. Eberhardt. Mr. Eberhardt re-organized the orchestra in the fall of 1887. It utilizes araateur : talent, and has at present a raerabership of fourteen, giving a full instrumentation. A string quartette has been organized out of the orchestra. Prorainent araong its rausiciaus are J. C. Eberhardt, leader; Pearl Sigler, 'cello; Harry Rock, ffute; John Lytle, cornet; Dr. L. E. 562 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Custer, viola, and Dr. Horace Hubbard, second violin. The orchestra meets once a Aveek in the Young Men's Christian Association Hall. Its work is of a high order, and its numerous public appearances at the Young Men's Christian Association entertainments and elscAvhere have Avon for it the admiration of the public. There are other musical societies in the city, among which are the Dayton Maenuerchor and the SchAvsebischer Ssengerbund. Charles Soule, Sr., one of Dayton's most- distinguished painters, was born at Freeport, Maine; September 2, 1809. When he was two years old his parents died, and he was taken by an uncle, J. T. Moore, Avho lived ut Chillicothe, Ohio, und Avho, being a man of taste and genius, became quite noted as an artist. There are many of his portraits in this and other Ohio cities. Charles Soule would often amuse hiraself with the use of Mr. Moore's pencil and brush ou the sly, drawing aud painting AA'hatever he saw about -him, and being often severely punished therefor. At the age of seventeen years he run away frora his uncle and came to Dayton. Here he worked at carriage and sign painting, and Avhatever he could find to do, utilizing his spare moments in practicing Avith pencil and brush. He began painting portraits for pastime, and soon his singular power attracted attention. By the advice of Mr. Dolley, by Avhom he was employed in painting carriages, he turned his attention exclusively to the painting of portraits, his first works being those of William Dolley and Tunis Conover, both of Avhich are still in existence in this city. These works Avere so meritorious that he Avas soon crowded with orders. In 1836 or 1837, after a brief interval of inattention to his profession, he again resuraed it, and painted portraits of several promi nent people iu Cincinnati, Colurabus, Cleveland, aud other Avestern cities. Frora 1836 to 1843 he filled raany orders frora St. Louis. About 1857 he went to NeAv York and New Jersey, aud attracted rauch attention iu those States, among those noticing hira being Charles Elliott, Avho took frequent occasion to speak of Mr. Soule's wonderful power. Mr. Soule returned to the West und spent several years in Cleveland, painting portraits of numerous prominent people there. His skill in his profession consisted in his rare ability to paint people at their best, giving to the picture a peculiar spirituelle expression seldom seen even in the Avorks of the greutest artists. Artists of far greater fame envied his success in his peculiur line, und sought instruction from hira, but his 'faculty could not be inculcated or communicated to others. Among his best known por traits are those of T. J. S. Smith aud wife, Dayton; Jonathan liarshraan and wife. Dr. Clements and wife, Samuel Brown aud Avife, Valentine Winters and Avife, Mr. Pruden and wife, Henry Stoddard and family, Dr. LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART. 563 Edwin Smith and faraily, J. W. Harries and faraily, Siraon Gebhart and faraily, C. Herchelrode and faraily, T. S. Babbitt and faraily, WiHiara Huffman, Major-General Wood, John G. Lowe and AA'ife, Hon. S. P. Chase, and numerous others. Mrs. Clara Soule Medlar, daughter of Charles Soule, began painting portraits at Da,yton. She spent considerable time at Lebanon, painting the portraits of the families of Mr. Corwin aud Judge Dunlevy, and afterAvard Aveiit to Cincinnati and opened a studio, where she did a great deal of work, remaining there several years. She then went to Harper's Ferry, Cleveland, Lexington, Kentucky, and afterAvard returned to Day ton, where she was married and reraained for raany y^ears. She now lives near New York and still wields her brush with the same enthusiasm and success as in former years. Mrs. Octavia Soule Gottschall, another daughter of Charles Soule, is also an artist. She has had great success in painting in water colors and on porcelain, and has doue rauch iu copying and enlarging oil paintings. Of late years she has devoted much time to investigation into the mysteries of pigments in mineral colors, and takes great pleasure in the transforraations of clay by heat, glazing, etc., taking the rude clay, fashioning it to suit her fancy, burning it herself, etc. She also paints fiowers, fruits, aniraals, etc., and does excellent AVork in painting portraits of children. Charles Soule, Jr., son of Charies Soule, Sr., is also an artist of rauch merit. He began carriage painting and ornamenting before he cora raenced painting portraits. Araong the raost noted of his portraits are those of Dr. Jaraes Bosler and wife, Thomas Clegg, William Huff'man, Sr., Ziba CraAvford, David Stout, J. T. Achey, Silas Simpson, Colonel Frank Taylor, of Portsraouth, and many? at Ripley, Poraeroy, and. Point Pleasant, Ohio, Maysville, Kentucky, and other places. Araong the prorainent artists of Dayton iu an early day Avas Edraond Edmondson. He was born in Dayton of Quaker parentage. While he Avas of great excellence as an artist, he Avas of such a retiring disposition that his merits were not appreciated at their true value. He was self- taught and first attracted attention by his faithful studies in still life. His first vegetable and fruit pieces were in such demand as soon to enable hira to treble his prices. He was an honest painter and did not work to secure a fictitious reputation. In later years he turned his attention to portrait painting and raet with udrairuble success. One of his best portruits is of President Garfield which hangs in Odd Fellows' Hall in Dayton. He went to California for the benefit of his health and there died. John Insco Williaras, one of Dayton's most celebrated painters, Avas 564 HISTORY OF DAYTON. born May 3, 1813. At the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to an uncle, who was a house and carriage painter, at Richraond, Indiana. Young Williams soon began to think that this kind of art was not suited to his genius, and ran away frora his uncle, Avalking the entire distance to Miaraisburg. There he worked at anything he could find to do, for twenty-five cents per day, until he had managed to save up money enough to pay his way to Philadelphia, where he attended an art school. He remained three years, painting all day and studying in perspec tive aud anatomy at night. Here he formed the acquaintance of the eminent artist, Thomas Sully, aud at the present tirae General Cadwal- lader has two puintings, one by Sully and one by Williaras, either of which he values equally with the other. About this tirae the first panorama that had ever been heard of made its appearance, being of an American river. Mr. Williams immediately conceived the idea of painting a panorama of Bible history, as that, he thought, was an exceedingly rich field for such a Avork. His paintiug represented sacred history frora the creation to the fall of Babylon. This panoraraa was exhibited in Dayton frora about May 30 to June 6, 1849, at the Jeff'erson Street Baptist Church, at the corner of Jeff'erson and Fourth streets. It had previously been exhibited at Cincinuati, and the exhibition at Dayton was accompanied with lectures on the various scenes represented, by the Rev. Mr. Chase, of that city. In 1850, this panorama was destroyed by fire in Independence Hall, Philadelphia. He then went to Cincinnati, and coraraenced another panoraraa on a larger scale, the latter one covering four thousand yards of canvas. His success Avith this panoraraa Was soraething Avonderful. He exhibited it in all parts of the United States, but found the most appreciation of his work in the Southern States. This panorama was afterward spoiled by a flood in Baltimore, which washed off nearly all the paint. Mr. Williams then came to Dayton and repainted it, and again exhibited it; and, after his death in 1870, it was destroyed by fire. Besides this great work, Mr. Williaras painted a large number of portraits, aud was a most noted painter in this line. A few of his finest pictures only can be named. Araong thera were the "Magdalen Repentant," the "Hiding of Moses," and " Ogarita." The latter represents an Indian girl in "The Sea of Ice." Mr. Williams' fame rests mainly on his portraits, which were in great deraand. Mr. Williams' wife was also a distinguished painter, she having jjainted a remarkable ideal picture called "Bleeding Kansas," represent ing that territory in the coils of the serpent, slavery. His children are also especially gifted in diff'erent lines of art. His eldest daughter, LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART. 565 Mrs. Eva Best, is a story writer, poet, music composer, dramatist, and painter. She comraenced writing for the papers in 1871, encouraged so to do by W. D. Bickham, of the Dayton Journal. In 1872 she began contributing to the Cincinnati Saturday Night, and afterward for tbe Cincinuati Times-Star, under the nam de plume of "Saturn." She then wrote for Godey's Magazine, for T. S. Arthur's Home Magazine, for Peterson's Magazine, and for Frank Leslie's Magazine. Still later she became a ^contributor to the Detroit Free Press, and for Kellogg's news paper syndicate. Mrs. Best writes a great deal in dialect. The draraas she has written are naraed "An American Princess," "Sands of Egypt," "Gemini," and "The Banshee," the latter an Irish play. One of Mrs. Best's peculiar advantages in the writing of stories is her ability to sketch such illustrations as she may require to elucidate her thoughts, and in her dramatic work she composes both the songs and the music with which her dramas are interspersed. She often paints landscapes, flower pieces, and fruits, and is also extreraely apt and original in the art of designing. Another daughter of Mr. Williaras is Mrs. Lulu Williams Buchanan, of Sioux City, Iowa, who was formerly of Dayton. At the exposition at New Orleans, in 1885, she had on exhibition, by request, a flower picture, as a representative of Iowa art, which was awarded one of the eleven bronze medals given to the ladies of the United States, for such Avork. T. Buchanan Read was among the artists who have become famous, who were at one tirae identified with Dayton. He came here in 1838 at the age of sixteen and, remained a few years. He had been in the office of sorae sculptor in Cincinnati, but afterward determined to try his hand at painting. While in this city he began portrait painting and a few of his early efforts are still in existence, one of them being a portrait of Adam Houk, father of D. A. Houk and George W. Houk, and another of D. W. Wheelock. Upon leaving Dayton, he went to New York and afterward to Philadelphia, and iu the latter city becarae a valued contribu tor of poetry to the colurans ofthe Philadelphia Courier and other papers. His subsequent career is matter of national fame. Mrs. Mary Forrer Peirce, daughter of Sarauel Forrer, began the study of a"rt at the Cooper Institute, in New York, in 1860, giving atten tion for the raost part to landscape painting. She returned to Dayton in 1861, and devoted her time to teaching in connection with the Cooper Academy for about three years, under- Mrs. Galloway, and afterward she had classes at her own home for about four years. In 1874, she went abroad and pursued her studies there for a year, and upon her return to Dayton, she again becarae connected with the Cooper Acaderay 566 HISTORY OF DAYTON. as teacher of art und remained in that connection until 1882, wheu she Avas married to J. H. Peirce Since that tirae she has done but little iu the way of teaching, having a fcAV pupils at her oavu home. Her painting consists mostly of fioAver pictures and landscapes, in which lines she has met Avith raore than ordinary success. She > paints in Avuter colors, oil colors, and on china, her Avater colors being specially worthy of mention on account of their superior delicacy. She has ulso given consideruble attention to modeling in clay aud to Avood carving. Miss Ii. Sophia Loury begaii the study of art Avitli Miss Mary .Forrer and afterward studied Avith Miss Laura Birge. She paints in both Avater colors and oil, and has devoted herself mostly to fioAvers, fruits, aud game. She also does work on chinti and in India ink. One of her noted pictures is a basket of lemons, which, being left iu the rooms of the Art League iu Ncav York City, was so highly esteeraed by thera as a Avork of art that after her return home she received a ticket of admission to the rooms of the leugue. Mrs. Elizabeth Rogers comraenced painting about the year 1870. She Avas one of the raost successful pulnters of fiower pictures ever in this couutry. This line of painting she folloAved until 1880, Avhen Professor' Broorae cume to Dayton, and then, uuder his instructions, she eo«inienced the AVork of painting on china und continued it until her death in 1886. She painted both in Avuter colors and in oil, and devoted herself mainly to painting flowers from nature. Her Avork was distinguished for the beauty of its tints und the perfection of its colors, and she is spoken of by all as having had but few, if any-, superiors in her speciulties. Effie A. Rogers, daughter of Mrs. Elizabeth Rogers, is also ideutified Avith this city as one of its artists. She leurned the puinting of flower pieces frora her mother aud china painting from Professor Broome. She Avas oue of the first to fire china successfully iu this city. She Avorked in both Avater colors and in oil, und also did u great deal of original design ing. Rebecca Rogers, another daughter of Mrs Elizabeth Rogers, was also a Dayton artist. Her specialty was children's portruits, but she ulso painted floAver pieces and used both water colors und oil. Miss Laura C. Birge is a native of Seneca Falls, New York. She comraenced learning to druAv with Miss Clara Soule, being a pupil of hers tAVO or three j'eurs. She then Avent to Ncav York City und took a course of lectures under Professor liinimer, a celebrated artist, on the anatomy of art. She then studied in Cincinnati some time aud afterAvard Avent to Europe, Avhere she remained three years, a portion of the time in Munich and a portion in i'tiris. Ou the continent she studied oil paint ing, but for a fcAv months she Avas engaged in the study of water colors LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART. 567 in England. She returned to the United States in 1876, and has since, so far as her health would permit, been devoted to her profession. Miss Birge does not limit her efforts to any one kind of subjects, but paints all kinds, animate or inanimate. Though a resident of Dayton, her Avork has been mostly for Cleveland, Buff'alo, and Chicago people, ancl she has always on hand more AVOrk than she can do. Hugo B. Froehlich commenced the study of art under the tutorship of Valentine Ii. Schwartz, one of Dayton's best artists. His principal line of study has been that of portraiture. In 1884, he went to Cincinnati and studied there u few years, Avlien he went to New York, remaining there one and one half years, in the raeantirae doing considerable litho graph work. In 1887, he returned to Dayton, aud has been engaged here in portrait painting ever since, devoting his tirae mainly to crayon work, though giving some attention to oil painting, with the view of making that his leading pursuit. Otto Beck is a young Dayton artist of much promise. He is a son of Walter C. Beck, gardener at the National Soldiers' Home, and is at present in attendance at Munich, pursuing the study of painting. In April, 1887, he received a prize for the production of an allegorical painting representing " Evening," and is the first Araerican for the past eight years to be thus honored. The representation of " Santa Clans," in the Christmas number of Harper's Weekly for 1888, was his work, and he has also prepared another picture of Santa Clans for the Christmas number for 1889, which bus been accepted. Miss Mary BurroAves studied with Mrs. J. Ii. Peirce and Professor Broorae, and is a raeritorious artist. Her work is liraited, frora choice, to the painting of floAvers and fruits, in Avater colors und oil. Miss Jeanne A. Edgar and Miss Isabel R. Edgar, daughters of John F. Edgar, are two of the lady artists of Dayton. The forraer raakes a specialty of water colors and china colors, and has devoted rauch time to wood caiwing, having taken lessons in this branch of art work of Henry L. Fry, of Cincinnati. For a-panel, which is part of a mantel in her own home, she received a diploraa frora the coraraittee of the Centennial in PhHadelphia in 1876. She has also dcA'oted much time to designing, which is au art in itself. Miss Isabel R. Edgar coramenced the study of druAving with Miss Wright at the Cooper Seminary, and has since taken lessons of some of the best artists in Boston, Massachusetts, and in New York City. Of recent years she has made specialties of landscapes and portraits in water colors. Her portraits of children are speciaHy noted for their excellence. For the past tliree years she has had a studio in New York City, where she bus a large class and an excellent reputation as an artist. 568 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Valentine H. Schwarz was born in SchlesAvig-Holstein. He' studied art in Munich, Dresden, and other Gerraau cities, and carae to the United States in 1857. He was in Cincinnati for a few years, and then carae to Dayton, which, Avith the exception of two years spent in St. Louis, has since been his horae. He excels in portrait painting, frescoing, and scenic painting. Mr. Schwarz is a versatHe artist, his forte, however, being frescoing, lie is an artist of great excellence in portraiture, more especially in oil. He is also an original designer, an art in which fcAv excel. Harvey J. King has for several years engaged in various kinds of art work. His paintings are mostly of still life — animals, birds, game, etc. Recently, hoAvever, he has been giving his attention more to the decoration of the interiors of private residences and public buildings. His work is of a high order and iu excellent taste. One of the most efl'ectual efforts in the way of developing a love for art that was ever raade in Dayton, was iu 1880, Avheu a fcAv ladies, deeply interested in such work, organized a Decorative Art Society. Mrs. 0. M. Gottschall Avas president of the society;, Miss Mary Forrer, vice-president; Mrs. Martha Perrine, treasurer; Mrs. J. B. Thresher, recording secre tary, and Miss Carrie Brown, corresponding secretary. Teachers Avere employed in diff'erent brunches of art, and classes formed. In September of the sume year they secured the services of Professor Broome, of New Jersey, a raan of rare versutility as a teacher. An old-fashioned, com raodious residence with extensive grounds was leased, und large classes' pursued their studies in china painting, raodeling in clay, light and shade, aud coraposition both in water and oil colors. Professor Broome was a practical potter, and the society furnished hira with the kilns — one under-glaze and one over-glaze — und also all the appliances and raaterials for niuking china-ware for. decorating. This "art- ware" raade by Pro fessor Broorae was culled "Miarai pottery," and is a semi-transparent body, with a beautiful hard glaze, unsurpassed by any Avare niude iu the West. Many fine specimens of it are in the homes of Daytou people, handsomely decorated by modeled work in relief, or artistically painted by the ladies who were pupils in the Decorative Art Society's classes. For two years Professor Broome gave excellent service to the society, but Avas induced to go into the pottery business ou a larger scale, and there fore severed his connection with the Decorative Art Society. He took from them the lease of the property they held and converted it into u pottery for coraraercial Avare. For one year after Mr. Broorae retired the society had classes, conducted by Miss Rebecca Rogers, iu the Cooper Acaderay, after Avhich they niude uo further effort in that line. A well- Enq. by EG W^illiains tBra.NY yft: LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART. 569 directed enthusiasm on the part of a few of the raerabers has sustained the society through nine years, a sraall number meeting regularly to work together, and they have kept up un interest in art work. Several of the members have kilns for tiring china at their homes and are very successful in their firing. While the Decorative Art Society did not continue long in the brilliant career- of the first fcAV years of its life, yet it is conceded that by the eff'orts of the society au impetus was given to the love und study of art, und u great improvement was made iu the raanner of studying, so that great good Avas accoraplished for Dayton through its existence. For several years the officers of the society have been: Miss Carrie Brown, president; Mrs. 0. M. Gottschall, vice-president; Mrs. D. A. Houk, treasurer; Mrs. W. F. Gebhart, recording secretary. The earliest architecture of the city Avas in keeping with the pioneer character of the times. The log cabin, constructed of hewn logs, — barely sufficient to afford partial shelter to the hardy settler, — was the prevaHing type. A specimen stHl exists in the first "courthouse" of Dayton — a tAvo-story log cabin, standing on the southAvest corner of Main Street , und Monument Avenue. It has been covered with Aveather-boarding, and few would now suspect that it is the oldest house in the city. It was not. many years after the first settleraent before substantially built houses began to be erected. The accumulation of wealth and the development of the resources of the comraunity, prepared the Avay, in tirae, for the buildiug of good houses for the many, and of what raay properly be called mansions for sorae of the leading citizens, together Avith a number of notable public buildings. Araong these older buHdings still standing, raay be raentioned the residences of R. W. Steele, J. D. PhHlips, Valentine Winters, Harvey Conover, T. S. Babbitt, aud George W. Shaw; and the foHoAving pubHc buHdings: the old jail (now the city AVorkhouse), the old courthouse. Cooper Female Seminary, the Second and Fourth District schoolhouses, and the Phillips House. The old courthouse, on the corner of Main and Third streets, deserves special mention. Its architect was Henry Daniels, then of Cincinnati, and its superintending architect was Daniel Waymire, of this city. It AVUS completed in 1850. An exceptionally fine reproduction of Grecian architecture, it Avas at the time of its erection the finest buildiug in the State, and is still regarded as one of the notable buildings of the city. Aniong the early architects Avas Daniel Waymire, the superintending architect of the courthouse, For many years previous to 1861, Avhen he 43 570 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Avas engaged to superintend work elsewhere, he was the raost prorainent architect in the city. The rhHIijis House, the residence of Valentine Winters, the Park Presbyteriau Church, and many^ other prorainent buildings of his time Avere the products of his design. Joseph Peters, who came to Dayton in 1844, and is still engaged in the construction of buHdings, Avas his successor. He superintended the erection of Grace Methodist Episcopal Church, the First Presby terian Church, the Third Street Presbyterian Church (all designed by non-resident architects), and designed and built Christ Episcopal Church, Memorial Presbyterian Church, and the spires of two Gerraau Lutheran churches. The recent architecture presents the attractions of the raore elaborate designs Avhich are now so extensively used in all parts of the country. Attractive buildings ure not confined to a single portion of the city, but may be seen here and there in almost every quarter. Elegant private residences are numerous, and old business houses and public buildings are giving place to new aud Avell-planned blocks, Avhich are ornaments to the city. Among the prominent public buildings of recent, or comparatively recent construction, may be meutioned: The ucav courthouse, the couuty jail, the Public Library, the Yo«ng Men's Christian Association BuHding, Grace Methodist Episcopal Church, First Presbyteriau Church, Third Street Presbyteriau Church, Sacred Heart Catholic Church, Kuhns Building, Jefi'erson Block, Fourth National Bank Building, Fireraen's lusuranee Building, Eaker Block, Callahan Building, Pruden Block, Barney Building, Lafee Building, Odd FcHoavs' Teraple, Sirams Block, liuff'mun Block, Holleucamp Block, Central Block, Ware Block, Dover Block, St. Elizabeth liospital. Seventh, Ninth, Eleventh, and TAvelfth District school buildings, and Main Street Engine House. Leon Beaver was a prorainent architect for about tAventy years, and removed from the city only a fcAv years ago. His principal buildings are: The UCAV courthouse, Cullahun Buildiug, D. L Rike & Company Building, Legler, BarloAv & Conipany Building, Pruden Block, Ninth District School, residence of C. L. Huavcs, residence of EdAvard Canby, Em manuel Catholic Church, and the St. Elizabeth Hospital. Luther Peters, the son of Joseph Peters, began his Avork iu Daytou about 1870. In 1879, he became associated Avith Silas R. Burns, the present firm being Peters & Burns, Avho ure the architects of the fol lowing buildings: Duyton Public Library, Firemen's Insurance Build ing, Fourth National Bank Building, Kuhns Building, Barney Block, Jefl'orson Block, Twelfth District, Seventh District, Dayton View, and LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND ART. 571 BroAvntown schoolhouses. Linden Avenue Baptist Church,, St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church, Central Baptist Church, Church of Christ (now being erected), engine houses, and other buildings in the city, Heidelberg College, Tiffin, Ohio, and nuraerous buildings in other parts of the couutry. For some years they have been the architects of the Central Branch of the National Soldiers' Horae, and raore recently of the Pacific Branch, California, and the Marion, Indiana, Branch. Charles I. Williaras began business in Dayton in 1880. In 1888, the present firm of Williams, Otter & Dexter was formed. Mr. Williaras' principal buildings are: The Young Men's Christian Association Build ing, Sacred Heart Church, Hollencarap Block, Siraras Block, United Brethren Publishing House (ucav building), and the residences of R. I. Curarains, J. P. Wolf, W. H. Simms, C. G. Stoddard, J. Lane Reed, H. V. Lytle, I. L. Baker, and Howard Friend. CHAPTER XXII. The Press — I'arly News-papers — The Repertory — Oliio Centinel — Ohio Republican — Ohio Watch man— Thei Oridiro7i—Olher Early Papers— Das/y Journal— Log Oabin — Daily Transcript — Daily City Item — Gazette — Democrat — Volkszeitung— Daily Herald — Monitor — Religious Telescope — German Tele.tcope— Other Religious Papers. THE first ncAvspaper published in Dayton was by Noah Crane, forraerly from Lebanon, Ohio, Avho began its publication in July, 1806. After issuing a few nurabers, hoAvever, he abandoned the enterprise on account of being attacked Avith chills and fever, aud returned to Lebanon Avith his press and type. No copies of his paper have been preserved, so far as is knoAvn. The next paper published in this place was the Repertory, num ber one of which uppeured September 18, 1808. It was a two-column folio, 8x12 inches in size, and avus published by Williara McClure and George Smith. Their office Avas ou Main Street. The number of the paper raentioned contained an extract frora Canning's great speech on American aff'airs aud un account of the accession of Joseph Bonaparte to the throne of Spain, the latter bearing the date June 17th. With number five, issued October 21, 1808, the paper was suspended uutil Februaiy 1, 1809, when it re-appeared enlarged to a four-column folio, 12x20 inches in size, and Avith Henry DisbroAV aud William McClure as editors and proprietors. Notice Avas given that all letters addressed to the editors must be postpaid, or they Avould not be attended to. Ncavs items from foreign countries were four or five months old, und two enterprising merchants of the place advertised a stock of goods received from Pitts burg and Philadelphia the full before. The paper avus discontinued about January 1, 1810, which left the comraunity Avithout a puper until May 3, 1810, Avheii the first number of the Oliio Centinel appeared, published by Isaac G. Burnet, "on a sheet of royul size," 11x19 inches in size, und a four-column folio^ The subscrip tion price Avas two dollars per year if paid in advance, or tAvo dollars and fifty cents at the end of the year, and produce of almost all kinds was taken in payraent ut the raarket price. The niotto of the puper was " With slight shades of dift'erence, avc have the same religion, manners, habits, and political principles." The paper li;id a Avide, if uot large, circulation throughout the sjtursely settled Northwest, as fur as Detroit aud Chicago, 572 THE PRESS. 573 and contained official aunouncements and legal notices for all that terri tory. Politically the paper avus devoted to "Republican principles," and gave a variety of information on all kinds of subjects in which its readers were interested. During the war of 1812-1813 its patrons Avere kept thoroughly advised as to events transpiring in the Nortli and East until Muy 13th, when, raost of the men of the community being in the urmy, or in some other Avuy connected with the Avar, und the Avonien being fuHy occupied iu the cultivution of the fields and the care of the family, the paper ceased to exist from Avant of patronage. The Ohio Republican followed the Ohio Centinel, the first number appearing October 3, 1814. It Avas published by Isaac G. Burnet and James Lodge. The paper was sirailar iu style aud appear ance to its predecessor, the same type and press being used in its publication. The subscription price was two dollars per annum if paid iu advance, two dollars und fifty cents if puid within the year, und three dollurs if paid at the end of the year. Its motto was: " Willing to praise, but not afraid to blarae." It Avas devoted raostly to literature and foreign news, horae news at that early day not being deemed of sufficient importance or interest to find a place in the columns of the papers. A month after the paper's first appearance, Mr. Burnet, having been elected to the legislature, sold his interest in it to his partner, Mr. Lodge, Avho conducted it until October 9, 1816, Avhen he Avas obliged to discontinue its publication because his subscribers did not puy for their puper, two-thirds of the subscription list yielding him nothing. The people had uot at that time been disciplined into paying for a newspaper in advance, the only method according to which a ncAvspaper can be certain of success. The Ohio Republican was succeeded by the Ohio Watchman, the first number of w'nich appeared November 27, 1816. Robert J. Skinner Avas the publisher, he having purchased the materiuls and "good avHI" of the Republican. At first the Watchman Avas published every Wednesday, at the old stand of Burnet & Lodge. Its motto Avas, "Truth, equality, und literary kuoAvledge are the three grand pillars of republican liberty." On the fifth of June, 1817, the motto was changed to "A free press is the palladium of liberty." At first the paper Avas a four-column folio, and its subscription price was tAvo dollars per year iu advance, tAvo dollars and fifty cents at the end of six months, and three dollars at the end of the year. Upon starting the paper the editor announced that he intended to conduct it on genuine Republican principles; that he Avas partial to the administration then in poAver, but that he did not intend to permit party prejudice to blind his eyes, or to make his eurs deuf to the prin ciples of truth. The date of publication Avas changed to Thursday, on 574 HISTORY OF DAYTON. January 30, 1817, and on the 9th of AprH, 1818, it was enlarged to a five-column folio, 12x20 inches in''size of page. Its- poHtical principles were "genuine Republicanism," a phrase Avhich probably^ raeant some thing quite diff'erent frora what the same phrase would meuu at the present day. On Deceraber 25, 1820, the narae of the paper Avas changed to that of the Dayton Watchman and Farmers and Mechanics' Journal. It was published by George S. Houston and R. J. Skinner. The office of publication Avas on Main Street, a fcAV doors south of David Reed's tavern. The following articles were taken in payraent for subscription to the paper: Flour, whisky, good hay, wood, Avheat, rye, corn, oats, sugar, tallow, beeswax, honey, butter, chickens, eggs, wool, flax, country linen, and clean linen and cotton rags. Ou August 6, 1822, R. J. Skinner retired frora the firra, and the publication of the paper was continued by George S. Houston & Corapany. In the winter following, A. T. Hays became one of the proprietors, and on Januury- 15, 1826, George S. Houston sold his interest to A. T. Hays and E. Lindsley, who continued its publication until November 21, 1826, when it Avas discontinued. In April, 1823, the letter in the title Avas changed from Old English to script, and in the following September, this gave way to Gothic. Ou the 16tli of March, 1824, the motto of the paper was enlarged by the addition of "Democracy, literature, agriculture, manufactories, and inter nal improveraents, the pillars of our independence." At the tirae when Messrs. Hays & Lindsley coraraenced its publication they announced their intention to follow the sarae Democratic course that had been so successfuHy followed by Mr. Houston for the preceding four years; that they were opposed to "mending" the Constitution, and that they were in favor of the tariff of 1824. The prospectus of the Gridiron Avas first published September 10, 1822. Its motto was announced to be " burn, roast meat, burn. Boil with oily fat, ye spits forget to turn." It was to be neatly printed on good, medium paper in octavo form. The subscription price was to be one dollar per year, payable one-half yeaii}' in advance. The Gridiron Avas to be devoted to the best purposes, and the publisher, in order to assure the people that he was in earnest, pledged his honor, liberty, aud his life, if necessary, to its success. Johu Anderson avus the editor of the Gridiron, and published it for the purpose of correcting such abuses as he might see in society. He carried out his motto as literally as possible for nearly eighteen raonths^ by " roasting" people Avho did not live up to his vicAvs of right and wrong; but as it could hardly be expected that those Avho were scored in the THE PRESS. 575 columns of the Gridiron Avould continue to take the paper, and as there seeraed a great raany people Avho Avere raore or less faulty in their lives, the paper failed to be sustained by public sentiment. T. B. Reed was one of the contributors to the Gridiron. The Miami Republican and Dayton Advertiser made its appearance Septeraber 2, 1823. Judge George B. Holt was the editor and publisher. The paper Avas a weekly Democratic one, 11x21 inches iu size, and Avas continued until September 7, 1826. On the 10th of April, 1826, the announcement Avas made \>y Williara Campbell that he had purchased the establishraents of the Dayton Watch man and the Miami Republican, aud that he proposed to consolidate the two papers and publish thera as oue, the publication to corainence as soon in the following fall as he could make arrangements to leave the farm, upon.Avhich he then resided in Westmoreland County, Pennsyl vania. The paper Avas to be a Aveekly issue, and to bear the name of The Ohio National Journal and Montgomery and Dayton Advertiser. In accordance Avith this announcement, the first number of the paper appeared November 25, 1826, and v/us continued by Mr. Carapbell oue raouth, Avhen he sold it to Jeptha Regans. It Avas a paper 13x20 inches in size, five colurans to the page, and its raotto avus, "Principles und not men where principles deniuud the sacrifice." In politics, the Journal was Whig. Ou Deceraber 4, 1827, Mr. Regans sold a one-half interest in the paper to Peter P. Lowe, and they two continued to publish it uutil January 15, 1828. On the sarae "day that Mr. Regans took iu Mr. Loavc us u partner, the narae of the paper was cut doAvn to simply The Dayton Journal and Advertiser. On Deceraber 2, 1828, John W. Van Cleve purchased a one-half interest in the paper, and frora that time on until the deuth of Mr. Reguns, the name of the firm Avas Regans & Van Cleve. Mr. Van Cleve then continued the pubHcation of the paper alone uutil October, 1830, Avhen Richard 'N. Comly bought the interest of the Regans estate in the establishment, and the firm became Van Cleve & Comly. This firm lasted until July 15, 1834, Avhen Mr. Van Cleve sold his interest to William F. Comly, und the Journal Avas then enlarged to be the largest paper published iu Ohio. It avus made a seven-column folio, and the place of publication avus removed iu July, 1835, to the third story of Samuel Steele's ucav buildiug, ou the east side of Main Street. The firm name was changed to R. N. & W. F. Comly, and this firra struggled ou for years Avith the single purpose of giving to Montgoraery Couuty the best paper thut it was possible to raake. In their coniniendable efforts they raet with the success which they deserved, und Avere themselves well satisfied with their encourugemeut, and Avere looking forward to 576 HISTORY OF DAYTON. reaping the reward of their labors, Avhen, on the evening of May 5, 1863, their entire outfit was destroyed by a mob, on account of the arrest of Hon. C. L. Vallandigham, under the order of General Burnside, who was then in corainund of this railitary department. On the 16th of December, 1840, the first nuraber of the Daily Journal was published by R. N. & W. F. Coraly. The paper was a four-column folio, and was started as an enterprise. It was changed to u tri-weekly six nionths afterward, and continued as such until Muy 6, 1847, when the Daily Journal again appeared as Number ,1, Volume I. The Daily Journal has been continued ever since, in connection VAdth the weekly. In 1857, R. N. Coraly withdreAv frora the paper, and John P. Comly became a member of the firm, Avhich so continued until April, 1862, when, on account of the appointment of W. F. Comly as postmaster of Duyton, in 1861, the paper Avas sold to LcAvis Marot and William H. Rouzer, the latter gentlemen giving their notes in payment for the paper. After the destruction of the office as mentioned above, W. D. Bickham took charge of the paper, and for sorae weeks issued a sraall daily, until it Avas possible to refurnish the office with presses and other necessary raaterial, and this refurnishing took considerable tirae, us new printing presses were in great demand at that particular juncture. Mr. Bickham coraraenced his work here on May 11, 1863, and on July 28th foHoAA'iug, issued the first number^of the paper, which was of the usual size. This was a seven-column folio. Mr. Bickhara has continued to conduct it ever since, and has raude for the Dayton Journal a national reputation. Mr. Comly, since retiring frora the post-office, has been continuously the associate editor of the paper; Captain Ashley BroAvn has been the tele graph editor since the spring of 1882; and John P. Pfiuuni, who learned his trade as a printer with the Coralys, has been foreman of the ncAvsroom since 1863. The Journal has never given out any uncertain tone as to its poHtics. It has never gone off' after fulse gods or false prophets, but has always been a staunch Republicun puper, and has wielded great influ ence in the counsels of the party, because of its steadfastness. It probably did more to secure the nomination of R. B. Hayes to the presidency, in 1876, than did any other one infiuence or poAver connected with the Cincinnati convention, or than any other paper in the State. The Journal is the only paper in Dayton using the associated press dispatches, and thus has great advantuge over its local contemporaries, and, though a secular publication, ahvays strikes the key-note of sound religion aud correct morals. The Log Cabin was a four-column folio newspaper published during the presidential campaign of 1840. The first number appeared March 21, THE PRESS. 577 1840. It was embellished Avith the picture of a log cabin with its chimney of logs and sticks, extending just to the ridge of the roof, and built, as Avas the custom then, on the outside of the house at one end. In front of the house was a cider barrel ou one side of the door.. The paper con tained a description of the method of bailding a log cabin, taken frora " Doddridge's Notes on Virginia," "An Invitation to the Log Cabin Boys to Old Tippecanoe's Raisin'," etc., etc. The border of each page Avas a frarae of logs, as they would appear to a person looking down frora a height directly over the cabin as it was in the process of erection. Number tAVO appeared April 18th, nuraber three May 5th, etc. This paper contained much valuable statistical as well as general information, and carried the mottos, "Oue presidential terra" ancl "Fair, prices of labor and protection to doraestic raanufactures." The subscription price was tAveuty-five cents for the campaign. As it may uot be generally knoAvu what gave rise to the Log Cabin and hard cider feature of the cumpuign of 1840, it is not deeraed inap propriate to introduce in this connection a brief statement of its origin. It was said contemptuously of General W. H. Harrison by a certain ncAvspaper correspondent, that if the General could have a burrel of hard cider as a companion be could sit contentedly in a log cabin the remainder of his days. This was previous to the presidential nomination, and was intended to cast opprobrium on one of the leading candidates for that noraination, and thus what Avas intended to cast a slur or a reproach upon him, Avas taken up by his friends and converted into an antidote to the correspondent's poison by being made a party watchword or shibboleth and used ifi such an effective raanner as to elevute the man to the presi dency whora it Avas sought to degrade. The Dayton Daily Transcript was established in January, 1841, by George C. McCueu and John Wilson. It was a serai-Aveekly paper, 11x17 inches in size. At the expiration of about eighteen months it was suspended for want of support. In October, 1842, the firm of McCuen & Wilson was dissolved, the interest of McCuen being purchased by J. Milton Sanders, who continued to edit the Transcript, revived, until October 4, 1843, when he retired. The paper Avas then enlarged to 12x19 inches in size, and was published for six Aveeks by E. Marot & Corapau}-, the firra being coraposed of E. Marot and John Wilson. Subsequently Mr Marot retired from the firra, and Mr. Wilson continued the publica tion of the paper until July, 1845. Up to the opening of the political carapaign of 1844, the Transcript had been neutral in poHtics, but at that time it espoused the cause of the Whigs, and was published under the narae of the Dayto7i Transcript 578 HISTORY OF DAYTON. and Whig. John Macrueon avus one of the first editors of the puper, and Avas succeeded by A. M. Scott, avIio edited it until Deceraber 9, 1844, Avhen he was himself succeeded by his oredecessor, aud the paper was then enlarged. In 1847, Ralph S. Hart und IL D. Stout purchased an interest in it, Mr. Wilson having previously retired. The firm name was H. D'. Stout & Company, Mr. Hart being the editor of the paper and Mr. Macraeon attending to the business department. Mr. Hart was editor eighteen mouths. M. E. CurAveii Avas a frequent contributor, and for some time had charge of the editorial colurans. Mr. Mucraeon retired frora the paper in February, 1849, und avus foHoAved by A. M. Scott. The puper was finally disposed of to Williara C. HoAvells & Company, iu May, 1849, Avho published daily, tri-Aveekly, aud weekly editions, but discontinued its publication altogether in 1850. The Daily City Item Avas established in 1852 by a quartette of jour- neymien printers. It Avas the first penny paper iu Dayton. The four priuters Avere Frank Anderton, Martin Shrenck, Charles LcAvis und Fred erick Enirick. The lutter avus at first the editor, but reraaining onl}- a short time, he Avas succeeded by John Z. Reeder, Avho jmrchased Erarick's interest. Mr. Reeder reraained in this position eighteen mouths. Mr. Shrenck and Mr. Anderton sold their interests to Joseph Schnebly and J. S. Miller, aud iu this shape the paper Avas conducted over a year. About the time Mr. Reeder AvithdrcAv it becume the property of Noah A. Albaugh, Avho succeeded to the editorship and also to the business raanageraent. At one tirae the circulation of the Item Avas as high as eighteen hundred copies, indicating great popularity for the times in Avhich it Avas printed. Mr. Albaugh conducted the paper onl}- a short time when it Avas discontinued. The Dayton Gazette was estublished in 1840, und avus edited at first by D. W. Iddings. This avus au excellent paper, and in politics avus Whig. It was OAvned tiiid couducted by various parties until it avus purchased by W. Ii. P. Denny, who conducted it uutil the beginning of 1860, Avhen it Avas discontinued. For a considerable portion of the time it Avas a duily paper, but toAvard the last it Avas a Aveekly^ The Dayton Democrat, daily and weekly^, is the lineal descendant of a long line of newspiipers Avhicli had been established in Dayton by a large number of diff'erent editors, aud Avhich, as has been seen in the preceding ptiges, had all passed through great vicissitudes. Previous attempts had been imidc to establish a puper Avliich should be Democratic in politics, as the Avord Democratic Avould be understood ut the present time, but none of these utterapts had met Avith the encourage ment that had been fondly hoped for, if not expected. But in 1830 THE PRESS. 579 E. Lindsley, Avho has been mentioned as one of the successors of George S. Houston, iu the publication of the Ohio Watchman, established the Dayton Republican, adopting the name of u puper which had been pub lished previous to the Watchynan, Avith the vicAv of succeeding to the good will and patronage of that paper. In this connection, it rauy not be improper to remark thut both the Democrat und the Journal, as they are published to-day, lay claim to lineal succession from the Dayton Repertory, the first number of which appeared Septeraber 18, 1808, and Avhich Avas regularly followed by the Ohio Centinel, the Ohio Republican, and the Ohio Watchman, as has been already narrated. And in a certain sense this claira is true in each case, but in a diff'erent sense in reference to each paper, the Democrat succeeding to the Democratic poHtics of the Ohio Republican, while the Journal has succeeded to the politics Avliich the name of the Ohio Republican Avould seem to indicate, the divergence in politics in the papers taking place about the time when the Whigs became a distinctive party in American politics. The first number of the Dayton Republican appeared January 5, 1830, the publisher being E. Lindsley and the chief editor, William L. Helfenstein. In 1834, it avus discontinued, aud during the same year Mr. Lindsley started the Democratic Herald, and in January, 1842, that paper was succeeded by^ the Western Empire. Some years afterward the Dayton Daily Empire was started, authorities suy in 1844, .but Number 187 of Volume II. appears dated February 7, 1851, hence its appearance must have been irregular for sorae years. The terms upon Avliich it avus pubhshed were four dollars per annum, payable quarterly in advance. Previous to the establishraent of the daily edition, the paper had been edited by men who afterward acquired a national reputation. Among these were John Bigler, who became governor of California, and Delazon Srhith, who Avas one of the first United States senators from Oregon. The Daily Empire, Avhen it first appeared, was an evening puper. It was ,a five-column folio, and was published by Daniel G. Fitch and George W. Clason. On July 3, 1851, the size Avas increased to a six-column folio, and it was then published by Fitch, Clason & Tillinghast. This firm was succeeded April 27, 1854, by Fitch, Clason & Company, the "corapany" being D. Clark. On July, 1854, D. G. Fitch and D. Clark becarae the proprietors and J. Z. Reeder assistant editor. On Noveraber 27th, follow ing, the size of the paper was reduced to a five-column folio on account of the necessity for retrenchment. Septeraber 3, 1855, D. G. Fitch sold his interest in the paper to David Clark, thus relinquishing a position Avhich he had filled for twenty-three years, in connection Avith this aud other papers. J. Z. Reeder then becarae editor for a short time and soon after- 580 HISTORY OF DAYTON. ward associate editor, a position which he retained until August 17, 1857, when his connection Avith the paper ceased. David Clark retired from the paper April 21, 1860, having been Avith it since January, 1854. His successors Avere I. R. Kelly & Conipany, and J. F. Bollraeyer was placed in ehurge of the editoriul department. William T. Logan became editor Avith Mr. Bollraeyer in 1862, und upon the killing of Mr. Bollraeyer November 1, 1862, by Henry M. Brown, Mr. Logan became editor of the paper and conducted it until the arrest of Hon. C. L. Vallandigham in 1863, Avheu, on account of au article published therein, counseling resist ance to such measures, he Avas also arrested and the paper suppressed. A company avus then formed uuder the name of the Erapire Cora pauy, which started u ucav paper, having the sarae name, number oue of Avhich appeared August 19, 1863. William T. Logan edited the ucav paper uutil December 21, 1863, at which time the Hubbard Brothers suc ceeded to the proprietorship. H. Ii. Robinson became editor of the paper, with D. G. Fitch assistant editor, November 25, 1865 This arrangement lasted until January 26, 1867, at Avhicli time David ShcAvard purchased a one-half interest, and as a consequence Mr. Fitch retired. H. H. Robinson purchased an interest iu the paper July 8, 1867, und ou the next day J. McLain Smith becume its editor. On this day the Empire Avas discontinued, und the Dayton Daily Ledger took its place. After ward the proprietorship of the Ledger passed into the hands of J. McLain Smith & Conipany, aud then into the hands of J. A. Cockerill & Com pany, this firm being composed of Hon. C. L. Vallandigham und John A. Cockerill, the latter being now on the New York World. Mr. CockeriH sold his oue-half interest to Dennis DAvyer aud James Kelly, aud after Mr. Cockerill's withdruAvul, Judge Elliot edited the puper for a short period. Dwyer, Kelly & Vallandigham leased the paper for six months to J. C. Ely, EdAvurd F. Schenck, aud A. J. Hiller, Avho changed the narae of the daily to the Herald. Pending this lease the establishment was purchased by John G. Doren, Avho changed the name to that of the Herald and Emjni'C, and published it uuder that name uutil it absorbed the Dayton Democrat, Avhich had been started by J. McLain Smith und George Neder, in 1874. Since that time both the daily and Aveekly editions have been published by Mr. Doren. The Democrat, uo matter uuder what name it has been published, has uhvuys been a Democratic paper. It has never swerved from the prin ciples of that party as it has understood those principles. It has been also indepeudent of the so-called party leaders, never Avuveniig from Avhat it considered true Deniocracy for the sake of pleasing sorae individual. This is true of all the editors of the paper, hence to mention any one as THE PRESS. 