Yale University Library ill: IIC IIP I II || II 39002002934769 m ^gv^^ YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Arms of the Pastorius Family in America Earlier Form of Pastorius Arms 2 Si-.al of Melchior Adam Pastorius (From a Letter in Warburg) Seal of Martinus Pastor With part of the name gone (From a Letter in Warburg) Seal of Francis Daniel Pastorius (From an Engraving made by Max Zeitler from an Original Document.) DIE PASTORIUS Pastorius Arms (As given by Weigel) The Life OF Francis Daniel Pastorius THE FOUNDER OF GERMANTOWN Illustrated with Ninety Photographic Reproductions BY Marion Dexter Learned, Ph. D., l. h. d. Professor of German at the University of Pennsylvania WITH AN APPRECIATION OF PASTORIUS BY SAMUEL WHITAKER PENNYPACKER, LL. D. Former Governor of Pennsylvania PHILADELPHIA WILLIAM J. CAMPBELL 1908 &^^&&td^j:i^f^m Yjyc fimn\mm i 4 ft u ' ^x> gjHQMCSTi^D of fpancitl j)muc(j 'Vaitvrwj Ci r.R.MANTown , Pas (By the Courtesy of Mr. Max Zeitler.) PREFACE This is a documentary life of Francis Daniel Pastorius and his times. It is the result of long and patient research in original sources in the Archives of Europe and America, and presents much new matter hitherto unpublished. The author has spared no cost and pains in gaining access to the original documents and other sources, many of which are indicated by the photographic reproductions. , The work is written in a style which, it is hoped, will prove readable, but at the same time keep the reader in touch with the sources. No statement has been made in the work without refer ence to a reliable source. The genealogist and critical reader will find in the footnotes the original authorities for the statements made in the text, and the reader unfamiliar with German and Latin will find the essential facts stated or translated in the Eng lish text. The author wishes to make public acknowledgment to the following for the friendly assistance given him during the prepa ration of this work. In America: Ex-Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker of Pennypacker's Mills, Pennsylvania; Dr. Joseph G. Rosengarten of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Mr. Francis Daniel Pastorius of Colorado Springs, Colorado ; Mr. Abram Bruner of Staunton, Virginia; Mr. George C. Thomas of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Mr. A. H. Ritter of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Professor M. G. Brumbaugh of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Professor D. B. Schumway, Professor W. R. Newbold, Professor Morris Jastrow, Jr. of the University of Pennsylvania ; Mr. Albert Cook Myers of Moylan, Pennsylvania; Mr. G. J. Scattergood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Mr. S. L. M. Rosenberg of the University of Penn sylvania ; Dr. John W. Jordan, Dr. G. B. Keen, and assistants, of iv Preface the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Mr. Charles F. Jenkins, Mr. Horace F. McCann and Dr. N. C. Keyser of Germantown, Pennsylvania; Professor John M. Vincent of Johns Hopkins University; Mr. H. Clifford Campion, Jr. of Media, Pennsyl vania; Mr. Gilbert Cope of West Chester, Pennsylvania; Mr. Porter F. Cope of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Mr. John Pas torius Reiff and Miss Reiff of Norristown, Pennsylvania; Dr. Alois Niessner of New York; Mr. Arthur L. Church of Phila delphia; Dr. Albert Bernheim of Philadelphia; Dr. Julius F. Sachse of Philadelphia; Mr. C. S. Bradford of Philadelphia; Mr. Stan. V Henkels of Philadelphia; Miss M. S. Allen of the Friends' Library of Philadelphia ; Mr. B. Samuel of the Ridgeway Branch of the Philadelphia Library; Miss Lina Herzog, Libra rian of the German Society of Pennsylvania; Henry Dexter Learned of Philadelphia. In Europe: Her Ladyship Countess Christine von Rech- teren-Limpurg in Sommerhausen ; Lehrer Fr. Gutmann of Som- merhausen; His Honor the Burgomaster and the City Secretary of Windsheim; Rev. Deacon Herold of Windsheim; The Libra rian of the Stadtarchiv in Frankf urt-on-the-Main ; The Libra rian of the Stadtbibliothek in Frankf urt-on-the-Main; Director J. Euting of the Library of the University of Strassburg; Chief Librarian Markus Zucker of the University of Erlangen; Direc tor Brandis of the Library of the University of Jena; Librarian C. Ch. Bernoulli of the University of Basel ; the Director of the Paedogogium of Altdorf in Bavaria; the Director of the Kreis- archiv in Niirnberg; Dr. Alfred Overmann of the Stadtarchiv in Erfurt; Directors Gustav von Bezold and Hans Bosch of the Germanisches Museum in Niirnberg; Antiquarian Fritz Quick of Warburg, Westphalia; U. S. Consul H. W. Harris of Niirnberg; U. S. Consulate in Mannheim; Mr. Norman Penney, Devon shire House, London, England; Mr. Naish of the Bevan-Naish Library, Birmingham, England. The Author. 225th Anniversary of the Landing of Pastorius. APPRECIATION OF PASTORIUS. There are many facts which tend to give Francis Daniel Pastorius a foremost position among the interesting characters in our early American life. He was the most conspicuous, if not the most important, figure in the settlement of Germantown, a movement marking the beginning of German immigration into North America and the first manifestation with respect to race of that broad and liberal catholic spirit which differentiated Pennsylvania from the other colonies and later made her the fruitful source of American institutions and modes of thought. The son of a judge and litterateur, he had been trained in the universities of Europe, and his powers had been broadened by travel and public discussion. It may well be doubted whether any other of the colonizers of America equalled him in intellectual cultivation and attainments. A linguist, he used with accuracy and fluency, the German, English, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Latin and Greek languages. His Latin epigrams, poetry, and jeux d'esprit show a complete familiarity with that tongue and much literary facility. He may be regarded as the typical man of letters of his period in America, and his original productions are numerous. He permanently affected the growth and develop ment of the nation, since it was he, who, together with Abraham Op den Graeff, Dirck Op den Graeff, and Gerhard Hendricks, began the struggle in America against the institution of slavery. He was a lawgiver, as well as pedagogue, who composed the first Pennsylvania primer. In modern times a great interest has been taken in his career. Dr. Oswald Seidensticker, of the Uni versity of Pennsylvania, studied his achievements and published an excellent Memoir. Considerable additional information con cerning him was given in The Settlement of Germantown, by a later author. Whittier made him the subject of an epic, The Pennsylvania Pilgrim. Mr. Julius F. Sachse has also written vi Appreciation about him, but with less sympathy. It has remained, however, for Dr. Marion D. Learned, Director of the Department of Ger man at the University of Pennsylvania, to make many discov eries in the libraries of Europe, throwing light upon his ante cedents and early career, and to prepare what may be regarded as a complete biography. The results of Dr. Learned's investiga tions appear in the present eminently satisfactory volume, which must further enhance our appreciation of this eminent American colonist and scholar. O ftwtfVJwuwM^ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter I. — Ancestors 1-49 Chapter II. — Early Years and Education 50-81 Chapter III. — Years of Practice and Travel 82-115 Chapter IV. — Agent of the German Company 1 16-155 Chapter V. — Burgher and Schoolmaster 156-187 Chapter VI. — In Private Life 188-224 Chapter VII. — Lawgiver, Scrivener and Author 225-287 Appendix A. — Agreement of the German Company of Frankfurt 288-293 Appendix B. — Exemplum sine Exemplo 294-297 Appendix C. — Description of the Map of German- town, 1688 298 Appendix D. — Letter of Attorney to Falkner, Kelpius and Jawert 299-300 Appendix E. — The Pastorius Family 301 Index 315 Only 1000 copies of this work have been printed, of which this is No. 157-V*5^(L. illustrations Opposite Page Frontispiece — Pastorius Arms. Warburg in Westphalia about 1650 2 Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Itinerarium" 6 Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Prognosticon'' 8 Frontispiece of M. A. Pastorius' "Romischer Adler" 10 Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Romischer Adler" : 12 Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Liber Intimissimus" 16 Frontispiece of M. A. Pastorius' "Franconia Rediviva" 20 Title Page of "Franconia Rediviva" 22 Marriage Record of F. D. Pastorius' Parents 28 Record of F. D. Pastorius' Baptism 28 Burial Record of F. D. Pastorius' Mother 28 Inner and Outer Wall of Sommerhausen 30 House of M. A. Pastorius in Sommerhausen 32 Datestone of Pastorius House 34 Epitaph of M. A. Pastorius 40 Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Fasciculus Rhythmorum" 42 MS. Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Windsheim" 44 Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Windsheim" 46 Pastorius' Own Copy of "Windsheim" 48 Sommerhausen Wall and Square Tower 50 Residence of the Counts of Limpurg 52 Windsheim in 1644 54 Street in Windsheim 56 Hotel "Rotes Ross" in Windsheim 58 Library and Archives in Windsheim 60 Gymnasium in Windsheim 62 University of Altdorf 64 Entrance to University of Altdorf 66 Tower in Altdorf 68 Tower in Altdorf 70 Street Scene in Altdorf 72 Disputation of F. D. Pastorius 78 Outskirts of Windsheim 80 Reaping with the Sickle outside of Windsheim 82 Hop Field near Windsheim 84 x Illustrations Opposite Page Old Schoolhouse in Windsheim 88 View of the Cemetery in Sommerhausen 9° M. A. Pastorius' Epitaph, written by himself 94 Rent Receipt of the Frankfurt Company no Sommer Tea Room in the "Schloss" at Sommerhausen 112 Calendar of Pastorius' Life 114 Rathaus in Sommerhausen n6 Sommerhausen in 1903 118 Clock Tower in Sommerhausen 120 Letter of F. D. Pastorius to His Parents, 1684 124 Sichere Nachricht auss America 128 Warrant for Survey of Land for Dutch and German Purchasers 130 Warrant for Survey of Lots for Germans in Philadelphia 130 Survey of Pastorius' Land 154 Title Page of the "Raths-Buch" of Germantown 160 First Title Page of Pastorius' "Beschreibung" 224 Four Boasting Disputers 226 F. D. Pastorius' "Tractatlein" 228 Title Page of Pastorius' "Send-Brieff" 230 Pastorius' "Primmer" 232 Pastorius' "Beschreibung" 234 "F. D. P." or Common- Place Book 236 Title Page of Pastorius' "Medicine Book" 238 Pastorius' "Beehive" 240 A Title Page of "Beehive" 242 Letter of Pastorius to his Son Henry 246 Title Page of "Beehive" in Seven Languages 250 Index to "Beehive" 252 "Alvearialia" 254 "Alvearialia" 256 Title Page of "Deliciae Hortenses" 258 Title Page of "Voluptates Apianae" r 260 Title Page of "Grund- und Lager-Buch" 266 Title Page of Pastorius' "Young Country Clerk" 274 "Leges Pennsylvaniae" 278 Will of Pastorius 286 Inventory of Pastorius' Effects 286 Signatures of the Agreement of the Frankfurt Company 288 Map of Germantown, 1688 208 Signature of Martinus Pastor ' 300 Decision of Juristic Faculty of the University of Jena in the Suit of Martinus Pastor ,03 Genealogia Pastoriana or Genealogical Sketch (from the "Beehive") 312 FRANCIS DANIEL PASTORIUS THE FOUNDER OF GERMANTOWN CHAPTER I. ANCESTORS. Francis Daniel Pastorius, the founder of Germantown, the first permanent German colony in North America, was born in Sommerhausen, Franconia, September 26, 1651, three years after the close of the Thirty Years' War. He was the scion of a distinguished German family, whose history reflects the vicissitudes of the fierce religious strife of the times of Gustavus Adolphus, Tilly and Wallenstein. The wounds of the war were still unhealed and the bitterness of the strife still lingered in the adherents of the Catholic and Protestant cause, severing in the same family the strongest ties of kinship and blood. Little has been known, hitherto, of the name and origin of the Pastorius family to which the founder of Germantown be longed. Even Macco, in his extensive and profusely illustrated History of the Pastor Family,1 makes only a passing reference to "Pastor" (more correctly "Pastorius") in Windsheim and seems to know nothing of the earlier history of this family in Warburg, Westphalia. In spite of the tradition that the Pastorius family came from Italy to France and thence to Germany, the family seems to have been one of the many whose German names were Latinized under the influence of humanism. The Latin form Pastorius would point to an original German Schafer or Hirt> or some com- 1 Cf . H. F. Macco, Geschichte und Genealogie der Familie Pastor (pub lished as vol. iv of Beitrage zur Genealogie rheinischer Adels- und Patrmer- familien), Aachen, 1905. 2 Francis Daniel Pastorius bination of one of these names. A persistent tradition in Fran conia connects the family of Hiigelschaffer with that of Pastorius, deriving the former from the latter. It seems far more likely, however, that Pastorius is a Latinized form of an original S chaf fer, to which Hiigelschaffer is related. This would harmonize with the fact that the name Hiigelschaffer appears in the records of an early period in other places and this family has the same coat-of-arms as Pastorius. la It has been the good fortune of the present writer to un earth, through the aid of Antiquarian Fritz Quicklb in Warburg, a mass of valuable material relating to the Pastorius family in that city. This material, consisting of the Rathsprotokoll and letters as well as a decision handed down by the Juristic Faculty of the University of Jena, sheds much new light on the history of the Pastorius family in Warburg. According to these sources, which will be treated in an appendix, the name "Pastorius" was formerly "Pastor," "Schaffer" and "Scepers," thus exhibiting the stages from Low German "Scepers" to the fullest Latin form "Pastorius." The name "Scepers" appears in the City Council of War burg as early as 1439 and continues with little interruption till the Thirty Years' War. The Latin form "Pastor" appears first in our records with Martinus Pastor (or Pastorius), who studied *a It is fitting to quote in this connection a letter of the Rev. S. Hanss- leiter to C. Sharpless Pastorius in Florence, dated Sommerhausen, February 2, 1888: "Die hier (wahrscheinlich durch Vermuthung des HE Pf. Hof- mann) verbreitete Ansicht, dass die hier ansassige, geachtete Familie Hiigel schaffer — welche friiher im Besitze des oben erwahnten Hauses [welches von M. A. Pastorius im Jahre 1655 eibaut wurde] gewesen ist, und wohl seitdem ein ahnliches Familienzeichen fuhrt — directe Nachkommen von Pastorius seien, die mit Verdeutschung des Namens hier geblieben seien, entbehrt der urkundlichen Begriindung. und jeder Wahrscheinlichkeit, da erwiesener- massen der Name Hiigelschaffer in friiher Zeit schon in anderen Dorfern vorkommt, von welchen vielmehr die hiesige Familie dieses Namens aus- gegangen ist." **> My colleague, Professor D. B. Shumway, kindly went to Warburg to look up the records for me. But the archives were in such a condition that a long stay would have been necessary to examine them. At this juncture Antiquarian Fritz Quick came to my assistance and dug out with the greatest patience the needed documents and had them photographed for me. W'ARBDKCVM Warburg in Westphalia, About 1650. (By the Courtesy of Fritz Quick, of Warburg.) The Founder of Germantown 3 law at Mainz. This would seem to indicate that the name was German and then Latinized under Romanic or Humanistic influence. In addition to the Pastors of Aachen, two branches of the Pastorius family were prominent in Germany in the seventeenth century, one in Silesia and the other in Westphalia, Thuringia and Franconia. It is to the latter branch that Francis Daniel Pastorius belonged. The Silesian branch of the family is represented in the sev enteenth century by Joachim Pastorius, who was born at Glogau in Silesia, Sept. 20, 161 1,2 and died at Frauenberg in Prussia, Dec. 26, 1681. He was the son of a parson and was reared in the doctrines of Socinus. He was a "Doctor medicinae" and distinguished for his writings on Polish history. Joachim Pastorius was made "Stadtphysicus" of Elbing and in 1651 Professor of History at the Gymnasium in that place. In 1652 he became Rector of the Gymnasium. Having gone over to the Lutheran Church, he took up his duties as Professor of History in Danzig, January 28, 1655. He was made "Historicus Regius" in 1656, and was named "Indigenat" by the Polish Diet in 1662 and took the title "ab Hirtenberg." In 1665 he was made "Secretarius Regius," but resigned his post and went over to the Roman Catholic Church. Although married, he received high offices in the Catholic Church, having been Vicar General of Pomerania Minor and Canon of Frauen berg. His extensive History of Poland was finished and pub lished by his son, Georg Adam Pastorius, after his death. The following works were published from his pen : 1. Joachimi Pastorii Florus Polonicus | seu | Polonicae Historiae Epitome Nova | Lvgd. Batavor. | Apud Franciscum Hegerum Ao 1641. The second' edition appeared in 1642 with the following title: 3 Or in 1610, according to other authorities (cf. Michaud, Biographie Universelle) . 4 Francis Daniel Pastorius 2. Flori Polonici ] seu ] Polonicae Historiae | Epitome Nova [ Au- thore | Ioachimo Pastorio. | Editio secunda | a mendis repur- gata. Lvgd. Batavor. Apud Franc. Hegervm, Ann. MDCXLII. 120. The title-page of the second edition has a woodcut repre senting the pelican feeding her young (as old tradition falsely had it) from her own blood, an emblem which is found also on the tombstone of Melchior Adam Pastorius in the St. Johannes Kirchhof at Niirnberg. Another enlarged edition appeared at Amsterdam, 1664, and even a fifth edition with a continuation was published ("Gedani et Franco furti") in 1679. 3. Joachimi Pastorii .... Heroes Sacri, Musa Peregrinans, Flos Poloniae, et Epigrammata Varia. 120. Daniel Vetter: Lesnae Polon. [1644.] Second, corrected and enlarged edition with the addition of his "Character Virtutum" Danzig, 1653, 12 mo. 4. Aulicus inculpatus. Ex Gallico auctoris anonymi [Eustache de Refuge] traductus a J. Pastorio. Apud. L. Elzevirium: Amsterdami, 1644. I2°- [Another edition in 1649.] 5. Peplum Sarmaticum. Dantisci, 1645. 40. 6. Aquilae Sarmaticae super Augustis Nuptiis Johanni Casimiri Applausus. 1649. 7. Bellum Scythico-Cosacicum seu de conjuratione Tartarorum Co- sacorum et Plebis Russicae contra regnum Poloniae ab invictis- simo Poloniae et Sueciae Rege J. Casimiro profligata, narratio plenioris historiae operi prasmissa. Sumptibus G. Forsteri : Dan tisci. 1652-1659. 40. 8. De juventutis institutionis ratione. Dantzig, 1653. 9. Palaestra Nobilium. 1654. 10. Vita T. Crellii a TToachimo] P[astorio] M[edicinae] D[octore] descripta. 1656 fol. The Founder of Germantown 5 11. Stella Aurea, seu fax virtutis ex natura stellarum accensa. Dantisci. [1656.] 80. 12. Sylvarum pars prima 1656, pars secunda 1657. 13. J. Pastorii Orationes duae. Quarum prima . . . de praecipuis historiae autoribus, altera de potissimis eiusdem argumentis agit. Gedani [1656]. 40. 14. Panegyrica Gratulatio . . . Carolo II . . . Londini festivitate solennissima inaugurando scripta a J. Pastorio. Gedani, 1661. 40. 15. Ministri status, seu considerationes super vita Nicolai Neovilli. Jena, 1644. 80. [Translation of the Remarques of P. Mat- thieu.] 16. Historia Polonica ab obitu Uladislai IV, usque ad annum 1651. Dantisci, 1680-1685. 2 vols. 80. Published by his son, Georg Adam Pastorius, closing with a dissertation: "De Originibus Sarmaticis."] 17. Joachimi de Hirtenberg Pastorii Character Virtutum variis, aliorum etiam qua veterum, qua recentium auctorum, coloribus adumbratus [ist edition, Danzig, 1650, and 4th edition, with the appendix : "Opusculum, Lucem Virtutem efnatura stellarum explicans, &c." [Gratulatio paregorica ... ad Regem Joan- nem Casimirum, etc., pp. 36-80. D. F. Rhetius, Dantisci [1680]. 80. 18. J. ab Hirtenberg Pastorii Historiae Polonae pars prior, de Vlad- islai IV extremis, secutoque inde interregno, et Joannis Casimiri electione ac coronatione. Interserta Cosacorum et Tartaricae simul gentis descriptio, etc. Typis T. Reinigeri : Gedani, 1680. 80. 19. J. Pastorii ab Hirtenberg Historiae Polonse plenioris partes duae: ejusdemque dissertatio philo logica de originibus Sarmati cis. Sumptibus S. Beckensteinii : Dantisci, 1685. 80. 20. Aurora pacis: Diarium pacificationis Olivensis, ex Bibliotheca Zalusciana nunc primum prolatum, Oliva pacis. 21. Acta pacis Olivensis inedita. Breslau, 1763 and 1766. [Pub lished by J. Gottlob Boehme.] 6 Francis Daniel Pastorius Other minor works are mentioned in Chr. Sandius' Bib- liographia Anti-Trinitariorum. Although neither Melchior Adam Pastorius nor his son Francis Daniel seems to have been aware of any relationship between Joachim and themselves, there are striking coincidences in the history of the families which point to the kinship of the Silesian and Westphalian-Thuringian branches of the Pastorius family. The use of the pelican emblem has already been men tioned. The title "ab Hirtenberg" of Joachim Pastorms is closely allied to the baronial title "von Hirtenfels" which the German Emperor conferred upon Johann Augustin Pastorius, brother of Melchior Adam Pastorius of the Thuringian line. Both titles indicate a compound form of the name in the original German. Now the coat-of-arms, as found on the datestone of Melchior Adam Pastorius' house in Sommerhausen and handed down in the Hiigelschaffer family of the same place, has a sheep pasturing on one of three hills, which would suggest the "berg" in "ab Hirtenberg" and the "fels" in "von Hirtenfels," and thus lend a new presumption in favor of the theory of the connection of the "Pastorius" and "Hiigelschaffer" families. In his brief account of the family, Francis Daniel Pastorius begins with his great grandfather Christian Pastorius, a citizen of Warburg in Westphalia. This baptismal name Christian, however, does not agree with the account of Melchior Adam Pastorius, who gives the name of his grandfather as Fridericus not Christianus. It is possible, but not very probable, that his name may have been Christianus Fridericus or Fridericus Chris tianus. Melchior Adam gives the following account of the origin of his family : "Origo Familiae Pastorianae ex Ciutate Warburgensi Westpha lia; prouenit, Vbi Fridericus Pastorius Ciuis et Senator erecto animo uixit, et film unicum Martinum progenuit, ac post se reliquit." Having thus traced the Westphalian origin of the family and added an anagram, he continues : JVIELCHIOIUS AVAW VMTOkH. t 'EKTFVTCrznsis ITINERARiVJl vtjve $Kmcnyj< fa.tn.tit cinUt'n urb CM$s*s.A-/ia>-C.' iobic{aft A«o fojrvuj arit.ei nMi*>*S, ^yA Muf4l $u.4u.r4. S<*»t kot. Ann" 4cruibyei) Jir^farki- *vc! ; /ttMuiM; wiutA'o c\uj< fit jii'r- M/^V/toni'i* Co-pt-h/. It. MarAa u4\(>'<>- Su*( Sc^Qoflf Ba.fmiit- cfiiy yi.*&- fvtcaiio i|"^l cwr t^j- tvO" i'n44W*- I* 'wjh/b JuU'o -yi'no- ev. fvtffi'lte'tibuf cntui-Austr-Ut co- ctctei-UalniperySta-libus alrCTurcas iunctim,ct 1iiSccp1riqer,arma moh sfic STHE>I1S et Cha-riteSjpriemui rnaqnal' Melchior Adam Pastorius' "Romischer Adler". (Frontispiece.) The Founder of Germantown ii married a "chirurgus of Ellfeldt" near Bingen, but died at the birth of her first child, a daughter. Melchior Adam, her younger brother, has left us some very touching German verses in mem ory of her. The first four of these verses describe the perils of wedded life : "Vermahlet sein, ist so ein Sach Die nach sich zeiicht uiel Weh und Ach Gebahren bringt der Schmertzen uiel, la manchmal gar des Todes Ziel."17 The third son, Henricus Pastorius, served as a soldier under the Dukes of Liineburg, but died at the early age of twenty-five years. The only information we have found concerning him is that given by Melchior Adam,18 his brother. The modest Rebecca, who entered the cloister at Erfurt and became a "harmless nun," is mentioned by her brother, Melchior Adam, who dedicated an anagram to her, together with a few lines of Latin. The anagram runs : "En Crvcis Ista Proba. ela robvr in peccatis." Her nephew, Francis Daniel Pastorius, relates a touching story of his first and only meeting with her, as he passed through Erfurt on his way to Jena : "Mine Aunt Rebecca J saw when J passed through Erford towards Jena, one Mr. Winter, an ancient Canonicus of the Cathe dral in the sd City of Erford, sending for her out of the Cloister wherein she lived to his dwelling house, where he among many pretty discourses also admired the great difference of the Sundry Gifts, which God bestows upon his Creatures ; For, said he, Augus- 17 In his Itinerarium, p. 1 13a. 18 In his Itinerarium, p. 114a: "Henricus Martini Pastorij tertio genitus filius Martiale caput, sub Ducibus Luneburgiacis miles conscriptus, rei Tormentariae seruijt, in conflictu autem Tormenti globo tactus praemature interijt annum uix complens vige- simu quintum." 12 Francis Daniel Pastorius tin Pastorius in deed received Five Talents, as appears by his extra ordinary Writings, (shewing unto me the Reichs Adler & other Books by him published,) Melchior Adam but two, and this harm less Nun (pointing to my sd Aunt,) hardly one, &c. And really she look'd to be extreme Jnnocent, & if not meriting Heaven through her self-conceited good works, J thought, it would be a pity she should deserve hell."19 In discussing the two youngest sons, Melchior Adam and Balthasar Pastorius, our interest centres about the former, as little more than the name is known of Balthasar. Melchior Adam Pastorius. The life and writings of Melchior Adam Pastorius shed much important light upon the career and works of his son, Francis Daniel Pastorius, the subject of our study, justifying the detail of this chapter. Melchior Adam Pastorius was born in Erfurt, Sept. 22, 1624, and received his early education in his native city. Hav ing finished his study of the "humaniora" he left Erfurt, Sept. 3, 1643, to enter the University of Wiirzburg. In the account20 of his travels he has left us the names of those nearest to him in Erfurt in the following distichs: "Hi sunt quos charos mihi Patria iunxerat olim Dresanus, Roland, Dorstius Hunger, Aper Demar, Riess, Fleischmann, Iuneman, Iunckerque, Weserque Mente alij dudum iam cecidere meo. Quam bene vixerimus sub eodem sidere nati, Praeceptor Dunhos carmine testis erat. Testis erat Petri Mons, quem defendimis vna Contra oppugnantes quotquot adusque forent."21 M The Genealogical Sketch. " The Latin title is : Melchioris Adami Pastorii ] Erffvrtensis | Itinera- rivm | et | Vitas Cvrricvlvs (quoted as Itinerarium). a The poem is entitled : "De Bonis Amicis | Melchioris Adami Pastorii | In diuersis Mundi Partibus | repertis | i°. De Patriotis Erffurtensibus." OWr" T H E A T R V M EIrECTIONIS et CORONATIONIS ROMANO- CiESAREJS, -.'"'tSRic t>cttcu Dar&ci? 3»'?nm) ^fctf vcpraefctitirt. *^Bafi> %n\i> SromingS^ag jti Sfcgmfput'g vn& 2Ut<}fpur3/ alt" ut vovi^v'it ' *b ttonisI. i>n5 C a r 01. 1 V. fampt Exfttcn v jf ibitc tttijtV.tea £(nn'/ Matricul, alt* &CC Capi;ubiioa , svie fofdjt [cijCim -ihv.ticb. STEMMATA, ORIGIME5, SYMBOL A, STA TES, INT E RRE G N A, PATRIAE, CORONAL ION E S , RES GEST/F. , OEITlM , ET SEPULTURE «llct'S\C!"fer/vc".ilu!ioCa:rn.-an/ <5o&aniia[kt^cif(id)cnSiyutftk|Tcn^HMiiCSifcnl>t(T,5ujcftt3Cv3cir^ Compcndio5c.u:|; Hart m anno Mauro Vrtt>rt»)iKmbeu*el)«e»Amhoren« ¦ y ^wnr-crCS-ifbctwh B'-!!'>ii!'amin:i!arJc;;tni/ "Suvd) M. A. (P A S TO R. I U M J. V. D. "ttufypit S»pffet'ii gcjiertf. ^ra«dffutt am SOlawt/ ©••(VitCif V-\) Igumo 93c-ge(hu* st»no tthnj** f •97* ** jt*:" Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Liber Intimissimus." r The Founder of Germantown 17 "Vnus Petrus in Roma Vnus Portus in Ancona Vna Turris in Cremona." Leaving Ancona he passed on to Loreto, the city with but a single gate, and its legend of the angels of Nazareth and other historic curiosities, to Racanati, to Macerata, with its university and monastery, to Tolentino, Foligno, Spoleto, through the Valle della Strettura to Narni, Otricoli, over the Tiber to Civita Cas- tellana, Rignano, Castelnuovo, through the Prima Porta into the city of Rome, arriving Aug. 28, 1644, on St. Augustine's Day, the saint day of his brother Johann Augustin Pastorius, who was then practicing law in Rome and here saw his younger brother for the first time. Not having overtaken the Cardinal on the way, Pastorius, after his arrival at Rome, drove with a friend 29 to the palace of the Cardinal to pay his respects and thank the confessor, Plum- binus, for his friendly services in Terra Cento. He devotes a number of distichs to his brother, to Cardinal Rosetti and Plum- binus. At the German College in Rome. The following day his brother Augustin accompanied him to the German College and presented him to the Rector, Pater Antonius Casilius, of the Society of Jesus, who accepted him as a prospective student. Pastorius' own account of his initiation and life at the college is so interesting that it is given here in translation as an important picture of student life in Rome in the middle of the seventeenth century : "The next day my brother accompanied me to the German Col- 29 Presumably Christophorus Bernier, to whom he dedicates some pre- prandial distichs, to which is appended the following: "Nach eingenomener Mittags Mahlzeit fuhren wir in einer Kutschen spaziren, und kamen in des Cardinals Rosetti Pallast besuchten dessen Beicht- vattern gegen welchem ich mich wegen empffangener Gutthaten a Terra Cento bedanckete." (Itinerarium, p. 17b.) 1 8 Francis Daniel Pastorius lege and recommended me to the Rector, Father Antonius Casilius, of the Society of Jesus, who received me kindly and ordered me to be taken care of as a guest for three days by Peter Philipp von Dern- bach and Johann Philipp von Walderndorff, who washed my feet the first evening, and then took their meals with me alone, for three days, engaging me in friendly conversation. On the fourth day I had to take a room to myself but was permitted to appear two weeks in my secular garb, after which they cut off my hair and put a red coat on me, such as the others wore, and I had to live in accordance with the rules which they had taught me these two weeks : Rules of the German College.30 i. In the morning early, at break of day, the usual bell gives the signal for rising, dressing, and making the beds, which one must do himself, while the one on duty31 for the week brings fresh water to the usual place, where each one must go to wash; all of which must be done in half an hour. 2. After this the bell gives the second signal, for prayer and religious meditation. Each one kneels before his shrine and table, offers his morning prayer, and meditates on the passion, suffering, birth and resurrection of Christ, as the calendar and feast days direct. This prayer and meditation last at the most a quarter of an hour. 3. Then the bell sounds a third signal, to prepare for the Aca demic studies, for which there is about half an hour. 4. The fourth signal is given, to go into the Refectorium, or dining room, where each one sits at his accustomed table and par takes of a glass full of good old wine, and four or five rolls, so that one need not go with an empty stomach through the bad air into the Roman College. 5. Then the seventy students assemble themselves in the At rium or Court, and go two by two into the Jesuit College, each one to his appropriate class, and write what the Professor dictates, dis cuss, argue and dispute,32 at certain set periods. The lectures close about ten o'clock in the morning, and the students return home in the same order as they went. 6. They look over at home that which has been dictated, and ' "Regulae Collegij Germanici." ' The term used is "Wochnei :er."' In the original : "arguiren, argumentiren und disputiren." 81 The term used is "Wochner," translated here: "the one on duty," "waiter." The Founder of Germantown 19 think over it to find out what doubts or objections can be raised against it. 7. After this the bell gives the signal to go to the Refectorium for the midday meal, when they all go together into the ante-cham ber of the Refectorium and wash their hands, handing each other the dry towel out of politeness. 8. Then each one goes to his place at the table, till prayer is offered by a priest. 9. Then they take their seats in silence, and all the while the one on duty has to read from the rostrum accounts of the Holy Martyrs as long as they sit at table. 10. Each room has a special table and a special one on duty each week as waiter, who brings fresh spring water in the morning for washing, and serves the meals at midday and evening, at times sweeps the rooms, and on Saturday brings each student clean linen from the wardrobe. 11. When the food is served, those on duty have round disks, of the size of a plough wheel, with a raised stem or handle in the middle to take hold of. Around this are arranged as many little platters, or dishes, as there are persons sitting at the table. This round tray with the dishes is held over the middle of the table, and each one must take that dish which is directly opposite his place, and must not reach past it to take another. 12. While they are eating the first course, the waiter goes into the kitchen and brings the second course in the same number of small dishes, holds the tray above the table, and each takes the full dish and sets the empty one on the tray, so that the waiter can take it away; and the same is done with the third course and with the postpast, or fruit. 13. The serving of the drink is somewhat easier, for above the table are two double rows of steins, one with wine, the other with water. Each student may pour out for himself as often as he wishes, and may mix the water and wine or not, as he wishes. When the wine vessel is empty, the waiter must fill it again. 14. On Fridays and Fast days, there is but one meal, and in the evening a few apples or pears or olives, and a glass of wine. 15. When the meal has been finished in silence (for no one is permitted to speak a word aloud with his neighbor), they all stand up at one time and a priest returns thanks. Then they go into their own rooms for half an hour, when they may walk around and talk in the recreation hall. 16. Then the bell sounds the signal to take up the books again and prepare for school, for the students must appear daily at one 20 Francis Daniel Pastorius o'clock in the Roman College, and remain there for three hours, with exercises and writing dictation. 17. At four o'clock the students go quietly to their rooms again, and go over their dictation as in the morning, until the bell rings for supper, which is served in the same way as dinner. After sup per the students again have half an hour for recreation and con versation. 18. Then the bell rings for evening prayers and spiritual medi tation, and recalling all that has been done during the day, whether good or bad. Then each one makes his bed himself, and goes to rest, to await the sound of the bell the next morning. 19. Every Wednesday is a special day for recreation, for walks outside of the city, in the beautiful garden of the College in front of the Porta Populi, in which there are all sorts of games with balls, with the ring, or in the halls on tables, or the students may eat fruit and take their meals in the garden on this day. 20. On Sundays and Feastdays, the seventy Alumni must ap pear in the church and sing the Horae in the mass, just as the Canonici Regulares, and an Alumnus must preach at appointed times in German. The Hungarian Church, Santo Stephano Rotundo, with its prebends, is connected with this German College. In it, yearly at the Church Festival, the Alumni are splendidly entertained, receiving wild boar to eat. The 15th of September, 1644, Innocentius X was elected Pope; then we were permitted to go outside the College and to see from the banks of the Tiber the fireworks at night in the Castle of Saint Angelo. Such a splendid display I had never before seen in my life. In like manner we were permitted to witness the Papal proces sion from St. Peter's to St. John Lateran where we took our posi tion at a certain corner of the street and besought the blessing of the Pope, which he gave us with a smiling countenance. After I had spent three months in this College, and the time of probation was passed, I was expected to take the vow and subscribe to the rules in the same manner as if I wanted to become a priest; but this mode of life was entirely against my nature, and I had no desire for the priestly order. So I asked for dismissal and permis sion to study law with my brother. Moreover, I wished to see some thing [of the world] at the same time, which was impossible in this place of seclusion. Accordingly, I was released, and turned my attention to the study of the law, attending the secular University Alia Sapienza. I went to see all the curiosities and places of amuse ment, both within and outside of Rome, and also learned the Roman ClRCVLI RANCONIC Perbrevis P E L ySL E A T I d\ mtffe Secundum OminimSessianit cSVotorum v Ijirfywlchwrem-tymuwJjJtc'vium. , ,,„..._ . .AtwaCnrvm-jffft. mm iV,« Melchior Adam Pastorius' "Franconia Rediviva". (Frontispiece Title. ) The Founder of Germantown 21 language, which would never have happened in the secluded College among the Germans. The Rector, Father Antonius Casilius, was well disposed to wards me, and would gladly have kept me in the College, had I been willing to remain." The Rector of the German College and other friends of this period are the subjects of poems written in distichs. From these verses we take the following names : Antonius Casilius (the Rector of the German College), Lau- rentius Coler, Athanasius Kirchner, Count Ioannes Baptista Lodron (whom he calls "Amicissimus mihi in Collegio Dominus Comes"), Baron Ioannes de Hedruar, Paris a Zurletto, Petrus Philippus de Derenbach ("Exceptus meus charissimus in Collegio"), Ioannes Philippus a Wallderndorf ("Alter Exceptor meus Papae Defensor et Cultor"). In Rome Pastorius spent altogether during his first sojourn about one and a half years. While he seems to have made good use of his opportunity to study the theory and practice of juris prudence, he was most diligent in viewing the sights and rare treasures in and around the Eternal City, which are minutely described in his "Descriptio Romae."33 Early in 1646, as appears from his Itinerarium, Pas torius left Rome to return to Germany. The journey was by way of Caprarola, Viterbo, Montefiscone, Siena, Florence, Bo logna, Ferrara, Mantua (the birthplace of Vergil), Verona with its theatre holding 2500 persons, Trient,34 Schwatz and Ster- zingen with their mines and cutlery, Hall with its salt springs, and Innsbruck, arriving in Munich, March 6, 1646, where he "An important chapter in the Itinerarium (pp. 2ia-27b). In striking contrast to other accounts of the time such as Abgebildetes \AHes Rom. | aus dem Italienischen ins Hochteutsche \ mit Fleiss ubersetzet von \ Alberto Reimaro Lubecense. \ Gedruckt zu Aemhem \ In Verlegung Johan Fried- rich Haagen; \ Buchhandlers. | Anno MDCLXII, because Pastorius lays more stress on the survivals. 34 Here he remarks (Itinerarium, p. 29a) : "in diser Gegend viel Man- delkern Baume und der kostlichste Wein wachset." 22 Francis Daniel Pastorius spent some months in rest and sight-seeing. To the reigning Duke of Bavaria, Maximilian, he composed an anagram. On the 19th of August, 1646, he took ship down the Isar and sailed toward the Danube, passing Freisingen that day; Landshut, with the highest towers in Germany, on the 20th; Pfadlingen, on the 22d; Passau, on the 23d; arriving in Linz on the 24th, where Emperor Ferdinand III was holding his court in the imperial palace.35 While here Pastorius witnessed some significant historic events, "as his own account will show : "Four miles from Linz is the city, of Steier, where there is an imperial castle also, which I visited together with the monastery S. Florian and Steiergersten at the time when the Emperor was leaving to take Ferdinand IV to Prague to be crowned King of Bohemia, and had issued the decree that only a few should go along. "Meanwhile I busied myself with poetry and composed a Carmen Gratulatorium, had it printed and presented it after the return [of the Emperor and the new King] in the open court, and was rewarded with 30 Reichsthaler. "Soon after this the Empress Eleonora, Infanta of Spain, died at Linz. Her body lay in state for several days in the great hall of the palace, and was then placed on board a ship draped in black and escorted to Vienna by a fleet of many ships and a large retinue. The Swedish fortification at Kornneuburg fired upon the fleet with can nons, for which act of disrespect the Emperor dispatched an envoy to Sweden, whereupon the Swedish commander was discharged."36 At the end of August, 1647, the Imperial Court left Linz for Vienna and Pressburg to participate in the coronation of Ferdinand IV, as King of Hungary. As there was a lack of ships, Pastorius was unable to join the suite, but on the 8th of September he took passage with a number of clerics on a raft 85 He relates the following interesting incident reflecting on the law practice of the time (Itinerarium, p. 29b) : "Ich hatte iiber 3. Tage nicht im Wiirtshause gezehret, da wurde ich bey dem Hn. Graffen Marradas condi- tioniret, deme ich seine concepirte italienische schrifften in Latein und Teiitsch vertiren muste, dann er keinem iuristen trawete sondern er selbsten alle seine Reehts process selbsten fuhrete." 86 See the Itinerarium, p. 29b. FRA.NCONIA REDIVIVA. 2)CStfh ©eg $ocJH6blid?m ©0 tt?0l)l Gencalogifc^e/ aid i?ijlorifct>e 3n rod&er entbalten : i . S>m ftrdncl ifchen^onige unb^erjiw 9Infunfft. aMm Jpochfltffrcr unb <$iftthimber Origines. 3. S)erer SDurcW. £ocfc$irfh.£evcr^)oci)f{ SucceiToren be3Jpaufe&£)ttinebcvfl, C£)t$ Jooeb^tirfrlichen Jpaufctf ©ch'rcar^enbcrgj 7.5S«s .»>c[v@rdfflicben Collegii in ftrancfm. 8. £>em < v'mff jtatferl.gter; * unb DCctd^ ©tdbfe. 9.2>erer ubrfaen ©fflbt^/gkcfrnunb Softer. rbrS5«rcs @ebur()c/<3Bdlbcivunb 9Hkffer*pc#. k i.^cbcfr cinem Slnhancj »cn #ocbu5bitcf>ev Tfc\U terfebafft m $rancfen/ unb anberrt Jpocbabc fich>rt @ffcr)lccf>fern. -T 2tKc9 mtt ^tr $ colligirt im& in publicum / , cjt-geben Ourd) MELCHIOREM ADAM PAS TOR HJM, J.U.DJpocbfuffrlQ5ran&enb.q5a!)rcuth.