581 haA'ing followed this line would be invidious and unjust to those not mentioned. As the Journal has always been a staunch, unwavering Republican paper, so the Democrat has ahvays been the leading and reliable Democratic puper of the couuty. The Dayton Volkszeitung avus started April 26, 1866, by George Neder. It was a six-column four-puge paper, 22x32 inches in size. In -June, 1866, a semi-Aveekly issue Avas printed in addition to the weekly, and iu October foHoAviug the senii-Aveekly issue gave place to a tri-weekly issue. This gave place to a daily paper about the 1st of Septeraber, 1876, since when both a weekly and a daily have been continuously published. Frora the time it Avas started until 1874 the Volkszeitung was published iu the United Brethren PubHshing House, and in that year it was raoved to the Osceola Mills Building, Avhere it has been published ever since. On the 15th of April, 1882, a stock company avus formed with u cupital of ten thousand dollars, the officers of which have been ever since the organization of the conipany, George Neder, president, and Otto Moosbrugger, secretary and treasurer. The other directors are at the present tirae Edward Neder, Max Neder, Kuno Moosbrugger, aud Angelo Moosbrugger. The paper has ahvays been independent iu politics, supporting either the Democratic or the Republican party, according to circumstances. On the 17th of April, 1882, the Anzeiger was absorbed into the Volks zeitung. The Anzeiger Avas started Septeraber 1, 1876. It Avas'Deraocratic iu politics, and avus owned by Otto Moosbrugger and Charles Schenck, wheu first started, but Mr Schenck sold his interest to Kuuo Moosbrug ger, and the two Messrs. Moosbrugger carried on the publication of the paper until it was consolidated Avith the Volkszeitung. The Dayton Daily Herald was started February 7, 1879, by Ferdinand J. Wendel, as an independent journal. At first it Avas published on Fourth Street, but in about tAvo years it was removed to its present location, on the southeast corner of Second and Jefferson streets. The paper Avas for the first six raonths a seven-column folio, and then it Avas made un eight-column folio. At the end of ubout a year it Avas enlarged to a nine-column folio, and on Saturdays, u nine-column quarto. Ferdinand J. Wendel Avas sole proprietor until November, 1887, Avhen the Herald Publishing Corapany Avas incorporated, Avitli a cupital of forty thousand dollars, the incorporators being Ferdinand J. Wendel, EdAvard B. Griraes, George L. Griraes, Alonzo Eaton, and Sarauel Kehoe. The officers of the conipany at first were Ferdinand J. Wendel, president; George L. Griraes, secretary, and EdAvard B. Grimes, treasurer. Charles J. Geyer became secretary in Noveraber, 1888, ancl has since been secretary and 582 HISTORY OF DAYTON. business raanager. The president aud treasurer remain as at first. The Weekly Herald was esttiblislied at the same time as the duily, aud is a nine-column quarto. The Herald has been one of the most successful ncAvspaper enterprises ever established in Dayton, aud the circulation of the daily is uoav six thousand, and that of the weekly four thousand, five hundred. Politicully, the Herald remains us at first established, independ ent, though it has a strong leaning toward the protective tariff' principles of the Republican purty, and advocated those principles during the presidential campaign of 1888. The Monitor was started as a Aveekly paper in 1880 by G. C. Wise, C. W. Faber, and J. E. D. Ward. In the folloAving October the Daily Monitor avus started, the intention being to run merely u cumpuign puper. At the end of three months, hoAvever, such had been the success Avitli Avhich the enterprise hud been crowned thut u eompuny avus organized under the name of the Monitor Publishing Company, Avith a capital of twenty tliousand dollars. G. C. Wise Avas general manager until May 1, 1889, and up to that time C. W. Faber was editor. Since that time C. W. Fuber has been general manager, with Harry Weiduer assistant manager. The Daily 3Ionitor has ahvays been an evening paper, and iu size up to May 25, 1889, it has been a seven-column folio. On that day it AVUS increased to tin eight-column folio, except that on Saturdays it Avas made an eight-column quarto. The paper is Democratic in politics, aims to be a good ncAvs-paper, and on Saturdays has a special literary feature Avhicli renders it a very popular publication. The Religious Telescope, the chief organ of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, w;is established in Circleville, Ohio, in 1834, the Publishing House of the Church having been founded at the same time for the special purpose of publishing this paper. The first number of the Telescope Avas issued December ,31, lSo4, Avitli a circulation of eleven hundred uud ninety-seven. The editor wus the Rev. WilHum R. Rhinehart, and the first printer Avas LcAvis Twining. The paper from the first Avas respectable iu size and charucter, und it at once became a fuvorite in the Church. Even if sometimes uuAvise in its utterances, it avus bold aud pOAverful. Eurly in its history it Avas con fronted Avith the question of the ubolition of Americuu slavery. The Telescope discussed the question Avitli fiery and scathing language. This course of the puper avu.s not altogether satisfactory to some of its patrons, but Mr. Rhinehart Avas in favor of the free discussion of the question and defended it in the columns of the puper. With the issue of Muy 1, 1839, he resigned his editorship. In his valedictory he expressed his enthusiasm on this subject in the foHoAving Avords: THE PRESS. 583 " It is better, ten thousand times better, that this nation should put away the accursed thing, slavery, than that we should fall into the hands of au angry and avenging God." The vacancy in the editorship, caused by the resignation of Rev. Mr. Rhinehart, Avas filled by the appointment, by the Scioto Annual Confer ence, of the Rev. William Hanby to the position. The first number of the Telescope under Mr. Hauby appeared May 15, 1839. He avus reelected iu 1841. In April, 1843, Mr. liunby suid, AA'ith reference to the publica-- tion of the Telescope, that it had waded through a variety of trials for the previous seven years, und had been passed by with heedless indiff'ereiice by those Avho years before should have embraced it as a messenger of peace. Times changed, hoAvever, the next year, and there was a marked improvement in the condition of the Telescope. There was still further improveraent in 1845 and in subsequent years by reason of the adoption of the cash principle. The Rev. D. Edwards Avas elected editor of the paper in Muy, 1845, und reelected in 1849. He, however, iniraediutely tendered his resigna tion, and Mr. Hanby was again elected to the place. Early in 1850 the trustees elected the Rev. John LaAvrence as ussistunt editor, Avhich relation he sustained uutil the early part of 1852. At this time Mr. Hauby resigued and Rev. Mr. Lawrence succeeded to his place. In the following year 1853, the Telescope, with the Publishing House, wus re raoved to Dayton, Ohio, frora which place it has since been issued. Mr. LaAvreuce retained the position of editor until April 29, 1864, when the Rev. D. Berger took charge. Mr. Berger reraained editor until May 20, 1869, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Milton Wright. In May, 1873, the conference determined upon having two editors and elected Mr. Wright und W. 0. Tobey, who jointly assumed control of the paper July 2, 1873. In 1877, the General Conference determined to elect one editor and to give him an assistant, and elected Rev. J. W. Hott, D. D., editor, and W. 0. Tobey, assistant editor. Rev. Mr. Hott was reelected editor in 1880 and again in 1885, serving uutil 1889, wheu he was chosen bishop and was succeeded in the editorship of the Telescope by Rev. I. L. Kep hart, D. D. Rev- M. R. Drury, A. M., Avas chosen assistant editor in 1881, iri which office he continues at the preseut time. The present circulation of the paper is tAvelve thousand, four. hundred and fifty. The size and form of the puper have frequently been chunged. It was originaHy a folio, issued serai-raonthly. July 30, 1845, it was chauged_to a Aveekly and has remained a weekly to the preseut time. It is now a sixteen-page quarto, and in size, appearance, and contents, ranks high among the religious journals of the couutry. 584 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Its columns have contained vigorous discussions of many current subjects, which have agitated the Church, and araong its editors have been a number of able raen. Bishop Jacob Erb, Avriting frora liarrisburg, Pennsylvania, under date of Septeraber 24, 1839, first suggested to the United Brethren Publishing House the printing of a Gerraau religious paper. The first difficulty to be overcome was the securing of German type for the office, as it Avas thought that the establishment could not then afford to buy it. To overcome this difficulty it avus suggested thut the money be collected either by subscription or donation. Bishop l:Crb, approving of this suggestion, set the example by himself subscribing ten dollars toward the fund. He also found that nearly all the brethren AA'cre Avilling to aid the subscription in this Avay. In addition, the bishop off'ered to go security for the State of Pennsylvaniu and the city of Baltimore, that they together Avould contribute three hundred dollars, provided thut other Stutes and cities, Avhere there Avere churches of this denominution, would aid the cause in due proportit Church— Zion Baptist Church — Grace Methodist Epis copal Church — Raper Methodist Episcopal Church— Divisson Methodist Episcopal Church — Sears Street Methodist Episcopal Church — First German Methodist Episcopal Church — Trinity Methodist Episcopal Chun-h — St. Paul's — Wesleyan — Christ Church — Ascension Chapel — First United Brethren— Second United Brethren — Thira United Brethren — Summit Street United Brethren — High Street United Brethren — Oak Street United Brethren — Broadway Christian — Brown Street Christian — Emmanuel Church Evangelical Association — Wayne Avenue Evangelical Association — First Reformed — Second Reformed — Trinity Reformed — Hebrew Congregation — First English Lutlie- ran — St. John's Evangelical Lutheran — St. John's German Evangelical Lutheran — First Orthodox Congregational — The Catholic Churches — Dayton Ministerial Asssociation— General Boards of the United Brethren Church — Young Men's Christian Association — Woman's Christian Association. THE First Presbyterian Church, of the Presbytery of Washington, Synod of Kentucky, was organized in 1799. During the rest of thut year, and the early part of the next, religious services were held in Dayton in the block house which had been built at the head of Main Street sorae tirae during the sarae year, in Avhich the Presbytery above naraed was organized. In the sarae year, also, the initiatory steps were taken toward the erection of a meeting-house, which, when completed, stood on lot 134, at the corner of Main and Third streets. It stood on four short posts, one at each corner, Avhich raised it about two feet from the ground. It was 18x20 feet in size, seven logs high, without chip-chinking, j'ellow clay daubing, and clap-bourd roof held down with Aveight-poles. It had rough slab flooring und log seuts, und wus thus in all respects a pioneer log cabin meeting-house, even to the entire absence of windows. It was' approached frora the roudAvay, or Third Street, by a Avinding pathway through cluraps of hazel bushes, Avliich hid the little church from the passer-by on Main Street. On the 14th of April, 1801, a petition Avas presented to the Wash ington Presbytery, requesting that occasionul supplies raight be granted the little congregation, aud in response to the petition, the Rev. Jaraes Kemper was appointed to preach one Subbath. At this time there was also a log cabin meeting-house at BeavertoAvn, Avhich Avas occupied by the Beulah Church, by a New Light congregation, and perhaps by a Baptist congregation. The Beulah Church Avas supplied by the Rev. 590 CHURCH HISTORY. 591 WiHiara Robinson, avIio lived about three miles east of Daytou, on Mad River. He also owned a raill, which he operated to ucconimodate his neighbors and to supply his oavu bread, during the Aveek. On Sundays he preached to the Beulah and Dayton congregations, aud also to others as opportunity presented or necessity required. The two churches, Beulah and Dayton, Avere then really- but one congregation, and the former soon Avas dropped from the records, the Dayton Church onlj' remaining. Here there were occasional supplies until the spring of 1804, Avhen the Rev. James Welsh was called as the regular minister. Rev. Mr. Welsh remained for a period of eleven years, or uutil 1817, about the time of the corapletion of the second church building erected b}' this congregation. A congregational raeeting Avas held October 23, 1804, at which John Miller, Robert Edgar, David Reid, John McCube, und John Ewing Avere elected trustees. The little log meeting-house Avas used by the Presby-terians until 1805, and also by the Methodists occasionally, when it was sold for $22. In the meantime a subscription had been raised, amounting to $390, and the Avhole amount, $412, loaned to the county commissioners Avith which to build a courthouse, Avith the under- stuuding that the use of the ucav courthouse, when completed, should be permitted for religious services until the money was refunded. The courthouse stood on the corner of Main and Third streets, and Avas completed in 1806. While it was in process of erection the services of the church were held at various places, aud from 1806 uutil 1817 in' the courthouse. During this year the ucav brick church which had been in process of erection for several years, avus completed at the corner of Second aud Ludlow streets. This building cost $5,794.12J. It Avas a tAvo-story brick, 42x50 feet, with a gallery ou three sides of the roora. It had tAVO front doors on Ludlow Street, tAvo entrances and one cross aisle. The pulpit was ou the Avest side, was about eight feet high, aud was approached by a flight of winding steps. Ou the lower fioor were thirty-eight single and four double pews,-and iu the gallery Avere thirty- tAvo pcAvs. The precentor's desk avus under the pulpit, and was entered frora the cross aisle. A difficulty, hoAvever, sprang up as to the precentor's leading the' singing from the position assigned hira, and in 1821, the question having been referred to the trustees of the church, they, in order to settle the raatter, resolved that the front seats, middle block in the gallery, should be reserved for the musicians, and that persons who were acquainted Avith the rules of singing have leave to occupy the seats. Sorae years afterward, the question arose as to the propriety of alloAving the use of the base viol in church, Avhich Avas at length settled by its use being permitted probationally. 592 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The pcAvs of this new church Avere offered for sale October 4, 1817, and brought $2,980, and Avere occupied the Sunday following in public worship. The entire cost of the lot and the improvements upon it Avere $6,961 62. Thirteen years had elapsed since the movement for the erection of this building had been inaugurated, and its final comple tion was hailed Avith proportionate delight. Others who had only a general interest in the subject of religion, also shared with the raerabers of the congregation the pleasur,es of the final corapletion of the building. The resignation of Rev. Dr. Welsh, although desired by sorae, aud Avas in fact caused by their opposition to hira, Avas not altogether satis factory to all. These latter Avished hira to continue on m the relation of pastor, and their feelings found expression in a call for a congregational meeting of all Avho desired the organization of a second Presbyterian church in Dayton. The raeeting Avas held, and there being raore than twenty raerabers of the First Presbyterian Church present aa'Ho were favora.ble to the organization of un other church, it was resolved to constitute the raeeting by the appointment of Dr. Welsh, moderator, and F. Gosney, secretary. Officers Avere then elected as follows: Henry L. Brown, Henry Robinson, and AndrcAV Hood, trustees, and F. Gosney, clerk. The raeeting also directed thut legal notification of the action of the raeeting be filed with the recorder; and this being done, no further action was taken Avith reference to the organization of a second church at that tirae. The church Avas incorporated April 6, 1812, Avith the following trustees: D. C. Cooper, Johu EAving, AndreAv Hood, J. H. Williaras, John Miller, Jaraes lianna, and Williara King, Avith Mr. McClure, treasurer, David Reid, clerk, and Matthew Patton, collector. Upon the final organization of the board, Juraes Hanna was chosen chairraan and John Ritchie clerk. Up to the time of completing the first brick church building, the trustees of this church Avere us foHoAvs: Johu Miller, Robert Edgar, David Reid, John EAving, John McCabe, D. C. Cooper, James Hanna, AndrcAv Hood, William King, J. Ii. Williaras, Hezekiah Robinson, Matthew Patton, Jaraes Steele, II. G. PhHlips, Isaac G. Burnet, G. W. Sraith, and David Lindsley; clerks, David Reid, Rev. James Welsh, Benjamin Van Cleve, Job Haines, aud Jaraes Steele; treasurers, W. McClure, Obadiah Conover,. and John Folkerth; collectors, Matthe'iV Patton, A. McFadden, R. Wilson, John King, Daniel Pierson, and A. Darst; elders, John McKuig, John Ritchie, Juraes lianna, John Miller, and Robert Parks; pastor. Rev. Jaraes Welsh. CHURCH HISTORY. 593 Rev. Backus Wilbur, a licentiate from Ncav Jersey, visited and preached for this congregation several months during the summer and fall of 1817, and on August 13th received a call to become pastor of the church. Mr. Wilbur soon afterAvard paid a visit to Ncav Jersey aud did not return to Dayton until June, 1818. At this tirae he commenced his ministry aud avus installed August 27th. Ou the foHoAving Sunday he preached his first and only sermon for this church. The next Sunday he filled an appointment to preach for ancl administer the communion in the Second Presbyterian Church at Cincinnati. While in that city, he was taken sick and returned to Dayton, Avhere he died on September 29, 1818, in the thirtieth year of his age. His remains were deposited iu Wood land Cemetery. From the commencement of his short ministry until his decease, fifty-oue raembers were added to the church, and in 1819 there Avere ninety-four coraraunicant raerabers on the roll. In December, 1818, the Rev. Ahab Jenks Avas invited to preach for the congregation, and on February 2, 1820, the officers of the church Avere authorized to procure his settlement as pastor us soon as practicable at a salary of six hundred dollars per year. Mr. Jenks accepted the call, was installed pastor, aud remained in that relation until the full of 1821. During his ministry fifty-oue raerabers were added to the roll. During the Avinter of 1822-1823 the Rev. Williara Grahara preached for the congregation, and in March of the latter year he was elected pastor at a salary of four hundred dollars per year. Ou May 8th, folloAv- ing, he Avas ordained and installed, and reraained pastor until February 6, 1826. During his pastorate there were ninety-seven additions to the membership. In September, 1827, the Rev. F. Putnara Avas requested to supply the pulpit for a time. In April, 1828, he was engaged as stated supply for one year at a salary of four hundred dollars. He reinained until 1836. The entire nuraber of additions to the raerabership during Mr. Putuara's ministry was three hundred and forty-two. May 30, 1836, the Rev. James C. Barnes, of Kentucky, was invited to preach for the church one year as stated supply at a salary of eight hundred dollars. The call was accepted, and in March foHoAving he avus requested to accept the pastorate. This call Avas also accepted, aud he was installed April 28, 1839. He reraained with the church until April, 1845, Avhen a dissolution of the relation Avas granted. During his rainistry four hundred and fourteen members were added to the roll. The congregation was so prosperous under Rev. Mr. Barnes and increased so largely in merabership that a ucav house of worship became a necessity, and subscriptions were authorized for the erection of a new 594 HISTORY OF DAYTON. building. The old house Avas taken doAvn and a ucav one erected in its place at a cost of $14,213.08. The building was enclosed aud the base ment occupied for public Avorship for the first time October 26, 1839. Ou April 18, 1842, the trustees reported the completion and cost of the building, as stated above; that the appraised value of the seats was $16,080, and recomraended that sale of the pcAVS be raade ou the 30th, in accordance with the terras of subscription. At the sale forty-seven pcAvs Avere sold for $12,011, aud the main audience room was occupied for religious Avorship ou tho folloAA'ing Sunday. During the early part of Mr. Burnes' ministry there urose, in the Presbyteriau Church, a controversy Avliich finally resulted in the division of the church into the old aud ucav school branches. The schism Avas, of course, felt in Dayton, and in 1838 the First Church contributed a colony to the ucav school branch. This colony consisted of about seventy-five members, Avith Peter Odlin and Dr. John Steele as leaders. This colony becanie the Second Presbyteriau Church of Dayton. As Avas perfectly natural and as is usual iu such cases, the seceding brunch claimed an interest in the property of the parent church Avhich gave rise to u serious disagreement. The difficulty was, hoAvever, amicably adjusted by the First Church paying to the Second fifteen hundred dollars. This compromise was brought ubout through the nioderution und Avisdora of Dr. Job liuines and Dr. John Steele. This sum Avas raised by individual subscription Avitbout touching the property of the corporation aud Avithout any acknoAvledgment by the trustees or corporators that the claira Avas a legal one. The Rev. Mr. Barnes wus succeeded in the pastorate of this church by the Rev. W. C. Anderson, D. D., who began his ministry February 1, 1846. Before the close of his pastorate there arose u very general senti ment in favor of establishing u ucav colony in the eustern purt ofthe city, und u committee avus appointed for the purchase of a lot suitable for a house of Avorship for the ucav congregation. This committee consisted of Dr. Job Haines, Herbert S. Williams,' and Henry L. BroAvn. This Avas iu February, 1849, and ubout the same time Dr. Anderson's health becanie so much impaired by chronic throat trouble thut the session reudily assented to his propo-ition to make a tour of Europe, hoping that thereby his health might be fully restored. During his ubseuce his place in the pul[)it wus filled by the Rev. F. T. BroAvn, of Madison, Indiana. Rev. Mr. BroAvn reinained Avith the church uutil September 1st, Avhen he acce})te(l a call to another field, of lubor. Dr. Anderson returned from Europe about this time, but his throat trouble Avas uot sufficientl_y relieved to permit of his remaining in the ministry, and he therefore resigned. lie was afterAvard called to the presidency of Miami University, at Oxford, CHURCH HISTORY. 595 Ohio, which position he filled for several years. He served in other im portant stations until his death, August 28, 1870. The next pastor after Dr. Anderson avus the Rev. Phineas D. Gurley, then of Indianapolis, who entered upon his ministry Noveraber 6, 1849. He reraained with the church uutil Januiuy, 1854, Avhen he accepted a call to what is now the New York Avenue Church, Washington, D. C. He reraained iu Washington until his death, which occurred September 30, 1868. In the second year of his pastorate in Dayton the question of the mission church iu the eastern part of the city, brief raention of Avhich bus already been made, Avas again revived. Wheu the tirae came for entering upon the work, tAventy-three merabers of the First Church forraed the colony, Avliich Avas headed by Joseph Barnett, John F. Edgar, aud John Morehouse. The church organized by this colony Avas called the Third Presbyterian Church. But, notwithstanding the formation of this UCAV Presbyterian Church, the accession to the membership of the First Church during the pastorate of the Rev. Mr. Gurley was greater than in any preceding one in the history of the church. The Rev. James Ii. Brooks, a recent graduate of Princeton Theo logical Seminary, aud a raan of raore than ordinary endoAvraents, was elected pastor of the church April 20, 1854. Under his rainistry the raerabership of the church grew largely, aud iu Noveraber, 1856, a new colony went out under the lead of William King, Sr., Herbert S. Williams, and Daniel Osborn, Avhich Avas organized into a new church, the Fourth Presbyterian, now ut the corner of Surarait and Fifth streets. Notwithstanding this depletion, the First Church continued to groAV, ancl the old building becoraing too sraall, plans Avere considered for its enlarge ment; but as the members Avere not in full accord regarding some of the suggestions of the architect, the iraproveraents Avere not raade. About the sarae tirae Dr. Brooks received a call frora the First Church, St. Louis, and resigned his pastorate here, preaching his farewell serraon February 14, 1858. Dr. Brookes Avas succeeded alraost iraraediately by the Rev. Dr. Thoraas E. Thoraas, then of New Albany, Indiana, who, on the 12th of April, 1858, began Avhat proved to be a remarkable pastorate in this church. Dr. Thomas was in raany respects a reraarkable man. The agitation of the slavery question at that time' threatened not only the destruction of the governraent, but also the disruption of the church. It was becoraing clear to the people of the slave-holding States, that the anti-slavery sentiraent ofthe Nortli was so strengthening aud crystallizing that the further extension of the systera into the territories of the United States must ultimately be prevented, and they welj knew that the entire 596 HISTORY OF DAYTON. abolition of slavery raust be the result. Mauy people of the free States sympathized Avith people of the slave States in Avhut they believed the threutened loss to the latter of their constitutional rights. And it becarae necessary for ull who believed thut a firra, if uot an uncom promising attitude with reference to the great question at issue, should be niuintained by all Avho Avere opposed to the extension of slavery, to boldly stand by the country, no raatter what raight be the course of the Southern States.' Dr. Thoraas Avas one of the many able public men Avho took a deep interest in public aft'airs, and was recognized everyAvhere as a fearless champion of human liberty. It is a remarkable fact that previous to the War of the Rebellion, almost every ecclesiastical body in the United States maintained a conservative attitude regarding Ameriean slavery. The doors of almost every Presbyterian church iu the country were closed against those preachers who denounced the sinfulness of slavery aud advocated its ubolition. It avus dangerous to be un active Abolitionist in mauy portions of the free States. Dr. Thoraas recelA-ed his full share of the persecution and obloquy of the times. His zeal, hoAvever, never flagged, aud his courage never wuvered until the stain upon the national escutcheon Avas removed. Though the exciteraent incident to the Civil War Avas prejudicial to the spiritual interests of all the churches, the First Church, Avhich, AA'ith the rest, felt the depression to a considerable extent, yet, on the Avhole, prospered under Dr. Thomas's ministrations. In 1869, more members were added to the roll than in any previous year, Avith the single exception of 1844, under Dr. Burnes. In the spring of 1867, the question of enlarging the church or of building a ucav one Avas ugituted ugaiu. March 4th, Dr. Thoraas, as chairman of a nieeting called for the purpose of consid ering this question, announced the amount of the subscriptions obtained, und on the motion of Mujor-General McCook, it Avas voted to reconsider the action of a preceding meeting, which Avas decided in favor of enlarging aud improving the old building, and the entire matter of repairing or of rebuHding Avas pluced in the bunds of u coraniittee of ten persons, as folloAVs: T. A. Phillips, H. Stoddard, Jr., C. McDermont, Isaac Haas, John G. Lowe, J. W. Stoddard, T. 0. Lowe, J. D. Phillips, E. A. Parrott, und Suniuel Cruighead. AfterAvard D. W. StcAvart and C. Wight Avcre added to the coraraittee. On the 6th of May, the trustees formally authorized the building coraniittee to reraove the old edifice, and iu place thereof to erect such a buHding as avHI, in their judgment, meet the demands of their congre gation, aud at the sarae time placed at the disposal of the coraraittee all funds that had been or should be subscribed for the purpose. The general CHURCH HISTORY. 597 plan of the new building was prepared by Dr. Thomas, and the work AVUS carried on under the superintendence of Isaac Haas, one of the elders of the church, Avithout compensation. On entering the eustern vestibule of the church, a handsome tablet attracted the attention, on Avhich Avere inscribed the naraes of Thoraas Ebenezer Thoraas, D. D., and Isaac Haas, Avith a brief reference to the part each performed in the construction of the building. The walls and roof of the church were completed in 1869, and the Sunday-school room was finished and used for public Avorship, but owing to the general depression of business throughout the couutry, the main audience room was not finished until seven years afterward. The total cost of the buHding, exclusive of the raaterials used from the old church, was about one hundred thousand dollars. Before the corapletion of the building. Dr. Thoraas was elected to a professorship in Lane Theological Seminary. Accepting the position, his pastoral relation was dissolved in July, 1871. On account of the preeminent fitness of Dr. Thoraas for his position, ancl the strong attach- raent his congregation had formed for him, it was au extremely difficult thing for the church to agree upon his successor. Several calls were extended and rejected, and it transpired thut in most of the cases Avhere the call Avas rejected, it Avas because the parties called were distrustful of their abilities to fill the pulpit acceptably. Dr. Thomas died February 2, 1875, at Walnut Hills, the seat of Lane Seminary, and his remains rest in the ceraetery neur Duyton, the scene of his most important labors. The Rev. John McVey, of Lebanon Springs, Ncav York, accepted the second call extended to him by this congregation, and began his pastoral duties September 18, 1872. His relations Avith this church as pastor Avere dissolved by the Presbytery October 17, 1874, to take eff'ect on the last Sunday of the month. The Rev. George A. Funkhouser, a professor in the Union Biblical Serainary, at Daytou, was then engaged to preach and administer the sacraments, and remained in the pulpit somewhat more thau a year. His ministrations proved highly satisfactory to the church. On the 4th of June, 1876, he Avas succeeded by the Rev. Benjaniiu B. Warfield, Avho had just corapleted a theological course at Princeton. A unanimous call was afterward extended to him to becorae pastor of the church at a salary of $2,500 per year. The call was de clined by the advice of his physician, on account of a serious throat trouble Avith which Mr. Warfield was aff'ected. An invitation was then extended to the Rev. Leigh Richraond Smith, of BordentoAvn, New Jersey, to accept the pastorate. -.The invitation was accepted, ancl he began his pastorate November 12, 1876. His first engageraent was for 598 HISTORY OF DAYTON. six months, but before its expiration the congregation extended to hira a unaniraous call to the pastorate with un assured stipend of $2,500 per year. Rev. Mr. Smitii remained pastor until September 28, 1880, Avheu the relation Avas dissolved. The church called the present pastor. Rev. Prentiss de Veuve, D. D., October 16, 1881, and he Avas installed April 20, 1884. The Third Street Presbyterian Church was established iu 1838, as has been stated in the history of the First Church, on tiecount of the division in the Presbyterian Church at large into the old und new schools. This UCAV church organization iu Dayton becarae u ucav school church, uud its first session raeeting avus held March 11, 1838. Rev. Mr. Graves was appointed raoderator, and Dr. John Steele and Peter Odlin.elders. Steps Avere iraraediately taken to erect u church. Ground to the extent of 100x200 feet wus purchased on the southeast corner of Third uud LudloAv streets for $2,700, und u tAvo-sfory brick building avus comraenced iu 1838 aud finished in 1840 at a cost of fifteen thousand dollars. The church Avas dedicated March 25, 1840, by Dr. Lynian Beecher, then of Lane Sem inary. The first pastor of the church Avas Rev. Randolph 'Stone, Avho Avas succeeded by Rev. John Hall who served from 1840 until 1852. He Avas succeeded by Rev. G. P. Tyndall who remained until 1857. The pulpit wus then supplied for about two yeurs by Drs. Allen, Smith, aud Day, of Lane Seminary. The next pastor of the church was Rev. S. G. Specs, und foHoAving him avus Rev. Rolliu A. SuAvyer, who remained until 1870. Rev. J. H. Montgomery, the present pastor, begun his labors Avith the cliurch iu 1871. In 1874, u chapel avus erected in the rear of the church. It is of stone, of the Gothic style of tirehitecture and cost sixteen thousand dollars. In April, 1880, the old church buildiug, Avhich had. been enlarged aud repaired several times at considerable expense, Avas torn doAvn and the present imposing edifice commeuced. It is of stone and of the old English Gothic style of architecture. The floors gradually incline toAvurd the pulpit, aud the seats are arrtinged in circular form. The building cost about sixty-five thousand dollars, and is oue of the handsomest church edifices iu the State. At one corner of the V)uilding is a. masKive tower, surmounted by a, t;iH spire; Avithiii the tower is hung the bell from the old church. The seating eai)aeity of the uudi- torium is about seven hundred and fifty. The preseut membership of this chui'eh is four hundred aud fifty, and the Sunday-school litis tAvo hundred schola.rs. Park Presbyterian Church was organized iu 1851, by u colony of thirty members, Avho had Avithdrawn from the First Church, November 13, 1851. In the same \Hvar ;i lot Avas purchased on Second Street, near CHURCH HISTORY. 599 Madison, and a church was erected at a cost of four thousand dollars. It was a tAvo-story brick edifice, aud Avas dedicated March 13, 1853, by Rev. Mr. Keraper. The name Third Presbyteriau Church Avas adopted the sarae month. The pastor, until January 6, 1852, was Rev. P. D. Gurley, and at that time the Rev. Jaraes T. Keraper was called, accepted the pastorate, and served until 1872. In 1857, the church sold its lot on Second Street, and began the erection of a two-story brick edifice on a lot on St. Clair Street, donated by Joseph Barnett. It is sixty feet Avide by eighty long, and Avas completed at a cost of twenty-five thousand doHars. The auditorium has a seating capacity of about four hundred. Rev. J. R. Russell served as pastor from 1872 to 1876; the church Avas without a pastor from 1876 to 1878, when Rev. J. W. Walden came and remained until 1882. He avus foHowed by Rev. Alexander N. Carson, Avho reraained until 1886, Avhen he Avas succeeded by the preseut pastor. Rev. W. F. McCauley. The raerabership of the church is now three hundred and sixty, and that of the Sunday-school tAvo hundred und fifty. The Fourth Presbyterian Church was organized November 25, 18^6. It was the result of the establishment of a mission school in 1854, in Miami City. The organization was eff'ected in Davisson's chapel, with the narae of the First Presbyterian Church of Miami City. Services Avere at first held in the brick college then used us a railitary institute. Both church aud Sunday-school raet in this building until 1859, when the buseraent of the new church which the organization was erecting was ready for occu pancy. Frora the tirae of the orga.nization of the church until April, 1857, the pastor was Rev. Jaraes Ii. Gill, Avho was succeeded by Rev. J. S. Grimes. Mr. Grimes remained until February, 1858, and was fol lowed by Rev. A. C. Kemper, who reraained until May, 1859. FoHoAving is a list of the ministers who have since filled the pulpit of this church: Rev. Mr. McKeehan, John Hancock, C. B. Ii. Martin, Dr. Findlay, R. T. Drake, A. M. Junkin, John H. Graybeil. The church building occupied at the present time Avas erected at u cost of ubout $20,000, and was dedicated in May, 1874. It stands on the corner of Fifth and Surarait streets. In 1871, AAiien Miarai City became a part of the city of Dayton, the name of this church was changed to the Fourth Presbyterian Church. The raenibership at the present tirae is a little over one hundred and sixty, and the nuraber of scholars in the Sun day-school is about oue hundred and seveuty-fiA'e. Memorial Presbyterian Church Avas organized in April, 1868, by a committee from the Dayton (Ncav School) Presbytery. The ground upon which the church building was afterward erected wus purchased early in 1867, at a cost of one thousand dollars. A frame buildiug Avas erected 600 HISTORY OF DAYTON. during the spring and summer following, which cost about one thousand five hundred dollars, and avus 28x40 feet iu si^e. It was dedicated July 7, 1867. A Sunday-school Avas organized the next Sunday, and Lambert WoodhuH Avas made the superintendent. There Avere fifty-eight schohirs present on that day, and us Sundays came, the numbers so increased that it soon became necessary to enlarge the building. Tavo rooms were therefore added, and on the 29th of October, 1867, it Avas determined to have preaching in the chapel. Rev. Joseph B. Little Avas selected as the preacher, aud he entered upon his duties November 10, 1867. The name under Avhicli the church Avas organized Avas the East End Presbyterian Church of Dayton. Fourteen persons, raost of thera members of the Third Street Church, presented certificates of dismission from thut church which hud been grunted thera that they might unite in the organization of this church. Rev. Mr. Little labored vvith the church tAventy-three months, und in October, 1869, a cull Avas extended to Rev. James R. Hughes, of the Presbytery of Bluirsville, Pennsylvania, then the old school. He began his labors November 28, 1869, was installed April 23, 1870, and remained pastor of the church until the present time. The merabership of this church is uoav tAvo hundred aud ten, and the nuraber of scholars lu the Sunday-school is nearly four hundred. In 1871 it AVUS determined to erect a ucav and larger church building, and friends of the enterprise in the Third Street Church contributed fourteen thousand dollars, and about three thousand dollurs avus contributed by members of the church itself and their friends. On October 13, 1872, the first story Avas occupied uud dedicated. The Ladies' Society of the church contributed the carpets, gas fixtures and chairs. As a memorial of the reunion of the tAvo branches of the Presbyterian Church, aud of the liber ality of those Avho had confributeil so liberally toAvard the erection of the church edifice, the name was changed to the Memorial Presbyteriau Church, of Daytou, Ohio. This avus upon u petition whieh was granted in May, 1872. The total cost of the church tiud ground was about nineteen thousuud dollurs. There ure several societies connected Avith this churcli. The Riverdale Presbyteriun Mission avus established as a Sunday- school, under the ciire of the Third Street Presbyterian Church, in 1884, in a building on North Mtiin Street. In 1885, a beautiful one-story frame buildiug AVUS erecteil ou the north side of Herrman Avenue, just east of the hydraulic. The United Presbyterian Church wus regularly organized November 23, 1800. An attempt Inul been made to organize such church iu 1853 by a few of those who hold to the views of the old Scotch Covenanters, CHURCH HISTORY. 601 but it was not successful. The eff'ort Avhich did succeed in the organiza tion of the church, Avas raade iu 1859. In May of that year. Rev. J. W. Bain Avas appointed stated supply aud served one year. There had been a church building erected on the southwest corner of Fourth and Jeff'er son streets in 1841 by the First English Lutheran Church which Avas purchased by the United Presbyterians, and this still serves thera for a house of worship. The pastors of the church have been as folloAvs: Rev. J. B. Foster, E. Creiiy, W. S. McClanahan, Robert Stewart, W. S. Oavcus, T. A. Hutchinson, D. Ii. French, the present pastor. The church at the present tirae has fifty raerabers, and one hundred and fifty scholars in its Sunday-school. The First Regular Baptist Church. But little is known as to who were the first Baptists to settle in Dayton or its vicinity. In 1806, an application was raade by Charles Roe for laud on the southeast corner of Main and Third streets as a site for public worship. The application was made on behalf of the "Baptist Union Congregation of Daytou." This land had been donated to the toAvn for public purposes by D. C. Cooper. Some time afterward the petition of this church, which was then called the "Anabaptist Church," was granted, but no use appears to have been made of the grant, and that the claim of the Anabaptist Church to the land was never perfected, is evident from the fact that this particular piece of laud was afterward conveyed by Mr. Cooper and his heirs. About 1823 certain Baptists raoved to Dayton from the vicinity of the Lebanon church and other places, and at their request ministers occasionally visited them and preached to thera. Among these visiting ministers were Rev. Stephen Gard, of the Elk Creek church, in Butler County, and Rev. Wilson Thompson, of the Lebanon church. The church at Dayton Avas organized May 29, 1824, by a small council, Avhicli assembled here to draw up the constitution of the church. Elder Jacob Mulford, of the Wolf Creek church, drew up the articles of faith. The church council held its first meeting on the porch of WilHam Huff'raan's house, on the corner of Third and Jeff'erson streets, where the Beckel House UOAV stands. After services on the next Sunday, Mrs. liuff'raan was baptized in the river a little east of the head of Main Street, and this was the first baptism ever witnessed in Dayton. In September, 1824, the church was received into the Miarai Association, and for the next two years Avas supplied once a month by Elders Thorapson, Gard, Martin, and others, and in 1826, Rev. S. D. Burnett was called to the pastorate. Large additions were raade to the congregation, and a house of worship was erected on the west side of Main Street, betAveen Water and First streets. This structure was used during the Avar as the young 602 HISTORY OF DAYTON. men's gymnasium. At the end of Mr. Burnett's second year there were eighty-four members in the church. The young minister, becoming deeply interested in the teachings of Alexander Cumpbell, carried most of his church over Avith hira to the neglect of everything like articles of faith or creed. The final step was taken March 24, 1829, und thus the church becarae what wus then called a Carapbellite Church. This portion of the church' held the property, and the reraaining raerabers of the First Reg ular Buptist Church Avere for a time Avithout a house of worship. There were only seven Avho remained true to their original faith, and they met in the house of Elizabeth Crowell and passed a resolution to "keep the stand of the First Baptist Church in Duyton." At a subsequent meeting they excluded the pastor and those of the church affiHating with him, from the Baptist Church of Dayton, notwithstanding those thus excluded consti tuted a large majority of the church aud had already excluded the small minority Avhich found it necessary to take this action, merely as it may be supposed, for their oavu satisfaction. The minority also petitioned the supreme court for possession of the property, but their petition Avas denied. The little undaunted band coutinued to hold prayer and con ference meetings at private houses, and occasionally used the old courthouse. They had preaching for two years by Elders Thompson and Mulford, Elder Thompson and Elder Gard haviug done much to hasten the division iu the church by the preaching of " sound doctrines," whieh at thut tirae to thera meunt " election and limited atonement," and opposition to "educated rainisters, Bible and missionary societies, aud all human institutions." In 1834, several additions were made to- the little devoted band by letter, and the members reuted a small church building from the United Brethren congregation, standing on Main Street. Rev. Sarauel R. Clark Avas invited to the pastorate, and, accepting the call, preached half the time for this church, and the other half for the church at Ngav Carlisle. Rev. Mr. Clark died Septeraber 11, 1835, the raenibership haviug at the tirae of his deuth reached thirty-eight. At this time came the auti-niission into the Baptist Church, the " old school" being opposed to spreading the gospel in any other Avuy tbun by preaching, while the "new school" favored missions, Sunday-schools, etc. The Dayton church cast its lot Avith the ucav school, and in 1837 Elder Martin E. Cook became pastor of the church. Ou February 25th, this yeur, the church wtis iucorporuted. Elder John L. Moore cume to Day tou in the sumraer of 1838, aud in January, 1839, becarae pastor of this church. The raerabership of the church ut the time was only fourteen males, and less than fifty, including females, While they altogether paid CHURCH HISTORY. 603 taxes on less than $10,000, yet for the purpose of erecting a church they subscribed over $2,00Q. A lot was purchased on the northeast corner of Jefferson and Fourth streets for $1,350, and a church building coraraenced, the basement being ready for occupancy iu December following. The building Avas not completed until 1842, aud cost $5,164.50. The feeble raerabership could not have built this church without outside assistance, which Avas given thera Avitli liberal hand; and to those who, though not belonging to their church, yet contributed to the erection of their build iug, they have always felt very grateful. The names of these contribu ting non-members were as follows: Thomas Clegg, Joseph Gilmore, D. M. Curtis, Joshua Clements, Charles Anderson, Robert C. Schenck, Peter Aughinbaugh, J. D. Loomis, Joseph Barnett, Sarauel Doyle, G. J. Curtis, George B. Holt, Dover & CuHura, P. P. Lowe, E. E. Brown, Williara Ray raond, Elijah RecA'es, James McDaniel, J. R Wagoner, G A. Hatfield, R. N. aud W. F. Comly, F. C. Estabrook, E. FoAvler, Samuel T. Harker, John Mills, John Garner, D. W. -Wheelock, DaA'id StCA'enson, G. W. Bomberger, John Ii. Achey, Dickson & George, Williara Davie, E. Favorite, Thoraas Parrott, J. Patterson, H. A. Fry, Williara Ogan, B. F. Ells, David Stone, Cozad & BroAvn, P. Voorhees, J. D. Phillips, Thomas BroAvn, Sarauel Forrer, Siraon Snyder, Lewis Lindsley, Sarauel McPher son, Richard Green, Oliver Kittridge, C. Koerner', WiHiara Parrott, A. Pruden, John W. Harries, and Henry Bacon. In 1840 Elder S. S. Purr becume pastor of the church und rerauiued until Deceraber, 1843, AA'hen he was succeeded by Rev. Frederick Snyder, Avho reraained until 1850. The next pastor was Rev. Sarauel Foljambe, Avho resigned at the close of 1855. He was folio Aved by Rev. Sarason Talbott, Avho carae in June, 1856, and reraained until July, 1863, when he accepted the presidency of Dennison University, at Grunville. Dur iug this year the old church Avas disposed of, u lot purchased on Main Street, 100x200 feet in size, and the present beautiful, commodious, aud massive edifice erected. The church and lot together cost $45,856, of Avhich sum the church cost $37,000. It was dedicated free from debt October 25, 1863, by the Rev. E. G. Robinson, D. D., of New York. Professor Ii. Harvey, of liamilton Theological Serainary, was then called to the pastorate, accepted tbe call, and preached for the church on the 20th of December, 1863, although he could not enter on his pas torate until the following April. Rev. Ii. Colby succeeded to the pastor ate in 1867, and has been the able and efficient pastor until the present time. The membership of this church is uoav six hundred and eighty, and the number of scholars in the Sunday-school is five hundred and twenty. 