«Xof)r\^-- — i unt? Hiftoricum. „ Q/t^K. $tt QiTUQ\m&l)tfi Authoris, 1702. J Title Page of M. A. Pastorius' "Franconia Rediviva " The Founder of Germantown 23 and shipped up the river Enns to the City of Enns, where the Enns empties into the Danube. Passing Ipsstein, Grembs, and Kornneuburg, he arrived in Vienna on the 12th of September, and continued his journey on the 15th by way of Fischbach to Pressburg, where he met his old fellow-student in the Ger man College, Baron de Hedruar, who treated him magnificently and introduced him to a number of magnates and counts, among them Palffi, Nadasti, and Hommonai. September 27th the coron ation of Ferdinand IV took place and the Imperial Court re turned to Vienna, whither Pastorius also went with Count Hom monai. The Count offered Pastorius the hospitality of his table. As the events of the war had become more ominous, Pas torius was warned by his brother to return at once to Rome. Accordingly, on the 20th of November, he left Vienna, going by hackney-coach to Steier, and thence by way of Seekirchen and Sanct Georgen whence the prelate sent him by horseback to the Monastery at Salzburg, where he had free entertainment. Here he met again his old friend Ziirletto. Thence he con tinued his journey to Waidering, Brixen, Bozen, Trient, Verona, Ferrara, Bologna, Loreto, Macerata, Tolentino, Foligno, on to Rome, where he was greeted by his brother at the end of De cember, 1647. Here he continued the study of jurisprudence, practicing in the Roman trials with his brother, and informing himself in the details of his brother's cases, particularly in the cases of Philippus Christophorus of Zoteren, the Elector of Trier, taking his brother's place in the business. On the 26th of April, 1648, his brother returned to Germany, leaving Melchior Adam Pastorius in his place as Resident at Rome for the Elector of Trier. This position Melchior Adam held for a period of five months, at the end of which, on the 12th of September, he left Rome in the com pany of Bartholomaeus Nagel, M. D., passing by way of Rig- nano to Otricoli. The next day they went by way of Narni and Terni to Spoleto, on the 14th by way of Foligno to Sera- 24 Francis Daniel Pastorius valle, the 15th by way of Vallemara to Tolentino, the 16th by way of Macerata to Loreto, the 17th to Ancona, the 19th by way oi Fano to Pesaro, the 20th by way of Alia Catholica to Savig- nano, the 21st by way of Forli Grande to Faenza, the 22d by way of S. Nicolo to Bologna, where he remained four days. On the 27th in the evening he took ship for Ferrara, arriving the next day at noon. Here he met his old student friend of the German College, Bartholomaeus Dannazoll, who had meanwhile become a priest and now entertained him at the inn. On the day of his arrival at Ferrara, he met his old friend, the painter Andreas Petri of Prague, who had painted for him and his brother at Rome. This same day he took a coach for the river Po, where he embarked for Venice, arriving the following day. On the 31st of September he reached Padua, with its old Uni versity and splendid city hall, meeting here Dannazoll again. He then continued the journey on the 2d of October to Passano, Pass Kobol, by the rapid Brenta, to Primolano, Castelnuovo, arriving at Trient the 4th of October. Leaving Trient he passed on to Tramin and Solum. On the 5th of October he came to Bozen, where met another old friend, Otto Moritz von Kraus of Krauseck, who entertained him several days. On the 9th of October he journeyed on by way of Collmann to Brixen, on the 10th to Sterzingen, on the nth to the Brenner Pass, on the 12th by way of Steinach and Materan to Hall in the valley of the Inn, where he met his old friend Wolff gang Eber who had been his messmate in Rome, and who had taught him how to boil "kupfferweis."36a On the 13th of October he journeyed to Innsbruck, on the 14th, 15th, 16th by way of Ziel to Landeck, on the 17th to St. Jacob, on the 18th over the Adlersberg to Nenzig, the 20th-2ist by way of Rastriz, Neuburg, Ems to Monn- heim, where they crossed the Rhine. On the 24th they sailed across the Bodensee to Costniz, meeting there another old com- 3ea "Der zu Rom. bey mir im convictu gewesen war, und mich das Kupffer- weis zu sieden gelehret hatte" (Itinerarium, p. 35b). The Founder of Germantown 25 panion of the German College, Franciscus Drocken, then a canon at that place. On the 26th of October he came to Schaffhausen, where he met his old acquaintance, Johannes Wepfer, M. D., who took him to see the Falls of the Rhine. On the 29th of Octo ber he reached the Monastery Klingenau, and went the following day by ship to Laufenberg, where he and his friend Bartholo- maeus Nagel were entertained by the Ensign Emanuel Scho- nauer. He now journeyed on past Rheinfeld, arriving at Basel November ist. On the 3d of November they reached Breisach, where they received the first news of the Peace of Miinster and Osnabruck. Having secured passes, they went on to Strass- burg, November 5th, where they were entertained by a student of Rothenburg, and visited the Miinster. In Strassburg they bought a small boat and hired a boatman to take them to Mainz. The Tutor (Hofmeister) of the Polish Prince Razzivill went along with them, paying half the expenses. On the 7th of No vember they left Strassburg, at Philippsburg on the 9th they were held up by a Jew, who demanded toll, but producing their passes were allowed to proceed, and reached Speier the same day. On the 10th of November they went by way of Eigels- heim to Mannheim, where they found but six houses standing, the rest of the city having been razed to the ground.37 On the nth they reached Worms, noting particularly the inscription on the old tower, "Specula Vangionum." On the 12th of No vember they reached Oppenheim, viewing the beautiful pyramid erected to Gustavus Adolphus in memory of his crossing the Rhine. That evening they arrived at Mainz, where they ate their Christmas goose ("Martins Gans"), and took leave of Razzivill's tutor, who wished to take Pastorius with him to Poland, promising to make him a great and rich lord. This offer Pastorius foolishly declined, because, as he says himself, 87 This is a particularly interesting fact in contrast with the now large and flourishing city of Mannheim, which celebrated the Tercentennial of its elevation to cityhood in 1607. 26 Francis Daniel Pastorius he had determined to see that accursed France.373, On the 14th Pastorius journeyed to "Elvell and Erbach, in Willens," to see his sister Margaretha and her husband Laurentius Bebeler, but she had died meanwhile at the birth of her first child, Anna Maria, whom they showed him, lying in the cradle. On the 1 6th he proceeded to Bingen, and on the 17th down the Rhine passing the old castles on the way to Coblenz, where they were entertained from the wine cellars of the Elector of Trier. On the 19th they reached Miinster, on the 21st arrived at Trier, going to the house of Lucas Roerich, M. D., who had been their guest at Rome. Their meals they took at the Court table at Trier. On the 12th of December Pastorius reached Dieten- hofen, on the 14th Metz, on the 15th Pontimosson, on the 17th Nancy, on the 20th Toul, on the 24th Bar-le-Duc, Nagel having accompanied him on the journey. On the 28th of December they passed out of Lorraine into France, by way of Sendisi, reaching Vitry on the 29th and Chalons on the 31st. On the 3d of January, 1649, tnev left Chalons, but lost their way in the darkness and rain and were unable to find a bed to sleep in, until a barber took them in and gave them a place at his fireside. On the 6th of January they reached the city of Momi- rell, where they remained six days. On the 13th they journeyed to Forte where they were taken for spies, but were finally libera ted through the intervention of a grain dealer, who secured a boat for them, and had them set over the river secretly. They then proceeded to Meaux and arrived in Paris the 17th of January, 1649. To Paris Pastorius devotes the following verses : 3,a Pastorius writes: "Nam ich uon dem Razziuillischen Hoffmeister Vrlaub welchem fast die augen ubergiengen und mich gerne mitt in Pohlen gehabt hette mitt Versprechen Einen grossen und Reichen Herren aus mir zu machen, aber ich schlug es vnvorsichtiglich ab, und rennete in mein eigen Vngliick, in dem§ ich mir all zu feste vorgenomen hatte das vermaledeyte Franckreich zu besichtigen." (Itinerarium, p. 38a.) The Founder of Germantown 2/ "Laus Lutetiae Parijsiorum. Se laudent aliae, pro me modo Fama loquatur Si poterit uero murmure Fama loqui Nam mea Maiestas non uno cernitur anno Ampla nimis spacium longius ilia cupit Ipsa mihi uix nota, vias, Turresque Domosque Non numero, immensi singula Nomen habent Tarn grandem bifido scindit me Sequana cursu Tectaque Pontigera Regia lambit aqua."37b The city of Paris was at this time in a state of siege and disorder. Prince Conde had blockaded all the thoroughfares, and famine threatened the city. The friendly offices of a Mem ber of Parliament secured Pastorius his personal liberty. He took quarters at the home of a Dr. Heilmann in Saint Germain and laid in his own provisions, living quietly to avoid the dan gers of the tumult. -He left Paris on the 17th of June, 1649, with Lucas Kleilein,370 as his traveling companion, and journeyed by way of Corbeil, Myli, Montagni, St. Jean, Briard, Soleil, Molin, Poroin, and Palaisse, arriving at Roan July the ist, and passed on thence to St. Martin and La Brelle and Lyons. On the 5th of July he proceeded to Burg without Kleilein, who had escaped with some of Pastorius' manuscripts and other effects, avoiding a board bill in Lyons; thence, July 8th to Nantua; July 9th to Cologna and Geneva, the 12th to Newis, the 13th to Lausanne, the 14th to Orbon, the 15th to Solothurn, the 1 6th to August, arriving on the 18th at Basel. On the ist of September he left Basel for Germany, passing St. Blasius in the Black Forest, where he met an old fellow student of the German College, Father Blasius Sarwei, who gave him the freedom of the Monastery. He journeyed thence to Villingen, Rothweil, Tubingen, Hohentwiel and Stuttgart, where he had an interview with Dr. Johann Vallentin Andreas, who was Court Preacher there, and wished to give him a position at Court, "b Cf. Itinerarium, p. 40b. "oNagel had been dropped by Pastorius, because he had paid back the money Pastorius lent him with doubtful paper. 28 Francis Daniel Pastorius which he, however, declined. On the 27th of August, he left Stuttgart for Cannstatt, Marbach, Bottwar, Jaxthausen, Hab- hausen, Rottingen, Lauda, Reigelsberg, Ingolstadt, and Winter- hausen, where he was kindly received on the 29th of August by Wilhelm Trew, the Pastor of the place, and stepfather of his former traveling companion, Bartholomaeus Nagel. He asked Trew to give him money on Nagel's paper, but failing to re ceive cash upon his note from the parson, who put him off with the proffer of wine not yet sold, he returned to the Electoral Court at Wiirzburg, whence he had set out on his journey to Rome five years before. 37d Pastorius was weary of this aimless wandering and wished a prominent position for the practice of his profession. He sought an audience with the Elector Johann Philipp, Archbishop of Mainz, explained to him his change of plan from the study of theology to that of jurisprudence, and asked his favor and commendation. As the Court was then being held in Wiirzburg, Pastorius was told to wait patiently until it was over. He took quarters with the City Captain ("Stadthauptmann") and had his meals at the Electoral table. He then had a cask of the Win- terhausen wine sent to his quarters to enliven his spirits. His Itinerdrium contains a most interesting account of the events at the Electoral Court at this time. Pastorius then sought another audience with the Archbishop and asked for a recommendation to the Count of Limpurg. The Archbishop gave him the follow ing letter:"Iohann Philipp uon Gottes Gnaden Ertz Bischoff zu Meyntz u. Churfiirst. Wohlgebohrner Lieber Getrewer aus der Innlage hastu zu ersehen was der Hochgelehrte vnser Lieber Besonder Melchior Adam Pastorius an vns gelangen lassen gleich wie wir nun dessen Wohlfart gerne befordert sehen mochten, also zweiffelt vns nicht Du werdest diese vnsere Recommendation so weith gultig sein lassen 87<1 The names of smaller places are given in the form found in the Itine rarium. A brief sketch of his journey is found also in his letter to his grand sons (cf. Beschreibung, p. io8ff). In this letter he relates the story of his finding a dead man under his bed in an Italian inn. Record of the Marriage of Pastorius' Parents (From the Church Book in Sommerhausen) / Record of Pastorius' Baptism (From the Church Book in Sommerhausen) / ¦An* J b f i t Mu h} f\ -l#i V ^i. •> « k '' , ','^ Burial Record of Pastorius' Mother (From the Church Book in Sommerhausen) The Founder of Germantown 29 damitt selbiger nach seinen qualitaten bester massen moge unterge- bracht und befordert werden. Das begehren wir in dergleichen fallen in Genaden ( Wormitt wir Dir forderist wohl bey gethan verbleiben :) zu erkennen willig. Vnd versehen vns der Willfahr- ung. Datum vnserer Statt Wiirtzburg den 27. Nou. i649."37e This document secured Pastorius the desired appointment in the service of Count Georg Friedrich of Limpurg, in Sommer hausen. His joy over the prospect of a new life is expressed in many of his poems dedicated later to Count Georg Friedrich and Franciscus, the new heir apparent, and to the members of the Sommerhausen circle, which he now entered. Important changes took place in Pastorius' religious and social life during the first weeks of his sojourn in Sommerhausen. He laconically sums it up as follows (in English translation) : "With these recommendations I betook myself to Sommer hausen, was well received by his Lordship Georg Friedrich of Lim purg, and married the estimable and virtuous Lady, Magdalena Dietz ; composed in writing my Evangelical Confession of Faith, left the Papal tenets and together with his Lordship of Limpurg partook of the Holy Sacrament on Christmas Day, 1649."38 The order of events is reversed in the Itinerarium. We learn from the Actus Nuptiales of Sommerhausen that he married, Jan uary 22, 1650. The entry runs as follows : "Dn. Melchior Adamus Pastorius Erphordensis, I. V.D., welcher mit vorhingelegter Bapstischen religion, sich zu vnserer allein seelig- machenden Evangel, religion v. einer vngeanderten Augspurgisch. confession mit hertz v. mundt offentlich bekandt, auch bald darauf das hochw. abentmal in zweyerley gestallt, nach Christi selbst eigner stifftung, vf vorher empfangr privat absolution, genossen, nach- gehents auch offentlich, vff beschehene dreymalige offene procla mation v. gehaltener hochzeitpredigt, christ-ehe-v. ehrlich copuliret worden, mit der Ehr- v. Tugentsamen Fraw Magdalena, Weyland Hn. Johann Johms, Limp. Schultheiss allhier hinderlassener Wittib, den 22. Januarij."39 8Te Cf. Itinerarium, p. 48b. 88 Cf. his Itinerarium, p. 48b. The original is in German. 89 The original is presented in photographic reproduction from the part of the church record or Kirchenbuch with the superscription : "Sequuntur Actus nuptiales in ao 1650." 30 Francis Daniel Pastorius Magdalena, wife of Melchior Adam Pastorius, was born February 2, 1607. She was the daughter of Stephan Dietz, Bailif of Main-Nordheim in Brandenburg.40 November 17, 1629, she married Heinrich Frischmann, Steward of Workhausen, and bore him three children, all of whom died young. After the death of her first husband, November 17, 1634, she married Johann Johm, Steward in Sommerhausen, Febru ary 18, 1639. The issue of this union was four children, but two of whom, Margaretha and Ludwig, lived to any considerable age. January 3, 1648, Johm died,41 leaving her a widow for the second time. She married Melchior Adam Pastorius January 22, 1650. The only child of this union was Francis Daniel Pastorius, the subject of this work. Magdalena died on Good Friday, March 27, 1657, and was buried in the graveyard in Sommerhausen, by the pastor of Winterhausen, her own pastor being ill at the time of the funeral.42 Both Melchior Adam, her husband, and Francis Daniel, her son, have left loving and tender words touching her character. The former has the following verses in an anagram : "Von kindheit auff im Creutz und Nothstand must ich stecken Mich that der Kriegesschwall und manche pliindrug schrecken Mein's Vatters Haus und Hoff, auch was erwarb mein Mann Must mitt dem Riicken ich als Wittib schauen an. In solcher Creutzes Schuel lernt ich die Welt uerachten Vnd deren Eyttelkeit vonn innern grund betrachten Ich sprach : O spare da Mein Gott einst doch die peyn O Iesv an dir hangt mein Gantze Lieb allein."48 " F. D. Pastorius' Genealogical Sketch and M. A. P.'s Itinerarium (p. 114b)." Cf . the Totenbuch of Sommerhausen for 1648 : "G. Johann Johm, Praetor allhier, hat das zeitliche gesegnet, ist auch mit christlichen Ceremonien zur erden bestattet worden, den 4 Februarij." "The record in the Totenbuch for 1657 is as follows: "Fr. Magdalena, Hn. D. Pastorii eheliche Hausfr. mit dem choro musico, vom Hn. Trewen, Pfarrer zu Winterhausen, in meiner [des hiesigen Pfarrers Nikolaus Hoehn] Krankheit christl. v. ehrlich zu grab geleitet v. eingesarket worden * * * am 29. Martii." 43 Cf. Itinerarium, p. 114b and p. 115a. Sommerhausen in 1903. (Inner and Outer Wall with a Round Tower. MZ HW >z nw -J o Ho w?3 ino g £M SOa> aenw z The Founder of Germantown 31 Her husband, Melchior Adam Pastorius, gave public expres sion to her virtues in a printed sermon, as we learn from her son, Francis Daniel:44 "My sd father testifying his sincere & constant affection towards her in a printed Funeral Coment upon the words of Holy David, Psal. 73 : v. 25. & 26. which were in a maner her Symbolum, Motto or Device, and found according to Martin Luther's Dutch translation verbatim thus: When J have but thee, J care not for Heaven and Earth, And though my body & Soul do pine away, yet art thou, O God, always the Comfort of my heart & my Portion. She was a Woman fearing the Lord, and ready to help the poor and the Sick as much as in her lied, having for that end a small Apothecary-shop in her own house, being herself pretty skilful in Physick. &c. J shall say no more of her, whom J lost too early, but 6. years & 6. months old." At the time when Pastorius went to Sommerhausen, Fran ciscus, the young son and heir apparent of Count Georg Friedrich of Limpurg, was but twelve years of age, and was under the in struction of tutors. Although Der Limpurgische Ehrensaal™ mentions only one of these tutors, Georg During of Kitzing, a student of theology, it is quite likely that Pastorius had an im portant part in the young count's education. Before Franz reached his majority his father, Count Georg Frederich, died, Oc tober 5, 1 65 1, and the young count was placed under guardians. The efficiency of Franz's tutors, as well as his own native ability, was soon to be put to a test. As Count of Limpurg it was his office to serve as hereditary Imperial Cupbearer at the coronation of the new Emperor, in default of older representatives of the house. In the year 1653 Emperor Ferdinand III. sum moned the Imperial Diet at Regensburg for the coronation of his newly elected successor, Ferdinand IV. As the older representa tives of the house of Limpurg, Erasmus and Johann Wilhelm, " Cf. F. D. Pastorius' Genealogical Sketch. " From an extract kindly furnished me by her Ladyship, Christine Erb- grafin v. Rechteren Limpurg, from Der Limpurgische Ehrensaal von Georg Salomon Ziegler, Limpurg 1739. 32 Francis Daniel Pastorius were unable, because of age or infirmity, to perform the office of cupbearer, it was decided that young Franz, though only sixteen years of age should assume the office. Arriving at Regensburg after a twenty-four hours' ride in a diligence, he found that the order had been changed in favor of 'Count Sinzendorff, in the Maase'. Franz, nothing daunted, made open protest to the as sembled knights, was restored to his rightful place and on the 8th of June served as cupbearer at the coronation, and on the 25th of July, in the same capacity at the coronation of the Empress. Not withstanding the fact that he was at first refused horse, saddle and armor for the ceremony, he finally obtained his full equip ment and returned home with honor and distinction to continue his studies in preparation for the university. In the autumn of 1655 he entered the then flourishing University of Altdorf,46 as the following matriculation will show: D. 25, Oct., 1655. Franciscus, Baro in Limpurg, S. R. I. Pincerna haereditarius semperque Liber.47 In June, 1656, Franz returned home, but set out the follow ing September, accompanied by his tutor (Hofmeister) Rudolph Graf, J. U. D., for France, returning April 26, 1658, to Som merhausen. On the 27th of October, 1659, he went with one servant to Italy, where he learned the Italian language and saw with his own eyes "des Pabstums Greuelwesen," at Rome.48 After his return from Italy, in 1660, he collected a large library and assumed the rule of his domains. In 1663 he married Fr. Maria Juliana geb. Grafin von Hohenloh-Langenburg, widow of Johann Wilhelm of Limpurg- Schmidefeld. Count Franz ruled twelve years and died at the early age of thirty-six, No vember 16, 1673. Pastorius has left us a touching tribute to 48 Near Niirnberg. 47 Cf. Georg Andreas Wills, Geschichte und Beschreibung der Nurnber- gischen Vniversitat Altdorf. Altdorf, 1795, p. 244. 48 Cf. Der Limpurgische Ehrensaal, I.e. House of Melchior Adam Pastorius. Sommerhausen. The Founder of Germantown 33 Count Georg Friedrich, both in German and Latin verses.49 The first four of the German verses give a portrait of the count's personal appearance: "Ob ich zwar uon Gestalt was scharff bin anzusehen So in Soldaten Stand so pfleget herzugehen Bin ich doch im Gemuth der Demuth zugethan Vnd hat bey mir Gehor, so Klein : als Grosser Mann." The Latin verses bespeak Pastorius' own loss in the death of the Count, Georg Friedrich : "O quantus mihi Fautor obit ! quantusque Patronus ! Protector Patriae dum Fridericus obit O mea pars animae, meus Vltor, et Altor opimus Dum mea mens super est, Te super astra feret." Also for the young Count Franz, Pastorius had a like affec tion, as the following verses will show : "Quantum inimica Patris Fridridi Fata dolorem Mcestitiamque animo contribuere meo Tantam laetitiam de Te Francisce recepi Qui meus et Patriae factus es ipse Parens Intrepidus Patriae Patrem tunc sicce precabor Da ius, Da requiem Da populogue Cibum." Notwithstanding the departure of Count Franz for the uni versity and his long journeys to France and Italy, the position of Pastorius in Sommerhausen must have promised permanency, for in 1655, the year of the young Count's departure for the uni versity, he built a substantial house in Sommerhausen, which is still standing (1903) in a good state of preservation. The in scription on the datestone, not at the corner of the house but at the left of the front door, runs thus : 50 48 Cf. Itinerarium, p. 50b and p. sia-b. "The author is indebted to the present (1903) occupant of the house for the privilege of examining the interior and of having the house and date stone photographed, and to Lehrer Friedrich Gutmann and his son, of Som merhausen, for assistance. 34 Francis Daniel Pastorius MELCHOIR ADAMUS PASTORIUS ANNO DOMINI 1655 SVO AERE EX FVNDAMENTIS HOC HABITACVLVM SVO SVORVMQUE VSVI PARAVIT. Translation : "Melchior Adam Pastorius built this dwelling from the founda tions with his own money for the use of himself and his family. Anno Domini 1655." As may be seen from the accompanying plate, the inscription is cut in capitals about the coat-of-arms of the Pastorius family. The happiness of this new home was interrupted by the death of Magdalena, in 1657. The father, left alone with his little Franciscus, married as his second wife, Eva Margaretha, maiden daughter of John Gelchsheimer, J. U. D. and Jur. Consul. of the Imperial City of Windsheim, February 9, 1658.51 The first child of this union, Susanna, was born December 7, 1658, but lived scarcely four months. The second daughter, who was given the same name, was born June 10, 1660, but lived only nine days. On May 31 a third child was delivered, still-born, by a Caesarean section made by a skillful barber or surgeon (Balbirer) named Georg Appoldt. The mother succumbed to the operation on the 19th of the following June. It was through his marriage with Margaretha Gelchsheimer that Pastorius transferred his residence from Sommerhausen to Windsheim. On the 3-13 of May, 1659, Johann Gelchsheimer died. His son-in-law, Melchior Adam Pastorius, was elected his successor and became a citizen of Windsheim, taking the bur- 61 The Itinerarium (p. 116a) contains Pastorius' own account: "Melchior Adam Pastorius hatte in dieser Erstern Ehe gelebt 7. Jahr und 10. Wochen. Vnd nach deme es sein Zuestand nicht leyden wolte mit seineni Sohnlein Francisco Daniele in die Lange In Sommerhausen zu verharren, hat er sich an des Wohl Edlen und Hochgelehrten Herren lohann Gelchsheimers der Rechten Doctoris und des Heyl. Rom. Reichs Statt Windsheimb bestellten Consulentens Jungfraw Tochter Euam Margaretham verheurathet den 0 Febr. 1658." iff ERE It/NCI S; -!ABiTACV"% SL.eAR'H/l:"V Datestone of the Pastorius House. Sommerhausen. The Founder of Germantown 35 gher's oath on the ist of August, 1659. The Burger und Sieb- nerbuch52 of Windsheim contains the following entry : "Hr Melchior Adam Pastorius Jurium Doctor von Erfurt ausz Thiiringen, so sich zu Hn Dr Johann Gelchsheimers, consulenten alhie ehl. Dochter verheirathet, ist burger worden, und hat die ge- wohnliche Pflicht abgelegt, den 1. Aug. 1659."53 Having thus entered deeply into the official life of Winds heim with his only surviving child, Francis, still in need of ma ternal care, Pastorius married as his third wife widow Bar bara Greulich, of Hiittenheim, January 21, 1662. Barbara's maiden name was Heider. This tinion was without issue. Bar bara died March 26, 1674. The city chronicle,54 of Windsheim has the following entry for this year and month (in translation) : "The 29th Lady Barbara, the beloved wife of Burgomaster Pastorius was buried, aged 68 years." Now that the only son, Francis Daniel, was prepared for the university, the father, Melchior Adam, married, September 22, 1674, as his fourth and last wife, Dorothea Esther Volckmann, maiden daughter of Adam Volckmann, J. C, of the city of Niirn berg.55 The City Council of Windsheim voted ten Reichsthaler 62 Excerpted from the original MS. vol. of the Burger und Siebner Buch in Windsheim. I wish to acknowledge the kindly assistance of his Honor the Burgo master, of the City Accountant, Matthias Geuder, and of the Rev. Rud. Herold, resident Deacon, of Windsheim. 88 Pastorius himself gives the following account in his Itinerarium (p. 122a) : "Den 3-13 maij. 1659. starb Herr lohann Gelchsheimer I. V. D. und Consulent des H. Rom. Reichs Statt Windsh. An dessen stelle sein Tochtermann Melchior Adam Pastorius Ordentlich Beruffen worden lauth Bestallungs-Notul, und Beschreibung der Aduocatur Verrichtungen. Den 30. Sept. Anno 1659. wurde Melchior Adam Pastorius durch Ordentliche Wahl in den Eiissern Raths Stand gewohlet." 54 Cf. Chronica Windsheimensis II. 163 (March, 1674): "Den 29. ist be- graben worden Frau Barbara Herrn Biirgermeisters Pastorii Eheliebste war 68. Jahr alt." 55 The Chronica Windsheimensis II. 163 (Sept., 1674), has the following: "Den 22. Hat Herr D. und Biirgermeister Pastorius mit Jungfer Dorothea Esther, weiland Herrn Adam Volckmanns, gewesenen Hoffraths und Lehen- vorstehers zu Bayreuth nachgelassene Tochter in Stadt Niirnberg Hochzeit gehabt und sind Ihnen von einem Hoch Edlen Rath 10. R. thaler verehret worden." 36 Francis Daniel Pastorius as a wedding present. This union had an issue of four children : Johann Samuel, who was born October 15, 1675, and died much lamented in the bloom of youth, October 18, 1687; Anna Cath- arina, born March 20, 1678; Margaretha Barbara, born August 14, 1680, and Augustin Adam, born August 5, 1682. The birth of Johann Samuel had revived the hopes and fam ily pride of Melchior Adam. His eldest son, Francis Daniel, was away studying at German universities, and the father could now lay plans for rearing another son to comfort his advancing years. When the light of this young life was prematurely extinguished, it seemed as if the father's heart would melt with grief. He pours out his sorrow in eight anagrams and devotes to his son's memory a dozen or more poems in German and Latin verses. In like manner Magister Georgius Leonhardus Modelius, Rector of the school in Windsheim, gives expression in a Latin eulogium 56 to his grief over the early death of the youth full of hope and promise. The most pathetic verses of the father are those en titled: Genommener Abschied Johannis Samuelis Pastorii uon seinem Herrn V otter, den 18 Aug., 1687: "Ach hertzgelibter Vatter mein Seh't doch an dise hauth und Bein Kont ihr mir dann gar helffen nicht Eh' mir mein mattes Hertz zerbricht. Der Vatter antworttet: Ach Liebster Sohn ich seh dein qual Du iammerst mich ohn maas und Zahl Von hertzen grund ich helffen wolt Wann ich nur wiiste wie ich solt."57 In Windsheim Melchoir Adam Pastorius spent the best years of his life. He rose rapidly to the highest position of trust in the Imperial City, and distinguished himself in the execution of his duties as well as by his pen. The circle of colleagues and friends ' Cf. Itinerarium, p. 130a. ' Ibid, p. 133a and b. The Founder of Germantown 37 with whom he had closest association may be seen in the follow ing poem entitled : "Salve Windshemium. clamat pius Aduena Pastor : Hi sunt, quos veniens ( :ducturus in Vrbe maritam:) Inueni Patres praepositos Patriae Mercklinus turn Praetor erat. Ramminger et Eisen Cum Neuber Consul Stellwagiusque simul Postmodo Knor, Kilian, Vitus, Keget, atque Ioachim Seufferlin, Strampffer, Iann Vogel, atque Nagel. Dienst, Mercklein, Vogel et Stellwag, Zinck, Scheller Idolfl Mercklein cum Weyknecht, Neuber, Egoque simul."57a Pastorius' honors followed in quick succession from "Con- sulent" and membership in the "Aeusserer Rath" to "Aelterer Biirgermeister" and "Oberrichter," as the following calendar drawn from the records of Windsheim will show: 1659, August 1, took oath of citizenship as "Consulent." 1661, September 30, elected member of the "Aeusserer Rath." 1670, September 27, elected Elder Burgomaster.58 1670, September 29, made Auditor of Church Accounts and Landassessor.59 1671, October 17, made "Wassergraf." 60 1 68 1, made Director of the Hospital.603, B7a Cf . Itinerarium, p. 61a. 58 The Chronica Windsheimensis (Bd. II. p. 133) has the following entry for September, 1670: "Dienstag den 27 ist. Herr Melchior Adam Pastorius J. U. D. zum altern Biirgermeister erwehlet worden." 58 Cf. Chronica Windsheimensis (II. 138), Sept. 29, 1670: "Den 29 sind Herr Simon Sigmund Nagel und Herr Otto Kunz Feuerstatt, wie auch der letztere Baubesichtiger und nebst Herrn Johann Georg Miiller Caspar Merk- lein, Siebner Herr Georg Miiller Wiirzschauer und Herr Biirgermeister Pasto rius Gotteshaus Rechnungs-abhorer und Landsteurer worden." 80 Cf. Chronica Windsheimensis (II. 163), October, 1671 : "Herr Bur- germeister Pastorius und Herr Andreas Strampfer Wassergrafen." eoa In his letter to his grandsons, M. A. Pastorius gives a list of 23 differ ent offices and capacities in which he served the city of Windsheim (cf. Beschreibung, pp. 118-119). 38 Francis Daniel Pastorius 1692, September 30, elected "Statt Ober Richter." This election was confirmed by the Emperor,60b with the award of the usual diploma, May 18, 1693. 60c The oath of office, recorded in the Kreis-Archiv in Niirnberg, with Pastorius' seal affixed, runs as follows : "Ich Melchior Adam Pastorius J. C. dess Innern Raths und alterer Burgemeister allhier in des heyl. Reichs Statt Windsheim thue kunth mitt disem Brieff alien denen die ihn sehen, lesen oder horen, Als, mir das Ober Richter Ampt zu ietzt bemelten Wind sheimb, ( :darzue ich durch die wohl Edle Veste fursichtige und hochweise herren Burgemeister und Rath diser Statt Windsheimb erkieset und erwohlet,:) verlihen, vnd furter durch den Allerdurch- leuchtigsten Grosmachtigsten und vniiberwindlichsten Fursten und herrn herrn Leopoldum dieses Nahmens den Ersten Romischen Kayser zu alien Zeitten Mehrern des Reichs .... Meinen allergna.- digsten herren allergnadigst zuegesagt und verwilligt ist. Bekenne in krafft dises Brieffs das ich mich gegen denen herren Burgemei- stern, Rath und Gemeiner Statt Windsheim der hernach beschribenen Stuck und Articul Verpflichtet, Verbunden und Verschriben habe, Verpflich'te, Verbinde, und Verschreibe mich also in krafft dieses Brieffs, das ich mehrgenanter Statt Windsheimb dero angehorigen Leuten und Guthern getrewlich Vorstehen will, mitt gutem, Trewen und besten Vermogen Ihren frommen zu werben und ihren Schaden zu warnen, auch alle gute Recht und gewohnheitten derselben ihrer Statt helffen zu halten, zu mehren und nicht zu mindern in keine Weis, vnd insonderheit meines Vermogens daran und darob sein das alle Freyheitten und Begnadungen Gemeiner Statt von Ro mischen Kaysern und Konigen gegeben, gehalten, und darwider nicht gehandelt, Auch Einem ieden Arm : und Reich gebiihrendes Recht- ens gestatt: und mittgetheilet werde. Vnd ob sich kunfftig Ver- fugte, das ich uor mehrwohlgedachten herren Burgemeister und Rath zu ihrer gelegenheit Von demselben Ampt entsetzt wiirde ( :welches Sye dann ieder Zeit zu thun, auch mich zu entsetzen, und Einen andern an meine Statt nach ihrem wohlgefallen und nach" ausweis ihrer Priuilegien ihnen dariiber gegeben, zu erwohlen und 6°b Chronica Windsheimensis (II. 571 ), Dec, 1693. "Dienstags den 29. ist Herr brgstr Pastorius zu einem Ober Richter eligiret, und den 18 Maji, 1693. von Ihro Kayln. Majeste confirmiret worden. Die Confirmation hat 47 fl. 30 kr. gekostet. Quo facto ist den I4ten 7br. 1693. Er Pastorius, bey ganzem Rath altem Herkommen nach unter hand gegebner Treii Herrn bgrstr Karneffern an Aydesstatt bestattiget und in die Function eingesetzet worden." "°c Cf. Liber Intimissimus. Melchior Adam Pastorius' Signature and Seal. The Founder of Germantown 39 auff zunehmen macht haben das ich ohne irrung und Eirrtrag Mein : und manniglichs uon meinetwegen, dessen gewarttig sein, mich auch mit Keinem Behelff noch Auszug wie mann die erdencken und furnehmen mocht, darwider nicht suchen. Auch Einen Wohl Edlen Rath an Ihren Rathshandlungen, Ordnungen, Wahl und in andere Weg keinen Eintrag widersprechen oder hindernuss nicht thun, son- dern mich allein dess halten soil und will, was mir in Krafft meines Ober Richter Ampts zu thun, und auszurichten gebiihrt, getrewlich und ohne alles gefahrde. Vnd das Jch obgenanter Melchior Adam Pastorius Alles was hierinnen geschriben, Vnd Eines wohledlen Raths habende Frey- heiten einuerleibt, steth, Vest, und Vnuerbriichlich halten soil und will, habe ich offtermelten Burgemeister und Rath zu Windsheim mitt hand gebenden Trewen gelobt, Auch zu wahrer Vrkunth disen Reuers mitt eigenen handen Vnterschriben, und mein gewohnlich eigen Insiegel hier Vorgedruckt. So geben und geschehen Donnerstags den 15. September Jm Jahr nach Christi Vnsers Erlosers und Seligmachers Geburth 1693. L. S. Melchior Adam Pastorius J. C. Revers Burgemeister Ober Richters Melchioris Adami Pastorij." All efforts to locate the house in which Pastorius lived in Windsheim proved fruitless. It is said that the house stood near the city wall, which has been torn down. The following refer ences were found to property held or used by him. The first is from January of the year 1680, stating that two vacant places alongside the armory, where formerly the dwellings of Barthol Diepolt and Melchior Schwartz stood, were turned over to Bur gomaster Pastorius for his use under certain conditions.61 The second is from November, 1695, stating that this ground is ceded to Pastorius with the understanding that he build a small house on it.62 ™ Cf. Chronica Windsheimensis (II. 427), January, 1680: "Den 9. sind Herrn Brgstr Pastorio, nach einem ausgefertigten Versicherungs Schein, die 2 : oden Hauszplatz, neben dem Zeughaus, worauf ehedessen Barthol Die- polts und Melchior Schwartzens Behausungen gestanden, auf gewisse Con dition zu usurpiren, und Dasz Ihnen ein Dill Darumb zu machen erlaubt seyn solje, tiberlassen werden." 82 Cf. Chronica Windsheimensis (II. 616), November, 1695: "Den 1. sind Herrn Ober-Richtern Pastorio die biszhero von Ihm usufructuarie in Besitz gehabte ode Hofraith beym Zeughaus, gegen die offerierte Aufbauung eines Hausleins, aigenthiimlich cediret worden." 40 Francis Daniel Pastorius The last years of Melchior Adam Pastorius in Windsheim were fraught with domestic troubles, which finally led to official friction and forced him to change his residence. The account given in the Chronica Windsheimensis 63 allows us to read much between the lines. In the first place we see evi dence of local, social and religious cabal. The first mistake was made by his wife Dorothea Esther (Volckmann) when she cir culated pasquils and induced her husband to interfere in the religious affairs of Windsheim, for which he paid severe and humiliating penalty. The social-religious strife naturally passed over into city politics, and Pastorius, now advanced beyond his three score years and ten, was unable to make aggressive defense. It is in a word another illustration of the danger of female squab bles and corroborates the adage, "Cherchez la femme." The result of this unpleasantness and humiliation was that Pastorius squared his account with a iooo reichsthaler and moved away from Windsheim, going first to Neustadt-on-the- Aisch, and thence to Niirnberg. Here he took up his residence in a small villa outside of the city wall, in front of the New Gate, belonging to the Marquis of Brandenburg.64 His two daughters65 married and lived in Niirnberg during the last four years of his life. Pastorius died in this villa, February 4, 1702, at the ripe age of yy years. He lies buried in the old St. Johannes Kirchhof, in Niirnberg, between the chapel and the nearest gate, in a place described locally as "Ta man predigt" (Wo man predigt, i. e., where the funeral sermon is preached). The grave is marked by 68 Cf. Chronica Windsheimensis, October 1-28, 1696. Christian Wilhelm Schirmer in his Geschichte Windsheims und seiner Nachbarorte (Niirnberg, Riege in Wiessne 1848) says simply that Pastorius moved to Niirnberg "wegen Verdriesslichkeiten mit dem hiesigen Rath." Schirmer's statement that Pastorius first met his wife, Eva Margaretha Gelchs heimer, at her father's funeral is incorrect. Dr. Gelchsheimer died May 3, 1659, nearly a year after Margaretha married Pastorius (Feb. 9, 1638). 84 Cf. F. D. Pastorius' Genealogical Sketch. "Anna Catharina, who married Matthias Wehrseim, Secretary of Niirnberg, December 6, 1698, and Margaretha Barbara, who married the same day Georg Richard Hammer, J. U. D., of Niirnberg (F. D. Pastorius' Gene alogical Sketch). rJSF?*^ Tombstone and Epitaph of Melchior Adam Pastorius. The Founder of Germantown 41 a thick sandstone slab, upon which the following epitaph is to be found enclosed in an oval in the old style of the Niirnberg patri cians : "Der Wohl Edle Vest und Hochgelahrte Herr Melchior Adam Pastorius Vornehmer JCtus, Wie auch Hoch Fiirstl : Brandenburg- Bayreuthischer Rath ist seelig in den Herrn entschlafen Ao. 1702. den 4 Februarij seines Alt : Jahr ii. 19. Woche."68 The career of Melchior Adam Pastorius is remarkable, not only for the fifty years of long service in the practice of his profession in Sommerhausen and Windsheim, but it is significant, because of his literary activity as a writer of prose and verse. His verse reflects, in a most interesting manner, the literary traditions of the first Silesian School of Poets, and in point of smoothness compares favorably with the best poetry of Martin Opitz of Boberfeld, or Simon Dach, or Paul Flem ing. In spirit he approaches most nearly the lyric tone of Flem ing, while in his fondness for occasional themes he suggests Dach. Pastorius was a very prolific writer both in Latin and in German, and left in addition to his printed works much matter in manuscript. In his Liber Intimissimus we find a list of some seventy books, presumably the essential part of his library.07 PRINTED WORKS. The following works by M. A. Pastorius were printed : 1. Romischer Adler. | Oder | Theatrvm | Electionis | et Corona- tionis | Romano-Caesareae, | Mit denen darbey | Interessirenden Hohen Stands- Personen. | In Zwey Theil repraesentirt. | . . . . Durch M. A. Pastorium J; V. D. [ Auch mit Kupffern gezieret. | Franckfurt am Mayn, | In Verlegung Georg Fickwirdts, Buch- handlers, | Getruckt bey Aegidio Vogeln. | Anno M.DC.LVII.88 The first suggestion of such a work may have come to 68 Cf . accompanying illustration. 87 Cf. the list at the end of the chapter. 88 The full title may be seen in the photographic reproduction included in this work. 42 Francis Daniel Pastorius Pastorius during his sojourn in Austria at the time of the coronation of Ferdinand IV as King of Hungary in 1647, an U IVM COMPLAOfcS'Ti i COMMUNICATUS (6. *"'¦ I ;MI 1(111(11(1 M)AMO I' v. roaio ( c. ".CHA Vi ¦;. .Htl.MAK.fc, Title Page of Melchior Adam Pastorius' "Fasciculus Rythmorum " The Founder of Germantown 43 rhymes. A short specimen will suffice to illustrate the character of the poem.70 3. Kurtze | Beschreibung | Des H. R. Reichs Stadt | Windsheim, | Samt | Dero vielfaltigen Unglucks-Fallen, | . . . . Niirn berg . . . 1692." , 71 This is a succinct account of the imperial city of Windsheim from its earliest beginning to the author's own time, giving a list of the Burgomasters and other high officials of the city. In the Archives of the city of Windsheim there is a manuscript of this work, which is evidently the original draft of the matter now found in the printed book. This manuscript713 bears the date of 1670, thus showing that the work antedates the printed book by a period of twenty- two years. It was in the year 1670 that Pastorius was elected Elder Burgomaster, Auditor of Church Accounts, and "Landassessor." The work is thus an evidence of his growing interest in the affairs of the city of Windsheim. 4. Franconia | Rediviva | Das ist: | Des Hochloblichen | Francki- schen Craises | So wohl Genealogische, | als Historische | Be schreibung, | in welcher enthalten: | . . . . | Alles mit Fleisz colligirt und in publicum | gegeben durch | Melchiorem Adam. Pastorium, | J. U. D. Hochfiirstl. Brandenb. Bayreuth. Raht | und Historicum. | In Verlegung desz Authoris. 1702. In the Chronica Windsheimensis72 we read that this book was printed in Schwabach, but was confiscated by the censor, 78 "Ach HErr und GOtt. Sih an die Noth Wie ich hier steck in Sunden Roth, Mich armes Kind Sehr qualt die Siind Die ich im Gwissen starck empfind." 71 Cf . the photographic facsimile for full title. "a Cf. the photographic facsimile. 72 Cf. Chronica Windsheimensis, October 1-28, 1696: "In Niirnberg hat Er dem franckn. Crays, unterm Praedicat alsz Hoch Fiirstl brandenburgr Rath und Historicus einen Tractat sub Titulo: Franconia rediviva: Den er zu Schwabach drucken lassen, dedicirt; Dieses Opus, worinnen aller winds- heimische Unterthanen und geistliche Vorfalle, wieder seinem auszgestellten Revers public gemachet ist von Craysseswegen confisciret worden." 44 Francis Daniel Pastorius because Pastorius had made use of the title "Hochfiirstl branden- burghr Rath und Historicus."72a In this statement we see traces of the old trouble in Windsheim. The extant copies of the book bear the press mark of 1702, and make no mention of Schwa bach as the place of printing. It seems doubtful that there was an earlier printed edition of the work. If the extant' edition is the same as that which was confiscated, it must be said that the Secretary, who made the entry in the Chronica Windshei mensis, seems never to have read the work, as it is difficult to find such objectionable passages as he mentions. The passages reflecting on Windsheim are to be sought either in the chapter entitled "Einige Merckwiirdige Begebenheiten in der Stadt Windsheim," or in the rather strong statement touching the decadence of the city, which the author tucked away in the chapter entitled "Von Einigung und Biindnussen." The few "Merckwiirdige Begebenheiten" are of much earlier date than the troubles in Windsheim and for the most part too trivial to be considered. The passage referring to the decline of Winds heim runs thus : "Und aus diesen und noch vielmehr dergleichen Begegnussen leicht abzumercken ist, worum diese alte Reichs- Stadt in eine solche fast unbeschreibliche Decadents gerathen ist, woraus sie sich in einem gantzen Seculo schwerlich wieder schwingen wird." 7S It is evident from the context, however, that Pastorius has in mind here the damage done by the Thirty Years' War, and does not intend the slightest reflection upon the Windsheimers of 1690-1700. It must be noted too that the Franconia Rediviva of 1702 has his title, "Hochfiirstl. Brandenb. Bayreuth. Rath und Hirtoricum," on the title page. Hence we are inclined to look critically upon the rather severe account of the Chronica "a Melchior Adam Pastorius made application, in 1697, for the Imperial privilege of using the title: "Historicus et Comitis Palatini" (cf. Macco, Familie Pastor, p. 8). 78 Cf . Franconia Rediviva, p. 339. ivOFVMA CiviTATi$ IMP: ItiKtKJZ wiND^HElMEMSIS. Vni'ut'rja.1- j8e/VV|/5 wyfifiin. •D *V A . nP ?" .0. > / Jn,n r o Owvmk-4. 5-a-^A "&a~pr'&>£t~t 'AM.f+ph-v +f& W^) / & '1 >• ^^V* • J ur>foi #'ri cm/ J */f vaJc/\/ C9 xS^j.^^ . > ^V : L _ ^ ti I Title Page. — Manuscript. Original Form of Pastorius' "Kurtze Beschreibung" of Windsheim. Published in 1692. The Founder of Germantown 45 Windsheimensis. It is more likely that some of the incidents published by Pastorius in his Kurtze Beschreibung Des H. R. Reichs Stadt Windsheim in 1692 had given offense and were still remembered by the censor.738, UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS. A great part of the writings of Melchior Adam Pastorius seems to have remained in manuscript. It has been our good fortune to unearth a number of these manuscripts in the prepa ration of the present work. It is not at all impossible that others may exist and yet come to light. It will suffice here to indicate briefly the general character of the contents of these newly- discovered documents. Three different volumes of manuscripts have been found, all in small octavo of the time, bound in leather with gilt or stained edges and clasps, evidently bound for the author himself for permanent preservation. The writing is in the author's fine clear hand and easily legible for those ac quainted with German script. The volumes are here designated by the short titles (1) Itinerarium, (2) Prognosticon, (3) Liber Intimissimus. The fuller titles follow below :73b 1. Melchioris Adami Pastorii | Erffvrtensis | Itinerarivm | et Vitae Cvrricvlvs. | Dast ist : | Seine Vollige Reis-Beschreibunge und gantzer Lebens Lauff. | Sampt einigen | Merckwurdigen Begebenheitten | und anzaigungen derer iedes Orths | befind- lichen Raritaten.74 This is the most important of all the three unprinted manu scripts of Pastorius, as it deals largely with his own life and "aFrancis Daniel Pastorius mentions in his Res Propria other printed works of his father: 1. Melch. Ad. Pastorij Contemplatio terrestr. Vanitatum. 2. M. A. Pastorij Soliloquia. 3. Ejusd. Jnstitutio Xtiana. 73 b The Itinerarium and Prognosticon were bought by Dr. Joseph G. Rosengarten, of Philadelphia. The Liber Intimissimus came to the Histori cal Society of Pennsylvania. "The verses following the title on the same page may be seen in the photographic reproduction. 46 Francis Daniel Pastorius times. The blank leaf has some records of births on the front page. The first numbered leaf contains the title with verses on both pages. Leaves 2-5 contain a description of the city of Erfurt: "Kurtze Beschreibung der Statt Erfurtt." Leaves 6-7 treating of the Jesuits are torn out. Leaves 10-48 give a description of Pastorius' studies and long journeys, interspersed with anagrams on his friends and acquaintances. The rest of the volume, leaves 49-243, is taken up with anagrams on mem bers of the Pastorius family and historical personages and with biographical notes. 2. Prognosticon | Siue | Calendarium Perpetuum | De Anni quali- tate et futuris Temporibus.75 This manuscript contains 406 leaves, many of which are blank. In addition to the prognostical part in the first 22 pages, the book contains a great amount of matter too miscellaneous to describe in detail, such as proverbs, a dictionary of common places in Latin verses, national characteristics, Aesopian wisdom, rhyme dictionary, generation of plants, and the last part of the book in German, entitled: "Schatz-Kammer Melchioris Adami Pastorii." 3. Liber | Intimiss | imvs Omnivm | Semper Mecvm | Continens Quern Diligo Solvm. | in Melchior Adam Pastorivs. Thesavrvm Thesavrorvm | Jesvm qvo vivo | et | in qvo moriar | ego I. C. |Natione Erffurtensis. Vocatione Consul senior et Praetor Windsheimensis. Aedilis | Scholarcha et Xenodochij Sancti Spiritus | Administrator. | Scripsi hunc Libellum Anno Christi 1697 et finiui 7. Iunij, 1701. This volume is devoted largely to poetic reflections and confessions growing out of the troubles of the last years of 75 The rest of the title page is filled with Latin verse and prose relat ing to the calendar and seasons. r* 5?utg< efgjjreiliung ©amt £)ero t>ie!fdfftgen UrtghicF& gdflet!/ unb wafjrbaffti'gcn Urfad)cn t&verfo grofs fcrtDccadenj unb ^rbat'mtiwji? -fortes fctgengutfanbcS/ ' •$Hten gtaubfofirbigen Documentls tm& SSrieffliwn Utfunben ( bet tfso Icbenben licbett 5Sur««fdliaffr/ unb 5D«0 9?a*Fommen / *u gutes SRacfrricfrt) alfo jufammen gerragen / unD in ben Sriicf gegeben fciiwfj Melchiorem Adamum Paftorium , hlmn 23urgemcijlern unb Dber^ich* tern m bejiigtet *2>rai>r. ©ebmeft in Sftfirnberg bty S&riftian ©i^munt) gro&er^ Title Page of M. A, Pastorius' "Windsheim." The Founder, of Germantown 47 the author's life, interspersed with autobiographical and personal notes, such as his last will and testament, his spiritual epitaph and his preparation for death. The lyric poems are deeply religious, and much of the book has an eschatological tone. There is an interesting exception in the case of a collection of proverbial rhymes, the best of which may serve as a specimen : "Demuth bringt vns zu ehren Wer sich nidrig halt zur Erden Wird uon Gott erhohet werden. Als Adam hackt und Eua spann, Wo war damals der Edelmann? Als Iacob huth des Labans^Schaff, Wo war damals Baron und Graff? Als Abraham gieng aus seim Land, Erhub ihn Gott zum Hohen Stand. Vnd als sein Glaube ward bewehrt, Gab er durch jhn das Heyl der Erd." The details of this chapter on the ancestors, and par ticularly on Melchior Adam Pastorius, will form an important background for the life and works of Francis Daniel Pastorius in the following chapters. The following copperplate prints of the following title pages of books by M. A. Pastorius are found pasted into the Liber Intimissimus (whether the books were printed or not has not been ascertained) : Melchioris Adami | Pastorii Amorosa Divina | Dast ist | Der von JESU geliebten u. | JESUM verliebten seelen | Innerliches und vertrauliches Gesprache. Melchioris Adami | Pastorii Ars Moriendi | oder | Schatzkamer der Klugheit | Einsten Frolich von dieser Welt ab | zuscheiden. Melchioris Adami Pastorii [ Meditatio. | De Extremo Judicio. | oder | Betrachtung der Letzten Rechenschafft | von einem jeden Unniitzen worte. 48 Francis Daniel Pastorius LIBRI MELCHIORIS ADAMI PASTORIJ MANUSCRIPTI. In Folio. I. Historia Vniversalis et Pontificum Vitae. In fol. 2. Loci Communes Bibliorum. In fol. 3. Veritas una sola et simplex. In fol. 4. Annotata super Struuium. In fol. 5. Oeconomia Melchioris A. P. In fol. In Quarto. 6. Loci Communes ex Corpore Iuris. 7. Compendium Postillae Lutheri. 8. Controversiae Fidei. 9. Alphabetum Poeticum. 10. Icones Mortis et alia E'mblemata. 11. Ioannis Tauleri notabilia dicta. 12. Aquila Imperij. In Octavo. 13. Icones Bibliorum Veteris Testamenti. 14. Icones Bibliorum Noui Testamenti. 15. Icones super Epistolas Petri, Pauli, etc. 16. Alphabetum Biblicum. Loci Communes. 17. Postilla manuscripta Omnium Prima. 18. Postilla manuscripta Secunda. 19. Postilla manuscripta Tertia impressa. 20. Bibel Bilder Veteris et Noui Testam. 21. Schola amoris diuini. , 22. Gebet Buch das Erste unter alien. 23. Memoriale Biblicum. 24. Beicht und Communion Buech. 25. Vermehrtes Beicht Buch. 26. Casus Conscientiae. 27. Aller Kunste Kunst. 28. Sacra Carmina. 29. Memoria Studiorum. 30. Quod libitum sentent. 31. Policeij Beschreibung. 32. Entraden Beschreibung. 33. Franckisch Crais Recess. 34. Instrumentum Pacis. 35. Rechtliche Bedencken. 36. Bibliorum Compendium. ^efjgreilnma jinWfieim/ Sami S>«o fciflfi.!fi8«t Un^Iucff-^iSQm' f«iO«<;i«lenjun6(JrSai-munjs Kin 3fu« ftlttn aUubKutliigin Document.* uuS fiWffBftM UtfS .-.V ¦ > ' - r SJiiifcluiSOsif.: tu»oi.r.< .-. 8«r«jtn/l»6lii tin 3#& HRpk'w^.1^1^ %? Library and Archives in Windsheim in 1903. The Founder of Germantown 61 Quos honorant & adorant Cardinales supplices. Quid periti? Eruditi sunt Doctores Artium, Quid sunt Harum, vel Illarum studiosi partium? Ubi truces Belli Duces? Capita militiae? Quos accendit & defendit rabies saevitiae. Tot & tanti, quanti quanti, umbra sunt & vanitas, Omne Horum nam Decorum brevis est inanitas. Qui vixerunt, abierunt, restant sola Nomina, Tanquam stata atque rata nostrae sortis Omina. Fuit Cato, fuit Plato, Cyrus, Crcesus, Socrates, Periander, Alexander, Xerxes & Hippocrates, Maximinus Constantinus, Gyges, Anaxagoras, Epicurus, Palinurus, Daemonax, Pythagoras. Caesar fortis, causa mortis, tot altarum partium, Ciceronem & Nasonem nil juvabat Artium. Sed Hos cunctos jam defunctos tempore praeterito, Non est e re, recensere. Hinc concludo merito : Qui nunc degunt, atque regunt Orbem hujus seculi, Mox sequentur, & labentur velut Schema speculi. Et dum mersi universi sunt in mortis gremium, Vel Infernum, vel aeternum sunt capturi praemium. Hincce Dei jesv mei invoco Clementiam, Vt Is sursum, cordis cursum ducat ad Essentiam, Trinitatis, quae Beatis summam dat Laetitiam."23 These Latin poems to Schumberg are introduced here to suggest the Latin atmosphere of the Gymnasium of Windsheim in which Pastorius acquired his preparation • for the university. Pastorius dedicated to his old preceptor Schumberg his first book bearing an American imprint, entitled : Vier kleine | Doch ungemeine | Und sehr nutzliche | Tractatlein | * * * * Germanopoli | Anno Christi M.DC.XC.28 25 That this Latin epistle attracted attention among Pastorius' fellow Ger mans in America even after his death, is seen from a copy of the major part of the letter found written in David Schultze's copy of Christoph Sauer's Calendar for 1756, now in the possession of Ex-Governor Samuel W. Penny- packer, who kindly permitted the writer to compare the text with the original print. The copy was evidently made from the Beschreibung, as it agrees, as far as copied, with the print, except that the Schultze copy has "Preceptorem"' in the title. Two MS. copies of this poem are extant, one in F. D. P., the other in the Beehive. The F. D. P. copy exhibits very considerable variants, and seems to be an original draft of the poem. 26 The imprint, "Germanopoli," is generally recognized to be fictitious. (Cf. S. W. Pennypacker, The Settlement of Germantown, Pennsylvania, etc., pp. 118, 121.) 62 Francis Daniel Pastorius Another indication of the intellectual alertness of Winds heim at this period is found in the rich collection of books stored" in the library previously referred to in this chapter. Here are found many vellums that bespeak the scholastic intelligence re flected by Schumberg. Among the books of particular interest to us are a copy of Tentzel's series of publications, Monatliche Unterredungen einiger guten Freunde von allerhand Buchern und andern annemlichen Geschichten, etc. (1689-1706), containing the earlier accounts of Francis Daniel Pastorius27 describing the province of Pennsylvania and the conditions in the new world, the original manuscript draft of Melchior Adam Pastorius' Beschreibung des H. Reichs Stadt Windsheim28 and a printed copy of his Fasciculus Rhythmorum.29 The association of Pastorius with the sons of many old and influential German families, while a student at the Gymnasium of Windsheim, must have been of inestimable advantage to him in after years, had he remained to practice his profession in his native land. It is clear that he enjoyed the best educational op portunities which his country afforded, and that he must have had his eyes opened to the newest knowledge demanded by those, who were afterwards to take foremost rank in the world of affairs. At the University. The German student of the seventeenth century had two periods of journeying (" Wander jahre") — the years at various universities, and the years of foreign travel, the "Grand Tour." The university study was not confined to one institu tion, but was pursued at a number of universities as at the present day. After finishing his university studies, the young Licentiate or Doctor went on a long journey into other lands to study the life and languages of 27 Cf. Julius Goebel, Zwei unbekannte Brief e von Pastorius (German American Annals, N. S. II, 492-503). 28 Cf. Life of Francis Daniel Pastorius, p. 43. 29 Cf. Life of Francis Daniel Pastorius, p. 42. Gymnasium in Windsheim in 1903. The Founder of Germantown 63 other peoples before entering upon his professional or academic career at home. Thus men like Martin Opitz, Paul Fleming, Andreas Gryphius spent the most profitable years of their lives in travel. The countries usually visited were Holland, France, Italy, Switzerland and England. Even the father of Pastorius visited most of these eountries and we shall find Pastorius him self taking a Grand Tour with Johann Bonaventura von Bodeck. Pastorius attended four great universities of his time — Alt dorf, Strassburg, Basel, Jena — beginning and finishing his studies at his home university, Altdorf. It has been possible, with the sources still extant,, to trace with considerable detail his course at these universities. 1. At the University of Altdorf. In the year 1668 Pastorius left Windsheim to enter the uni versity of Altdorf. Here he matriculated with three of his fellow Windsheimers, July 31, as the following entry in the Matricula tion Book30 of the old university of Altdorf will show : "M. Iulio. 31. Johannes Matthaeus Stellwag. ) Johan. Joachimus Merckling. V Windshemio-Franci Georg. Leonhartus Modelius ) Franciscus Daniel Pastorius, Somerhusanus.31 10916 [Number of matriculant]." 80 The Matriculation Book of the University of Altdorf is now found in the Library of the University of Erlangen, where the Librarian kindly and most promptly placed them at the disposal of the writer in 1903. The heading under the year 1668 runs thus : Designatio | Studiosorum, qui sub | Rectoratu Plurimum Reverendi atque Excellentissimi -| Viri. Dn. M. Lucse Friederici Reinharti S. S. Theol. | Prof. Publici et Ecclesia; Ministri S. Sunt inscripti a. d. 29 | Junn 1668. usque ad. d. 30 Junii, 1669. The Matriculation Book has the following title : In Nomine Nostri | Jesu Christi | Matricula | Facultatis Juridicae | in Universitate | Altdorphina| Feliciter incipit | Ao Chi. | MDCXXIII [A copy of the original is found in the Germanic Museum in Niirnberg.] "According to custom Pastorius matriculated as from Sommerhausen, the place of his birth. This explains the term "Somerhusanus." 64 Francis Daniel Pastorius The university of Altdorf, or "Niirnberg University of Alt dorf," as it was often called, had its origin in Niirnberg in the epoch of the Reformation, when the old city of Niirnberg was the centre of German handicraft and poesy under the influence of Albrecht Diirer and Hans Sachs. The institution had five dis tinct stages of evolution : 1. The Gymnasium Aegidium in Niirnberg, organized by Philipp Melanchthon, the great colleague of Martin Luther, in 1526. Among the early teachers in the Gymnasium were Joach. Camerarius, Hel. Eoh. Hessus, Mich. Roting, Joh. Schoner and Joh. Boschenstein. 2. The Gymnasium at Altdorf, 1 571-1575. With the decline of the Gymnasium in Niirnberg it was found advisable to move the school to the country. The proposal was made by Camerarius from Leipzig. Three places were suggested : Hersbruck, Engel- thal and Altdorf. The last named was selected. The first Rector of the Altdorf Gymnasium was Valentin Erythraeus, who was called from Strassburg. The old Gymnasium in Niirnberg passed from a "Quadrivial" to a "Trivial" School. 3. The Altdorf Academy. In 1578 the Altdorf Gymnasium was granted academic privileges and in 1580 reinaugurated as an academy, with Philipp Camerarius, son of the above mentioned Joachim, as its first Procancellarius, and Joh. Thom. Freigius as its first Rector. 4. The University of Altdorf. The number of students at the Altdorf academy in the years 1 620-1 621 rose to some seven hundred. Accordingly the city fathers of Niirnberg in 1622 re quested and obtained of Emperor Ferdinand II. the privilege of raising the academy to the rank of a university with authority to grant degrees in the faculties of Philosophy, Law and Medi cine. The university was formally inaugurated in 1623. 5. The Completion of the University by the Addition of the Faculty of Theology. The privilege of granting degrees in The ology, at first withheld because of the turmoil of the Thirty The University of Altdorf in 1723. (From " Acta Sacrorum Saecularium".) The University of Altdorf in 1795. (With the addition of the Front Building.) The Founder of Germantown 65 Years' War, was finally given in 1696, thus completing the four faculties of the university. Thus we have the explanation why the great city of Niirn berg, the centre of German culture in the sixteenth century, had no university within its walls. It had a university, but this was located at Altdorf. Hence the term: "Niirnbergische Universi- tat" for the University of Altdorf. The University of Altdorf in Pastorius' time was one of the foremost academic schools of Germany, attracting to its halls not only the most select youth of Bavaria and neighboring countries, but from foreign lands as well. Students came from France, Lorraine, England, Scotland, Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Prussia, Livonia, Bohemia, Hungary, Transilvania and even from Greece and Egypt.32 Here the afterwards famous Wallen- stein of Schiller's great drama Wallenstein matriculated under his proper name Waldstein in the year 1599, as the following record shows : D. 29. Aug. 1599. Albertus a Waldstein, Baro Boh. [Dux Megapolitanus f actus tandem violentam (sic!) mortem obiit Egrae 1634, 15. Febr.]33 The house in which Waldstein lived was still standing in 1903 much as it looked in 1600. Many anecdotes of Wallenstein's career as a student have been published by Wills.34 Some fifty princes, counts and barons had been enrolled from the beginning of the university to Pastorius' time. Among them was the name of Franciscus, Baron in Limpurg, godfather of Pastorius. The university celebrated in grand style its centennial, in 1723, after the manner of Wittenberg (1704), Frankf urt-an-der-Oder " Cf. Wills, Geschichte u. Beschreibung, p. 141. 83 Cf. Georg Andreas Wills, Geschichte und Beschreibung der Nurnbergi- schen Vniversitat Altdorf. Altdorf, 1795, p. 142. The note in brackets was added by Wills. "In Historisch-Diplomatisches Magazin fiir das Vaterland und angren- zendt Gegenden, I, 221 ff. 66 Francis Daniel Pastorius (1706), Giessen (1707), Leipzig (1709), and Rinteln (1721). The account of the centennial was printed in a separate tome,35 with a number of fine copper engravings. The prosperity of the university of Altdorf began to wane after the founding of the uni versities of Halle, Gottingen and Erlangen, and was finally dis continued or rather transferred and united with Erlangen in 1809. The old buildings still stand at Altdorf in a good state of preservation, little changed in external appearance, but are now used as a Paedagogium or Teachers' Seminary. A number of views will illustrate the buildings as they appeared in Pastorius' time and later. The inner life of the university in the time of Pastorius will be of interest here. The Rector at the time of Pastorius' matricu lation was Lucas Friedrich Reinhart. He was succeeded by Ernst Cregel (1669), Moritz Hoffmann (1670). The Rector in 1673, when Pastorius entered Altdorf the second time, was Johann Con rad Diirr. The Dean who presided at his disputation was Johann Anton Geiger, J. U. D. The Procancellarius for the years 1666- 1692, including the period of Pastorius' studies, was Magnus Fet- zer. Wills36 gives the list of Rectors for the years 1668-1676 as follows : Lukas Friedrich Reinhart. D. Ernst Cregel. D. Moritz Hoffmann. Christoph Molitor. Johann Conrad Diirr. 88 The book has the following title : Acta | Sacrorvm Saecvlarium | qvae I Favente | Deo Immortali | svb | Avspicatissimo Gloriosissimoqve Imperio | Caroli VI | Avgvstissimi atqve Invictissimi | Romanorvm Imperatoris | ex Avctoritate et Mvnificentia | Illustris | Senatvs Norimbergensis | A. D. Ill Kal. Qvinctil. A. S. R. CI3I0CCXXIII | Pio Solenniqve Ritv | Celebravit | Academia Altorfina. | Excvdebat | Iodoc. Gvil. Kohlesivs Acad. Typogr. A copy of this book is to be found in the Library of the University of Pennsylvania. 88 Cf. Geschichte und Beschreibung, p. 41 ; also Acta Sacrorum Saecula rium, fol. 56. Entrance to University of Altdorf, With Mural Paintings Inside the Court (1903)- The Founder of Germantown 67 D. Georg Reichart Hammer. D. Jakob Pancratius Bruno. Johann Christoph Sturm. D. Johann Saubertus. The faculties of Altdorf were composed of many men of world-wide fame. The Professors of Jurisprudence37 were par ticularly noted for their erudition. It is only necessary to men tion the names of Joh. Thorn. Freigius; Hubert Giphanius (or von Giffen), jurist, philologian and philosopher all in one; Hugo Donellus (or Doneau), of Chatillon-sur-Saone, France; Peter Wesenbeck, of Antwerp, who won renown in Jena and Leipzig; Scipio Gentilis, an Italian and pupil of Donellus; Conrad and Nikolaus Rittershausen, father and son; Matthias Hiibner, the Pommeranian; Wilhelm Ludwell (or Ludweil), whose opinion was sought by nearly every court of the empire ; Ernst Cregel,38 of Pastorius' own time, who had been the first Professor of Public Law at Altdorf since 1657, Altdorf having had the distinction of being the first university in Germany to establish a separate chair for Public Law (Jus Publicum) ; and Christoph Wagenseil, who received a pension from Louis XIV., King of France, was a great authority on Rabbinical lore, the inventor of the "Wassertretter," and author of an encyclopedia, Pera Libroritm Iuvenilium, in six volumes. The professors of Pastorius' time at Altdorf who were most prominent were: Reinhart (Theology, died 1688); Hoffmann (Medicine, d. 1698) ; Diirr (Ethics, Poetry and Theology, d. 1677) ; Cregel (Jurisprudence, d. 1674) ; Molitor (Oriental Lan guages, d. 1674) ; Bruno (Medicine) ; Textor (Jurisprudence, called to Heidelberg, 1673) ; Wagenseil (Jurisprudence and Ori ental Languages, d. 1705) ; Sturm (Physics and Mathematics, 87 The details of the careers of Altdorf's great jurists may be found in Vitae Professorum Iuris qui in Academia AltorUna inde ab eius iactis funda- mentis vixerunt descriptae a C. S. Zeidler. Nor 1786, 1787. 4. 88 Cregal married the widow of the Augsburg patrician Anton Welser, who died in 1642. Cf. Wills, Geschichte und Beschreibung, p. 293. 68 Francis Daniel Pastorius d. 1704) ; Hammer (Jurisprudence, d. 1697) ; Saubert (Theol ogy, d. 1688) ; Linck (Jurisprudence, d. 1696) ; Geiger (Juris prudence, d. 1685) ; Moller (Oriental Languages and History, d. 1 712). Pastorius mentions Reinhart, Diirr, Linck, and Geiger particularly in his manuscript accounts. The custom of requiring the students to take the oath was in vogue at Altdorf. A different form of oath was administered to the students of the several faculties — one for Law, another for Medicine, still another for Theology, and even for the Masters and Poets Laureate. The following was the oath required of jurists : "Iuramentum Candidatorum in utroque lure. Ego N. N. juro, me ornamenta Docturae, posteaquam ea hodie accepero, nequaquam amplius petiturum, nee ultro, a quibuscunque oblata, denuo recepturum: Largitione illicita, profusioneve, honoris huius consequendi gratia, nee usum esse, nee posthac usurum: Inclytae Reipubl. Norimbergensis, ut et Vniversitatis Altorphinae, filiae ipsius, Ordinis praesertim Iurisconsultorum, honorem, commoda, utilitatem, quovis loco, quocunque tempore, pro virili procuraturum : dignitatem comiter conservatarum : ornamenta honorum, a Iuriscon- sultis tribui solita, non collaturum, nee consensurum, ut tribuantur ei, quern eius gradus decore indignum ex fide mea arbitratus fuero : Nee etiam communi auctoritate probatum, sine consensu voluntateque ordinis, insignibus aucturum. Quod superest, boni viri officio in legibus potissimum interpretandis, jure respondendo, profitendo, ad- vocando, agendo, defendendo, judicando, functurum: uti id juris, aequitatis, justitaeque consultum facere oportet et par est. Ita me Deus adjuvet!"89 Students at Altdorf seem to have enjoyed very unusual academic freedom, especially in the earlier period. The excessive "Pennalismus," which had assumed alarming proportions, was quite effectually checked at Altdorf by the radical measures insti tuted against it in 1661, so that students were less subject to in humanities than before. Traces of it were still in vogue, however, 38 Cf . Wills, Geschichte und Beschreibung, p. 366. A glimpse into the academic life of Altdorf can be found in B. Hartmann's Kulturbilder aus Altdorfs akademischer Vergangenheit (in Mitt. d. Ver. f. d. Gesch. d. Stadt Niirnberg. 1886). Tower at Altdorf in 1903. (Church End of the Town. ) The Founder of Germantown 69 in Pastorius' time, as he speaks of the students initiating novices "with abundance of impertinent ceremonies." The career penal ties were less severe here than at other universities. The life at Altdorf was especially agreeable, and living cheap. The climate was most favorable and the vicinity even romantic, because of its beautiful walks, such as the Via Philosophica, Via Scipionis, Via ad Ruperti Fonticulum, Poetenwaldgen, Lowengrube, and Pfaffenthal.i0 The dress of professors and students before the second half of the seventeenth century was very simple. The wig was not worn by the professors before 1650. Even as late as 1 67 1 the students demolished the wig which one of their number ventured to wear. The wig, however, came into vogue in the last decades of the seventeenth century. Both professors and students wore red gowns even to the lectures, and the older students car ried swords and canes. The radical change in the costume about Pastorius' time may explain his leaving the university in 1673 to go to Jena, as he says, because "not liking the place for some reasons." The economy of Altdorf student life in the seventeenth cen tury must have been strikingly in contrast with that at most uni versities of to-day. In 1785 Professor Konig wrote that the Alt dorf student could procure the necessaries, exclusive of clothing, for 300 florins a year, could live well for 400 florins, and sumptu ously for 500 florins.41 The Altdorf students had little social diversion in the wa.y of amusements, except such as they extemporized in amateur per formances, and dances. The spirit of Altdorf seems to have been exceptionally good. Wills writes more than a century after Pastorius' time even of the professors, that they had always lived harmoniously together and that the lecture room never became here, as at many other universities, a scene of personal hostility. 40 Cf. Wills, Geschichte und Beschreibung, p. 41. 41 Cf. Das akademische Lehrbuch filr studierende Jiinglinge. Niirnberg, 1785, p. 406 ff., and Wills, Geschichte und Beschreibung, p. 273. 70 Francis Daniel Pastorius Pastorius gives the following brief but interesting account of his entrance to the university of Altdorf : "Anno 1668. the 31st of July J went with some others to the University of Altdorf, there to be Jnnitiated among Students (which they call Deponiren,) giving to those Novices with abundance of im pertinent Ceremonies the Salt of Wisdom, Sal Sapientiae, &c. and aiio 1670. the nth of August to the University of Strassburg, where J studied the Laws & likewise made a beginning to learn French."42 The "some others" mentioned by Pastorius were, of course, the three Windsheimers, Stellwagen, Mercklein and Modelius, who matriculated the same day. Just what Pastorius studied at Altdorf he does not tell us in detail, but the fact that he specifies the "Laws" as his chief study at Strassburg would lead us to be lieve that he devoted himself to a more general curriculum', law and the humanities, at Altdorf, the course quite generally pursued by German students in their first years at the university, and one to be strongly recommended to American students of our own time. 2. At the University of Strassburg. According to the above cited account Pastorius left Altdorf in 1670 and entered the university of Strassburg in Alsace. The Strassburg Matriculation Book contains the following entry : "Matricula Studiosorum Philosophiae 98. S. R. Saltzmann D. 1670 Sept. 2 [2929] 43 18. Johannes Matthaeus Stellwagen, Winds- heimio-Francus 2 (2930) 19 Franciscus Daniel Pastorius, Somerhu- sano-Francus."44 42 Cf. Beehive, p. 222. It will be noticed that Pastorius has translated the Latin Jura, German Rechte, literally by the English plural "Laws," to designate both kinds of law, Canon Law and Civil Law, a conception still surviving in our title LL.D., Doctor of Laws, and the more discriminating English titles D.Cn.L. and D.C.L. 43 Number supplied here from the series by the present writer. 44 Cf. Die alten Matrikeln der Universitat Strassburg 1621 bis 1793, bear- beitet von Gustav C. Knod. Strassburg, Triibner, 1897 (I. 364). Tower at Altdorf in 1903. (University End of the Town.) The Founder of Germantown 71 He informs us in an unprinted manuscript 45 account that he went to Strassburg with Stellwagen and Rosstauscher and took lodging and meals at the house of Johann Gumprecht. The same manuscript contains two accounts of his university study, one a more general sketch, the other full of interesting detail,46 from which we draw the following facts : After matriculating under Rector Magnificus Saltzmann, September 2, 1670, he began, September 28, a course in the Insti tutes ("Collegium Instit") given by Ulrici; October 3, another in Ethics and Politics by Reinhard; in November he began to take French instruction of Monsieur Ritter; January 16, 1671, a course in the Institutes by Obrecht; March 16 he took lodgings with the Bookseller (Antiquarius) and meals with Frau Lucretia, but soon returned to Gumprecht, where he continued till his de parture from Strassburg. In the months of April and May he continued his French lessons with Monsieur Mirabeau. On the 13th of August he, together with Reinhard and Mercklein, began private lessons with Dd. Schmaltz, paying 22 Reichsthaler for the year. At Strassburg he entered a new academic atmosphere, for this city then, as in Goethe's time and to some extent even now, formed the cultural gateway between the German and French speaking peoples, in a word, between Germany and Western Gaul. That the French traditions were then strong in Strassburg is apparent from the fact that Pastorius devoted much time to the study of the French language, with the evident determination to master it, for he kept up the study till the end of his stay in Strassburg, taking instruction of three teachers : Ritter, Mirabeau, Dutrue and possibly also Schmaltz, although he does not say ex plicitly that the "privat Information" given by Schmaltz was French. 45 Francisci Danielis Pastorij Res Propriae, now in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. "Entitled: "Additamenta zu vorgehendem meinem Lebens-Lauff von pag. 5-" 72 Francis Daniel Pastorius It will be noted that Pastorius matriculated in the Faculty of Philosophy at Strassburg, although he distinctly states that he "studied the Laws." While he may have devoted some time to strictly philosophical courses, we find him busy from first to last with Jurisprudence. In addition to the courses in the Institutes under Ulrici and Obrecht, and the course in Ethics and Politics under Reinhard, he seems to have laid particular stress on the course in Public Law {Jus Publicum) under Bockler. He refers to this as of service to him later in his study of the Imperial Code at Regensburg, where the Imperial Diet was held : "J travelled unto Regenspurg, where the Diet of the Empire was then kept [held] , in order to be the f ullier instructed in Jure publico, whereof J formerly was taught some certain principles by the re nowned Dr. Bockler at Strassburg."47 3. At the University of Basel. Pastorius states that he "visited" the University of Basel in July, 1672: "July 13th 1672 made a tour with Mercklein, Litzheimer and Reichmann to Schlettstatt, Colmar and Basel." It would appear from the use of the word "tour" ("Reis") and the fact that he took up a three months' course of French with Dutrue in Strassburg in the following August, that he must have returned to Strassburg by early August. He employed the English term "visited" evidently to translate the German "hospi- tierte," i. e., attended lectures without matriculating. This is further corroborated by our failure to find his name among the matriculants of the University of Basel.47a In his own account of the journey to Basel he relates an incident which affords an inter- " Cf. Beehive, p. 222. 4?a Basel, den 16. Januar 1904. Herrn Marion D. Learned, Philadelphia, beehre ich mich ergebenst mit- zuteilen, dass der Name Franciscus Daniel Pastorius in den Jahren 1665-1676 in der Matrikel nicht vorkommt. Hochachtungsvollst Dr. C. Ch. Bernoulli, Oberbibliothekar. Street Scene in Altdorf (1903). The Founder of Germantown 73 esting view of the propaganda made by Roman Catholics to re claim Protestants. It is quite likely that the Prior in this case was aware that Pastorius' family had apostosized and gone over to the Lutheran confession. The account runs as follows : "Anno 1672. mense Julij J visited also the University of Basil, & was by the way (at Schletstadt) strangely attack'd by the Prior of a Monastery, to stay & to read over the Books of St. Augustin & these Patres that might convince me, &c."48 The incident reminds us of the futile effort of Pastorius' uncle, Johann Augustin Pastorius, and "some fiery Jesuits" to re claim his father Melchior Adam Pastorius in Sommerhausen.49 4. Again in Strassburg. In August, 1672, Pastorius began a three months' course in French under Monsieur Dutrue. September 10th Professor Bockler died in the midst of his lectures on Lampadius. Novem ber 25th Pastorius left Strassburg with Mercklein, Tauber and Flach and arrived on the 7th of December in Windsheim, where he remained until the following April. 5. Second Period at Altdorf. Having spent the winter 1672- 1673 at home, Pastorius re turned, April 13th, to the University of Altdorf to continue his studies. He reached Altdorf April 14th and took lodgings with Heldmann and meals with Dr. Castner. Here he matriculated a second time under Rector Magnificus Johann Conrad Diirr.50 In the Matriculation Book of Altdorf we find the fol lowing entry for the year 1673 under date of April 16 : 1673 Aprilis 16. Franciscus Daniel Pastorius, Sommerhusa- Francus.51 [No. 11311] 48 Cf. Beehive, p. 222. 49 Cf. Chapter I, p. 10. 50 Cf. Res Propriae, p. 12. 51 Cf. Designatio Studiosorum, etc., for 1673. 74 Francis Daniel Pastorius This time he was matriculated as No. 11,311, showing that, since his first matriculation on the last day of July, 1668, five years before, 395 students had matriculated at the University of Altdorf. Either the old student life at Altdorf or the old student him self, or both, had changed, for Pastorius was no longer contented with the uneventful life of the little university town. 6. At the University of Jena. Accordingly he left in July to seek more congenial associa tions elsewhere. July 2nd he accompanied Burgomaster Biihler to Niirnberg and continued his journey thence, reaching Erfurt July 8th, where he visited the "simple nun," his aunt Rebecca, and arrived in Jena on the 13th of July. Here he took lodgings with Frau Hofrat Mansonin and meals with the printer, Bauhoffer. He matriculated under Rector Magnificus Johann Frischmuth, the Orientalist. There seems to be a discrepancy between Pastorius' account of his going to Jena (July, 1673), and the official record of the Matriculation Book of the University of Jena. The latter gives the date if his matriculation as February 6, 1673, as tne follow ing letter from the Director of the Library at Jena informs us : Universitats-Bibliothek Jena. Herrn Marion D. Learned, Philadelphia, beehre ich mich mitzu- theilen, dass in der Universitats-Matrikel folgender Eintrag sich vorfindet : Pastorius, Franz Daniel, aus Windsheim i/Franken. 6 Febr 1673. Der Direktor: Dr. Brandis. Jena 15 /xii. 03 Ausl. No. 440 In Jena Pastorius continued his study of Jurisprudence under Dr. Linck and began the study of Italian. He has left the following brief summary of his doings at this time : "The 25th of November, eodem afio [1672] J returned to Wins- The Founder of Germantown 75 heim, where J stay'd all that winter, and the next 13th of April 1673. J went again to Altdorff, but not liking the place for some reasons, left it the 2d of July, going to Nurnberg, thence to Erford, and so on to Jena, where J arrived the 13th of the aforesd month of July & continued the Study of the Laws, learning moreover of Dr. Carolo Caffa, the Jtalian Tongue, in which J publickly Disputed the 18th of April, 1674. upon some printed Theses inscrib'd dalle Leggi, as J had done before mense Januar. sub praesidio Doctoris Linckij ad lib. 3. Pandectarum."52 In his "Additamenta"53 he furnishes the following details, which we give in abstract : August ist, after having made a short tour to Naumburg, he began lessons in fencing under Monsieur Ebart. On the 3d of August he began the study of Italian under Carlo Caffa, and on the 7th a course in Chiromancy (Chiromantik) under Hopping. November ist he entered a Collegium in Scotani Ex ere. Juris by Dr. Heinrich Linck. In January, 1674, he disputed publicly Ad. Lib. 3 II, also under Linck. March ist he went to the blind M. Schmidt for both lodging and meals. April 18th he disputed Dalle Leggi in the Italian language, as we have seen above. May 13th he took a trip to Gotha, meeting Cancellarius there and others. June ist he began courses under Dr. Tillemann Ad Schnobelium ad II and Fibigij Processum Jud. It will be a new and interesting fact to many that a student at the university of Jena disputed in the Italian language, and that such opportunities were afforded for the study of Italian at that time in Jena. The fact sheds much light upon the literary conditions of Germany at the time of the vogue of Marinism in the Second Silesian School of Poets — Hofmann von Hofmanns- waldau, Caspar von Lohenstein and their disciples. The case of Pastorius was then not an isolated one to be explained by the fondness of his father, like Goethe's father, for things Italian, but must rather be regarded as typical, reflecting the interest of ' Cf. Beehive, p. 222. ' Cf. Res Propriae, p. nf. 76 Francis Daniel Pastorius the Jenensians in the Italian language and literature in the epoch of the Marinistic movement in German poetry. At Jena we see Pastorius rapidly approaching the close of his juristic studies, disputing under Dr. Linck, in January, 1674, and, as it appears, repeating the same disputation in Italian under Dr. Caffa on the 18th of the following April. 7. At Regensburg. An important stage in Pastorius' studies, after leaving Jena, was his sojourn in Regensburg, where he had an opportunity to study the practice of the Imperial Code, as the Imperial Diet was convened in Regensburg at that time. His own account of the change from Jena to Regensburg and his return to Altdorf is quite explicit : "Having from hence [Jena] viewed Naumburg, Gotha and other Towns of that Countrey, J travelled unto Regenspurg, where the Diet of the Empire then was kept,54 in order to be the fullier in structed in Jure publico, whereof J formerly was taught some cer tain principles by the renowned Dr. Bockler at Strassburg. So there fore J lodged the greatest part with Dr. Volcker, Embassadour of Nurnberg and the rest of the Jmperial Cities of Frankenland."55 In the "Additamenta" he furnishes the following facts con cerning his stay in Regensburg : "July 31st left Jena and August 4th arrived at Nurnberg. August 10th reached Regensburg, took quarters in the Green Wreath ('im griinen Krantz') and went with a number of Secretaries to a widow for meals till October ist, when I went to the family of the Nurn berg Ambassador for both meals and lodging, where the Ambassa dor and his wife treated me very kindly. Here I continued French with Louys Brialmont for six months."56 "The word "kept" here is a Germanism, being a translation of the Ger man word "gehalten." That the "Reichstag" (Imperial Diet) was in session is stated in the following: "Nachdem ich nun von daraus [Jena] Naumburg, Gotha etc. besehen, reisete ich 31. July, nach Regenspurg, umb auff daselbstigem Reichstag Jura publico desto besser zu ergreiffen" (cf. Res Propriae, p. 6). 55 Cf. Beehive, p. 222. 88 Cf. Res Propriae, p. 12. The original is in German, but here translated into English. The Founder of Germantown yj In April of the next year (1675), after a sojourn of some eight months, Pastorius left Regensburg for Bayreut and Winds heim, meeting his father and stepmother in Bayreut, as the fol lowing account informs us : "April 16th 1675 left Regensburg by stage, arrived the 17th at Bayreut, found my last stepmother [there] and attended the wed ding57 of her sister. April 26 arrived mith my father and afore mentioned stepmother at Winsheim."58 8. Third Period at Altdorf. After spending the remainder of the spring and summer of 1675 at home in Windsheim, Pastorius went the following Sep tember for the third time to the University of Altdorf to finish his study of Jurisprudence and take his doctorate or licentiate di ploma. He gives the following succinct account of his last period at Altdorf: "Sept. 27. went to Altdorf, had meals with Dr. Linck and lodg ing with Abr. Klinger, an armorer ("buchsenschiffter"). Nov. 10th began a course with Dr. Linck on Eckoltus and a "disputatorium iiber Exercitat Ludwelli." 1676 March 29th, transferred my lodgings to the Kornerhansa. May 31. made a "circularem Disputat" under Dr. Linck. July 20 went to Nurnberg because of sickness. Aug. 22 to Gnadenb[urg ?], and Sept. 26 returned to Nurnberg. Oct. 26 appeared before the Dean Dr. Joh. Ant. Geiger and the other Jurists, also Nov. 2nd be fore the Procancellarius Magnus Fetzer, after which the two exam inations followed the 7th and 8th, and J disputed the 23d de rasura Documentorum for the doctorate."59 It will naturally seem strange that Pastorius on the eve of "More specific details of this wedding are given in the Genealogical Sketch: "Anno 1675. the 16th of April J rode the post to Bayreut, where Anna Maria Volckmaii's (the eldest Sister of my present Stepmother,) was cele brating her Marriage with [Georg] Roth, Lehens-Secretary of that Marquisate of Brandenburg, and thence in a Coach with my parents down to Winsheim" (Beehive, p. 223). 88 Cf. "Additamenta" (Res Propriae, p. 12). The original is in German. 89 Cf. "Additamenta" (Res Propriae, p. 12). The original is in German. 78 Francis Daniel Pastorius his doctorate at Jena, should have returned to the University of Altdorf, which he had left in disgust two years before. At least two explanations may be found for this return. The first is that Pastorius left Jena for the opportunity to study the practice. of the Imperial Code in the Diet at Regensburg. The second that his favorite professor at Jena, Dr. Linck, was called to a profes sorship at the University of Altdorf the last day of March, 1674, and succeeded the renowned Cregel in 1675 as Professor of Pan dects.60 This was doubtless the chief reason for Pastorius' return to Altdorf, even though he may have cherished a patriotic fond ness for his first choice, the "Nurnberg University" of Altdorf, while studying at other universities. This is corroborated by the fact that Pastorius took quarters with Dr. Linck and finished his studies under him at Altdorf. It may be that he found other reasons, during his study of the Jus Publicum at Regensburg and his associations with the Nurnberg Ambassador, for returning to Altdorf. In the year 1676 we find the following entries in the Matricu lation Book of the University of Altdorf : "1676. 1677. Johanne Antonio Geiger V. J. D. et Inst. Imper. Prof : Publ : primum Decano, Candidati sequentes nomina sua in hanc matriculam retulerunt : D. 9. 