604 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The Wayne Street Regular Baptist Church was organized December 29, 1848, by forty-four members of the First Regular Baptist Church, Avho had sought aud secured letters of dismissal therefrom. Ou January 9, 1849, they were publicly recognized as a regular Baptist church by a council of delegates from the Baptist Church, called for the purpose of considering the c[uestiou of their recognition. For severul weeks the church Avas known as the "Oregon Regular Baptist Church of Daytou." The first officers of the church were J. B. Turner, J. McCamraon, and John Washington, deacons; J. 11. Thomas, clerk; Johu Ewing, treasurer; J. B. Turner, S. P. Clarke, and John Clarke, trustees'. For some time the congregation held religious services in the church owned by the Dunkards, and afterward in the Oregon engine house, Avhich was soon found to be too sraall; consequently, on February 27, 1849, they resolved to build a church edifice of their own. For this purpose ground was purchased of E. Thresher for three hundred dollars, Mr. Thresher giving one half of the ground, as it was valued at six hundred dollars. The condition of this partial donutiou was that the lot should be devoted exclusively to the purposes of erecting thereon a Baptist church. A brick building, 40x60 feet in size, Avas begun, but while it was in progress the cholera broke out, and, iu consequence, the AVork on the building was greatly delayed. The basement, however, Avas completed in time for occupancy January 1, 1850. The exercises of the occasion Avere conducted by Rev. F. Snyder, of the First Regular Baptist Church, assisted by Rev. J. L. Moore. The auditorium was corapleted and dedicated iu 1853. The first pastor of this church was the Rev. S. Gorman, Avho remained uutil May, 1852, Avhen he was succeeded by Rev. Marsena Stone, Avho reraained but a fcAv raonths. In April, 1853, Rev. J. Chambers becanie the pastor, and remained one year. He Avas foHoAved by Rev. Nicholas S. Bastiau in October, 1854, who remained until the spring of 1856. During the winter of 1855-1856 there Avas a great revival in the church, which Avas conducted by the pastor, assisted by Rev. D. E. Thomas, Avho was stated supply for severul months during the summer of 1856. There Avere added to the membership, as a result of this revival, six by letter, five by experience, and seventy-four by baptism; eighty -five in all. In October, 1856, Rev. E. W. Dickinson becanie the pastor, and remained uutil August, 1861. During his pastorate, in the Avinter of 1858-1859, there avus another revival in Avhich the First Regular Baptist Church united. As a result of this revival, tliere Avere made fifty-six additions to the church. Rev. Mr. Dickinson Avas foHoAved by the Rev. E. F. Strickland, who served oue yeur. The ne.xt pastor was the Rev. D. F. CHURCH HISTORY. 605 Caruahan, who began his services Avitli the church in the summer of 1863. Rev. Williara D. Bunker was pastor from July, 1865, to July, 1868; Rev. P. M. Weddell from Septeraber, 1868, to the fall of 1873; Rev. Hugh A. Marshall from January 1, 1874, to April 1, 1874; Rev. H. A Delano frora Deceraber 21, 1874, to April 17, 1876; Rev. H. M. Dean frora Deceraber, 1876, to the latter part of March, 1878. Frora that tirae to August 12, 1878, the church had no pastor, ancl vvas engaged in raaking arrangeraents with the Baptist Union, of Dayton, for the surrender of its property and debts to the union. On August 12, 1878, it voted to disband, and to give letters of dismissal to all in good standing who should apply for thera previous to November 12, 1879, Avhen the disbandment should be complete. The Baptist Union secured the services of Rev. H. 11. Bawden, aa'Ho began his labors Avith the "Central Baptist Union, of Dayton," Noveraber 20, 1878. In the early part of 1880, the union sold the old raeeting-house and lot, and paid off the debts of the church, which amounted to a little more than four thousand dollars. When the debts Avere all paid off', the union had in its possession a lot on the corner of Clay and Van Buren streets, 65x32 feet, with a brick dwelling-house upon it, Avhich cost $8,500, and they had besides $3,386.36 in cash. J. B. Thresher, E. M. Thresher, and Albert Thresher off'ered to pay each one thousand dollars toward a new church buildiug for the mission, provided a house should be built to cost not less than ten thousand dollars, and which should be free from debt. "The off'er made by the Threshers led to the securing of a subscription amounting to nearly eleven thousand dollars, and in addition to this, E. E. Barney off'ered to become responsible for four thousand dollars in cash. The beautiful church edifice which now stands on the corner of Clay aud Van Buren streets is the result of these various eff'orts. It is a tAvo-story brick, with a seating capacity of over five hundred. It Avas dedicated Muy 4, 1882, the sermon being preached by Rev. Dr. King, of Cleveland, Ohio. The entire cost of tbe buildius: was fourteen thousiind dollars. Rev. Ii. H. Bawden remained pastor of this church until 1886, Avhen he avus suc ceeded by Rev. J. W. Icenbarger, the present pastor. The raenibership of this church is uoav about one hundred, and the nuraber of scholars iu the Sunday-school, two hufldred aud seventy-five. Linden Avenue Baptist Church Avas organized September 20, 1872, with fifty-seven members, of Avfiora thirty-five were frora the First Reg ular Baptist Church, twenty frora the Wayne Street Baptist Church, and two from elsewhere. Rev. Frederick Chatworthy was the first pastor. He Avas ordained October 18, 1872, and served the church until 606 HISTORY OF DAYTON. September, 1878. Rev. J. H. Parks became pastor December 1st of the sarae year. Not long after the organization of the church, ground was purchased of W. P. liuff'raan, at the corner of Linden Avenue and May Street, upon Avhich a church edifice was erected. The auditorium is 46x86 feet, and occupies the entire upper floor of the buildiug except ten feet at one end which is taken up by tbe vestibule. It has a seating capacity of six hundred persons. On the first fioor are the Sabbath- school room, the Bible class room, and rooms for kitchen and pantry. The loAver story was completed and opened for service in the evening of December 30, 1873, aud was then dedicated by the Rev. A. J. H. Beh- rends, of Cleveland.- The auditoriura was dedicated Deceraber 12, 1870, the serraon on this occasion being preached by the Rev. Dr. John Peddis, of Chicago. In 1881, the membership Avas one hundred and seventy-five. Rev. J, H. Parks was succeeded in 1884 by Rev. E. W. Louusbury, who is, pastor at the present time. There are about three hundred and seventy-five merabers in this church and five hundred scholars in the Sunday-school. In addition to the churches above mentioned, there are the Brown- tOAvn Mission on Kirkham Street, betAveen Hartford ancl Albany streets, which was established in 1886, and of Avhich Rev. L. D. Morse avus pastor for sorae time; the West Dayton Chapel located on Third Street, between Broachvay and the railroad; and the East End Mission, situated on the south side of Third Street, east of Findlay Street. The First German Baptist Church was organized in June, 1852, by twelve persons, who had been raerabers of a society in Berlin, Prussia. There Avere present at the orgunizutiou of the church. Rev. A. Heinrich, of Rochester, New York; Rev. M. Stone, Rev. Surauel Foljarabe, of Dayton; Rev. J. L. Moore, of Springfield; B. C. Cane, of Carlisle; 0. B. Stone, of Xenia, and J. G. BroAvn, of Cincinnati. The first meeting of the church was held at the Wayne Street Baptist Church, after which they raet at the Sixth Street engine house until 1854, at Avliich tirae it avus decided to build u church edifice. Ground for this purpose, situated on East Fifth Street, Avas purchased of William Huff'man for five hundred dollurs, upon Avliich a church building was erected at a cost of three thousand dollars. It consisted of one story and a basement. In 1861, Rev. Henry Koehlft-, of York, Pennsylvania, became pastor of the church. In 1855, Rev. G. Eisele becanie pastor, and reraained until 1877. In 1872, a division occurred in the church, sixty raerabers leaving it. These raerabers worshiped at Rocky Mission Chapel until 1878, VA'hen the Rev. G. D. Monger having been recalled to the pastorate, they all CHURCH HISTORY. 607 returned. Rev. A. Griep has been pastor of this church since 1882, and it has one hundred and twenty raerabers. The Sunday-school has one hundred and fifty scholars. Zion Baptist Church (colored) was organized Noveraber 30, 1870, at the house of Humphrey Moody, in Miami City. The original raembers of this church Avere Humphrey and Elizabeth Moody, Albert MutthcAvs, Sarah Anderson, and WHliara Leuyer. Rev. Albert MatthcAvs Avas the first pastor of the cliurch. At first services were held in the house of tbe pastor of the cliurch, then in a hull on Wayne Street, and iu the Baxter Street engine house. In the fall of 1876 a lot on Sprague Street, in West Dayton, Avas purchased for four hundred dollars, ou which a one-story brick church Avas erected at a cost of one thousand eight hundred dollars. Since the retireraent of the first pastor. Rev. Albert MutthcAvs, the pas tors ofthe church have been as follows: Rev. Spencer Young, Rev. Albert MattheAvs, second terra. Rev. Williara Harris, Rev. lienry Roberts, Rev. Jaraes Shocraft, Rev. Ii. Rockhold, Rev. J. T. Olive, and Rev. Charles M. J. Clark. Shiloh Baptist Church (colored) is located 'on Hawthorne Street, between Fifth and Fitch streets. It Avas established iu 1887, Avith Albert Matthews as pastor. " Grace Methodist Episcopal Church has a history extending back to the very beginning of the settlement of the town. A class Avas formed in 1797 by William liaraer, Avhich raet for Avorship at his house three miles up Mad River. In 1798 Bishop Francis Asbury sent John Kobler to organize the Miami Circuit, and in the prosecution of this Avork Mr. Kobler preached in Dayton August 12th, that year. Rev. Mr. Kobler in his diary mentions Williara Hamer as a local preacher. Rev. Mr. Kobler preached again on August 26th; and in reference to the eft'ect of the preaching of the word, which he said in his diary Avas brought to bear upon the company with a poAverful, quickening infiuence, he noted thut "All appeared to be struck under conviction, and sorae made inquiry, 'What shall I do to be saved?'" Rev. Mr. Kobler preached again in Dayton on January 1, 1799, aud on April 2d, class meetings were held at various places iu the surrounding couutry and at Aaron Baker's iu the village. On the 22d of September, 1811, Bishop Asbury preached to about a thousand pers(sais in the courthouse. Rev. Johu Collins, who had been appointed Avith two others to the Mad River Circuit, preached in Dayton on two successive Sundays soon afterward. Soon after this he urged upon the people the necessity of erecting a "meeting-house," and three subscription papers were started to raise a fund for that pur pose. On December 26th following, the trustees Avere appointed, aud it 008 HISTORY OF DAYTON. was found that $457.55 h:id been subscribed toward the fund. In the Avinter of 1813-14 the church was incorporated by the legislature, and lot No. 155 Avas donated to the society by D. C. Cooper. On the east half of this lot they built their first church, a frarae one-story building, 40x30 feet in size. It Avas occupied for the first tirae in 1814, previous to Avhicli time raeetings had been held in the open air iu the log cabin of the Presbyterians and in the courthouse. In 1815 George S. Hous ton was stcAvard of this church, which Avas then naraed the Dayton Methodist Episcopal Church, and had a membership of forty. In 1818 there were sixty-three members, and two classes were formed. The Sunday-school was organized this year. The frame church erected as above narrated was used until 1828, Avhen the work of erecting the second church buildiug was begun, and corapleted the next year. This building was of brick, 50x40 feet in size, and twenty-four feet high. OAviug to the short terras of the pastors in the early history of the Methodist Church, there were many pastors here before the erection of this second building. In 1830 the Rev. Mr. Dyche became the ferst regu larly stationed preacher of this denomination in Dayton. In 1832 he was succeeded by the Rev. Arza Brown. Subsequently the following rainis ters preached for this church: Williara D. Barnett, 1833-1834; WilHam Simmons, 1834-1836; J. A. Waterman, 1836-1838; WilHam H. Lawder, 1838-1839; Samuel Latta, 1839-1840; David Whitcomb, 1840-1841; Joseph A. Waterman, 1841-1842; Williara Herr, 1842-1844; J. W. Weakley, 1844-1846; Cyrus Brooks, 1846-1847; John S. Inskip, 1847-1849; George C. Crura, 1849-1850; WilHam P. Strickland, 1850-1852; WHHam H. Suth erland, 1852-1854; E. G. Nicholson, 1854-1856; WilHam L Fee, 1856-1858; J .M. Leavitt, 1858-1860; J. F. Mariey, 1860-1862; Charles Ferguson, 1862- 1864; Asbury Lowrey, 1864-1865; WilHam L. Hypes, 1865-1869; W. W. Ramsey, 1869-1871; J. F. McClelland, 1871-1872; M. A. Richards, 1872- 1875; T. 11. Pearne, 1875-1877; A. B. Leonard, 1877-^879; WHliam L. Hypes, 1879-1884; R. H. Rust, 1884-1886, and B. F. Dinimick, 1886-1889. During the pastorate of Rev. John S. Inskip, 1847-1849, a new brick church was erected on the old location on Third Street. The corner stone was laid by Rev. Arthur W. Elliott, AprH 10, 1848. This building was 55x82 feet in size, aud had a tower in front. In 1866, more room was needed by the congregation, and a lot Avas purchased on the south east corner of Fourth and LudloAV streets. The corner-stone of the new building erected on this lot Avas laid July 2, 1866, and the corapleted buildiug AVUS dedicated March 27, 1870, by Revs. E. 0. Haven and John S. Inskip. The present raenibership of this church is six hundred and fifty, and there are two hundred scholars in the Sunday-school. CHURCH HISTORY. 609 Raper Methodist Episcopal Church Avtis organized in 1841. Ou the 9th of August a committee was uppoiuted to estimate the cost of the new "meeting-house." On August 12th, J. W. GrisAvold was made a coraraittee to convey lot Number 101, on the east side of the caual, to the trustees of the church. The lot had previously been purchased and conveyed to him for the purpose of erecting thereon a new church building. Mr. Griswold raude the conveyance iraraediately to the trus tees. On August 14, 1841, the trustees named the ucav church Fiuley Chapel, in honor of Rev. James B. Fiuley. Ou the 2d of Septeraber, a contract was made Avith Daniel Coffin and Daniel Waymiire to erect the building for §763, and on the 15th of December, a contract aa'us made with the same parties to seat the buHding and make the altar and pulpit for one hundred dollars. The building Avas a one-story frarae, Avhich was afterward raoved to the corner of Wayne and Short streets. The new church grcAv in membership rauch more rapidly than was expected, and in 1851 it became necessary to erect a larger building. This new edifice Avas erected and completed in 1852, aud Avas named Raper Chapel, iu honor of a former pastor. The original cost of the new church was about ten thousand dollars, and iraprovenients made on it since have cost ubout ten thousand dollars additional. A parsonage was built iu 1862 at a cost of three thousand dollars. Frora 1841 down to the preseut tirae the pastors of Raper Methodist Episcopal Church have been as follows: Revs. Moses Sraith, D. D., A. W. Musgrove, Williara H. Raper, Werter R. Davis, D. D., Thoraas Gorsuch, Williara H. Lawder, Granville Moody, D. D., WiHiam I. EHsworth, J. Ford Conrey, James T. Bail, George C. Crura, D. D., L. F. VauCleve, John F. Mariey, D. D., Thoraas Collett, WiHiara A. Robinson, Edward T. WeHs, Lucien Clark, John N. Irvin, and Stanley 0. Royal. The present membership of this church is about six hundred and sixty, and there are in the Sunday-school five hundred and fifty scholars. Davisson Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1854. In January of that year Rev. W. Fitzgerald Avas appointed minister of the new church, and soon afterward a one-story brick church was erected at a cost of $2,500. The name it bears Avas given to it in honor of Rev. D. D. Davisson, who Avas largely instruraental in haA'ing the church building erected. The church remained a mission until 1857. From this tirae on for two years Rev. G. H. Kennedy Avas pastor of the church, which together Avith the one at Ebenezer, constituted one charge, but afterward this church was self-supporting. Duriug the conference year 1867-1868 it was connected with the Buckeye Street Mission. Some of the more recent pastors have been Rev. G. W. 610 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Goudy, Rev. W. WHliams, Rev. J. W. Gaddis, Rev. M. Kugler. The name of this church was chunged to the Broadway Methodist Episcopal Church in 1885, and since then the pastors have been Rev. Sarauel D, Clayton and Valorous F. Brown. The merabership of the church is UOAV six hundred and of the Sunday-school five hundred and twenty-five_ Sears Street Methodist Episcopal Church avus started in 1857 as a Sunday-school. This Sunday-school was organized October 11th, of that year, in Avhat avus then the Friend's raeeting-house on Sears Street. Rev. MuxAvell F. Gaddis wus the first superintendent, and was assisted by the following officers: S. C. Eraily, assistant superintendent; Charles Parrott, treasurer; Thoraas B. Stevenson, librarian; and Charles Bur- vinger, secretary. The Sunday-school grcAv into what Avas for sorae time known as Gaddis Chapel, und ufterAvard into the Sears Street Methodist Episcopal Church. This church Avas organized Noveraber 17, 1860, und wus re-organized January 1, 1861, by the Rev. J. F. Chalf'ant. The first board of stewards wus coraposed of Johu Birch, J. Ii. Cheever, Alexander MeCundless, and J. Hicks. Araong the preachers who deHvered sermons to this congregation just previous to and imraediately after the organiza tion of the church were the folloAving: Rev. J. J. Hill, of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Waynesville, Ohio; Rev. John F. Murley, of Wesley Chapel, Dayton; Rev. MaxAvell F. Gaddis, Bishop Matthew Simpson, Bishop Morris, and others. There was a great revival in this church iu February, 1861, by Avhich upAvard of one hundred new merabers Avere received into the church. Rev. Mr. Gaddis was the first pastor of the church, reraaining in that capacity until 1862, when he was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Mariey, who was succeeded June 11, 1863, by the Rev. William Simmons. On the 24th of November folloAving, the society purchased the Friends' meeting-house for nine hundred aud fifty doHars. Rev. Mr. Simmons remained pastor of the church until 1866, wheu he wus suc ceeded by the Rev. E. F. HiH Avho remained one year aud Avas followed by Rev. M. F. Gaddis. Rev. J. B. Ellsworth was pastor duriug the years 1868 and 1869, and Rev. A Bowers during 1870 und 1871. Rev. G. H. Kennedy wus pustor during 1872; Rev. Williara B. Polling, 1875; Rca'. W. N. WiHiams, 1876 and 1877; Rev. J. W. Gaddis, 1878, 1879, and 1880, and Rev. J. Y. Lemraing in 1881. In 1882, the church wus disbunded for the purpose of forraing the East Dayton Methodist Episcopal Church. The old chapel building was sold for two thousand dollars, aud a lot on the corner of Huffman Avenue and May Street was purchased upon which to erect a larger and more imposing structure. The membership of the church at this time was one hundred und fifty-two. The First German Methodist Episcopal Church of Dayton was CHURCH HISTORY. 611 organized in 1840 with tAvelve members. In 1843, they built a church edifice ou the corner of Jackson and Sixth streets. It Avas a one-story brick and cost nearly two thousand dollars. About the close of the Avar the buildiug Avas sold aud a lot bought on the corner of Clay and Van Buren streets, upon Avhich the preseut church building was erected. It is two stories high and cost fourteen thousand dollars. It has a seating capacity of nearly six hundred people. FoHoAving is a list ofthe rainisters of the church: Mr. Englehart, Mr. Rieraeschneiver, Joseph liebner, John Kessling, Charles Shelver, George A. Bruenieh, George Dancker, John Bier, Wilhelra Ahrens, John Hopen, Jacob Rhodweilder, Bonneville Braurailler, Christian Foegler, George Dancker, Charles Kisseuger, Conrad Gohn, George Widnian, Earhart Wunderlect, J. F. H. Pietrman, Edward Ulnict, PhiHp B. Weber, John Bier, F. W. Rhinehart, A. Kressley, John Swinefoot, Charles Bozeuhard, George SchAviun, Charles Militzer, J. C. Egly, and H. E. Wulzen. This church has now about one hundred and ninety raembers, and the Sunday-school has one hundred and twenty-five scholars. Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church is located on the Avest side of Valley Street, north of Chapel. It was established in 1884. Its pastors have been Rev. Lafayette Young aud Rev. W. R. Dille. Its raerabership is two hundred and fifty, and there are nearly two hundred scholars in the Sunday-school. St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church is located on the corner of Huffman Avenue aud May Street. It was established in 1884. Its pastors have been Rev. Thomas Collett and Rev. J. P. Schultz. The raerabership of the church is now about four hundred und forty, and the nuraber of scholars in the Sunday-school is five hundred and fifty. Wesleyan Methodist Episcopal Church (colored) was organized in 1842. Soon afterward they bought a lot of the Daughters of Zion, a colored society, and upon this lot erected a one-story frarae church build ing on Wilkinson, between Bruen and Ziegler streets. In 1854, they sold this building and erected a tAvo-story brick church at a cost of about two thousand and five hundred dollars. The following rainisters have had charge of the church: Shadrach Green, Charles Clemens, Robert Anderson, John Fall,. Williara Jackson, Thoraas Clinton, Benjarain Gardner, L. C. Kiner, and J. E. Artis. At the present tirae there are oue hundred and forty raerabers in this church and sixty scholars in the Sunday-school. Eaker Street African Methodist Episcopal Church. Rev. W. T. MaxweH, Rev. Philip Tolliver, and Rev. Alexander Sraith have been the pastors of this church. 612 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Buckeye African Methodist Episcopal Church is located on Haw thorne Street, between Fifth und Fitch. Rev. J. M. Puyne has been pastor of the church since 1888. Christ Church. The first services ofthe Episcopal Church in Duyton Avere held Muy 15, 1817, by l^ev. Philander Chase, Avho was at the tirae on a missionaiy tour through Southern Ohio. Imraediately a parish Avas organized and naraed St. Thomas. Only seven persons signed its articles of association. The organization, however, seems to have had but Httle vitality, as it was two years later when the Rev. Philander Chase, Avho hud in the meantime been consecrated bishop of Ohio, held a second service in Duyton. This avus in October, 1819. As a result of this second visit of Rev. Mr. Chase, St. Thoraas Parish avus re-organized November 27th foHoAving, its articles being signed by twenty-seven persons. Judge Joseph H. Crane and Warren Munger, Sr., Avere aniong the nuraber. Al though this organization was thus early eff'ected, the parish Avas Avithout a regular rainister until October 19, 1821. At this tirae Rev. Spencer Wall, a deacon in charge of the missionary work at Piqua and Spring field, took charge of the congregation, preaching on alternate Sundays and serving until March, 1822. St. Thomas Purish had no other regulur pustor. There Avere, hoAvever, other clergymen who held occa sional services for several years. Among these rainisters were Samuel Johnson, Thomas A. Osborne, Ezra B. Kellogg, Galen McMHIun, and Alexander Hall. During these years services were held iu the Lancas terian schoolhouse on St. Clair Street, in the churches of other denomi nations, in the courthouse, and iu private houses. The struggle to maintain the church Avas, hoAvever, too great, and St. Thoraas ceased to exist sorae tirae in 1827. From that time uutil 1830 there Avas uo church, but on the 7th of October of that year the Rev. Ethan Allen, who avus on a missionary tour of inspection throughout the southwestern portion of Ohio, visited Dayton and stated his mission to Judge Crane and Warren Munger, Sr., and proposed to hold services the next Sunday. Receiving no encouragement, hoAvever, he left town next raorning, but returned October 21st, bringing Avith hira letters of introduction, stating his mission. His services Avero this time accepted, aud the use of the Presbyterian church secured. In this church, Avhich stood ou the corner of Second and LudloAv streets, two services Avere held October 24th. A subscription paper wus started the next morning to raise raoney for the support of Mr. Alleu, and fifty-nine persons pledged three hundred and tAventy dollars toward his first year's salary. He entered regularly ou his duties in the old courthouse ou Sunday, Noveraber 24th. Articles of association for the parish were signed May 13, 1831, and in 1835, the CHURCH HISTORY. 613 church was incorporated by a special act of the legislature under the narae of Christ Church. On June 25, 1831, a subscription wus started for the purchase of a lot and the building of a church. May 17, 1832, it was reported that eighteen hundred dollars had been raised und u lot Avas selected on South Jefferson Street, which cost four hundred and eighty dollars. The edifice erected on this lot Avas corapleted and opened for service by. the rector. The general style of the building Avas Gothic and it Avas 65x45 feet. Noveraber 17, 1833, Bishop Mcllvaine raade his first visit to the parish and consecrated the church. In October, 1843, Rev. Mr. Allen resigned and was succeeded by Rev. Richard S. Killen, who entered upon his duties February 4, 1844, and resigned October 15th of the sarae year. He was succeeded by Rev. Williara W. Arnett, Avho reraained five years. Rev. Jaraes B. Britton took charge of the parish November 12, 1849. In June, 1852, on account of the increasing congregation, a new front was added to the building at a cost of about five thousand dollars. Upon the resignation of the Rev. Mr. Britton in 1855, a call was extended to Rev. H. H. Morrell, whp became rector in November, 1855, and reraained until July, 1857. Rev. John Woart was the next rector. On May 12, 1859, a second parish Avas established in Dayton, which was naraed St. Paul's. This parish remained iu existeuce until 1863, Avhen its wurden, John Powell, closed his report to the con vention. In March, 1860, Rev. Anthony TenBroeck becarae rector aud reraained in charge until April 20, 1862. Rev. Edward H. Jewett became rector October 19, 1862, and remained eight years, during Avhich time the merabership and financial strength of the church largely increased. In April, 1868, a coraraittee of the vestry and the ladies established a mission Avhich resulted in the organization of Ascension Chapel, which was consecrated June 20, 1870. The Rev. EdAvard P. Wright, D. D., became rector in Noveraber, 1870, and during his rectorship the present brick church edifice was erected. It stands on First Street, betAveen Main aud Ludlow. The corner-stone was laid July 12, 1871, by Bishop Bedell, aud the building was opened for worship March 22, 1874. It is in the Gothic style of architecture and is triraraed with Dayton limestone. It has a seating capacity of seven hundred persons, is 126x68 feet in size, and the extreme height of its steeple is 166 feet. The cost of this edifice, including the lot upon which it stands, was forty-seven thousand dollars. Rev. E. IL Jewett becarae rector of Christ Church for the second tirae May 18, 1873, and resigned in May, 1879. Rev. J. T. Webster becarae rector January 1, 1880, aud Avas succeeded by the present rector. Rev. Her bert J. Cook, in 1886. The membership of this church is now five hundred aud twenty, and that of the Sunday-school is four hundred and ninety. 614 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Ascension Chapel, us is stated in the history of Christ Church, Avas established as a mission Sunday-school in the eastern portion of the city iu 1868. A lot, upon which it was the design to erect a church edifice, Avas purchased on the folloAviug Ascension Day, and hence the narae of the organization. Finding soon afterward that the location was not suitable for the work of the raission, a lot wus purchased in South Day ton, on the southeast corner of Monroe and Warren streets, upon Avhich a building was erected aud corapleted in 1870 at a cost of nine thousand dollars, including tbe cost of the lot. This lot was consecrated June 20, 1870, by Bishop Bedell. Rev. A. W. Seabrease avus called to the rector ship December 23, 1870, but declined, aud ou July 18, 1871, a call. avus extended to the Rev. F. B. Bartlett, Avho HkcAvise declined. This experience was of such a discouraging nature that for sorae time no further eff'ort to secure the services of a rector was made, but the Sunday- school wus kept up regularly and Avas the means of bringing raany into the church. Rev. J. H. Logie becarae rector of this church in 1885 and reraains in the pulpit to the present tirae. The First United Brethren Church was organized in 1847 iu a sraaH upper roora of the Oregon engine house, vvhich stood at the southeast corner of Sixth and Tecuraseh streets. This Avas not, however, the first movement to organize a church of this denomination in Dayton, an un successful attempt having been made in 1840. Ofthe church organized iu 1847, there were fifteen members, among them being John Dodds and wife, Daniel Keifer and wife, JohnW". Crabbs, aud Mrs. Boavcu. At first there was preaching every other Sunday afternoon, iu connection Avith the Springfield circuit. The first pastor Avas the Rev. Robert Norris, Avho was assisted by Rev. Willium J. Shuey. For the first fcAv" years the chief obstacle to the growth of the society was the want of a house of Avorship. This obstacle Avas, hoAvever, at length overcome, the congregation being strengthened in 1850-1851 by vuluable accessions from the country, and the erection of a church building Avas undertaken in 1852 at the corner of Sixth uud Logan streets. This building Avas of brick aud Avas com pleted that year. It Avas dedicated by IHshop J. J. Glossbrenner, and served the eougregution as a temple of worship until 1873. It is uoav used as a mayor's office and by the police court of the city. When the eliureh building was erected, a parsonage was also erected adjoining the church on the west. The first regular pastors of this church after the erection of this ucav buHding were the Rca's. Williara R. Rhinehart and D. K. Flickinger, aa'Ho served jointly, services being sustained both morning uud evening ou Sundays. A Sunduy-sehool vvas orgunized, in Avliich D. L. Rike aud CHURCH HISTORY. 615 E. W. McGowen were active workers. The growth of the church was slow but steady, and was uided in 1853 by the establishraent here of the publishing house Avhich gave valuable additions to the raerabership. In 1856, there Avere ninety-tAvo names ou the roll. At a revival in 1860-1861 one hundred and four persous Avere received into the church. A Youug Men's Association was established, and the prospect was inspiring, but when the War of the Rebellion broke out, it SAvept away the youug men into the army, and the association was broken up. In 1858, under the leadership of J. B. King uud John Lawrence, a raission was begun araong the colored people of the city, Avhich resulted in the organization of the Third United Brethren Church on Ludlow Street. The pastors during the first twenty years of its existeuce, while it occupied the Sixth Street property, were, besides those above mentioned, the Revs. John W. Price, L. S. Chittenden, Henry Kumler, Jr., Alexander Owen, John Walter, William J. Shuey, S. M. Hippard, Jacob M. Marshal, D. Berger, W. Ii. Lanthurn, and C. Briggs. During the pastorate of the Rev. Mr. Briggs, the conviction seized upon a fcAv of the merabers that further expansion and usefulness would be next to irapossible in the old location, east of the canal. The discussion of this question resulted in the sale of the old property — church building and parsonage— to the city of Dayton for the purposes above raentioned, and the purchase of a site on Fifth Street, betAveen Main and Jeff'erson, on which the church now stands. The old house was vacated January 1, 1873, and before the next Sunday a teraporary [)lace of worship had been secured in what is uoav St. John's Lutheran Church on St. Clair Street. In the raeantirae the trustees rented the Universalist church, on Main Street, at an annual rental of five hundred dollars. At this tirae the merabership was two hundred. In 1873, a ucav church was erected on the site purchased in 1872. The basement was corapleted and opened Noveraber 20, 1873, and dedicated by Bishop Weaver, who also dedicated the auditoriura on Sun day, Deceraber 17, 1876. The Rev. Mr. Briggs served the church frora 1870 to 1873, and was succeeded by the Rev. W J. Pruner, who reraained one year. Rev. E. S. Chapman became pastor iu 1874 and reraained until March 1, 1882, when he was succeeded by Rev. S. A. Mowers. In 1888, Mr. MoAvers was suc ceeded by Rev. L BoolcAvalter, A. M., the present pastor. In 1874, under the Rev. Mr. Chapraan, a ucav and upward career of the church began, Avhich resulted in trebling the raerabership, the Sunday-school, and the stated congregations. For many years a mission Sabbath -school had been conducted on High Street by this congregation. A lot had been purchased and a frame building erected as far back as 1865. In 1878, 616 HISTORY OF DAYTON. under Mr. Chapraan's pastorate, a brick building was erected in place of the frarae, and in 1881 the Conference Avas requested to organize a separate congregation at thut place. This was accoraplished in the fall of 1881, aud the church is now known as the High Street United Brethren Church. In the spring of 1886, one of the members of this church suggested to the Duyton United Brethren Ministers' Association the establishraent of a mission iu the southern part of the city, betAveen Wayne and Brown streets. A committee was appointed to examine the field aud a member of the High Street United Brethren Church to can vass it. An encouraging report avus made, and the committee continued Avith poAver to act. The First Church Quarterly Conference elected a board of five trustees from the various congregations. A lot was pur chased on the corner of Ouk and Bonner streets, and a chapel and parsonage erected at a cost of six thousand and five hundred dollars. With the exception of one thousand and twenty-five dollars given by the Annual Conference, the money Avas contributed by the First Church. The results of this mission Avork so far haA'e been exceedingly gratifying. At its first session in the ucav building the Sunday-school numbered 279; ut the third, 370; at the fourth, 360; and at the fifth, 377. The membership of the First Church in 1881 Avas 555; in 1887 it was 609, and in 1889 it is 630, aud that of the Sunday-school, 475. The Sunday-school of this church is in a very fiourishing condition. Some of the statistics are as follows: The attendauce for the three years 1883, 1884, and 1885, avus more thun eighty per cent of the enrollment. The average uttendance of adult scholars per Sunday Avas 236, while for the year 1885 it Avas 252. The average attendance of the school was, for three yeai:s, 353, Avliile for 1885 it Avas 381. The regular collections of the school for the three years amounted to $1,603.07, or $534.36 per year, Avliile, iu 1885, the regular collections amounted to $544 60. In 1883, ten scholars united Avith the church; in 1884, thirty, aud in 1885, thirty-five. The Ladies' Aid Society of this church, first knoAvn as the United Brethren Sewing Society Avas organized in 1861. Its first meeting avus held in a small room ou the second fioor of the yeteco^f building. After ward its meetings were held at the houses of the members, then at the parsonage, and later at the church. The purpose of the sewing society wus to secure, by donation or manufacture, articles of clothing for the needy poor of Dayton, and such other places as the society may determine. In 1872, the mime of the organization Avas changed to the Ladies' Aid Society, the constitution avus revised, and the work of the organization enlarged, its purpose now being "to supply the wants of CHURCH HISTORY. 617 the needy in our church, and to urge children to come to Sunday-school; supply them with suitable clothing when necessary, and to do all in our power to induce the parents or guardians to becorae Christians." Origi nally, the society derived its revenues frora fees of raerabers, donations, and solicitations. Now the church is called on annually for a subscription to which it cheerfully and generously responds. Its labors have been directed in other channels besides that of helping the poor. In 1882, it raised, by subscription, $514 for the purpose of refitting the lecture room of the church, frescoing the walls and ceiling, and carpeting the fioor. An organ recital was given, uuder the auspices of the society, which netted $218.50, and the society donated one hundred dollars toward paying for the new organ. The money for the pulpit furniture was given by the ladies. The society, in its quiet way, is doing a great deal of good, and its efforts are characterized by a spirit of huniility and charity. The raembers are extremely thankful that the efforts of the society to do good have been uniforraly crowned Avith success. The Second United Brethren Church (German) was organized in 1853. The first pastor was the Rev. H. Staub, and the second was Rev. J. A. Sand. At first, Avorship was conducted in the lecture roora of the First United Brethren Church, but in 1855 a one-story brick church edifice was erected on Wayne Street, near Jones. »Rev. W. L. Crauraer was the third pastor, and he was succeeded by Revs. E. Light, G. Fritz, G. Schraidt, A. Krause, M. Bussdicker, C. Streich, E. Lorenz, Charles Schneider, Solomon Vonneida, Justus Moeller, Charles E. Schneider, George Schmidt, and Justus Moeller. The Third United Brethren Church was organized in 1858 as a raission, under the care of the First United Brethren Church, for work among the colored population in the city. A brick building was erected a few years later, on South Ludlow Street, at the present entrance to Court Street. The church was disbanded in 1883, raany of the raembers were taken into the other United Brethren churches, and the buHding was sold and removed. Four of its former members. Rev. and Mrs. Joseph Gomer, and Rev. and Mrs. D. F. Wilberforce, have been for many years missionaries at Shaingay, West Africa. Summit Street United Brethren Church was organized in 1871 by a number of members of Miami Chapel, a United Brethren church a short distance south of the corporation limits. It was then knoAvn as the Home Street Church. The house of worship, partially completed, was dedicated May 21, 1871, by Bishop J. J. Glossbrenner. The church building reraained in an uncompleted condition until 1880. But this the congregation would have been uuable to accomplish, hud it not been 618 HISTORY OF DAYTON. for a generous proposition raade by Johu Dodds, to furnish all the raoney necessary to complete the work, after the congregation had itself raised three thousand dollars. A neat and commodious church edifice was the result of this proposition. The church will seat oue thousand persons, and the entire cost wus $8,098.90. The Ladies' Aid Society gave $513 toward the cost of the cupola. The church was dedicated April 30, 1882, by Bishop Glossbrenner. The pastors have been as follows: J. P. Landis, C. Briggs, A. W. Drury, Williara Dillon, diff'erent raembers of the faculty of Union Biblical Seminary and editors of the Religious Telescope Avho served in the interval Avhen the church was Avithout a regular pastor, William Beardshear, M. H. Ambrose, W. C. Day, and George M. Mathews. High Street United Brethren Church was organized as a mission of the First Church in 1870, a Subbuth-school huving been established in 1866. The pastor, in 1881, was Rev. George M. Mathews, who was succeeded by the Rev. E. S. Lorenz, and he by the Rev. J. W. KHbourn, the present pastor of the church. Oak Street United Brethren Church is located on the northwest corner of Oak and Bonner streets. It Avas estublished iu 1886, with Rev. LcAvis Book wul ter, A. M., as pastor. In 1888, Rev. E. A. Starkey, A. M., succeeded the Rev. Mr. BoolcAvalter. Its membership is now about two hundred. Miami Chapel United Brethren Church is located east of Broadway and south of the corporation line. It is the oldest church of the denom ination in this vicinity, and the parent of all the United Brethren churches in the city. Rev. E. F. Powell was pastor in 1882, and he has been succeeded by Rca's. Edgar W. Bowers, George W. Arnold, M. R. Bair, and lienry Doty The Otterbein United Brethren Church (German) Avas organized in North Dayton, in April, 1889, with Rev. J. Sick as pastor. It is located on Chapel Street. The Dayton United Brethren Ministers' Association Avas organized in 1886. Its present president is Rev. W. J. Shuey. It holds monthly meetings from Septeraber to May, discussing topics of general and special interest, and planning for the extension of church Avork. The BroadAvay Christian Church was organized in 1828 Avith nine members. Not long afterAvard a church building Avas erected on Main Street, between Fourth and Fifth, which avus knoAvn as the Union Meeting House. In 1848, the church was re-organized and a new cov enant adopted, Avhich was signed by twenty-one members, and a short time afterward seventeen other names were added. In 1849, a prorainent CHURCH HISTORY. 619 meraber of the organization died, having bequeathed the south half of lot nuraber 206, upon which the raeeting-house stood, to the church. In 1852, the church coramenced receiving colored persons as members. Three years later the heirs of Mr. Bruen purchased the half-lot of the church for thirteen hundred doHars. From 1851 to 1857 the church was without a regular pastor, and was supplied by the conference. In 1858, it was again re-organized with thirty-nine raerabers, and in 1859 two lots were purchased on the corner of what are now Broadway and Horae Avenue. A building coraraittee was appointed to erect a house of worship, and a one-story brick church with baseraent was erected, and the baseraent dedicated in June, 1860, by P. McCullough, who was then the pastor. Frora 1864 to 1867 the church, being again without a pastor, was supplied by the conference. In 1868, the auditoriura of the building Avas cora pleted and dedicated by Rev. J. W. Weeks. It has a seating capacity of four hundred. In 1872-1873 the debt of the church was paid. In 1874, the name Avas changed to the Broadway Christian Church. In 1876, an effort to unite with the Christian (Disciples') Church failed. FolloAving is a list of the ministers of this church since its organization: Revs. T. S. Wells, E. W. Humphreys, J. M. Dawson, J. T. Lynn, P. McCuHough, J. W. Weeks, J. Byrkit, H. Y. Rush, W. A. Gross, J. S. Jones, W. J. Lawrence, J. W. Nobles, C. D. Williamson, George Tenney, and Josiah P. Watson. Brown Street Christian Church Avas organized at first as the First Regular Baptist Church, as has been set forth in the history of that organization. On the 21st of March, 1829, it , became what was then known as a Carapbellite Church and continued to worship in the church buildiug on Main Street, between First and Second, until about 1850, when it transferred its Avorship to the corner of Brown and Sixth streets. While on Main Street, sorae of the pastors were Elders D. S. Burnett, David Gosney, WiHiam Pinkerton, L. H. Jemison, and J. R. Fraira, and the visiting rainisters Avere Alexander Carapbell, Walter Scott, Ayieft Raraes, Sarauel Hushora, and Joshua Swallow. Frora 1849 to 1862 the pastor in charge was Elder J. M. Plenry, and his successors in the regular order of their pastorates Avere Elders John Errett, J. M. Long, D. E. Van Buskirk, J. H. McCullough, L. Ii. Frazier, Dennis M. D. Todd, L. R. Gault, and H. L. Willett, the present pastor. There has recently been established another church of this denomi nation in Dayton View, culled the Church of Christ. It is located on Salem Avenue, between Gilbert and Superior avenues. Emmanuel Church Evangelical Association Avas established in 1840 by Rev. A. B. Schafer. The first meeting was held at the house of Peter 620 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Schneiber in August, and iu 1841 a class of twelve was forraed and attached to Miarai Circuit as a raission. In 1843, a lot on the corner of Walnut and Fiftli streets was purchased for two hundred doHars, and- a sraall brick church erected at u cost of four thousand dollars. This buHcHng Avas dedicated on the first Sunday in Septeraber, 1843, by Rev. A. B,. Schafer. In 1849, a second church was erected in front of the old oue, 38x50 feet in size. In 1851, this building Avas dedicated by the same pastor. In 1855, it became a station, and iu 1857 it was added to the Indiana Conference. In 1870, a lot was purchased on Coraraercial Street, near Fifth, upon which a comraodious house of worship was erected at a cost of seventeen thousand dollars. It is a two-story brick, the audito riura being in the upper story, Avith a seating capacity of over five hundred, and the Sunday-school rooras and class rooras in the basement. The buHding Avas dedicated in 1870 by Bishop R. Dubs, D. D. Following is a list of the pastors of this church in the order in which they have served: A. B. Schafer, John Hall, Frederick Meyer, Jacob Burkert, Levi Hess, G. F. Spring, A. B. Schafer, John Nicholai, Koag, A. Dreisbach, John Dreisbach, Darl Strohraan, Leonard Scheurman, M. Steuff'e, Philip Brech, F. Weithoupt, John Fuchs, J. M. Gomer, M. lioehn, M. Steuff'e, M. Kluiber, Johii Kaufman, J. E. Troger, J. M. Gomer, J. F. Hansing, Mathias Hoehn, Charles F. Hansing, Mathias Hoehu, and C. C. Beyrer. The raerabership of this church is uoav two hundred uud ninety, aud the scholars in the Sunday-school number two hundred and twenty. There is connected with this church a mission, having forty members, and its Sunday-school has three hundred and fifty scholars. Wayne Avenue Evangelical Association Avas begun as a mission of the Emmanuel Church. In 1888, a frame building Avas erected on the southeast corner of Wayne and Xenia avenues, and a church Avas organized iu June, 1888. The pastor is Rev. A. 0. Raber. The First Reformed Church was organized in 1833 with seven members. Rev. Duvid Winters was one of the first ministers of this denomination to preach in Daytou, and it was as the result of his work here that this church was formed. Regular services were held for a time in the courthouse, but soon the Christian Church ou Main Street was secured, and it was in this building that the church was organized. Sorae years afterAvard u number of German families Avere taken into the con gregation, and services were held alternately in the English aud in the German language. A charter avus obtained for the church in January, 1837. On the 18th of April, 1837, the trustees purchased the ground now occupied by the church ou Ludlow Street, between Second und CHURCH HISTORY. 