9br. 1676. 236. Franciscus Daniel Pastorius, Sommer- husa-Francus, Disp : De Rasur Documentorum. d. 23. 9br : cod. 777. 3." The dissertation or inaugural disputation, as it was then called, was published by the university printer Heinrich Maier in Altdorf in 1676 with the following title: 60 Cf. the following sketch of Linck's career : Dn. Henricus Linck, Sorbiga Misn. I.V.D. Ex Academia Ienensi, in qua per sexennium privatim docendo Iuris Studiosis suam exhibuit fidem, a Perstrenuis ac Nobilissimis inclutae Reipubl. Noriberg. Scholarchis, Dominis suis benignissimis, ad functionem vocatus atque ult. die Mart. 1674, in num- erum Dnn. Professornum cooptatus est. M. April, ejusdem anni, prasmissa oratione inaugurali, ad Institutionum, subsequenti vero anno 1675. post obitum. Dn. Cregelii, ad Pandectarum Professionem pro virili exornandam cum Deo se contulit. Obiit Ao. 1696. (Wills, Geschichte und Beschreibung, pp. 334-335-) DISPUTATIO INAUGURALIS 2) .•';• Ufa ¦ - ' IHHKaCt'j 1 m-i Eui^S cr^ "¦'¦-. ii T&*r i-'Pl- ' HS5t'-' rlpr Hfe" aK'V ¦ 1 ' Bsfe* i wMt%£M-5t t >Ja'*' ' Jp: The Founder of Germantown 85 character of his clients in the Windsheim period and the territory and manner of his practice. The clients were the landed gentry, some of whose members he may have known at the Gymnasium in Windsheim or at the University of Altdorf or other universi ties during his student years. It is quite likely that his practice was confined for the most part to the gentry owning estates in the villages under the jurisdiction of Windsheim and that "march ing from one Nobleman's house in the Province unto the other" is to be understood in this more limited sense of "Province" as judiciary district. Naturally his business might occasionally take him beyond the immediate jurisdiction of Windsheim. This saddlebag practice of law affords us an interesting glimpse into the primitive conditions of the life of the country lawyer in Ger many in the second half of the seventeenth century. It gave the young jurist, the future founder of the first German colony in Pennsylvania, a foretaste of pioneering, which must have stood him in good stead afterwards in the primitive conditions of early Germantown. In Frankf urt-on-the-Main. After some two years and a half of practice in Windsheim, Pastorius decided to seek a wider and more congenial field of labor. It is not necessary to suppose he was unsuccessful in his Windsheim practice, but rather desirous of a more agreeable social and religious atmosphere. This is apparent from the fact that he sought and followed the advice of his good and pious friend, Dr. Horb, as he tells us in his Genealogical Sketch : "Afio 1679. the 24th of April J went (by perswasion of Dr. Horb,6 a godly Man & good Friend of mine,) to Franckfort upon the Meyn, where J still plaid the Lawyer & kept7 [gave or held] • The proper form, to judge from the Latin "Horbius," would be "Horbe." 'A Germanism for gave. See the note on the same word, p. 76. It may be that Pastorius was employing the old use of keep, p. 76, as in "keep kirk," etc. (Cf. Century Dictionary, sub verbo.) William Penn in his Journal uses keep in a sense similar to this in saying that the General Meeting was "to be kept" in such a week. 86 Francis Daniel Pastorius Collegia privata Juris to some young Patricijs of the sd City, having my Lodging for a while with Dr. Schutz, and then with an old & merry-hearted Gentleman call'd Juncker Fichard, as likewise good Opportunity to see Worms, Manheim, Speyer & other places of the Neighbourhood."8 This information is supplemented in the "Additamenta" by the further details, that Pastorius after his arrival in Frankfurt first took his meals with the notary, Christian Fenda (Fende or Fend) in the Saalhof and his lodgings with Captain Daniel Rene- page and taught some young students the Institutes, finally going to Junker Fichard for both lodging and meals.9 The Dr. Horb here referred to was Johannes Henricus Horbius, to whom Pastorius' father, Melchior Adam Pastorius, dedicated the following anagram : "IOANNES HENRICVS HORBIVS. Anagramma INI, VERBO CVRES INSANOS CHARVS INES IESV, NON ORBI HIC RESONA INNISVS VERBO EN SACRI VERBI SONO VNIS I, RESONANS VINCIS VERBO. Quid canis est mutus domui ? quid caecus Ouili Pastor? nonne Ouibus deperitura salus? Mentibus aegroti languemus, opemque precamus Sed qui nos curet nemo Machaon est Prosper ini, pie Serue Dei verboque potenti Insanos cures mentis opemque feras Non Orbi sed charus ines tu totus IESV, Hinc, en inis Verbi Charus adusque sano [ ?] Saepius hie resona, tardantes pelle, moneque Inissus Verbo, spandeo Victor eris. * Cf. Beehive, p. 223, * Cf. Res Propriae, p. 12 : "1679. 24. April reiste ich auff Horbij anrathen nach Franckfurt, hatt den Tisch bey Notario Christian Fenden im Saalhof, mein logiment bey Capitain Daniel Reiiepage, &c. hielt einigen Jungen Studiosis Collegia Instit. bisz zu Juncker Fichard ins Haus u. an den Tisch kam, woselbst auch verblieben " The Founder of Germantown 87 I resonans vincis diuino pectora Verbo Instar id est penetrans ancipitis gladij Quamuis dissideant animi, mundanaque tractent En sacri Verbi tu vnis adusque sono Perge bonis auibus fac fructus undique multos Donee conspicias Horrea plena Dei. Effice ut aethereo cuncti iungamur amore Fiat et vnus amor Iesus Homoque simul."10 In Dr. Horb we have a most important link between Pasto rius and the Frankfurt Pietists. Dr. Horb was an intimate mem ber of this circle of enthusiasts, who gathered around Dr. Spener, and was closely related to Spener, having married his sister. Johann Heinrich Horb (or Horbe, Lat. Horbius) was born in Colmar, Alsatia, June 11, 1645. *n J66i he entered the Uni versity of Strassburg, taking his Master's degree in 1664. His teachers here were Balthasar Bebel, Johann Konrad Dannhauer (both rigid Lutherans), Philipp Jacob Spener, the Pietist, who had returned to Strassburg in 1663, and Johann Heinrich Bock ler, the historian, with whom Pastorius studied Public Law, and who died in the midst of a course on Lampadius, before Pastorius left Strassburg in 1672.11 Horb then attended the universities of Jena, Leipzig, Wittenberg, Helmstadt and Kiel, spending some time in Leipzig as "Assessor of the Philosophical Faculty." In 1669-1670 Horb accompanied Johann Sebastian Miiller, of Leip zig, and others as tutor (Hofmeister) on a journey to Holland, England and France. In Utrecht he met Justus Theodor von Miinchhausen, of Hamburg, and made arrangements to accom pany him in France, a transaction which resulted in great dis aster to Horb and aided not a little in intensifying his persecution by the orthodox Theologians. In 1671 Horb returned from Paris to Strassburg, where he became docent at the university while Pastorius was there as a student. Soon afterwards Horb was appointed by the Palzgraves-by-the-Rhine as Court Preacher 10 Cf. Itinerarium, p. 83 a & b. uCf. p. 73- 88 Francis Daniel Pastorius in Bischweiler and later transferred to Trarbach-on-the-Mosel, where he remained till his suspension because of persecution in 1678. He had married Spener's sister, Sophie Cacilia, in the year 1671, and openly allied himself with the Pietistic party by defend ing the teachings of Spener's Pia Desideria. In 1679 he was called as superintendent and pastor to Windsheim, where Pasto rius was then practicing law and his father, Melchior Adam Pa storius, was Burgomaster. Here Horb was attacked savagely by Georg Konrad Dilfeld,12 Deacon of Nordhausen, for sharing Spener's views of the education of theologians. In 1684, in spite of strong opposition, he was elected Chief Pastor of St. Nicholas Church in Hamburg. But having circulated unwittingly, as it seems, a German translation of a pamphlet by Peter Poiret among his congregation, he was bitterly assailed by Johann Friedrich Mayer and others, and finally forced to leave his charge in 1693 and seek refuge in Schleems. His health broke, and he died in 1694, a martyr to the cause of Pietism. Thus, in the person of Dr. Horb, we have established the connection between Spener, the leader of the Pietistic movement in Frankfurt, and Windsheim, Pastorius' home, and found a nat ural explanation for Pastorius' introduction to Spener and his immediate entrance into the Pietistic circle in the Saalhof at Frankfurt. It is not improbable that Pastorius knew Horb even in the Strassburg days. This would seem to be corroborated by Pastorius' statement that he left Windsheim to go to Frankfurt "by persuasion of Dr. Horb, a godly Man and good Friend of mine." This language seems to imply a longer acquaintance and friendship than that which could have been formed with Dr. Horb in Windsheim between January, 1679, the date of Horb's arrival in Windsheim, and April 24, 1679, the date of Pastorius' depart ure for Frankfurt. No further explanation is now required to show how Pas torius fell in with the Pietists. Dr. Horb, as the brother-in-law of 1 In a work entitled Theosophia Horbio-Speneriana [Strassburg], 1679- The Founder of Germantown 89 Dr. Spener, naturally gave Pastorius a personal introduction to the great Pietist in Frankfurt. Naturally, too, Pastorius found / his way to the Saalhof, the great assembling place of the Pietists, and took lodgings with Dr. Schlitz,13 one of the Pietists, who afterwards appears in the records of the Frankfurt Land Com pany. While it has been impossible to find any record of Pastorius' law practice in Frankfurt during this early period, we are for tunate in having an interesting account of at least one case which he conducted. Some four months after his arrival in Frankfurt he found a profitable client in the person of a Jew by the name of Samuel, as we learn from the following : "5. Sept. [1679] wie auch 1680. 12. Mart, und 28 Apr. vor den Juden Samuel zum Kost zu Manheim am Churfiistl. Hof gewest, und reichl. bezahlt worden."14 Although further details of the case are lacking, we may infer, first, that it was one of considerable importance and, sec ondly, that Pastorius brought the matter to a successful issue. This record shows that he was esteemed highly enough to present a case before the Electoral Court at Mannheim, which city was then in the second period of its prosperity under the renewed and extended privileges granted by Elector Karl Friedrich in the year 1652. It may be inferred from another account in the Res Propriae, that Pastorius had other professional commissions to neighboring cities, as he speaks of practicing a little while giving private in struction in the Institutes and of having occasion to visit Worms, Mannheim, Speier, etc. At Speier he was with Dr. Fuchs, March "This is doubtless the Johann Jacob Schutz, U. J. Licent'us, of Frank furt, whose name with those of Jacob van de Walle, Daniel Behaghel and Caspar Merian appear on the Power of Attorney given to Francis Daniel Pastorius, April 2, 1683. (Cf. S. W. Pennypacker, The Settlement of German- town, pp. 80-81.) The abbreviation in the Beehive seems to be Dd., not Dr., but may be explained as used for "Doctorand." Pastorius not infrequently writes this abbreviation. " Cf. Res Propriae, p. 12. 90 Francis Daniel Pastorius 22, 1680,15 as it seems on his return from Mannheim, where he had represented Samuel, the Jew, on the 12th of March. Thus the young jurist had justified the confidence which the Frankfurt Company later imposed in him in making him its legal agent in America. Grand Tour with Johann Bonaventura von Bodeck. While the years of study at the universities of Altdorf, Strassburg, Basel and Jena had been in a sense a period of travel also, the education of Pastorius was incomplete without a journey into some of the lands with which Germany was in closest cultural touch — Holland, England, France, Switzerland and Italy. Many young jurists, physicians, theologians, philosophers and poets took such a journey on their own account at their own expense, while others, like Horbius and Pastorius, accompanied some young prince or magnate as tutor and thus saw the world without per sonal expense. The opportunity came to Pastorius, soon after his arrival in Frankfurt, to go on such a journey with a young noble man, Johann Bonaventura von Bodeck. It was the Pietist, Dr. Spener, who recommended Pastorius as tutor to von Bodeck. Pastorius gives the following all too brief account of the journey in his Genealogical Sketch: "Anno 1680. the 26th of June, J upon the recommendation of Dr. Spener (that brave Patriarch of the Pietists,) undertook to be (Hoffmeister or) Conductour & Guide to a Noble young Spark called Johafies Bonaventura von Bodeck in his Travels through Holland, England, France, Switzerland, &c. & so went to Mentz, where we did meet, and happily perform our sd Voyage, as does appear by a peculiar Manuscript Journal16 of mine in 8° arriving again at Francfort in perfect health & Safety, the 18th of November 1682."17 Afio 1679, ,24. Apr. reisete ich nach Franckfurt am Mayn, hielte alldar einigen Studiosis privat. collegia Juris, u. practicirte anbey ein wenig, da dan gelegenheit bekam, Worms, Mafiheim, S'peyer etc zu visitiren. logirte vom 1. Dec. 1679. bisz 26 Jun. 1686 bey Juncker Fichard. 1680. 22. Mart, mit Dr. Fuchsen zu Speyer gewest" (Res. Propriae, p. 6). 18 This Journal seems to be hopelessly lost. All that survives is a handful of extracts in the Beehive (see further on). " Cf. Beehive, p. 223. View of the Cemetery in Sommerhausen. (1903) The Founder of Germantown 91 In another account given in the "Additamenta"18 we learn something more of the particulars of this journey. Pastorius had evidently met von Bodeck in Frankfurt in the society of Giinterod (Giinderode) and Lersner, who were the brothers-in-law of von Bodeck, and with whom Pastorius went to Mainz to start on the journey with von Bodeck. That Pastorius was associated with influential families in Frankfurt is shown by the fact that he num bered among his friends members of such distinguished families as the Lersners and Giinderodes. The Lersner family, originally from Felsburg in Niederhessen, had become allied to the patrician family of Rauschers in Frankfurt in the marriage of Hermann Lersner, Dr. Jur. and Professor at Marburg, about the middle of the sixteenth century. The name of Pastorius' patron on this journey is clearly "Bodeck," not "Rodeck," as it was incorrectly written by Fried rich Kapp and Professor Oswald Seidensticker, and copied from them in more recent works. The mistake is due evidently to the rather indistinct passage in the Beehive, where the initial "R" is written so close to the line that it is difficult to determine whether the initial letter in this case is "R" or "B." The other occurrences of the name in the Beehive, and particularly in the Res Propriae, however, clearly show the form to be "Bodeck." The Wagner copy of the Res Propriae, made about 1850 and now found in the Archives of the German Society of Pennsylvania, has "Bodeck," not "Rodeck." Furthermore, it has been impossible to find the name "Rodeck" in most of the genealogical or heraldic sources, while the name "Bodeck" is much in evidence. This Johann Bonaventura Bodeck or "von Bodeck," as Pa storius calls him, was doubtless a member of the family of Bodeck von (or zu) Ellgau, which appears in the rolls of Swiss and Rhen- 18 Cf. Res Propriae, p. 12. The very important passage is written in Ger man: "1680. 26. Junij fuhr ich mit Juncker Giinterod Juncker Lerssner u. dero Weibern nach Maintz, u. tratt als Hofmeister mit derselben Schwager Joh. Bonaventura von Bodeck eine Reis an, welche in meinem Jtinerario umb- standlich beschrieben." 92 Francis Daniel Pastorius ish nobility as early as the sixteenth century, with a coat-of-arms dating back, as it appears, as early as 1584 at least. The Bodecks were barons of the Holy Roman Empire after September 7, 1706. The coat-of-arms is described as follows, and all heraldic authori ties seem to agree in this description :19 "A quartered shield ; 1 and 4 contain a cross of gold in a field of blue ; 2 and 3 a red lion in a field of gold ; the helmet is bustled, having the right in blue and gold and the left in red and gold, and supporting a lion rampant, crossed with alternate blue and gold."20 A probable corroboration of the identity of Johann Bona ventura von Bodeck's family with the Bodecks of Ellgau is found in the survival of the name "Bonaventura" in the latter family in recent times, as for example in the case of Karl Maximilian Maria Bonaventura Bodeck, born November 24, 1849, son 0I Georg Karl Joseph Freiherr Bodeck von Ellgau and his spouse, Euphenia Antonia Maria Eugenia Franzisca Huberta. In addition to the Swiss and Rhenish branches of the family of Bodeck von Ellgau, there is an Austrian branch Bodeck von Marwitz. Both branches have the same coat-of-arms. Whether Hermann Bodeck, the Gallician Hebraist (1820-1880), and Jacob Bodeck of Lemberg (died at Lemberg, 1856), were connected with the Austrian branch,21 or have their name directly from Hebrew sources, I have not ascertained. Johann Bonaventura von Bodeck seems to have escaped the 10 Cf. particularly the following : Sibenmachers grosses Allgemeines Wappenbuch * * * von Dr. Otto Titan von Hefner. Nurnberg, 1856. Dictionaire de la Noblesse * * * par De la Chenaye-Debois et Badier. Paris, 1863. Armorial General precede d'un Dictionaire des Termes du Blason par J. B. Rietstapf. Gouda. G. B. van Goor Zonen, 1887. M Cf. Gothaisches genealogisches Taschenbuch der freiherrlichen Hauser auf das Jahr 1857 u. 1858. 21 A sketch of both of these Hebrew scholars may be found in the Jewish Encyclopedia, sub nom. The name Bodeck has representatives in Philadelphia, but I have been unable to trace it to its European connections. The Founder of Germantown 93 biographical dictionaries and we must be content with the laconic characterization which Pastorius gives of him in the Beehive, where he describes him as "a Noble young Spark." As the Bodeck family of Ellgau was Catholic,22 it is quite safe to assume that Johann Bonaventura was likewise Catholic. It was evidently through his connection with Giinderode and Lersner23 in Frankfurt (Pastorius calls him their brother-in-law) that he heard of Pastorius. The fact that there was a difference of confession may have been offset by Pastorius' liberality of spirit and particularly by the fact that the Pastorius family too had formerly been Catholic. The itinerary of the journey with Bodeck included Holland, England, France, Switzerland and a part of Upper Germany. Pastorius, as we have seen, accompanied Giinderode and Lersner and their wives to Mainz, and there, as it seems, joined von Bodeck. The journey lasted from June 26, 1680, till November 18, 1682, when they both returned safe and sound to Frankfurt.24 It is unfortunate that the Itinerarium, which Pastorius says he wrote of his journey, has been lost. It would, no doubt, have furnished much important information as to what they did and saw. In lieu of the original we must content ourselves with some extracts are mere scraps ; they will nevertheless give us some no tion of the bent of Pastorius' mind and the character of the ob servations made at this period of his life. Although the items noted seem pedantic and trite to i--P J" iV M mi/ J«cJB»«»r»*Ai/f*w*w cvJ.V «/**i B«'v£VW.)3W- ^o-f/g.' 3-a.V aY-fcrn \iosff°-(- i: Epitaph of Melchior Adam Pastorius, Written by himself (from the "Liber Intimissimus"). The Founder of Germantown 95 Vita fugit. Sic tua Vita fluit. Progreditur fugiens et semper vertitur hora, Vita simul. fugiens semel vertitur absq' reverti. Respice Finem ! Ut tibi Sol radijs labentia tempora signat, Sic Sol Justitias signet ( : & acta regat.) ad astea viam. Quaeritur ostendat radius quam pensilis horam ? Hora est sollicita quaerere mente Deum. Sera nimis Vita est crastina, Vive hodie. Tota Vita dies unus est. Utere non tardo labitur ilia pede. Absq' mora fugit hora. Jndice me quoties fugientes suspicis horas, Te toties gressu mors propiore premit. Transvolat umbra levis, neq' scit fugitiva reverte. Nostra simul properans Vita caduca fugit. Hac licet exili non est lethalior umbra, Nam quicquid fugitans attigit Jnterijt. Sic, sic translaberis ipse. Ipse sic excedis Vita, Sensim, sine Sensu. PEDETENTIM. Aeternitati Provide, Tempus fugit. Rapit hora diem. Christe, tui sincerus amor mihi crescit in horas. Me Sol, vos umbra regit. Nos brevis hora Parit, nos brevis hora Rapit. Viventi mors obrepit Juveniq' Senectus horaq' dum quota est? Quaeritur hora fugit. Res dam- nosa malis tempus consumere rebus, Expendas igitur quod tibi nunc superest. Imposuit Dominus domui, testarer ut horas. Jnterpres Solis, horas et Tempora dico. Nos docet ; atq' nocet vobis, qui fallere Tempus Vultis, vos ipsos fallitis Jnsipidi. Ora ne Te decipiat hora. Without Time we can do nothing in this present World. Col Tempo e l'hora tutto s'adopra. Non nisi coslesti radio. Solius praesentia Solis. Sum sine Sole nihil. Wann die Sonne gegen wartig, so ist auch der Zeiger fertig. Quod scio, tu nescis, nisi Sol conspexerit aedes. Nisi Sol ( : illuminet aedes : ) splendescat in orbe. Donee optata veniat. f Virtus sine Cruce evanescit ut umbra. Nulla dies sine linea. Ordinatione Tua perseverat dies. Nonne duo- decim horae sunt diei? Joh. xi. Pereunt et Jmputantur. Plures Labori quam Otio. Ex his mors eligit unam. Hinc venit ultima cunctis. Le Jour est assure, mais l'heure ne l'est pas. Quis scit, an extremam Stilus hie (:mihi :) tibi denotet horam? Ultima quae sit? Hora cuiq' sua est; Fors erit ista Tua. Quae tua sit, nescis. La Mort tue en toute heure & en tout lieu. Jnstat tibi forte suprema? Ultima forsan erit? En regardent quelle heure il est, Pense ala Tienne, & t'y tiens prest. Quota sit hora vides, sed quae sit surna tacebo. Jsta patet, postrema latet. Latet ultima Vitae! Hie extrema vides extremae signa diei, Fac bona sit praesens, ultima ne mala sit. Sol tibi per Speculum fugientes indicat horas, Jndicat et Speculum quod Specu- latorabit. Spiegeluhr. Vita fugit, fugit umbra tamen reditura ; sed 96 Francis Daniel Pastorius ilia quam traducis homo non reditura fugit. Mane. Nos pulchram Phoebi faciem surgentis Eoo [?] cernimus, Antipodes posteriora vident. Vespere. Sol abiens paulum Lucis post terga relictae Mon- strat, uti Moysi posteriora Deus. Beatus qui horam Mortis suae semper ante oculos habet & ad moriendum quotidie se disponit. Th : Kemp. 1. Aspicis hie primas Orientis Luminis horas, Nescius occi- dui sera quid ferat. Dum radius lento cursu versatur in orbem vertice praecipiti Tempora nostra vorat. Dum vitae numero menses securus & anos, Jncipit hie horas mors numerare meas. Disce novum ancupium [?], qui discis tempora sunt hie Mors andeps [ ?] horae retia, praeda homines. 2. Filia sum Solis, peperit me ferrea mater; hie nigra stat genetrix, albus in Axe pater. Deferor in partes Jndex utriusq' nigranti ore sequor matrem, mobilitate patrem. Quae modo pterijt, rursus eras hora \redibit, si tua praetereat vita, redire nequit. Dum radios cernis celeres umbrasq' fugaces, Opta per- petuum posse videre diem. 3. Mortales haec umbra docet nos esse fugaces, Et nostri fugiunt ut fugit umbra dies. Quid spem vivendi longos jacula- mur in annos? heu celeri properat mors inopina pede, Linea nostrarum si Mors est ultima rerum, hie etiam nostras linea mortis erit. Nee suspecta tamen tibi sola sit ultima, Ferre cuili- bet extrema linea prima potest. Diese Drey letztere stehen in her Carthause zu Regenspurg an drey absonderlichen Soiien Uhren daselbst im Hof. Im Jesu- iter Collegio zu Lion aber steht bey 3. nebeneinander gefiigten Sonnen weisern: Et hi tres unum sunt. Item Sic Neovillaei referunt se Sidera Fratres. Bey einem andern alldar: Non Justior alter. Und noch bey einem auff einer Weltkugel, welche der Atlas tragt: Urbis fata stylo quis meliore notet? Derglei chen sind in meinem Jtinerario mehr die anher zu iiberschreiben der Zeit u. des papiers nicht wehrt." The following is an abstract of the more interesting matter under the other headings in the Beehive. . Over and under Clock-Dials: Description of the clock at Lyons in which the cock crows twice every hour after having flapped his wings twice. After this the angel Gabriel appears and salutes Mary and the Holy Ghost comes down in the form of a dove. The clock of the tower of Notre Dame at Paris has a cir cumference of 25 feet and three thumbs, is 9 feet high and nine The Founder of Germantown 97 thumbs thick, weighs 31,000 lbs., and the clapper weighs 600 lbs. It was cast on the ground November 31, [sic] 1681, and was named Emmanuel by permission of the king and queen. Then follows the Latin legend. At Steeple-houses, Altars, Organs, Images, etc. : Inscrip tions of St. Saturnini Church in Toulouse and a similar one in the Lateran in Rome; of the Miinster in Basel, of the old church in Delft, of the cathedral at Narbonne. Description and inscriptions of Carmelite Cloister in Frankfurt, Wiirzburg, St. Hilaire in Paris, St. Jacobs (James) in Hamburg, the Capucin Monastery of Fauxbourg St. Jacques, Paris, the crown which Queen Chris tina devoted to the Virgin Mary at Loreto, the Templum Majus in Costniz. Cloisters and Cells : References to Rochelle, Paris, Chapter House of the York Munster, ("Ut Rosa Flos Florum, Sic est Domus ista Domorum.") Regensburg, Paris, Avignon, Lyons. Hospitals, Infirmaries, &c. : Mention of Toulon, Oppeln (Si lesia), Wiirzburg, Amsterdam. Schools : Mottos from the Schola Mariana in Danzig, from the school in Amsterdam, from St. Jacobs Schule in Hamburg, and of Basel. St. Jacobs has the following: "Es meint einjede Frau, Jhr kind das sey ein Pfau." also : "Arbeit Zwang und Lehren bringt Kinder offt zu Ehren." Arms : Inscriptions from the arms of Geneva, and reference to a more detailed account in his Itinerarium, p. 603, which shows that his Journal or Itinerary must have been a very exten sive work.Libraries : He gives inscriptions of St. Jacobs in Hamburg, of University College in Oxford, the Vatican in Rome and the 98 Francis Daniel Pastorius Capucin Monastery in Orleans, reproducing the long inscription of Oxford which mentions John Selden, John Vaughan and Mat thew Hale. Senate-houses & Guild-halls: Mention of Augsburg, Haer- lem, Baden in the Ergau, the Hague, Geneva, Regensburg, the Curia in Rome. Prisons: Prison de l'Abbaye S. Germain: "Justitia elevat Gentem. Prov. xiiii," only one mentioned. Armories, or Magazins for weapons: Mention of Armory in Augsburg, Toulouse, Avignon, Venice, etc. Utensils of War: Standards in London Tower, with the following remark : "Zu London im Towr auff einem hiiltzern mit Eisenfarb uberstrichenem geschutz, wormit die Engellander einst eine Statt in Franckreich erschreckt, dasz sie sich iibergab: Marte quid opus est cui Minerva non deest?" References to inscriptions on famous pieces of artillery in Schaffhausen, Ulm, Naples, Geneva and Munich. The last is particularly interesting : "Jch heiss der Hahn, Wann ich krah fliht der Man." Treasure-houses, Mints, Coins, etc. : Those of Dort and Ant werp, Braunschweig and Liineburg noted. The latter is brief and to the point: "Rerum Nervus Pecunia." An elaborate de scription is given of Cromwell's coin with the motto : "Pax quae ritur Bello;" also of the silver coin of Bologna with the words: "Bononia Mater Studiorum;" and the copper with the words: "Bononia docet;" also the motto of Queen Elizabeth's coin cele brating the defeat of the Armada : "Afflavit Deus, & dissipan- tur." Burses or Royal Exchanges: Inscriptions from the new Bourse in Antwerp and of the Bourse in Bordeaux. Palaces: Inscription from Rome, the Schloss in Mainz, At Paris: The Founder of Germantown 99 Madrit near Paris : "Hodie mihi Cras tibi ;" the papal residence at Avignon, the Louvre in Paris. In the palace at Bologna; "Unanimitas stabile firmamentum." Private Dwelling-houses: At Nurnberg a house has this motto : "Es gonn mir einer was er will, So geb' ihm Gott dreymal so viel." In Basel : Glick harin, Unghck hinaus ; Pfauenberg heiszt disz Haus." In Amsterdam : "Si Deus pro Nobis, Quis contra Nobis?" In Lyons : "L'on n'a rien sans peine." "Avise toy premier que moy." "Non domo Dominus, sed Domino domus." "Jn Fundulo, sed avito." "Parva domus, sed arnica bonis, procul este profani ;24a Amplior in Coelo domus est & amenior hortus." "Within this place Lives Dr. Case." Fountains : In front of Notre Dame in Paris, St. Germain, Fontaine de Birague, at Lyons, Rome, etc. Bridges, etc. : Mention of Pont Notre Dame in Paris, Pont Neuf in Toulouse, stone bridge in Montaubon and especially the Mainbrucke in Frankfurt with this inscription : "Wer dieser Briicken Freyheit bricht Dem wird sein frefflich .Handt gericht." Statues: Inscriptions of statue of Erasmus in Rotterdam, statue of Carolus I in London, of the birth place of Carolus V in Ghent, of Henry IV Pont Neuf, and of Louis XIII in the Place Royale in Paris, etc. MaThis is the inscription which Pastorius placed over the door of his house in Philadelphia. Cf. p. 128. ioo Francis Daniel Pastorius An English traveller wrote on the wall in red the following in the little birth chamber of Carolus V : "Quem locus angustus nascenti sufficit, Orbis qui mox reg- nanti non satis amplus erat? Sit licet angustus locus hic, Angus- tior iste est, Jn quo defunctus nunc jacet ille, locus." Inscriptions on Glass-Windows, Tobacco-Boxes, Knives, etc. : Glass : "A fool did write this, I confess, And thou that read it, art not less. Stulto me, stultior ipse." Box: Messer : "Sit down & smoke and merry be, And thank my Masters Courtesie." "A Box well filled is a rich & plenteous Store, Take many Pipes thereout at last there is no more." "I am my Masters trusty Friend, If he too oft me do not lend." At the side of a bedstead: "At Six a Clock at night, thou sayst thy work is done ; Pray, husband, say not so before the rising Sun." Inscriptiones Albi Amicorum: "Ich gebe dir mein Herz, lass du mir deines hier, So gehet unter uns, Ein schoner Wechsel fur." "Soyez officieux a tous, Familier a peu, & intime a un seul." "Fac ea quae moriens facta fuisse voles." "Non far male a chi ti puo peggio." Miscellaneous : Above William Temple's Picture or Image: "Servare modum, finemq' tueri, Naturamq* sequi." The Founder of Germantown 101 Thoughts of America. The journey with Bodeck had afforded Pastorius opportunity to see the best culture of Western Europe. He had visited Hol land, which through its great contemporaneous poet, Vondel (died in 1679), nad furnished dramatic models for the German poet Gryphius and had been the refuge of the Puritans and persecuted Protestants of many lands. He had seen England, the arena of the great struggles for civil and religious liberty. He had tra versed France, which had long set the fashion for German courts and was now in the height of the classic period of its literature with the great poets Corneille, Moliere and Racine. And he had looked out over the summits of the Alps, the snowy seats of re publican liberty, the land of Tell and Winkelried. The journey had vastly widened his horizon and enriched his knowledge of the world. But it had done more. It had crystallized his philosophy of life. In the rounds of festivity with Bodeck he had observed the foibles and follies of high life and had come to the firm con viction that the life of religious quiet and serious purpose is the higher ideal. At two places only in his long journey, at Ghent and Cambridge, had he found men of a spirit kindred to his own, who lived in daily devotion to christian duty ; while on the other hand, in Orleans, Paris, Avignon, Marseilles, Lyons and Geneva he found thousands of his own countrymen wasting their time, energies and substance on the fripperies of life — dancing, fenc ing and the like — accomplishments considered at that time es sential to the education of a gentleman. It was with a sense of relief and release that Pastorius re turned to the little group of Pietists in Frankfurt, his old friends of the Saalhof, and experienced anew that inner joy which sprang from their simple, earnest lives. He had now finally found associ ations which satisfied the spiritual yearnings of his better self and was content to renounce all the glint and glare ojjhe^world This 102 Francis Daniel Pastorius quiescent attitude of soul is well described in the Beehive in the following part of a passage to be cited entire further on :25 "And forasmuch as J after this my Return was glad to enjoy the ancient familiarity of my former Acquaintances (rather than to be with the aforesd von Bodeck feasting, dancing, &c.) especially of those Christian Friends who frequently assem bled together in a house, called the Saalhof." The psychology of this change in Pastorius' spiritual life and ideals and his transition to the attitude of the Pietist and even of the Quietist is significant in the history of the religious move ments of the time. The assumption that this change in the case of Pastorius was the more or less sudden and immediate result of his association with the Pietists seems unfounded, if we may trust his own statements.26 As early as the year 1692 Pastorius set forth the facts of his spiritual evolution in the preface to his account of Pennsylvania, which was printed as an appendix to his father's Beschreibung des H. R. Reichs Stadt Windsheim, and later extended into the Beschreibung of 1700. It summarizes his religious evolution so well that we quote it here in English translation : "It is well enough known to my family how, from childhood, I directed my course in this temporal life toward a happy eter nity, and made it my concern in all my doings to understand the will of God, which alone is good, to fear his omnipotence, and to learn to love his unfathomable goodness. And, although I suc cessfully completed the study of jurisprudence, together with the other branches of the Liberal Arts, thoroughly mastered the Ital ian and French languages, and also took the so-called Great Tour through foreign lands, I nevertheless applied my greatest industry and efforts, at all times and places, solely to find out where and among what people and nations true devotion, the knowledge ..and, fear ._of_ God, might best be met with .and acquired., I found at the Universities scholars, faiths, opinions and sects, almost without number, so that it was a great bable and show of vain wordly wisdom, of which the Apostle says: Scientia Inflat, ' Cf. p. no. 1 Cf. Beehive, p. 223. The Founder of Germantown 103 But I cannot truthfully write that I found in any place a pro fessor who directed the mind of a boy or a pupil to the pure love of Jesus or the Holy Trinity. There is, indeed, no lack of Christ ians in name and profession, who go about puffed up with worldly knowledge, and love the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life (the trifolium of the Devil!), but of those who thought of working out their salvation with fear and trembling, lived without deceit, and with all their heart turned to the centre of their existence, to God, the highest good, there was rara avis in terris. Nevertheless, I found, at last, in the Univer sity of Cambridge and in the city of Ghent, some devoted men living in secret seclusion from the world and wholly resigned in spirit to God, who, in answer to my earnest inquiries, gave me many good instructions, and strengthened me greatly in my purpose. They also showed me, at the Princely Court of Ghent, Emperor Charles the Fifth's famous birth chamber (but four ells long and four ells wide) with the legend telling how a richly bound Bible was given to the new-born prince by his godfather, with this inscription in gold, bound in the book : Scrutamini Scripturas, which the Prince, moreover, read with diligence and learned therefrom that he must die depending on the merits of Jesus Christ alone. I saw further on this journey of mine, at Orleans and Paris, Avignon, Marsailles, Lyons and Geneva, many thousand young Germans, mostly of the nobility, who are accustomed to follow ( the vanities of dress, speech, foreign manners and ceremonies, and incur incredible expense in learning to mount, to ride, to dance, to fence, to bear piques and standards, so that a great part of their German patrimony is expended on useless worldly vanity, while not a single thought is given to the love of God and learning to follow Christ, which is well pleasing to God. Moreover, if anyone attempts to say anything of the writings and divine meditations of St. Augustine, Tauler, Arnd, and other divines, he must be proclaimed a Pietist and a heretic; and no one who is submerged in the worldly wisdom of Aristotle, will consent to be persuaded or chastened by the will of God. Accordingly after the close of my journey, I withdrew into the retirement of my chamber and recalled to mind everything which had passed before my eyes on the stage of the world, and could not find any enduring pleasure in anything. I despaired, moreover, that any place could be found in my native land or all Germany for those to come after me, where one might abandon the old habit of empty operis operati and enter the pure love of God with the whole heart, mind and strength and love his neigh bor as himself. 104 Francis Daniel Pastorius I reasoned thus with myself, whether it were not better to teach the learning which I had received by grace from the high est Giver and Father of Lights to the new-found American peo ples of Pennsylvania and thus make them partakers of the true knowledge of the Holy Trinity and true Christianity." It would appear from this document that Pastorius' spiritual awakening was the result of long years of quest for the truth and piety, and rather a typical illustration of the rise of Pietism than a product of Pietism after it took more tangible form under the influence of Spener; in a word, that Pastorius, like Spener him self, was an exponent of the great religious awakening of the second half of the seventeenth century, the mature fruit of the labors of Tauler, Luther and Arnd. As a participant in the relig ious events of his time, he would naturally have read important contemporaneous literature representing the various phases of the movement, but there is no evidence that he had allied himself with any separatistic sect before his return to Frankfurt in Novem ber, 1682. He sought spiritual regeneration, not doctrinal reform. This naturally brought him into sympathy with the Frankfurt Pietists and kindred spirits elsewhere in Germany, Hol land and England, and determined the course of his later years, leading him finally to seek a quiet religious retreat in the wilds of the New World. William Penn and the Quakers. While Pastorius was thus like hundreds of his time finding his way to a higher spiritual life along the way of introspection, the Quakers, moved by the same spirit, were quietly winning new believers in Holland and Germany by making more or less sys tematic propaganda among the Mennonite communities as far as the Middle Rhine. The missionary labors of William Ames in Holland and Germany (1655-1662), of William Caton (1656- 1665), of Stephen Crisp (1663- 1684), of George Rolf, John Stubbs, John Higgins and William Moore, had all touched the The Founder of Germantown 105 Mennonites of the Middle Rhine and most of them had extended into the Rhenish Palatinate, arousing the ire of the orthodox Lutherans and Catholics alike. In 1671 William Penn made his first visit to these regions in the interests of the Quaker faith, and in 1677 he made a second visit in the same cause. It was this second visit which opened the way for the great German emigra tion to Pennsylvania of which Pastorius became the pioneer. Penn set out July 26, 1677, with George Fox, Robert Barc lay, George Keith, George Watts, John Furly, William Tailcoat, Isabelle Yeomans and Elizabeth Keith from Harwich to attend a General Meeting of Friends (Quakers) in Amsterdam, where a congregation or meeting had already existed for twenty years. At this General Meeting fifteen general resolutions were agreed upon, the third of which clearly defined the limits of Quaker ter ritory and announced the definite policy of uniting all Quakers within this territory in the great Yearly Meeting at Amsterdam. The resolution runs as follows : "It is Agreed upon, that henceforth a Yearly Meeting be held here at Amsterdam; unto which Friends in the Palatinate, Ham- brough, Lubeck and Frederickstadt, &c. be invited : Of which Meet ing there shall be given Notice to Friends of the Yearly Meeting at London, to be kept always on the fifth day of that Week; which is fully the third Week following after the Yearly Meeting at London."27 After this General Meeting in Amsterdam, George Fox and his party set out to visit Friends in Emden, Bremen, Hamburg and Frisia, while William Penn, accompanied by William Keith, Robert Barclay and Benjamin Furly, an English merchant then residing in Rotterdam, turned their steps to Germany to visit the 27 Cf. An | Account | of | W. Penn's | Travails | in | Holland and Ger many, | Anno MDCLXXVII. | For the Service of the Gospel | of Christ, by way of Journal. | Containing also Divers Letters and | Epistles writ to several Great and | Eminent Persons whilst there. | The Second Impression, Corrected by | the Author's own Copy, with answers to some of | the Letters, not be fore Printed. | London, Printed and Sold by T. Sowle, in White- | Hart- Court in Grace-Church-Street. 1695. (Pp. 8-9.) 