621 Third, for seven hundred doHars, and a fine brick church Avas erected on the lot the same year. The buHding Avas dedicated June 7, 1840, there being Iavo sermons, one iu English by Rev. Henry Willard and the other in German by Rev. George Weisz. In 1849, a German organization Avitli nin-ety-five members was eff'ected as an integral part of the congregation. In 1850, a division of the charge, which included three congregations besides Dayton, was raade, and the pastor resigned. Rev. A. P. Freeze took charge of the Dayton church, and the Rev. David Winters of the other three congregations. Rev. Mr. Freeze retired in 1852 and avus suc ceeded by Rev. Sarauel Phillips, who retired in April, 1853. In the folloAving Septeraber, six farailies withdrew to organize the Mt. Carmel Church, three miles Avest of the city. Ou the 1st of January, 1856, Rev. George W. Willard, D. D., becarae pastor and retained the pulpit until December, 1860. Rev. Lewis Ii. Kefauver becarae pastor of the church January 1, 1861, and reraained until July 1, 1863. He Avas succeeded iu October by T. B. Bucher, aa'Ho reraained until Januarj' 1, 1867. In the meantime the church had been improved at a cost of nearly tAventy thousand dollars. Rev. Dr. Van Horne then served the church as pastor from September 1, 1868, until 1875, and avus succeeded by Rev. W. A. Hale, the present pastor. This church has now six hundred raerabers, and the Sunday-school has three hundred and forty scholars. The Second Reformed Church grew out of a sepurution of a part of the merabers of the First Church frbm that body, as set forth iu the sketch of that church. About thirty famiHes AvithdrcAV, in order to have services in their own (the German) language. In 1859, they erected a church building ut the corner of Clay and Cass streets, which was dedi cated iu the fall of the same year by Rev. Ii. J. Rutenek, of Cleveland, Ohio. The following have been pastors of this church: Revs. A. Tons- raeier, C. Becker, E. F. Luedders, W. Wittenweiler, George Rettig, Oswald J. Accola, C. H. Schoepfle, and the present pastor, H. A. Meier. Rev. Oswald J. Accola carae first in 1866, and reraained until 1876, Avhen he was succeeded by Rca'. C. H. Schoepfle, Avho reraained two years, when Rev. Mr. Accola returned, aud reraained the second time frora 1878 until 1886, when the present pastor came. Since then the congre gation has erected a new brick church on the site of that erected in 1859. It is a one-story structure, 76x54 feet in size, aud Avith a spire one hundred and ten feet high. When completed, it cost tAvelve thou sand, five hundred dollars. The Sunday-school has one hundred and fifty scholars, and the church two hundred and fifty-six coraraunicant members. Trinity Refornied Church was organized Deceraber 12, 1886. It is 622 HISTORY OF DAYTON. an organic part of the Miarai Classis of the Reformed Church of the United States. Originally, there were forty-nine members in the organ ization. The first services were held on January 2, 1889, and the Sunday- school Avas organized on this day. The Rev. E. Herbruek was pastor in charge of the church from the date of its organization until August 28, 1887, when the present pastor. Rev. M. Loucks, came. Services have been held, so far, in Room 12, Central Block, at the southwest corner of Fifth and Jeff'erson streets. The church has now tAvo hundred raerabers. The JfoHoAving have been elders of the church: G. G. Prugh, V. P. Van Horne, D. C. Lichliter, M. D. Myers, und G. W. Shearer; aud the foHoAving haA'e been deacons: G. G. Galloway, S. B. Hall, J.. S. Crilly, John Blura, and W. A. Filbert. The elders and the deacons constitute the consistory of .the church. The foHoAving is a list of the trustees: M. D. Myers, W. G. MiHer, David HuAvker, John Blum, and J. H. Dorf- raeier. On the 5th June, the church held a congregational raeeting, at which it was deterrained to raise thirty thousand dollars for the purpose of erecting a new church building, and that ten thousand dollars should be raised before any selection of ground upon which to build should be raade. V. P. Van Horne has been superintendent of the Sunday-school ever since its organization. At first there were one hundred and thirty- tAVO scholars enrolled, now there are four hundred and eight. It has a library of three hundred volumes, and G. G. GalloAvay is the Hbrarian. Mrs. V. P. Van Horne is the president of the Ladies' Association; Mrs. Rev. M. Loucks, of the Mission Band; W. A. Blum, of the Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor; and Mrs. Rev. D. W. Ebbert, of the Missionary Society. The Hebrew Congregation, Kilo Kodish B'Nai Jeshuren, was organ ized in 1850, with about tAvelve raerabers. Araong these first raerabers were Jacob Schwab, Joseph Leben sburger, Abrahara Ach, Siraon Ach, Adam Lebolt, Morris Wertheimer, and Abrahara Mack. For sorae tirae they met in what had been the old Dayton Bank building, on Main Street, Avhich Avas afterAvard the residence of Joseph Biram, aud in other places. Sonie tirae in the early part of 1863, they purchased the church building standing on the corner of Fourth and Jefferson streets,, of the Baptists, put it iu a good state of repair, aud adapted it to the uses of their own congregation. It was then called the Ncav Jewish Synagogue, and on the 28th of Septeraber, 1863, Avas described as nearing comple tion. The tables of Moses had been estublished above the ark of the covenant, and on either side of the ark were seats for the president and vice-president. In the center of the synagogue Avas a second altar, upon which was a desk, Avhere the scroll was read on Sabbath days and CHURCH HISTORY. 623 holy days.^ This new synagogue Avas dedicated October 7, 1863. A procession was form^ed at two p. m. The band headed the procession, aud was followed by the city council, invited guests, Httle girls, young ladies, prorainent raembers of the Jeshuren. bearing the three scrolls containing the law, and male members of the Congregation. The Rev. Dr. Wise, of Cincinnati delivered a short address, and was followed by Rev. Mr. Demary, rabbi of the Congregation, and after the dedicatory address there was a song by the Ciucinnati choir. Rev. Gotthilf Taubeuhuus avus pastor of the church uutil 1883, when he was succeeded by Rev. Israel Saenger. The First English Lutheran Church avus organized July 6, 1839, upon which day the following article of agreement Avas adopted: " We, the subscribers, feeling the iraportance of forraing an Evangelical Luthe ran congregation in Dayton, Ohio, for ourselves aud childreu, do hereby, iu hurable reliance on the great Head of the church, forra ourselves iuto a Lutheran congregation. We acknowledge ourselves members of the Lutheran Church, and of course subject to the discipline and church governraent of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the United States." This airticle was signed by the following persons: Henry Creager, Philip Beaver, Johu Prugh, Peter Baker, Frederick Geb hart, Elijah Ely, Sarauel Keller, John Iloppert, aud J. G. Hoppert. Of these persons the foHoAving were elected officers: Elders, Henry Creuger and Philip Beaver; deacons, Frederick Gebhart uud Peter Buker. A coraraittee avus uppoiuted to secure the temporary use of the Germuii Reforraed Church, and the vestry was authorized to procure a lot suitable for the erection of a church buildiug. In August, 1840, the Rev. D. P. Rosenmiller Avas elected pastor of the new church, and in April following a lot Avas purchased on the corner of Fourth ancl Jeft'erson streets. Upon this lot a brick church buHding Avas erected, 45x60 feet in size. In 1856, this house became too smull for the eougregution, aud was sold to the United Presbyterians. A lot was thereupon purchased on Main Street, between Fourth and Fifth. Upon this lot a large brick Avas erected in 1860 and dedicated January 20, 1861. It is in the Gothic style of archi tecture, and is 121x72 feet in size. The lecture roora in the baseraent is 61 feet 6 inches by 43 feet in size, and contains 104 pews which will accoramodate 416 people. Besides the lecture roora, there are the infant class roora, the young men's prayer meeting room, the Sunday-school room, and the library. There are also rooms for the use of the Ladies' Benevolent Association, three rooms for the sexton, and oue for the pastor's study. The audience room above is 92 feet long by 61 feet 0 inches wide and the ceiling is 31 feet high. The pulpit is 18 feet wide 624 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Avith a recess of 6 feet. The number of pews is 152 and the seating capacity of the roora is 800. The cost of the church, as it was when dedicated, avus $31,000, and the toAver, Avhich was to be corapleted, was estimated to cost $3,000., The ground upon which the building stands cost $7,000. The Rev. Mr. Rosenmiller served the church as pastor frora 1840 to 1849, when he resigned and Avent to Hanover, Pennsylvania. He was succeeded by the Rev. P. Rizer, avIio had been pastor of the German Lutheran Church, at Cumberland, Maryland, and who remained until 1855. The next pastor was the Rev. F. W. Conrad, D. D., who remained uutH 1862. The Rev. D. Steck Avas pastor from 1862 to 1864; Rev. L. A. Gottwald, D. D., frora 1865 to 1868; Rev. Irving Magee, from 1865 to 1872; Rev. J. B. Helwig, from 1872 to 1874; Rev. T. T. Everett, from 1874 to 1876; the Rev. G. F. StelHng, D. D., from 1877 to 1882, when he was succeeded by Rev. Joseph H. Burcluy. Mr. Barclay was followed by the Rev. Peter Born and the Rca'. E. E. Baker, the present pastor. This church has now six hundred ancl sixty merabers, and the Sunday-school has four hundred and sixty scholars. St. John's English Evaugelical Lutheran Church was organized in 1864. At that tirae the Rev. D. Steck, D. D., was pastor of the First English Lutheran Church. His vicAvs ou political questions not being in accord Avith those of the raajority of the raerabers, he was dismissed by the council, ancl on the 9th of December, 1864, the following " Church Notice" was published in the daily papers: " There will be a raeeting of those raembers of the First Evaugelical Church of Dayton who disap prove of the recent action ofthe council of that church iu disraissing Rev. Daniel Steck from the office of pastor thereof, on Saturday, the 10th day of December, A. D. 1864, at 9:30 a. m.; at Clegg's Hall, for the purpose of deterraiuing what action shall be taken by thera in the preraises." This notice was signed by Jacob Whitraore, Jacob Muraraa, John Shafer, D. W. Reese, J. II. W. Muraraa, J. C. Hoefer, Martin Sraith, Daniel Kurtz, John Dieter, William Walker, lienry Bunstel, and A. Geiger. The result of the action of these gentleraen was that on Sunday, Deceraber 18th, a large congregation asserabled in Huston Hall to hear the deposed pastor preach. Frora araong those present on this occasion a UCAV congregation was organized under the narae of St. John's English Evangelical Lutheran Church. The Rev. Daniel Steck was of course elected its pustor. Huston Hall continued to be the regular place of holding religious services until April 24, 1865. On the raorning of that day the church hall was discovered to be on fire, and nothing Avas left standing but the walls. The loss to the church was an organ, the pulpit CHURCH HISTORY. 625 furniture and the Sunday-school library. The congregation soon after ward secured Clegg's Hall for a place of worship, and continued to occupy it for several years. Rev. Mr. Steck resigned the pastorate in Deceraber, 1868. Just previous to his departure the churph Avas incorporated, and application was raade for reception into the District Synod of Ohio. About this time the society purchased its preseut lot on the west side of St. Clair Street. There Avas at the time a church edifice on the lot, which had been used for sorae time by the First Congregational Church, of Dayton. The congregation, as soon as in possession of its own church property, extended a call to the Rev. M. C. Horine, and he became the pastor. Soon afterward the church was received into mem bership in the District Synod of Ohio, in connection with the General Council of the Lutheran Church of North America. The Rev. Mr. Horine remained pastor of the church only about a year, and he was succeeded by the Rev. S. L. Harkey, who, after a short pastorate, resigned, and the congregation was again without a pastor. The church then reraained for nine months without a regular pastor, depending on irregular supplies. These were, however, unable to assist the society to raise the mortgage of two thousand dollars on the property, and in March, 1873, the mortgage was foreclosed and the property advertised for sale. Application for assistance Avas then made to the Home Mission Coraraittee of the General Council. The chairraan. Dr. W. A. Passavant, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, thereupon came to Dayton, gathered together the remnants of the congregation, collected the interest still due on the mortgage, and paid off' the mortgage itself by securing a new loan frora parties in the East, which loan, like the previous one, was secured by mortgage on the property. This trouble being thus settled, a call was extended in May, 1873, to the Rev. A. F. Siebert, who accepted the call and becarae the pastor of the church in the following July. Soon after he became pastor, the mortgage Avas canceled by means of a bequest from Ii. H. Hartraan, who was for several years an officer in the church, and who died in 1875. The Rev. Mr. Siebert reraained pastor until 1886, when he was succeeded by the Rev. J. G. Neiffer, who is pastor at the present tirne. St. John's German Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized in the courthouse in 1838 or 1839, with a membership of about twenty-five families. July 18, 1840, this church body adopted a constitution, and in a year or two afterward it was incorporated as the German Evangelical Lutheran Church. At the time of the adoption of the constitution the pastor was Rev. Frederick Reiss. In 1840 a lot was purchased on Sears Street, upon which a one-story brick church was erected in 1841. In 626 HISTORY OF DAYTON. 1849 it was enlarged. In thfs church the congregation worshiped uutil the corapletion of a ucav church building, which Avas begun iu 1869. The lower story of this buildiug was dedicated in June, 1870. It was erected on the north side of Third Street, between Madison and Sears, and Avas almost totally demolished by a storm on July 9, 1871. Between three hundred und four hundred Sunduy-sehool children und their teachers hud assembled in the buildiug for shelter frora the storm, and as. the walls fell inward, a number were injured, and the superintendent. Christian Thomas, Mrs. Theresa Randall, a teacher, and Leonhardt Weyrangh, a child, Avere killed. The edifice was at once rebuilt at a cost of about forty thousand dollars. This ucav building avus dedicated, the basement ut one tirae and the auditorium at another, the lutter in 1874. The auditorium has a seating capacity of one thousand persons. It is furnished with a fine organ, which cost five thousand dollars. The pastors of the church have been Rev. Mr. Grosskardt, Rev. Frederick Reiss, Rev. Randolph Bartels, Rev. Andrew Hordorf, Rev. T. E. Hertsch, Rev. Mr. Borhard, Rev. C. A. Fritze, Rev. Peter Born, and Rev. Carl Mueller. The name of this church Avas changed to what it is at present in 1852. There is u flourishing Sunduy-sehool in connection Avith the church. St. Puul's Gerniuu Evaugelicul Lutheran Church Avas organized iu 1852. A division occurred in opinion in St. John's German Evangelical Lutheran Church among the merabers on a question of church govern ment, which resulted in the Avithdrawal of the pastor. Rev. Andrew Hordorf, and twenty-five families. For . a time those Avho withdrew worshiped in the old Christian Church, on Main Street, but soon afterAvard purchased of Raper Methodist Episcopal Church, u one-story frame building, for $1,350, Avhich they used for church purposes uutil the erection of a building on the corner of Wayne aud Short streets. The ground upon which it was erected was purchased in 1865 for $5,250, and the foundation of the church laid in the fall of 1876. The corner-stone was laid in July, 1868, and the building dedicated August 15, 1869. Rev. Mr. Horndorf resigned the pastorate in June, 1859, and avus succeeded by Rev. Frederick Zur Meuhlen, who rerauiued 'until November 1, 1861. , He was foHoAved by Rev. Frederick Groth, avIio Avas succeeded iu 1876 by Rev. Godfrey LocAvensteiu, Avho Avas foHoAved by the Rev. A. H. Feldmann. Hope Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized iu August, 1881,. as the result of the labors of Rev. 0. S. Oglesby. There Avere seven members at first, and they worshiped at the corner of Coraraercial and Barr streets, in Union Chapel. Rev. M. L. Baura succeeded Rev. Mr. Oglesby in 1886, and is still the pastor. There are now about seventy CHURCH HISTORY. 627 members in the church, and the Sunday-school has nearly one hundred scholars. The First Orthodox Congregational Church of Dayton, Ohio, avus organized in 1854, by Rev. James C. White, pastor at the present tirae of the Poplar Street Presbyterian Church, Cincinnati, Ohio. Some of the names of the first members of this church Avere as folio avs: George M. Young, D. M. Curtis, S. B. Brown, William Clark, N. S. Lockwood, aud Williara McGregor, and there Avere others up to about seventy- five. From thirty to forty of the first raembers were dismissed from the Third Street Presbyterian Church for the purpose of assisting to organize this Congregational church. Services Avere held at first for about a year in PhHHps' Hall, on the corner of Second aud Main streets, and then in Clegg's Hall, uutil some tirae in 1857, Avhen the church purchased a lot ou St. Clair Street, and erected a small chapel thereon, Avhich Avas used as long as the orgunizutiou maintained its existence, and is now used by St. John's English Lutheran Church. Rev. S. P. Fay became pastor in 1854, and remained with the church four years. There was then a period of supplies, and in 1861 Rev. Fayette Shipherd became pastor, remaining but Httle raore than a year. He was folio Aved, in 1862, by Rev. Justin E. TAvitchell, who reraained until the latter part of 1866, and was succeeded by Rev. Jaraes C. White, who remained uutil the disbandment of the church in the latter part of 1868, and Avas thus the last as Avell as the first pastor of the congregation. In January, 1869, a petition was presented to the court for perrais- sion to sell the property, and for instructions as to how to invest the money realized frora the sale. By order of the court, the property was sold, and in 1873 the money was turned over to the American Congregational Union, Avhich is the church-extension society of the Congregational churches in the United States, the trustees of which pledged theraselves to return the raoney to any Congregational church that might be organized in Dayton Avithin ten years from that time. No church of that denomination was, however, organized in this city until in the early spring of 1889, so that the legal obligation to return the money is in all probability no longer binding. As to the moral obligation, that is a raatter outside the province of this history. As stated above, in the early spring of 1889, another Congregational cljurch was organized in Dayton, in response to two independent notices which appeared in the Dayton Herald of January 26th of that year, one being inserted by J. W. Nichols and the other by Rey. Thoraas Clayton, of ZanesviHe, who had corae to the city at the invitation of W. W. Tyler, for the purpose of considering the propriety of organizing such a church. 628 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Members of this denomination thereupon raet iu the lecture room of the Young Men's Christian Association building and listened to preach ing by Rev. Mr. Clayton between January 24th and AprH 1st, his congregations averaging forty persons. On' the 3i^ of April a partial organization was eff'ected by the adoption of a creed and articles of faith, and on the 17th of that month Ii. S. Doxsey was chosen clerk aud B. N. DaA'is treasurer of the new organization. On the 14th of April Rev. IrA'ing W. Metcalf, then pastor of the EastAvood Congregational Church, at Colurabus, Ohio, preached his first sermon for the new church, and on May 12th took temporary charge of the enterprise. Soon after Avard the church was organized Avith about forty members, and at present hold its services in Gravel Hall. This church was recognized June 25, 1889. Emraanuel Church was the first Catholic church organized in Dayton. The first Catholic family to arrive in this city Avas that of Robert Conway, who came from Baltimore, Maryland, in the spring of 1831. His family consisted of himself, wife, and nine children, and was for sorae tirae the only Catholic faraHy in Dayton. Mr. CouAA'ay Avas, however, extremely anxious to enjoy the privileges of religious worship, and niade arrange raents, in 1832, with the Rev. Father E. T. Collins, of Cincinnati, to become a resident of Dayton. Father CoHins made the CouAvay residence his home, and for a portion of the tirae it Avas also used as a church. During the years 1832 and 1883, several Irish and Gerraau farailies settled in Dayton. Cincinuati had already becorae a bishopric, and although the bishop there had but few priests at his disposal, he sent out several of thera to traverse the State. Sorae of these visited Day ton, araong thera being Rev. Fathers Thienpout, Juncker, Horstraan, Henni, Tochenhens, Wurz, Young, and Murphy. Other priests carae at various tiraes, and the Conway residence becarae too sraall to accom modate the numbers that would congregate from the city and the vicinity to hear taught what, to thera, were the sacred truths of the gospel. The first church building used by these devoted Catholics was a one-story brick building, a portion of which was occupied at the same time as a bakery, and located on St. Clair Street, opposite the park. After a great deal of trouble and labor, it Avas at last made possible for the Rev. Father Eraraanuel Thienpout to collect a perraanent congregation, and to erect a church building, Avhicli was dedicated in Noveraber, 1837. This church was a one-story brick building, and it stood on Franklin Street, between Ludlow Street and" Prairie Avenue. Father Thienpout Avas succeed in the pastorate, in 1844, by Rev. Henry D. Juncker, uuder whora the congregation increased to such an extent that the church building had CHURCH HISTORY. 629 to be enlarged. A large organ was purchased and three pure white marble altars. Rev. Mr. Juncker served as priest of this church until 1857, Avhen he was elected bishop of the newly erected bishopric of Alton, Illinois, in which capacity he served until 1868, when he died. In May, 1857, Rev. Father John F. Hahne, was sent to Dayton to succeed Rev. Father Juncker. He remained until his death in 1882. During his pastorate, he was assisted by the following priests: Rev. Fathers J. Schiff' Volni, Charies Hahne, and WHliara Scholl. In 1869, it became necessary to erect a new church building, and a new one Avas erected on Franklin Street, just east of the old church site. The first stone of the foundation was laid Septeraber 8, 1871. The building is Avas of brick, and 166x84 feet in size. There are tAvo toAvers in front, each 212 feet high, and one in the rear 150 feet high. The vestibule is 42x8 feet, and is entered by three doors, each 15 feet high. The audience roora is 126x66 feet in size, and the ceiling is sixty feet from the floor. There are tAvo galleries, one above the other. Opposite the raain entrance is the sanctuary, and in front of the sanctuary is a low elliptical iron railing, with handsome gilt ornaments. The whole interior of the church is appropiately finished with canopy, inscriptions, altars, figures, etc., and the frescoing is both chaste and elegant in design. The pews are of black walnut and ash, and the seating capacity of the auditorium is one thousand five hundred people. The children's gallery will seat six hundred in addition, and the cost of the edifice was nearly one hundred thousand dollars. It was dedicated October 6, 1873, and the ceremonies connected with the dedication were of the raost imposing character. It was estimated that there were seven thousand persons present from abroad, who took part in the ceremonies. At the church. Archbishop Purcell, with his attendant deacons and acolytes chanting the Litany of Saints, took in the circuit of the church, sprinkling the waHs with holy water. Pontifical High Mass was then celebrated by Bishop Borgess, of Detroit, and the dedicatory sermon was preached by Archbishop Purcell frora the Revelation 20: 2, 3. Rev. Father John F. Hahne died February 21, 1882. At his funeral there were present thousands of people who had come to participate in aud witness the last sad rites of respect to the dead, whom they had knoAvn and loved so well. He was succeeded iu the pastorate by his brother, the Rev. Father Charles Hahne, and the Rev. Father WilHam Scholl became his first assistant. Rev. William Scholl remained assistant pastor until May, 1885, and was succeeded by the Rev. F. X. Lasance, who has been the assistant ever since. At the present time there are about six hundred and fifty famHies connected Avith this parish, and the 630 HISTORY OF DAYTON. annual revenue of the church is about ten^thousaud dollars. The present pastor of this church. Rev. Charles Hahne, celebrated the twenty-fifth anuiversarA' of his entrance into the rainistry in 1888, as his brother, John F. Hahne, bad done before hira in 1873. St. Joseph's Catholic Church was forraed in 1846 or 1847 by the English-speaking Catholics Avithdrawing from Emmanuel Church aud organizing themselves iuto a separate body. In the latter year a church building was erected by them on the northeast corner of Madison and Second streets. The building cost about six thousand dollars, but the tower remained unfinished. The tAvo lots upon which it stands cost two thousand dollars. The first pastor of this church was Rev. Father Putrick O'Maley, Avho Avas succeeded in 1850 by his brother, Rev. Father Joseph O'Maley who reraained until 1853, wheu he wus succeeded by Rev. Father O'Connor, Avho reraained but a short time. The Rev. Father Thoraas Bulger then becarae the pastor and reraained until 1856, Avhen he was foHoAved by the Rev. Father DaA'id J. Kelly, Avho served the church until his death Septeraber 29, 1867. During the early portion of his ministry the, tower of the church was completed, and there Avas hung therein tbe largest bell in the city, and there was also put in the tower a large clock. A year or so afterward the rear portion of the church wus added at au expense of six thousand dollars. The building is plain but substantial, aud with the exception of a sraall vestibule, the entire interior is one large audience roora. In the gallery, which extends across the front aud about half way doAvn each side of the church, there is a large pipe organ. The seating cai)acity of the church is about one thousand. The funeral of Rev. Father Kelly was largely atteuded. Archbishop Purcell delivered an appropriate panegyric upon the life of the departed clergyman, and among those present were Bishop Rosecrans, of Colura bus, Ohio, and other dignitaries of the Church. The assistants of Father Kelly had been Rev. Fathers R. N. Young and Williara F. O'Rourke, the latter succeeding to the pastorate of the church upon his death. Rev. Charles Duugherty becarae assistant pastor to Father O'Rourke, who served until 1869 and Avas then succeeded by the Rev. Richard Gilraour, since then bishop of Cleveland. His assistant was the Rev. Father Francis Cubero. Futher Gilraore wus succeeded in April, 1872, by Father Williara M. Carey, Avho remained uutil the suinmer of 1879, and Avas assisted by Revs. O'Reilly, Murphy, Daly, and Grace. He Avas succeeded by the Rev. Father James O'Donohue, Avho avus assisted by the Rev. Fathers James M. Curey uud Hugh J. McDcvitt. Father Donohue Avas succeeded in July, 1883, by the Rev. Patrick Henry Cusack, the present pastor. Since thtit tirae he has been assisted by Revs. Francis CHURCH HISTORY. 631 Runnebaum, Roderick A. Finnerty, and Dennis M.^Mackay, but at the present tirae he is without an assistant. There are now' connected with the parish about four hundred and fifty famiHes, aud the annual revenue of the church is eleven thousand dollars. The congregation is composed of English-speaking Catholics who take great' pains with the education of their childreu. The church building is centrally located, and is of easy access to all classes of those Avho belong to the parish, which is in a prosperous condition. In connection with this church are the following societies for men: St. Joseph's Society, St. Vincent de Puul's Society, the Hibernian Society, the Ancient Order of Hibernians, St. Alonisus Sodality, the Catholic Knights of America, and the Hibernian Rifies; and for the women: The Altar Society, the Young Ladies' Sodality, and the Children of Mary, the latter for girls under sixteen years of age. The Church of the Sacred Heart Avas established July 3, 1883, by a nuraber of raerabers of St. Joseph's Church, the withdraAval being in part on account of the want of ucconiraodutions at that church. There were at first about oue hundred farailies who forraed this congregation, permission to form it having been granted by the Right Rev. William H. Elder, coadjutor of the archdiocese of Cincinnati, to the Rev. Father J. B. Donohue. The work of establishing the congregation was placed in the hands of Rev. Hugh J. McDcvitt, at that time assistant pastor at St. Joseph's church. During his adrainistration of the aff'airs of the new parish, the congregation worshiped in Geb hart's HaH, and ground was secured at the northAvest corner of Fourth and Wilkinson streets, Avhich cost nineteen thousand dollars, and while Father McDevitt was pastor of the church the number of families belonging thereto increased to two hundred aud fifty. In the fall of 1887 the erection of the present magnificent structure on the lot already mentioned was begun. Rev. Father R. A. Finnerty taking charge of the parish in November of that year, and the corner-stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies, June 17, 1888, by Archbishop William II. Elder. The building is constructed of Dayton granite and triraraed Avith Berea broAvn stone. It is 115x92 feet iu dimensions, is two stories high, one story being a basement, and the upper one being what is known as a clear story. The entire height of this story is seventy-five feet. The buildiug is an imposing structure, and is of the strictly Romanesque style of architecture. The furnishing of the building is almost entirely a donation, the raagnificent Avindows, 22x36 feet in size, being donated by generous members of the parish, and costing about six thousand dollars. The three pure white marble altars, also a donation, cost seventeen thousand dollars; the rose vvindoAV of the sanctuary, also a donation, cost 632 HISTORY OF DAYTON. one thousand dollars; the steara-heating apparatus, the entire building being heated by steara, cost Iavo thousand, five hundred dollars. The building is lighted with gas and electricity, and, in short, all the modern improveraents applicable to such a structure have been introduced. The raembers of this perish, Avhen their numbers are taken into account, have shown a ino-^t reraarkable spirit of generosity toward the gigantic enter prise, and it is worthy of note that a considerable nuraber of non-Catholic friends of the parish contributed liberally toAvard the construction of the building, which was ready for occupancy about the latter part of July, 1889. The parish now nurabers about three hundred and fifty families, aud the church building, it is already- evident, will soon prove too small for the accommodation of those who will desire to join. The annual revenue of the parish is about twelve thousand dollars. St. Mary's Catholic Church vvas organized iu 1859 by merabers of Eraraanuel Church, that congregation having again becorae too large for its accoraraodation. It is situated at the corner of Xenia Avenue and Allen Street. The ground upon which the church, pastor's residence, and schoolhouse stand, was donated by Albert McClure for church purposes. The lot is 150 feet front by 280 feet deep. The church building was erected in 1859-1860. at a cost of $9,427. It is of brick, 110x50 feet in size. It has a tower and spire, and Avithin the tOAver are three bells and a clock. The interior of the building is handsoraely frescoed, and the ceiling is decorated with many scriptural scenes. A fine altar was placed iu the church in 1881 at a cost of twelve hundred dollars. It is of Gothic design, und is raade of black walnut with gold triraraings. The building itself was dedicated August 15, 1860, the sermon being preached by the Rev. Bishop Henry D. Juncker. Father Schiff' was the first pastor of the church, remaining until 1869, when he Avas succeeded by the Rev. Father Henry L. Stuckenborg, Avho reraains in the pastorate at the present tirae. Holy Trinity Catholic Ciiurch Avas organized in 1860 by another off-shoot from Emmanuel Church. Ground was secured on the corner of Fifth and Bainbridge streets, upon which was erected u large one-story structure. It is 160x70 feet in size, is constructed of brick, Avith lime stone trimmings, and has in the front center a massive tower, in which is placed a large clock aud three bells. The church is suppHed with a large and fine organ, Avhich is in the gallery iu the rear of the audience room. The interior finish of this church is equal to that of any other Catholic church buHding in the city, the frescoing representing scripture scenes, and the altars are seldom excelled in point of raagnificence in raore pretentious church edifices. The seating capacity of this church is about one thousand persons. The corner-stone Avas blessed and laid May 17, CHURCH HISTORY. 633 1860, by the Most Rev. J. B. Purcell, archbishop of Cincinnati. The building itself Avas dedicated August 18, 1861, by Bishop Henry D. Juncker, of Alton, Illinois. Rev. Father F. J. Qoetz Avas the first pastor of this congregation and reraains Avith it to the present tirae. He was at first assisted by Rev. Father Kress, and afterAvard by Rev. Father J. B. FrohniiHer, the latter of whora was installed as such assistant pastor in July, 1875, and served in that capacity until Christmas, 1888. The congregation is very prosperous, and is out of debt. It consists of over four hundred and fifty families. The organization of the Holy Rosary Catholic Church was sanctioned by the Most Rev. Williara H. Elder, archbishop of Cincinnati, December 12, 1887. Ground was purchased on Hanover Street, North Dayton, of Mr. and Mrs. Adam Pritz, upon which the proposed church buildiug Avas erected. Ground Avas broken April 30, 1888, and work begun. Services were held for the first time in the chapel on December 25, 1888. The church building was dedicated by the Rev. F. J. Goetz, pastor of liolj' Trinity Church, Dayton, Ohio, May 26, 1889. The buHdmg is of brick and of Dayton liraestone. The foundations are raussive and the aa'uHs are unusually heavy. It is 50x100 feet in size, and the height from the ground to the top of the cross is one hundred and ten feet. In the basement of the building is the heating apparatus; the first floor is used for school purposes, and the second floor for church purposes. The chapel has a seating capacity of betAveen four hundred and five hundred; the tower contains a bell weighing over one thousand two hundred pounds; the cost of the building was ubout sixteen thousand dollars, and the congregation numbers about six hundred souls. The church building Avas dedicated on Sunday, Muy 26, 1889, bj' Rev. Father F. J. Goetz, assisted by all of the Catholic clergymen in the city, aud by Rev. J. Wiezurck, of Toledo, Ohio; Rev. Peter Scherock, of St. Elizabeth liospital, aud Rev. J. Isler and Rev. Mr. Weckesser, of St. Mary's Institute. Owing to the illness of Rev. F. X. Wimsay, of Cincinnati, Avho had been invited to preach the dedicatory sermon, no sermon was preached, but the services Avere of a very impressive char acter and were participated in by a large assemblage of people. The Dayton Ministerial Association is an organization of the Prot estant ministers of the city for consultation and cooperation. It Avas first organized several years ago and re-organized in 1883. It raeets on the first Monday of each raouth iu the pastor's study of the First Presbyterian Church. A chairraan is elected at each meeting. The secretary and treasurer is Rev. Prentiss de Veuve, D. D. Six general church boards of the United Brethren in Christ have had 47 034' HISTORY OF DAYTON. their headquarters in Dayton ever since their organization — the Home, Frontier, uud Foreign Missionary Society, the Church-Erection Society, the Woman's Missionary Association, the (-Jeneral Sabbath-School Board, the General Board of Education, and the Church Historical Society. All except the Board of Education have their offices iu the United Brethren Publishing House building, and till ure incorporated uuder the Iuavs of Ohio. The Home, Frontier and Foreign Missionary Societj' was organized by the General Conference at Miltonville, Ohio, in 1853. Its first officers Avere: Bishop J. J. Glossbrenner, president; Bishops Ii. Kuraler, Jr., L. Davis, and D. Edwards, vice-presidents; Rev. J. C. Bright, corre sponding secretary; Rev. John Kemp, Jr., treasurer; Willium Longstreet, Rev. D. Shuck, T. N. Sowers, Johu Dodds, and D. B. Crouse, raunagers. Its corresponding secretaries have been: Rev. J. C. Bright, 1853 to 1857; Rev. D. K. FHckinger, D. D., 1857 to 1885; Rev. Z. Warner, D. D., 1885 to 1887; Rev. WiHiara McKee, acting secretary, 1887 to 1888; Rev. B. F. Booth, D. D., 1888 to the present. The treasurers have been : Rev. John Kemp, Jr., 1853 to 1869; Rev. William McKee, 1869 to 1873; Rev. J. W Hott, 1873 to 1877; Rev. J. K. Billheimer, 1877 to 1885; Rev. WHHam McKee, 1885 to the present. The present board is composed as follows: Bishops J. Weaver, D. D., E. B. Kephart, D. D., LL.D., N. Castle, J. Dickson, D. D., aud J. W. Hott, D. D.; and Rev. G. A. Funkhouser, D. D., John Dodds, Rev. W. I. Beatty, Rev. D. K. FHckinger, D. D., Rev. J. L. Luttrell, Rev. W.-M. Weekley, ancl Rev. E. Lorenz. The present executive coraraittee are Bishop J. Weaver, D. D., Rev. Williara McKee, Rev. G. A. Funkhouser, D. D., Johu Dodds, and Rev. B. F. Booth, D. D. Missionary work, under the direction of the societj', is conducted in the United Stutes, Canada, Gerraany, und Africa. The first foreign missionaries sent out by the society were Rev. W. J. Shuey, Dr. D. C. Kumler, und Rca'. D. K. Flickinger, Avho sailed to the Avest coast of Africa in 1855, for the purpose of locating an African mission. Rev. W. J. Shuej' has since been, for twenty-five years, in charge of the Publishing House in this city, aud for ;i number of yeurs a member of the bourd of missions, and of the executive coraniittee. Rev. D. K. Flickinger becarae the eorresponding secretary of the bourd iu 1857, continuing in thut responsible position until 1885, when he was elected foreign missionary bishop. He bus made nuraerous voyages to Africa aud Germany, iu the interest of the work of the society. Four former citizens of Dayton are uoav cnii)loycd as missionaries ut Shaiugay, West Africa — Rev. and Mrs. Joseph Gomer and Rev. and Mrs. D. F. Wil berforce. CHURCH HISTORY. 635 The total number of home und foreign missionaries employed is three hundred und forty-six. The organ of the society is the Missionary Visitor. The Church-Erection Society w;is organized in 1872. The incorpora tors Avere the folloAving: Bishops J. J. Glossbrenner, D. D., D. Edwards, D. D., J. Weaver, D. D., and J. Dickson, D. D.; aud Rev. D. K. FHckinger, D. D., Rev. WiHiam McKee, Rev. John Kemp, Jr., T. N. Sowers, B. F. Witt, Rev. W. C. Sraith, Jacob Hoke, and Rev. W. J. Shuey. Bishop J. J. Glossbrenner avus elected president; Rev. D. K. FHckinger, corres ponding secretary, and Rev. William McKee, treasurer. Until 1889 its officers Avere the sarae as those of the Missionary Society. In May, 1889, the society Avas re-organized by the General Conference, and its preseut officers are the folloAving: The Board — Bishops J. Weaver, D. D., J. Dick son, D. D., N. Castle, E. B. Kephart, D. D., LL.D., J. W. Hott, D. D., aud Rev. J. H. Snyder, Rev. C. I. B. Brane, Rev. G. F. Deal, Rev. J. W. Nye, and John Dodds; executive committee. Bishop J. Weaver, D. D., Bishop J. Dickson, D. D., John Dodds, Rev. J. Hill, and Rev. WHHam McKee; corresponding secretary. Rev. J. Hill;- treasurer. Rev. William McKee. The society has afforded assistance in building many churches since its organization. The Woraan's Missionary Association Avas organized in the First United Brethren Church, Dayton, Ohio, October 21, 1875. Its first officers were: Mrs. T. N. Sowers, president; Mrs. Z. A. Colestock, Mrs. M. Ii. Bridgeraan, Mrs. S. Haywood, A'ice-presidents; Mrs. L. R. Keister, 'corresponding secretary; Mrs. D. L. Rike, recording secretary; Mrs. W. J. Shuey, treasurer. Its present officers are the foHoAving: Mrs. L. K. Miller, M. A., president; Mrs. A. L. BiHheirae-r, Mrs. Bishop EdAvards, Mrs. M. H. McFarlau, A'ice-presidents; Mrs. L. R. Keister, M. A., corres ponding secretary; Mrs. Benjarain Marot, recording secretary; Mrs. D. L. Rike, treasurer; Mrs. W. J. Shuey and Mrs. E. S. Lorenz, other trustees. The work of the society has been in Gerraany, Africa, and among the Chinese on the Pacific coast. A mission in China is uoav projected. The organ of the association is the Woman's Evangel. The General Sabbath-school Board was first projected by the General Conference of 1865. Its first officers vA'ere : Rev. W. J. Shuey, superin tendent; Rev. I. Crouse, secretary; J. B. King, treasurer. Its secretaries have been Rev. I. Crouse aud Colonel Robert Cowden; its treasurers, J. B. King, Rev. S. Vonneida, and Rev. W. J. Shuey. At present the board consists of the foHoAving: Rev. D. Berger, D. D., Rev. J. P Landis, D. D., Ph. D., Rev. J. S. Mills, S. E. Kuraler, and C. B. RettcAv; secretary, Colonel Robert CoAvden, Avho ulso has charge of the Bible 636 HISTORY OF- DAYTON. Normal Union and the Horae Reading Circle; treasurer. Rev. W. J. Shuey. The General Board of Education was organized in 1876. The first officers Avere: Rev. II. Garst, D. D., president; Rev. H. A. Thompson, D. D., LL. D., secretary, and Rev. L. Davis, D. D.,. treasurer. The preseut board, elected in 1889, are: Rev. R. J. White, Rev. L. Book Avalter, A. M., Rev. W. M. Beardshear, D. D., Rev. H. Garst, D. D., Rev. G. A. Funkhouser, D. D., Rev. J. P. Landis, D. D., Ph. D., Bishop E. B. Kephart, D. D., LL. D., Rev. J. W. Etter, D. D., Rev. E. S. Lorenz, A. M., B. D., and Rev. J. A. Weller. The secretary is Rev. L. Book- waiter, A. M., and the treasurer is Rev. G. A. Funkhouser, D. D. ^ The Historical Society of the United Brethren in Christ was organ ized in Summit Street Church, Dayton, Ohio, May 4, 1885. Its first officers were: Bishop E. B. Kephart, D. D., president; Rev. H. Garst, D. D., Rev. G. A. Funkhouser, D. D., Rev. G. W. M. Rigor, vice- presidents; Rev. A. W. Drury, D. D., secretary; D. L. Rike, treasurer; W A. Shuey, A. M., librarian; managers (with above named officers). Rev. W. J. Shuey, Rev. L. Davis, D. D., Rev. Z. Warner, D. D., Rev. M. Wright, D. D., Rev. D. R. MHler, Rev. J. W. Hott, D. D., Rev. D. K. Flickinger, D. D., and Rev. W M. Beardshear, D. D. Its present officers are: Bishop E. B. Kephart, D. D., LL.D., presi dent; Rev. H. Garst, D. D., Rev. G. A. Funkhouser, D. D., and Rev. C. T. Stearn, vice-presidents; Rev. A. W. Drury, D. D., secretary; S. L. Herr, treasurer; E. L. Shuey, A. M., Hbrarian; raanagers (with the above nuraed officers). Rev. W. J. Shuey, Rev. L. Davis, D. D., Rca'. B. F. Booth, D. D., Rev. M. Wright, D. D., Rev. D. R. Miller, Bishop J. W. Hott, D. D., Rev. W. M. Beardshear, D. D., and Rev. L. Bookwalter, A. M. The society has its office, niuseura, aud library on the third floor of the Publishing House building. Excellent work has already beeu done iu securing books, paraphlets, periodicals, records, letters, pictures, relics, etc., and a valuable collection already aff'ords abundant material for the antiquarian and church historian. The Dayton Youug Men's Christian Association had its immediate origin in the great reHgious aAvakening of 1869-1870. To perpetuate the unity of feeling of that occasion, and to maintain the beneficial results by giving to youug men opportunities for effort, the pastors and leading citizens called a raeeting at the First Lutheran Church, Sunday ufternoon, Februury 13, 1870. Mr. J. II. Thomas presided and Colonel F. W. Parker Avas secretary. A committee, Avith Judge T. 0. Lowe as chair- inun, was appointed to prepare u constitution and by-laAvs for a Youug Men's Christian Association. The foruud organization occurred March CHURCH HISTORY. 637 2, 1870, with the foHoAving board of directors: R. W. Steele, E. M. Wood, G. G. Prugh, J. E. GHbert, C. G. Parker, J. Ii. Winters, Josiah Gebhart, J. C. Kiefaber, J. H. Thomas, H. E. Parrott, E. T. Sweet, T. 0. LoAve, W. K. Eckert, Eugene Wuichet, J. A. Shauck, and G. W. Hoglen. The president was Mr. R. W. Steele, who frora the beginning has been a warm friend of the association. The object of the association, as set forth in its constitution, was " the physical, intellectual, sociul, aud spiritual improvement of young men." With this in view, parlors, reading-rooms, amusements, entertainmeuts, and religious services Avere provided for all young men. The religious meetings were open to all — men and Avomen. The raerabership during these yeurs included only Christian meu. The ussociate raenibership was added later. The home of the association at this tirae Avas on the second floor of the Journal building, just nortli of the court-house. In accomplishing its object, in addition to the attractions naraed before, it Avas thought best, during these eariy years and for many yeurs after, to do general missionary Avork. The association therefore en couraged its raerabers to assist in union eff'orts, especially in organizing Sunday-schools in the suburbs and in holding open-air services during the summer. At that time hardly a church raaintained a raission school, but frora these early eff'orts of workers of the association have grown some of the best schools and churches: liarshraan ville school has becorae a Lutheran Church; Wagner, a United Brethren Church; Patterson Chapel in BrowntoAvn, a Baptist school, and Calvary Chapel iu North Dayton is uoav Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church. The association Avas iu these years a center of all forms of Christian eff'ort, but as time passed it Avas found that the churches could do most of these things better in their regular channels, leaving to the association its proper Avork for young men. The period of this class of work continued till 1885. Immediately upon its organization, in 1870, a secretary was chosen to direct the work. This officer Avas Mr. il. P. Adams, of Manchester, New liampshire, vyho began work in May. Mr. Adaras Avas a man of rare ability, and won raany friends for himself and the association during his four years of service. In 1874, he resigned, to reraove to Baltimore. In the interim that foHoAved, Rev. James McNary and Mr. W. A. Wag oner served most faithfully. In June, 1874, the International Convention of Youug Men's Christian Associations Avas held in Dayton. The local board of directors found araong the delegates the future secretary, Mr. D. A. Sinclair, of Hamilton, Ontario, Avho accepted the position in August , 1874. Since that date there has been no change in this office, Mr. -Sinclair having, by his rare tact and Christian life, led the association 638 HISTORY OF DAYTON. through all its changes. It is but a matter of history that the high rank and great usefulness of the associution to-day are largely due to his efforts. Soon after Mr. Sinclair's urrivul, the need of larger quarters was realized; therefore, in the spring of 1875, funds Avere raised, property bought, und the building remodeled, furnished, and occupied, all within a single month. This happy result was attained very largely through the efforts of Messrs. John Dodds and C. V. Osborn. The property thus speedily utilized was the Dunlevy residence, 32 und' 34 East Fourth Street, the site of the preseut building. The lot is 66x200 feet, and cost origiuully sixteen thousand dollars. A year later u large hall Avas built in the rear, aud was used for general purposes until converted iuto a gymnasium in 1885. The history of the succeeding ten years is varied. While doing all the Avork possible with its appliances, there Avere days of seeming failure and meagre support. At one time, in 1878, the bourd seriously considered the best means of doing the work Avithout expense. At lust one of the oldest members proposed to close the doors, und put up a placard, "Closed for wunt of support." This proposition not onlj' uroused the friends of the ussociution, but touched the pride of all citizens, who rallied to the support, and soon the advancement began. Siuce that time there has been no hesitation. Among those prominent in these years of the association's history were meu Avhom Duyton still delights to honor. No one forgets Mr. Henry L. Brown, so strong in Christian life; Mr. Patterson Mitchell, for thirteen years a meniber of the bourd of directors, aud the devoted friend of Calvury Chapel; Dr. E. F. Sample, genial and warm-hearted, a leader of young men; Mr. L. M. Davis und Mr. Herman Darrow, tAvo most active laborers; or Mr. Charles Ii. Crawford, a trustee of the association's property aud its staunch, friend. Mr. Valentine Winters and Mrs. Letitia Eaker have expressed their interest by generous donations, forming the basis of an endowment fund. Among others who have been ideutified Avitli the history are R. W. Steele, E. A. Daniels, J. Ii. Winters, C. V. Osborn, D. E. McSherry, John Dodds, C. L. liuAves, W. B. King, und E. J. Burney. As the plans Avere developed uud the Avants of young men better understood, the peculiar purpose of the association became more prom inent. In 1885, the bourd of directors, tifter careful considerution, decided thut it would conserve the interests of the association and bring it iuto more cordial relations with the pastors and people of the city, to restrict its tietivities to definite Avork for young men. At this time over tliree hundred of these young men agreed to piiy ten dollars uuuually if the CHURCH HISTORY. 639 association Avould introduce and maiutuin " appliances and agencies to meet the physical, social, aud intellectual needs of the subscribers." The plans suggested Avere acted upon at once. Associution Hull becume a finely-equipped gymnusium, opened in the full of 1885. This only demonstrated the necessity of greater facilities and a buHding adapted in every way to the wants of the associution in its new life. A brief canvass shoAved ihat there would be hearty cooperation on the part of Dayton's business men- if a huncfeome building Avere uiider- tuken and u reusonable pledge given that the work would be carried on in its particular line. The generositj' of Dayton's citizens was seen at once, for in 1886 they contributed toward the ucav buildiug, in sums of one dollar to fiA'e thousand dollars, over fifty-five thousuud dollurs. That buHding is one of the handsomest in the city and ranks aniong the best in the country. The old residence was vacated February 3, 1886, and the new buHding dedicated February 6, 1887. Governor J. B. Foraker laid the corner-stone July 7, 1886, in the presence of au imraense audience. The property is valued at eighty thousand doHurs. This hundsome .building, covering the entire lot, provides reading rooms for the merabers and their friends, social parlors and amusement rooms, class rooms for various evening educational classes, gyrauasiura and bath rooras for physical development, lecture room for religious meetings, and a beauti ful hall for concerts, lectures, and general purposes. The enjoyment of all these privileges is conditioned only upon the payraent of a sraall annual raerabership fee. The association employs a general secretary and his assistant, a gymnasium instructor, instructors in various educational branches, and numerous other helpers. The young raen who are raembers carry out the details by their service on the various coraraittees of the association. As an indication of the diff'erence in the interest under the earlier methods and those of to-day (1889), it may be noted that in 1883— a very prosperous year — there Avere 312 members, uoav there ure 838; in the former yeur 47 served on comraittees, in 1888, 103; then 03 persons visited the rooras daily, in 1888, 235; then $3,480 Avere expended for the work, now $6,914; raost of the raoney then received was in gifts, now it is largely from memberships and regular income. Then there Avere no evening classes, no gyrauasiura aud bath rooras, few raeetings for meu alone; now these are all essential. The raanageraent of the aff'airs of the association is in the hands of a board of directors, chosen annually by the active raembers. While any man. may become a raeraber, only members of evangelical churches can participate in the direction of its business. 640 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The presidents of the association have been: 1870-1871, R. W. Steele; 1871-1873, E. A. Daniels; 1873-1874, Ii. E. Parrott; 1874-1876, C. V. Osborn; 1876-1878, John Dodds; 1878, W. C. Herron, three raonths; 1878-1880, D. E. McSherry, eighteen raonths; 1880-1882, J. C. Reber; 1882-1885, G. N. Bierce; 1885-1888, E. A. Daniels; 1888-1889, E. L. Shuey. In 1889, the board of directors includes E. A. Daniels, Johu Dodds, G. N. Bierce, J. C. Reber, G. P. Huff'man, Houston Lowe, J. R. Boalt, W. W. Sraith, C. L. liardman, W. G. Tanner, E. L. Shuey, F. W. Gebhart, F. A. Moss, W. II. Sunderland, W. A. Scott, V. P. Van Horn, A. E. Thomas. The trustees are J. H. Winters, Johu Dodds, C. V. Osborn, W. Webster, E. Canby. The general secretary is D. A. Sinclair, and the gyranasium instructor is W. E. Day. Nothing has shown raore fully the character of Dayton than its support of this institution, and nothing brings larger returns in good citizenship, strong charucter, and Christian life. The Woman's Christian Associution, of Dayton, was formally organized Saturday afternoon, Noveraber 26, 1870. The Avork talked of that afternoon was that its efforts misrht be iu unison with the Youns: Men's Christian Association, helping thera iu visiting and relieving the poor. It was determined to ask contributions from women only. The Young Men's Christian Associution, anticipating the need, freely off'ered the use of their rooms for the meetings. Volunteers Avere called for, und committees AA'ere formed for visitation and missiouury work iu all the wards of the city. In order to receiA'c the property ofthe old Orphans' Home, Avhich Avas no longer needed for that purpose, und which hud been by an act of the legislature through the special effort of the late Mrs. Nancy Bates, made transferable to a society for the support of widows and destitute women, this association becarae an incorporate body, adopting the narae necessary: "Woman's Christian Association, of Daytou, Ohio, for the support of widows aud destitute woraen." Hon. L. B. Gunckel kindly urruuged the legal transfer. The fiscal trustees appointed were: Messrs. J. li. Winters, Robert W. Steele, and Charles H. Crawford. The first managers aud officers were as folloAvs: President. — Mrs. J. H. Winters. Fz'cc-Presif/enfe.— Mesdames J. B. King, Williara Herr, and H. N. Stephens. ' Corresponding Secretary. — Mrs. J. Harry Thomas. Recording Secretary. — Miss Maggie Cox. Treasurer. — Mrs. H. D. Carnell. CHURCH HISTORY. 641 J/ana(/ers.— Mesdames C. E. Corpe, A. L. Martin, C. L. HaAves, J. H. Brownell, Preserved Smith, M. E. King, Abia Zeller, Miss Joan Rench, Mesdaraes George Hoglen, David Gebhart, Ii. M. Van Doren, and Miss EHen Brown. Membership Committee. — Mesdaraes E. A. Daniels, John Achey, M. A. Hewens, J. R. Jacobs, and Miss T. R. Roberts. Finance Comm«'«ee.— Mesdaraes Ii. N. Stephens, J. E. Gilbert, Charles Parrott, II. M. Van Doren, James Turpin, E. E. Barney, T. S. Babbitt, and Miss Anuie Harries. The presidents of the association have been: Mrs. J. H. Winters, 1870-1882; in 1883, for six months, Mrs. J. Harry Thoraas; 1883-1888, Mrs. C. E. Corpe; 1888-1889, Mrs. W. D. Bickham. The present (1889) officers are: President. — Mrs. W. D. Bickham. Vice-Presidents.— Mesdiamea J. H. Wiuters,,^E.. A. Daniels, M. Ii. Ramsey. Corresponding Secretary. — Mrs. D. Ii. French. Recording Secretary. — Miss Virginia Whitraore. Treasurer, — Miss Carrie Brown. Managers. — Mesdaraes C. E. Corpe, Abia Zeller, John Shank, J. R. Youug, J. V. Dicks, Leonard Moore, D. E. McSherry, G. W. Rodgers, J. D. Platt, G. A. Black, J. C. Kiefaber, L. B. Allen, A. C. Fenner, and J. M. Phelps. Fiscal Trustees. — Messrs. J. Ii. Winters, Eben M. Thresher, and S. W. Davies. The association has had but four treasurers: Mrs. Ii. D. Carnell, Misses Ruth Marshall, Mary Mitchell, and Carrie BroAvn. Its recording secretaries have been: Miss Maggie Cox, Mesdaraes J. B. Thresher, John G. Doren, T. F. Marsh, Juraes A. Robert, Miss Ruth Marshall, Mrs. George W. Hoglen, aud Miss Virgina Whitraore. The association began without u penny. To-day it OAvns three pieces of property, valued at fifty-three thousand dollurs, with an eudoAvmeut fund of thirty thousand dollars for the WidoAv's Home and of five thou sand dollars for its general fund. Its rooras are in the west half of the Youug Men's Christian Association building. Its Avork is varied in character. *¦ For thirteen years it has successfully conducted an industrial school, Saturday afternoons, of over two hundred little girls. Mrs. A. L. Connelly and Mrs. Jaraes Applegate Avere the founders. Young ladies of diff'erent churches assist in this grand work. A Widow's Home is sustained, Avitli twenty-eight permanent inmates. A Woman's Exchange is Avell established, meeting a long felt .need in 48 042 HISTORY OF DAYTON. the city. The educational department holds evening classes for woraen and girls. A coraniittee visjts twice a month the Soldiers' Home hospital. Another coraniittee twice a month conducts Sabbuth services in the Soldiers' Home Church. It has also a jail committee, a work house committee, a nursery basket committee, infirmury, Chinese, "employment, and reformatory coraraittees, together with comraittes in every ward of the city for missionary work. Regular business meetings are held on the first Saturduy of every mouth, at two p. m. All interested or willing to help are cordially invited. In this limited spuce but u mere outline of this association's work has been given. Many touching^incidents might be related, but it would be a breach of confidence to portray to the public these every-day home scenes to which these ladies have been admitted. What has been done by this band of the King's daughters, "In His Narae," will be carefully noted by the recording angel. And the work avHI sorae day all be tried as with fire; the wood, the buy, and the stubble will all be cleared away, and only the gold and the silver will reraain. CHAPTER XXIV. City Graveyard — Woodland Cemetery — St. Henry's Cemetery — Calvary Cemetery — Hebrew Cemetery. THE first "graveyard" of Dayton Avas located at the northeast corner of Main and Third streets. Mr. D. C. Cooper, the proprietor of the town, gave lots 133 and 134 on his plat to the Presbyterian Church, aud as it was the custom at that day to connect the graveyard Avith the church, the ground was also used for burial purposes. It was soon manifest that these lots would be encroached upon by the toAvn, and in 1805, Mr. Cooper donated to the Presbyterian and Methodist churches und the town, for u graveyard, four acres of ground on the south side of Fifth Street, between Ludlow and Wilkinson streets, each to have equal parts. Woodland Ceraetery having been established, in 1849 the city bought a "potter's field" just south of the cemetery, and subse quently, by ordinance, prohibited further burials in the graveyard. The reversionary interest of the Cooper heirs having been purchased, the ground was laid out in building lots and sold, Tcalizing a handsome sum for the churches and the city. The reraains of the dead Avere carefully disinterred, and decently buried in Woodland Ceraetery and potter's field. In 1840, a raoveraent was made to establish a rural ceraetery, where every possible safeguard should be thrown around the resting-place of the dead. Mr. John W. Van Cleve made the suggestion, and was most active in proraoting the object. At his death in 1858, the trustees expressed their sense of obHgation to hira in the foHoAA'ing memorial, Avhich is recorded in the minutes of the association : "The death of John W. Van Cleve deraands, on the part of the trustees of the Woodland Ceraetery Association, a grateful and heartfelt acknoAA'ledgeraent of his worth as a raan and of his invaluable services as an officer of the association. To hira more than to any other person is the association indebted for its inception and continued prosperity to the present time. Frora the beginning he has served as its president, and given an amount of labor 'and watchful supervision to its aff'airs which money could not have purchased. To his skillful management the association is indebted for its prosperous financial condition, and its beautiful records, kept by his oavu hand, attest his abiding interest in it until the time of his death. 643 644 HISTORY OF DAYTON. "Mr. Villi Cleve avus no ordinary man. Endowed Avith u vigorous intellect be had iraproved it by diligent study. Few raen have cultivated so wide a field of knowledge, aud yet few were so thorough in' each department. A geologist, botanist, engineer, musician, painter, and engraver of no mean skill, he yet found time for the Avidest reading, und possessed of a most retentive memory, there were few subjects with AA'hich he was not familiar. "A striking trait of his character was his unbending integrity. His scrupulous honesty was so avcH known and appreciated that he was frequently selected for the discharge of the raost responsible trusts. Born in Dayton, June 27, 1801, he grew up with the town, and Avas' ideutified with all its interests. No one Avas raore thoroughly versed in its history, or felt a livelier interest in its prosperity. "Attacked Avith cousunjption, he bore his lingering and painful illness with the greatest fortitude and patience. He died Septeraber 6, 1858. Aged fifty-eight yeurs." Articles of Association were drawn by Mr. Van Cleve and fifty- two subscribers obtained. Each subscriber agreed to pay into the treasury one hundred dollars, to be repaid to hira without interest, either in burial lots or in raoney, Avhen the aft'airs of the association justified. In a short time the claims of the subscribers were liquidated the majority of thera, taking lots in payraent. In 1842, a charter Avas obtained frora the legislature. By the provisions of the articles of association and the charter. Woodland Ceraetery Association is a close corporation. The title of all property, real and personal, is vested in the trustees, who are elected tri-annually by the original subscribers or their successors. The charter provides that "each subscriber raay transfer his right and share by ussignraent or devise thereof; ancl iu case no such assignment or devise shall huve been raade at the deuth of such subscriber, the said right shall vest iu his oldest heir at laAV." The only privHege, hoAvever, enjoyed by raembers of the association, not common to all lot-OAvners, is the right to vote for or serve as trustees. All the proceeds frora the sale of lots or other sources are sacredly set apart and devoted to the cure and iraproveraeut of the grounds. The trustees have served frora the begin ning without compensation. A meeting of the subscribers was culled at the office of the Firemens Insurance Compuny, on Thursdaj' evening, February 17, 1841. James Steele was appointed chairman und David C. Baker secretary. At this meeting the Woodland Cemetery Association Avas organized by the elec tion of the following officers: Trustees, Job Haines, Jaraes Perrine, Edward W. Davies, J. D. Phillips, aud John W. Van Cleve; secretary, Robert C. CEMETERIES. 645 Schenck; treasurer, David Z. Peirce. At a subsequent meeting of the trustees, John W. Van Cleve avus elected president of the association. It is an interesting fact that Woodland Cemetery is in order of time the third rural cemetery of any magnitude established in the United States, preceding Spring Grove, at Cincinnati, three years. On the 29tli of April, 1841, a deed was received frora Augustus George for forty acres of ground at forty dollars per acre. This tract of land was covered Avith a dense groAvth of forest trees, many of thera of the largest size. By the judicious removal and sale of the surplus timber a handsome sum of money was realized. As a mutter of interest, the sylva of the cemetery grounds, in 1843, as recorded by Mr. Van Cleve, is given; the largest part of the trees in digenous to this region are found in this list: Sugar Tree. R. Flower'g Maple. Hornb'm. B.Beech. Bit. nut. S. Hick'ry Shell-bark Hick'y. Common Hickory. Hackb'y. H. Ash. Wild Cherry. R. B"ud. Jud. Tree. Dogwood. Bush Dogwood. Hawthorn. Red Haw. White Ash. Acer saccharinum, Acer rubrum, Caspiniis Americana, Oarya amara, Carya squamosa, Carya tomentosa, Celtis crapifolia Cera.ius serolina, Cer.ds Canadensis, Cormis florida, - Cornus paniculata, Cralaequs pyrifolia, Crataegus coednea, Ei-axinus acuminata, Fraxinus quadrangulata. Blue Ash. GlediUchia triacanthos. Honey Locust. Gymnocladus Canadensis, Coffee-nut Tree, Juglans nigra, - Black Walnut. Junipeiics Vtrginiana, Red Cedar. Laurus sassafras, Sassafras. Liriodendron tulipifera, Poplar. Tulip Tree. The trustees proceeded at once to enclose the ground, to lay out suitable carriage ways, and to sub-divide the whole into burial lots, seven teen by twenty-two feet each. The surveying and platting avus done by Mr. Van Cleve without charge. This method of division into square lots of equal size, which Avas perhaps the best which could be devised at the time, bus uot been followed by the trustees in platting new ground. Regard is uoav had to the direc tion of the roads and the lay of the ground, and a much better effect produced. On the 7th day of June, 1843, the cemetery Avas opened, and the lots offered at public sale. On the 21st of the sarae month, the grounds Morus rubra, Nyssa multiflora, Ostrya Virginica, Populus Canadensis, Fopulus qrandidentata, Platanus occidentalis, Prunus Americana, Pyrus coronaria, Quercus alba, , Quercus coccinea, Quercus tinctoria, Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus imbricaria, Rhus glabra, Salix nigra, Tilia Americana, Vlmus Americana, Dlmus fulva, Vvaria triloba. Viburnum prunifolium, Mulberry. Gum. Sour Gum. Iron Wood. Cotton Wood. Am. Large Aspen. Sycamore. Wild Plum. Crab Apple. White Oak. Scarlet Oak. Red Oak. Black Oak. Jack Oak. Smooth Sumach. Black Willow. Linden. Bass W'd. Elm. White Elm. Slip. Elm. R. Elm. Pawpaw.Black Haw. 646 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Avere dedicated Avith the foHoAving order of exercises: Prayer by Rev. Jaraes C. Barnes; hymn, "Old Hundred;" address by Rev. John W. Hall; hymn, Pleyel's German hymn; dedication and prayer by Rev. Ethan Allen; hymn, "Dundee;" benediction. The first internient avus raude July 11, 1843, when Allen Cullum was buried near the center of the cemetery. Up to April, 1889, there have been fourteen thousand six hundred and forty-six interments. It bus been the uim of the trustees to increase the size of the cemetery grounds by the purchase of udjacent land Avhen opportunity oft'ered. Contiguity to the city, Avhile au advantage in some respects, has rendered large additions of ground impossible. The cemetery now comprises over one hundred acres, nearly three times the araount of the original purchase. It is estimated that forty acres of available ground remain unsold. As much the largest part of the expense that avHI be required for permanent improvements, consisting of roads, ^sewerage, Avuter works, and buHdings of the most perraanent character, including the handsorae ucav office and chapel at the entrance, has beeu paid out of the sale of lots, leaving a surplus of over ten thousand dollars at interest, it is raauifest that the ground remaining unsold avHI produce a permanent fund, the interest of which will keep the cemetery in perfect order in all tirae to corae. Desiring to avail theraselves of the best advice, the trustees consulted with Mr. A. Stuiich, the late superintendent of Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati. By his system of landscape gardening applied to the cerae tery, it is relieved of the repulsive features associated with the ordinary burial ground, and Avhile nothing is admitted inconsistent with the sacredness of the place, it presents to the eye the sober beauty of the park. The trustees huve sought to introduce this system at Woodland Cemetery. Unfortunately, it was too late to thoroughly remedy the errors, which had been committed in laying out and improving the older portion of the ground, but the superior eft'ect of the ucaa' method is ap parent to every eye in those parts Avhere it has been adopted. Inclosure of private lots and the erection of head stones, more thau two feet in height at graves, ure uoav prohibited. It is hoped that at no distant day the few fences that still deface portions of the ceraetery avHI be removed. The prevalence of fine forest trees very appropriately' gave the name of Woodlund to the ceraetery. Before the opening of the grounds in 1843, such trees as were thought unsuitable had been reraoved. Up to 1870 nothing further had been done, and OAviug to the growth ancl decay of trees, it was thought best in that year to reraove a large nuraber. As CEMETERIES. 647 tree after tree fell before the axe, raany persous thought that the chief glory of the cemetery was being destroyed, and the trustees were sub jected to much criticism. All are now satisfied that the reraoval of the trees was necessary, and that the appearance of the ground is greatly iraproved. The same year the trustees planted in suitable places a large number of the choicest evergreen and deciduous trees. For natural beauty and adaptation to the purpose, the grounds of Woodland Cemetery can hardly be surpassed. Every effort has been raude to iraprove thera in the best and raost tasteful raanner. The roads are kept in perfect order, and by a systera of underground drainage, the Avater is carried off' rapidly and gutters are dispensed with. Water works have been constructed, and Avater is conveyed by pipes to every part of the grounds. The buildings of all kinds are substantial and tasteful, and the new office and chapel, of contrasted gray liraestone and red sand stone, at the entrance, are strikingly beautiful structures. No doubt each year will add to the beauty and attractiveness of this quiet resting place of the dead. The following are the naraes of the original stockholders: Richard Ames, Henry L. Brown, Thomas Brown, R. N. Comly, William F. Coraly, John Corapton, Archibald Cruwford, Ziba Crawford, Isuac Deraarest, Edward W. Davies, William Eaker, Duvid K. Este, Samuel D. Edgar, Frederick Gebhart, Richard Green, Andrew Gurap, Joseph Gilmore, Alexander Grimes, Job Haines, Henry Van Tuyl, Nathaniel Wilson, lienry Frantz, George W. Smith, Isaac N. Partridge, David C. Baker, John W. Harries, Henry Herrman, Christian Koerner, Peter Odlin, David Z. Peirce, James Perrine, Johnson V. Perrine, J. D. PhiHips, Horatio G. Phillips, William Roth, Robert C. Schenck, Sarauel Shoup, James Steele, Williara B. Stone, Siraon Snyder, David Stout, Charles G. Swain, E. W. Towner, John W. Van Cleve, Peter Voorhees, Edward Edraundson, lienry Stoddard, Sr., John Steele, Samuel Forrer, and George Newcom. Only five of the original stockholders are living (April, 1889), namely, Thomas BroAvn, Richard N. Comly, Williara F. Coraly, John F. Edgar, and Robert C. Schenck. The stockholders in 1889 are: Thoraas BroAvn, Williara F. Comly, J. Fred Boyer, Ziba Crawford, Sarauel W. Davies, John F. Edgar, Will iam H. Frantz, Charles G. Grimes, Josiah Gebhart, Charles Harries, John • G. Lowe, John S. Lytle, James McDaniel, Daniel E. Mead, Frank Mul ford, H. E. Parrott, James J. Rossell, Robert C. Schenck, Elias Stout, Robert W. Steele, Williara Ii. Sirams, Henry K. Steele, Jonathan II. Winters, Alexander Gebhart, J. Ii. Peirce, B. F. Gump, J. Fay Dover, 648 HISTORY OF DAYTON. J. K. Mclntire, Horace PhiHips, J. Elliott Peirce, Wood Odlin, Torrence Huff'man, John W. Stoddard, WHliara Huff'man, J. Ii. Perrine, Mrs. Georo;e W. ShaAv, Mrs. H. Seeo-er, Mrs. L G. Evaus. Following are the officers from 1841 to 1889: Presidents — John W. Van Cleve, elected February 18, 1841; deceased Septeraber 6, 1858. Robert W. Steele, elected Septeraber 14, '1858. *S'('(-r(.'/'(r(c5— Robert C. Schenck, elected February 18, 1841; terra expired Februury 18, 1853. Robert W. Steele, elected Februur.)' 18, 1853; elected president September 14, 1858. Edwin Smith, elected September 14, 1858; term expired September 11, 1865. Ziba Crawford, elected September 11, 1865. Treasurers — D. Z. Peirce, elected February 18, 1841; deceased August 15, 1853; V. Winters, elected 1853. Superintendents of Grounds — George Lane, appointed ; deceased September 5, 1860. William W. Lane, appointed September 5, 1860; resigned June 14, 1869. J. C. Cline, appointed June 14, 1869. Trustees — Johu W. Van Cleve, elected February 18, 1841; deceased Septeraber 6, 1858. Job Haines, elected February 18, 1841; deceased July 16, 1860. James Perrine, elected February 18, 1841; deceased Januury 22, 1864. J. D. Phillips, elected February 18, 1841; deceased February 13, 1871 Edward W DuA'ies, elected February 18, 1841; deceused Decem ber 11, 1873. Robert W. Steele, elected September 14, 1858. Thomas BroAvn, elected Murcli 4, 1861; term expired September 11, 1865. J. G. Lowe, elected April 16, 1864. Andrew Gump, elected Septeraber 11, 1865. John Ii. Winters, elected Murch 13, 1871. Thomas Brown, reelected January ;'2, 1874. Samuel W. Davies, elected Februury 18, 1875. The first burying ground of the Catholics of Duyton bore the name of St. Henry's Cemetery. In Septeraber, 1844, oue hulf of outlet Xumber 27 Avas purehused by Archbishop Purcell of Tlioraus Morrison for three hundred aud five doHars. Murch 2, 1853, the south half of the same lot was purchased of E. W. Davies for eight hundred dollars. These tAvo pieces of ground constitute St. Henry's Cemetery. This avus the only burying place for Catholics for many years, aud b}' 1872 had became so croAvded as to lead to the establishmeut of Ctilvary Cemetery. Inter ments are not now permitted in this cemetery. Ou the 9th of July, 1872, Calvary Cemetery Assoeititiou Avas organized by the elecLiou of the followiug bourd of trustees: Revs. J. F. Hahue, Williuin M. Carey, F. J. Goetz, uud 11. Stuekcuborg, for the term of three yetirs; Willium Ilclfrich, N. Ohmer, Johu Stephans, und Henry Hilgefort, for two yetirs; and Robert Clnimbcrs, Sevcrin Wiegert, Theodore Barlow, CEMETERIES. 649 and Henry Schlaman, for one year; Jacob Stephuns, secretury. Ninety acres of ground were purchased two aud oue-half miles south of the city on a coraraanding bluff. No finer vIcav of hill, valley, und river can be found anywhere than raay be obtained from Calvary Cemetery. Because of this wide outlook, it Avas a poiut selected by the mound builders, and one of their curious earth Avorks is included in the cemetery grounds. In the improvements of the grounds the best modern system of landscape gardening has been adopted. The roucls have been constructed in the most permanent raanner, the native forest trees so far as suitable preserved, and large numbers of the finest deciduous and evergreen ornamental trees planted. In tirae it will becorae one of the finest cemeteries in the country. The total number of interments to date is 4,140, 1,400 of AA'hich are removals from St. Henry's Ceraetery. The present officers of the association are as follows: Trustees: Emraanuel congregation, Rev. Charles J. Hahne, Michuel Walter, and Augustus Meyer; St. Joseph's congregation. Rev. Patrick Cusack, Jaraes H. Hall, and Jaraes Hartnett; St. Mary's congregation. Rev. H. Stucken borg, J. Christian Luehrs, and Joseph Burwiukle; Holy Trinity, Rev. F. J. Goetz, Sebastian Deraphle, and George Deis; Sacred Heart congrega tion. Rev. R. A. Finnerty, Nicholas Ohmer, and Michael J. Gibbons; Holy Rosary congregation, Rev. J. B. Frohmiller, Anthony liasenstab, and Frank LukaszcAvitz. President, Rev. Patrick Cusack; vice-president, Nicholas Ohraer; secretary, John Ii. Finke; treasurer, Sebastian Demphle; superintendent, William' Irwin. Mr. Nicholas Ohraer has been vice- president of the association frora the beginning, and the success of the associution is largely due to his enterprise and good taste. The Hebrew congregation purchased July 15, 1851, of Jacob Diet rich one acre of ground on South Brown Street, near the corporation line, for a ceraetery, to Avhicb they gave the narae, Kilah Kodesh Bivay Jeshurun. This cemetery is still in use, but interments will soon be dis continued in it, six acres of ground south of the city haviug been purchased of A. C. Brown. The new ceraetery is located on elevated ground, coraraanding a fine view of the city and the surrounding country, and when iraproved as conteraplated, will be very beautiful. I CHAPTER XXV. Transportation Interests — The Miami aud Erie Caual — The Railroads — The Street Railroads. IN a chapter ou tbe transportation interests of the city, the canal natu rally takes first j)luce, even if it is not of the first iraportance. The history of its construction has beeu recited in earlier pages of this Avork, and it is necessary to raention in this connection only some facts with reference to the amount of transportation which annually is carried on by means of this uvenue of communication between the Ohio river aud the great lakes. Aud a comparison between the shipraeuts of produce in the earlier days and those for the last few years will serve to sIioav the importance of the cunul us well as, or perhaps better than, a full history aud statistical account ofthe AVork done by the canal for each consecutive year since its construction. For the first three years of the cunul's exist euce the shipments were us follows: Flour, 1829, 27,121 barrels; 1830, 56,864 barrels; 1831, 59,550 barrels. Barrels of AA-hisky, 1829, 7,378; 1830, 7,142; 1831, 5,602. Barrels of pork, 1829, 3,429; 1830, 2,497; 1831, 4,244. Barrels of oil, 1829, 423; 1830, 281; 1831, 344. For the last four years, each year ending November 15tli, the shipments have been as foHoAvs frora Duyton: For 1885, barrels of ale und beer, 68,970; fiour, 2,680; oil, 220, und of whisky, 10; bushels clover seed, 335; corn, 23,800; oats, 35,200; rye, 500; of coal, 58 tons. Of vurious kinds of merchandise, such as hides, iron, lard, rugs, etc , there were shipped iu the aggregate, 1,346,834 pounds; of lumber, 9,580 feet; of stone, 339 perches, and of burk, 35J cords. Of merchundise received in Dayton by means of the caual, there were 10,000 barrels of beef, and a little flour, oil, and salt. There were 68,000 pounds of pig iron; 94,263 pounds of general mer chandise; 272,062 pounds of paper; 141,200 pounds of rags; 352,000 pounds of sand, und 664,740 pounds of unclassified freight. Of lumber, there were received 409,477 feet, and of bark, 87,000 cords, besides con siderable other freight. In 1886, there was but little freight shi[)ped iu barrels, the largest item being 1,267 barrels of flour. Of corn, there were shipped 22,100 bushels, and 22,900 of oats, and a fcAv bushels each of clover seed, coal, and Avheat. The total nuraber of pounds of various kinds of raerchun- ilise was 925,618. Of luinbcr, there were shipped 51,255 feet, und but 650 ^ TRANSPORTATION INTERESTS. 651 S ¦- little other freight Of freight in barrels, there was received but little except 1,175 barrels of linseed oH. Of various miscellaneous kinds, there Avere received 865,670 pounds; of hoop poles, 41,000; of slate, 9,550, and of staves aud heading, 40,500. There Avas little else received besides, except 445,580 feet of luraber. For 1887, the shipments and receipts were us foHoAvs: Barrels, ale aud beer, 1,037; flour, 167; and linseed oil, 1,018. Bushels, barley, 51; oats, 85; rye, 7,250; and coal, 22,260. The nuraber of pounds of freight of various kinds of merchandise Avas 4,008,798, the number of hoop poles 18,000, and the number of feet of luraber 193,848. The receipts Avere: Of linseed oil, 3,000 barrels, and a fcAV barrels of several other articles, as rosin, acid, vinegar, pork, lime, und salt. There Avere received 5,795 bushels of barley, 100 bushels of oats, und 121 bushels of rye. The number of pounds of various articles received avus 1,863,464. There were received 59,200 hoop poles, 54,300 staves and headings, and a fcAV empty barrels ancl posts. Of lumber there Avere received 743,525 feet, aud 1,246 cords of Avood. For the year ending November 15, 1888, the shipments were as foHows: Barrels, ale and beer, 1,241; linseed oil, 337, and a feAv barrels of other articles. Of corn there Avere shipped 18,200 bushels, of oats 30,700 bushels, aud a few bushels of other grain. The number of pounds of various kinds of goods shipped was 6,605,014, and there were shipped 101,682 feet of luraoer. The receipts were as follows: Barrels, acid, 795; fiour, 207; linseed oil, 2,905; vinegar, 876; rosin, 282, and a few barrels of other goods. There were received 1,800 bushels of coru and 425 bushels of oats, and the nuraber of pounds of raiscellaneous goods received Avas 1,681,432. There were received 42,200 hoop poles, and 11,900 staves aud headings, 567,500 feet of lumber, and 1,474 cords of wood. The cash receipts from the caual from Noveraber 15, 1879, to Novera ber 15, 1885, Avere $571,200.04; for the year ending Noveraber 1, 1886, they were $76,043.57; for 1887, $87,200.36; und for 1888, $75,955.13. The expenditures for the years from November 15, 1879, to November 15, 1885, were $577,339.22, an excess over receipts of $6,139.18. The expend itures for 1886 were $88,935.64; for 1887, $71,431.06; and for 1888, $98,838.94. The period of greatest prosperity of the caual Avas frora 1831 to 1861, and the largest amount received in any one year since the canal has been in use was $351,897.72, in 1851. The largest amount expended in any one was $270,471.18, in 1852. Frora 1829 to 1888, uiclusiA'e of both years, the total receipts of the Miarai & Erie Ctuuil Avere $5,960,432 56, aud the 652 HISTORY OF DAYTON. totul expenditures $4,352,454.79. On all the canals of the State, for the period from 1827 to 1888, inclusive of both years, the totul receipts Avere $16,158,441.83, und the totul expenditures $10,180,871.87. FoHoAviug is u brief outline of the construction of the railroads Avhich terniiiiute in or pass through Dayton: On Junuury 5, 1832, the legisluture of Ohio passed un uct incorporating the Mad River & Lake Erie Railroad Company. This railroad was to run from Daytou, via Springfield, Urbuna, Bellefontaine, to or near Upper Sandusky, Tiffin, aud Lower Sandusky, to Sandusky, Hurou County. The legislature subsequently passed other acts furthering the interests of this corporation —on March 14, 1836; December 19, 1836; March 16, 1839; February 19, 1845; February 6, 1847, and February 8, 1848. The act of February 6,1847, authorized the town of Springfield to subscribe' twenty thousand dollars to the company's stock, the amount to be applied on the construc tion of the road between that toAvn and Dayton. The contract for the construction of this division was let in the winter of 1848-1849, and the road wus completed between the two places January 25, -1851. On the 27tli an excursion passed over the road from Springfield to Daytou, and on the 28tli truius began running on regulur tirae. The corapany constructed its road from Tiffin to Sundusky, via Bellevue. The Sandusky City & Indiana Railroad Conipany, Avhich avus chur- tered Februury 28, 1851, built a road from Tiffin- to Sandusky, via Clyde, aud as this route was deemed more favorable than thut via Bellevue, the Sandusky City & Indiana Company leased the road to the Mad River & Lake Erie Compuny for ninety-nine yeurs, reuewuble perpetually, and bus operuted the roud via Clyde, ubaudoniug the other route. Ou the 1st of June, 1854, the company leased the Springfield & Columbus Railway, and on February 23, 1858, the name avus changed by decree of the comnion pleas court of Erie County, to the Sandusky, Duyton & Cincinnati Railroad Company. The road went into the bauds of a receiver October 13, 1865, uud on July 2, 1866, a certificate of reorganization Avas filed Avith the secretary of State, under the name of the Sandusky & Cincinnati Railroad Conipany. The narae of the conipany was changed again on the lltli of January, 1868, to the Cincin nati, Sundusky & Clevclund Ruilroad Corapany, uud ou June 28, 1870, this comj)any leased the road of the Colurabus, Springfield & Cineiunati Railruud Compuny. A perpetuul lease of that portion of the roud leading from Duyton to Springfield wus made to the Sandusky & Ciucinnati Rail- I'oad Company, by Avhoni it was transferred to the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Ruilroud Company. The Cincinnati & Daytou Rtiilroad Compuny avus chartered Marcli TRANSPORTATION INTERESTS. 653 2, 1846. .Its name was changed, by an act passed February 8, 1847, to the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad Company, and the Dayton end of the road was placed under contract in August, 1850. The first excursion train ran over the road frora Cincinnati to Harailfon September 13, 1851, and trains Began running regularly betAveen Cincinuuti aud Dayton on September 22, 1851. The Dayton & Michigan Railroad Cora pany was incorporated March 5, 1851, the road to extend from Dayton to Toledo, and the forraer corapany was erapoAvered to lend the new cor poration raoney or to otherAvise aid it in the construction of the road. Contracts for building this line Avere let in Deceraber, 1851, and an excursion ran over the road frora Troy, Ohio, March 28,1863. On the 1st of May, 1863, the road Avas leased in perpetuity to the Ciucinnati, Ilarailton & Dayton Railroad Corapany, and on February 18, 1869, the latter corapany leased the road of the Cincinnati, Richmond & Chicago, and the lease of the latter of the Richmond & Miami Raihvay, extending to Richraond, Indiana. On the 26th of Noveraber, 1872, this company' purchased the line of the Junction Ruihvay Corapany, frora liarailtou to Indianapolis, the purchasers soon afterAvard organizing the Cincinuati, Harailfon & Indianapolis Railroad Corapany. This corapany still con tinues to operate the road. The Dayton & Western Railroad Company Avas chartered February 14, 1846. Its purpose Avas to construct a road from Duyton to u point on the Stute line between Ohio and Indiana, the point to be selected by the directors. It is beHeved the survey Avas commenced iu July, 1848, and the contract let on the 21st of April, 1849. Track-laying began August 6, 1852, frora the junction Avest, the road being cousolidated with the ludiuuu Central on the 1st of August. It is thirty-eight miles from Dayton to the State line, and the road was opened iu Indiunu, in February, 1853. Trains passed OA'cr this road to Indianupolis the same year, and the entire road Avas open October 11, 1853. On the 14th of January, 1863, the track frora Dayton to Dodson was leased to the Duyton & Union RaHroad Corapauy. On the 4th of February, 1865, this corapauy leased from the Richraond & Miarai Raihvay Company, for ninety-nine years, frora Januury 1, 1866, the entire control of its road, from its Avestern terminus on the line between Ohio and Indiana, to the junction where it diverges and runs to Eaton and Hamilton, and also the use of its Avestern terrain us in the city of Richmond, Indiuua. On the sarae day as that upon which the above lease was raade, the company agreed to lease to the Little Miunii and Columbus & Xeniu RaHroad companies for ninety- nine years frora January 1, 1865, its road, property, uud privileges, Avith certain exceptions, and also provided that a contract between the Dayton 654 'HISTORY OF DAYTON. e & Western and the Columbus & Xenia corapanies of March 12,. 1863, be surrendered. Severul other leuses and contracts were aff'ected by this iiange, aud the Daytou & Western Railroad Company agreed to procure the truusfer to the lessees a majority of its capital stock, not less in the aggregate than one hundred and fifty-five thousand doHars. The Colum bus -4 Xenia Company assigned its interest in the foregoing lease of the Little Miarai Railroad Conipany to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Raihvay Corapauy, to tuke eft'ect December 1, 1868, und it Avas trunsferred December 1, 1869. This arrangement is still in existence. The Greenville & Miami Railroad Corapany was chartered February 26, 1846, with authority to build u railroad from Greenville to some point on the Dayton & Western line, or on the Miami Extension Caual. Authority was given the company Murch 23, 1850, to extend its road from Greenville west to the Indiauu State line. Contracts were let, and the road Avas built frora Dayton, via Greenville, to Union City iu 1849, aud the road Avas formally opened to Greenville June 10th, and to Union City, December 22, 1852. On January 5, 1863, the road was sold to trustees, and on the 8th of the sume month the compuny avus re-organized as the Dayton & Union Railroad Corapany. A certificate of this re-organizutiou was filed Avith the secretary of State January 19, 1863. During this latter year the Daytou & Union Railroad Corapany took up the truck frora Dayton to the junction, uud sold the iron for about uiuety thousand dollars, Avith which the debt wus in purt liquidated. Afterward this conipany raade a contract Avith the Pittsburgh, Ciucinnati & St. Louis Railroad Company for the use of their track between Dayton und the junction, together with the privilege of crossing the bridge into Duyton for the sum of ten thousand dollurs per year, and this arrange ment is still in force. The Atlantic and Great Western Railroad Corapany was forraed in 1865 by the consolidation of several New York und Pennsylvuniu com panies. The broad guuge track of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Company, from Dayton to Cincinnati, avus leused to the Atlantic & Great Western, und ufterwurd Avitli the rest of the Hue reduced to the standard guage. Ou June 25, 1874, the stockholders of the Atlantic & Gretit West ern Railroad Company rutified a lease niude Muy 1st previous to the Erie Railway Company, of its owu road and leased Hues, not including the Ciu cinnati, llumilton & Duyton road. After being for sorae time in the hands of a receiver, the road and all other property of the company Avas sold January 6, 1880, to [lurchasing trustees on behalf of un ussociution of mortgage bondholders. On the 15th of the following March the trustees conveyed their purchuse to five corporations, who organized an Ohio TRANSPORTATION INTERESTS. 655 corporation, knoAvn as the Ncav York, Pennsylvania & Ohio Railroad Company, and this company was incorporated March 17, 1880. A sirailar corporation was organized at the same time in Pennsylvuniu, and the tAvo Avere consolidated March 24, 1880, forraing the preseut Ncav York, Penn sylvania & Ohio Railroad Company. The Cincinnati & Springfield Railroad Company was incorporated Septeraber 9, 1870, for the purpose of buHding a railroad from Springfield to Cincinnati. The road was intended to form, in connection with other roads already in existence, a trunk line from Cincinnati to Eastern cities. There was no new road built, except nearly forty-nine railes from Duyton to Ludlow Grove, the Dayton & Western RaHroad being used through the city of Dayton and the truck of the Cincinnati, Sundusky & Clevelund frora Dayton to Springfield, which was leased to the Cleveland, Colurabus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad Corapany. This road is the " Short Line" frora Dayton to Cincinnati. The Dayton & Southeastern Railroad Conipany was incorporated Deceraber 16, 1871, with a capital stock of one million dollars, for the purpose of constructing a railroad from Dayton to Gallipolis, length one hundred and forty-four railes and guage thirty-six inches. By July 1, 1877, it was finished to Washington Court House, and by June 30, 1880, one hundred and fourteen railes were finished and in operation. In March, 1881, the company Avas consolidated with the Toledo, Delphos & Burlington Railroad Company, the lutter having been organized May 23, 1879, by the consoHdation of four other coijipanies incorporated at dif ferent times, frora March 14, 1872, to October 17, 1877. The new corapany corapleted the projected line frora Dayton to Delphos, und ufter the consolidation with the Dayton & Southeastern Conipany, the Toledo & Grand Rapids road was purchased, and on the 15th of April, 1881, a certificate was filed for the construction of a branch line from Daytou to Lebanon. On May 19, 1881, a certificate Avas filed for the construction of a branch from WeHston to Ironton. The Hnes, knoAvn as the Dayton & Southeastern, the Dayton, Cleveland & Toledo, and the Daytou, Lebanon & Cleveland, were afterAvard owned and operuted by the Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad Corapany. In August, 1883, this road passed into the hands of a receiver, E. E. DAvight, who operated it until Deceraber of that year, Avhen A. C. Craig was appointed to succeed hira. In July, 1884, that part of the road, previously known as the Dayton & Southeastern Railroad, was sold by order of the United States circuit court, and was re-organized as the Dayton & Ironton RaHroad. This extended frora Dayton to within twelve railes of Ironton. That part of the road extending to Delphos, and previously known as the Dayton & 656 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Toledo Railroad, Avas sold and re-orgunized as the Dayton & Chicago Ruilroad. In April, 1887, these two roads Averc consolidated into one road, the Duyton & Soutlieustern purt raade standard guage, and the Avhole called the Duyton, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. In March, 1887, this conipany becarae embarrassed and was placed iu the hands of a receiver, R. D. Marshall, Avho has operuted it ever siuce. The Duyton Street Railroud Conipany was chartered in 1869. The capitul stock of the company at first wus seventy -five thousand dollars. The route Avas named Route Number 1, uud extended from the west end to the eust end of Third Street. The first officers were: William P. Hufl'man, president; Ii. S. Williaras, vice-president; George W. Rogers, treasurer; secretary, J. P. Whitraore, und superintendent, John U. Kreidler. John W. Stoddard becarae president in 1882, and was suc ceeded in 1887 by C. J. Ferneding. Ii. S. Williaras is vice-president of the corapany. George W. Rogers avus treasurer until 1882, when the Duyton Nutionul Bank becarae treasurer, ancl Avas succeeded by the Third National Bank in 1883. The Fourth National Bank became treasurer in 1887. John U. Kreidler Avas superintendent of the company uutil 1883, wheu he Avas 'succeeded by A. W. Anderson, the present superintendent. John W Stoddard becume secretury of the corapany in 1878, and was succeeded by Charles B. Clegg in 1880, and he by C. A. Craighead in 1886. The present directors ure E. J. Barney, H. S. WiHiams, George W. Rogers, W. H. Siraras, S. Craighead, C. J. Ferneding, aud Charles B. CJQgg. The capital stock of the Company' wus increased to three hun dred thousand dollars iu 1884. The Duyton View Street Railroad Conipany was organized in 1871, Avith a capitul of thirty-five thousand dollurs. The directors were J. A. Jordun, J. W. Stoddurd, WHHam M. Mills, J. 0. Arnold, George W. Lane, J. B. Cottom, W. A. Barnett; aud the officers, J. W. Stoddard, president, und W. A. Burnett, secretary and treasurer. The route of the railroad was from the Union Depot along Main and Water streets, thence along Bridge uud Sulern streets to the corporution line iu Duyton VicAV. This line Avas leused to the Oukwood Street Ruihvuy Company, which was chtirtered in Febrnary, 1875, Avith a capital of thirty thousand dollars, and the foHoAving officers: Samuel B. Sraith, presideut; Echvard E. Burney, secretary; G. B. Harraan, tretisurer, aud John M. Oswald, superintendent. The route of this road, named Route Number 3, extended from Oukwood to the corner of Third and Main streets, and thence over the Daytou View railroad to the corporation line iu Dayton View. Charles B Clegg becanie president of this company in 1876 and still retains the oflice. E. Morgan Wood was secretary from 1878 to TRANSPORTATION INTERESTS. 657 1880, Henry V. Perrine until 1882, Marion P. Moore until 1887, and since then A. L. Stout has been secretury. Charles B. Clegg has beeu treasurer since 1876. W. S. Westerman became superintendent in 1878, and was succeeded in that position in 1880 by Jerome J. Norris, aud James Lewis iu 1883. William Davis vvas superintendent one year, as was M. L. Welsh, and since 1876 Charles B. Clegg has been general munuger, and since 1887 Williara Jones has been assistant superintendent. The cupital stock of this conipany was increused to three hundred thousand dollars in 1884. The Wayne and Fifth Street Railroad Company was chartered September 27, 1871, with a capital' of one hundred thousand doHurs. Sarauel D. Edgar Avas the first president of the company, and he avus succeeded, in 1873, by George W. Shaw, Avho bus been the president ever since. M. Ohraer avus vice-president frora neur the organization of the conipany until 1885. Since then Ezra Birara has occupied the posi tion. Eugene Wuichet bus been secretary since October, 1872, and also treasurer since 1873, S. N. BroAvn haviug been treasurer a short tirae at first, and then George W. ShaAV until 1873. The original directors were S. N. BroAvn, J. J. Bradford, Joseph KratochAvill, George Lehraan, George W. ShaAv, S. D. Edgar, and Thomas Schaeft'er. The present directors are George W. ShuAV, Eugene Wuichet, li. Ii. Bimm, Ezra Bimm, and John Harris. The route of this road extends from Alaska Street, in North Dayton, to the Dayton Asylum for the Insane, a distance of four and a half miles. The Fifth Street Railroad Company was incorporated in June, 1880, Avith a capital of two hundred thousand dollars, which Avas increased to three hundred thousand dollars in 1886. The first officers were: A. A. Thoraas, president; D. B. CorAvin, secretary; R. I. Cummin, treasurer; J. M. B. LcAvis, superintendent. The present officers are: D. B. Corwin, president; J. C. Peirce, secretary and treasurer; and Charles Shellubur- ger, superintendent. The directors are A. A. Thomas, D. B. CorvA^in, R. I. Cummin, J. C. Peirce, L. A. Harris, P. E. Roach, N. L. O'Brien, and J. D. Ellison. .The route of this road, which is uamed Route Nura ber 5, extends the entire length of Fifth Street. The White Line Street Railroad Corapauy was organized Muy 25, 1887, by the election of the foHowing directors: J. A. MijMubou, M. A. Nipgen, J. E. Lowes, C. D. Iddings, and W. B. Iddings. The Board of .Directors organized by the election of J. A. McMuhon, President; J. E. LoAves, Vice-President; C. D. Iddings, Secretary, and M. A. Nipgen, Treasurer. The capital stock of the company was $200,000, all of Avhich Avas subscribed by May 25th. The corapany selected the Van Doepole 658 HISTORY OF DAYTON. system of electric raotors for their line; and the right of way having been secured, proceeded with the work of constructing the line as rapidly as possible. The route selected was as follows: Beginning at the north end of Main Street at the corporation line; thence along Main Street south to Third Street, along Third to LudloAV,; thence along Ludlow to Washing ton; thence to Gerraantown Street, along GerraantoAvn Street to Eaton Avenue; thence on Eaton Avenue to King Street, aud thence north ou King Street to Roseyard Avenue. The officers of this corapauy are the sarae as those first elected. CHAPTER XXVL Insurance— Early History of Insurance — First Conipany Oi-ganized in Daytou — Montgomery County Mutual Fire Insurance Company — Dayton Insurance Company — Large Number of Companies Organized — Central Insurance Company — Miami Valley Insurance Com pany — Farmers' and Merchants' Fire and Marine Insurance Company — Ohio Insurance Company — Other Companies — General Remarks. FIRE and life insurance are of coraparatively raodern origin. The first corapanies orgunized to conduct insurance against fire losses were in England, and assuraed pructicul shape only after the great fire in London iu 1666. It is interesting to know that one company is still in existence in London and transucting the business of fire insurunce, known as "The liund in Hund," und is the oldest compuny iu the world, having been organized in 1696. Cupital was at an early date in the history of Dayton attracted toward investment in insurance stocks, und hus continued not only a favorite char acter of investraent, but has as Avell proved one of great profit. The first company organized for the transaction of the business of fire insurance was The Firemen's Insurance Company. The charter wus ®btuined from the Legisluture of Ohio in 1835, with a duration of twenty years. Early in June, 1835, the stockholders elected the folloAving direct ors: S. T. Harker, A. Grimes, John Rench, Thomas Barrett, David Steven son, D. Z. Peiree, Jaraes Perrine, Valentine Winters, Ziba Crawford, Peter Baer, David Davis, and R. P. Brown. At a subsequent raeeting, held June 5, 1835, the Board of Directors organized by the selection of Peter Baer, president pro tem, and D. Z. Peirce, secretary pro tem, ancl upon June lltli thereafter David Stone was elected president and Henry A. Pierson, secre tary. The corapany continued iu business during its then corporate ex istence, and enjoyed an excellent reputution. Special effort seeras not to have been exercised for business, but the affairs were satisfactory to its stockholders. On the 12th day of April, 1856, the corapany was reorganized, and becarae incorporated under the laws of Ohio, with a capitul of $100,000; and April 15th, at a raeeting of the stockholders, the following gentleraen were elected directors: Henry Herrraun, Andrew Gump, John F. Edgar, WiHiam L. Darrow, Valentine Winters, Samuel Marshall, Sarauel Craig head, Youngs V. Wood, and Daniel Kiefer. The Board of Directors organ- 659 660 HISTORY OF DAYTON. ized on the 21st day of April, 1856, electing Samuel Craighead president; Jonathan liarshmun treusurer, and D. W. Iddings, secretary. On the 2d day of Februury, 1857, the board passed u resolution to increuse the cupital stock to $200,000, and upon the 2d day of March following the stock Avas all subscribed. Semi-annual dividends Avere declared uutil 1865, Avhen the first dividend Avas passed. The luws of Ohio reguluting the orgunization of fire insurance com panies were very favorable, and the chances of fire loss Avere readily undertaken. The shares provided by Iuav were twenty dollars each, und only four dollurs wus necessary to be paid in cash; the balance of sixteen dollars was secured by the notes of the stockholders properly guaranteed by names and personal surety. June 1st, 1868, the capital stock of the Firemen's Insurance Company Avas reduced from $200,000 to $100,000. The payraent of dividends inauguruted at un earlier date iu cash instead of being gradually applied to the stock notes, compelled this measure. September 3, 1869, the bulance due upon stock notes was required by the directors to be puid in cash, which wus proraptly done. The success attending this action iu the business of the company induced the directors to again change its capital stock from $100,000 to $250,000, which was fully consuramuted July 1, 1872. From that date to the preseut the capital stock of the company has uot been changed, but its earnings huve been pluced to surplus, and its standing among the insurunce companies of the United States has been a source of pride to parties interested in such subjects. Its earnings have been over tAvo milHons of doHars, its losses over a million aud a hulf, and nearly twice its cupital stock has been paid in dividends to it stock holders. Of its organization, in 1856, Mr. Samuel Craighead and Mr. Valentine Winters yet reraain to direct its aff'airs, and enjoy its success and prosperity. The wisdom of the selection of its president in 1856, has been deraonstrated in the large and successful business transacted. Mutual fire insurance seeras never to huve been prosecuted to a ver^' great extent in Dayton. The principle of being dependent upon each other and assessing for losses as they might occur, attracted but oue corapauy. The Montgomery County Mutual Fire Insurunce Compuny avus organized January 17, 1840, with Williara J. McKinney, president, and E. J. Forsyth, secretury, und hus continued in the business to this time (1889) with varied and not unsuccessful fortunes. Its capital depends upon tbe amount of the notes of the tissured, and bus varied. At this writing it amounts to about three hundred thousand dollars. Daniel Kiefer has been its presideut for many yeurs, Avith D. W. Iddings its INSURANCE. 