106 Francis Daniel Pastorius Friends along the Rhine. They went by boat to Naerden, thence by stage by way of Osnabriick to Herwerden in Westphalia, where they called upon the abbess of the convent there, Princess Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of Frederick V, Prince Palatine of the Rhine and niece of Charles I of England. On the 13th of August Penn, Keith and Furly took leave of Barclay at Herwerden and continued their journey by way of Paderborn and Kassel, arriv ing August 20th in Frankfurt-on-the-Main. They held a meeting at night at the house of Jacobus van de Walle and the next morn ing, by invitation of Eleonora von Merlau, at the house of Widow Bauer von Eiseneck, with whom Eleonora von Merlau was then living. Leaving Frankfurt, Penn and his companions went to Worms and Kriegsheim (August 23), Frankenthal (August 24), back to Kriegsheim (August 26), Worms again (August 27), Mainz and back to Frankfurt (August 28). They held another meeting in the afternoon at the house of the "Noble Women" (Widow Bauer von Eiseneck and Eleonora von Merlau) and later at the house of van de Walle. Leaving Frankfurt they continued their journey down the Rhine to Mainz and Hambach (?) (Aug ust 29), Bacharach, Coblenz and Tressy (?) (August 30), Koln (August 31), Duisburg and Muhlheim-on-the-Ruhr (September 2), back to Duisburg (September 3), Wesel (September 4), Em merich and Cleve (September 5), Nimegen (September 6), Ut recht and Amsterdam (September 7).28 The religious importance of this visit of Penn and his Quaker companions to Frankfurt lay in the fact that it made a deep im pression on the minds of certain members of the Pietistic circle, of which Spener was the central figure, giving a new impetus to their religious zeal. It appears, however, that Spener himself held aloof from the Quaker meetings and avoided meeting Penn. In his Journal, Penn, speaking of the visit to Frankfurt, says : "Two considerable Persons came and met us about half a 28 Cf. O. Seidensticker, William Penn's Travels in Holland and Germany (Pennsylvania Magazine, II. 281-282). The Founder of Germantown 107 German Mile from the City ; informing us of several well affected in that Town. Upon which we told them the end of our coming, and desired to have a Meeting with them in the Afternoon, which we easily obtained at the House of a Merchant [van de Walle], one of the two that met us. The Persons that resorted thither were generally People of considerable Note, both of Calvinists and Lutherans."29 But not all of the attendants upon these meetings were as cautious as Spener. In some the enthusiasm rose to the pitch of martyrdom. This was particularly the case with Eleonora von Merlau, as Penn tells us in one of the finest passages of his Jour nal: "Therefore said the Young Virgin [Eleonora von Merlau], Our Quarters are free for you, let all come that will come, and lift up your Voices without fear, for (said she) it will never be well with us till Persecution come, and some of us be lodged in the Stadthouse, That is the Prison"30 The visit of Penn and the Quakers in Frankfurt in 1677, stirring as it was at the time, might have remained only a religious episode, had not other more secular events given it a new signifi cance. While it is possible that Pastorius was more or less influ enced by the spiritual tenor of the life of the Quakers, as well as by that of the Frankfurt Pietists, during his journey with Bodeck, it is not likely that his interest would have gone beyond religious friendship and sympathy without some new impetus. The event which gave a new importance to these visits of Penn and the Quakers in the Rhine Country was the proprietorship of the Pro vince of Pennsylvania granted by the King of England to William Penn, the great Quaker, in the year 1681, about the time of Pa storius' journey to England with Bodeck. The fact that Penn had become proprietor of a great province in America and was now inviting his German friends to come and "Cf. An Account of Penn's Travels in Holland and Germany, etc. (169S), PP- 55-56. *°Cf. An Account of Penn's Travels in Holland and Germany, etc. (1695), P- 57- 108 Francis Daniel Pastorius settle in these new lands lifted him out of the role of a religious enthusiast to that of a provincial lord, offering a quiet retreat to the perturbed and persecuted of the Old World. Penn's Account*1 published in London in 1681, and published in Dutch32 in Rotter dam, and in German33 in Amsterdam, the same year, came as a new message of glad good news to all the Quaker and Mennon- ite communities of Holland and the Rhine, opening the way to a new paradise of religious tranquillity beyond the sea. This new scheme of colonization in Pennsylvania was the subject of ardent discussion in the Pietistic circle at Frankfurt when Pastorius returned from his journey in November, 1682. Some of the circle had already decided to emigrate, and were making preparations for the journey. At first they kept the matter 31 Some | Account | of the | Province | of | Pennsilvania | in | America; | Lately Granted under the Great Seal | of | England | to | William Penn, &c | Together with Priviledges and Powers neces- | sary to the well-governing thereof. | Made publick for the Information of such as are or may be | dis posed to Transport themselves or Servants | into those Parts. | London: Printed, and Sold by Benjamin Clark | Bookseller in George- Yard Lombard- street, 1681. 32 Een kort Bericht | Van de Provintie ofte Landschap | Penn-Sylvania | genaemt, leggende in | America; | Nu onlangs onder het groote Zegel van Engeland | gegeven aan | William Penn, &c. | mitsgaders | Van de Privilegien, ende Macht om | het selve wel to Regeeren. | Uyt het Engels overgeset na de Copye tot Loden gedruckt by Benjamin Clark, Boekverkooper in George Yard Lombardstreet. 1681. | Waer by nu gevoegt is de Notificatie van s' Konings Placcact | in date van den 2 April 1681, waar inne de tegenwoordige | Inwoonders van Penn-Sylvania, belast word | William Penn en zijn Erfge- named, als volkomene | Eygenaars en Gouverneurs, te gehoorsamen. | Als mede, | De Copye van een Brief by den selven W. P. geschreven aan | zekete Regeeringe Anno 1675. tegens de Vervolginge | en voor de Vryheyt van Con science, aan alle &c. J Tot Rotterdam. | Gedrukt by Pieter van Wynbrugge, Boek-Drukker in de [ Leeuwestraat, in de Wereld Vol-Druk. Anno 1681. 83 Eine | Nachricht | wegen der Landschaft I Pennsylvania | in | America : | Welche | Jungstens unter dem Grossen Siegel ] in | Engelland | an | William Penn, &c. | Sambt den Freyheiten und der Macht | so zu behoriger | guten Regierung derselben notig | ubergeben worden | und | Zum Unterricht derer / so etwan bereits bewogen / oder noch | mochten bewogen werden / umb sich selbsten darhin / zu begeben / oder einige Bediente und Gesinde | an diesen Ort zu senden / hiermit kund gethan wird. | Aus dem in London gedrucktem und aldar bey Benjamin Clarck | Buchhandlern in George- Yard Lombard- street befindlichem | Englischen ubersetzet. | Nebenst beygefiigtem ehemaligem im 1675. Iahr gedrucktem | Schreiben des oberwehnten Will. Penns. | In Amsterdam | gedruckt bey Christoff Cunraden. | Im Iahr 1681. The Founder of Germantown 109 concealed from Pastorius, but finally, seeing that he was seriously interested in the scheme, they gradually disclosed the secret to him. He speaks of three forms of information which they gave him of the scheme. First, they often spoke of William Penn, refer ring doubtless to his religious views and his personal character. Second, they showed him private letters of Benjamin Furly, the great promoter of the scheme in Holland and Germany, who may have given them particulars concerning the matter contained in the Information and Direction34" published in 168 1. Thirdly, they communicated to him also a "printed Relation," which, doubtless, refers to Penn's Account mentioned above. In the Res Propriae35 Pastorius speaks of "verschiedene relation schreiben," read by him, which would seem to show that he might have seen other printed matter, such as the Information and Direction, as well as Penn's Account. The earliest extant official document353- relating to a trans action in connection with Pastorius is the authorization, or power of attorney, given to Pastorius by a number of the first purchasers of land in Pennsylvania, bearing date April 2, 1683. The document committed to Pastorius "the care and Administra tion of all their Estate, lands and Rights which they lawfully ob tained there of William Penn." He was to "conserve in the best form of Law the things themselves, the Possession thereof and other rights," "Order the tillage of the ground," "Hire Labour ers, grant part of the land to others, take the yearly Revenue or Rents" and all other functions of administration, "all sorts of alienation and mortgaging excepted." A sum of money was given to the agent for this purpose, and he was to render a yearly account to his constituents or their heirs, but the constituents were "not to be obliged to any man by all his doings and contracts." The agent's compensation was to "Information and Direction | to | Such Persons as are inclined J to | America, | more | Especially Those related to the Province | of | Penn sylvania. 35 Cf . Res Propriae, p. 6. ¦'a Cf. S. W. Pennypacker, The Settlement of Germantown. no Francis Daniel Pastorius be what is "reasonable" from "the expected Income or Rents in Pennsylvania." This most cautiously worded instrument was signed by Jacobus van de Walle, for himself and as attorney for Johann Wilhelm Peterson and his wife, Eleonore von Merlau (Petersen), Daniel Behaghel, Johann Jacob Schutz, Caspar Me- rian, Francis Daniel Pastorius. The next record we have states that Pastorius bought in London (between May 8 and June 6, 1683), 15,000 acres of land for the Frankfurt company. This seems to be the status of the transactions at the time when Pastorius sailed for America on the ship America, June 6, 1683. The account of the events leading up to the departure for America are well summed up by Pastorius in the Beehive : "And forasmuch as J after this my Return was glad to en joy the ancient familiarity of my former Acquaintances (rather than to be with the aforesd von Bodeck feasting, dancing, &c.) especially of those Christian Friends, who frequently assembled together in a house, called the Saalhof, viz. Dr. Spenner, Dr. Schutz, Notarius Fenda, Jacobus van de Walle, Maximilian (by- named the pious) Lersner, Eleonora von Merlau, Maria Juliana Baurin, &c. who sometimes made mention of William Penn & of Pennsilvania, and moreover communicated unto me as well some private letters from Benjamin Furly, as also a printed Re lation concerning the sd province, and finally the whole Secret could not be withholden from me, viz. that they purchased 15000. Acres of land in this remote part of the world, some36 of 'em entirely resolv'd to transport themselves, families & all; this begat such a desire in my Soul to continue in their Society, and with them to lead a quiet, godly & honest life in a howling wil derness, (which J observed to be a heavy Task for any to perform among the bad examples & numberless Vanitates Vanitatum in Europe,) that by several Letters J requested of my sd Father his 36 In the Res Propriae, p. 7, we have the following additional details : "auch bereits einige gottfiirchtende Menschen [unter welchen Xtian Fend und Frau Baurin,] sich dorthin zu transportiren entschlossen, u. allschon zusarh gepackt hatten, entstund eine nicht geringe begierd bey mir, in ihrer Gesellschaft mit uberzusegeln, u. daselbst ( : nach uberflussig gesehenen u. gekosteten Europaeischen Eitelkeiten :) nebenst Jhnen ein still und Christlich leben zu fiihren." h*.*.^ cy*.*+v+c J^j/hf f _ Rent Receipt of the Frankfurt Company. Issued by Pastorius to Heyfert Papen. (From the Original in the Library of Johns Hopkins University.) transcription. Germant'n 5th Novemb. 1696. Ich endsunterschriebener bekenne von Heyfert Papen empfangen zu haben 2 shill. 7. d. 1. farthing, als den Erbpacht vor seinem Los in Germ't bisz lten Augusti diszlaufFenden Jahrs verfallen, im nahmen und als gevollmachtigter der Ffn. Comp. Frantz Daniel Pastorius. The Founder of Germantown in Consent & approbation, and at length Obtained the same, with a Bill of Exchange of 250. rixdollars; Thereupon J sent a large Chest full of Books & other Rarities by me heretofore gathered as a free Gift to my brother Johanes Samuel Pastorius, and after One weeks Visit, wch J gave to Friends at Krisheim, to wit, Peter Shoemaker, Gerhard Henrix, Arnold Cassel, &c, J pre pared myself for this the farthermost Journey, that J as yet ever had done or dreamed of. Anno 1683. the 2nd of April J set out from Francfort, came the 5th of ditto to Collein, where J was kindly received of David van Enden, Danniel Mitz and Dozen, the then Resident of the King of Denmark in the sd City, [This Dozen had strong Jnclinations for Pennsilvania, & desired me to prevail with his wife, but her Reply was that there they were carried in a Coach from one door to the other, but if they should happen to come hither, she was afraid that she must look after the Cattle, and milk her cows, &c] and the nth ditto all along upon the Rein to Oerdingen, from whence J went a foot to Crefelt and there did speak to Denis Kunders & his Wife, Dirk, Herman & Abraham op den Graeff, &c. who with many others came about Six weeks after me into the aforesd Province. The 16th ditto J arrived at Rotterdam, Lodged with our Friend Ma- rieke Vettekueke; saw here Benjamin Furly, Peter Hendrics, Jacob Tellner, &c. The 4th of May J sailed from Rotterdam accompanied by Tob. Lud. Kohlhans, and the servant, then with me, and came the 8th of ditto to London, taking our Lodging at John Hodgkins in Lombard street. After J had done my busi ness with Hellmont & those J had letters for, J with Jacob Shoe maker (who came with me from Mentz,) George Wertmuller, Jsaac Dilbeek, his wife Marieke & his two boys Abraham ~4«^ y^J *t: v^> s~ /? „ . A. " /? f /?- i?/ °>**r it" * Calendar of Pastorius' Life, (From "Res Propria?"), The Founder of Germantown 115 An Bein und Horn. Ein helffenbeirt, papier zu falten. Zwey Zahnbiirstg. Ein rothlofelgen. Poudre beutel Haubt. Zwey biesem biixgen. Schreibzeug. Zwey Schnuptabac Tosgen. Etliche Kam. An Glasern. Ein Perspectiv. Zwey Fernglaser. Ein paar augen glaser. Ein Spiegel. An andern Dingen. Ein Flinten rohr, so mir Jacobus van de Walle verehrt. Ein Scheermess[er] -stein. Ein blau probs'tein. An Leinen Zeug. Zwolff neue, und etliche alte Hembder. Acht Schlaff- und Drey Paruquen miitzgen. Sechszehn lange Halsbinden. Zwolff weise- und acht gefarbte nastiicher. Sechs paar weisz leinen strumpf. Acht paar Socken. Ein lange Handqvell. An Kleidern. Zwey gestrickte Schlaffmutzen. Zwey Hauben aus schwartzem Krep. Ein Haub von braunem Krep. Zwey graue Hiit. Ein blauen Mantel. Ein braun tiichern langen Obberrock. Zwey lackene rock mit zwey paar Hosen. Ein tiichern- und Ein ledern Camisol. Ein weisz zeugen Camisol. Ein ledern Giirtel. Ein paar lederne Hosen. Zwey paar lederne strumpf. Zwey paar gestrickte strumpf. Ein paar Handschue. Zwey paar schue. Ein paar Pantofeln. Ein paar iiberzihstiefel. Noch hatte ich eine schwartze reiskist; Span. rohr. Ein beltzern kistgen. Ein bleyern Schreibzeug. Einen Schwam. Ein Kehrbtirst. ledern federrohr. ledern Garn Tos. 2 Riech-biixgen." 116 Francis Daniel Pastorius CHAPTER IV. AGENT OF THE GERMAN COMPANY. The Voyage. The one absorbing desire of Pastorius in leaving his native land was that he might escape the vanities of the old world, and lead a quiet Christian life in the wilds of America. His disgust for the old life, which he was leaving_behind in Europe,~Ts" strongly expressed in the farewell letter written to his father and" friends from Deal, as he was embarking for the new world. The letter is dated June 7th, 1683, and runs, in English translation, as fol lows: "After I had seen enough of the countries and provinces of Europe, and considered the impending motus belli and the disquiet ing changes and disruptions of my native land, I yielded to the ' special guidance of the Supreme Being to journey to Pennsylvania, cherishing the hope that this my purpose might turn out to the best interests of my dear kinsmen, and to the advancement of God's honor (which is my highest aim), especially as the libertinism and sins of the European world are increasing more and more from day to day in such a manner that the righteous judgments of God cannot long be delayed.1 In all my doings I had taken this vanity and presumption to heart and considered their final issue with deep reflection, how life and limb, property and goods, ambition and lust, are subject to death and decay. But the soul once lost is lost forever. Semel peri- isse aeternum est. Accordingly I have entered upon this journey and passage' across the great ocean under God's guidence the more cheerfully, hi; ; order to escape temporal and eternal ruin, and together with nine persons attached to me, in company with a number of respected families, sailed from Deal, the 7th2 of June, 1683, in the hope that 1 The impression of impending European disaster, so deeply engraved on Pastorius' mind, is not to be regarded as evidence that he entertained Chili- astic views of the approaching end of the world, but rather as a prophetic presentiment of the catastrophe which culminated in the French Revolution. A similar reflection is expressed in a letter written home March 7th, 1684 (cf. Zurich A.). 3 This would seem to show that the letter was written immediately after Rathaus in Sommerhausen in 1903. The Founder of Germantown 117 the Lord, who till this hour has so richly blessed me and commanded his angels to keep watch over me, will so rule my outgoing and incoming that thereby His most Holy Name may be praised in un known places beyond the sea. I commit then my father and all the dear ones at home to the protecting hand of the Almighty, and as soon as the Lord shall bring me to Pennsylvania I shall give a more detailed account of all. But should it be his Holy Will to summon me on the way, I am ready with all my heart, and so on this account take leave of my father as befits a son, obediently thanking him again for all the love and fidelity which have been manifested in such superabund ance. May God repay it in time and eternity. I recall having read in my tour the following epitaph : "Der ich bey frembder Grufft so manche Schrifft gelesen, Und deren gute Zahl in dieses Buch gebracht, Weiss nicht wo ? wan ? und wie ? ich selbsten werd verwesen, Drum gib ich Welt-Lust dir nun tausend gute Nacht."3 Should we not see one another again here below, we shall in Heaven. If, however, we shall fulfil the will of God here on earth, which I desire from the depths of my soul, I remain till death, My father's faithful and obedient F. D. P."4 Pastorius sailed from Deal on the 10th of June, 1683, and arrived in Philadelphia August 20th, 1683, six weeks earlier than the main body of the first German colonists, the Crefelders and others, who arrived on the 6th of October, 1683. He had with him nine persons : four males, two maids, two children and a lad.5 One of the maids was a Hollander whom he had em ployed in Deal after his arrival from London. He came over on Pastorius' arrival in Deal, when he expected the ship to sail at once. As we learn from the Genealogical Sketch (Beehive, 223), and other sources he did not sail for America until June 10th, 1683. 3 1 who on foreign graves have oft inscriptions read, And many too of these into this book did write, Know not where, when, nor how I shall myself lie dead; To thee then, worldly joy, a thousand times good night. * Cf. Vmstandige geographische Beschreibung Der zu allerletzt erfundenen Provintz Pensylvaniae, etc. 1700, pp 45-47: Copia Genommenen Abschieds Francisci Danielis Pastorii / von seinem Vatter und Befreundten. Aus Deal den 7. Junii 1683. •They were Jacob Schumacher, Georg Wertmiiller, Isaac Dilbeck with his wife (Marieke) and two boys (Abraham and Jacob), Thomas Gasper, 118 Francis Daniel Pastorius the ship America, which was commanded by Captain Wasey, and drew thirteen feet of water. There were some eighty other pas sengers in the company. The journey was attended with much stormy weather and marred by the customary bad fare. A number of mishaps occurred during the voyage. The foremast of the ship was broken by the violence of the storm, the two carved lions of the ship's bell6 fell upon Pastorius, nearly breaking his 'back. On another occasion he fell during a severe storm and was con fined to his bed for some days in consequence. He remarks in his waggish humor that these two falls reminded him emphatically of the first fall of our first parents, which was visited upon their posterity. Accidents befell some of those also, who were with him. Georg Wertmuller had a serious fall, Thomas Gasper had a severe eruption on his body, and the English maid had an at tack of erysipelas. Pastorius states that he had a small ship's hospital on board, although he. alone of all the Germans had his quarters among the English passengers.7 One of the sailors went crazy, and the ship was shaken by repeated attacks of a whale. The hardships of the voyage were increased by the poor and scanty fare which forced them to live "medice ac- modice." The allowance for ten persons was three pounds of butter a week, four measures of beer a day, two measures of water a day, two dishes of peas at midday, meat at midday four times a week, and fish for the midday meal three times a week. This they had to prepare with their own allowance of butter and save enough from the midday meal for supper. The worst of all was that the meat and fish were so salt and stale that they could Conrad Backer (alias Rutter) and Frances Simson, an English maid. (Cf. Beehive, p. 223, and this work, p. 111. 'The original passage is: "Zwey ausgehauene Loben der Schiffglocke," which evidently refers to the ornamental frame work of the ship's bell. (Cf. the poem to Thomas Lloyd's daughter. * Pastorius took quarters among the English passengers evidently in the hope of better service and associations, as he was travelling as a gentleman, or, at least, as a man of some consequence in his capacity as agent of the German Society. Sommerhausen in 1903. (Old Fountain and Woman with a Watertank. Schoolmaster Gutmann and his son on the right.) The Founder of Germantown 119 scarcely eat it. Pastorius himself had taken the precaution, upon the advice of a friend in England, to lay in some supplies before sailing, and in his account advises others either to procure their own provisions or to have a binding contract both as to quantity and quality of the food to be served on the voyage. He advises further that voyagers should, if possible, take passage on ships sailing directly to Philadelphia, as those landing in Upland are subjected to many annoyances.8 It was a very mixed company of passengers who came over on the America with Pastorius : A Doctor of Medicine9 with his wife and eight children, a French captain, a Low German pastry cook, an apothecary, a glassblower, a blacksmith, a cabinet maker, a cooper, a hatter, a shoemaker, a tailor, a gardener, yeo men, seamstresses, etc., some eighty persons in all besides the crew. The oldest woman was sixty years of age, and the young est child twelve weeks old. Pastorius states that there were with him Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Anabaptists, Epis copalians, and only one Quaker. He not unfittingly remarks that the ship might be likened to Noah's Ark. On the nth of August they cast anchor for the first time, and, finding that they were near the Great Sand Bank, they sailed a hundred miles out of their course to safe waters. On the 16th, to their great delight, they sighted America, reached the Delaware Bay on the 18th, passed New Castle, Upland and Tinicum Island on the 20th, arriving on the evening of the same day at Phila delphia, after a voyage of ten weeks. 'Amandus Johnson, Harrison Fellow in Germanics at the University of Pennsylvania, has suggested that Pastorius may still have remembered the Swedes unfavorably, because his grandfather Martinus Pastorius, had met death at the hands of the Swedes during the occupation of Erfurt in the Thirty Years' War. " Probably Thomas Lloyd, President of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania. It appears that Lloyd and his first wife (Mary Jones, of Welchpool) had at the time of sailing for America nine children instead of eight, as stated by Pastorius. This may be explained by the fact that the youngest child, Deborah, was an infant. (Cf. Charles P. Keith, The Pro vincial Councillors of Pennsylvania, pp. 16-17.) 120 Francis Daniel Pastorius The German Company or German Society. The group of German purchasers of land in Pennsylvania, for whom Pastorius was agent, was in the beginning rather an aggregation of individuals than an organized land company. It must be noted that Pastorius, in his earlier reports, speaks of his constituents as the German Company, or High German Com pany or Society ("Hoch-teutsche Compagnia," "Hoch-Teutsche Societat," "Teutsche Compagnia," "Teutsche Societat," "Teut- sche Compagnia oder Societat"). The German Company or Soci ety seems to have consisted of a group of sympathetic friends or acquaintances in Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Duisburg, Wesel and other places, who had come into contact with William Penn and the Quaker's in the preceding years, and had purchased lands in Pennsylvania with the purpose of settling there, or at least of sending representatives to take up lands for them. Pastorius mentions the following as the most interested participants in this company in its beginning: Jacob von de Walle,10 Dr. Johann Jacob Schutz, Daniel Behagel, merchant, all three at Frankfort- on-the-Main; Dr. Gerhard von Mastricht at Duisburg, Dr. Thomas von Wolich11 and Johann Lebrunn11 at Wesel, Benjamin Furly at Rotterdam, Philipp Fort at London. These men also forwarded letters and wares for emigrants and furnished desired information and advice to those wishing to emigrate to Pennsyl vania.12 The actual purchasers in the German Company or Society who first transferred the official management of their interests to Pastorius April 2d, 1683, may be seen in the following power of attorney in English translation in Pastorius' own hand : 10 Pastorius gives the High German from "von" here instead of the usual and correct form "van," the name being Jacob van de Walle. The form "Wallen" instead of "Walle," which is sometimes found in German and transferred into English, is really the oblique case of "Walle," as proper names were then inflected. "Also written "Wylich," "Wilich" (or "Willich") and "Le Brunn." " Cf. Vmstdndige geographische Beschreibung, p. 35. For an account of the several individuals of the Company cf. S. W. Pennypacker's Germantown. Clock Tower and Gate, Sommerhausen. (i9°3) The Founder of Germantown 121 "At all times & in all things the Lord be praised ! Whenas Francis Daniel Pastorius U. J. Licentus, a German of Winsheim in Franckenland did signify his Jnclination to travel towards Pennsilvania, viz. that Province in America, which heretofore was called New Netherland, Jacob van de Wallen of Francfort Mercht. for himself & as Attorney of John William Petersen of Lubeck, and of his wife Johanna Eleonora van Morlaw, as also John Jacob Schutz of Francfort U. J. Licentus and Daniel Behagel & Caspar Merian of Francfort Merchants have trusted & Comitted unto him the Care & Administration of all their Estate, lands & Rights which they law fully obtained there of William Penn Govern1, in that part; So that the said Pastorius in the Name of the Constituents shall receive & Conserve in the best form of Law the things themselves, the Pos session thereof and other Rights; Order the Tillage of the ground & what belongs to husbandry there according to his best diligence, hire Labourers, grant part of the land to others, take the yearly Revenues or Rents; and shall & may do all what the Owners may do in Administration ( : nevertheless all sorts of Alienation & Mort gaging excepted). To this end a certain Sum of Money has been delivered to his trusty hands: Of all which he shall & will yearly give an account to the Constituents or their heirs; but the Constit uents will not be obliged to any man by all his doings & Contracts : What will be reasonable will be assigned unto him out of the ex pected Jncomes or Rents in Pensilvania. This being thus done hath been subscribed by the Parties own hands, Confirmed by publick authority and Committed to divine blessing, Jn Francfort on Mayn a free City of the German Empire in the year of Christ according to vulgar account 1683. the 2d day of the 2d month coriionly called April. (Seal) Jacobus vande Walle for (Seal) John Jacob Schutz myself & as Attorney of (Seal) Caspar Merian. John Wm. Petersen and his wife Johanna Eleo nora van Merlaw. (Seal) Daniel Behagel. (Seal) Francis Daniel Pastorius. (Seal) That the aforesd Parties did agree to all the above Contents, and Jn my presence Sign, Seal and Acknowledge the same, J do hereby witness the Date as above mentioned, Christian Fenda Jmperial Approved & Jmatriculated Publick Notary here. Manu & Sigillo." Endorsed on the back in Pastorius' hand as follows : "A Translation of Francis Daniel Pastorius his Letter of Attorney." 122 Francis Daniel Pastorius The Crefeld Purchasers. Another company of German purchasers (not members of this German Company or Society, the so-called Frankfurters, in its first inception, as it seems) had already purchased land in Penn sylvania and were planning to make a settlement there. They were the so-called Crefeld Purchasers, some of whom had bought land in Penn's Province as early as March, 1682. The active spirit among these Crefelders was Jacob Telner, who had visited Pennsylvania in the years 1 678-1 681, and after his return to Europe had induced or agreed with his friends to buy extensive tracts of land in Penn's Province. Two groups of these Crefeld Purchasers appear in the Land Records. The first group included Jacob Telner13 of Crefeld, dealing as merchant in Amsterdam; Jan Strepers14 of Kaldenkirchen, and Dirck Sipman16 of Crefeld, a "This Indenture made the Second day of the fourth month called June in the four and thirtieth year of the reign of King Charles the Second over England &c. Ano Dfii one thousand six hundred eighty & three Between William Penn of Worminghurst in the county of Sussex Esq of the [first] part & Jacob Telner of Amsterdam in the Province of Holland Mrcht of the other pt. Whereas the said William Penn by his Indentures of Lease & Release bearing date the ninth & tenth day of the month called March for the Consideration therein mentioned did alien grant bargain sell release & confirm unto the said Iacob Telner his Heirs & Assigns forever the full & just proportion & quantity of five thousand acres of land every acre to be admeasured & computed according to the dimensions of acres mentioned & appointed &c." (Exemplification Records, VIII, 655). The name is also written "Tellner" in the records. The year 1683 should be 1682, as the first year of the reign of Charles II. was 1649. The most cogent argument against 1683 is the fact that William Penn was then in Pennsylvania. (Cf. S. W. Pennypacker, The Settlement of Germantown, pp. 54-55.) Pastorius gives the year 1682. (Cf. Grund- und Lager-Buch.) 14 The name is written also "Streepers," "Streipers" and "Streypers.'' The following passage from the indenture deed gives the essential data : "Whereas by my Indentures of Lease & Release bearing date the ninth and tenth days of the month called March in the year of our Lord one thou sand six hundred eighty two for the considerations therein mentioned I granted unto John Streipers of Kaldenkirchen in the county of Iuliers in the borders of Germany Merchant five thousand acres o"f land to be taken up in the sd Province &c." (Cf. also Exemplification Rec, VIII, 674L) ™ Cf. the following passage : "William Penn true and absolute Proprietary and Governor in Chief of The Founder of Germantown 123 each of whom purchased of William Penn, on March 9th and 10th, 1682, 5000 acres of land in Pennsylvania. These purchas ers were evidently the first fruits of Telner's prospecting tour in Pennsylvania, and the contracts were executed while Penn was still in England. The second group of Crefeld Purchasers con sisted of Govert Remckins16 of Crefeld, Jacob Isaacs van Bebber,17 and Lenert Arets18, each of whom purchased 1,000 acres of Penn sylvania land in June, 1682. The indenture of sale to Remckins and van Bebber is dated June 10th and nth, 1683, and that to Arets is given in one case as June nth, 1683. The purchases of the first group of Crefelders were made before Pastorius had re turned to Frankfurt from his tour with Bodeck; the purchases of the second group were made on the day and day after Pastorius embarked from Gravesend for America, but before the Crefelders sailed for Pennsylvania. the province of Pennsylvania and teritories thereunto belonging to all to whom these presents shall come sendeth Greeting. Whereas by my Indentures of lease and release dated the ninth and tenth days of March Anno sixteen hundred eighty two in consideration of one hundred pounds sterling money I granted five thousand acres of land to Dirick Sipman of Crevett in the county of Meurs on the borders of Germany &c." (Exempt. Record, I, 462.) "The name is written by Pastorius in the Grund- und Lager-Buch as "Remckins," which is doubtless the correct form, although the form "Remke" also occurs, and the Exempt. Records have "Ranckes." Cp. this : "* * And whereas by my like Indentures of lease and release bearing date the tenth and eleventh days of June in the year one thousand six hundred and eighty three in consideration of twenty pounds J granted one thousand acres of land to be laid out in the said Province to Covert Banckes [Ranckes] of Crevelt aforesaid &c." (Bxempl. Rec. I, p. 470.) " For the Van Bebbers cf. S. W. Pennypacker in the Pennsylvania Maga zine for January, 1907. The following entry is found in the Land Records : «* * Whereas by like Indentures of lease and release bearing even date with the last above recited indentures of lease and release [9th and 10th of, March 1682, Indentures to Dirick Sipman] in consideration of twenty pounds I granted one thousand acres of land to Jacob Isaacs Vanbebber &c." (Exempt. Rec. I, p. 473-) u Qf « * * Whereas by my Indentures of Lease & Release bearing date the tenth & eleventh days of June in the year one thousand six hundred eighty three for the Considerations therein Mentioned I granted to Leonart Arretts then of Crevelt in the County of 'Meurs in the borders of Germany Linen Weaver (but now of Germantown in the sd Province) the quantity of one thousand acres of land to be laid out in the sd Province" &c. (Bxempl. Rec. I, p. 708.) 124 Francis Daniel Pastorius Taking up Land and Founding the German Town The beginnings of the German settlement are best gathered from the Land Records and the Reports which Pastorius sent to his friends and constituents in Germany. A number of these letters, reports, etc., are still extant, entire or in part, many of them having been later incorporated or abstracted in the Um- st'dndige Beschreibung of 1700. These sources arranged in chron ological order are : 1. — A letter from Pastorius to his father and stepmother, dated March 7th, 1684, now found in the City Library of Zurich, Switzerland. It will be cited in the following pages as "Ziirich- A." 2. — An Accurate Report from America, dated March 7th, 1684, sent by Pastorius. to his friends in Germany, a printed copy of which is found in the City Library of Zurich. It will be quoted here as "Zurich B." This report was incorporated in substance later in the Beschreibung, p. 41 ff. (See photographic reproduc tion.) Cf. J. F. Sachse, Letters relating to the Settlement of Germantown, &c, pp. 3-7. 3. — Pastorius' report to the German Society, dated the end of November, 1684. This is found in the Beschreibung, p. 16 ff. 4- — Pastorius' report of January 7th, 1684, found in the Beschreibung, p. 39. 5- — Pastorius' letter to Dr. Schutz, dated May 30th, 1685 {Beschreibung, p. 47). Also the replies of Dr. Schutz, Jacob van de Walle and Behagel, Jan. 20/30, 1686. 6. — Pastorius' letter to his father, dated October 10th, 1691 (Beschreibung, p. 49 ff ) . 7. — Pastorius' letter to his father, dated June ist, 1693 (Beschreibung, p. 54 ff). 8. — Pastorius' letter to his father, dated March 30th, 1694 (Beschreibung, p. 64 ff). -U^'U,Cil»tO/ A'VIH.IKIM ^3VA*IIMt»|Al»IC'^.4l-Allimt|Aril,JAm.a,UVA3t4M||Am;i|A7H«||Ct»/fubdaco Philadelphia, ben 7. 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Suii.fcoii&eaiabgcicgelt. batten ten fiei8»:tr!gen un,4tiii(t)( ii.StuuS«ii«iiaiib«tf«»orabl«n28in6/i>iel€tiirmmnoSoniiertt)ettet/aufl5 Ktbracb tct ecvDetffe 2Jlaff ju jmeijen malcn/fi) tag trir trff bimten 1 o. 2Cort)en aUbjicr arrmri -, jcton) __ fatcit5,h fatbenc. SUafeiKSftiKii gefiticfjct, tajkiiiiget>icljeitii g)tii tarauff. ©cfarbte (Jtefeltet baben ainf) jwifittii Ovotettam mit (Jngcllaiib ei;;e errraitfene |nt*terberiore;i;»e'4er3erliiff)etoiti»ifr6eilSn.vllantiint>peiiiiit(raiiien mitterSebiirtjirenet Sutter erfefttrrorten. auffuniermSifiiffriimjtgeiiirtiiiemantioteet'erfabren/aiiitiiiemantgebO' row. 5at alle >patTagicrs luaren etdtte lag lang 6«ctraiitt/ i(6 abet ni(i)l fiber 4. Stunt / Derentge. T^^VI v ^'^'I'l'i'miteTOorfftn/ta mit neiiilirt) tie jttitDaiitt'geljaueiie^beii fiber unferet e*Re* 1 ,'"- u *"*<•> <"'3ia«ii / unt 'it ten 9. 3u(. be» luttttluten eturm-fiyinjeituiiim f rES* lift kSwiSftW M irt) <">'«« **} t'ti" t«« SSettsfmten mnife. 2iefe bcctipl! erinner. Gen ne 1111 >pat aoe;S / «u* t icier ter lenigen / tie ,rf> fobKtaa 3«muim6fll medics «iB. begangw, lei».noscafUs,&c alleni aepteifft fet) bieSatterlja 'bguttlinVr S?armr)criiigttif -trente unsfctict. )o^ (cijteiii Photographic Reproduction of F. D. Pastorius' "Sichere Nachricht' (Original in the City Library of Zurich.) (((iternauiifuf;t(irf) gcmeltet. Sa^ractament ituffm SttifFiWgtir fcftferljt / (cb«n mcdicc'ac rr'o. dice. 3e io.jpeifoneiifricgtciiw0it ).vPmnbi8iutet/Mgli(64..'H.a nicnSierinb' Kaimtit ^tilTei';alleajiitiagi.ert)ufTelt'ii|(i£rbi"eii/4.5)iiitagintet2Biiii,ie,'v(eiHt/ii!it j.SBtttngSifcb/ tie wiCiniruufeKreigeiuffl SSutter jiitii(6tei|iliu(l:Saii(rii/ Siatcrim-cn/ic. ii!a(!cinet[i(tuntSo.>antti)ieniiigiuitiintcrf(tiebeii/fontetiiaii(f)fotifferenfeii[Xeiigioneiiiiiib3Btela tap 'ill tie SrtM welttc fte an&ero tragen / itia)t unfugliit nut ter Jriten 9?oa bcrgleiitcn feme/ ttoferiiiiiittuieotunreiiic-alercinei bernuntftige ) 26ter tatinscn bcftnMiit, Unter ineiiiein ©cfmtt fabc iit .-' tie es mit ter SX6mifrt)pennubetiieffettc untbonibmcmitiieboolierjreimtliitfeitemrfanieii rotirbet bon tiefem febr teettbcnC0iauii'iuitiu&nm.,uttigcn9\egeiitcn,io(tcii1ibil(i(f) II, cfinuntantcrsuberfitrcibeiii aliein;meii!c5eter/( tri<»o(ftcboncinem:iblcr/ ttttfitu tuniid) cinfogciiannter Kilter in mein .^auftgebrdett) iff bit! |u littMit / bicbobeSiigentenoieW -Gfiriftcii/bannfoliteoiff^rinberJbat/juefrtimireii. grlnfftmiitjumcifFtetn an feinejaffel bitten/ <.u((}tn ictiKi-jcterieif er6mi(t(t>A,nUrjtt)itT 8. ^ae) tiott *ier umb SSiciualifll bonSceu Saftle ju ooien/auffeu war / tint & mid) folrfje 3eit (Iter nirotgefeDcn/ ?annlrfclbitin mein ^Mgen/unbbegcarte/icOtolletoitibOitentiiiljefiivaatiuai bet) ifjinejuSaff fommen ic. ethattie (Xttiliftlieb/tintragteeitiitoffeniliit in meiner ©caeiirMrfitifei* iien Mtbcn unb Umbfte^enben: Sie fjabiitiieb/untwil/ bnpW&rfieaifitbebenlMefi onieivoli*uln'iitcnenieutalenterg(ewetl»efc((68"rrortboiiibiiigc()6rctr)abei biefe aber mir fi) tvaillcmitt«nll,©cliot(Bo««A!{ vid. i.3o$.}/zj. ) aant, J,Kitf)f6riiiiAjfti^. 3t**eim/ein SERmiit ft^/wetieer ©utt er>r«/util>BDii 3Dtttewfrt ttn SBcrcf trfa6«n / ^^ jikuk S«D«r dkrtitnfnW nu# Jiittt 9ffiuSiWj , ^^affcnbeitbefi ants' mutt fctj erffnnrt ein cterinetritotnerpraiientyrMcwftfaiJ «,,,;*.,„ ^ifi?rtireetenM ^•Rwtteil meiffeil aiiteriUrOCb«tliMig/ laudarutabhts.culpatotabillis. ®er»i(5 ifi«7ba0be.n! ml ,ui ,, ,V SAobeii an ffrurfitbarfeit niitfs ab«oet/uiib er fo rool als in Aurora tieSUab ""few •*» IfBSnmW/ teffii K intticiffenmaiMclt. Saiinobgcta*tea(teeiiwooiicrfiiibfd)iefOieOttoiiomi/6a. fKixm Jpimmel ligen/unc for EKf)/$fttb/ftfih/Srf)wein/:c. ©ommer unb JBinter im Sufcfi (aufftni Sarjcrficau(tgeringeii3Jiir;enbarboniit5p|Tcn. Siitcrittt/tic'Pouitcni}/ mit wclcter (bott ten/»&K borfam2ltamsbeffrafft tap erimSitweiP femes' 2tngeud>t< folic fein 5Hob effen / gebet aint teffen SJaittommliiigHtafftiiitierenianbenaii/Ainbmogentiejenige/roeliljeitrer^Jutcjufrt'oncngeteti' cfen,oerbleibenwo liciinb ; Hic opus, hic labored:, unb iff iiirt)tgenug, (Belt fonterOencigenbeitiii wertrenanbcrjubriiigcirtrtimcsbetlicrtftrt) unter ten-^antcu/unt mag itt wolmit Salomon i"agcii: gs1 oat Snlgel. SMcn terwiitenes 3abr febr biel ieut beetcs1 aup t£ngei< unt 3rr(nnt/a;s aim) £5ar-- fcatosVunt aiibcrn 2UiKricaiiifd;eii 3iifuln bier anf officii/ unt tiefe g>rosinfj nod) niiln fattfnme Itbcnfc mittel ror |oiif;e OTengc beroorbringt/tabero alle Slctualien iiemlitt tljcucr / unb gctt ror tiefeibc iiiciif alle ^iiJiiriaiiiTerbalbianbei'actottboffenroir mit ter 3eit an beeterlei) einen iiict!rcriiUbcrffupjiiba< beniKii iG-'Pcini Belt fitlagen/unt tcrJlcferbaubcffer beiteiktwirb I x. Jirbeits'ieut unt Saiiem ftnt criiiiit allbier am H0t&ta.fWi / unb wuni'dx nt mir tool ein Sufjent ffnrdc iijroier / tic bitten i£i* ri;enb.iiimnickr,jiiwerr7cn, taiinwof)iumanftrt)nurwentt/ bnbeiffrs: Itur in antiquam fylvam, tsili alles1 nut einJBalt ; unb fait tocnig leete Bitty) ill finteii / njoriniifails' / wie autb in ctlirfjtn anbcrti Siilcfcn/mirt) meine jtwor gefaffte -poffHimg bctrogen/ali> nemblid) / tap in bergieiiteu wiltcn SBaiuu-- gartcii gaiiiifeiiic7Uoffelno(l)Sirnaniutrettcn/atiitticien;wiewoifebr fallen 2Bintcr fein-pirfitiAi~a» licunen/ic jubetomniengewefen. ®iewiltc5raubcn fuit gar flchi/ uiitbi\iiicmcr/ Gffig a(s23cin batauP iii maa)en • tie rctlfftciftiiS ijaben uberaup" titf e Sitalen, unt wenig ticfc ftcrnsnin / tap fie bepimUfanienaufffifilagensfaumwertbfiiit/tieftcffeii aber unt Jpafetnilp unt ctwa»' gcfrt'inaiter/ tbieaii*tie'Pfcrfing/^eyffeliiiib8iriifebrgiit,untiu'(ttstaran)utatcln,obiietap"esterTe[benfottic( mtttgiebt .iiseinigebcilangen/ic..pingcgenfinbmcbrDUitc(fd)(angcn( . tcrcn StinVobtift)/; im Jant/ als uns licb iff :ce Clod) tip wenige nuip nt tancjuam refits oculatus hicrbenffigen, tap ten 1 6.0t tob. fd)5nc( S)ierri(ii)J.tioieniinSSufitgcfiiiitcn;3tein/nan)tciuiitteiU4. Ottot. tie Statt Sermon* town angclegt, unt ten i j-.tlto mit ficben antern jiirutf anbero gangen. wir unterwegs einen an euicni SSaumaurigelauffeiieu wiltcn IBcinffotfangctroffen/woran ben 400. Jraubcn biciigeu . tvcpbalbcn Wir tanntcniSaiiniuiiibgcbaiien/ mis' alle S. erfafttfjt/ tint icter noifi einen .put voiliuitftrtinnrt) -pans gcmigai. 3'ein/aisin) ten if., 'lug. nut IB.ipcnniVeiptcwurtc nail) bollentcterSliaHljcitcin einlielclScrllcnwiirrieltargcbraibt/ weitlicatlbicrinciiicuKSartcngewtiitfen/ tint fo.^ialnien auff ficfcbattc. 2lUtiu, cUlc JxiiriKtri-iietcnobcn iiirfitt'friiiiiiTi.'ti tic( iiiit hcilTt^'rrfcnTrnTtrrtifcrrtiljwort mmi : l£mc t itwalb niafljt tcincn Soiumcr Ot irt) jwar 11irt.1t iweiff.C/cs Wftttn aint ins l unffrig mctr ter» gleidjen friirtubare ^ rcmocl ju tauten iloffcn, wann wir tiefe ernfuirt" an ben 'Pflug legen tvertcn. 3d) betaiirctie^DciiitclH'n/foirtiiiiitbctoiiiiiien.nxilcnticfclbe/tawirallfit'oiiiiiiSeiawarrebaowari'ii/ mitSetwaiTerl'eknirtjtciwotten/itntbipaiiff2.bertorbcn.Offtcrwebnter5B.ipciinfatcineii5Beiiu berg bon Srani;Sf.9iibeuaiigcrflanii:tcrer®arf!st(nmi mit juiiaiijiiiitniicn unt mir; als irt) fie fab/ ta6 if.^ap.3otannisjunart)minlitten0cmiiibfiibrtc. iv.$r)ilabelvbianimtt^j(in)an.p5iifetniuitiJinwo6nernmebriuitmet3r)il.'unWirtuiiiiaui-t) maiTen tie Sonctat eiuc mit Stamen Sranttfiirt unt antertbalbcttiuibboiibicligcrtcginiitjiitaueinwofclbit lie eine iDiublc unt ©lafinafticreii anriditet. Unferutatooii/nentlidii.Stiuibroniillbicr.ligtunfcriBcriuaiitowii / all» »obctnt«Ai.igi«ii((6enm n. -PauPbaitungcn icben / wclttc mciitcntbciW iciiicnwcber/ tint iiuit 5eitbaiiiii*talljiige(t1)i(ttiint.X!icfetetUd)ea-ut(einbabcnalIibr3crmogenaufftic9icisaiigcwcn= tet:tapwota-iiirnienbon^.>peiintud)tfpvoi>iaiitborgeffrcittwnrte/ ficiiotbwctifigautcrnticiicit niulfen. «en^i'gii>iriiti|a.|te,i©trniaiiaiwii(iabciiftctiiri1)offtnialigcsbiiiuntbcrwaiitctn/an= M)oiuarffer.iebab;iuintfa:iiilitoniLMiterStattmeeriio(tnid)tfageii/ tann tap fie auffnfmwfi, SM ffloajlicdmbarireil > Scr;iitljerifd)e(ptebiger / welitet ten SdSweten als eine ftatua Mercurial,-, im 28eg jiioi pimiuel jeigen foil. ¦iff/ mit einem 2Bdri in fagcu cm Jruntf enbolb. Sngteifoe , a-ebt a ftilfitefflhintier uiitaiitcrcliiiIctbaffte^crfonenalibier/weiitcietOitbcrboife'tlirtitcrTBnitgfiti^tf CKaitwieSriciiwegwebeiiwittiufeiiier^cn.aufroiiiineiiiiJottsfurittiiKiiieiitcuiit un ^ejenfjeil aurt) fein '"Utaugel/iint fan irt) nut (Stunt teeZGarrjeitrerfnteiu taPiitiuSuropaiargentfrtogiciifi -nlsui un|"eriirpbilate(pbia/aiigefrt>lugengei'cbe:i: Sipiiiibcasbaircrgcfuiifcii/bfr Setiicrcrinaft fid) bei) foni annul ten, ommanis abet tas 2Citetipicl : Sip uut 6a i if! bcrlomen wortem wet csrrieter trmgt foil cine "Jiergeltuug baben ;r. Hon tici'eu erit etii.ict'frovfftcn Srcmbtliiiijeii will in) bot ai'lcfioiitcbrmittgetencfen/ ali tap mn ter folrf'ciutiirtn'.poittciitntc rein oturtrt tie bercitfio.jabr tip ^iittctroiiuerimf flrf;alfoglfl{tfpeiui(wclrtit'iibreSrrad) iieinliittwiiifittciii tan ) tap nt ein Jeutiiter, !i • fatu er alio ten t. Caobr. wie auet ten 1 1. Secembr. ein antcrer to Htgiiiitftoiiigininmeiii-pnup. 3tcmiUer(aiiffenm;d)picl(ikimniefcbrofff tciienid) tort; faff «llj teSrraitiitm.inniiifi.untgibt nitiiicsliarboitalteneterjtai^niftttnanarabit^tteiiigiitiit'^c. 'MircKrt'iintOiaturbeti'iri'cut/ imi^maiifie/fojurcbeii/rubdimngvireiiiiiJie/weifJeeiiieStiilaiifi mit ten fo genaimten O'briffen com crTirt/imb tie/ io erff anfangeii aus foren -polen terror w ftterficu. Saiui]eiieitntrerfitmifituiitargii|tig,weli.iesfietciiobii,..-ntionirttii5J?aiih^f)ti|leniiitai)rteii: frmper tnim .