661 secretary, succeeded by his son, WilHam B. Iddings, now holding the position. This corapany has been very conservative and careful in its raanageraent, and has enjoyed the confidence and patronage of Dayton and Montgomery County— the entire field of its operations— with very few losses and with benefits to all its patrons. One of the oldest joint stock companies in the State of Ohio is the Dayton Insurance Corapany, organized February 2, 1851, under a special charter granted by the legislature of Ohio, March 5, 1851. The incorpora tors of this corapany Avere Daniel Beckel, Joseph Clegg, WiHiara Dickey, Richard Green, WiHiara S. Westerman, Robert Chambers, aud John Hurries. The first officers were Duniel Beckel, president, und J. R. Dodds, secretary. In 1854, Jaraes R. Young was raade secretary pro tem, and in 1855 he was raade permanent secretary, Daniel A. Haynes succeed ing Daniel Beckel us president. Mr. Young continued to act as secretury for twenty -five yeurs, and will be remerabered by our old citizens for his genial teinperaraent and successful raanageraent. He Avas succeeded by Captain J. Harrison Hall, who continued with the company with Hon. D. A. Haynes in the presidency until 1885, when Hon. LcAvis B. Gunckel became its president Avith Lewis J. Judson, secretary, the preseut popular aud efficient officers. The capital of this corapauy of $200,000 has ncA'cr been changed, and its fortunate stockholders have garnered many choice dividends of one dollar per share semi-annually. The special charter, enjoyed by this company, gave it an early date prestige und it long con tinued a special attraction to capitalists. The decade of Dayton's financial history frora 1860 to 1870 Avitnessed the organization of more fire insurance companies thun any other city of the United States. The favorable luw, uuder Avhicli orguuizations Avere eff'ected, made it easy to associate gentlemen, Avho Avould readily embark their $20,000 and start a fire insurance conipany Avitli a capitul of $100,000. Many of thera are to-day enjoying success and prosperity, yet the larger number of thera succumbed to the iuevitable. The passage of a law, and creating a State insurance department, to which all were obliged to make annual reports, required so rauch cash capital uud pre vented the old easy mode of making dividends out of the earnings and making no provision for the future or re-insurauce, influenced many to re-insure their risks or business and pass out of existence. Our compa nies in those halcyon days of easy creation seem to have progressed as well as the large companies of the present tirae with their increased salaries, expenses, and difficulty of safely investing the large sums of money composing their cupital. The field of operations vvas thus confined principally to this portion of the State, and if the success of the companies 662 , HISTORY OF DAYTON. is any criterion for judgment us to the best plans to be pursued in the conduct of a fire insurance business, then our present modes have uot much bettered the class of conipunies, as Daytou has always enjoyed the utmost confidence of insurers in her companies. No scandal or failure ever attached to them, und they invaritibly raude good their contracts, Avhicli is the sura, we take it, of successful fire insurance and the practical test of their value to the comraunity. The companies of those days were not strong in cash assets, but the notes which were held in nearl}- every case could have as readil_y been converted into cash as can securities of cash companies now, Avith us much suf'ety to the insured, as in the preseut cush investments of louns und bank stocks. Annual reports made to the State insurance departraent are too often the handiwork of skillful accountants, but the companies Avhose organizations we are about to describe refiected credit upon the citj', did honor to the science of underwriting, and made money for their stock holders. The Central Insurunce Compuny wtis organized in 1859 Avith a capitul of $100,000, divided into cush $20,000, and the secured notes of stock holders of 80,000. Its directors Avere lienry Herrmuu, Robert Cham bers, Andrew Gump, George W. Shaw, Henry S. Fowler, Alfred Pruden, J. B. Olwiu, D. W. Iddings, A. R. Ii. Falkerth. Henry Herrraun was the president und D. W. Iddings, secretary. The comptiny transacted business u few yeurs, Anthony Stephens and James A. Marhiy succi^eding D. W. Iddings as secretary, und ubandoued the business, leaving u record behind of just deuling, careful business, and contracts fulfilled. In April, 1863, the Miunii Vulley Insurunce Compuny wus organized with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars und directory as follows: Jonathan Harshman, John K. Mclntire, Josejih R. (iebhurt, Duvid K. Boyer, D. C. Rench, W. R. S. Ayres, George Lehman, .F. C. Trebein, und Jucob Bunstine. Its officers were Jonathan liarshmun, president, and W. R. S. Ayres, secretury. Upon the passage of the hiw requiring the jiuymeut of stock notes, this company fully complied, au'd has continued in the business for twenty-six yeai's with nearl}- the stime manugemeut, except that in 1874 Alexander Gebhtirt becume its president. Dividends huve beeu regularly declared, the stock has lieeii a source of }U'ofit to its stockholders, and the fullest confidence has been bestowed by the people. The conipany presents its curd to-day to the public with a clean record of successful inuiiagement, tiiid u full title to the business it justly enjoys. February 1, 1864, the Ftirniers und Merehunts' Fire und Marine Insurance Com[)aiiy w;is orgunized Avith u etipitul of $100,000. The INSURANCE. 663 directors were Alfred Pruden, Jacob B. Olwin, Emanuel Shultz, R. D. Harshman, J. H. Winters, H. H. Weakley, Augustus Kuhns, N. B. Darst, and Ziba Cruwford. Its president avus R. D. Harshman, and its secretary, H. H. Weakley. The success of this corapany was frora the start assured, and for five years of its existence $10,000 per annura was paid to the stockholders in cash dividends. Its business was after a year or two largely confined to the safer class of risks. For eight years Mr. H. H. Weakley was its secretary, resigning his office in 1872. In all of Day ton's insurance corapanies the raanageraent depends principally upon the secretary, and the success depends largely upon this officer. In 1873, the Farraers and Merchants' Corapany found itself without a secretary, and its directors reinsured its risks. No corapany during its history enjoyed a better reputation for good raanageraent tlian the Farraers and Mer chants' Corapany. The year 1865 brought with it to the list of fire insurance corapanies, four iu number. The Union Insurance Company, with Youngs V. Wood as president and George M. Young, secretary, Avith a capital of $100,000, was at this time started and continued in business until 1870, when it Avas purchased and absorbed by the Dayton Insurance Corapany. The German Insurance Corapauy was organized af about the sarae period, with John Bettelon, president, and Williara Gunckel, secretary, und in January, 1872, was reinsured by the Teutonia Insurance Corapany and ceased business. The Teutonia Insurance Corapauy was organized in February, 1865, Avith a capital of $100,000, and corameuced business in March following. The first officers Avere John lianitch, president, and John Stoppleraan, secretary, the latter being succee,declby Jacob Linxweiler, Jr., in 1867. Jacob Decker was elected president in 1875. This company complied with the insurance law of the State aud paid its capital up iu cash. At this Avriting the corapany occupies one of the finest offices in the city, and has the name and honor of being one of the raost successful companies organized in Dayton. All are good, but it is no disparage ment to say this one is the strongest in cash surplus assets. Its stock commands the highest premium among the investors and holders of insurance stocks. March, 1865, the Ohio Insurance Corapany, of Dayton, coraraenced business with an authorized capital of $150,000, of Avhich araount only $100,000 was perraitted to be subscribed. Afterward, at the earnest soHcitation of its friends, the amount of subscribed capital was increased to $107,500. The directory of this corapany in 1865 Avas William Dickey, G. A. Grove, P. T. Dickey, H. M. Turner, Joseph M. Turner, Johu Wiggim, Jonathan Kenney, Abraham Cahill, and C. L. Vallandigham. 664 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Williara Dickey Avas its president, and Williara Ii. Gillespie, secretary. January, 1880, Williara Dickey resigued the office of president, and J. A. Walters becarae his successor, and W. II. Gilles2:)ie Avas succeeded in 1884 by John N. Bell, its present secretary. May 3, 1880, its capital stock Avas increased to $200,000, and June 23, 1885, it was reduced to $150,000, its present capitul. This corapauy has taken high runk, and lias assisted in giving Duyton its excellent insurance reputation. Februury would seem to be the lucky month of the yeur for Duyton to organize und invest its capital iu fire insurance. The Cooper Insurunce Company Avas incorporated and commcneed its business career, iu Feb ruary, 1867. The first officers Avere Daniel E. Mead, president, and D. W. Iddings, secretary. Its capital has coutinued at one $100,000, and its success has been very reraarkable. Mr. D. W. Iddings, long ideutified with the office of secretary of various insurunce conipunies, abandoned the business Avith the "Cooper." He had been identified to a greater extent vvith the organization of insurance companies than any other gentleman Avho has been associated Avitli them. He was the secretary of four dift'erent comptinies during his insurance cureer, two of which he orgunized. Mr. Iddings was succeeded by Oliver I. Gunckel, who found the Cooper but little known, und left it, in 1882, Avith a record thut none of our conipunies has excelled. The Cooper Insurance Cora pany has ever enjoyed high and meritorious standing, indeed no company stands higher. Mr. 0. I. Gunckel, after his resignation of the office of secretary of the Cooper Insurunce Compuny, orgunized in Junuary, 1882, the Colum bia Insurauce Company, Avitli a ctish cupitul of $150,000, and a cash surplus of $50,000, assuring to its stockholders a re-insurance fund and regulur dividends. Mr. E. M. Thresher bectime its president and 0. I. Gunckel secretury, with u directory consisting of E. ?\f. Thresher, George W. Kneisley, Jumes Linden, R. C. Schenck, Jr., Eugene J. Baruey, Albert Thresher, Samuel W. Davies, D. L. Rike, and Charles F. Gunckel. The encomiums thut attucli to the insurauce conipunies of Duyton, justly earned from good manugemeut uud the smoke, soot, und ashes to which so much of tlie eurnings huve iu the by-gone yeurs been reduced, belong to this compuny. Among the eonipanies doing the business of fire insurance it is nowhere excelled frora the tirae of the oldest, "Hand in ILmd," of Loudon, to the close and hotly contested days of the present. The insurance comi)aiiies of Dayton liaA'c reflected credit upon the financiers of tbe city, and, except Harford, Connecticut, no city of the United States has hud more companies with unblemished, untarnished INSURANCE. 665 records than Dayton. It was left to the Fireraen's Insurance Corapany to erect for itself a monuraent to assist and decorate the city, and an investment that has enhanced as the years have passed. We refer to the handsome building erected by " The Firemen's" upon the corner of Main and Second streets, at a cost of about eighty thousand dollars. The foundation was laid in 1880 and its occupancy Avas had in 1881, and it stands a monuraent of success, an object of pride in the city not excelled in the beauty of its modern architecture, and an example worthy of imitation by sorae of our other prosperous companies. The insurance interests of Dayton are araong its crowning efforts, and the investraent of the capital has added rauch to the general credit and honor of the city. The earnings of its companies have maintained a large clerical force, have accuraulated larg-e suras of raoney, which have, in turn, been loaned to the business public, off'ering proper surety, thus ex tending aid in building the other industries of the city. Litigation is cora paratively unknown, and for the araount assuraed none offer greater safety to the assured, aud to the stockholder ample and generous returns have been extended, by Avhich the rich have enriched theraselves. We venture the opinion that few branches of business can raake a better showing. The corabined capital of the joint stock fire insurance companies of the city, as given by the reports raade to the insurance departraent of the State, January 1, 1889, was $950,000, and the surplus earnings since their organizations now in hand and invested with the capital was in excess, being $981,818, raaking the total cash assets of these institutions $1,931,818. Frora the sanie reports appears the sura of $8,539,808 paid as pre miums or cousideration for the contracts raade since the organization of those reporting, frora which $3,447,138 was paid in losses and daraage by fire, and the very handsorae sura given the stockholders of $1,396,294. This araount has been added to the capital of the city by these faithful toilers against "the eleraents," raaking evident the fact that no mistake was made by early investors iu these securities. Indeed, the sum thus shown is far short of the real sura earned, for the corapanies have uot all reported, and raany had passed out of existence before such reports were required. The city in these interests does not covet the title of being "the Hartford of the West," but aims higher, for no city excels, the araount of capital eraployed being considered, and none have had raore organiza tions of this kind, enjoying higher credit and confidence, and she stands to-day fairly, justly, and faithfuHy in the raidst of all, "The Gem." CHAPTER XXVII. Public Institutions — St. Klizibeth Hospital — Dayton Asylum for the Insane— Widows' Home — Childieiis' llou e. ST. ELIZABETH HOSPITAL was started in a sraall way, in 1878, by tAVO of the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis. These Sisters were Emilie and Colurabu, who, on the 2cl of July of that yeur, rented u smull two-story brick building ou Fruuklin Street, near Ludlow Street, and there comraenced to prepare for hospital work. The first patient wus a raan who had had his arm crushed iu a railroad accident. Upon solicita tion sufficient aid to furnish the house for the purpose to which it avus to be devoted Avere soon forthcoming. A staff' of physicians, who devoted their time and labor gratuitously to the work, Avas soon obtained. Ap plicants for admission soon becume quite numerous, und it was evident that St. Elizabeth Hospital had not been established any too soon. At once an additional two-story frame building Avas erected ou the premises, aud then there avus ucconiniodutiou for forty-one patients. Sister Emilie wus tbe sujjeriutendent for about one aud a half years. She was succeeded by Sister Columba, who remained in charge until 1886, when she Avas suc ceeded by Sister Lamberte, the present superioress. It AVUS not long before more room avus needed, und the sisters selected six acres of land in Browntown, and begun the erection of a much larger building, the corner stone of which was laid September 17, 1881, by Rev. Father Johu F. Hahne. This building is constructed of brick, the main buildiug being five stories high aud 50x46 feet iu size. There are Avings ou either side of the main building, each 40x35 feet in size. There are also tAVO rear wings, each 25x26 feet. In the rear of the hospital is u building 43x45 feet in size, vvhich is utiHzed for kitchen, laundry, aud boiler-house purposes. Store rooras tind other rooras ure iu the basement. This building cost sixty-five thousand dollars. The following-named phy sicians have constituted the stuff' of the hospitul since its estublishment: President, J. C. Reeve, M. D.; consulting physieiuns and surgeons, John Davis, M. D., T. L. Neal, M. D., E. Pilate, M. D., from 1879 to 1883, when J. M. Weaver, M. D., took the place of John Davis. This class of physicians remained the same until 1886, Avheii the number was in creased to six, und hus consisted since that time of J. C. Reeve, M. D., J. M. Wetivcr, M. D., E, Pilate, M. D., A, If, Iddings, M. D., J. S. Beck, 066 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 667 M. D., and P. N. Adams, M. D. The visiting physicians and surgeons from the establishment of the hospital up to January 1, 1883, were as foHoAvs: Drs. Ii. S. JcAvett, J. D. Daugherty, and W. J. Conklin. From that time to 1886 the visiting physicians Avere Drs. J. S. Beck, P- N. Adaras, A. H. Iddings; for the next two years, Drs. C. H. Humphreys, Calvin Pollock, aud G. B. EA'ans, aud for 1888, Drs. G. C. Evans, J. C. Reeve, Jr., and D. C. Lichliter. From January 1, 1883, to 1888 the visiting surgeons were Drs. W J. Conklin, J. D. Duugherty, and H. S. JcAvett; and for 1888 they were Drs. W. J. Conklin, H. S. Jewett, and C. H. Humphreys. D. W. Greene, M. D., has been ocuHst at the hospital since 1885. Previous to 1852 there was but one asylum for the insane in the State of Ohio. On the 30th of AprH, 1852, the legislature of the State passed an act entitled, "An act to provide for the erection of tAVO additional lunatic asylums." The bourd under this uct avus composed of Professor H. A. Ackley, E. B. Fee, D. B. Woods, Churies Cist, and Edwin Smith. An appropriation of one hundred and forty thousand dollars wus made for the building of the tAvo asylums, and the board visited various eastern asylums for the purposes of familiarizing them selves Avith asylum architecture, and of thus being better qualified to superintend the erection of the necessary buHdings, Avhenever a selection of a location should be made. On the 7th of July the board met at Cincinnati, and on the 8tli at Dayton, and resolved that a donation of fifty acres raust be made before any place or city could be considered a candidate for the location of either of the two asylums. Ou the 10th of Jul^', after several votes had beeu taken and other places defeated in their bids for the Southern Ohio Asylum, Dayton Avas selected as its site. The selection of the ground Avas raade September following, the land selected being the northeast corner of Section 32, in Van Buren Town ship. Ou the 6th of the month the county coraraissioners appropriated $590 toward paying for the land, the balance of the purchase money being donated by citizens. The original contract for building the asylum at Dayton wus let to Daniel Richmond & Corapany, for $67,350.50. On June 22, 1854, Joseph Cleraents, M. D., was appointed by the board, superintendent of the asylum, and during the sarae year Dr. C. M. Godfrey, of OttaAva, Avas appoipted a raeraber of the board. During the first year the nuraber of patients Avas fifty-nine, and the current expenses were $4,900.52. In April, 1856, the board avus re-organized, and on the 23d of the month. Dr. J. J. Mcllhenny Avas elected superintendent. The number of .patients avus 133, and the current expenses $13,233.14. In 1857, the number of 668 HISTORY OF DAYTON. patients was 161, and the current expenses $28,781.65. For 1858, the number of patients was the sarae, and the expenses $26,309.70. In 1859, a workshop two stories high was erected and a lake raade, 156 patients were received, and the current expenses of the institution were $25,180.13. The next year there were 157 putieuts, and the expenses were $28,142.75. Iu 1861, there Avere 159 patients, and the current expenses were $32,630.59. April 15, 1862, Dr. Richard Gundry was appointed superintendent, the nuraber of patients for the year was 161, and the current expenses $24,- 043.13. In 1863, the number of patients Avas 163, and the current expenses $31,254.06. In 1864, the number of patients Avas 162, and the current expenses $41,584.93. In 1865, the number of patients was 171, and the current expenses $48,623.17. In 1866, the number of patients was 170, aud the current expenses $46,362.55. In 1867, the number of patients Avas 172, and the current expenses $45,452.88. In 1868, the nuraber of patients Avas 174, and the current expenses $46,130.25. In 1869, the two new wings to the building which had been authorized to be erected in 1866, and which up to that time hud cost $290,000, Avere occupied for the first tirae. The number of patients for this year was 255, and the current expenses 161,471.99. In 1870, the nuraber of patients was 481, and the current expenses $99,285.73. In 1871, the number of patients was 531, and the current expenses $103,273.82. The nuraber of patients in 1872 was 609, and the current expenses $98,310 58. In this year Dr. Gundry Avas selected to complete the Athens Asy lura, and AA'as succeeded us superintendent at the Dayton Asylum by Dr. S. I. F. Miller. In 1873, the number of patients Avas 569, and the current expenses $87,000. Dr. Miller resigned as superintendent, and Dr. Rutter acted as superintendent until a successor Avas appointed. In 1874, the number of patients avus 526, and the current expenses $90,367.36. Dr. Clark succeeded Dr. Rutter as superintendent, and served about tAVO years, wheu he resigned, aud Avas succeeded bj' Dr. L. R. Lundfeur, who AVUS appointed in 1875. This yeur the number of patients Avas 578, and the current expenses $86,213.29. In 1876, the number of patients Avas 596, and the current expenses $91,173 85. In 1877, the number of patients was 571, and the current expenses $88,000. In 1878, Dr. D. A. Morse was elected superintendent, the number of patients Avas 492, and the current expenses $87,255.01. In 1879, the nuraber of patients AVas 578, aud the current expenses $82,167.55. Dr. Ii. A. Tobey was elected superintendent in May, 1880, the nuniber of patients avus 594, and the current expenses $101,035.33. During 1881, telephones Avere put in the building, new gas works built, and an adequate Avater systera completed, at a cost of somewhut over $15,000, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 669 In 1883, the trustees of the asylum Avere: S. A. Baxter, M. D., president; C. M. Godfrey, M. D., J. M. MHHken, and J. D. Kemp, M. D. H. A. Tobey, M. D., was the physician, and Mrs. H. A. Tobey, matron. For 1884 the trustees were: John D. Kemp, M. D., president; C. M. Godfrey, M. D., J. M. Milliken; H. A. Tobey, M. D., physician, and Mrs. 11. A. Tobey, matron. For 1885 the trustees Avere: Joseph Clegg, presi dent; C. M. Godfrey, M. D., S. A. Baxter, M. D., Hon. Peter Murphy, Jacob Linxweiler, Jr.; C. W. King, M. D., physician, and Mrs. 11. A. Tobey, matron. For 1886 the trustees Avere: C. M. Godfrey, M. D., president; S. A. Baxter, M. D., Hon. Peter Murphy, Joseph Clegg, Jacob Linxweiler, Jr.; C. W. King, M. D., physician, and Ruth A. Bacon, raatron. For 1887 the trustees were: Hon. Peter Murphy, president; S. A. Baxter, M. D., C. M. Godfrey, M. D., Joseph Clegg, Jacob Linx weiler, Jr.; C. W. King, M. D., physician, and Mrs. C. W. King, raatron. For 1888 the trustees were: S. A. Baxter, M. D., president; C. M. God frey, M. D., Joseph Clegg, Jacob LinxAveiler, Jr. ; C. W.King, M. D., physician, and Mrs. C. W. King, matron. For 1889 tbe trustees were: Jacob Linxweiler, Jr., president; C. M. Godfrey, M. D., Joseph Clegg, Hon. H. L. Morey, Calvin D. Wright; Calvin Pollock, M. D.. physician, aud Mrs. Laura J. Pollock, matron. In 1881, the average nuraber in the asylum was 591; for 1882, 582; for 1883, 591; for 1884, 589; for 1885, 608; for 1886, 607; for 1887, 600; and for 1888, 559. According to the report of the superintendent of the asylum, raude November 15, 1888, there had been received since the opening of the institution, September 1, 1855, 3,307 male patients and 3,156 female patients, a total of 6,463. There had been discharged as recovered, 1,483 males aud 1,302 females, a total of 2,785. There hud been discharged as improved, 330 males and 373 females, a total of 703. There had been discharged as unimproved, 399 males and 397 females, a total of 796, and as not insane, 2 males and 1 feraale, a total of 3. Adding to these, the transfers to other asylums and the deaths, there had beeu discharged frora the asylura 3,041 males and 2,869 females, a total of 5,910, leaving in the asylum on November 15, 1888, 266 males and 287 females, a total of 553. The Women's Christian Association for the Support of Widows and Destitute Women was organized November 26, 1870. The following were the first officers of the association: Mrs. J. H. Winters, president; Mes daraes J. B. King, W. Herr, and H. N. Stephens, vice-presidents; Mrs. J. H. Thomas, corresponding secretary; Miss Maggie Cox. recording secretary; Mrs. Ii. D. Caruell, treasurer. The fiscal trustees of the association were John H. Winters, R. W. Steele, and C. H. Crawford. 670 HISTORY OF DAYTON. The association becume an incorporate body under the name of the "Women's Christian Associution of Duyton, Ohio, for the Support of WidoAvs and Destitute Women." They Avere thus enabled to receive the property of the old Daytou Feraale Orphan Asylura, Avhich they did in 1872. The home, after being put in coraplete repair, was opened for the reception of inmates February 8, 1875. Mrs. A. L. Connelly was the first matron. She wus succeeded, iu Septeraber, 1875, by Mrs. Addie Broudrup. Any Avidow of good niorul character over sixty years of age, belonging to Dayton, may be admitted to this home upon the payment of one hundred dollars to the endoAvment fund, und furnishing her oavu room and clothing, aud paying funeral expenses; but women destitute of horae, friends, or funds are adraitted teraporarily. Every inmate is required to puy for her board, either in money or work, and those who have eraployraeut outside of the home maj' enjoy its benefits by paying two dollars per week. The association has a coraraittee which regularly visits the county jail, infirmury, workhouse, and city prison; an employment committee, which finds Avork for those Avilling to perform it; a band of Avomen to look after fallen aud tempted woraen; a visiting coraraittee of volunteers iu every ward, to answer calls of distress; and a committee Avhich holds regular services in the wards of the hospital at the Soldiers' Home. The entire work of the association is voluntary, und the institution is sup ported by private donations. In 1881, $10,733 avus raised by subscription for the erection of a ucav und lurger WidoAv's Home, and W. P. Huffraan gave two acres of ground for a site. The Avork of construction Avas iraraediately begun, and the ucav home wus ready for occupanc3' very soon thereafter. The committee having the home in charge in 1883 was as follows: Mesdaraes John II. "Winters, Jaraes R. Young, C. E. Corp, Abia Zeller, and D. E. McSherry. In 1884, the committee was the sarae, except that Mrs. W. D. Bickham took the place of Mrs. C. E. Corp. In 1885, the coraraittee Avas enlarged by the addition of Mesdaraes H. Wyatt ancl C. E. Corp. In 1886 and 1887, the coraniittee rerauiued the same, as likcAvise in 1888. The coraniittee for 1889 wus as foHoAVs: Mesdaraes John H. Winters, J. R. Youug, W. D. Bickhara, Abia Zeller, J. M. Phelps, il. Wyatt, and C. E. Corp. Miss Carrie Brown is treasurer, and Sallie E. Guion matron. The Dayton Female Association, for the benefit of orphans, was incorporated in Februury, 1844. By the charter the association Avas erapoAvered us a body corporate Avitli perpetual succession, and to provide with all things neees.-.ury for the comfort, mainteiuuice, and proper educa tion of destitute orphans und other destitute children. The association PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 671 Avas authorized to purchase, receive, hold, aud convey such personal und real estate aud property as was necessary in carrying on the institution, to any uraount not to exceed $20,000. The citizens of the county' con tributed raeuns to buy the land and erect a sraall brick buHding for an asylura, ou Magnolia Street, in Dayton, which was used for un orphun's home until the erection of the ucav one across the .Miami River. For several years the Dayton Orphan Asylum was compelled to direct its energies to the securing of a sufficient sum of money to procure u horae adapted to its needs. That beiug accompHshed, the next thing Avas to extend aid to orphans so far as practicable.. Up to Muy, 1863, there hud beeu received iuto the institution in all about sixty diff'erent orphans, some of Avhora reraained six or seven yeurs and others for u shorter period. The highest nuraber present ut any one tirae had been fourteen, und the loAvest nuniber, four. Individual subscriptions, though solicited, had not yieldfd a very large income, und for this reason the number of children admitted had been liraited to four, aud this number Avas supported mainly frora the income from the regular fund. The progress of the institution not huving beeu satisfactory, it Avas deter mined to secure the united eff'orts of as raany of the churches in the city as possible. To this end representation in thirteen churches avus secured. Following are the naraes of the officers elected at thut time with the churches to which they belonged: President, Mrs. Richurd Butes, of the United Presbyterian Church; vice-presidents, Mrs. Eliza Herr and Frances Parrott, of Wesley Chapel; secretary. Miss Mary BroAvn, Congregational Church; treasurer, Mrs. C. H. CruAvford, First Regular Buptist Church; nianugers, Mrs. Dr. Smith, Episcopal Church; Johu Gebhart, Lutheran Church; E. E. Barney, First Buptist Church; Willium Boraberger, Wayne Street Btiptist Church; li. E Peirce, Third Street Presbyteriun Church;' Isubella Ramsey, St. Cluir Street Church; Dr. Craighead, Miss Boyd, aud Miss Fenner, First Presbyterian Church; Miss Lunra Stuley, Gerraun. Reformed Church; Mrs. Lucretiu Edwards, United Brethren Church, and Mrs. E. ileathman, Raper Chapel. Under an act passed by the legisluture Murch 20, 1866, uuthoriziug the establishraent of children's homes, the comraissioners of Montgoraery County determined to tuke charge of the children in the Daytou Orphan Asylum. On February 23, 1867, C. Herchelrode, Robert W. Steele, and Dr. C. McDermont Avere invited to take the supervision of the institution, pending the aniendment of the Iuav under which the usyluni was being conducted. This amendtitory uct wus pussed April 10, 1867, und on the 16th of that month the comraissioners appointed the sarae gentleraen trustees, Robert W. Steele for three yeurs,''C. Herchelrode for two yeurs, 672 HISTORY OF DAYTON. and Dr. C. McDermont for one year. Mr. Steele was elected president aud Mr. Herchelrode secretary. In June, 1867, Mrs. Laura A. Hersey was appointed matron of the asylura to succeed Mrs. Snodgrass, and Dr. Ii. K. Steele becarae attending physician. On the 13th of April, 1867, five acres of land were purchased in Harrison Township, upon Avhich to erect a children's horae, and on June 15th the contract for the erection of the buHding vvas awarded to Daniel Wayraire & Co., for thirty-two thou sand eight hundred dollars. In July, 1867, four lots adjoining the horae Avere purchased, and the children's horae was finished and opened the sarae year. In Septeraber, 1868, Mrs. M.- A. Broadbent succeeded Mrs. Hersey as raatron of the horae, and in April, 1869, Perry Marker becarae secretary. On June 7, 1869, Joseph R. Wagoner was appointed a raeraber of the board in place of Perry Marker, deceased. , .William R. Tomlinson was appointed secre tary and book-keeper, and was annually reelected until he resigned June 3, 1886. On June 12, 1869, Mrs. Sarah K. Snodgrass was appointed matron in place of Mrs. Broadbent, resigned. January 7, 1870, Dr. J. C. Reeve was appointed attending physician, and on April 2, 1870, Mrs. Lavine Baker was appointed raatron iu place of Mrs. Snodgrass, resigned. June 1, 1871, Mrs. Anna Grady Avas uppoiuted raatron in place of Mrs. Baker, resigned. Ou the 5th of June, 1876, Hirara Lewis was appointed secretary in place of Mr. Toralinsou. Ou March 1, 1877, Dr. W. J. Conklin was appointed attending physician. May 6, 1878, Mrs. Mary E. Mants was appointed matron in place of Mrs. Grady, and on March 22, 1879, Dr. J. C. Reeve succeeded Dr. Conklin as attending physician. In April, 1880, C. J. Knecht becanie secretary of the board, and in March Mr. Knecht was appointed superintendent and clerk. In 1882, Mr. George Caswell becarae superintendent ofthe horae and Mrs. Caswell matron, both of whom retain their positions at the present time. The trustees are H. H. Laubach, T. A. Legler, and Jaraes Turner. The physician at the present tirae is J. C. Reeve, M. D. The number of children taken care of at the home averages about oue hundred. CHAPTER XXVIIL Societies— Masonic Lodges— St. John's Lodge— Unity Chapter, Number 16— Reese Council, Number 9— Reed Commandery, Number 6— Other Masonic Lodges— Odd Fellow Lodges— Montgomery Lodge, Number .'i— Dayton Encampment, Number 2— Other Odd Fellow Lodges and Associations— Knights of Pythias— Miami Lodge, Number 32— Humboldt Lodge, Number 58— lola Lodge, Number 83— Other Knights of Pythias Lodges— Druids— Franklin Grove, Number Victoria Circle, Number 3— United Workmen— Miami L-dge, Number 16— Teutonia Lodge, Number 21— Other Lodgei-— Earnshaw Rifles— Howard Council, Number 161, Royal Arcanum— United American Mechanics- Fulton Council, Number 15— Other Councils— Grand Army Posts— The Daytou Club. DAYTON is well supplied Avith secret societies, all the various brunches of benevolence, beneficiary, and other work being represented. The Masonic order, as was natural to expect, was the first to have a society or lodge in the place or iu the vicinity. Harraony Lodge, Number 9, was the first lodge organized in this vicinity, and all tbe raembers of the order residing in Dayton, Springfield, and Urbana, belonged to this lodge. Meetings were held in each of these places once each month. Afterward this lodge was divided, and St. John's Lodge formed of Masons living in the vicinity of Dayton and Troy. This new lodge raet serai-raonthly in each of the two places. Both Harraony and St. John's lodges operated under special dispensations granted by the Grand Lodge of Ohio, and the latter continued to hold its sessions alternately at Duyton und Troy, until it Avas permanently established at Dayton. On January 10, 1812, St. John's Lodge, Number 12, Avas chartered with the following raerabers: Sarauel Shoup, George Grove, Aaron Gosard, Jerorae Holt, Hugh Mc- Cullora, George F. Tenery, Henry Marquart, Alexander Ewing, WHliara McCullora Calhoun, WHliara Sraith, John Cox, and David Steele. The lodge now nurabers 202 raerabers, and has the following officers: George M. Smart, W. M.; W. S. Kemp, S. W.; George Caswell, J. W.; Joseph Light, treasurer; W. G. Whitehurst, secretary; James A. Smith, S. D.; Charles H. Billings, J. D.; Henry Guckes, tyler; E. E. Baker, chaplain; Henry Dornbusch, raarshal; George J. Roberts, P. L. Snyder, aud Ii. A. Billings, trustees, and George J. Decker and George A. Harrington, stewards. Unity Chapter, Nuraber 16, was organized January 7, 1820, with the following members: William Fielding, F. Gosney, John C. Uiiderwood, R. J. Skinner, Henry A. Iralag, Orris Stearns, Burnett Lewis, Robert 673 674 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Hurd, Charles Connelly, G. A. Schenck, Elisha Broham, William' and Martin Smith. The first officers were Williara Fielding, H. P.; Robei|t Hurd, king, and Williara Sraith, scribe. The raerabership at present is 254, and the officers are as follows: George CasAvell, Ii. P.; W. S. Kerap, king; George M. Sraart, scribe; Charles H. Billings, C. Ii.; Allen Jeff'ers, P. S.; 0. W. Kneisly, R. A. C; Phillip Haas, treasurer; W. G. White- burst, secretary; H. L. Shinkle, G. M. 3d. V.; E. A. Leonard, G. M. 2d v.; C. K. Baker, G. M. 1st V.; Thoraas Wyatt, guard, aud Peter McFarlaue, chaplaiu. Reese Council, Nuraber 9, received its charter October 14, 1843. The charter raerabers were A. Death, John Sayre, Ii. Vinal, M. Simpson, and others, whose naraes are not ascertainable. The present raerabership is 182, and the officers are George M. Sraart, T. I. M. ; Stephen J. Rigler, D. M.; George Caswell, P. C. W.; PhHHp Haas, treasurer; Lewis J. Bowman, recorder; J. II. Satcamp, C. of G.; George F. Kuhns, C. of C. ; A. N. Bonner, stcAvard, and Allen Jeffers, sentinel. Reed Coraraandery, Nuraber 6, Avas organized June 1, 1846, uuder a dispensation granted by Right Eniineut Sir Bela Lathara, grand master of Ohio. The first officers Avere as' follows: Isaac L. Davis, E. C ; George Keifer, G.; and Sarauel Reed, C. G. The first conclave was held in the Sayre Building, on the southeast corner of First and St. Clair streets. The charter was received aud permanent officers elected October 27, 1846. These officers were: Rev. William H. Raper, E. C; Thomas C. MitcheH, G.; John MHls, C. G.; John Sayre, P.; John H. Achey, S. W.; Johu Willson, J. W.; D. Eichelberger, treasurer;- Peter Baer, recorder; James Bolens, S. B.; WiHiara Davidson, sword bearer; M. S. Blossom, W.; S. C. Mitchell, J. W. Kills, and N. Benjamin, guards; and L. Ii. Brown, S. The present raerabership is 285, and the officers are W. B. Anderson, E. C; Valentine Schaeffer, G. ; W. Ii. Bussard, C. G.; A. R. liarlacher. P.; Charles H. Learaan, S. W.; G. F. Kuhns, J. W.; G. B. ilarmah, treas urer; John II. Scheffel, recorder; M. Olt, Jr., St. B.; N. D. Bates, Sav. B.; W. A. Reiter, W.; Allen Jeff'ers, S.; John P. Charch, 3d G.; Ed. T. Hart, 2d. G.; James C. Turner, 1st G.; S. B. liuribut, Jr., 0.; and Eli FasoM, C. E. UnderAvood, and George M. Sraart, trustees. Dayton Lodge, Nuraber 147, Avas organized August 21, 1847. It was chartered October 25th, and instituted with seventeen raerabers. The first officers were: John Sayre, M. ; J. ColHns, J. W.; J. L. Howard, S. W. There are at the present time 195 raerabers, and the officers are: W. BeHviHe, W. M.; A. N. Bonner, S. W.; J. Ii. Satcamp, J. W.; P. Jo'Hantgen, treasurer; W. B. Sullivan, secretary; Joseph Klopfer, S. D.; Charles Shannon, J. D.; Allen Jeff'ers, tyler; S. Ii. Vinson, L. W. Van SOCIETIES. 675 Loan, and B. N. Davis, trustees; C. C. Spaulding und W. E. Donson, stcAvards; Louis Groneweg, chaplain, and John Hanitch, marshal. Mystic Lodge, Number 405, avus organized January 11, 1868, Avith thirty-one raerabers. The first officers Avere as folloAvs: Christian Enirick, .M.; W. B Wonderiy, S. W., aud Ziba Cruwford, J. W. The present raerabership is 132, ancl the present officers: Lewis J. Bowraan, W. M.; J. RusseH Johnston, S. W.; Robert S. Wilson, J. W.; George W. Heathraan, treasurer; John Ii. Scheff'el, secretary; W. C. Whittaker, S. D.; Louis F. Tappan, J. D.; Robert M. Nevin, tyler; Eli Fusold, Iru CraAv ford, and N. D. Butes, trustees; W. M. Hunter und Charles W. Dale, stcAvards, and Peter McFarlune, chaplain. Gabriel Grand Lodge of Perfection, A. A., Scottish Rite, Avas instituted March 8, 1880, uud avus organized uuder a charter granted Septeraber 22d, Avifh sixty-five members. The present officers are: ErvHle B. Bishop, T. P. G. M.; John N. Bell, H. of T. G. D. M.; H. A. BHlings, V. S. G. W.; George F. Kuhns, V. J. G. W.; E. E. Baker, G. 0.; G. B. Harman, treasurer; L. J. BoAvman, G. S. K. of S. and A.; George M. Smart, G. M. of C; Jaraes A. Sraith, C. G.; L. F. Walker, G. H. B., and Phillip Haas, G. T. Miarai Grand CouncH Princes of Jerusalsni, A. A., Scottish Rite, Avas instituted March 8, 1880, and was organized with sixty-five members. The present officers are: Johu N. Bell, M. E. S. P. G. M.; David B. Wilcox, G. H. P. D. G. M.; George M. Smart, M. E. S. G. W.; John W. Suavely, M. E. J. G. W.; G. B. Harraan, V. G. T.; L. J. Bowraan, V. G. S. K. of S. and A.; J. W. Swick, V. G. M. of C; Harrison A. Kepner, V. G. A.; John P. Charch, V. G. M. of En.; PhiHip Haas, G. T., and S. B. liuribut, Jr., G- 0. Dayton Grand Chapter of Rose-Croix, A. A., Scottish Rite, was instituted March 8, 1880. It had sixty-five charter raerabers. The present officers are: W. L. Butes, M. W. and P. M.; Ii. A. Billings, M. E. and P. K. S. W.; C. Ii. Learaan, M. E. and P. K. J. W.; J. W. SAvick, M. E. und P. K. G. Or.; G. B. Harraan, R. uud P. K. T.; L. J. Bowman, R. and P. K. S; Charies Coulter, R. V. P. K. Ii.; W. S. Kemp, R. and P. K. M. of C; John P Charch, R. und P. K. C. of G.; S. B. liuribut, Jr., R. and P. K. G. 0. The Scottish Rite, Knights Templar, and Master Masons' Aid As- sociiition was organized July 15, 1879. The present officers are Eli Fasold, president; George J. Roberts, vice-presideut; T. B. Iluuuuh, secretary; J. B. Thomas, M. D., medical director; Third and Fourth National Banks, designated depositaries; Jost Durst, 0. M. Gottschall, aud W. E. Crume, executive committee; Jost Durst, George J. Roberts, 676 HISTORY OF DAYTON. T. B. Hannah, Colonel J. B. Thomas, 0. M. GottschaH, W. E. Crurae, and Eli Fasold, trustees. The object of this association is to enable Masons to provide for their AvidoAvs and orphans. Freemasons' Mutual Benefit Association Avas organized April 17, 1871, with sixty members and the foHoAving officers: C. C. Keifer, presi dent; 0. M. Gottschall, secretary; and C. C. Kiefer, Allen Jeff'ers, D. K. Boyer, Jaraes M. MatthcAvs, J. H. Wayraire, P. L. Snyder, and 0. M. Gottschall, directors. The object of this association is purely beneficiary, viz.: to raise a fund for the benefit of the widoAvs and children of the deceased raerabers. No qualification Avith reference to age or health is necessary. Any Master Mason of St. John's, Duyton, or Mystic lodge may become a member. There are at the present time one hundred and fifty raerabers in the association, and the officers are asfoHoAvs: H. A. BilHngs, president; Ezra Jeff'erys, vice-presideut; Eli Fasold, treasurer; and Allen Jeff'ers, secretary. Montgoraery Lodge, Number 5, Independent Order Odd Fellows, avus instituted Muy 3, 1833, under a charter dated April 19, 1833. The first raembers were R. N. Coraly, Richard Green, Martin Conklin, John Tot- hill, uud John Sidle. The first officers Avere Richard Green, N. G. ; Richard Disney, V. G. ;.R. N. Comly secretary; and Martin Conklin, treasurer. For sorae tirae the meetings Avere held in a roora over Schoenher's clothing store. The present officers of this lodge are as foHows: Eugene E. Carter, N. G.; Albert Mendeuhall, V. G.; F. C. Garrett, P. S.; J. S. Williams, R. S.; John V. Dix, treasurer. Dayton Encarapraent, Number 2, was chartered August 2, 1839. The charter merabers Avere Williara F. Coraly, Jaraes Cook, Henry L. Brown, Elias Favorite, Johu Sayre, Williara B. Dicks, and Jaraes Vanostran. The present officers ure John L. RHey, C. P.; C. S. Bussy, S. W.; Johu States, J. W.; L. S. LaRose, scribe; and F. C. Garrett, treasurer. L. S. LaRose has been scribe of this encarapraent continuously since June 17, 1852. Wayne Lodge, Nuraber 10, was chartered April, 1840, and instituted July 7 following, with the foHoAving raerabers: WHliara F. Coraly, R. N. Coraly, John Sayre, II. Wyatt, L. Wollaston, Joseph A. Dusang, J. Bart- low, D. M. Houk, George F. Meyer, Elius Favorite, and LcAvis Lindsley. The present officers are C. S. Bussy, N. G.; W. D. Freeman, V. G.; C. Rench, P. S.; Charles Holt, R. S.; Charles A. Starr, treasurer. The pres ent membership is about 150. Buckeye Lodge, Number 47, was organized under a charter granted August 16, 1845, and instituted August 30th, with 20 merabers. At the present tirae it has about 100 raeUibers, and the officers are as follows: J. E. Reeder, N. G.; Peter Larson, V. G.; Charies Leichtle, R. C; W. D. SOCIETIES. 677 Gifford, P. S.; D. V. Pottle, treasurer; Charles H. Learaan, W. J. Abbey, and W. H. Ainsworth, trustees. Odd FelloAVs' Aid Association of Montgoraery County was organized June 23, 1869, with the following officers: M. Worraan, president; W. W. Lane, secretary, and John Bettelon, treasurer. The object of the asso ciation is to aid farailies of deceased raerabers by a systera of mutual insurance. Each meraber pays an assessment of oue dollar and ten cents at each death, and the family of the deceased member receives five hun dred dollars, and one dollar of each assessment paid by the insured during his membership. The association now has five hundred and seventy raerabers, and the officers are as follows: D. J. Sraith, president; James Corcoran, vice-president; L. S. LaRose, secretary, and John Bettelon, treasurer. Gem City Encarapraent, Number 116, was instituted May 21, 1869, by Jaraes Turner, G. P. The charter members were: J. M. C. Matthews, C. P.; George B. Hicks, H. P.; Adam Weber, S. W.; John P. Lutz, J. W.; J. Malloway, scribe; George W. Kerap, treasurer; Henry Dorn- bush, Ezra Clark, J. R. Mitchell, aud WiHiara P. Patton, trustees. At the present tirae the encarapraent has ninety-one raerabers, and the officers are Jaraes A. McCandless, C. P.; Lawrence Kirschner, J. W.; W. C. Slifer, scribe, and Charles Schaeff'er, treasurer. Wildey Lodge, Number 24, Daughters of Rebekah, was instituted January 7, 1870, with thirty-three members, and the first officers were: Adam Weber, N. G.; L. Mueller, V. G.; Ii. Riehl, R. S.; Frederick Tschudy, P. S.; and II. Dornbush, treasurer. The present merabership is one hundred, and the present officers are: Mrs. Paulina Brueshaber, N. G.; Mrs. Louisa Riehl, V. G. ; Adara Weber, secretary; Sophia Saner, treasurer; and Adara Weber, John Olt, and John Roepken, trustees. Steuben Lodge, Number 507, was organized June 10, 1872, with twenty-four members, and instituted May 24, 1872, by James Turner, P. G. M. The present officers are: Richard Otto, N. G.; Michael Wei- rauch, V. G.; A. Auerharamer, R. S.; Adam Weber, P. S.; George Fischer, treasurer; G. II. Schulte, aud Julius G. Miller, trustees. Fraternal Lodge, Nuraber 510, was organized June 10, 1872, with thirteen charter raerabers. The first officers were as follows: B. F. Hoar, N. G.; Henry Webbert, V. G.; Hirara Lewis, R. S.; D. G. Fitch, P. S.; Lewis De Lawter, treasurer; trustees, B. E. Homer, Hiram Lewis, and W. W. Buchwalter. The present officers are: C. C. 'Davidson, N. G.; Frank P. Thompson, V. G.; Samuel P. Greene, R. S.; A. R. Bowman, P. S.; Louis Groneweg, treasurer, and Frank P. Thorapson, Webster Fry, and C. B. Wysong, trustees. 678 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Oregon Lodge, Nuraber 351, Knights of Pythias, was instituted May 8, 1889. It bad thirty-three charter merabers, and its first officers were as follows: Dr. J. A. Roraspert, P. C; J. A. Aulabaugh, C. C:; C; M. Van Pelt, V. C; John W. Devise, P.; Ii. V. Brown, M. at A.; W. R. Knaub, M. of R. and S.; E. L. Gloyd, M. of F.; W. 0. McCube, M. E.; F. G. MiHer, I. G.; A. P. Groby, 0. G.; W. F. Marquardt, E. E.; J. A. Roraspert, R. and D. D. G. C. At the present tirae (July 1st) the lodge has thirty-eight members. ' It raeets in Dover Block, on the southeast corner of Fifth and Wayne streets, every Wednesday night. The Odd FelloAVs' National Beneficial Association Avas incorporated February 2, 1881. The object of the raerabers of this association is to provide for the support of their families in case of their own death. The amount of insurance is $3,000 und the assessment of members varies according to their grade, from $1.10 up to $2.50. The officers of the association at this tirae are as follows: Hon. Henderson Elliott, prtesi- deiit; Rev. WHHam A. Hale, vice-president; James Anderton, secretary and general raanager; James C. Reber, treasurer; Ellis Jennings, M. D., medical director. The above and Hon. W. D. McKeray are the trustees. Daytou Lodge, Number 273, was instituted April 20, 1855, vvith the following charter members: George M. Young, WHliam Stover, A. E. Underwood, W. W. Wolf, Joseph Baird, Thomas J. Green, L N. F. Beaver, John M. liartle, Ziba CravA'ford, and John Gravfes. The first omcers were: George M. Young, N. G.; John Graves, V.'G.; Ziba Crawford, R. S.; Joseph' Baird, P. S.; I: N. F. Beaver, treasurer. Its present officers are us follows: A. J. Fisher, N. G.; Frank N. Trissell, V. G.; W. C. SHfer, R. S.; W. li. Hughes, P. S., aud J. A. Aulabaugh, treasurer. Miami Lodge, -Number 32, Knights of Pythias, was organized Febru ary 15, 1871, and wils instituted March 31st, with tbe following nienibers: George T. Mulford, James W. Swope, Benjamin F. Boyer, Louis Keller, George M. Sraart, J. S. Miles, George W Snyder, Duniel K. liasler, F. Riebold, Churies Anderton, Jaraes Clingman, J. Lacy Marquiss, C. Stin son, George W. Stieg, Joseph Light, B. B. Crosley, li. C. Snodgrass, Ii. Webbert, W. Ii. Ware, ami a^ few others. At a regular raeeting of this lodge, held July 11, 1889, the followihg officers Avere installed: L. C. Pack- hum, P. C ; F. E. Rose, C. C; William Hull, V. C; Adam Groby, P.; A. F. Smart, M. of F.; George M. Smart, M. of E.; B. F. Boyer, K. of R. and S.;- S. J. Smith, M. ut A.; Jesse Foley, I. G.; uud J. P. Marquardt, 0. G. Humboldt Lodge, Nuraber 58, Knights of Pythias, was founded by Peter Reiuburdt, assisted by Peter Weidner and Robert George. On August SOCIETIES. 