-.iiquid h.irci. Soidieincr nun nerfefjte nut neulirt) feinen Jragticnien jinn llnter» pfant.' unt jur lieriiiterung taper mir einen tiaiiaiiieiibriiigeiiwoitcbratliieieborj) an teffcu Statt einen ,'itier unt woltemiitbereten ceftiuin Calieun ,_;c. SainMbmabcrtorffcllere/ tapiitmfor ?ltlergef(r)en befaunteer gegen einen tarbctiflchciitciiediweten/ taper esaue1 JSttrug gettan / in {Dieoiiuug well wir erff ins ianb fomnicn ir6foIn)e {iftiiiitauffemui'.biiicbv-Dioinif.'wiefleiiinirttig wettenwir ? Sa biel'e .pcoten fore jterioriiiiiig in ciuer fo wan terfatueii ©cfaflen jeii &S>1% beimftelieii : 3d) iaht eteu bainalt* ibrer 2>iere wf«m> men freiftii; tit if rbc war jiigieitt fore 'Jafei unt SSanct, tin ohne Gutter unt ©eteutij in Woffem 20a|l '' fer gef oitjter Kfirtt) alle (Setirtjt/ itre Joffel waren iliiiiiitein / tarntit fie tas wainie IBntTer aupui|)» ten/unt fore Teller £t{0en>S5I ten tie VergiuV|)difet iii (trneii feinen Stteutrageii/taiikffttiiisniittterinaleiiiffbor tern yi/itferi" Stui ^SfuClorifti befiMmen iiir3 tesiop, amt pongleiitm.iffiger S?reuc unb emigre. Jerner eineautete (Bap 'unt entlirtTllnfer tnttcs let. Xonnen Cemnad) autfjetes ; op ooran .jwci;/ unt iiinten an aiiiD: jwco -paufcr neben counter/ gefolglirt) aufftic treoiopjwolif {laiiffr nut ibren tchoriid'en -poffffatten fugiidxu gebauet werten/ weidjetod) alle aufftic otraffen ntipgcbeiwt. sJiotbweiibig abet muffeii wit innertalb .iveoeu 5abKn i wofernanteriifoldieiopniditivollciiberlicrcii tten^i.hiirer.tasirt'auffietesiopcin-paiip/ iiimiiern. jdibabcauffbaslUirtercmitimfermftiieittailfrtionenifleiuci; talb unter •unb bait obertait ter ijrten auffgeriittet / weltties' jwar nur treiffia S (tub lang unb funffjcbn brcit / let oct als tie Erefelber tier bco mirlogirten/ jwanfiig 9>crfonen betetbergen fume. 2i.n tas Celgctrnntt te ¦P-ipier^eufternbertcvItur bate irt) gcfttricben : Parva domus, fed arnica bonis, procul ette pj..phani 1 2Beirf)cs2D.>pennletjr()iiigeiefeu/ initfutgefallcu (affen. liter tip tat iff) einen Seller/ liebenSduibe tieff jreotlfbreit/ unt jwnnfjig lang / am 3c(a";arre tar/ alles ianbjiiunittaiieii/rcelitcs wir tort; wegen ter f'-eWaulfeiitcir-pfeitc/ftiin nut Srfwcinc njQttwmcii cntubrigct b'citen: 2Unt fan man ta« crfte \abr in font ncu ianb feinen 3vocf otcii ^ SjMffite Af 4"cianifth(otcr wi< es ten" curt; geneimet wnt, 5 lircf nit) Sum , fo )(toituirt)tfowot!ftl)ni.iettnort)er|.ittigt. n. SnlaiigeubbiebrenbuiibertMctinberStattSrcPbeif babiitten CX..>pcnnPic'fa'tig<3ii. nmiiiNitiungcttMiutinbii'iitetiuturgirt/ tap 55. Si'irtoim Serf miff folr&e berfvro.ten it. if r a»« Tl^X^!l^^fbmT «T«*»««* $ Stat ibata n d , mebr a.iPgefeet worten/ aisfirt) nod) bci ftg emjtwefen in gngcllaiib Afuiifcreroii ffmff taufent eingefunten , worimtcr Me motieii lUeriietTnre - Sr, ; m. ^ffi'*-, no*borweiiig 5agen/ ta irt) fom atcrmat Isein i?,'c .; 111 SS toifrtie 1 r 1 L ',"1^ rr,31'*^ n»* .«f«mmcu laticn woue , fonffm atcr feu ...ciiauii metr/ ter iiatt gajinfmig ter XSiirtjcr gefaufft tate/ er f<» aurt)/ wererkn. tin irt) fllfo 23orljntJene7fb tau) alfoiet bae Snbianiftte ftorn in bie (Jrte/ einen Wang AUfFbieTen ion. 2ttfeu tie fiber einefjalbe Stunt niitt ton tUftger tetabt cntferntfct)ii»etben ; duinadjen i tamit fti1tuntSrf)WcuibctTertalteu/au(i)fotcffomefc3t;iiii)tettaueii/uiit tenen Ciacvieigenteiitarinit aiibautgctciitnoje. 5. t.nlangenbtiefunffjetentaiifenb'ilcfer^eteigntteiiffftjweo-paupt-diHicuititen/neinWil/ tap 2B. *pcmi fie niitt gem btrjfamm an einem ©rite getin woltt / auff tap nitlit fo gar groffc borgeftellfl!cnjj «ciimriUHMmferecteutf^cii0?acijf6minliiigf(t;afft|ettptajuticitliii)/ fognr unter tie (Sngliffjeiingt, ffecff ju»erbeit/junia(eiiS3.5iitlb tcnen SeiiiAtVPeimtJ-pantbricitgeu comnuinteirt/ in ttxlitcm (it uufeter Station ein antcrsberfp^ocfjen/K, tatSrmirleijtiid)einen2Barranter(rjeiit;iin= feriaiibbeBfariimenMitateii/wofernwirtiiuien3atreit5tiffbreifng5amilieiiaufftiefunffiejentiiii! feub Jitters' ftelleu wolten/nemliit treiyjowiifbipsviebebon jc&en-patiptairungeii/woriii tie brer) tie de. reits tier fmb/ju recpnen/ ( 3m fall aber mitt treiffig Samilieu / wil (fr niu)f gebalien fctm/tatfiantnii einem Stutf jugeben.) 3rt)ineincr)wenigenDrts'woltewoiwfiufa)en / bap wir eine fcpaute fieine 5>robinfs ertalten/unt tins alfo oou alter Umertrtictungifo teffo met; borfeteu uiflajten.ftoiite nnn turn curt) finer in fictfelbfifrebwerten/umbantsroiufomnien/fobielSanuiieuinttjubringen/wilrbeeiitt eigen be!tee'uiwerg(eifoii(tfctctaturitbef6rbcrt/ge|ia!ifani(fr 20. yeini.erffetegeftern ill niitfdjtt/ tap St'eurt) in tiefem jail tor alien Snglifrficn; tie jwar etenter gef auift/atcr noit niitt tier fmb/ f«> botinren/unt gewiffc spriv:lcgia immfetui ifteucn Sramf ciilanb ( fo uannte <£ r tie tins tefj mire iMh fd)afft)ertteilcnwolte. giiiiieseufOatcrjiitatt/fobielSamilteiiinfofuirierSeitmtrarsportirtii/ wire meinerjumnapfeljlidKU tartortaltent! gut/tap tie Sreunb bon ein paar taufenbWer* ton cuff) annetmeiw unb etlitteii-pauptaltuugen bon itreiigefegnetenlltetfluPatitertulffeii/tiiiiiif ja5iefuiiff)e6entaufeiit2litetSimgcttcnnt.[intfontet)Wifrt)eiifailente efnglifcfce ?iad)tautiiun<(u< foinmennfogteiiijumalenSrficiiiittailiiiferrpontiefigerStabtgctenwii/nembliit/aiiteniStpll' t ill/otertalt tep Jails /wofclbff St feitff ein -paup ,u tauen / unb eine fleiiie.pcrrfitaffuirtjfeit wr fi* nnjuorbnengcfmnet. SaSianb iiaitffbemSliipiffffcmiiiobcrgicijt / uubmnilGeinbaiim'tttttiitci fluem/einwatts' aber eben unt fruditbar/basfftlinmilteift tapiimnmitteiiiemSitiiff/faiiffetirann te oiel geregnet / unt gleittwol iud)totnc®efatt)i'iterteii5aiHint'eteiriflippenabfa6renfan/ir. Sicweilen id) mm niitt wiffcn fume / rvai forlipfalis »u tbun eiitfrtjl-ciTeii mortitet / unt tort) fiferan fetr Diet gelegen ; amt fiber tiefe offtctwetnte funffjeten taufeiit Jlctcrtvtei) z8. (t)r.{e()Cii ffluftut1 «>efiiiuifr''un3> all tier fcijente / niitt an einem Stilt! erlangen f oimeii ) fctWMufciib Jitters' jit elucr JownitiP aulfge> iiommen/woran fie brer) taufcitb / uiibwirtrei)taufent taben. Siefctotabtlegte id) benj4.Qrwt. an / unb nenute fie ©ermantown i Sie ligt nur i. Utr gebens bon tier / auff frucbttarcn ffioten / lino flnanmuttigenSJruiinqiiellen/rcntroniitobeiigemeitet. Siefes'niuffeirt)tarumbttun/wtileii20. spennniemanben feine 'Portion abfonVtlin) gcbciivoiffoiitctiiiniiffen ailein 2owiifoips ober ©wwn tc»rrtiiim ivo&nen/uiit biertroiio oiit«icliebntr1t^i.lrTr|j #i%fa|t* emttto m friegen/tercr irt metrbertrauen fonne.aW ut feiter ! nun iiiitttbun tarrf. • ^™,.1»;.5UI!' ^mwimmmttM^t I f» am (outer 5eutfite / baiint.e^ollanberc wiemi* w f ««( 7 )&c- tetri'fote Srfafirumjldjrf ) ratio nrrt)t fo iwgmlglift) / wettes'tort) in btefcm iietien fmioen cine tort)n3'- tljige Qualitaac- qtp 6rtb^fei.im.e3miinerniami unter mcineiiijiicitteii/miStTeiiberoJafoeneiiipaat 23eiurebeti/wei( an teroSertfommu.ig nui)i jiijtrcmetu. ^ircmmierrjani; ovcic'jiiii.1 vaurccn' cw men fonterliri;tiiifeniiiib-pirfeii;)c. aurt) NB, etlirtK groffe eiferue ft'ocffoafcu / unt iuciuanter fte-- merlirt)fo(iterau8'geffrciitc©eltfaiiiei!itiiriier3eiteiiicrei(teifriitepernrfail)eiiwi'irte, fojuSuertu reifernOJacrjtemfenteimffellc. SiejwepnottigiteStfitffmt/ i.aufBieiofenin ticuget Statt Segue* nK-pauferiubaueii/welf&etteuaberteuert/nnb)atrlia)"i.broioo.rt)iiiiciigetvo]uicuwerteu. i.th 'H»t#tBti6iKHri«««aiiju(ptiia= «tpr)wurt6SStul!««ii«6en0it> ntetjt To ceitDIiel) in 6t«ffit'ral«(pr)ia anititrerTeu / nK i£t feiiKs : Crtswrniffbet/unbumbberenffieforterungaiscin gcrreucr Janbee ¦¦ Matter treuepfeng bemffoet iff. i J;»l<3nliauer{boiitermOiaturimbortergeteubenetirasweuige5'aiigehibret.periunitcrnauf;ier tJaiiitiietenetlirtjeioctOteilweiferiiitaseantein tc. ^,^rdra»w.;ai^;««.A;r.T.nf ^« 3 • ' LVLl l^ult "' "^ 'ent t tut,' u / iM'trtt it-t i.imii;i L,n...ti S?ni?^M?fflffiffifinllc,-i u ^ iu tcn Seiibwer-uut ©ef.lbrl.itteiteu ter langwi.ria.in SS^fiSffi^«S,ft^&,fcfl*8 m Umcmnt tinmen r.ittt in tart ¦ fo gcter ic faminen fammen wnd)fen/aKSaume/UMdjette recite Jpanb ©odes' an SBalTernSdjen gepftanfffFat/camif ,\x iiimtuur^i.ltter/foiiternSritttttriiigen/aurreitienSeit. gruttte ber XMifi / Srudite 'befc SrietcnsV Srurtte ter ©ererbtigfeit ! Saim was fiilffts einen foliteiuuuiiiricu S5aum / obfrtion ter ©inner feiner ii0(Ottlie5reuiit>; wrgetcn alltier tigiid) mit tergkirt)enu:itnittttareui8c)Amieii;unit/tarten fic nieter /in.tbtaurtieii fapor5?reimtolti. Ssiff m luteins eine guttet(n'',;Sariiuiia/ tic mitt fihaben fan. 3(bbefc&leen4 fimrtlirt-'goitli'tericfluenz .obneweirtjeiinfere'jruittbarfeituiipoilfonuneii) Ser-pi£rr / ter toil •JBelicu gegeben 6at; -geoc aiiivoasSoiiWiigeii ! Jlmen. Jplsrtcr. ^ntcifviiiiDjIuftcr ter nilbior gcbrfAurfjlirtJcn^ntirtiiifificri COVrtiifj/tfl 6.toow ten rbetfTet./ tint t. ton bciiffowrtrfjen einen if nglifitjen Ranting marten • unb woilen nun gctaittc 3nbimitr t|jrt)ts mefit Por it ilbergelbbcrfauffcnfoiitcrn eiuig tint allcin mit ihrer SRutfo beiablt fetjn / ireileii fie ineifientbeils tiefig_c cant quittiren unb etiirt) tuiitcrt£Diei,weiterSiifrf)irartscuuicteiiwo(icii.-£nrJ (it ffeten in einem fodten Jiterglauteu/bap eten fo bid Snbianer latrlirt) (ieiten muffeil / a'.i riel/iidib jia)Surorner aifoero fommeii/JC. Siefetiiiimtatiitjuuotip.ircn/ meiner otligeiiteiiSituibigfeitiufeimermerTcn/alsteriiijbi* llieilietorgtragc'getreuerfuuteujiiwcrbt'ii/ bcffcninir fowol^B. 'Penn/ unb anbete reblirtie few/ fllsiiieineigei^cwiiTcu.'Welfoesifoiiiebr.aistaufeubengkidjfrtiilie.'ciiiirreprochableSeiigiipqclJeii fan/bap es mir jiemliitifitipcr fade, inbiefemfoffbarcn ( ai.bcriftoiMcereii )ianb fobicl ftiieifttiwt Stebaiteiuuberforgen / fount for (eidufani eiariiten ¦. 2uiei.;tae23ertrauenitiuiiferni bininiifeit Matter iiterwinbet alkf. Brfllfet alle antereSefanbtei) ton mir terljltrt). 3d?pcrblcite ai[ejcit«ticrtrca^uric> bienfJbefietiw bifj|ter RR' The Founder of Germantown 129 fied that part of the contract of the German Company's purchase which called for land on a navigable stream, inasmuch as the desirable tracts of this size on the Schuylkill below the Falls, the only desirable region left, seem not to have been available, at least in the mind of the Proprietary. But in the case of this third tract, as in the two previous instances, Pastorius was persistent in urging the claims of the Germans. He argued that it would be prejudicial to the Germans and to their posterity to be scat tered among the English; that Benjamin Furly had shown them William Penn's autograph letter in Rotterdam, in which the orig inal promise was made. Penn finally yielded a third time to the pleadings of Pastorius and issued a warrant for the land, making it a condition of tenure, that thirty families should be settled upon it within one year, in three townships, with ten families each, in cluding the three families already there. These concessions seem not to have been finally made by Penn until after the arrival of the Crefelders on the 6th (or 16th, New Style) of October, 1683. It was evidently the plan of Penn to wait for the actual arrival of a considerable number of Ger mans and then assign lands as the number and character of the new arrivals seemed to warrant. There was not a little vacillation on the part of the prospect ing German colonists as to the wisdom of emigrating to America. This was particularly the case with the members of the German Company. At the outset it was evidently expected that a consid erable number of the Frankfurt purchasers would actually settle in Pennsylvania. This is apparent from the correspondence of Claypoole and Furly, and from the letter of Pastorius to Dr. Schutz in Frankfurt, dated November 14, 1685. In the early letters to Furly under date of January 24, 1682- 3, May 15, 1683, May 18, 1683, Claypoole speaks of the prospec tive German passengers of the Concord as "Franckfordrs,"24 " The passage in question in letter of January 24, 1682-3, runs : "As for thine and ye Ffranckfordrs land to bee sett out upon a Navigable River, that is only in ye power of ye Governour to doe," etc. 130 Francis Daniel Pastorius "Ffranckfurtrs,"25 "Ffranckfords."26 It is not till the letter of June 5, 1683, that we hear of them as "the people from Crevelt." This letter shows that Furly had sent a list of thirty-three per sons (the so-called Crefelders) to Claypoole.27 From this time on we find no further mention of the Frankfurters, which seems to indicate clearly that the great things expected of the Frank furters or the German Company in the beginning of the corre spondence were left for the Crefelders to carry out. After the long and annoying delays recited in the letters of Claypoole, the Crefelders finally set sail from Gravesend and ar rived at Philadelphia on the 6th (or 16th, New Style) of Octo ber, 1683. They numbered thirteen families, thirty-three full passengers in all. Their names are given by Pastorius28 as fol lows : Dirck op den Graeff, Abraham op den Graeff, Herman op den Graeff, Lenert Arets, Thones Kunders, Reinert Tisen, Wil liam Strepers, Jan Lensen, Peter Keurlis, Jan Simen, Johannes Bleickers, Abraham Tunis, and Jan Luken. On the 12th of October, 1683, six days after the arrival of the Crefelders, Penn issued a warrant to Pastorius in behalf of the German and Dutch purchasers for 6,000 acres of land on the east side of the Schuylkill : K Cf. letter of May 15, 1683 : "So it will be yett about 6 weeks, before wee leave England, which thou mayst advise ye Ffranckfurtrs, that they may be ready against the tyme," etc. 26 Letter of May 18, 1683 : "as J have advised thee in my last that we were lymited to the 30th next month to be ready to sayle from Gravesend so that if the Ffranckfords do intend to goe in our ship they must be at Gravesend by that time," etc. 27 Cf. Letter of June 5, 1683. "J understand the people from Crevelt have agreed to goe in our ship and so have 287 Rthlr to remit thee for y2 their freit," etc. 28 Cf. Grund- und Lager-Buch, "Ansprach." Friedrich Kapp (Frans Daniel Pastorius' Beschreibung von Pennsylvanien) made an effort to determine the forms of the names as found in Crefeld sources with the following result: Abraham op de Graeff, Dietrich op de Graeff, Hermann op de Graeff, Leon- hard Arets, Abraham Tiinies, Reinhard Theisen, Wilhelm Strepers, Peter Kuirlis, Johann Bleikers, Jan Luycken, Tunis Kunders, Jan Simens, Jan Lensen. Warrant for Survey of Land for Dutch and German Purchasers. (Original in Department of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, Pa.) Warrant for Survey of Lots for Germans in Philadelphia. (Original in Department of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, Pa.) The Founder of Germantown 131 "William Penn Proprietary & Governr of ye Province of Penn silvania | & ye Territories thereunto belonging. At ye Request of Daniel Pastorius in behalf of ye Germans & Dutch Purchasers yt J would grant ym Six Thousand Acres, to settle upon. These are to will & require thee forthwth to survey or cause to be survey'd unto him for ym ye said Number of Acres on ye Eastside of Skulkill River and make returns there of into my Secretary's Office. Given at Philadelphia, ye 12th 8br. 1683. Wm. Penn.29 For Thomas Holme Surveyr General." On the back of the warrant is the following endorsement in German, in Pastorius' own hand : "Warrant vor ein Downship von 6,000 ackers." It was on this tract that Pastorius, twelve days later, on the 24th of October, 1683, laid out the first German township and began the German settlement which he called Germantown, be cause it was inhabited by Germans. It appears from the same documentary source30 that the 6,000 acres were divided equally between the German Company or Society and the Crefeld Pur chasers, each party receiving 3,000 acres. Thus the settlement of Germantown was effected by the union of the interests of the Crefeld Purchasers and the German Society. This is evidently what Penn has in mind when he refers to the "Germans and Dutch Purchasers" in the warrant. Then Zurich A gives us the further interesting information that Penn had set apart for the Germans, in addition to the 6,000 acres above mentioned, an other tract of 12,000 acres, which he called New Franconia, ("Neu Franckenland"), possibly with the expectation that this should become more distinctively a settlement of High Germans, that is, of the German Society proper, the so-called Frankfurters, who had promised to follow Pastorius to America. This seems the more likely inasmuch as the majority of the first settlers of " Philadelphia Old Rights, No. 1869 (Department of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg.) w Cf. Sichere Sachrkht, Zurich B., p. 6. 132 Francis Daniel Pastorius Germantown, the Crefelders, bore for the most part Low Ger man names, and came from near the Low German border. Pas torius, however, in his report bearing the same date, March 7, 1684, refers to this New Franconia as if it were to include the whole German colony of present and prospective settlers. The original German translated into English runs as follows : "I could wish for my small part that we receive a small sep arate province, and be so much the better able to protect ourselves from oppression. If one of you could release himself to come hither and bring with him so many families, your own best interests would be incomparably advanced thereby, particularly as he, W. Penn, only day before yesterday said to me that he would favor you above all the English settlers, in this case, who had previously pur chased but were not yet here, and would grant certain privileges in our New Franconia (so he called the tract designed for us). In case, however, it is too difficult for you to transport so many families in such a short time, it would be well, in my judgment, which of course is not binding, that the friends of accept a few thousand acres and assist some households, from their rich abund ance, to come hither in order that the 15,000 acres may be assigned to us together and without any English neighbors intervening; especially as he wishes to grant them too far from this city, namely, on the Schuylkill above the Falls, where he himself thinks of build ing a house and establishing a Manor. The land next to the river is quite hilly, and not ill-adapted to grape culture; but further in, it is level and productive. The worst is that it is impossible to pass the falls and the rocks with a boat (except when there has been much rain, and then not without danger). Inasmuch as I did not know what you would decide to do in this case, and yet much de pends upon this matter; also concerning the oft mentioned 15,000 acres with the cost of 28 pounds sterling, viz., 5 shillings of Eng lish currency for every 100 acres, as charges for surveying, which money I have not on hand, I must wait for your decision in order not to transgress the limits of a faithful agent. In order, how ever, that I may locate the three families which have arrived upon their 600 acres, I have united with the Crefelders (who have bought 18,000 although they cannot obtain them in one tract) and taken up 6,000 acres for a township, of which they have 3,000 and we 3,000. This city I laid out the 24th of October and called it Ger mantown." Thus the great German pioneer cherished the idea of a sep- The Founder of Germantown 133 arate German Province within the larger Province of Pennsyl vania, "a State within the State," in which the German colonists might have their own peculiar rights, institutions and mode of life. So it appears that without the Crefeld Purchasers, the found ing of Germantown could scarcely have been effected, as Pastorius had with him neither the purchasers of his German Company or Society, nor settlers to take up the land which the Society had purchased. It was possible only by uniting the interests of the Crefelders and those of the German Society to secure a grant in one solid tract. The Crefelders had bought in all 18,000 acres oi land, but could not obtain a grant for it all in one tract. Pas torius, having encountered like difficulties in securing a large tract, and having three families representing the lands of the Ger man Society, joined the two interests in order to accomplish in the form of a compromise the purpose of the two groups of set tlers. Such were the arduous labors and devious ways through which Pastorius passed in founding the first German colony. It was his untiring patience, steady persistence, and masterful tact which won these important concessions from Penn in the face of the pronounced opposite policy of the Proprietary. Only a man well versed in the intricate science of law and acquainted with the conditions of both settler and Proprietary could have achieved such an amicable arrangement as that which Pastorius secured for the German township. The settlement, Germantown, was laid out with one main street, sixty feet wide, and cross streets forty feet wide. Three acres were allowed as the lot for each house ; Pastorius, however, had double that number of acres for his own house. The loca tion of the lots is shown in an old map of Germantown of the year 1688. It will be seen from this map, as well as from the surveys, that this first German settlement was not located on the Schuylkill, as seems to have originally been contemplated, but some distance eastward toward Mill Creek, a small tributary of 134 Francis Daniel Pastorius the Wingacocum. Thus the original agreement that the German tract should be on a naflgable stream was, after all, evaded by Penn, who seems to have been inclined to circumvent or alter the original agreement with the Germans at every essential point. Step by step Germantown grew and throve so that Pas torius was able to report on the 7th of March, 1684, that twelve families, numbering forty-two persons in all, were living happily in the new settlement. It appears, from the next report from Pas torius, in a letter to Dr. Schutz in Frankfurt, dated May 30th, 1685, that he himself was still living in Philadelphia, although he writes that his thoughts are now in Philadelphia and now in Ger mantown. The first year in the new settlement was naturally one of great hardship and exposure. Pastorius offered temporary shel ter under his own modest roof for some of the newly arrived Germans, and the rest found quarters elsewhere, according to tradition in "caves"31 or rather probably rude huts, with cellars, until houses were ready for them in Germantown. The most pinching circumstances were the scarcity of money and provis ions, and the lack of carpenters and other skilled workmen. These conditions are graphically set forth in the report of March 7, 1684.32 The land transactions of Pastorius as agent of the German Company during the early years may be seen in the Grund- und Lager-Buch. Relatively few sales or rentals of land are recorded. A glance at this old record will give the impression that Pastorius opened the book with large expectations, but was obliged to leave most of the great folios blank. The following transfers by Pas torius for the German Company are entered : 1. — The transfer of 50 acres to Paul Wulff, under date of July 29, 1685 (Grund- und Lager-Buch, p. 207). 81 Cf. Watson's Annals of Philadelphia. An exact description of these caves is given by Pastorius in a poem to the daughters of Thomas Lloyd. Cf. this work, p. 212. " Cf. Sichere Nachricht (Zurich B.), p. 6 ff., in the photographic repro duction. The Founder of Germantown 135 2. — The transfer of 50 acres to Abraham Isaacs op de Graeff, March 15, 1686 (Grund- und Lager-Buch, p. 199). 3. — The transfer of 25 acres to Isaac Dilbeeck by a deed dated May 27, 1686 (Grund- und Lager-Buch, p. 159). The following transfers were effected entirely or in part by members of the company on the other side of the Atlantic and were later confirmed and recorded in Pennsylvania : 1. Fifty acres ***** Were "granted by Benjamin Furly, Agent and Attorney of the Franckfort Company at Rotterdam, to John Luken, his heirs and assigns for ever, which sd deed beareth date the 8th day of the month called June Anno 1683" (Grund- und Lager-Buch, p. 105). 2. — Johah Willhelm Ueberfeldt deeded his 1,000 acres to Francis Daniel Pastorius, July 11, 1683. The deed was executed in Frankfurt-on-the-Main (a copy in German and in English translation is found in Pastorius' hand among the Pastorius MSS. in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania). 3. — "Thomas van Wylich and Jhon le Brun, both partners of the Franckfurt Company, by the third article of in Jndenture made with Heyvert Papen the 23d of the ist month March, 1685," deeded 50 acres to Heyvert Papen (Grund-und Lager- Buch, p. 219). 4. — Johann Jacob Schutz, Jacobus van de Walle and Daniel Behagel made a contract with Johann and Arnold Cassel, who were to take up and cultivate 50 acres of land in Pennsylvania. This document is so explicit in detail that we print it here in the original German.33 It is attested by the Imperial Notary, Chris tian Fenda, at Frankfurt-on-the-Main. 33 "Jm nahmen Gottes haben Johann Jacob Shiitz, Jacobus von de Walle und Daniel Behagel fur sich und im nahmen derer Mitgenossen Pennsilvani- scher Compagnie zu Franckfurt am Mayn in Teutschland und Consorten, als Erbverleyer an Einem Theil mit uns Johann und Arnold Cassel, Vatter und Sohn, beyden ackersleuten, unseres alters respective 47. und 22, Jahr als Erbbestandern andern theils nach folgender gestalt contrahirt und geschlossen : N. B. — An interesting point in this document is the fact that the German Company (or Frankfurt Company) is called by those in Frankfurt the "Penn- sylvanian Company" ("Pennsilvanische Compagnie"). 136 Francis Daniel Pastorius As will appear from these few entries there was little activ ity in the sale of the land purchased by the German Company. Most of the transfers of land were made by the Crefeld Purchas ers. These transactions are recorded also in the Grund-und La ger-Buch. The details of the holdings of the members of the German (or Frankfurt) Company, and the manner of distributing lots at a later time, are given by Pastorius in the beginning of the Grund-und Lager-Buch. The account is here printed in English translation : Erstlich sollen und wollen wir uns samt den unserigen und gehoriger Nothurfft, auff unsere alleinige kosten, so bald moglich, von hier iiber Engel- land nacher Peflsilvania in America begeben; 2. Die von besagter Compagnie dortigen Sachwalter uns daselbsten im wald angewiesene Funftzig Morgen oder acker lands in bau bringen ; Das darauff befindliche Holtz ausrotten, und benothigte wohnung, scheuer und stallungen fur uns daselbst auff unsere kosten anrichten, auch 3. Der Compagnie von jedem acker oder morgen Jahrlich Drey Viertel Schilling Englisch, hiesiges gelds funftzehen kreutzer, Erbpacht ( : welcher Zinsz am Ende des andern Jahrs vom tage unserer ankunfft in Pefisilvania das erste mahl gereicht werden soil:) erlegen. 4. Gegen solchen Jahrlich richtig eingeliefferten Erbpacht sollen und wollen wir, unsere Kinder und Kinds Kinder, so lang unser Geschlecht, Mann und Weibs linien weren, auff besagten von uns erbauten giittern bleiben und unvertrieben seyn. 5. Dafern unser geschlecht iiber kurtz oder lang gar absterben solte, so soil dieses land samt dessen besserung der obgesagten Compagnie, als Erb-lehnherren, wieder vollkorhlich heimfallen. 6. Weilen wir die vollige Mittel, uns selbsten allda in stand zu setzen, nicht haben, sondern theils von vorbesagter Compagnie uns vorgeschossen werden, alsz versprechen wir deme absonderlich hieriiber verfertigten Vergleich, unter Gottes hulffe, unver- briichlich nachzukomen. Alles getreulich und sonder Gefahrte : Dessen zur wahren Urkundt ist dieser Contract Dreymahl originaliter auff pergament unter beiderseits Contrahenten unterschrifft und pitschafften, mit Corrobora tion des hierzu erbettenen Notarij Caes. Publici ausgefertiget. Signatum Franckfurt den 3iten Martij Anno 1686. Johan Jacob Schutz. () Daniel Behagel () Jacobus von de Walle () Johannes und Arnold Cassell Q Jn fidem praemissorum attestire ich Christian Fenda, Keyl. ap- probiert. und immatriculierter offenbarer Notarius. Gepassirt in Court of Record den igten tag des 8ten Monats 1697. Peter Schumacher Justice. Aret Klincken Justice." The Founder of Germantown 137 "The whole Germantownship comprises according to the fore going patent or land warrent 5700 acres. Of this 2675 acres be long to the members of the Company as a whole, as first purchasers, viz., To Jacobus van de Walle 535 acres To Johan Jacob Schutz 428 acres To Johan Wilhelm Uberf eld 107 acres To Daniel Behagel 356 acres To Gorg Strauss 178 acres To Jan Laurens 535 acres To Abraham Haesevoet 535 acres 2675 acres And further, 2675 acres belong to the first Crefeld Purchasers, viz., To Jacob Tellner 989 acres To Jan Strepers 275 acres To Dirck Sipman 588 acres To Govert Remkins 161 acres To Lenert Arets , 501 acres To Jacob Isaacs 161 acres 2675 acres Further, 200 acres belong to Frantz Daniel Pastorius. And finally 150 acres to Gorg Hartzf elder. In all 5700 acres. Of the above mentioned 5700 acres of land, there are In Germantown 2750 acres In Krissheim 884 acres In Sommerhausen 900 acres In Crefeld 1 166 acres Then, after the 2750 acres or 55 city hereditary holdings in Germantown had been laid out and surveyed on the 29th of Decem ber, 1687, and following days, the purchasers and hereditary lessees, to whom the remaining 2950 acres in the Germantownship belong, distributed the same by lot on the 4th of April, 1689, into the said three separate villages, the northernmost of which, adjoining Ger mantown, was called Krissheim, the middle one Sommerhausen, and the furthermost Crefeld, as sufficiently appears from what is subjoined below : 138 Francis Daniel Pastorius "To-day, the 4th day of the second month, anno 1689, those who still have land to take up in the Germantownship have drawn lots for the remaining 2950 acres and Peter Keurlis, Jan Liicken for his half, Abraham Tunnes, Gerhard Heinriehs, Peter Schumacher, Hanns Peter Umstatt, Heinrich Sellen, Willjam Strepers for 100 acres, Johannes Bleickers, Jacob Schumacher for 50 acres, Jacob Tellner, Kornelis Sjoert, Andrew Griskum, and Abraham op de Graeff for 25 acres, have received the first next portion to German- town as their lots and respective shares. Secondly, the Frankfurt Company has obtained by lot in addition to what it received in the furthest division, together with Frantz Daniel Pastorius for his own 200 acres the middle portion. Thirdly, Tunes Kunders, Govert Remkins, Lenert Arets, Reinert Tisen, Jan Lucken for his second half, Cornelis Bom, Jan Strepers, Dirk op de Graeff, Herman op de Graeff, Abraham op de Graeff for his remainder, Jacob Isaacs, the Frankfurt Company for 287^ acres, Jacob Schumacher for 25 acres and Willjam Strepers for 50 acres received by lot the last or furthest portion. That the foregoing drawing of lots took place openly and honestly, without deception or fraud, in the aforemen tioned manner, we, the undersigned bear witness, with this sub scription in our own hand. Done in Germantown the 4th of the 2nd month, 1689. Frantz Daniel Pastorius for himself and the Frankfurt Com pany. Jacob Telner. Cornelis Sioerdts. Jacob Schumacher. Abra ham op den Graeff. Hanns Peter Umbstatt. Hendrich Sellen. Her man op den Graaf. Jacob Isaacs. Anno 1690, the 14th of the nth month (January) the lines or boundaries were made through the said villages as is indicated in the preface of this book." The Reorganisation of the German Company. The agreement or promise of the German Company or So ciety to follow Pastorius, their agent, to America was not kept, and Pastorius evidently began to feel uneasy about the financial obligations which he had assumed as agent of the Society. There is an intimation of this uneasiness, or of his unwillingness to de cide upon questions of policy in his report of March 7th, 1684. Accordngly, he wrote a letter on the 14th of November, 1685, to Schutz, van de Walle, Behagel and Petersen, asking to be re leased from the responsibility of accounting to the constituents and heirs. Although the original letter seems to have been lost, The Founder of Germantown 139 we have the contents of it and the replies to it preserved in Eng lish, a manuscript in Pastorius' own hand, which we give here: "The 14th day of November 1685. J did write to Jacob van de Wallen, John Jacob Schutz, Daniel Behagel & Wm Petersen, that in case they would not free me of my Promise in their Letter of Attorney, viz, to be accountable to the Constituents & their heirs, J was not at all able nor willing so to do, but must lay down mine Administration; for as much as they in Hke manner promised me, to follow me to this Province the next ensuing year after my de parture out of Germany, the which was not perform'd by them: Wherefore J expect an Answer from them all, whether they would release unto me the sd mine Obligation or not? Whereupon they in One Letter Subscribed by them all an swered as followeth. Francfort the 20/30. of June 1686. Dear Brother — We thank God for thy Joyful Recovery and Preservation of all the rest; Putting in so much no Mistrust at all in thy Fidelity & Diligence, that we, especially J for mine own per son do approve thine accounts unseen: Nevertheless in case Jt is not against thee, only for a nearer Advice sake to send such ac counts over ( : at least to make no ill Precedent to any future Suc cessor, whom perhaps we dare not so fully trust without all Care : ) Jt will be very pleasing to & not against us to approve them in optima forma.. J. J. Schutz. Jn the same Letter it followeth thus : My heartily beloved Friend & Dear Brother. To all that which our beloved Schutz hath written we assent in all parts without any exception, and our beloved Behagel will doubtless do the same by some lines; And J do the same likewise in the name of John Wil liam Petersen & his wife. ( Ja: v: Wallen. Further in the same Letter thus : My dear & beloved Friend. How greatly we longed for your Letter, you may easily think, because since your former from ul timo May & 18th of June we had nothing written by you but the aforementioned from the 14th of Novemb. which we received the 19th of June, and is fully answered by Friend Schutz, whereby you may see, that we do not only approve of what you have done, but request you to Continue and not faint, or let sink the Courage to the hurt of us all and of the whole business. Daniel Behagel." 140 Francis Daniel Pastorius The result of this correspondence was the formal organiza tion or reorganization of the Germart Company or Society, re ferred to by Pastorius in the Grund- und Lager-Buch as the "Frankfort Company." The instrument, agreement or contract of this new corporation was printed in German in Frankfurt-on-the- Main. Three copies of it are known to have been in existence in Philadelphia : one originally among Penn's papers, but now in possession of Ex-Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker, at Penny- packer's Mills; the other at the Historical Society of Pennsylva nia, and the third, evidently Pastorius' own copy, as it is the only one having his signature, originally found among the Proud papers. In addition to the printed German text there is extant an English translation in Pastorius' hand among the Pastorius MSS. in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.34 "In the Name and to the Glory of God ! We underwritten witness & Confess hereby, Whereas we alto gether have Jointly puchased Five & twenty thousand Acres of unseparated land English Measure in the American Province of Pefisilvania, Each of us having effectually paid his share, as appears by the Accounts thereof, vizt. Jacob van de Wallen 2500 \ Caspar Merian, Now Jacob van de Wallen 833^ > 5000. and Daniel Behagel 1666^ j Lt. Johafi Jacob Schutz 4000 \ Johafi William Uberfeld, Now Francis v 5000. Daniel Pastorius 1000 j Jacob van de Wallen i666f$ \ George Strauss, Now Johana Eleonora ) von Merlau, Wife of Johan Wm. \ 5000. Peters 1666^ V Daniel Behagel 1666^3" / D. Gerhard von Mastricht 1666 fz ~\ D. Thomas von Wilich 1666^ > 5000. and Johanes le Brun i666fi j Balthasar Jawert 3333/3 { Johanes Kemler i666^S J 5 " The original, dated Nov. 12, 1686. with Pastorius' signature and seal, is now in the collection of Mr. George C. Thomas, of Philadelphia. With Mr. Thomas' permission the page with the signature is reproduced here. The Founder of Germantown 141 That we concerning this Estate for Ourselves, Our respective Wives, Children & heirs in the Name of God have Entered into and Agreed upon a Comunion or Society in manner & form following, 1. The above said lands wherever they are or hereafter shall be Assigned Jointly and asunder, as also the Lots in the City, which over & above the aforementioned belong unto us, to wit four or six places in the City of Philadelphia, for to build new houses upon, and a matter of 300. Acres in the Cities Liberty Situate before & about Philadelphia, And the land which of late hath been bought upon the SkulkilT for a Brick-kiln, together with all & every Edifices & other Jmprovements, which now are and hereafter shall be made in any place & quarter of all Peiisilvania, as also Victuals, Commodities, Cattle, household stuff &c, which we have sent thither, or were bought or other wise acquired there; And the present & future Real Rights & Priviledges shall now & hereafter be and remain Comon in Equal Right, according to Every Ones above specified Share, which he hath in the said Company. 2. All & every Expenses for the Cultivation, Jmprovement & Buildings ; Jtem for transporting of Servants, Tenants & other Per sons, as also Comodities, Victuals, tools, &c. and there in the sd Province for Tradesmen & Labourers, &c. and universally all Charges of what Name soever, which hitherto have been spent in America and Europe, or hereafter at the next mentioned manner may be spent, shall be at Comon Costs after the rate of Every Ones Share. 3. Per Contra all Profits, Revenues and whatsoever there is got, built, planted, till'd & brought forth, either in products of the Ground, Slaves, Cattle, manufactures, &c. nothing at all Excepted, shall be Comon among all the Partners pro rato of the number of Acres. 4. Concerning the Affairs of this Company, the five head-stems ( : every 5000. to be Accounted for a Head-stem, or as hereafter it may be otherwise Agreed upon, shall Consult among themselves, and by the plurality of Votes ( : each thousand Acres having ten Votes, :) conclude with all Convenient Speed. 5. There in the sd Province there shall be always an Attorney for the Company, and in Case of his Decease, Absence & Unableness a Substitute be appointed unto him with a Salary in writing Exe cuted by both Parties. Both these shall yearly under both their hands & the Companies Seal make an Orderly Jnventory of all the Com panies Effects there, Specifying the Cultivated & uncultivated acres, meadows, waters, woods, houses, the bounds thereof, as also the Servants, Tenants, Cattel, Fruits, Victuals, Comodities, Debts Active & passive, ready money, &c. and send the same over with 142 Francis Daniel Pastorius their Accounts of Costs & Profits, Receipt & Disbursement. De crease & Jncrease in all particulars by one & an other following Ves sel with a second Original, and likewise in maner aforesd Comuni cate the State of things to him, unto whom at that time the Corre spondency of the Company shall be Committed. 6. Here in these parts there shall be always Ordained by the Plurality of Votes in Writing two Clerks of the Company either of the Companions or Strangers who shall attend the Companies Ac counts & Correspondency in America, Open the letters which belong to them, and Comunicate the Contents thereof by way of Extract, or if need be, a Copy to the 5. Head-Stems ( : by and from whom further all and every Partners are to receive, do & perform theirs:) write down with short words, yet clearly & diligently in a Diary of the Pennsilvanian Affairs out of the letters coming from thence, or the Occurrencies happening here; make peculiar Memorandums of what is to be done & Observed, Adjust every Year ultimo Decembris the Accounts, together with the Revision of Jnventories and the Annotations of Jncrease & Decrease by Day and Date, as far as may be had by letters or Otherwise, And being approved of by the five Head-Stems or their Attornies Record them in a Book, and keep them under two Locks in a good Order according to their Table or Jndex, together with the Companies Documents and Original Writ ings ascribing Day & Date, as also the Copies of the letters which they send away, in a certain Place as the Company pleaseth, and now for the present time at Francfort upon the Mayn, where this work did first begin, and whereunto as yet the greatest part doth belong, and in all without the special Consent of the five head Stems not undertake nor dispatch any thing of Jmportance. Further they shall enjoy for all their labour some moderate Recompence from the Company; Moreover each head Stem may for himself & the Part ners thereunto belonging extract out of such letters what he pleaseth, but the Original shall be left in the Archive. 7. Hereafter the Company shall sign their letters & Contracts with a peculiar Seal to be kept along with the aforesd Original Docu ments ; and shall send an other Seal somewhat different in bigness & Circumscription to their Factors in Pennsilvania, there to make the like use thereof; Without such Seals no Letters or Contracts shall be sent in the Companies Name thither or hither, nor be esteemed firm & good. 8. Jn Case any of us or of our heirs should go to Perisilvania, or send an Attorney for himself aforehand to prepare him a Settle ment, and would give him, or take along with himself, several proper things for his use, he or they may do the same at their Own Costs and Riske; Afterwards after the rate of his Share for every thousand The Founder of Germantown 143 Acres chuse for himself Sixty in One Tract uncleared land, So as we receive the same of the Governr., And therefor he shall pay Yearly a Recognition as Rent to the Company for every ten Acres One English Shilling ; And if this land be not enough, but too narrow for him, there shall be further allowed unto him, proportionally to his Share, 60. acres as aforesaid in consideration of each thousand for the Moiety of the Price for wch. the Company useth to Let it at that time upon Rent unto Strangers; And in case he should still desire more land, if the Company can spare it, at the Price & on such Con ditions as to a Stranger. Now upon these lands which one or the other settleth for himself alone in mafier aforesd, he may act at his pleasure, And use & enjoy all sort[s] of Goods imoveable & moveable which we have in Comon there before other Strangers : Nevertheless that all this be unprejudicial to the Comon best of the Company. And those Companions which dwell in Pennsilvania shall pay the usual Rent, Wages, Payment or Value of all what they use of the Comon things for themselves to the Companies Factor there, whereof they are at the following Repartition to receive back their share. But if the whole Company do generally find good to let go over any of their Companions for their comon Service and at their comon Costs, there shall in that Case be made a particular Agreement. But in every Case & in all parts whatsoever the Companions there & their heirs shall be Obliged no less than those in Europe to stand to this Contract and to the further Orders of the most Votes. 9. Jf the Clerks or else one or more by the Companies appro priation as aforesd should disburse money, such Debtors shall be Obliged to repay the thus disbursed principal Sum at the utmost within the space of One year with the yearly Jnterest of five per Cent, and therefore theire Share shall hereby in the best form of Law be Engaged as a Special Pledge. 10. Jf any of us or Ours soon or late shall dye without wife & heirs begotten in Matrimony of his body, not having expressly & particularly declared by Testament or other credible Disposition in Writing, or by word of mouth, what he would have done with his Share of these Comon Goods after his Decease, his Share shall accrue and be herewith Assign'd to the whole Company, proportion- ably to Each's respective Share, and shall not be otherwise accounted than as if he had reserved to himself Only the use of such Goods for the term of his life, and presently in the beginning Jncorporated the true Property to the Company. And all Deceases of the Com panions, and who are their heirs in this work shall by the Clerks then being in credible form either under the Attestation of all the nearest Relations of the deceased, or of other credible persons be advised with all speed, Or until the Certainty thereof the Name of the De- 144 Francis Daniel Pastorius ceased be continued in Accounts & Books. And his Contingent wch. falls to him be kept in the Companies Cassa along with the Original Documents. n. Jt's not lawful for any that is a Partner in this Company to alien his land or Right thereof all or in part to any without the Company, unless he have the Companies Consent, or at least made the first Offer to the same. But if one or other of us, our Wives, Children or whoever shall be hereafter a Partner of the Company, should be willing soon or late to alienate his share or Portion, and none of the Company to Acquire or buy the same, then & not other wise the Seller shall have liberty to sell it to any other ; yet with this Proviso, that always the Company, Or if they will not have it, any of the Company within three months after the Alienation is made known, shall have liberty to take to themselves that what is sold, paying down the Consideration Money, and for their profit to deduct or give less than such new Purchaser bought the Part aliened for Ten per Cent, of the Consideration Money, the Price whereof both Seller & Buyer shall be oblig'd to declare upon their Conscience. 12. Jn case, which we do not expect, be it soon or late there should happen any Misunderstanding or Cause of Contention be tween us Our heirs & Successors Concerning these Goods & what thereon doth depend, the same shall be determined among the Mem bers of the Company, Or if both Parties do not account them wholly Jmpartially, by other two honest Persons unanimously Chosen by the differing Parties, And these two Chosen Persons shall have Power to take unto them the third, if they think it necessary, in form & manner hereafter described, vizt. the chosen Arbitrators on an appointed day & place in the presence of the differing Parties or their Attorneys after the Jnvocation of divine Assistance & ripe Con sideration of the Matter shall determine the business by their Award according to their best Knowledge & Sentiment in case they cannot bring the Parties to a Composition ; But if these three can not agree or find out the most Votes, they shall send for Advice to one or two of the head-partners, and then Conceive & pronounce their Award; To the Contrary whereof afterwards in no manner or ways any thing shall be done, acted or admitted by Right or Force of no Judge or Man in the whole World, in Europe or America; And if any should presume to Oppose himself hereunto, eo ipso ( : for by so doing:) he shall forfeit his whole Share, and besides pay a Fine of 200. rix- dollars to the publick Almonery (or to the poor) ipso facto without any Exception or further Declaration. All faithfully & without Covin. Jn true witness this present Contract, to which all Partners after a ripe Consideration did unani mously Consent, is twelve times under all & every Ones own hand & Seal setforth, and an Exemplar thereof delivered to Each, and one The Founder of Germantown 145 laid up with the comon Documents. Given at Francfort upon Mayn the 1 2th. November Anno 1686. (Seal) Gerhard von Mastrich. (Seal) Johafi Jacob Schutz. (Seal) Francis Daniel Pastorius. (Seal) Daniel Behagel. (Seal) Thomas von Wylich. (Seal) Jacobus van den Wallen. (Seal) Johan Le Brun. (Seal) Johan Wilhelm Petersen. (Seal) Johannes Kemler. (Seal) Balthasar Jawert."34a The reorganization of the German Company seems to have had little effect upon the affairs of the company in Pennsylvania, if we may judge from the entries in the Grund-und Lager-Buch, which doubtless is a faithful record of the transactions of the company under the direction of Pastorius, who against his will continued as agent of the company after the reorganization until the year 1700. Release of Pastorius as Agent of the German Society. Meanwhile, a number of the original members of the com pany had died, and some of the survivors, apparently dissatisfied with the state of their affairs in Pennsylvania, concluded to re lieve Pastorius of the agency, and agreed to issue a letter of at torney to Daniel Falkner, Johannes Kelpius, both in Pennsyl vania, and Johannes Jawert, son of Balthasar Jawert, of Liibeck, one of the principals of the company. The reasons for this Letter of Attorney are quite fully set forth in the document itself in the following passage in Pastorius' translation : "And yet, because of the death of some heads of the sd Com pany, & the between Jrruption of the French War, as also chiefly "a This is the translation made by Pastorius. It is endorsed on the back in his own hand: "A Translation of the Francfort Companies Contract of Society." 146 Francis Daniel Pastorius because of the absence of the Governour, & the unableness of the sd Our Factor, these Our affairs in the sd Province are come to a Stop, the more mentioned Mr. Pastorius having also desired by & in several of his Letters to be discharged of his Administration &c." There were apparently other reasons for this transfer of the agency of the company to these new hands. First, because of the interest which Jawert had in the company, and the fact that his son was emigrating to America and could look after af fairs; secondly, because Falkner was on friendly relations with some of the company, as appears from the fact that he is men tioned in the deed of gift of Catharine Elizabeth Schutz as one of the beneficiaries. Just what reason there was for appointing Kelpius, the dreamy hermit of the Wissahickon, is not apparent, unless it was because of the religious sympathy existing between him and Johann Wilhelm Petersen. The reference in the document to the inability ("unable ness") of Pastorius to continue as agent, and the fact that the affairs of the company had "come to a Stop" is not necessarily to be construed as indicating any incapacity or laxness on the part of Pastorius, but is easily explained by the fact that during the years 1698 to 1700 he was engaged in teaching school in Philadel phia, and for this reason could not give his undivided attentiton to the affairs of the Company. The translation of this letter of attorney in Pastorius' quaint English and in his own hand is still extant, and is printed here in full: "We subscribed do manifest & Confess herewith, Whereas we Joiningly have bought five & twenty thousand Acres of unseparated land in Pennsilvania, according to the documents & Jndentures thereof, with peculiar Priviledges & Rights, And therefore in Vertue thereof the 12th of November 1686. by a peculiar Writing haveing formed a Society, & for the Cultivation & Administration of the sd land have Jmpowred Mr. Francis Daniel Pastorius. J. U. L. according to the Letter of attorney bearing Date the 12th of April 1683. And yet because of the death of some heads of the sd Company, & the between Jrruption of the French War, as also chiefly because of the absence of the Governour, & The Founder of Germantown 147 the unableness of the sd Our Factor, these Our affairs in the sd Province are come to a Stop, the more mentioned Mr. Pastorius having also desired by & in several of his Letters to be discharged of his Administration ; That we for such end do Conferr full Power & special Authority on Mr. Daniel Falkner & Johanes Kelpius, as Jnhabitants for the present in Pensilvania, and also on Mr. Jo hanes Jawert the Son of one of our Principals, nominally Mr. Bal thasar Jawert of Lubeck, who hath resolved to transport himself thither, thus and in such wise that these Our three Plenipotentiaries Joiningly or in Case of death of one or the Other, they or he who remains, shall have in the best form the Administration of all our goods we have there of the lands in the form & where they are Joiningly or separately assigned unto us, or shall be assigned, sur veyed & set out, and of the City-Lots by reason of the five & twenty thousand Acres being Competent to us, viz. the 4. or 6. Places in the City of Philadelphia, and of the 300. Acres situated in the Right & Liberty of the City before & about Philadelphia, And of the land bought by the Scullkill for a Brick-kiln And of all & every erected Building & other Meliorations, and of what hath been sent thither, or bought there, or otherwise got of Victuals, Comodities, Cattels, household-stuff, tools, Servants, Tenants & of other Persons, &c and therefore to call to an account in Our Name the sd Mr. Pastorius, who hitherto hath been our Plenipotentiary, and to take of him herewith all such Our Estates & effects, and in Case any of them should be alienated without our knowledge, above all things to vindicate them ; So then in general or special, as it can be done best, to dispose, exchange, sell & receive the money for them, and here upon to quit, transact, make Jndentures & Documents, Assurances, & in Suma to do & leave every thing what we Ourselves could or might do or leave, if we were then & there personally present, Cum potestate Substituendi, et Substitutionem toties quoties revocandi, cumq Clausulis rati, grati, omnibusq' alijs illius loci & fori neces- sarijs et Consuetis. And in Case our aforementioned Plenipoten tiaries should want Any larger Power then herein is Contained, the same we advisedly do grant herewith unto them, & do decently Jm- plore the Governour in Chief and Magistrates of the sd Province, to regard them as such, and to grant them upon their request their Magisterial aid, in Case they should want the same; On the other hand Our Plenipotentiaries Joinedly & Separately are directed to the two Principals in Francfort on the river of Main, vizt. the heirs of Jacob van de Walle & Daniel Behagel both deceased, to acquaint & give an account unto them timely of every one of their trans actions, and to address unto them Moneys or Comodities, to Corre spond with'em and to expect, if need, further Orders & Jnstructions 148 Francis Daniel Pastorius of them in the Name of the whole Company, wherewith they shall further in this Case Communicate and get their Consent. Lastly we grant unto them herewith special Power to appropriate fifty Acres of Our land in Germantown for the benefit of a Schoolmaster, that the Youth in reading, writing & in good manners & education, without partial Admonition to God & Christ may be brought up and Jnstructed. All faithfully & without Fraud, Jn true Witness whereof we have with our own hands Subscribed & Sealed this Letter of At torney, and ca used the same to be made under & by publick Author ity. Done in Francfort on the River of Mayn, the 24th day of January 1700. (Seal) Catharina Elizabetha Schutzin Widow. (Seal) the Widow of Jacob van de Walle deceased. (Seal) the Heirs of Daniel Behagel deceased. (Seal) Johannes Kemmler. (Seal) Balthasar Jawert. (Seal) Johafi: Wilhelm Petersen d (Seal) Gerhard van Mastrich. (Seal) Johanes Le Briin. (Seal) Maria van de Walle Widow of Doctor Thomas van Willig with her Copartners. The above and within written is a True Copy of ye originall Letter of Attorney as ye same is Recorded in ye Rolls Office at Philadelphia in Book D. 2. vol 4. page 104 &c. Examined by me Richd. Heath Dep. ibm." This transfer of the agency of the reorganized German Com pany to Falkner, Kelpius and Jawert terminated Pastorius' official connection with the company's affairs. At the end of August, 1700, the new agents, after the arrival of Falkner and Jawert, entered upon their duties. Pastorius turned over to the new agents the company's land, house, barn, stable, corn (grain) in and above ground, cattle, household goods, utensils, etc., and also arrears of rents and other debts due the company, amounting in all to some £230. Kelpius, however, more inclined to mystic dreaming than to business, and evidently soon convinced that he could not be party to the acts of Falkner, resigned his office as co-agent, declaring himself "civilly dead" (civiliter mortuus), delivering his authority to the society and to Falkner to act in conjunction with Jawert in his stead. The deed of assignment The Founder of Germantown 149 is witnessed by Godfried Seelig and Johann Hendrick Sprogell. Jawert was disgusted at the shameful conduct of Falkner (who, among other things, "played the sot") and posted a notice on the meeting-house in Germantown warning the public against transacting business with Falkner as agent of the company. On the 20th of March, 1705, Falkner and Jawert gave a letter of attorney to George Lowther, who attempted to conduct the affairs of the company and on the 26th of March, 1706, affixed a notice on the meeting-house in Germantown summoning those having business with the company to appear before him Friday, April 5th, at the house of Joseph Coulson in Germantown. Henceforth Pastorius' interests in the German Company are chiefly of a personal character, as one of the original members. According to his own statement, he was appointed to act with Hans Henry Meels as attorney for the 4000 acre donation made by Catherine Elizabeth Schutz. The letter of attorney is dated November 4, 1704. There is no record of his having received any compensation for his seventeen years of service as agent for the German Company. The affairs of the company rapidly grew worse. As is usually the case in such land crises, an adventurer appeared in the person of Johann Heinrich Sprogel, who, arriving from Holland, claimed to have bought out the company's interests before sailing. Falk ner, deep in debt, joined Sprogel and retained David Lloyd by fraudulently turning over to him 1000 acres of Benjamin Furly's land, and quietly secured from the Court of Philadelphia County the famous or infamous "Writ of Ejectment"35 dispossessing the German Company of their 25,000 acres of land. The pleas were made before Joseph Growdon, Samuel Finny and Nathan Stan- bury, Esqs., Justices of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadel phia County, January 13, 1708.36 The injustice of this decision was strongly urged by Pasto rius both in his brief, The Case of the Francfort Company's Busi- 35 A copy of this is to be found in Pastorius' hand in the Pastorius MSS. in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. " The documents relating to this case were first printed by Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker in his Pennsylvania Colonial Cases, Philadelphia, 1892. 150 Francis Daniel Pastorius ness brieffly Stated, and in his more elaborate statement of the case entiled Exemplum sine Exemplo, written in 161 1. In 1713, the 26th of the 4th month, Pastorius. and Jawert brought the matter before the Friends' Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia, calling David Lloyd seriously to account for the part he had taken in the matter. The charges brought in by Pastorius and Jawert against Lloyd were discussed at six monthly meetings that same year. At the meeting of the 29th of the 3d month, 1713, it was decided that "Anthony Morris, Wm. Hudson and Pentecost Teague or any one of them are desired to acquaint David Lloyd with the contents of the sd letter [of Jawert]." At the meeting of the 26th of the 4th month, 171 3, we have this notice : "David Lloyd still continuing his request for a Cer tificate the sense of the meeting is that David Lloyd should appear at our monthly meeting to give them satisfaction in relation to the complaint of Daniel Pastorius & John Jawert." At the meeting of the 31st of the 5th month, 1713,' Lloyd stated that Falkner and Sprogel had certain powers, but "not so Effectual to make the sd title without the help of the Court of Common Pleas;" that the Council had desired him (Lloyd) to draw up a record and that he saw Falkner prove his amount at Court by oath and saw a letter which he believed to be Furly's and an agreement in Dutch or German in Sprogel's possession. On the 25th of the 6th month, 1713, the matter was referred to Nicolas Walln, Anthony Morris, Wm. Hudson and John Warder or any four of them for further consideration. On the 30th of the 8th month, 1713, the meeting still not satisfied added Samuel Preston to the committee. On the 27th of the 9th month, 1713, David Lloyd protested his innocence and said he was sorry if any offense had been given by his conduct. The meeting left the matter with this very suspi cious minute : "However, it seems to the meeting to be that which is not of a good report and therefore desires David Lloyd that he may forbear to have anything further to do towards strengthening the parties concerned therein." The Founder of Germantown 151 After having gone over the matter with careful scrutiny, I find no reason to impugn the account given by Pastorius in both of his papers, and I print the shorter of the two here as his epit ome of the whole case : "The Case of the Francfort Company's Business briefly Stated. Jacob van de Walle, Caspar Merian, Johaii Jacob Schutz, Johan William Uberfeld, Johaii William Petersen and Daniel Be hagel having purhcased 15000 acres of land in Pennsylvania, gave Aho 1683. the 2d of April, and the 5th of May to Francis Daniel Pastorius two letters of Attorney, to administer the said land, wherein they promised him a reasonable Salary out of the Jncomes and Rents thereof. Afio 1683. the nth of July Johaii William Uberfeld conveyed unto the sd Pastorius by a certain Deed of Sale his 1000. Acres, which he had purchased of William Penn, sending him the Original Lease & Release under the sd William Pen's hand & Seal. Anno 1686. the 12th of November the abovesd Vande Walle (having bought Caspar Merian's share,) Schutz, Petersen and Be hagel together with other five persons, viz : Gerhard van Mastricht, Thomas Willigh, John Le Brun, Balthasar Jawert and John Kemler, (who purchased 10000 Acres more,) made a Contract of Sale, inserting also the sd Pastorius's Name for 1000 Acres ; So that the whole Content of their land is 25000 acres, and the Partners in all ten. Jn this Contract of Society among other Covenants & Articles they agreed, that those of the Partners who transported themselves into Peiisilvania may take up some land for themselves out of the sd Tract of 25000. Acres for a certain Recognition or Rent, &c. Jtem, that if there should happen any Misunderstanding or Cause of Contention between them, their heirs & Successors, concerning this Estate and whatever depends thereon the same shall be deter mined by two honest persons unanimously chosen by the differing Parties, and that these two chosen persons shall have Power to take unto them the third, if they think it necessary, &c. Anno 1700. the 24th of January the Widow of Jacob vande Walle, the Widow of Johaii Jacob Schutz, the heirs of Daniel Be hagel, the widow of Thomas Willigh, John Kemler, Balthasar Jawert, Johan William Petersen, Gerhard van Mastricht and John Le Brun, (nine partners beyond Sea,) being often requested by the aforesd Pastorius, to put an other in his place, gave a Letter of At torney to Daniel Falkner, Johannes Kelpius & Johannes Jawert to act Jointly, or in Case of death of one or the other, then the Sur vivors or Survivor, &c. 152 Francis Daniel Pastorius Eodem Anno 1700. the ist of March Catherin Elizabeth Schu- tzin (widow of Johan Jacob Schiitz,) by a Deed of Gift Freely gave the 4000 Acres, which her husband had purchased with her own money, unto such pious persons, as Daniel Falkner & Arnold Stork shall think meet, which sd Stork Substituted Francis Daniel Pastorius & Hans Henry Meels by his Letter of Attourney, dated the 5th of November 1704. proved & Recorded at Philada. Jn the aforesd year 1700. at the end of the 6th month (August,) Daniel Falkner & Johanes Jawert being arrived here, began along with Johannes Kelpius to administer the Company's affairs, to whom the sd Pastorius delivered up the land, house, barn, Stable, Corn in & above ground, Cattel, household goods, Utensils, &c and besides in Arrears of Rents & other Debts due to the Company about 230^. hoping, they would do Business with better Success, than he sig nified to the Partners in Germany, that he was able or capable to do himself; But soon after Johanes Kelpius declared, [that] he would not act as Attorney for the sd Company, calling himself Civiliter Mortuus: Whereupon Daniel Falkner plaid the Sot, making Bone- fires of the Company's Flax in open street, giving a Piece of eight to one Boy to shew him in his drunken Fit a house in Philada., and to another a Bit to light him his Pipe &c. Inso much that his Fellow Attourney Johanes Jawert affixed an Advertisement on the Meeting house at Germantown, that no body should pay any Rent or other Debt to the Company unto the sd Falkner. Yea and the then Bailiff and Burgesses of the Germantown Corporation acquainted the sd Company of the ill Administration of this their Attourney here, in a letter, which (as they afterwards did hear,) miscarried. For this reason of Deficiency of Power none would buy any land of the sd Falkner, and so all was still and quiet, till John Henry Sprogel, (a cunning and fraudulent Fellow, as appears by several letters, sent from Holland after him,) arrived in this Province, who one time would say, that his father had some Jnterest in the Francfort Company, (which is utterly false;) and an other time, that he bought the Companies Estate of Gerhard van Mastricht and the rest when in Germany, and that the French took away his writings; (which is no more true than the former,) For after he was taken he still for some weeks did lye in Holland, and so might either have had other Deeds from them, or at least a letter from any of them, to signify unto their Attornies here, that he bought the land, which he never bought one acre of, as since the sd van Mast richt did write. [Meanwhile the sd] Falkner pretending to have a Special Power to Sell, and being ebts together with the sd Sprogel be friended themselves with David Lloyd by means of a thousand Acres of Benjamin Furly's land, accomplished their horrible Plot, and without the least knowledge either of Johannes Jawert or Francis The Founder of Germantown 153 Daniel Pastorius, and also without any Warning given to the Tenants in Possession, in a Court held for the County of Philada. Ejected the Company out of their 25000. Acres of land, they hon estly purchased in Peiisilvania. The like Trick he the sd Falkner intended some time before, imploying George Lowther, who brought that Jnstrument, which he calls a Special Power, into the German- town Corporation Court, in order to have it acknowledg'd & Re corded; But the sd Court disapproved the same, Because the sd Paper was only Signed by two (and those the youngest) of the sd Company, neither did it revoke the former Letter of Attorney given to Falkner, Kelpius and Jawert, Signed by all the nine Partners living in Germany; But is only a Declaration of something in the sd Letter of Attorney, which of itself is plain & manifest. Moreover the sd Falkner could not prove the sd Jnstrument according to the Law of this Province, And where has he ever proved the same Viva, voce of at least two Witnesses? Had David Lloyd not shewed himself so Pragmatical in this Case, but let Daniel Falkner by his lame & insufficient Explanatory Letter Convey the Company's land to Sprogel, they might easily long ago have recover'd the same, and many honest men in high & low Germany, who are sincerely Jnclin'd to Truth, Peace, Righteousness & Christianity would not be Occa sioned to think so strange of this the Pennsilvanian Lawyers Way of Ejectment sine die; especially when they hear, that One called a Quaker had a hand in it: And the sd Pastorius might at least have obtained somewhat of a Salary for his Service done unto the sd Company Seventeen years and a half, and what he disbursed of his own during that time. Now the Company being thus miserably dispossest of all their Estate, as afore mentioned, the sd Pastorius once with Arnold Cassel went to David Lloyd, and Complaining of the Wrong, also desired his Advice, presenting him a small Fee, which he refused to take; but told him, that he the sd Pastorius & Johanes Jawert were not included in the Ejectment, which they knew already. And when the sd Pastorius further asked the sd David Lloyd, what was best for him to do? David drawing his shoulders, told him, that his land (viz. the 1000. Acres) was Jnvolv'd in that of the Company, and that he must seek for it at Sprogels. Which Counsel he the sd Pastorius scrupled to embrace, ist not to Prejudice the Com pany's Case by his so doing, and 2dly by reason that he was fully assured of Sprogel's unjust Occupation; For Joseph Growden, (who at the abovesd County Court was Judge upon that Bench,) himself owned before the Lieutenant Governr. and his Council, when Johanes Jawert exhibited his Peti tion to that Board, that the Court has been Surprised by the Law yers, whom Falkner and Sprogel had all Feed, except only Thomas Clark, who rising as if he would speak some thing to the Matter, 154 Francis Daniel Pastorius was taken by the Sleeve and Whispered in the Ear, Be Quiet, you shall have Forty shillings, &c. as he likewise then and there did relate it Openly. And if David Lloyd dare Justify this barbarous Manner of Proceeding, and Spoiling of Widows and Orphans, it's more than any can do that professeth Truth, and unless he really repent, and endeavour to have Restitution made to those who so deeply Suffer he certainly [will] be answerable for it at the great day of Judg ment. Francis Daniel Pastorius."37 The following poem found in the Beehive is a quaint little anthem of praise written by Pastorius on the fall of David Lloyd : "A Cedar tall, Who seem'd to reach the Skies, Of late did fall, And in the dirt there lies My violets with my sweet Primerose stand-; The which begets A thankful heart and hand. J praise the Lord, Who kept my Wife and Sons, And did afford His Mercies more than once : Yea oft'ner yet By thousand Million times, Than J have set Words in all former Rimes. Not words alone, But letters great and small, We were undone, Had God not kept us all." Pastorius' Land. Two tracts of land were owned by Pastorius while he was agent of the German Company. One of these, consisting of iooo acres, he purchased of Johann Willhelm Uberfeldt, July n, 1683. This was an interest in the German or Frankfurt Company and was subject to the fraud which befell the Company's lands at the hands of Falkner and Sprogel. The other tract owned by Pastorius was given him by William Penn as a present and con sisted of 200 acres in the Liberties. The warrant38 for this land is signed: 16th 5th month. 1684. These 200 acres were located in Sommerhausen, which was named after Pastorius' birthplace on the Main. He sold this tract the next year (as he says after- wards, "unwisely") to William Strepers and Abraham Tunes for ,-c. "wn a,dv/e.rse estimate of Pastorius' merits as Agent of the German (Frankfurt) Company is given by J. F. Sachse in The German Pietists of Pennsylvania, p. 3coff. AffaIr?H?rHsbRufgV)hiladelphia' "P" N°' ^ (De"artment °f Vernal The Founder of Germantown 155 40 pounds, which he spent for the German Company.39 This land is situated in the present Chestnut Hill and represents an enor mous value with the modern improvements — another instance of lost opportunity in land speculation ! The 1000 acres, which Pastorius bought of Uberfeld, he left in the estate of the German (Frankfurt) Company as he himself admits "unwisely." Daniel Falkner, the later agent of the Company, had the names of himself, Arnold Storch and Gorg Miiller substituted for that of Pastorius in the Manatawny Patent, which was afterwards granted to complete the quota of acres coming to the Company.40 At last, however, in 1713, a. tract of 893 acres was granted to Pastorius to indemnify him for this injustice on the part of the agent of the Company. The grant runs thus : "By the Commissioners of Property. At the Request of Francis Daniel Pastorius that we would Grant him to take up Eight hundred Ninety and three Acres of Land in this Province at the rate of Seven pounds Per hundred to be paid to the Proprietor : These are to Authorize thee to Survey or cause to be survey'd to ye said Ff D. Pastorius the Said quantity of Land in this Province that has not been already Survey'd nor taken up nor is Sealed by the Jndians. And make Returns thereof into the Secreta ries Office. Given under our hands and the Seal of the Province at Philadelphia the fifth day of the Sixth Month August A D 1713. Richard Hill Isaac Norris James Logan. To Jacob Taylor Surveyor Genl." " Ct. Res Propriae, p. 23 : "Als Land betreffend, war ich niemals sehr begierig darnach; dieweil der Weg zum Himel nardurch nicht gefunden wird. Jedoch nahm ich die 200. ackers an, die mir Wm. Pen in der German township zulegte, nahm sie in Sommerhausen auff, u. verkauffte sie unweiss- lich an Wm. Strepers und Abraham Tunes vor 40.£ disslandn gelds, so ich meist zur ffrn. Compagnie nothdurfft ausgab." 40 Cf . Res Propriae, p. 23 : "Die 1000. Ackers, die mir Johafi Willhelm Uberfeld verkauffte, liesz ich auch sehr unweiszlich unter der Compagnie land liegen, bisz hernach- mals Daniel Falckner an statt miener oder gedn. Uberfelds sich selbst, Arnold Storch und Gorg Miiller in das Manatanische Patent einsetzen liesz da doch keiner von ihnen dreyen nie einig fuss od acker lands in gedr. Com pagnie gehabt haben." 156 Francis Daniel Pastorius CHAPTER V. BURGHER AND SCHOOLMASTER. The part which Pastorius played as Agent of the German Company, the so-called Frankfurt Company, was by no means the most important service which he rendered to the newly- founded German Town. He was far more useful to the settle ment as burgher, lawgiver, schoolmaster, scrivener, and writer of both prose and verse. It is in these varied activities of the man that we see his true importance as the great German pioneer in America. In the early annals of Germantown Pastorius has left last ing testimonials to his indispensable services as a burgher. The first five years of its existence the German settlement had no cor porate form, but grew on as a more or less close community. In these years Pastorius was the virtual official factotum, as he man aged the affairs both of the German Company and the Crefelders. The first year was one of great privation and not a little suffering. Provisions were scarce and had to be brought some times all the way from the Swedish settlement in Upland. The colony met with an unexpected economic hindrance at the very outset. It was made up largely of weavers who knew but little of tilling the soil. Their products were in little demand, because the newcomers had brought with them a good supply of wear ing apparel. This is seen from the slight sales at the Fair held Nov. 16, 1684, in Philadelphia, where the Company netted a little over ten thalers.1 This lack of market for their wares brought 1 Pastorius gives this account in his Beschreibung, p. 17 : "Es seye den 16. Nov. [1684] zu Philadelphia Jahrmackt gewesen / da aber in der Societat Kauffhause wenig iiber 10. Thaler seye geloset worden / aus vorgedachtem Geld-Magel / und weilen die Neu-Ankommenden aus Teutsch- und Enge- land meistentheils so viel Kleider mit sich bringen / dasz sie in einigen Jahren nichts bedorffen." Cf. also the earlier form of this statement in Sichere Nachricht ausz America, p. 7. Survey of Pastorius' Land. (Original in the Department of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, Pa.) The Founder of Germantown 157 on a serious money famine, which Penn began at once to relieve by uniting with the industry of weaving that of agriculture, with emphasis upon grape culture. Pastorius as early as November, 1684, writes the~German Company that they shall send over a quantity of grape cuttings and all sorts of field and garden seeds.2 We have also from Pastorius the interesting information that Penn had already planted, before 1684, a vineyard of French grapes, and that Pastorius himself had brought over with him a number of grape cuttings, which were all spoiled by the salt water, except two that had luckily survived. In addition to the lack of money and market for the products of the loom, came the great need of skilled craftsmen and husbandmen, the first to fell the forest and build houses, the second to till the soil. Pastorius wrote home to the Company that workmen and peasants were most needed of all classes of colonists. As he looked out from the^ settlement, whichever way he went, it was "a way into the primeval forest" ("Itur in antiquam silvam"). What wonder he wished" for "a" dozen strong Tyrolese to lay low the thick oak trees !3 Although Pastorius faltered during these first years, he was an unfailing factor in the life of Germantown. His close personal association with William Penn drew forth the constant concern of the Governor for the little German colony. It was doubtless the friendship and aid of Penn which held the Germans together in this trying period of the new settlement. The following verses of Pastorius show his own state of mind: 2 "Und weilen fur jetzo der Gouverneur William Penn hauptsachlich intendire die Weberey und den Weinwachs zu etabliren / so solle der Com pagnie belieben / eine Quantitat Weinfexer hineinzuschicken / wie auch aller- hand Feld- und Garten-Samen." (Beschreibung, p. 17.) 8 "Arbeitsleut und Bauern sind erstlich allhier am nothigsten und wiin- sche ich mir wol ein Dutzent starcke Tyroler / die dicken Eichenbaum nieder zu werffen; dann wohin man sich nur wendt / da heissts: Itur in antiquam silvam, es ist alles nur ein Wald." (Sichere Nachricht, p. 3.) 158 Francis Daniel Pastorius "Twas he [Th. Lloyd] and William Penn, that caused me to stay. In this, then uncouth land and howling wilderness, Wherein I saw that I but little should possess, And if I could return home to my father's house, Perhaps great riches and preferments might espouse, etc." As early as 1686 the community of Germantown had become strong enough to build a church. Pastorius mentions this fact in his chapter "On the Religions of the Province," without telling us what the character of the worship was. "We built here in Germantown, anno 1686, a little church for the community, not aiming at an externally large stone struc ture but rather that a temple of God (which we believers ourselves are) should be built, and we all together may be pure and un spotted."4 Notwithstanding this reference to the simplicity of the struc ture of their houses, we find them planning very early to erect permanent buildings. As early as March 7, 1684, Pastorius, after having asked the Company in Germany to send over a supply of field and garden seeds, pots, kettles, an iron stove, bed covers, mattresses, a piece of Barchet and Osnabriick linen cloth, the last named for sale at a profit, remarks that a tanner might find profitable employment, and speaks of two things as most neces sary: 1, building commodious houses on the Germantown lots, and, 2, erecting a brick kiln, for which Penn had promised the requisite ground; for so long as they could not burn bricks they must build houses of wood.5 A good description of Germantown about this time is given by Richard Frame in A Short Description of Pennsilvania, &c, Philadelphia, 1692. Frame ranks Germantown next to Philadel phia and continues in these verses : * Cf. Beschriebung, p. 34. The original passage is in German : "Wir haben allhier zu Germanton Anno 1686, ein Kirchlein fiir die Ge- meinde gebauet / darbey aber nicht auf ausserliches grosses Stein-Gebaude gesehen / sondern dasz der Tempel GOttes (welcher wir Glaubige selbst sind) gebauet werde / und wir allesant heilig und unbefleckt seyn mogen." * Cf. Sichere Nachricht, p. 7. The Founder of Germantown 159 "The German-Town, of which I spoke before, Which is, at least, in length one Mile and More, Where lives High-German People, and Low-Dutch, Whose Trade in weaving Linnin Cloth is much, There grows the Flax, as also you may know, That from the same they do divide the Tow ; Their Trade fits well within this Habitation, We find Convenience for their Occupation, One Trade brings in imployment for another, So that we may suppose each Trade a Brother; From Linnin Rags good Paper doth derive, The first Trade keeps the second Trade alive : Without the first the second cannot be, Therefore since these two can so well agree, Convenience doth approve to place them nigh, One in the German-Town, 'tother hard by. A Paper-Mill near German-Town doth stand, So that the Flax, which first springs from the Land, First Flax, then Yarn, and then they must begin, To weave the same, which they took pains to spin. Also, when on our backs it is well [wor]n, Some of the same remains Ragged and Torn ; Then of the Rags our Paper it is made, Which in process of time doth waste and fade ; So what comes from the Earth, appeareth plain, The same in Time returns to Earth again."03- As we learn from the Charter, granted at a later date, the community was presided over by a Town President,6 a form of government transplanted evidently from Germany. In the year 1689 William Penn granted Francis Daniel Pas torius, civilian, Jacob Telner, merchant, Dirck op de Graef, linen- maker, Jacob Isaacs, Johannes Cassel, Heivert Papen, Times Cun- ders, Herman Bon and Dirck van Kolk, all of Germantown, yeo men, a Charter for the "German Towne." The Charter7 was signed and sealed with the Lesser Seal by Penn in London the "a From the unique copy in the possession of the Library Company of Philadelphia. °Cf. Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. I, p. m. The president at the time the charter was granted was "Herman Isaacs Optegraaf" (op de Graeff). 'Cf. "Charter Granted to the Inhabitants of Germantown, in 1691" (Pennsylvania Archives, I, in ff.). The original is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 160 Francis Daniel Pastorius "12th, 6mo, Agt. 1689," and sent to Thomas Lloyd, Keeper of the Great Seal in Pennsylvania, and was recorded the 13th of the 3d month, 1691, in Patent Book A. Fol. 277. This Charter pre scribed the general form of government adopted for the towns of the Province and named the following as the first officers : Francis^ Daniel Pastorius, Bailif ; Jacob Telner, Dirck Isaacs op de Graeff and Tunes Kunders — Burgesses; Abraham Isaacs op de Graeff, Jacob Isaacs, Johannes Cassel, Heyvert Papen, Herman Boh and Dirck van Kolk — Committeemen.8 The Seal of Germantown was made, probably from the de sign furnished by Pastorius, between the years 1689 and 1691, as may be inferred from a letter of Pastorius to his father in Wind sheim, dated October 10th, 1691, in which the seal is described as follows : "The above mentioned Council [of Germantown] now has a seal of its own, upon which is a Trifolium having a grapevine on one leaf, a flax blossom on another, and a weaver's spool on the third, with the inscription : Vinum, Linum & Textrinum. This is to show that the people of this place live from grapes, flax and trade."83- The Charter of Germantown provided (1) for a General Court, to be made up of the Bailif, Burgesses and Committee men,9 which "shall have power to make and they may make, or dain, constitute and establish such and so many good and reason able Laws, Ordinances and Constitucons as to the greatest part of them . . . shall seem necessary and convenient for the Gov ernment of the said Corporacon;" (2) for a "Court of Record 8 "Francis Daniel Pastorius of German Towne, Civilian, to be the first and present Bailiffe; and the aforesaid Jacob Telner, Dirck Isaacs Opte Graaf and Tennis Coender to be the first and present Burgesses; And the aforesaid Abraham Isaacs Opte Graaf, Jacob Isaacs, Johannes Casselle, Hey- wart Hapen [Papen], Herman Bon and Dirck Vankolk the first and present Committee men of the said Corporacon." — Penn Archives I, ill. sa The original German passage in the Beschreibung, p. 51, runs as follows : "Obgemeldt angeordnetes Raths-C 'ollegium hat nun auch eigenes Jnsigel/ worauff nach Ausweis des Abdrucks ein Trifolium, uff dessen einem Blatlein ein Weinstock/uff dem andern eine Flachs-Blume/und uff dem dritten ein Webers-Spuhle abgebildet / cum Inscriptione ; Vinum, Linum & Textrinum. Anzuzeigen/dass man sich diss Orts mit Weinbau/Flachsbau/und Hand- wercksleuthen mit GOtt und Ehren ernehren solle." — Beschreibung. ' "which said Bailiffe, Burgesses and Committee men shall be called the Generall Court of the Corporacon of German Towne" (Pennsylvania Archives, I, 111-112). tt#* few J*. ' r ,-.|ii / .1 ¦ . - V" . .<3,Jj..v;''. ¦¦¦¦ '-¦ ! **f"ti*r/)/ _ >*¦* . /$ J s? a v. . .-.Jr. v**&&g£aB ." iff L*#I ..- { 8 , aW'.W ^ >/-,,¦* a»jm-; raj*"* Title Page of the "Record of theCGeneral Court of Germantown" or the "Raths-Buch", Koonn hv Franr^ r.ani>i Poct-^rinc ;n j691 (Manuscript in the possession of the -| sshjj icai sou iety of Pennsylvania). The Founder of Germantown 161 to be held every Six Weeks in the yeare" by the "Bailiffe, Bur gesses and Comonalty of German Towne" . . . "before the Bailiffe and the three oldest Burgesses of the said Corporacon, and the Recorder for the time being." The Record10 of the General Court is still in existence in a fair state of preservation. It is now the property of the Histor ical Society of Pennsylvania. The minutes are kept partly in German and partly in Dutch and cover the period from 1691 to 1706-7. In the record we can trace the several activities in which Pastorius served his countrymen in Germantown. As has al ready been seen, Pastorius was named by the Charter as the first Bailif of Germantown. The following references to him are found in the minutes of the Court Book : On the first day of the tenth month, 1691, a so-called "new election" was held at which Pastorius was chosen Bailif. In order to show the full machinery of the Corporation, we print the results of this election from the Court Book :n Neuwe vraal 1691, i der -^ genant xbr. Burgemesters, Scheffen v. Deputirte. / Committee men Belief Frans Daniel Pastorius I Dirck Jacobs op d. Graeff. /i. Reiner Tissen )Dirck Sellten] k Abraham op d. Graef ) Peter Schumacher de junger Burgesses { Jacob Isackg \ Jan Duden (4. Lenert Arets I Aret Klincken xIsack Dilbeck Rekorder : Arnold Kassel / Stadt v. Gericht Schreiber Paul Wulff I der 9 der -^ Ist zum Wege- Bott v. Schreier Wolter Sijmens )meisters gekossen . Konstapel Peter Keerlis [Keurhs] \ Rentmeister F. Daniel Pastorius / Hansz Peter Umstet Schrief , Vijt Sgerkis \ Isack Scheper /Johannes Bleicker[s] \ Hanss Millarn [?] j William Streper [s] / Huffert Papen Fens Besichtger j Hindrick Bookwoit / Tonniss Kunders ( Dirck Keyser / Abraham T[issen] "The title is: The Generall Court Book | of the Corporation of \ Ger mantown. | oder | Raths-Buch \ der Germantownischen Gemeinde, J ange- fangen den 2ten tag des &Jten Monats, Anno 1691. Original in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. "Cf. Raths-Buch, page inserted out of order. 1 62 Francis Daniel Pastorius Sept. 15, 6 mo., Pastorius made an accounting for the Cor poration showing that it had £2 18s. i>4d. outstanding debts and owed £1 is. 6d.12 This same session he was chosen Collector of Rents (Rentmeister).13 Anno 1692 on the first of December Pastorius was elected Clerk ("Statt-und Gerichtschreiber oder Clark"), while Dirck Jsaacs op den Graeff was chosen Bailif. On the 23d of the 12th month, 1692, Pastorius made an accounting to the General Court and Paul Wulff and Jan Lucken were appointed to ex amine and audit it. The 7th of the ist month, 1692-3, it was ordered that the appraised estate of Gisbertje Williams be sold at public auction in the presence of Dirck op de Graeff [Bailif], F. Daniel Pastorius [Clerk], and Anthony Loof [Court Crier], at Reinert Tisen's House at one o'clock in the afternoon.14 On the 24th of the 2nd month, same year, it is recorded that the General Court bought for Pastorius a copy of the Charter and of the Statutes of the Corporation and Laws of Pennsylvania for 20 shillings;15 and that Jacob Telner and F. Daniel Pastorius should request the Governor for the confirmation of the Charter of Germantown, as friends in Philadelphia deem that advisable.16 In the year 1693, Pastorius was made Justice of the Peace. 