679 26, 1873, a raeeting Avas held, at which tAventy-five naraes vyere secured for the organization of u lodge. The lodge Avas instituted Septeraber 9, 1873, by Jaraes W. SAvope, instituting officer, who was assisted by raembers of Miami Lodge, Number 32. The first quarters occupied Avere in a building which stood on the present site of the Callahan building. The lodge then moved to the Clegg building, on Jeff'erson Street, aud next to Castle Hall, ou Fifth Street. They then nioved to Gorraan Hall, ou .Jeff'erson Street, and ut last to the preseut Pythiun Custle, Avhich was dedicated January 10, 1889, and Avhich is said to be the finest aud raost coraplete castle in the world. Frora an original raerabership of tAventy-five the uuniber of merabers bus increased to 205. There are at preseut but ten German lodges in the grand jurisdiction, Humboldt ranking first as to numbers aud second as to financial strength among the number. The total nuniber of deaths of raerabers of the lodge hus been seventeen. Following ure the naraes ofthe officers of this lodge, installed July 2, 1889: Williura Kramer, P. C; Fred Trieboldt, C C; Charies W. Schenk, V. C; R. lienry Meyers, P.; D. D. Mentel, M. of F.; Emil Reichert, K. of R. aud S.; Fred Berk, M. of E.; WiHiam Koch, M. ut A.; John Boehner, I. G.; Henry Suuer, 0. G. ; C. H. Frank, Louis Hass, and Fred Kraraer, trustees. lola Lodge, Nuniber 83, avus instituted Murch 24, 1875, by Grand Chancellor James W. SAvope, his grand deputies, aud other prominent merabers of the order. There were tAventy-one charter raembers, and the first officers Avere as foHoAvs: Charles 0. Iddings, P. C; E. L. Rowe, C. C; Charles E. Clark, V. C; J. C. Young, P.-; A. Ii. Whyte, K. of R. aud S.; D. T. MiHs, M. of F.; Williura Wolf, M. of E.; Thomas S. Tilton, M. at A.; Johu W. Marshall, I. G.; Henry lias's, 0. G.; Charies 0. Iddings, representative. This lodge und Humboldt Lodge have always occupied the same huH, uud ure still together, purticipating in the dedi cation of the new hull in the Burney Block, Junuary 10, 1889. The membership of this lodge hus increased from the original 21 to 303, its present membership. The active membership at preseut, hoAvever, is but 241. Fourteen of the charter members ure still active in the Avork of the lodge. The officers elected ut the last election ure as foHoAvs: Jumes W. Rench, P. C; lierniuu F. CeHurius, C. C; 0. E. Davidson, V. C; Uranius Hord, M. at A.; David C. Hale, K. of R. S.; EdAvard A. Sllzel, M. of F.; A- H. Roraspert, M. of E.; Hurry G. Dodgson, 0. G. L; R. Griffith, I. G.; trustees, Johu W. liuuitcb, G. Russell Wells, 11. W. Lewis- The UCAV Pythian castle, in the Barney Block, avus dedicated on Thursday night, January 10, 1889. This castle consists of ten rooms, and has ull the modern conveniences, and furnishes the most complete lodge-room urrungements in the city. The suite of rooms thus dedicated 680 HISTORY OF DAYTON. consists of lodge, drill, banquet, kitchen, ladies' toilet, and other rooms necessary for suitable quarters for the knights. Iu the afternoon, com mencing ut tAVO o'clock, there avus a reception to the ladies of tbe members of lola, Humboldt, Miami, and Hope lodges, of the Knights of Pythias of Dayton. At three o'clock the handsome, painting, "Pythias at the Block," by Mrs. John W. Marshall, was presented to lola Lodge, by Miss Pearl Marshall. The Hon. W. B. Richie, of Liraa, supreme repre sentative of Ohio, officiuted. Humboldt Division, Number 12, U. R., K. P., Avas instituted March 21, 1882, Avith thirty-six charter raembers. The first officers were Peter Weidner, captain; Frederick Weis, first lieutenant; Churies Gueuther, herald. The present raerabership is seventy-five, and the present officers are Louis Haas, captain; Christian Neeb, first lieutenant, aud Johu C. Spengler, herald. lola Division, Number 26, U. R. K. P., Avas organized Avith thirty members, and the first officers Avere John A. Miller, captain; J. W. Mar shall, iieutenant; li li. Hall, herald; W. S. Brown, recorder; G. R. Wells, treusurer; li. W. Lewis, guard; F. G. Wonder, sentinel. The present officers are Ii. W. Lewis, captain; C. A. Decker, lieutenant; Churies S. Durst, herald; R. D. Wells, recorder; W. IL Johnson, treas urer; W. S. Heuthmun, guard; Charles Bischweiler, sentinel. The preseut merabership is fifty-eight, and the division raeets every Monday night in Pythian Custle. . Dayton Division, Nuniber 5, U. R. K. P., was instituted November 13, 1878, and organized with the following officers: Charles D. Iddings, comniunder; P. Weidner, lieutenuut commander; J. P. Marquardt, Jr., herald; L. Ii. Reist, recorder; J. L. Marquis, treusurer; Robert George, guard; W. S. Stur, sentinel. The division hus u membership of forty-five, and the following officers: J. P. Marquardt, Jr., S. K. C; William Yah- raus, S. K. L.; Louis C. Wultuuiuthe, S. K. IL; W. M. Carpenter, S. K. R., and Dr. G. H. Geiger, S. K. T. Royul Temple, Number 2, Pythian Sisters, was orgunized Murcli 2, 1889. This is, us its nurae indicates, the second temple orgunized iu the Stute of Ohio. It is auxHiary to Hope Lodge, aud was organized by J. A. Hill, of Greeucastle, Indiana. The original meinbership avus somcAvhat more thau fifty, and the first officers were us follows: Mrs. Mary Ains worth, P. E. C; Mrs. lluttie Robinson, M. E. C; Mrs. Mury E. Fry, S. C; Mrs. M. J. Kelly, J. C; Mrs. Maggie Woriey, M. of R. uud C; Mrs. J. S. Corbet, M. of F.; Mrs. B. F. Shingler, M. of T.; Mrs. Rebecca Wysong, P. of T.; Mrs. J. C. Ferneding, P. of 0. T. The same officers were reelected June 22, 1889. SOCIETIES. 681 Thusnelda Temple, Number 3, Pythian Sisters, Avas organized March 6, 1889, with forty-seven raerabers. FoHoAving are the naraes of the first officers: Mrs. Peter Weidner, M. E. C; Mrs. L. Shank, E. S;; Mrs. V. Bieser, E. Jr.; Mrs. T. M. Kern, M. 0. T.; Mrs. Kate Polraeier, M. of R. and C; Mrs. M. Gesler, M. of F.; Mrs. M. Lehraan, L G., and Mrs. Jennie liesler, 0. G. The present officers are: Mrs. ^Phillippina Olt, M. E. C; Mrs. V. Bieser, E. Jr.; Mrs. T. M. Kern, M. 0. T.; Mrs. Mary WilHams, M. of R. and C; Mrs. M. Gesler, M. of F.; Mrs. M. Lehraan, I. G., and Mrs. Jennie Hesler, 0. G. FrankHn Grove, Nuraber 8, U. A. 0. D., was organized July 10, 1849. The present officers are: Fred Stehle, N. A.; John Grieser, V. A.; Charles Nagel, secretary; George Saner, treasurer; John Nickel, I. G. The trustees are John H. Trangenstein, Daniel Schroer, and John Olt. Victoria Circle, Number 3, U. A. 0. D., was instituted January 31, 1884. The present officers are: Mrs. Louisa Riehl, A. D.; Mrs. H. Bargh, F. B.; Mrs. F. Stehle, S. B.; Mrs. P. Christ, C; Mrs. L. Ruehl, I. G. ; Daniel Schroer, secretary, and Sophia Sauer, treasurer, Adam Weber is the grand secretary of the Grand Grove of the U. A. 0. D., and has held the office for the past nineteen years. Miami Lodge, Number 16, Ancient Order United Workraen, was or ganized February 9, 1874, with twenty-three raerabers, and the foHoAving officers: Meyer Lebensberger, P. M. W.; M. J. Swadener, M. W.;'A. Whitcomb, F. ; W. H. Barbour, 0.; W. D. McKemy, R.; Daniel Leon hard, F.; Joseph Lebersberger, R. ; and PhHip Kerr, W. Meetings wer'e held for some tirae in Gorman's building. East Third Street. They are now held in Huston Hall. Teutonia Lodge, Number 21, was organized April 15, 1874, with thirty-two charter members. The first officers were Philip Kern, P. M. W.; Louis Haas, M. W.; George Happel, F.; Christ Kronen- thai, 0.; Samuel Wagner, G.; George Hueber, R.; Henry Kueler, F.; George Herbig, treasurer; Andrew Metz, W. The first meetings were held in the Gorraan Block. They are now held in Huston HaH. Concordia Lodge, Nuniber 46, Avas instituted March 27, 1875, with twenty-four members. The first officers were John Schoen, P. M. W.; Peter Lenz, M. W.; Jacob Gruenewald, F.; Williara Nauerth, 0.; Charles Wenzel, G.; Adolph Abicht, R.; Louis Stern, treasurer. Dayton Lodge, Number 48, was organized June 9, 1875, with forty members, and the following officers: C. P. Rousch, P. M. W.; Charles E. Swadener, M. W.; W. F. Trebein, F.; Albert Cozine, 0.; W. W.Lane, R.; John D. McKee, F.; Charies E. Clark, R.; F. W, Wood, G.; Jacob 682 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Kiusel, I. W.; E. F. Wellemeyer, 0. W.; WilHam Seeley, Fred Weis, and J. D. Arras, trustees. The Earnshaw Rifles, at a meeting held January 2, 1889, elected the foHoAving officers: Captain, A. J. McCannon; first lieutenant, John C. Bennett; second lieutenant, Churies E. Fisher; first sergeant, W. S. Cook; second sergeant, Omar Randall; third sergeant, Edward Wetz; fourth sergeant, EdAvard Williumsou; fifth sergeant, B. S. Caryer; first corporal, M. il. Bennett; second corporal, Harry Frantz; third corporal, Elmer Ernest; fourth corporal, B. W. Butler; fifth corporal, J. D. W. Butler; sixth corporal, Clarence Switzer; seventh corporal, Louis Sortmau; eighth corporal, H. S. Sayer. At the annual election of officers of Dayton Ruling, Number 2, F. M. C, the following was the result for the ensuing year: Worthy ruler, John W. Garst; worthy vice-ruler, M. H. Huesman; past worthy ruler, Joseph Hahue; Avortby recorder, John E. Troiie; worthy collector, Williara 0. Tift'any; worthy treasurer, Frederick MiHer; worthy chaplain, Louis Napoleon Mehlbertb; worthy raarshal, Horace Blakesley; worthy warden, J. 0. Layton; worthy guard, Charles C. Sortmau; AA'orthy sentry, lienry Winner; worthy medical exuminer. Dr. Jumes A. Ambrose; worthy trustees, S. D. Troue, John II. Dorfmeier, and W. W. McKinney. The installation of these officers occurred on Thursday night, Junuary 3, 1889. The Dayton Turngemeinde held its annual election of officers ou Sunday, December, 30,1888, vvith the following result: Presideut, EdAvard Neder; vice-president, Bernhardt Froelich; recording secretary, Bernard Roemboldt; financial secretary, Herinan [Jlilrig; first instructor, Williara Herzog; secoud instructor, Victor Roebra; master of apparatus, Elmer Linxweiler; librariuu, Theodore Schubert; fiag bearer, Reiuhard Roehni; trustees, Bernard Froelich, Luther Peters, Jacob Linxweiler, Jr., Frede rick Brueshaber, and Williura Herzog. Howard Council, Nuraber 161, Royal Arcanum, wus orgunized iu September, 1878, Avith niueteen churter raerabers. The first officers were us follows: S. Johnson, P. R,; 0. M. Gottschall, R.; Ii. E. W. Carap bell, V, R.; F. M. Osier, 0.; T. B. Holmes, secretary; G. R. Wells, C; S. L, LaRose, treasurer; James W. Anderton, G, ; W. F. Snyder, S. At a regular meeting of this council, held January 1, 1889, the following officers were installed: Samuel L. LaRose, R.; A. 0. Schenck, V. R.; J. S. Crilly, P. R.; William Watkins, O.; S. B. Hull, secretary; IL W. Surface, C; John E. Viot, G.; C. L. Bader, treasurer; J. S. Osborn, C, and A. L. Shearer, S. Dayton CouncH, Number 15, Order Chosen Friends, at a .meetiug SOCIETIES. 683 held January 2, 1889, the following officers were elected and installed J. 0, Heindle, P. C. C; W. H. Moore, C. C; T. W. Adelott, V. C. W. A. Marietta, secretary; R. M. Allen, treasurer; L. W. Strahler, P. D. F. Fischbach, M.; David lieister, W.; C. W. Wilmking, G.; Henry Harlan, S.; T. W. Davy, Allen Selby, and H. J. Bradford, trustees. Gera City Castle, Nuraber 2, Ancient Order of Knights of the Mystic Chain, Avas- instituted February 27, 1889, by J. L. B, Wiswell, of Colura bus, Ohio, assisted by T, J. Scanlan and J. F. Wheeler, also of Colurabus. The number of raerabers of the Castle at the tirae of institution was sixty-five, and the following were the first officers, elected and installed on the sarae day on which the Castle' was instituted: J, M. Bartch, S. K. P. C; Charies Alther, S. K. C; Samuel Shine, S. K. V. C; George Williaras, F. L.; John Caylor, treasurer; A. B. Miller, chaplain; E. L. Horner, R. S.; H. Heiney, A. R. S.; Valentine Ketteraan, C. of S.; J. Stuck, A. C. of S.; George Bartch, I. G,; C. S. Perry, 0. G.; Charles Fry, Jacob Ziniraerraan, and S. H. Heiney, trustees. Fulton Council, Nuraber 15, Order United Araerican Mechanics, was organized June 17, 1872, with thirty-three members. The first officers were as follows: George S. Ball, C; M. V. Wirich, V. C; Richard Witcomb, R. S.; W. A. Bosler, F. S.; W. II. Rouzer, treasurer. MayfloAver Council, Number 35, was organized September 27, 1875, with about thirty raerabers. The first officers Avere: J. W. Knaub, C; George A. Smith, V. C; WiHiara L. Winchell, R. S.; C. H. Decker, F. S.; W. C. Sliff'er, treasurer. Miarai Council, Number 7, Junior Order, Avas organized October 18, 1872, Avith eleven charter raembers. The first officers were: D. P. Clark, C; H. W. Lewis, V. C; G. R. Wells, R. S.; Ii. J. Buvinger, A. R. S.; C. W. Bridenbaugh, F. S.; B. T. Guion, treasurer. At a raeeting of this council held on January 4, 1889, the foHoAving officers were installed: E. G. Fauver, Jr., P. C; T. Rench, C. E.; J. E. Waterman, V. C; John P. Branin, R. S.; C. C. Cotterill, A. R. S.; C. D. Kidd, Jr., F. S.; D. J. Sraith, Jr., treasurer; W. R. Bosson, C; H. J. Crutchfield, W.; Alex ander Waterman, I. S.; Edward Long, 0. S.; W. G. Smith, F. D. Wark, and L. A. Rowe, trustees; John P. Brannin and E. T. Rench, representatives. Friendship Council, Nuraber 15, Junior Order, was organized with eleven charter raerabers, Deceraber 17, 1877. It was a re-organization of a lodge which had been in existence four years previously, and which was known as Surprise Lodge. The first officers of Friendship Lodge were: J. B. Kuhns, C; Arthur Deiter, V C; Charies Weikel, R. S.; Edward Deiter, A. R. S.; J. W, Eby, treasurer; H. A. SHer, F. S. 684 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Honor Council, Nuraber 24, Junior Order of United Araerican Mechanics wus instituted Januury 29, 1889, by D. S. C, Charles D. Kidd, Jr., who acted us councillor during the initiation. The following were the officers elected for the ensuing year: George W. Stevens, Jr., P. C. ; Duvid Fetters, C; Williura Beecher, V. C; George R. Wallace, R. S.; Henry House, A. R. S.; G. Ii. Fetters, F. S.; George F. Sawyer, treasurer; Frank Wilson, C; R. M. Huston, W.; Charles Wilson, I. S.; David Price, 0. S.; M. Beecher, George W. Stevens, and David Fetters, trustees. In October, 1866, King Encarapraent, Post Nuraber 20, Grand Array of the Republic, was organized in Dayton. It had three hundred and eight raerabers. In February, 1867, Allen Encarapraent Post, Nuraber 152, was organized, and iu a short tirae afterward Diester Encarapraent Avas organized. E. A. King Post was organized Septeraber 22, 1879, the first officers of record being as foHoAvs: Sarauel B. Sraith, P. C; A. A. Siraonds, S. V. C; George W. Hatfield, J. V. C; Charles Anderton, Adj.; Adam Knecht, Q. M,; Frederick Schaeffer, 0. D., and Jacob Schaeft'er, 0. G. The present officers of this post, the name of which Avas changed from E. A. King Post to the Old Guard Post, Number 23, March 10, 1885, are as foHoAvs: N. Doren Bates, P. C; Johu N. BeH, S. V. C; Parker Rushy, J. V. C; Ambrose Hodge, Adj.; Thoraas L. StcAvard, Q. M. ; James A. Ambrose, surgeon; Amos S. Jones, chaplain; Elwood Middleton, 0. D.; Sarauel B. Rohrer, 0. G.; Johu T. Harper, S. M.; Jaraes 0. Davis, Q. M. S.; Johu L. Ii. Frank, chairman; Henry S. Rockey, secretary, and the latter two with John Mull, James C. Turner, and John R. More, trustees. The post now numbers three hun dred and eighty-five merabers. Diester Post, Nuniber 446, G. A. R., was chartered May 17, 1884, Avitli the following raerabers: John E. Brockman, P. C; JuHus George S. P. C; Jaraes Dunn, J. V. C; Bernhard Roebra, Q. M.; Robert Burk- ner, adjutant; Wilson, chaplain; John Bauer, 0. D. ; Joseph Neibert, 0. G.; Lawrence Darst, Charles Dreihorst, Williara Britton, Joseph Diester, and WiHiara L. May, M. P. Nolan, Williura Silzel, and Frederick Gunckel. The present officers are: J. K. P. MacDorgh, P. C; H. B. Zehring, S. V. C; Frank Brooks, J. V. C; George W. Sherer, adjutant; Philip W. Jordan, Q. M.; Charles W. Shiebley, chaplain; R. F. Switzer, 0. D., and W. Parsons, 0. G. Hirara Strong Post, Number 79, Grand Army of the Republic, was organized iu October, 1884, and was instituted October 10th following. It derived its name from the colonel of the Ninety-third Regiment Ohio Volunteers. Its first officers Ayere E. P. Robinson, C; I. N. Thorne, SOCIETIES. 685 S. V. C; J. G. Feight, J. V. C; W L Rose, S.; R. W. Parks, C; Charies Graf, 0. D.; W. H. Puterbaugh, 0. G.; T. J. Barry, A.; W. A. Lincoln, Q. M.; G. A. Russler, S. M.; II. R. Wheeler, Q. M. S. The post had sixty charter merabers, of Avhora forty-six Avere mustered iu at the institution of the post. The present officers are J. W. Arraitage, C. ; J. R. Thorapson, S. V. C; M. Beecher, J. V. C; J. B. Walton, C; A. M. WiHiamson, S ; B. F. Arnold, 0. D.; W. H. AinsAvorth, 0. G.; Charies Bishop, A.; Charies Graf, Q. M.; J. E. Sullivan, S. M.; J. S. Corbett, Q. M. S. This post has at the present tirae 108 raerabers in good stand ing, and is in a very prosperous condition. It is the only post on the west side of the river. Martin R. Delaney Post, Nuraber 615, is composed of about thirty colored members. WHHam Birch Post, Number 601, Avas organized July 22, 1886. It was named in honor of Major WiHiam Birch, of the Ninety-third Ohio Regiraent. The first officers were: J. A. Sraith, P. C; Williara M. Simpson, S. V. C; WiHiam Thompson, J. V. C; Thoraas Miller, A.; 0. A. Phillipps, 0. M.; L M. Sraith, 0 D.; F. Long,,0. G.; 0. J. RolHngs, S.; N. Robbins, C; Gebhart, S. M., and L. M. Shank, Q. M. S. The present officers are: P. P. Ellis, P. C; J. A. Sraith, S. V. C; L M. Sraith, J. V. C; John C. MHler, A.; Z. E. Hersh, Q. M.; Charles Metz, 0. D.; H. A. Whitney, 0. G.; J. C. Good, S.; L. -Griswold, C; 0. Kenney, S. M.; J. J. Holmes, Q. M. S. This post raeets regularly on the first and third Tuesday evenings in each raouth, in liilgefort's building. North Main Street. The Dayton Club was organized in the early spriug of 1889. The main purpose of this club was to maintain a place for the social euter- fainraent of members of the club and their families, and friends and visitors from abroad. An association of prominent and wealthy citizens was easily formed, and is uoav composed of somewhat more than one hundred merabers. The directors of the club are as follows: Johu A. McMahon, W. P. Callahan, A. C. Marshall, II. C. Lowe, Charles E. Pease, WiHiara liuff'raan, E. Morgan Wood, Charles A. Phillips, and Charles Craighead. The president is E. Morgan Wood, and tbe secretary, Thomas K. Negus. The Peter P, LoAve homestead Avas rented for the accoraraodation of the club, and the rooras of this house were opened in the evening of May 28, 1889, Avith a reception to raerabers aud their families. Music was furnished by tbe Metropolitan Bund, The reception committee was composed of E, Morgan Wood, John A. McMuhon, A, C, Marshall, Charies E. Pease, T. K. Negus, Charles B. Clegg, T. P, Gaddis, and Charles E, Mead, assisted by Mrs. R, R, Dickey, Mrs. 686 HISTORY OF DAYTON. T, J. Wood,Mrs. E. M. Wood, Mrs. H. E. Mead, and Mrs. R. I. Cummin. The club rooras Avere regularly opened for business on Wednesday, May 29, 1889. Daytou Lodge, Nuraber 23, Knights of Honor, was instituted July 13, 1814. This lodge is in a flourishing condition, haviug about one hundred and seventy-five merabers, and holding regular meetings at Knights of Honor Hall, Nuraber llOJ East Third Street, every Monday evening. The present officers of this lodge are as foHoAvs: George Ii. Aiger, D.; William R. Grason, V. D.; Frank BurroAvs, A. D ; W. A. Marietta, R.; C. E. Campbell, F. R.; S. Bussey, C; J. Weis, G.; S. U. Daugherty, G. ; August Wollenhaupt, S, There are nuraerous other societies and lodges of various kinds in this city, which have received no raention, on account of the difficulty of securing satisfactory data, aud because of the great pressure of raatter on the columns of this work. It is and raust be a source of gratification to all right-thinking people that societies of this kiud are so numerous in every city of the land. They supply means of social life, in whjch the restraints inseparable frora religious meetings are not felt, and which are free from the unpleasantnesses and dangers which are too often associated with the public ball and- promiscuous gatherings. Mauy of these societies and associations, too, ure beneficiary iu their nature, furnishing insurance easily carried, and extremely acceptable to the beneficiary in case of misfortune or death of the principal. They are one of the many concomitants of au advancing civilization, the evidence of Avhicli it is always pleasant and profitable to contemplate. CHAPTER XXIX. Bi'igraphical Sketches— Eliam E. B-Hrney— Eugene J. Ramey— Thomas B own— John R. Brownell— William Dickey— Robert R. D-ckey- William P. Huffman— G -orfie P. Hnff- mao- Slephen J. Patterson— Thomas A. PliiUip<— George Levis Phdlips— l.ouia 11. Poock — John Rouzer — E. Fowler Stoddard — Edmond S Youug. ELIAM E. BARNEY avus the son of Benjaraiu .Barney, a native of Guilford, Verraont, uud Nancy Potter, of Massachusetts. Benjamin Barney was au active friend to education uud oue of the principal movers in founding Union Academy, at Belleville, Jeft'erson County, New York. Both Benjamin Barney and his wife were earnest and active members of the Baptist Church during their entire lives. Eliuni E. Barney, the subject of this sketch, Avas the oldest of eleven childreu, and Avas born at Henderson, Ncav York, October 17, 1807. Young Elium's father wus exceedingly solicitious that he should receive an edncation thtit should fit him for any station in life Avhich he raight be called upon to fill. He was partly educated at LoAvvHle, LcAvis County, and afterward becanie one of the first pupils in Union Acudeniy, at Belleville, in the same Stute. He raade such rapid advanceraent that he avus able when eighteen yeurs old to help hiraself by teaching school iu the winter season, and in this way he continued his studies until fitted to enter the sophomore class of Union College, Schenectady, which avus then under the presidency of the celebrated Dr. Eliphalet Nott. From this college he graduated in 1831, aud after teaching a short tirae at Sand Lake, New York, be became Principal of LowviHe Acaderay, reraaining in that position tAVO years and meeting with great success. In the fall of 1833 he came to Ohio, and taught six months in Granville (now Dennison) University, in the -place of Professor Drury, who had been elected, but had uot arrived. In the spring of 1834 he came to Daytou aud found eraployment as Princijial ot the Dayton Academy, which stood on the ground now occupied by the High School, and remained at the head of that academy until 1838. Ou account of failing health he then retired from the teacher's profession and engaged iu the lumber business, Avliich he carried ou successfully until 1845, when he again entered his early employment, and becarae Principal of Cooper Acaderay, and continued in that position until 1S51. He established, with Ebenezer Thresher, the Dayton Car Works, a history of which raay be found in the chapter devoted to the raanufacturing 687 688 HIST09,Y OF DAYTON. interests of the city. Besides the car works, Mr. Barney was interested in several other business enterprises. He Avas a director and Vice- president of the Second National Bank of this city, a director of the Wisconsin Central Railroad, and Avas President of the Cooper Hydraulic Corapany. Some years previous to his death he became greatly interested in the cultivation of the catalpa tree for tiraber. Hy means of correspondence, comraunications to the newspapers, and paraphlets, he aAvakened a Avide- spread interest iu the subject, the result of which has been that large nurabers of these trees are now being cultivated. He was for raany years prorainently connected with the First Baptist Church of Dayton, and for sorae twenty years a member of the board of trustees of Dennison Uni versity, at Granville, Ohio. This university, in consideration of his life long patronage of learning, conferred upon him the honorary degree of doctor of laws. He contributed fifty thousand doHars to endoAv two memorial professorships in this institution. Mr. Barney was raarried October 10, 1834, to JuHa Sraith, daughter of Dudley Smith, of Galway, Saratoga County, New York. They were the parents of six children. Mr. Barney's death occurred December 17, 1880, and he Avas buried in Woodland Ceraetery. Eugene J. Barney, President of the Barney & Sraith Manufacturing Corapany, was born in Dayton, Ohio, February 12, 1839. His education was liraited to that received at the comnion and high schools. At the age of fifteen he entered the class of 1858 of Rochester University, but left college during the last terra of the sophomore year, having, after per sistent eft'ort, induced his father to grant him permission to enter business. At the age of seventeen he entered the office of Rufus Dutton, a manu facturer of agricultural implements. At the age of twenty he took the general agency of a new cotton press for the States of Tennessee and Mississippi, and for three years Avas successfully engaged in introducing it throughout the South. Coraing North, in 1860, he entered the Ohio Valley Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, as u clerk. During his connection Avith this large banking house, he was sent on important business to different parts of Ohio, Indiana, und Tennessee. At the end of two years he entered a banking house in Chicago. In February, 1862, he was married to Miss Belle Huff'man, eldest daughter of W. P. Huffraan, Esq., of Dayton. He was in business in Cincinnati for several years after his marriage, and removed to Dayton in 1866. Having saved several thousand dollars from the various enterprises in which he had been en gaged, he purchased the interest of S. F. Woodsum in the firm of Barney, Sraith & Corapany, now incorporated as the Barney & Sraith Manufactur- Ay (¦;,?/¦/,, m.Jl,ilil! bBr-iT .y.d >)any. With reference to this contest with the city council of Chicago, the Western Electrician of February 9, 1889, published at Chicago, had the following reraarks : ,i.lii^Zi.j.a \ biographical sketches. 703 "By the death of George L. Phillipps, the Chicago Telephone Com pany loses a president of marked ability as au executive officer. He was recognized as one of tbe raost judicious aud efficient telephone nianugers in tbe country. He wus at the head of the corporution but u little over a year, but during that period arose the vexatious controversy betweeii the corapany and the city officials. There was an extremely bitter feel ing in the city council toAvard the compuny. It Avas hampered in its business by threats of litigation, und prevented from extending its cir cuits by the refusal of the aldermen to grant u franchise. Repeated eff'orts were made to force on the company ordiiuinces whieh would have reduced very seriously its ineoine. The responsibility of adjust ing these difficulties fell upon Mr. Phillips. The task was one which required in its execution all his skillful management. lie solved the vexatious problem, aud secured ti franchise without conceding tiny of the points for Avliich the company had been contesting. This victory gained for Mr. Phillips the hearty congratulations of telephone man agers throughout the couutry, and added materially to his reputution as a vigorous executive officer." Mr. Phillips raarried Miss Mary Adele Bronson, daughter of Charles Bronson, of Chicago, in Dubuque, loAva, Muy 15, 1867. Mr. and Mrs. Phillips were the parents of five children, four of whom are living. Their nam'es are Margaret J., Isabel B., Jeuunette T., ancl Mary Adele. The second daughfer, Mary Golden Phillips, died in New York in Jan uary, 1889. Early in that raouth, Mr. Phillips accompanied her to New York, where she avus attending school, and on his way home to Chicago he Avas taken ill with malignant typhoid fever. In the meantiine news carae that his daughter was seriously ill in New York of the . same disease, and Mrs. Phillips left EdgcAvater immediately for the metropolis. Within a Aveek the daughter died and vvas taken to Daytou for buritil, where Mr. Phillips' brother had just lost two of his children by sudden death. Mrs. PhiHips and Mr. Phillips' brother hurried to EdgeAvater, reaching there January 25th, and found Mr. Phillips in such a precarious condition that they thought it best not to inform him of his daughter's death. . He grew rapidly weaker und ou the 29th of the month passed away. Mr. PhHlips had inherited u strong constitution, und wus a man of magnificent physique. His great love of home and family, })erfect unselfishness, and benevolence were his marked characteristics. On setting out for his eustern trip, be avus, to all appeurancos, in perfect health, and his death Avas a great surprise and shock to his faraily and friends. He was a meraber of the Union Leugue, of the Chicago Club, of the Duyton Lodge, F. A. M., uud of the Cincinuuti Consistory Scottish 704 HISTORY OF dayton. Rite. He was ulso a raeraber of the First Presbyterian Church, of Day tou, Avhose pastor. Rev. Prentiss de Veuve, preached the funeral sermon, paying an eloquent and deserved tribute to the character aud virtues of the deceased. The body Avas buried in Woodland Cemetery, and at the entrauce thereto the funeral procession avus met by a hearse bearing the body of Mr. Phillips' daughter, Avhose death had occurred but shortly before in Ncav York. Louis Ii. Poock Avas born March 19, 1839, at Wahsendahl, Arnt Haraelu, Hanover, Gerraany. His father, Frederick Ludwig Poock, Avas a carpenter and inspector of buildings of his county (Aruts-Ziraraer- nieisfer, as this office is called in Gerraany). His mother's maiden name was Fredericka Katz, The subject of this sketch was the youngest of a faraily of eight children, five of Avliora are still living, one in Gerraau}', and the others in this country. The father died in 1842, when Louis II. Avas but three years old. In 1854, the AvidoAV and three sous carae to the United States, two sons and one daughter having corae previously. She came directly to Dayton and remained here until the tirae of her death, which occurred in March, 1873. Louis H. received his education ut the schools. in Gerraany, and after reaching Dayton, in 1854, Avorked for sorae time ut anything he could find to do. He entered the factory of Blanchard & Brown us an apprentice, when, in the winter of 1857, he met with a serious accident, sawing his left hand in such a manner that he was unfitted for any raanual labor. This changed his course of life. While suti'ering from his wound he again resuraed his studies, attending the public schools and then the high schools of Dayton, iu order to acquire a better knoAvledge of the English language. On leaving school he took a course iu Grier's Coraraercial College; then served for a short time as a substitute deputy in the office of the county auditor, and subsequently became book-keeper in the office of the Dayton Empire. In September, 1862, he was appointed teacher of German in the TAvelfth District school, Avhich position he held seven years. He then accepted the position of German instructor in the Sixth District school, where he remained until he resigned in Deceraber, 1874. While engaged in teaching, he also organized a night school, teaching a nuraber of youug raen who asserabled ut his house iu Avinter evenings, and afterward taught in the public night school in the Pacific Engine House, Avhich served at that tirae as a school room belonging to the Fifth District. In April, 1875, he was elected a member of the board of education, biographical sketches. 705 reelected in April, 1878, and chosen vice-ju-esident of thut body iu 1879. He had meauAvhile gone into business Avith one of his brothers, Avho then OAvned the Stone raills, as they Avere called, now the Banner mills. In this relation he remained one yeur; then becume deputy county treasurer, serving in that position five yeurs under Treusurer Ii. Ii. Luubach, und four years under Stephen J. Allen. In the full of 1883, he was himself elected county treasurer, and Avas reelected in 1885, thus serving two terms his last terra expiring iu September, 1888. In January, 1868, he Avas elected secretary of the Daytou Building Association, Number 1, the first association of the kind estublished in this city. He held this secreturyship until August, 1873, when the society wound up uiid settled its aff'airs. In January, 1869, Mr. Poock Avas elected secretary of the Concordia Building and Loan Associution, Avhich posi tion he held until said corporation liquidated and wound up its uff'uirs in April, 1875. In AprH, 1873, he, Avith others, sturted the Germania Building Asso ciution on the permanent Philadelphia plan. Mr. Poock has beeu its secretary ever since it Avas established, and also its treasurer since Jun uary, 1888. In February, 1883, he becume connected Avith the Dayton Savings Bunk as stockholder und director, and on January 7, 1885, he avus elected president of the bank, retaining the office until its aft'airs Avere wound up iu the spring of 1889, wheu he, Avith others, established the Teutouia National Bank, and avus elected its cashier March 29, 1889. Mr. Poock is a meniber of several? beneficiary associations, as avcH as of sociul, military, and musical societies. He is also u raeraber of the Gerraun Evungelical Lutheran St. Paul's Society, of Avhich he was secre tary, and then treasurer, for a nuraber of years. Louis H. Poock was raarried March 26, 1863, to Miss Minnie Lucking, daughter of Frederick Lucking, of Daytou. Mr. and Mrs. Poock are the parents of thirteen children, six of whom are still living. The oldest son, Albert H. Poock, Avas Avell known in connection with the Dayton Savings Bank, of which he was assistant cashier; with the New Franklin Building Association, of which he was secretary; and also Avith the- Gerraaniu BuHding Association. He was a raeraber of the Uniformed Runk of Knights of Pythias, of the Dayton Gymnastic Club, of the German Lutheran St. Paul's Beneficiary Society, and of several musical clubs. He died Junuary 13, 1889. The childreu still Hving are: Ida D., Bertha C, Oscar M., Minnie M., Ella A., and Anna F. Poock. John Rouzer, one of Dayton's foreraost contractors und builders, wus born in Clark County, Ohio, June 29, 1822. His father Avas of German 706 history of dayton. descent, but was born in Frederick County, Maryland, aud lived to the great age of eighty-four years. His mother was of Scotch ancestry, but was a native of Virginia, and died at tbe age of eighty-five. Both were of strong constitution and of siraple and industrious habits. They raised u family of twelve children, seven sons aud five daughters, all of whora they lived to see Avell settled in life. Tbe subject of this sketch carae to Dayton vvith his father's faraily in 1832. His educational advantages Avere quite meager, being such as a primitive village of those times could afford. The public school systera, UOAV the pride und shield of the coniraonwealth, had not then been de vised; but though the public school system did nothing for Mr. Rouzer, he lias done much for the public schools of Dayton, the city being in debted to hini for some of the most convenient and handsome school houses of which the citizens feel justly proud. Previous to locating in business for himself, Mr. Rouzer avus of a soracAvhat roving disposition, believing that to know what was going on in diff'erent parts of the business AVOiid Avould better prepare him for success Avhen he should thus settle doAvn. In 1844, he worked as a journeyman in Cincinnati, and afterAvard in other places; In 1846, he and his brother Daniel erected the first buildings ever put up at White Sulphur Springs, on the Scioto River. Frora that time on for several years he Avas engaged in fitting up distilleries in the Miarai Valley, his horae being in Dayton. He was thus engaged until 1861, Avheu he established hiraself in business as a practical contractor and builder iu this city. Here he soon acquired for hiraself a reputation which has been of iraniense value to hira during his entire career. His main object frora the first has been to give satis faction to his patrons by the excellence of his work. His business soou grew to such large proportions that it becanie necessary for him to sup ply hiraself Avith all raodern improvements adapted to his peculiar line of work, and he bus thus long been able to execute the largest contracts that can be given either by private or public parties. Iu Dayton he has erected a large number of the finest private residences, as Avell as some of the best school-houses. Outside of Daytou he erected the fine court houses- at Tiffin, Sidney, Springfield, and Columbus, Ohio, and he also erected the ucav board of trade building at the latter place. He has also recently been largely engaged in building various kind of structures in Indianapolis, and is aud has beeu for yeurs constantly engaged in ship ping building material to diff'erent parts of Ohio, as avcH as to many of the other Stutes of the Union. In the early days Mr. Rouzer Avas u Whig, uud siuce the re-organiza tion of parties has been a consistent Republican, although not so rigidly biographical sketches. 707 a party man as not to support Democratic candidates for office occusionally Avhen in his judgraent public policy Avould be better couserved by their success thau by that of the candidates of his oavu purty. He is u member of but one society, Duyton Lodge, Nuniber 147, F. and A. M., and he has taken all the degrees iu .Masonry, lie was murried Junuury 1, 1850, to Miss Murthu J. Diehl, dunghter of Henry Diehl, one of Dayton's early pioueer citizens. Mr. and Mrs. Rouzer have been the parents of seven children, five of whom died iu infancy. The two now living are Mrs. Kate Humphrey, of the Arlington Hotel, Richmond, Indiana, uud Mrs. Mattie Justice, of Dayton, Ohio. Mr. Rouzer, in point of mechunical ability, business enterprise, and personal integrity of charucter, may well be regarded us one of the most reliable and worthy of the representative contractors aud citizens of Daytou. E. FoAVLER Stoddard, whose un'tiraely death resulted from a raost remarkable accident on the 1st of June, 1887, Avas one of the most prominent uud raeritorious of the younger class of representative busi ness raen of Daytou. lie was a native of this city, born on the 16th of July, 1845, the youngest son of Hon. lienry Stoddard, for many yeurs au able aud eminent member of the original Duyton bar, Avho emigrated from Connecticut as eurly us 1817, und permanently located in Dayton. Henry Stoddard's secoud Avife, Miss Susan C. Williams, daughter of John II. Williums and sister of Harbert S. Williams, Avas a Avoman of charming charucter and rare personal gifts. She bore him four childreu — lienry, UOAV resident of Santa Burbura, California; John W., the president ofthe Stoddard Manufacturing Company; Eliza, wife of Samuel B. Sraith, and Ebenezer Fowler, the subject of this sketch. After a youth passed uuder the tutelage of a pious und gifted mother, and uuder the raost refining faraily infiuences, he entered Yule College, frora which he vvas graduated in the year 1867 at the age of tAventy-two, and upon his return home, huving corae into possession of quite un uiuple patriraony, he chose to enter at once upon an uctive business life. He was raarried, in 1868, to Miss Bessie W., daughter of Colonel John G. LoAve, who, with tliree children, survive him. A someAvhut varied business experience of several years finally located hira in the manufacturing establishment of his brother, John W. Stod dard, aniong the raost exteusive and prosperous industries of the city, where his superior capabilities, mechanical aptitude aud excellent prin ciples soon becanie of iuestimuble vulue and promoted him to the position of vice-presideut and general manager of the concern. He Avas an active participant in everything that tended to promote the general business interests of the community, and wus u highly 708 history of dayton. esteeraed and valuable member of the Dayton Board of Trade. He Avas in attendance at oue of its regular raeetings on the evening of Tuesday, May 31, 1887, aud after the adjoururaent, at about nine o'clock, wheu passing doAvu the east stairway from the City Building to Jeff'erson Street, paused for a fcAV minutes, under the shelter, in conversation Avith a felloAv-member of the board, before passing out upon the sidcAvalk, to aAvait the cessation of a heavy shower. He had been standing but a few moments when a flash Avas suddenly reflected from tbe Avater on the puvement, accorapanied by the report of a pistol. A youug raan at the same instant avus seen running by iu the ruin, Avho iu a few rainutes afterwards hurried back to pick np the pistol, Avhich had accidentally fallen frora his pocket in his haste, uud upon striking the stone puvement had exploded. The ball, thus driven from its chamber, unuiraed by any huraan hand or eye, by one of those inscrutable mysteries, Avhich some tiraes connect the raost tragic consequences in human life with the most trivial causes, and for which no rational solution seems possible, struck Mr. Stoddard, some tAventy feet distant, iraraediutely beloAv and in tbe rear of the left ear, ancl ranging upAvards lodged iu the base of the brain. He was sufficiently conscious to realize the probably fatal character of the the injury. His first thought was thut his wife should be spared the shock; his next, thut his brother should be called to his side. His last coherent words Avere, thut he had "tried to live square Avith the Avorld.'' He Avas quickly removed to his home, Avbere the bloAv fell heaviest of all places on earth. The raost skillful surgical aid Avas at once iu attendunce, but could give scarcely the shadoAV of hope of his survival. He gradually becarae unconscious, and before raorning breathed his lust upon the surae spot where forty-tAvo years before he was ushered into existence. It would be irapossible to exaggerate the deep and heartfelt sorrow that pervaded the coraraunity upon this raost tragic occurrence. The chance of the loss of a huraan life by an accident so extruordinury, by a concatenation of circumstances so remarkable, would seera to bo ulraost infiuitesiraal; yet here its actual occurrence had cut short a life aud business career, replete vvith every proraise of earthly happiness, useful ness, and success. So bright iu raind, so pure in spirit, so nianlj' iu form and presence, so genial in disposition, so exalted in principle, so earnest and efficient iu every good work, so kind, and just, and generous to all with whom he was associated, he seemed to lack no quality to fill the rounded life of a, useful, beloved, and respected citizen. But he was raost blessed of all, in the domestic relations of husband, father, uud brother in a loving family, lie was always an active Christian, as enthusiastic in church work as he was in business, and in manly out-door field sports. ntfu/i^m/SM' ^/sji'-*^ im-dM^ biographical sketches. 709 in Avhich he had a nutionul reputution for a judgment as impartial as it was excellent. The most reraarkable feature in the character of FoAvler Stoddard Avas his versatility. One seldora raeets with such superior capabilities, bringing a person iu contact with so many diff'erent phases of huraan life. In church, in society, in business, and the world of field sports, his excellencies of character Avere ulike displuyed and their superior in fluence recognized. Ills raental faculties Avere Avell trained. He pos sessed a great power of concentration Avith a large degree of enthusiasm in Avhatever he undertook. He was remarkably quick in his perceptions, and rapid, though not unsafe, in arriving at his conclusions. His recrea tion frora business took the forra of an interest iu field sports. In this, as in other lines, he especially excelled, lie carried into it the sarae love of systera and excellence which he displayed in his other occupations. He sought only the best raethods. He becarae interested in improving the breed of hunting dogs, and soon acquired a reputation throughout the sporting Avorld, unsurpassed by any, for correct and critical judg ment. His personal eff'orts were highly appreciated by the very large number of amateur sportsmen in the United States, aniong whora he was regarded as an authority. In business and in church Avork his efficiency und success Avere due to the sarae characteristics of thoroughness, concentration, clear and rapid perceptions. He was quick to execute. His genial disposition, thorough politeness and generosity in his intercourse with those he re garded as his friends attached them to hira " Avith hooks of steel." In his intercourse with children, in which he had a long and pleasant ex perience, his infiuence Avas wonderful, and who can tell hoAV far-reaching and beneficiary Mr. Stoddurd avus but forty-tAvo years old ut the tirae of his decease. He hud been exceptionally successful in his business relations — a success Avhich was the achievenient of merit, rather than the result of mere good fortune. No large raanufacturing estabHshraent in the country vvas ever raore fortunate in a general raanager. His intelHgence, proraptuess, aud straightforward deahug with the raen under raanageraent coraraanded their instant respect. With the innate instinct of a gentleman, his inter course vvith the employees was uniformly such as to inspire each of thera with a sentiment of personal esteem— in many instances, of affection. He was at once affable, kind, and firm, and scores of these men, Avho Avere assembled at the manufactory iu the morning, when they first learned the sad intelligence of his deuth, gave free vent to their sorrow iu tears. 710 history of dayton. No more touching tribute vvas ever paid to the memory of any man than wus Avitnessed ut his funerul, when several hundred of these plain unpretentious laboring men, Avlioni he had daily greeted with friendly words, and who had long been performing their daily tasks under his supervision, following on foot his remains to the portals of their last resting place, stood Avith uncovered heads uud tearful eyes "in the silent manliness of grief," to testify their appreciation of his Avorth and their aff'ection for his memory. It was iu allusion to this that the liev. Herbert J. Cook, the rector of the church of Avhich Mr. Stoddard was so invaluable u member, most beuutifully suid iu his memorial sermon: "The place of business und the presence of these men, Avho kucAv und loved hira, tell Avhat he was there. Where the luw of love gets into u shop or factory, there cun be no room for serious labor troubles. Mutual respect and regard on the part of employer and employee us in the present cuse, clearly shoAv that the Nbav Testament rule of gold is still the golden rule, aud is able to heal all breaches. No, deur people, you cuiinot hide, or inclose, or monopolize u greut und magnuninious life. It belongs to hira mainly by the best of titles, for to it ull true men ure next of kin! " Wheu the dying Sir Philip Sidney pussed the untusted cup of Avater from his own ftimishiug lips to the Avounded soldier neur him, saying, "Drink, comrade; thou hast greater need than I," he but displuj'ed that chivalrous spirit of the kinship of humanity, which is ever chuructcristic of the true uud bruve Christiun gentlemau. It can be shown us well in the ordinary walks of life us upon the stricken field of buttle. Sir Philip Sidney himself avus uo truer Christian gentleraan thau was E. FoAvler Stoddard. The uunie und niemory of such a niau deserves to be treasured in the coramunity in which his whole life Avas passed, with uff'ectionute regard. In the undue exaltation of poHtical, professional, uud militury honors, we are apt to withhold deserved recognition of the sterling virtues and AVorth of private Ameriean citizenship. Upon the faithful practice of these virtues, the achievement of high individual, privute churucter, thorough fidelity to all the duties of doraestic and business life, is reared, after all, the superstructui-e of our prosperity, greatness, and felicity as u people. I'rivate Americuu citizenship, charucterized, as it is, bv patriotism, intelligence, enterprise, diligence iu business, fidelity to engugenieuts, aud adorned by those virtues which constitute the foundation of doraestic huppiness — it is this which rather dcscrvi's to be exalted and coniuiended thun the tinsel of official distinction tooi' often attained by uuAVorthy methods, or to gratify a vuin tind merely pcrsonul ambition. ' 'y'M^^ ?/£.'. IVi'-UM.:^ .//"" i^TXMuc biographical sketches. 711 Edmond S. Young avus among the ablest of the Dayton laAvyers who came to the bar after 1840 and prior to 1860. His sudden death occurred on the evening of February 14, 1888. Scarcely au hour before his decease, he was in uttenduuce at a raeeting of the Bar Association, in his usually apparent good health, and raaking one of his characteristic little talks, replete vvith huraor and good sense. He walked home, in company vi^ith his two sons, and soon after entering the house, while seated and in usual conversation concerning the incidents of the evening, Avas stricken vvith insensibiHty, aud in a few moments ceased to breathe. Mr. Young was of New England birth and parentage. He was a native of Lyme, New Harapshire, born on the 28th of February, 1827. His father, George Murray Young, a native of Litchfield, Connecticut, raoved to Ohio with his family, prior to 1840, and settled in Newark, Licking County, where for many years he was a prominent and successful merchant. His mother, Sibel Green, wus of a New Hampshire family. E. S. Young attended college at Granville, and afterwards at Cincin nati, graduating at Farmers' College, now called Belmont, in 1845. About this tirae his father removed Avith his family to Dayton, where he lived a highly respected and houored citizen until his death, AA'hich occurred in the year 1878. After a brief term of service in the office of the clerk of the court of Montgomery County, Mr. Young commenced the study of law, and, after graduating at the Cincinnati laAv school, vvas admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1856, he married Miss Sarah B. Dechert, daughter of Elijah Dechert, a prorainent lawyer of Reading, Pennsylvania, and granddaughter of Judge Robert Porter, of that State. She still survives hira, together with two sons, George R aud Williara H. Young, and a daughter Mary. His sons, both lawyers, and of high proraise at the bar, have succeeded to his law practice. Among tbe obituary notices of the deceased members of the American Bur Association, of which Mr. Young was a meraber, for the year 1888, and published in its pro ceedings for that year, is one of Mr. Young, frora which Ave feel at liberty to make the folloAving extract, as it is so excellently aud truthfully descrip tive of him: " Mr. Young wus a raan of striking physicul appearance and of marked mental characteristics. He was born to be a kiAvyer. His breadth of intellect, his strong determined wHl, his sound irapartial judgraent, his remarkable reasoning process, his gift of nice aud correct discrimination, made up a mental organization distinctively legal. While at the same tirae his large ancl Avell proportioned head, Avitli its high expansive fore head, set firmly ou his broad squtire shoulders, gave him u [)ersonul ap pearance in keeping with his mental characteristics." 712 history of dayton. Mr. Youug came to the bar well equipped for the discharge of its duties und responsibilities. He was well grounded iu elementury prin ciples, hud excellent business sense, good speuking tulent, strong reasoning poAvers ancl unswerving integrit}'. He wus besides puinstuking, industri ous, und fuithful to his clients, and spared no labor in vigilant regard for their interests. He prepared his cases Avith great care, and tried them fairly and thoroughly. He Avas very s^'stematic in his business methods. Incapable himself of any sort of trickery, he despised it in others, and Avhenever he thought the oecasioiKJustified, denounced it with unsparing vehemence There was nothing cynical or bitter in his dispositiom. He wus incupable of hurboring resentment. No appeal Avas ever made iu vain to his generosity or foro;iveiiess. With such qualities as a lawyer uud u man, it is not surprising thut Mr. Young should huve uttuined the lurge practice he enjoyed uud the high consideration conceded to hira as a citizeu at the time of his decease, ilis brethren of the Dayton bar cheerfully and unanimously testified their high uppreeiatlon of his chur ucter und abilities by joining in a recommeudution to the governor of the Stute for his uppointmeut to the supreme bench of Ohio, to fill the vacuncy occusioned by the death of Judge Johnson. Mr. Young Avas a firm supporter of Lincoln's administration during the war, avus a member of the local military coraniittee, aud commissioner of the draft. Although uffiliuting generully with the Republican purty, such AVUS his repugnance to political methods that he uniformly refrained from ullowiug hiraself to be presented us a candidate for office. He was too fuithful to his personul convictions, too indepeudent and honest -in their expression, to be adapted to u successful political career, lie Avas nevertheless thoroughly patriotic and public-spirited, but his uiubition Avtis solely tliiit of u luAvyer. For his muuy compuuionable qualities, his fond ness for sociul conversation, anecdote, aud personal reminiscences, he was highly esteemed by his professiouul brethren und u lurge circle of general society, lie heartily coopertited in whatever tended to ud\'unce the tone and usefulness of bis profession. "He avus preeminently a family man, und found in his oavu home circle his greatest source of pleasure und enjoyment. In his unselfish devotion to his Avife and children, and his constant solicitude for their Avelfare, no one ever surptissed hira." Such in brief avus Edmond Stati'ord Youug. The obituary notice, to Avhich allusion has been made, eh.ises with the following paragraph, as beuutiful as it is truthful: "lie Wits a strong and pure type of that class of Americtin lawyers who, eschcAving outside schemes for ihe i)roniotioii of wealth or personul iiggrundizenient, devote to their profession the full meusuro of their pOAvers und st;ek hajipiness in the conscientious diseluirge of their pro fessional, domestic, and civic duties." INDEX, Abolitionists mobbed in Dayton, 174. Adams, A., M. D., 535. Adams, C. W., 443. Adams, John Quincy, 199. Adams, Major, 107, 115, 118, 121, 124. Adams, P. N., M. D., 532. Adelphic Society library, 246. Advertisements in Dayton Repertory, 89. Aid for soldiers' families, 299, 300, 301, 312, 313, 324. Alexander, A. & A. C, paper mill, 403. Alpha, first canal boat built in Dayton, 153. Trial trip to Hole's Creek, 153. American Loan & Savings Association, 388. Amos, Abraham, 68. Anderson, Charles, 78, 189. Colonel, 293. Lawyer, 501. Anderson Guards, 286. Anti-slavery Society formed, 184. Anzeiger, The, 581. April 30, 1812, day of fasting and prayer, 108. Apportionment, Unjust, 319. Appropriation for relief of soldiers' families, 286, 287. Archer, Benjamin, 75. Architecture in Dayton, 569. Armor, Samuel G., M. D., 524. Arnett, Thomas, 62, 75. Arnold's, Miss Anna L. J., select school for girls, 257. Ascension Chapel, 614. Associated Bachelors' Society organized, 135. Atlantic & Great Western Eailroad Co., 654. Aughe PloAv Company, 414. Babbitt, E. D., 258. Bacon, Henry, 488. Baggott, Judge, 515. Baird & Company, 426. Baker, Aaron, 135. Baker, J. L., 443. Banks and banking, 363. Banner Mills, 413. Baptist church built, 156. Baptist churches. First Regular, 604. Wayne Street Regular, 604. Linden Avenue, 605. Shiloh, 607. First German, 606. Baptist Union, 605. Barney E. E., 222, 226. Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co., 417. Bartley, Mordecai, governor of Ohio, 272. Bash, Mrs. Isadore S., 555. Basin Extension Company, 155. Battle on site of Dayton, 21. Battle of Monterey, 275, 277. Bauman, A. L., 435. Beaver & Butt, 426. Beaver & Co., 442. Beck, John S., M. D., 531. Beck, Otto, 567. Beckel, Daniel, 252. Bedell's Station, 36. Bell, Dr., author of Lancasterian System of Instruction, 219. Bell, Major-General Hiram, 271. Bench and Bar, 472. Benham's, Captain, misfortune, 19. Benjamin's, F., ax factory, 410. Bennett's -wool carding machine, 392. Benton's resolution on war with Mexico, 277. Berger, Rev. D., D. D., 554. Best, Mrs. Eva, 563. Best's, Henry, jewelry store, 156. Bickham, W. D., 547. Birge, Miss Laura C, 566. Birney, J. G., mobbed in Dayton, 174. Black Hoof, 26. Black Mountain, 13. Blacksmiths in Dayton in 1812, 129. Blockhouse at Dayton, 63. Blockhouses in Montgomery County, 109. Changed to schoolhouse, 63. Blodgett, Dr. William, 140. Blumenschein, W. L., 559. Board of Trade organized, 359. 63 713 714 history of dayton. Board of Health appointed, 166, 206. Boltin, Samuel, 515. Bomberger & Thresher, 427. Bomberger, Wight & Co., 416. Bonds to aid recruiting, .323. Boogher & Lehman, Dayton Comb Factory, 393. Boone, Daniel, 19. Bosler, Jacob, M. D., 535. Bowanee Medicine Company, 443. Bowman's, Colonel, march to and retreat from Chillicothe, 19. Boyer & McMaster, 428. Bradley & Son, 447. Brady, James, 59. Brick house, first erected, 89. Bridge across Miami River, Stock company to build, 138. Broadrup & Company, 419. Broadhead's, Colonel, expedition, 20. Broadway Christian Church, 618. Broadwell, Silas, 84. Brown & Darst, saddlers, 394. Brown, S. N., & Company, 399. Brown & Sutherland, 86. Brown's, Henry, store room, 77,- 89. Brown, Henry L., 28, 252, 273. Brown, L. M., 443. Brown, Thomas, 273, 398. Brown, Robert P., 78. Brown, William, 77. Brown, William H., gunsmith, 393. Brown Street Christian Church, 619. Brownell, E. H., 420. Brownell, The, & Company, 436. Brough, Colonel C. H., 276. Brough, John, vote for, 308. Brough, proclaims day of praise, 328. Bruen, Luther, an Abolitionist, 174. Buck pasture, platted and sold, 173. Buckeye Guards, 288. Buckeye Iron Works, 412. Buckeye Lodge, Number 47, 676. Building Association League, 389. Building stone near Dayton, 31. Bullitt, Captain, visits Shawnees, 18. Burnett, Isatic G., 94, 101. Burns, James C, 2.38. Burnside, General A. E., 304, .305. Burrous, M., & Company, 42(i. Burrowes, Miss Mary, 567. Business in 1812, 105. Butler, Paul D., 75, 90, 95. Butterfield, W. H., 248. Byrd's, Colonel, expedition, 20. Cabin, The Log, 576. Cabins of First Settlers, 57. Cabintown, Rivalry between, and Dayton, 159. Callahan, W. P. & Company, 408. Calls for troops,. 284, 294, 308, 319, 321, 322, 326. Calvary Cemetery Association, 648. Campbell, James, first principal of High School, 236. Campbell, Lieutenant-Colonel John B., ar rives in Dayton, 123. Order for religious services, 124. Camp-meeting, flrst in Dayton, 140. Camp Washington, 273, 274. Canal, agitation, 144. Under contract, 152. Receives water, 153. Receipts, shipments by, in 1837, 178, 650. Canal boat, flrst built, 153, 396. First from Cincinnati, 153. Steam canal boat arrives, 154. Cannon procured, 298. Carrier's address, first in rhyme, 169. Casad & Curtis, 396, 403. Cass, General Lewis, 111. Catalogue of Public School -Library, 249. Cathcart, David, appointed postmaster, 161. Catholic church built, 172. Catholic churches, 628. Emmanuel Church, 628. St. Joseph's, 630. Sacred Heart, 631. St. Mary's, 632. Holy Trinity, 632. Holy Rosary, 632. Celebration of Jackson's second election as president, 166. Centennial Loan & Savings Association, 388. Centinel, Oliio, 100. Central Branch, Soldiers' Home, 332. Central Building Association, 387. Central High School, established, 235. Central Insurance Company, 662. Central Navigation Company, 99. Chenowith, William, 37, 44. Cholera first appears, 166. Fast Day appointed, 167. Full account, 543. Chribb's Station, 62. Christ Church, Episcopal, 161, 167, 612. Cliristian hymn book published, 100. Christian Publishing House, 468. ChrUtiaii World, TIu',587. Church-Erection Society, 635. INDEX. 715 Church history, 590. Cincinnati & Dayton Mail Stage, 139. Cincinnati & Dayton Turnpike Co., 178. Cincinnati & Dayton Railroad Company, 652. Cincinnati & Springfield Railroad Co., 655. Cincinnati Grays visit Dayton, 177. Cincinnati the largest town in Ohio, 102. City, The, incorporated, 197. City Bank, 376. City officers, 1830 to 1840, ,196. 1840 to 1850, 198. 1850 to 1889, 201. City brewery, 425. City Item, daily, 578. City of Mexico, storming of, 276. Civil law, Origin of, 476. , Clarke's, General George Rogers, first ex pedition, 20. Second expedition, 21. Class-meeting, First Methodist, 68. Clay, General Green, arrives in Dayton, 125. Clay, Adam, 514. Clegg, Joseph, cotton factory, 394. Clegg, Thomas, erects the Washington Cot ton Factory, 393. Makes first gas, 448. Clegg & Wood, 422. Climate of Dayton, 30. Clinton, DeWitt, visits Dayton, 151. Coal, Prices of, decline, 358. Coldracer & Pfeiffenberger, 407. Collins, Pearl V., 557. Collins & Company, John, 140. Colonization Company formed, 156. Colored people leave for Hayti, 149. Columbia Bridge Company, 414. Comet of 1811, 103. Common pleas bench, 479. Commons as park, 172. Company of Miami farmers, 98. Compton, John, 86. His floatboat, 94. Keeps hotel, 144. Concordia Building Association, 383. Confederacy of five nations, 13. Congregational Church, first orthodox, 627. Conklin, Dr. W. J., 252, 528, 555. Concordia Lodge, Number 46, 681. ' Conover, Mrs. Charlotte Reeve, 553. Conover, Wilbur, 512. Conover, Obadiah B., 134. Cooper, D. G, becomes titular proprietor of the town, 72. His distillery, 391. His death, 140. Cooper, D. Z., 128. Cooper Cotton Faotbry, 400. Cooper Female Seminary, 252. Cooper Hydraulic constructed, 183, 445. Cooper Insurance Company, 664. Cooper mills burned and rebuilt, 141. Cornice works, 423. Corwin, Robert G., 515. Corwin, Hon. Thomas, opposes war with Mexico, 477. Council proceedings for town improve ments, 171. County court. First case in, 76. County commissioners elected in 1803, 77. Court house, 69. Erected, 137. Craighead, Samuel, 252, 280, 508. Craighead, William, 515. Crane, Noah, first editor, 88, 572. Crawford, A. & Z., last factory, 399. Crane, Joseph H., 91, 93, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 135, 488. Crawford's, Colonel, expedition, 20. Crittenden compromise, 281. Croghan visits Ohio Indians, 16. Crook, Dr. Oliver, 523. Croup in 1811, 103. Crowbar Law, 374, 375. Crume & Sefton Manufacturing Co., 438. Curwen, M. E., "History of Dayton," 30, 57, 547. Cut money, 66. Danger of reversion of title to lands, 71. Law of Congress relating thereto, 71. Darst, Abram, 92. Darst, Napoleon B., 93. Davies, E. W., 128, 488, 509. Davis, George C, 166. Davis, John, 37. Davis, Dr. John, 252, 525. Davis Sewing Machine Company, 448. Davis, Thomas, 44. Dayton Academy incorporated, 88. Incorporators, 88, 219. Dayton Ale Brewery, 444. Dayton Asylum for Insane, 667. Dayton Bank, 143, 175, 372. Dayton Bar Association, 518. Dayton Buggy Works, 424. Dayton Building Association, 382, 389. Dayton Loan & Deposit Company, 388. Dayton Building Company, 389. Dayton Carpet Factory, 401. Dayton Club, 685. 716 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Dayton Council, No. 15, O., C. F., 683. Dayton Division, No. 5, U. R. K. P., 680. , Dayton Electric Light Company^ 162, 454. Dayton Encampment, No. 2, 675. Dayton Exchange organized, 355, 356. Dayton Female Association, 670. Dayton Female Charitable and Bible Soci ety organized, 130. Dayton Foreign Missionary Society, 148. Dayton Furniture Factory, 429. Dayton Gas Light & Coke Company, 449. Dayton Grand Chapter, Rose Croix, 675. Dayton Grays, 175, 177. Dayton German Grenadiers, 276. Dayton Hydraulic Company, 444. Dayton Insurance Company, 395, 661. Dayton, Jonathan, 35, 193. Dayton ladies make 1,800 shirts for soldiers, 121. Dayton Leather & Collar Company, 442. Dayton Libr.ary Society incorporated, 83. Dayton Library Association, 247, 248. Officers, 251, 252. Dayton Light Guards tender their services to Governor Dennison, 284. Officers, 285. Dayton Literary Union, 557. Dayton Lodge, No. 48, 681. Dayton Lodge, No. 147, 674. Dayton Lodge, No. 273, 678. Dayton Lyceum, 83, 245. Dayton Malleable Iron Company, 430. Dayton Manufacturing Company, 127. Counterfeit notes, 129. Incorporated, 363. Changed to Dayton Bank, 365. Dayton Manufacturing Company, 418. Dayton men enlisted in the War of the Rebellion, 331. Dayton Ministerial Association, 633. Dayton Musical Society, organized, 148, 559. Dayton National Bank, 377. Dayton Natural Gas Company, 455. Dayton Orphan Asylum, 671. Dayton Philharmonic Society, 175, 559, 560. Dayton Rangers, 294. Dayton RepiMican, 96. Dayton Repertory, 80, 89, 572. Dayton Riflemen, 273. Dayton Ruling, No. 2, 682. Dayton Silk Company incorporated, 184. Dayton Spice Mills, 4.39. Dayton Street Railroad Company, 656. Dayton Savings Bank, 381. Dayton Temperance Society, 159. Dayton Township, 59. First officers, 60. Divided, 184. Dayton Turngemeinde, 682. Dayton Watehmati, 148. Dayton Whip Company, 447. Dayton Woolen Mills, 443. Dayton within the limits of the Indian hunting ground, 12. Fortunate location, 19. Named by Israel Ludlow, 36. Becomes county seat, 75. Dayton View Hydraulic, 29, 162, 446. Dayton View Brewery, 431. Dayton View Street Railroad Company, 656. Dayton, CentreviHe & Lebanon Turnpike Company, 179. Dayton & Covington Turnpike Co., 179. DaytoE & Greenville Turnpike let, 180. Dayton & Southeastern Railroad Co., 665. Dayton & Springfield Turnpike Co., 179. Dayton[ & Western Pike Company, 180. Dayton & Western Railroad Company, 653. Deaver Collegiate Institute, 256. De Bienville's operations, 15. Decorative Art Society, 568. Demint's Station, 62. Democrat, Dayton, 578. Democratic resolutions on secession too strong for most Democrats, 281. Denny, James, major First Regiment, 110. Devor, John, county commissioner, 77. Diehl's, Henry, chair factory, 395. Dinner to DeWitt Clinton, 151. Disbrow, H. D., offers reward for runaway apprentice, 90. Discovery of Ohio River, 10. Distance from Dayton to NeAv York by canal, lake, and river, 154. Distillery, first in Dayton, 64. Division of people in parties, 164. Dodds, John, 421. Dogs at church, 159. Dodds & Beall, 433. Doddridge on hunting, 54, 55. Dorough, John, 45. Dorsey self-raking reaper and mower, 406. Doughty, Major, builds Fort Washington, 23. Dover, R. Faj-, 44. Dow, Lorenzo, preaches in Dayton, 155. Draft, the first, 295. Postponed, 298. Comes off, 298. In May, 1864, 320. Ot March 30, 1865, 327. INDEX. 717 Drainage furnished by gravelly soil, 33. Drawing introduced into public schools, 240. Dry goods business, 354. Drury, Prof. A. W., 554. Drury, Rev. M. R., 554. Dwyer, Judge Dennis, 483. Dunlap, Captain John, 35. Dunlevy, Judge Francis, 474. Dunmore's, Lord, war, 18. Dutton Agricultural Works, 416. Eaker, William, biography, 133. Early physicians, 521. Earnshaw Rifies, 682. Earthquakes in 1811, 104. Earthworks of mound builders, 10. Easton, D., teacher of penmanship, 223. Ecwright Company, 447. Edgar, John F., 48. Edgar, R. A., 48. Edgar, Robert, 45, 47, 57. Edgar, Miss Jeanne A., 567. Edgar, Miss Isabel R., 567. Edgar, Samuel D., 48, 3Q4, 312. Edmondson, Edmond, 563. Edwards, Dr. N., 102. Elder, D. H., 229. Elder, D. L., 231. Elliott, Judge Henderson, 481. Elliott, Dr. John, 91, 92. Ellis, Captain E. G, elected mayor, 320. Empire, Dayton, sustains Vallandigham, 306. Mobbed by soldiers, 316, 317. Emory, Houghton & Company, nail factory, 393. English pretensions, 10, 11. Episcopal Church, St. Thomas, organized, 141, 612. Equitable Loan & Savings Association, 388. Estabrook, W. & F. G, linseed oil makers, 405. Eureka Manufacturing Company, 436. Evangelical Association, Emmanuel Church, 619. , Ewing, John, 75, 76. Exchange Bank, 376. Expedition against Indians near Muncie town, 123. Fair and bazaar. Soldier's, 313. Farmer's Bank, The, 376, 394. Farmer's Friend Manufacturing Company, 433. Farmers & Merchants' Fire and Marine In surance Company, 662. Farnum, William, contracts to build bridge across Mad River, 136. Ferneding, J. C. & H., 441. Ferry rates, 85. Ferrell, Daniel, 37, 44. Fifth Militia Regiment, 102. Fifth Str.eet Railroad Company, 657. Findlay, James, colonel Second Regiment, 110. Findley, Rev. Mr., preaches to the Moral Society, 356. Fire Company, first organized, 141, 204. Fire engine and house. First, 157. Fire Guards, organized, 169. Firemen's Insurance Company, 659. Fire wardens. First, 157. In 1828, 158. In 1836, 169. First birth in Dayton, 66. First book published in Dayton, 100. First county court, 75, 76. First county jail, 76. First election of congressman, 76. First lawsuit, 60. First mechanics' society, 127. First mill, 64. First minister, 62, 63, 67. First military expedition from Kentucky, 19. First National Bank, 378. First Ohio Regiment cuts road to Scioto, 113. Officers, 274. First Reformed Church, 620. First Regiment, O. V. I., 286. Officers, 288. Flag for, 288. Blankets for, 290. First school in Dayton, 43, 63, 218. First store, 66. First troops organized for War of 1812, 110. Fish baskets in rivers, 95. Flag raisings, 284, 287, 288. Flatboat business, 95, 100. Flatboat, First, 65. Fleet of canal boats, 154. Flickinger, Rev. D. K., 554. Flint, Rev. Timothy, 132. Flood, 83. Of 1828, 157. Of 1832, 164. Of 1847, 262. Of 1866, 264. Of 1883, 267. Of 1886, 268. Folkerth, John, 88. Nominated for Congress, 93, 94. 718 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Form of Government, 82. Forrer, Samuel, 29, 128, 129, 153, 180, 181. Forrest, Edwin, member of Thespian Soci ety, 245. Fort Brown, erected, 270. Port Duquesne, 17. Fort Findlay, built 113. Port Finney, 23. Treaty of, 23. Port Greenville, 113. Port McArthur built, 113. Fort Necessity built, 113. Port Sumter attacked, 284. Port Washington built, 23. Foster, Dr. and Mrs., open Pestaloggian School, 222. Fourth of July celebration, 1809, 93. 1810, 101. 1811, 102. 1816, 136. 1822, 146. 1832, 164. 1833, 167. 1840, 187. Fourth National Bank, 380.' Franklin Building Association, 384. Franklin Grove, No. 8, U. A. O. D., 681. Franklin House, 168. Fraternal Lodge, No. 510, 677. Free bridge across Mad River, 135. Free schools, First act establishing^ 217. Convention, 218. Free night industrial schools, 241. Freemason's Mutual Beneflt Association, 676. Friend, Children's, 585. Friendship Council, No. 15, Junior Order, 683. French claims, 10. French invade Ohio, 16. French, Rev. Daniel H., 555. Froehlich, Hugo B., 567. Frydinger, Dr. G. A., 542. Fulton Council, No. 15, O. U. A. M., 683. Fugitive slave captured in Dayton, 162. Gabriel Grand Lodge of Perfection, 675. Gaddis, Rev. M. P., 554. Gahagan, William, 36, 40, 42, 44. Game and fish abundant, 29. Gano, General, arrives in Dayton, 110. Gano, John Stites, plans for settlement, 34. ¦Garrard, Captain, arrives in Dayton, 117. Gazette, Dayton, 578. Gebhart, Joseph R., & Son, 422. Gebhart, Pop^ & Company, 394. Gebhart, Simon, & Sons' Flour Company, 422. Gebhart's, W. P., Cornice Works, 423. Gebhart's White Lead Works, 435. Gem City Castle, Number 2, A. O. K. M., 683. Gem City Encampment, Number 116, 677. Gem City Stove Company, 444. General order Number 38, Burnside's, 304. General Sabbath-school board, 635. General board of education, 636. George, William, agrees to cqrry mails, 79. German immigrants bring cholera, 166. Germania Building Association, 383. German school opened in Dayton, 233. Gem City Building and Loan Association, 389. Giddings, Luther, 273. Giddings, D. W., 514. Gilbert, Philip E., 444. Gillespie, W. H., 286. Gisi's account of Twightee, 13. Visit to the Miamis, 15. Report of the region, 27. Glass, Francis, author of "Life of Wash ington," in Latin, 222, 225. Goforth's, William, plans for settlement, 34. Goss, Solomon, 37, 44. Oospel Herald, The, 589. Gottschall, Mrs. O. S., 563. Grassmire, Abraham, 37, 15, 55. Gravel in vicinity of Dayton, 32. Graveyard, First, 69. Great Miami Turnpike Company, 180. Great Miami River navigable, 94. Greek cause, Money raised to aid, 148. Greene, C. R., 99. -Appointed Clerk of County Court, 145. His death, 146. Greene, D. N., M. D., 529. Greenville and Miami Railroad Company, 654. Greer & King, stove makers, 397. Grenadier Squawtown, 13. Gridii-on, The, 147, 574. Griffin, William, 99. Grimes, Alexander, 99, 127, 135. Grimes, Alexander, & Co., 127, 128, 160. Grimes, Edward B., bod. Grimes, John, 127. Grimes' tavern, 90. Grocery business, 354. Grove, George, 135. Hat store burned, 149. INDEX. 719 Growth and improvement, 71. Grundy, William H., M. D., 537. Gunckel, Lewis B., 252, 516. Gwynne, Lieut., opens recruiting office, 114. Haines, Dr. Job, 137. As mayor, appoints day of fasting, 167. Sketch of, 523. Hamer, James, 88. Hamer, Solomon, 37. Hamer, Thomas, 37. Hamer, William, 37, 45. His tub-mill, 391. Local preacher, 607. Hancock, John, 238. Hanna Brothers, 443. Hanna, James, 135, 391. Harmonia Society, 561. Harker's, S. T., candle factory, 703. Harmar's, General, defeat, 23. Harmony Lodge, No. 9, 673. Harrison, Edmund, 222. Harrison, General W. H., arrives in Dayton, 117. Call for volunteers, 119. Canada campaign, 120. Repulses Proctor, 126. Campaign of 1840, 188. Presentation of banner, 192. Harshman, Jonathan, 85, 273. Hathaway, P. G, plane factory, 396. Hawes, C. L., paper mills, 424. Haynes, Judge Daniel A., 481. Heathman, G. W., & Co., 434. Hebrew Congregation, 622. Helfenstein, E. L., gun barrel factory, 403. Herald of Gospel Liberty, 588. Herald, Dayton Daily, 581. Herbruek, Rev. E., Ph. D., 555. Hickory pole cut down, 165. Higher studies in public schools, 235. Hildreth, Lewis A., 396. Hiram Strong Post, No. 79, G. A. R., 684. History of Dayton, Curwen's, 30. Hogs introduced, 64. Hole's Station, 62. Holland, Nelson, wagon maker, 396. HoUencamp & Kramer, 444. Holt, Judge George B., 480, 488, 509. Holt, Jerome, 45, 57, 66, 75. Nominated for sheriff, 93. Colonel of Fifth Militia, 102, 112, 118, 124. Home, Frontier and Foreign Missionary Society, 634. Homestead Aid Company, 388. Homeopathic physicians, 535. Honor Council, No. 24, 684. Hormell, Captain LcAvis, 273, 277. Hott, Rev. J. W., D. D., 554. Hospital provided, 169. Houk, G. W., 252, 279, 548, 550. Houk, D. A., 252, 517. Houston, George S., 99, 135, 364. Howard Council, No. 161, R. A., 682. Howard, John, 513. Howells, William D., 547. Huesman, Louis, 559. Huffman, William, 134. Huffman, William P., 134, 252. Hull, General, arrives in Dayton, 111. Reviews First Ohio Regiment, 111. Marches to Camp Meigs, 112. Surrenders, 114. Hull, Governor, of Michigan, advises Con gress of danger from Indians, 106. Hull's Prairie, 113. Humboldt Division, No. 12, U. R. K. P., 680. Humboldt Lodge, No. 58, K. P., 678. Hunt, Jesse, and Peyton Short, 120. Hunt, Nathan, contracts to build a bridge across Miami River, 139. Hunting in early times, 54, 55. Hydraulic Brewery, 447. Iddings, A. H., M. D., 534. Iddings, D. W., 514. Importing & Exporting Committee formed, 97. Improvement of sidewalks in 1810, 101. Incorporation of Dayton, 82. Indian hunting grounds, 12. Indian villages, 12. Indians encamped at Greenville, 100. Indians in Ohio in 1812, 109. Indian hostages arrive in Dayton, 126. Inhabitants of Ohio Valley, 10. Insurance interests, 659. lola Lodge, No. 83, 679. lola Division, No. 26, U. R. K. P., 680. Iroquoix, trfeaty between them and the Eng lish, 11. Jail, 76, 78, 128, 169. Jeffords, Elza, 511. Jenks, Captain, arrives in Dayton, 115. Jennison, Count of Heidelberg, 177, 178. Jennison, William, the naturalist, 177. Jennings, Ellis, M. D., 529. Jenner, A. E., M. D., 530. 720 HISTORY OF DAYTOJ Jewett, Dr. H., an Abolitionist, 174. Sketch, 526. Jewett, Adams, M. D., 526. Johnson, Major Richard M., arrives in Day ton, 119. Johnston, Colonel, Indian agent at Piqua, 25. Holds council of Shawnees, 110. Johnston, J. R., & Co., 419. Jordan, Judge J. A., 482. Journal, Ohio National, 575. Journal, Daily, started, 187. Office destroyed by Democratic mob, 307. History of, 576. Jubilee of the United States, first celebra tion, 155. Justice ot the Peace, First, 59. Keelboat, Arrival of, in Dayton in 1819, 97. Kentuokians killed, 21. Kimes, Henry, 407. King, E. A., 252, 275. King Encampment, Post No. 20, G. A. R., 684. King, Harvey J., 568. King, William, 70, 135. Klee, John, & Son, 442. Knights of the Golden Circle, 303. Knisely, Dr. A., 542. Kobler, Rev. John, 62, 63, 67. Kratochwill, Joseph, 401. Kratochwill Milling Co., 402. Kreidler, Captain, John U., sword presenta tion, 304. Ladies' Benevolent Society, 301, 304. LaDow & Hamilton, marble works, 405. Lafayette's death, 168. Lafayette house, 168. Lafayette Yagers, or Guards, 284. Officers, 285. Lair, Mrs. L. B., 5.53. Lamme, David, member of legislature, 187. Land office opened at Cincinnati, 72. Lancasterian instruction, 219. Introduced into Dayton Academy, 220. Landis, Prof. J. P., 555. Laramie, settlement near Sidney, 12. LaSalle, 10. Last Indians to live on site of Dayton, 12. Lawrence, John, 554. Leaman's, N. E., tub &, bucket factory, 422. Leavitt, Judge, refuses writ of Imheas corpnn in case of C. L. Vallandigham, .307. Lee, General, invades the North, 308. Surrenders, .328. Lehman, Peter, wagon maker, 396. Leland & Tiffany, 444. Lessona far Little Ones, 586. Lesson Leaves, .566. Levis, W. P., paper factory, 437. Levees, first, 84. Lewis & Co., 442. Lewis, Samuel, first superintendent of in struction, 218, 228. "Life of Washington" in Latin, by Francis Glass, 225. Light Artillery tenders services to Governor Dennison, 284. Lincoln, Abraham, nominated for president, 278. Attempted assassination, 282. Assassinated, 13.30. Loading flatboats, 99. Locomotive, miniature, on exhibition, 161. Logan's expedition, 21. Log Catlin, The, 187, .576. Lorenz, Rev. E. S., 554. Losanteville, now Cincinnati, 23. Lottery in original town lots, 36, 37. Loury, Fielding, 47. Representative, 169. Loury, Miss H. Sophia, 566. Lowe Bros., 442. Lowe, John G., 272. Colonel, Second Regiment, O. N. G, 321. Lawyer, 510. Lowe, Peter P., member of legislature, 183, 273, 488, 509. Lowe, Ralph P., 512. Lowes, Joseph E., M. D., 536. Lowry, David, 65. Ludlow, Colonel Israel, 35, 43. Lutheran churches, First English, 623. St. John's English Evangelical, 624. St. John's German Evangelical, 625. St. Paul's German Evangelical, 626. Hope Evangelical, 026. MoAfee, John, tried for murder, 150. McArthur, Duncan, colonel of First Regi ment, 110. McArthur, Port, constructed, 113. McClure, James, 37, 44. McClure, John, 37, 44. McClure, Tliomas, 37, McCullum's tavern, 69. McClure, William, 88, 89. McDermont, Clarke, M. D., 524. McElwee & Clegg, iron foundry, 393. McGuffey, Rev. W. H., D. D., 218. MoHose & Lyon, 432. INDEX. 721 Mcllhenny, Johu J., M. D., 532. , McKemy, Judge John G, 481. McLean, J. P., 10. McMahon, J. A., 252, 504. McMillan, Gideon, 221. McMullen, Captain John, 221. McPherson, in the bend of the Miami River, 161. McPherson's Station, 62. McSherry, D. E., & Co., 428. McSherry, J. W., & Co., 443. Macachack towns, 13. Mad River & Lake Erie Railroad Company organized, 169, 178, 652. Mad River Dental Society, 540. Mad River, formerly the Tiber, 34. Magazine, The Unity, 584. Mahrt, Stengel & Co., 441. Mail route, attempt to improve, 80. Mansfield, Captain, arrives in Dayton, 110. Manufacturing interests, 390. Market house. First, 131. Market house, New, 159. Market house, 196. Market prices. Wholesale, 150. Marriages, Territorial law regarding, 54. Marsh, Williams, Hayden & Co., 403. Marsteller, Professor G. H., 561. Martial law in Montgomery County, 307. Martin R. Delaney Post, No. 615. G. A. R., 685. Masonic Lodges, 673. Mayflower Council, No. 35, 683. Mayor of Dayton, flrst voted for, 158, 164. Mead, H. E., <& Co., 443. Mead Paper Company, 408. Measures for improA'ing the town, 171. Mechanics' Institute organized, 246. Mechanics' Loan and Savings Association, 389. Medical chapter, 520. Medical spring, 155, 156. Medlar, Mrs. Clara Soule, 563. Meek, John, 65. Meigs, R. J., Order 45, 107. Arrives in Dayton, 108. Appeals to the ladies, 109. Leaves Dayton, 110. Members of the Board of Education, 243. Mercantile and commercial, 353. Mercer's Station, 62. Merchants' Tobacco Factory, 400. Merchants in Dayton, 87. In 1815, 132. Merchants' National Bank, 379. Methodist Episcopal churches, Grace, 607. Raper, 609. Davisson, 609. Sears Street, 610. First German, 610. Trinity, 611. St. Paul's, 611. Wesleyan. 611. Eaker Street, 611. Buckeye, 612. Methodists, regular preaching, 68. Methodists, first church built, 129. Methodist Sunday-School Society organized, 138. Miami, name means mother, 13. Miamis belonged to the Algonquins, 13. Limits of their territory, 13. Miami Council, No, 7, 683. Miami Commercial College, 258. Miami Cotton Mill Company, 400, 403. Miami Council Princes of Jerusalem, 675. Miamisburg Mound, 11. Miami Lodge, No. 32, K. P., 678. Miami Lodge, No. 165, A. O. U. W., 681. Miami Loan and Trust Company, 388. Miami Republican & Daily Advertiser, 148. Miami River, its value, 98. Its improvement, 99. Miami Valley Bank, The, 376, 395. Miami Valley Boiler & Sheet Iron Works, 409. Miami Valley Insurance Company, 662. Military committee for Montgomery Co., 291. Miller, James, coroner, 75. Constable, 76. Miller Brothers, 443. Mitchell, Colonel Alexander M., 274. Mitchell, James H., 221. Moore grain drill, 406. Moore, Thomas, major Second Regiment, 111. Moral Society organized, 134. Morgan, Colonel George W., 275. Morgan's, General John H., raid, 309. Morrison, D. H., 414. Morrow, Jeremiah, elected to Congress, 76. Morrison, Robert, major Third Regiment,lll. Morns Multicaulis, 184, 185. Monitor, The, 582. Montgomery Blues, organized, 175. Montgomery Building Co., 388. Montgomery County, fertility, 29. Its formation, 75. Montgomery County Agricultural Fair, The first, 185. Montgomery County Agricultural Society, organized, 182. r99 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Montgomery County Bar Association, 519. Montgomery County Bible Society, 147. Montgomery County Homeopathic Medical Association, 538. Montgomery County Medical Society, 534. Montgomery County Mutual Fire Insur ance Company, 660. Montgomery Guards, 286. Montgomery House, 168. Montgomery Lodge, No. 5, 676. Morrison, Thomas, erects hay scales, 14. Mound Builders, 10. Issues shin plasters, 176. Munday, Worman & Co., 442. Munger, Edmund, 77. Munger, Warren, 515. Munger, General, ordered to raise a compa ny in Dayton, 107. Tout to Greenville, 109. Marches to Piqua, 116. Municipal history, 193. Munson, Jeremiah R., major of Third Regi ment, 111. Murphy, Dr. William, 91. Museum, Traveling, 156. Music in public schools, 234. Mutual Fire Insurance, 660. Mutual Home and Savings Association, 385. Mystic Lodge, No. 405, 675. National Cash Register Co., 440. National Guard, officers, 273. Return Home, 276. Ohio National Guard, 320. National Hotel, opened, 158, 168. Natural advantages of the location of Day ton, 27. Navigation Board, 97. Navigation of the rivers, obstructions there to, 94, 96. Navigation of Miami River, 99, 100. Nead, Daniel P., 514. Neal, Thomas L., M. D., 526. Nettleton, C. B., superintendent of penman ship, 240. New Franklin Building Association, 385. Newcom,[Colonel George, 37, 45, 75, 76, 105, 135, 364. Newcom's Tavern, 61. Newcom, William, 37, 45, 75. New courthouse, 69. New Madrid destroyed by earthquake, 105. New system ot modern geography, by Elijah Parish D. D., 102. Night school opened, 234. Ninety -third Regiment, O. V. I., 78. Ninetieth Regiment, O. V. I., 293. Off for the war, 294. Nixon, Thomas, & Co., 441. Nolan, Colonel M. P., 299. Lawyer, 517. Normal School, 2.39. North Dayton laid out, 136. North Star Tobacco Works, 426. Oakwood Street Railroad Company, 656. Odd Fellows' Aid Association, 677. Odd Fellows' National Beneficial Associa tion, 678. Odlin, Peter, 498. Oliio Centinel, 100, 101, 572, 573. Ohio, the Indian battle ground, 11. Ohio Land Company, 15. Ohio Militia called out, 107. First Battahon, 107. Rendezvous at Dayton, 108. Ohio Rake Company, 439. Ohio Insurance Company, 663. Ohio Valley, The, 10. Old ChiUicothe, 13. Ordinance of 1787, 193. Ordinance for improving the sidewalks, in 1810, 101. Oregon Aid Society, 302, 316. Oregon Guards, 288. Oregon Lodge Company, No. 351, 678. Original settlers, 37. Orton's, Professor, description of building stone, 310. Osborn, Cyrus, 59. Osceola Mills, 402. Palo Alto, Battle of, 270. Paper Novelty Company, 439. Parish, Elijah, D. D., 102. Parker, Caleb, 2:')S. Parker, Colonel P. W., 240. Parochial Schools, 253. Parrott & Clegg, 394. Parrott, Colonel E. A., 286, 288, 322. Parsons, Judge Ebenezer, 481. Pasteur-Chamberland Filter Company, 444. Patton, Matthew, 90, 132, 391. Patton, William, 90. Patterson, John, 132. Patterson, Captain Robert, 20, 78, 83. Mill destroyed, 135, 391. Payne, Brigadier-General, Asa, arrives in Dayton, 117. Peace declared in 1815, 126. Celebration of, 130. INDEX. 723 Pease, Horace, 169. Peasley's pleasure garden, 160. Peirce, J. H., lard oil works, 411. Peirce, Joseph, 86, 102, 105. Biography of, 143. Death, 143, 364. Permanent Building and Savings Associa tion, 388. Perrine James, 155. Perry, Captain, 107. Marches to Vincennes, 114. Perry's victory on Lake Erie, 126. Personnel of Dayton Bar, 484. Petition of early citizens to congress, 73. Pianists, leading, 560. Piankeshaws, King of, killed and eaten, 16. Piano forte factory, 404. Pickaway Plains, scenes of torture, 13. Pickawillany, battle, 16. Peirce & Coleman, 427. Peirce, Mrs. Mary Forrer, 565. Pierson platted, 141. Pilate, E., M. D., 532. Pilger, Jugend, 586. Pinneo & Daniels, 420. Pioneers, adaptability to surroundings, 50. Piqua, site of Miami village, 12. Upper, home of Shawnees, 12. Pitts, J. B., & Co., 416. Point Isabel threatened, 270. Police department, 207. Political convention. First, in Montgomery County, 93. Campaign of 1832, 164. * Pollock, Calvin, M. D., 533. "Poor Tom is free," 163. Pope, H. L., & Co., 394. Population of Dayton in 1810, 101. In 1830, 168. In 1840, 179. Portable threshing machines, 404. Post offlce, history of, 78. Public institutions, 666. Public opinion on banking, 367. Public property removed from Piqua to Dayton, 115. Public School Library, 237, 244, 248. Building, 250. Public school processions, 229. Control given to Council, 231. First Board of Managers, 232. Text books, 233. Statistics, 242. Gradation, 242. Pfouts, Lewis R., 517. Phillips, C. A., 400. Phillips, H. G., 86, 99. Biography, 133, 273. Phillips, Thomas A.,' 252, 400. Phillips, G. L., biography, 701. Physicians, in 1808, 91. .In 1812, 105. Planing mills, 427. Pleyel Musical Society, 559. Pre-emption rights purchased by D. C. Cooper, 72. Pre-emption law of 1801, 72. Presbyterian churches. First, 590. Third Street, 598. Park Church, 598. Fourth Church, 599. Memorial Church, 599. United Church, 600. Presbyterian Society organized, 68. Presbyterian meeting-house, first, 68. First brick church, 69. New building, 186. Presidents of the Board of Education, 243. President Polk calls for men and mohey, 271. Press, the history of, 572. Price, Solomon & Co., 403, 404. Principals of High School, 243. Of Normal schools, 243. Of Intermediate schools, 243. Of District schools, 244. Pritz, J. W., foundry, 447. Pritz & Kuhns, 405, 407. Probate court organized, 483. Prompt patriotism, 115. Prophet, The, threatens settlements, 109. Prosperity of Dayton in 1812, 105. Pruden, David, 226. Purviance, David, nominated for State rep resentative, 93. Railroads, History of, 652. Railroads to Cincinnati suggested, 163. Rankin, Rev. John, mobbed as an Abolition ist, 174. Raymond, C. W., & Co., 444. Read, T. Buchanan, 565. Recruiting for Mexican War, 271. Recruiting offices in Dayton in August, 1861, 290. Reed Commandery, No. 6, 674. Reese Council, No. 9, 674. Reeve, John G, M. D., 522, 527, 555. Reformed Publishing Company, 470. Reid's Tavern', 90. 724 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Reid, Major, 107, 304. Colonel, 129. Religious Telescope, 457. Removal of Indian tribes from Ohio, 26. Rench, John, 85. Repertory, The, 80, 89, 572. Republican, Dayton, 579. Republican, Miami, 575. Requarth, F. A., 442. Restraining animals from running at large, 83. Return of troops at close of War of 1812, 126. Mexican, 275. Of the Rebellion, 322. Revenue of Montgomery County for 1811, 12. Por 1814, 132. Reynolds & Reynolds Company, 430. Rhea, Captain J., 137. Rifle factory, Cook & Ennis, 404. RiA'erside Brewery, 431. Roads open from Dayton, 88. Roberts, G. J., & Co., 435. Robertson, Henry, 135. Robinson, Rev. William, 68. Roe, Daniel, establishes silk factory, 166. Rogers', Colonel, misfortune, 19. Rogers, Mrs. Elizabeth, 566. Rollman's Tavern, 155. Rose & McMillen, 441. Rouzer, John, 412, 426. Royal Remedy Extract Company, 443. Royal Temple, No. 2, Pythian Sisters, 680. Rubicon Carding Mill, 392. Rue, Miss, drowned, 149. Sabbath-sohool Association, 137. Sandusky City & Indiana Railroad Co., 652. Sawyer, William, elected to legislature, 164, 166, 169. Schaeffer & Co., 443. Schenck, General Robert C, 162, 228. Opposes war with Mexico, 277, 278, 279. Appointed brigadier-general, 289, 299. As a lawyer, 492. Schenck, William G, 43, 178. School directors. First, 227, 231. School examiners appointed, 241. Schools for colored children, 234. Schools, First, in Dayton, 43, 63. School houses. First, 227. Schwartz, Valentine, 567, 568. Scott & Wilkinson's raid, 23. Scottish Rite, Knights Templar, and Master Masons' Aid Association, 675. Second National Bank, 379. Second Reformed Church, 621. Seely, Morris, 159, 160. Select Council, officers, 1816 to 1828, 195. Seneca Indians camp near Dayton, 161. Settlement of Dayton, 34. Shakers mobbed, 102. Shakertown Pike, 181. Shauck, John A., 518. ShaAvnees occupy Piqua, 12. Spartans of the West, 14. Means " People from the South," 14. Sheideler, Henry, elected representative, 161, 164. Shin plasters issued, 176. Shriver, Dr. John W., 523. Shows in Dayton, 140. Shuey, Rev. W. J., 252, 554. Shuey, E. L., A. M., 555. Sidney, near Laramie settlement, 12. Silk factory established, 166. Silzefl, Washington, & Son, 442. Simonds, A. A., 162, 429. Smith, C. N., 436. Smith, Edwin, member of legislature, 183. Smith, Edmund, M. D., .527. Smith, James Manning, 517. ^ Smith, Kirby, advances on Cincinnati, 296. Smith, T. J. S., 222, 252, 273, 488, 511. Smith, William M., first teacher in Dayton Academy, 88. His brigade drills, 148. Appointed postmaster, 148, 160, 219. Smith, George, editor of Repertory, 89. Smith, George W., 99. Biography, 132. SmithvHle Cotton Factory, 401. Smith & Vaile, The, Company, 437. Snyder, C. P., 429. Snyder, Simon, 228, 229, 230. Snodgrass, William, 100. Soldiers' aid societies, First, 292, 301, 316. Second, 292, 301, 316. Third, 292. Soldiers' Families Relief Association, 316. Soldiers' Home, National, 332. Soldiers' monument, 346. Soule, Charles, Sr., 166, 562. Soule, Charles, Jr., 563. Speice, Brigadier-General Adam, 271, 273. Spining, Judge Isaac, 137. St. Clair's defeat, 24. St. Elizabeth's Hospital, 666. St. Henry's Cemetery, 648. St. John's Lodge, No. 12, 673. INDEX. 725 St. Mary's Institute, 254. St. Thomas' Church organized, 141. Stage line to Columbus, 139. Staniland, Thomas, & Son, 430. State Bank, Branch of, 371. State Guard, 289. Steele, Captain, commands at St. Mary's, 116. Roll of his company, 116, 121. Steele, Dr. John, 120, 135. Cuts down hickory pole, 165, 229, 252, 522. Steele, Henry K., M. D., 533. Steele, James, 86, 101. Builds dam, 161. Erects saw-mill and grist-mill, 161, 162. State senator, 169, 170, 364. Steele, Miss Mary D., 553. Steele, Robert W., 230, 237, 243, 251, 273, 557. Steuben Lodge, No. 507, 677. Stevenson runs first locomotive in England, 160. Stewart, D. W., & Co., 427. Stilwell & Bierce, 162, 424. Stites, Major, visits Dayton, 28. Plans for settlement, 34. Contract with Symmes, 34. Stoddard, Henry, elected to legislature, 160, 488, 509. Stoddard, John W., & Co., 433. Stomps, G., & Co., 425. Stout, A. L., 274. Stout, Mills & Temple, 395. Stowe, Calvin E., D. D., sent to Germanj, 218. Strain, Robert, opens Travelers' Inn, 131. Strickler, Wilt & Co., 402. Strohm, Gertrude, 548. Strohm, Isaac, 548: Strong, Lieutenant-Colonel Hiram, 293, 513. Squier, Timothy, opens National Hotel, 158. Squier, David, 78. Nominated for coroner, 93. Squirrel Hunters advance upon Kirby Smith, 297. Postpone draft, 298. Sullivan's, Mrs. Dionecia, school for girls, 222. Sullivan, S. M., 517. Sullivan, William, 222 Summary of Dayton soldiers in the War of the Rebellion, 330. Sun Inn, The, 138. Superintendents of instruction, 243. Superintendents of music, 243. Superintendents of penmanship and draw ing, 244. 66 Superior court, 481. Sutherland's mysterious disappearance, 392. Swain, G. S., elected to legislature, 161. Swaynie's Hotel, 185. Symmes, Daniel, 75. Visits the Upper Miami, 23. Sells Seventh and Eighth Ranges, 35, 71. " The Tall Company," 274. Taverns, Newcom's, 61. Reid's, 90. McCullum's, 69. Grimes', 90. Rollman's, 155. Taylor, General Zachary, 269. Teachers of vocal music, 559. Teacher, Our Bible, 586. Tecumseh, first warlike experience on site of Dayton, 14, 25, 100, 106. Telescope, The German, 584. Telescope, The Religious, 582. Telescope, The Missionary, 585. Tenney, John G, 97. Tennery, George, 88. Terry & Porterfield Tobacco Company, 444. Teutonia Lodge, No. 21, 681. Thames, Battle of, 126. Thanksgiving in early times, 127. Theater, first in Dayton, 136. . Third National Bank, 379. Third Regiment marches through the Black Swamp, 113. Third Street Bridge Co. formed, 182. Thomas, P. W., M. D., 537. Thomas, Miss Leila A., 553. Thompson's pirogue, 38, 39. First to arrive at Dayton, 40. Drowned, 40, 75. Mrs. Thompson dies, 40. Thomson, Rev. John, 68. Thornton, Captain S. B., surrenders, 27. Thresher, Thomas P., 517. Thresher & Co., 437. Thruston, Robert A., elected representa tive, 488, 489, 511. Thruston, Gates B., 512. Thusnelda Temple, No. 3, Pythian Sisters, 681. Tiber, former name of Mad River, 34. Tilton, T. B., opens recruiting office, 271. Times, Chicago, suppressed, 308. Tippecanoe, battle of, 25. Tippecanoe Club, 191. Titles to lands secured, 74. Tobacco factory, first in Dayton, 138. 726 HISTORY OF DAYTON. Tornado in 1811, 105. Town charter amended, 195. Town election, first, 194. Town plat divided, 55. Bounded, 56. Described, 51. Second, 74. D. C. Cooper's, 85. Town site, 193. Trade between Dayton and Port Wayne, 155. Trails, Little Miami, 12. Great Miami, 12. Trausc-iiftt, Dayton Daily, 577. Travelers' Inn, 168. Treaties between English and Indians, 10. Treaty of 1684 between the Iroquoix and the English, 11. Treaty of 1701 between the French and the Indians, 11. Treaties of 1726, 1744 and 1752, 11. Of 1748, 14. Of 1763, 17. Trembly, S., hat factory, 396. Trent, William, visits Pickawillany, 16. Trimble, William, major First Regiment, 110. Trinity Reformed Church, 621. Troops dig mill race for D. C. Cooper, 105. Truesdell's, John, select school for boys, 257. Turnpikes, 33. Era of, 178. TuU's ferry, 129. Twightee villages, on present site of Piqua, 12. Gist's account of, 13. Battle at, 17. Uniform of militia companies, 147. Union Biblical Seminary, 258. Union depot. Attempts to secure, 362. Union Guards, 288. Union Insurance Company, 663. Union League formed, 302. Union Safe Deposit and Trust Company, 380. Unity Chapter, No. 16, 673. United Brethren Church, Otterbein, 618. United Brethren churches, 614. United Brethren Church, First, 614. Second, 617. Third, 617. Summit Street, 617. High Street, 617. Oak Street, 618. Miami Chapel, 618. United Brethren Ministers' Association, 618. United Brethren Publishing House, 457. Vallandigham, C. L., 280. Letter to Cincinnati Enquirer, 287, 299. Arrested, 305. Sentenced, 307, 317, 480. Lawyer, 498. Vallandigham, C. N., 252. Valuation for taxes, 60. Van Cleve, Benjamin; 28, 35, 36, 41, 43, 44, 66,67, 76, 101, 103, 143, 364. Van Cleve, John W., 44, 69, 129, 164, 546. Van Horne, Thomas B., major Second Regi ment, 111. Van Cleve, William, 44, 75, 111. Venice at mouth of Mad River, 34. Lots in, donated to religious bodies, 34. Victoria Circle, No. 3, U. A. O. D., 681. Virginia relinquishes her claim to the Northwest Territory. Visitor, Missionary, 585. Vocalists, Prominent, 559. Volkszeitting, Dayton, 581. Von Klein, Carl H., M. D., 529, 557. Vote in Dayton in 1860. War of 1812, 105, 106. With Mexico, 269. Of the Rebellion, 278. Wards defined, 195. Washington Building Co., 387. Washington Cotton Factory, 393, 397, 400. Watchman, Dayton, 141. Ohio, 573. Water of Dayton, 33. Water works. History of, 210. Watchmen appointed, 168. Water power of Dayton, 31. Waterman, Lieutenant George L., 311. Wayne & Fifth Street Railroad Co., 657. Wayne's, General, campaign, 24. Wayne Lodge, No. 10, 676. Wayne Street Brewery, 425. Weaver, Bishop, D. D., 554. Weaver, James M., M. D., 532. Webster, William, M. D., 535, 536. Weddings among the pioneers, 53. Weekly mail, 78. Wells, Colonel, arrives in Dayton, 117. Welsh, John, 62, 75. Welsh, Rev. James, 70, 88, 91, 101,-103. Westerfield, Samuel, 100. Westerman & Stout, 395. Westfall, Cornelius, 219. Westfall, George, 75. Westfall, Captain Reuben, 108. Whisky in early times, 63, 64. INDEX. 727 Whiteman, General Benjamin, 116. White, W. J., 238. Whiting, Chauncey, 219. White Line Street Railroad Co., 657. Wide Awakes, 279. Wigand, Henry, M. D., 535. Wight, Collins, 222, 231. Wilbur, Rev. Backus, 138. Wildey Lodge, No. 24,' Daughters of Rebe kah, 677. Wilkinson, General James, 35. William Birch Post, No. 610, G. A. R., 685. Williams, John, 62, 75. Williams, John H., 70. Williams, John Insco, 70, 563. Williams, Mild G., 222, 225, 226. Williams, Herbert S., cuts down hickory pole, 165. Wilson, Nathaniel, 66. Wilson's quarries, 32. Wilson, Samuel G, 238, 553. Wilson, James, appointed Keeper of Mea sures, 103. Wilt, A. D., member of Board of School Examiners, 241, 242, 258, 259. Winchester, Brigadier - General, dines in Dayton, 12. Defeated at River Raisin, 125. Winetowah, suit against Ephraim Law rence, 60. Winters, Valentine, 252. Winters, John H., 252. Wise, John, M. D., 527. Wolf scalps, price in 1810, 101. Wolf's tavern, 167. Wolverton, Major Charles, 108. Woman's Christian Association, 640, 669. Woman's Evangel, 586. Woman's Literary Club, 558. Woman's Missionary Association, 635. Wood for soldiers' families, 303, 312. Wood, Dr. P., 91, 92. Wood sawing companies, 312. Wood, Youngs V., 514. Wooden bridge built, 168. Woodland Cemetery, 643. Wood's Jethro, patent plows, 396. Woodsum Machine Company, 416. WoodhuH, L. & M., 423. World, New York, forbidden circulation, 308. Wroe, Joseph, 442. Wyatt, Hiram, bakery, 398. Xenia as Xenica, 102. Young, E. S., 252, 514. Young, Robert, elected 'State senator, 161. Young Men's Christian Association, 636. Young Men's Christian Association Orches tra. 561. Zoological Museum, 177. Zwick, Ernest, 420. ERRATA. On page 133, line 5, for December 16, 1744, read December 21, 1783, and ninth line for 1805, read 1806. On page 134, line 12, for Sarah, read Martha. On page 646, line 23, for Stunch, read Strauch. In the chapter on Education, the name of A. D. Wilt, one of the most useful and infiuential members of the Board of Education and of the Library Committee, was acci dentally omitted from the list of names. General Robert C. Schenck served four consecutive terms in Congress instead of three, as stated on page 494. On page 101 and elsewhere for Centinal, read Centinel. 728 YALE UNIVERSITY