12 "Sep. 15 6-m verrechnete Daniel Pastorius dasz die gemeinte an alten . . . . ausstehenden schulden zu fordern haben 2 lb. 18 sz. V/z pensz .... ngegen schuldig sey an andere 1 lb 1 sz 6 d." 18 ". . . [w]urde darauff gedachter Pastorius von der General Kuert zum Rentmeister . . . disz Jaar gekosen u. zu gleich decretirt dasz denen welche an die . . . etwas schuldig sint, ein bezahlung zeit soil angesagt werden . . . von denen Justises oder 6 wochen Kuert denen freistell . . n straffen . . dasz Rentmeister ampt erlegen sollen." ""Ferner dasz den I7ten dieses Monats dieselbe [Guter der Gisbertje Williams] in prsesentie Dircks op de Graeff, F. Daniel Pastorii und Anthonij Loofs umb 1. uhr nachmittag an Reinert Tissens Haus offentlich sollen verkaufft und ausgehoht werden." 16 "D. 24ten des 2ten Monats [1692-3]. . . . Dito kauffte die General Court vor Fr. Daniel Pastorius eine Copey des Charters der Statuten dieser Gemeind und Pensilvan. Gesetz p 20 Schilling." ""Jtem dasz Jacob Tellner und Fr. Daniel Pastorius bey dem Gour. umb Confirmation unseres Charters soil anhalten, als Freunde zu Philada. solches rathsam zu seyn erachten." The Founder of Germantown 163 The occasion of this appointment is given by him in a letter, to his father, dated June 1, 1693. This was the first time a tax of any kind was levied for military or other purposes. A tax was now levied to defray the travelling expenses of Benjamin Fletcher, the newly appointed Governor, who was sent over to direct the affairs of the Province, while Penn was on trial in England. Gov ernor Fletcher confirmed the Germantown Privileges anew and constituted Pastorius a Justice of the Peace or Irenarcha in the County of Philadelphia, as the newly appointed Justice pedanti cally termed himself. Fletcher then continued his journey to New York, where he took charge as Governor and Military Com mander-in-Chief of the English Islands and Colonies in Amer ica.17 On the 19th of September Dirck op de Graeff, Jan Lucken and F. Daniel Pastorius were ordered to make an inventory of the estate left by Herman Trapmann. Dec. 1, 1693, Pastorius was again elected Clerk and made Collector of Rents. It is interesting to note the fees allowed for making the inventory of Trapmann's estate : Dirck op de Graeff received J^ crown, Jan Lucken, y2 crown, Anthony Loof, 6 shil lings, Fr. Daniel Pastorius, 4 shillings and for extra clerical ser vice, i8d.18 At the same session Pastorius and Peter Schu- 17 This most interesting passage is found in the Beschreibung, pp. 54-55, and runs as follows in the original : "Ja wir haben so lange Jahr fiber keinen Heller weder Kriegs- noch andere Contributionen zu entrichten gehabt / bisz etwa vor 5. Wochen im Namen des Konigs Wilhelmi III der neue Gouverneur / Benjamin Fletcher / zu Philadelphia ankam / mit Koniglicher Ordre und Vollmacht diese Land- schafft zu verwalten / bisz William Penns Rechfertigung in Alt-Engeland via Juris, ausgefochten seyn wird. Deme wir zu Ersetzung der Reise-Kosten den 240sten Pfenning, semel pro semper consentiret. Dieser hat unsere Ger- mantonische Privilegia, Krafft deren wir unser eigen Gerichte und Raths- Versammlung halten dorffen / uffs neue bestattiget / und mich zum Irenarcha oder Friedens-Richter in der Philadelphischen Grafschafft constituiret / worauf er mit seinem Volck wiederum von hier ab / nacher Neu-Yorck verreiset / woselbst er ebenmassig Gouverneur / wie auch Kriegs-Generalis- simus fiber alle Englische Insuln und Colonien in America ist." Mi. Dec. 1693 . . . "Dito wurde von d gen. Court an diejene die mit des vertrunkenen Herman Trapmafis Hinterlassenschafft bemiiht gewest zugestanden, wie folgt, nembl an Dirck op de Graeff Yi- Cron, an Jan Lucken Yt- Cron, an Anthonij Loof 6. schilling, an Fr. Daniel Pastorius 4 schill. u. noch wegen fernern schreibens 18. d." 164 Francis Daniel Pastorius macher, Jun., were ordered to have a stock built for the punish ment of criminals.19 On the 5th of the nth month (January), the General Court appointed Dirck op de Graeff and Pastorius to inquire as soon as possible of Thomas and David Lloyd in Philadelphia, whether the Charter of Germantown did not exempt the Germantowners from county taxes; and on the 6th of the 5th month (July 6, 1694), Dirck op de Graeff and Pastorius were ordered again to inquire into the same matter.20 In the minutes of this same ses sion we have an interesting and important item relating to the Grund- und Lagerbuch.21 On the first of December, 1694, Paul Wulff was elected Clerk, but declined without good cause to act and was fined £3 by the General Court, an instance of how seriously these Germans regarded the vox populi at this early period of our Pennsylvania history. Paul Castner (Kast- ner) was chosen in Wulff's place and Pastorius was directed by the General Court to keep a record of all marriages, births and deaths in the German Township in a special book, for which service he was to receive the usual fees, so long as the Court find no reason for appointing another in his place.22 When Paul Castner found it impossible to accept the clerk ship for reasons of conscience, Pastorius was chosen in his stead. In the same minutes we find that Pastorius was to receive £4 for his clerical services during the year 1694- 1 695 .23 " Noch wurden Fr. Daniel Pastorius und Peter Schuemacher Junr verordnet einen Stock umb die ubelthaters darin zu setzen, zu bestellen." 20 "Den 6ten des 5ten Monats [1694] wurden Dirck op de Graeff u. Frantz Daniel Pastorius nochmals abgefertigt, zu Philada. genau zu erfor- schen, ob uns dr Charter von denen County taxen befreye oder nicht?" 21 "Dito wurde resolvirt, dasz Frantz Daniel Pastorius ds register vor die Contracten etc. als ein lagerbuch einrichten, u. anfangen solle, u. Er dar- vor gebuhrl bezahlt werden." 22 Anno 1694 den ioten December .... "Dito wurde von der gen. Court verordnet, dasz Frantz Daniel Pasto rius alle Heurathen, Kindergeburten, u. Todesfall, die in der Germantown ship vorfallen in ein absonderl. buch einschreiben, u. darfiir die lands fib- liche Fees haben solle, so lang als die gene. Court keine wichtige ursach finden wird, einen andern an seine Stell zu erwehlen." ^"Den 17. December entschuldigte sich Paul Castner in der damahlig The Founder of Germantown 165 At the next election, Dec. 2, 1695, Pastorius was again elected Bailif and Tiines Kunders was chosen Recorder and Antony Loof in Pastorius' place as Clerk. It is interesting to note here that Loof's minutes are kept in Dutch and illiterate German, which is in striking contrast with Pastorius' smooth German style. In the minutes of Jan. 25, 1694-5, we learn that the record of births, marriages and deaths was to be kept in the English language.24 Two other items of general interest appear in the minutes of this session — one the granting of a license to Johannes Pettinger to keep an inn;25 the other a resolution to hold a fair annually the 13th and 14th of the 3d month and the 9th month of the year. At the following session of the Court of Record, Pas torius was appointed to represent Heifert Papen, who could not attend because of the confinement of his wife.28 In the next election, Dec. ist, 1696, also, Pastorius was elected Bailif. In the minutes of Loof we have the important item that the General Court directed Pastorius to copy all the previous Record neatly in English. This was probably due to the gen. Court, dasz Er gewissens halben das Raths- und Gerichtschreibers Aint nicht bedienen konne. Wurde darauff von der gen. Court einmiitigl mit Frantz Daniel Pastorius verglichen, dasz dieser der Gemeinde Lagerbuch einrichten, u. bisz den iten December afio 95. als Raths- u. Gerichtsschreiber dienen solle vor 4 lb. laut dariiber gemachten accords. . . . Unterzeich- nete Arnold Cassel u. Aret Klincken auff der Courts ordre 2. Vergleich ge- macht mit Fr. Daniel Pastorius." 21 Den 25ten des Xlten Monats 1694-5. ". . . . Die Geburten, Verheurathungen und Todesfall sollen _ nach Verordnung der ersten in diesem Jahr gehaltenen Session in Englischer Sprach eingeschrieben werden." 25 "Den 3ten des 6ten Monats wurde auff Johanes Pettingers Versuch zugestanden, dasz Er Herberg halten moge, u. soil Jhme der Bailiff desz- halben eine Licence ertheilen. Dito wurde beschlossen, dasz jahrl den i3ten u. i4ten Tag des 3ten und 9ten Monats eine Faire oder offentlr. Jahrmarck solle gehalten werden, u. solches an den Drucker nach Neu Yorck zu schreiben, umb hinfiiro in die almanach zu setzen." "Den 8ten Octob. ". . . Auch soil Frantz Daniel Pastorius in heutiger Court of Record an Heifert Papens platz ( : als welches Frau im Kindbett u. kranck darnieder lag:) ds Recorder Amt bedienen." 166 Francis Daniel Pastorius fact that the minutes kept by Wulff and Loof presented a very motley, not to say almost illegible, appearance in the Raths-Buch, as some specimens of Loof's minutes given here in the footnotes will show.27 In 1697 at the December election Pastorius was elected both Recorder and Clerk, and Reinert Tisen took his place as Bailif. The minutes now appear in Pastorius' handwriting. On the 8th of December Pastorius was again made Collector of Rents, and directed by the Court to examine the accounts of Lenert Arets, the previous Collector. The next and last item of 1697 relating to Pastorius states that Jacob Delaplaine was elected Recorder and Clerk in Pastorius' place, as the latter intended to move to Philadelphia in the next few days.28 The name of Pastorius does not re-appear in the Raths-Buch until 1700.. During the years 1698- 1700 he was teaching in the Friends' School in Philadelphia. On the 2nd of December, 1700, he was again elected Clerk of the General Court of Germantown. At the same session Daniel Falkner was elected Bailif. Almost immediately upon his return to Germantown, Pastorius seems to have been enlisted again to take steps to obtain the confirmation of the Germantown Charter,29 and also to obtain release from paying county taxes for the Germantown Corporation.30 " 1696. 26. 10m .... "weiter is geordert von die Generale Court, dasz Fransz D : Pastorus geordert sey alle biszhero Record sauber vndt rein in English abzuschrei- ben Dito geordert Mannen. om order te stellen under het volk in tijt van brandt. Jan Lintzen, Peter Schuemacher, Frans daniel Pastorius." 29 1697 den 8ten des iten Monats .... "Jtem wurde Jacob dela Plaine an Daniel Pastorius stell zum Recorder und Clerk erwehlet, weilen dieser nechster Tage nach Philada. verhausen will." 29 "Den 30ten Septemb. 1701. wurde geordert, dasz die Confirmation unsers Charters [in einem] Request bey der nun sitzenden Assembly soil gesucht werden; wie auch durch [einen Request] bey dem Gouvr. unsere Naturalization in Engelland zu erwerben &c. Daniel [Pastorius] soil gede requesten an behorige Ort einliefern, u. ds nothige Geld darzu von [dem Rent]meister empfangen." "At the session of the Colonial Council, 5th of ist mo. 1700-1, Pasto- The Founder of Germantown 167 At the session of the General Court, Dec. 1, 1701, Pastor ius was re-elected Clerk,31 and Dec. 17th, 1701, James Delaplaine and Daniel Pastorius were directed to go to Philadelphia to con fer with the Secretary about granting Jan Lens a license to keep an ordinary; and Pastorius was commissioned to demand of Thomas Fairman, when occasion offered, the Draft of the Ger man Township. At the session of Dec. 30, 1701, a minute was adopted, en dorsing the opening of a school in Germantown, and naming Aret Klincken, Paul Wulff and Peter Schumacher, Jr., as over seers of the school, with authority to take up a subscription for the period of two years, and, if the subscription warrant, to en gage a schoolmaster.32 The minutes of the session of May 9, 1702, show that Justus Falkner and Pastorius were delegated to confer with Edward Farmer concerning the cost of the Road to Phila delphia.33 At the election of Dec. 1, 1702, Pastorius was re-elected Clerk of Germantown, and on the 5th of the nth month was chosen Collector of Rents. At the session of the 5th of the nth month it was ordered that the clerk bring in all the books and documents relating to the Corporation of Germantown at the next General Court. When the question of a change in the method of keeping the records of the Court of Record came up, Oct. 25, 1703, Pastorius and Daniel Falkner were appointed to inquire rius presented a petition to this end. The petition was recognized as one of great importance for the future policy of the colony and, after being dis cussed at length, was deferred till another Council day for full consideration (cf. Colonial Records, II, 13-14). 51 Clerk : Franz Daniel Pastorius. 32 "Den 30. Decemb. 1701. wurde vor gut befunden, hier in Germantown eine Schul anzurichten, und sollen Aret Klincken, Paul Wulff u. Peter Schu macher Junr. Auffseher darvon seyn, u. die in einem Brieff vorgeschlagene Subscription befordern; und nach dem diese ausfallen wird, mit einem Schulmeister accordiren; Diese Subscription u. Schul soil zwey Jahr wah ren." "Den gten des 3ten Monats (:May:) 1702 .... "Das Request wegen des Philadelphischen wegs soil noch so lang nach- bleiben bisz Justus Falckner oder Frantz Daniel Pastorius der darzu en- forderten Kosten halber mit Edward Farmer gesprochen." 1 68 Francis Daniel Pastorius of the Governor and Council at their next sitting, whether the Germantown record should be kept in accordance with the new instructions.34 This same year, Dec. i, 1703, Pastorius was again elected Clerk. The minutes of Dec. 31, 1703, show that some at tempt was made to bring order into the rent records, as Hans Heinrich Mehls, Tunis Kunders and Frantz Daniel Pastorius were instructed to transfer the rent accounts from the two exist ing books into one, so that the accounts could be consistently con tinued from year to year. At the session of the 22nd of the 2nd month, 1704, these three men handed over the revised rent accounts in one book in folio to the Court, showing the receipts and disbursements to Dec. 31, 1703, and containing an index or list of taxables of the Germantown Corporation. At the session of the 20th of the 12th month, 1704-5, Pastorius was elected Recorder, and Paul Wulff chosen Clerk in Pastorius' stead, with the provision that Pastorius receive the ordinary fees and Wulff a half crown or 2s. and 6d. for each Court. On the 12th of Sep tember it was ordered that Pastorius should copy the records in Paul Wulff's hand neatly in English.85 November 23d Paul Wulff, Lenert Arets and Daniel Pastor ius were appointed to audit Aret Klincken's accounts of the Cor poration. On the 2nd of December, 1706, Pastorius was again elected Clerk, and on the 7th of the nth month, 1706-7, chosen Com mittee man in Peter Schumacher's stead and also Collector of Rents in the place of Aret Klincken. At this same session Pastorius was appointed one of five assessors to levy an extra tax of £30 on the Corporation, as it would seem, partly because of M "Den 25ten October 1703. wurde ordinirt, dasz Frantz Daniel Pastorius und Daniel Falckner sich beym Gouverneur und Counsel, so bald sie sitzen, erkundigen sollen, ob wir unsere Courts of Record allhier zu Germantown auff die alte weis mogen forthalten oder ob wir nach der neuen Jnstruction mfissen habilitirt werden." 85 "Den I2ten September .... Wurde verordnet, dasz Frantz Daniel Pastorius, die ubrige Records unter Paul Wulffen Hand, nicht minder dan hiebevor den 26. December 1696. Er dazu versucht und gestellt worden, sauber und rein in Englisch einschreiben solle." The Founder of Germantown 169 the method in which Klincken had kept accounts.36 Pastorius is particular to note in the minutes that he had received from Klincken neither rent nor accounts, but that the Corporation still owed him, Pastorius, £2 and 14 shillings.37 As the Germantown Corporation lost its Charter, which indeed seems never to have been satisfactorily confirmed, in 1707, the Raths-Buch was discontinued after this year, leaving no record that Pastorius was ever repaid the £2 14s. due him from the Corporation. Although the Raths-Buch breaks off here, this record of the brief span of fifteen years is sufficient to show the significant part which Pastorius took in the affairs of Germantown and to make evident the fact that he was not only the agent of the German Company, but even after he was succeeded by Daniel Falkner, Johannes Kelpius and Johann Jawert, he was regarded as the leading man, who could bring things to pass. In like manner the Records of the Court of Record38 of M "Dieweilen hiesige Corporation ziemlich viel schuldig, und verschiedene nothige Kosten erfordert werden zu fortsetzung des Gemeinen Wesens, als soil ein Tax von 30 £ oder mehr angelegt werden, und verordnet nunmah- lige generale Court vor Assessors William Strepers, Cornelis Sioert, Jan Doeden, Aret Klincken und Frantz Daniel Pastorius, dass sie alle u. Jede Einwohner u. Besitzer oder Eigener einiges lands in der Germantownship sollen taxiren nach dem Werth ihres real und personal VermSgens, und sothanig ihr Assessment nebenst denen Nahmen der j en en Mans personen, so ihre Nahrung in gedr. Township gewinnen, an nechste Court of Record einbringen." 37 "P. S. Wiewohl ich Frantz Daniel Pastorius an statt Aret Klinckens zum Rentmeister erwehlt worden, habe ich doch von ihm weder der Ge- meinde Rent- od Rechnungs Buch, noch einig pfenning gedr. Gemeind_ an- gehend, empfangen, so dasz dessfalls gantz klar bin, u. die Germantownische Gemeinde noch an mich schuldig 2 £ 14 Schill. 38 So far all efforts to find the original minutes of the Court of Record have been fruitless. The only form of it, which seems to be extant, is a very inaccurate manuscript copy found in the Historical Society of Penn sylvania. It has the following title: "The Records of the Court of Record held in the Corporation of Ger mantown from the first day of the eighth month Anno 1691 and thence for ward from time to time to 11. 12 mo 1706-7." The Record opens thus: "Anno 1691 The sixth day of the eighth month the first Court of Record was held at Germantown in the public meeting house before Francis Daniel Pastorius Bailiff, Iacob Feiner [mistake for Telner] Dirk Isaacs op de Graef and Herman Isaacs op de Graef, three eldest burgesses, Isaac Jacobs 170 Francis Daniel Pastorius Germantown show that Pastorius was an important factor as at torney in the conveyancing of property for the Crefelders as well as engaged in various other capacities. There are numerous entries in the minutes showing that he acted as attorney for many of the citizens as well as for the German Company before the Court of Record. Pastorius seems to have been made Justice of the Peace as early as 1686 and member of the Assembly in i687.38a Pastorius and his fellow townsmen were not only zealous for the growth of the settlement but scrupulous about their legal status as citizens of the Province and subjects of the Crown. As early as the 7th of the 3d month, 1691, some sixty High and Low Germans of Germantown declared their allegiance to King Wil liam and Queen Mary, and fidelity to the Proprietor of the Prov ince. All seems to have gone on smoothly in the German Town ship until 1705-6, when the conduct of the affairs of the German (or Frankfurt) Company assumed a more serious aspect and the civil rights of the Germans were felt to be insecure. Accord ingly a petition was laid before the Colonial Council asking for the naturalization of those surviving Germans and others, who had promised fealty in 1691, and about a hundred others by spe cial act of Assembly, and the sanction of the English Crown.39 This petition was laid before the Council on the 15th of 3d month, 1706, and favorably considered, as the following minute will show: "A Petition of Joannes Koster, and about 150 other high and low Germans, to the Govr. and Council was read, setting forth, that the Petrs., with many other aliens to the kingdom of England, by the Encouragement of the Propr. had Transported themselves into this Province, & by their Industry had changed the uncultivated van Bebber, Recorder, Paul Wulf, Clerk, Andrew Soupli, Sheriff, Van [mistake for Jan] Luken, Constable." a'a Cf. Officials of the Three Original Counties of Pennsylvania. 89 Cf. Patent Index Book, A & A A (Department of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, Pa.). The Founder of Germantown 171 Lands they had purchased into good settlemts., & for Twenty two years past had behaved themselves as Liege & Loyal subjects of England, that above 60 of the said Ptrs. at one time, viz: the 7th of ye 3 mo., 1691, had in open Court, promised allegiance to K. William & Q. Mary, & fidelity to the Propr., besides many others who had done the Like, &c. that such as have not already obliged themselves are ready to do it when they shall be admitted. They therefore request, that (seeing they are not at present believed to be secure in their Estates) for remedying the unhappiness they may be engaged in, if they be still considered as foreigners, the assem bly may be convened with all Convenient speed, & a Bill recom mended from this board for naturalizing all & every of the said Ptrs., that they may have an undoubted right to hold, enjoy, alien ate, sell & dispose of any of their Lands, as the natural born sub jects of England may or can do in this Province, & also that they may be capable of Electing & being elected, to serve in Assembly & other Offices; also, that some of the Petrs. being Mennists, who (with their Predecessory for above 150 Years past,) could not for Conscience sake take an Oath, the same provision may be made for them by a law, as is made for those called Quakers in this Prov ince, and that the said Law may be sent home with the rest, past by the late Assembly, in Order to obtain the Queens Royal Appro bation. Which Petition being argued and Considered, It is Resolved, that it is highly reasonable the Petrs., and all others in their Cir cumstances, should be rendered Secure in their Estates and Titles to their lands in this Province, the value of which is generally, but the effect of their own labours, and in pursuance of some parts of the prayer of the said Petition leave is given to the sd. Petrs., to procure the attorney Genl. to draw up a bill for that purpose, to be laid before this Board, where it shall meet with all due Encourage ment."40 Nearly four years later the Bill was presented to the Coun cil, which had the following minute entered, September 29, 1709, stating that : "The Govr. acquainted the board, that last night the Speaker attended with several members of the House, brought him the Bill for naturalizing the Germans, which he now desired to pass, and accordingly he was pleased to give his assent to the said bill, be- " Cf. Colonial Records, II, 241ft. 172 Francis Daniel Pastorius ing Intituled an Act for the better Enabling of Divers Inhabitants of the Province of Pennsylvia., To Hold and Enjoy Lands, Tenemts. and Plantation in the same Province."41 This joint action of the Governor, the Assembly and Colon ial Council naturalized about 150 Germans of the colony, among whom were many of the original settlers with Pastorius' name at the head of the list.42 Thus the founder of Germantown was also the first of his countrymen to become a naturalized citizen — the crowning test of loyal citizenship. PASTORIUS AS SCHOOLMASTER. It was but natural that Pastorius, who had studied at the best German universities of his time and acquired the best the age had to offer, should be found at the head of the educational enterprises of the Province of Penn. The concern for educating the youth of the Province had been manifest in the economy of Penn and early found the approval of Pastorius, who in 1684 under date of March 7th, wrote to his constituents in Germany the following words : "This city I laid out on the 24th of October [1683] and called it Germantown; it is situated 2 hours on foot from here [Philadelphia] on fruitful soil and on pleasant streams, of which I spoke before. This I had to do because W. Penn will not grant any one his portion apart, but all must dwell together in townships or towns, and this not without good reasons, among which the most important is, that in this way children can be kept in schools and far more readily instructed to good purpose, neighbors also can offer one another the friendly, helping hand, and in unison praise and exalt the goodness of God in the public meetings." The Provincial Council at its session on 26th of the 10th a Ct. Colonial Records, II, 493-494. " This list is so inaccurately printed in the Colonial Records that many names are unintelligible to any but the expert, who must be able not only to read the original but also must know the correct forms of the names them selves in German. The Founder of Germantown 173 month, 1683, took steps to engage Enoch Flower to teach the youth of Philadelphia. This was of the nature of a Pay School. In 1689 a form of Public School was established under the direc tion of George Keith. At the meeting of the Provincial Council, Feb. 12, 1697-8, Samuel Carpenter, Edward Shippen, Anthony Morris, James Fox and David Lloyd petitioned the Council "That a School be set up & upheld in this town of Philadelphia, where poor children may be freely maintained, taught & educated in good Literature, untill they are fit to be pict out apprentices, or capable to be masters or ushers in the said School."43 This petition was duly considered by the Council and granted at the same session. The overseers of the school were constituted a corporate body, which was "To have continuance for ever, by the name of the Overseers of the publick schoole founded in Phil adelphia, at ye request, costs & charges of the people of God called Quakers." It was evidently in response to this demand for public instruction for all classes that the services of Pastorius were solieited and secured as the following facts set forth. Pastorius first appears in the school records of the Friends' Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia in 1697. On the 31st of the 10th month, 1697, we ^n^ tne following minute : "A paper for the encouragement of a free school was this day read, whereupon Samuel Carpenter & James Fox are desired to treat with Daniel Pastorius and Thomas Makins concerning the same, and that they desire the friends of the town to meet together this day week about the first hour at this meeting house to con sider further of it, & that Daniel Pastorius & Thomas Makins be present." Again at the monthly meeting held the 28th of the nth month, 1697, we have the following minute: "Samuel Carpenter makes report to this meeting that several friends met together according to the desire of the last monthly meeting to treat with Daniel Pastorius & Thomas Makin for keep ing a public school, and the friends then met, agreed with them, 43 Cf. Colonial Records, I, 531-532. 174 Francis Daniel Pastorius provided this meeting approves of the same, that the monthly meet ing engages to pay them forty pounds each yearly, during the time they continue in the said School, friends providing a School house, which being approved of, The Money is to be raised by way of Subscription and Samuel Carpenter & James Fox are desired to get the subscriptions & bring them in the next monthly meeting. It is agreed also, that they shall begin the School the first of the first month next, and that Samuel Carpenter & James Fox do acquaint them of it, And that preparations be made for the School in the Inner Chamber, over the Meeting-house, and they are to be paid out of the Stock before money be raised for the keeping of the School, and when raised to be repaid again. And a Subscription paper to be drawn up by Samuel Carpenter & David Lloyd according to the proposals which were ready at the last meeting." At the Monthly Meeting of 1698 we find a minute of the pay ment of the first ( ?) half year's salary : "Anthony Morris being desired to receive the subscriptions for the School from Pentecost Teague & John Busby who were desired to Collect the same. He makes report to this meeting that he hath paid Daniel Pastorius & Thomas Makins the ballance of their half Years salary due the 5th of the 7th mo. last." A similar minute is found of the Monthly Meeting of the 28th of the 2nd month, 1699: "John Busby makes report that He & Hugh Durbrough hath Collected of several of the Subscribers about £48.. .and that they have paid it to Anthony Morris who hath paid off Daniel Pastor ius and the two Schoolmistresses salaries." Finally, the following minute of the Monthly Meeting of the 29th of the ist month, 1700, marks the end of Pastorius' services as teacher in the Friends' School of Philadelphia: "Griffith Owen having recommended John Cadwallader as a person very fit for an assistant in the School, (Francis Daniel Pas torius being gone)."44 "Reference is made in this minute to "former neglects." Just who was responsible for the neglects does not appear in the records. The Founder of Germantown 175 The inference may be drawn here that Cadwallader was to take Pastorius' place although Pastorius' name was always men tioned before that of Makin in the previous minutes. Some records remain to tell us of the kind of school Pastorius taught in Philadelphia and of the manner and method of his teaching. The subjects taught were doubtless those prescribed by the Resolution of the Provincial Council in December, 1683, for the school taught by Enoch Flower, the first schoolmaster of Philadelphia : "At a Council held at Philadelphia, ye 26th of ye 10th month, 1683. Present : Wm. Penn, Propor. & Govr. Tho. Holmes, Wm. Haigue, Lasse Cock, Wm. Clayton. The Govr and Provll Councill having taken into Serious Con sideration the great Necessity there is of a Scool Master for ye In struction & Sober Education of Youth in the towne of Philadelphia, Sent for Enock flower, an Inhabitant of the said Towne, who for (twenty Year past hath been exercised in that care and Imploymt in England, to whom haveing Comunicated their Minds, he Em braced it upon these following Termes: to Learne to read English 4s by the Quarter, to Learne to read and write 6s by ye Quarter, to learne to read, Write and Cast accot 8s by ye Quarter; for Boarding a Scholler, that is to say, dyet, Washing, Lodging, & Scooling, Tenn pounds for one whole year."45 The spirit of the school and the jurist-schoolmaster is well reflected in a letter of one of the patrons, Phineas Pemberton, and in Pastorius' reply to the letter written on the back of the same sheet. Both letters are dated April 12th, 1698, and here printed in the quaint style and orthography of the time. Letter of Phineas Pemberton to Francis Daniel Pastorius. "My friend Ff. D. Pastorious these are to apologize for my little girles have ing as they tell me broke the rules of the Schole divers times even to the meriting of Correction in coming too late in the morning J wold not willingly that any of mine shold be exemplary in faling !Cf. "Minutes of the Provincial Council" (Colonial Records, I, 91). 176 Francis Daniel Pastorius short of theire duty in pformance of those decent & necessary orders that are appointed for the scholers to observe and keep but my weakness has been such that theire brother & sister were so Jm- ployed about me for some time they cold not come at all and after they began to come not to be spared to forward them in a morn ing as they ought to have been but as J recover J hope they will be better served & so better fitted to observe theire time in coming & in the meane time J hope these may find that favor as to Jmput it rather to our neglect of them then they of theire duty wch we will endeavor to amend as fast as we can is all at prsent from thy real friend Phineas Pemberton. The 12th 2 mo., 98." Pastorius' Reply to Phineas Pemberton's Letter. "Dear Friend Phineas! Though thy two little ones never were spoken to for coming too late, yet they seeing others corrected for that fault, are (as it seems) afraid; which argueth their good disposition, and that the very shadow of the rod will do more with them, than the spur wth. others. J am glad to hear by the sd. thy children, thou dost re cover so well, & get a little more strength day by day, which J heartily wish, the Lord may augment to the full. No more at pres ent but ye Cordial salutation from thy sincere friend F. D. Pastor ius.46 The 12th of 2d. 1698." Another glimpse into the schoolroom of Pastorius is to be gained from an experience of Israel Pemberton, one of the pupils, dating from the same year and showing that what Pastor ius had written in the letter given in full about the use of the rod, took another turn three months later : Introductory remarks of Israel Pemberton to his copy of the original letter. "About the 10th day of the 4 month 1698, ffrancis Daniel Pastorius a german one of the school masters at Philadelphia took "The original MS. containing these letters is in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The Founder of Germantown 177 occation (upon a small difference that did arise between me and another scholar) to beate me very much with a thick stick upon my head untill the blood came out & also on my armes untill the Blood started through the skin & both were so swelled that the swelling was to be seen so that it caused my cloths to stand out & the flesh was bruised that it turned black and yellow & green my father com ing to town on the 13th day of the 5th mo : & my sister acquainting him how J had been vsed took me away from ye school the 14th day of the 5th mo : & the 15th day sent me into the Country from whence J writ these following epistles."47 The letter which follows is addressed to Makin, who seems to have been on more agreeable terms with this particular pupil, at least. There is no doubt that "another" in the letter refers to Pastorius. It is likewise to be supposed that the stripes inflicted by the German schoolmaster were slightly magnified by his pupil, Israel Pemberton. Nevertheless the punishment must have been severe, or the otherwise rule-loving father would not have taken his son out of school. Judging from the contents of the let ter and the severity of the punishment we may suppose the "dif ference" between Israel and his schoolmate took the form of an outright fisticuff. It is also interesting to see the character of the more vigorous discipline based on the old doctrine, "Spare the rod and spoil the child," of the German school and schoolmaster reflected in Israel's description: "Rough answers," "without hav ing the liberty to speak one word in my own defence." The subscript of the letter exhibits a good spirit in Israel after all and gives us a fine trace of the German schoolmaster's personal ap pearance. We learn also incidentally that Pastorius taught Latin in this school and that too in this case to a boy of thirteen years. "Ye 22th day of ye 5th mo. 1698" "Deare master Thomas meakin Lest through mistake the abuse J Receiued at the schoole being noised abroad should be taken to be thee J made "Cf. Pennsylvania Magazine, xxviii, 109, for an edited print. (Original in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.) 178 Francis Daniel Pastorius bold to write these few lines for the clearing of thee thy Jnstruc tions were so mild and gentle as that J never Received one blow or stripe from thy hand during my stay there tho my dullness at times might have given thee occation for if J wanted Jnformation with boldness J cold come to thee being always friendly Received but from another J always found Rough answers where J Quickly left to trouble him not finding the kindnes as from thee & Jndeed what he did for me from first to last is to be seen in that little Lattin book J write at his first coming which J have forgot at schoole behind me if thou would be pleased to send it by some of the boatmen to be left at Samll Jenings when thou meets with it J shall take it as a kindnes J do say it was not my Jntent to have let it be known but the anguish of the blows & being Jnwardly opprest with greife to think how J was used with out having the liberty to spake one word in my own defence did so chainge my Countenance that my sister presently perceived it who was restles untill J had discovered the occation who rested not there but would see & when she saw was also so grieved that she would shew me to some others tho J en deavored much to diswade her but shee would not but did cause me to [be] seen by H : Carpenter & Tho : whartons wife, but con- terary to my mind tho he never shewed any respect to me as a scholar but still frowned upon me the Reason J know not for J never Jntended to vex him & therefore never made use of him & thou being out of schoole he took that oppertunity so to Thrash me & J observed that he generaly shewed his disposition more when thou was out of schoole for whileit thou was in he seldome went into those extrames as at other times this is only priuate to thy self for J desire not to Jnjure him J would willingly have stayd Longer at the schoole but my sister having told my father how things were & the tokens of his correction still remaineing upon me tho about five weeks since & are still to be seen & so sore as that J cannot endure any thing to press against it he wold not leave me tho J desired it but J will forbeare to say any more about it Lest J shold too farr sterr up what J would have at an end but J Love thee & desire to be with thee & to spend the rest of my schooling under thee, but whether it may be so or no J know not yet J desire it with my love end these Lines who am thy scholar Jsrael pemberton." Israel Pemberton' s Letter to Richard Johns. "13th day of the 6 mo 1698" "I perceive by thyne that D. P. Sowerness still remaines the first time J saw him J told my father that J thought he would prove The Founder of Germantown 179 an angry master he asked me why so J told him J thought so by his nose for wh he called me a prating boy but J find J had some skill for J have not onely the witness he gave me of it but J vnder- stand others see it. Tho they have not felt so much of it as my self." Letter of Richard Johns to Israel Pemberton. "Auguest ye 5th 6 mo [1698] my Deare Companion And plesent schoolfellow J P Thy letter J received dated ye 22d [ ?] of ye last m|o and was hartily glad to hear of thy welfare and also to renew our former friendship which shall never be violated one my part and altho our former sociaty suffers an ecclipse by parting with the yett I comfert my self that my stay will not bare any long date after the, truly my master Pastorus unkindness makes me whish for ye yeare up and Then J hope J shall be at liberty to Jnjoy the pleasure J have formerly had in thy company, fully Jntending Jf J Live till September to set [ ?] ye falls and so to take my sollemn fare well of thee my friend and all ye rest of your family who are the only persons J am acquainted with Jn Those parts till which shall take leave and remain Thy assured friend Richard Johns. Mother Js in health Margret and Hannah were much pleased wth thy notice of Them wiching they were Big annuf to write to prissilla. A copy of a letter which J received from Richard Johns the 12th day of the 6th month 1698." Postscript of Israel Pemberton to his Copy of Richard Johns' Letter. "J cannot but sorrow at times to think of my remoual and the occation of it for J long to be with thee againe tho som times J smile to my self to think how J told my father when first J saw him J doubted he would prove an angry master he asked me why so J told him J thought so by his nose he called me a prating boy but J find J had some skill for he has since confirmed it to me with a wittness if he Loved me its more then J know because he never shewed me any of it however J love him & desire thee Remem ber my Love to him if thou please: J am afraid J am ouer bold therefore crave thy excuse &. so fare well dear master:"48 ' Cf. Pennsylvania Magazine, xxviii, 109-110. l8o Francis Daniel Pastorius In a letter of Thomas Makin to Phineas Pemberton pro testing against his sending Israel Pemberton, his son, to another school, dated Philada. 28 : 2mo, 1699, we learn that Pastorius did not teach arithmetic, at least not to Israel Pemberton. "Philada. 28: 2 mo 1699. Esteemed ffrd J am something concerned to hear that thou intends to place thy Son here to another School having formerly come to o'rs tho' thou hast been pleased alreadie to clear me from that which J suppose is ye chief est motive of thy So doeing ; yet J can not but resent it as some diminution of my Credit, since thou first comitted him to my Paeda- gogie, now to putt him to another, who J suppose will sett him to learn all Arithmetick de novo, so that a considerable time must needs be taken up in going over that wch J suppose he well understands alreadie. Jf thou may think o'r School is too throug. that he may be promoted so well as elsewhere, be assured that J have not Jmploy half enough for Arithmetick, which Ff : D : P : never undertakes. He began to understand ye Rules of Practice (ye only Rules for bus iness) before he was taken away last Sumer, wch J would undertake to make him thoroughly capable of as soon as another. As for thy great Resentment of Ff: D: P: J have spoken to him to write to thee also, if possible all we can may prevail to reclaim thee from thy sd Jntentions, wch that it may prove successful is ye earnest desire of thy respectfull Friend & Countryman Tho. Makin." It appears from an extant congratulatory poem, that Israel Pemberton returned to the school and joined his schoolfellows in the congratulation in Jan., 1699/ 1700. The poem is here printed from the Beehive: "Genetliacum | or | An hearty Congratulation. Since Children are the Lords Reward, Who get them may rejoice ; Yea Neighbors upon this regard May make a gladsom Noise. Therefore us thinks we dwell so near Dear Governour, to thy Gate, That thou mayst lend an Ear to hear, What Babes Congratulate. God bless the Child ! ( : we young ones cry :) The Founder of Germantown 181 And add from time to time To William Penns Posterity The like ! Here ends our Rime. But fervent Prayers will not end Of honest men for thee, And for thy happy Government, With whom we all agree. Zechary Whitpaine. Jsrael Pemberton. Robert Francis. John White. Samuel Carpenter Junr. John Sam. Pastorius &c. For themselves and in the behalf of their School-Fellows. Philadelphia the 29th day of the Xlth mo. Anno 1699." Pastorius lived in Philadelphia part of the time at least dur ing his period of teaching at the Friends' School and left his house in Germantown vacant. His children went to school in Philadel phia, presumably to the school in which their father taught. This we learn quite incidentally from a letter written by them to their grandfather, Melchior Adam Pastorius, in Windsheim and dated Philadelphia, Mar. 4, 1699. In this letter we learn that the school was kept eight hours every day except Saturday afternoon (and Sunday), and between the lines we read a sign of relief at the thought of this "last day of the week," when there was no school in the afternoon. The very interesting passage of the letter runs as follows in English translation :49 "We often wish we were with you, if only you were here in our house in Germantown, which has a beautiful orchard, and is now standing empty, as we are living in Philadelphia, and have to go to school 8 long hours every day, except the last day of the week, when we may stay at home in the afternoon." The next record of Pastorius is found in the Raths-Buch of Germantown, where, as we have seen, he is mentioned again in 1700. It seems more than likely that Pastorius was the originator 49 Cf . Beschreibung, p. 102. The original passage is in German : "Wir wunschen gar offt bey dir zu seyn /ach dass du hier warest und in unserm Hause zu Germanton wohnetest / welches einen schonen Obsgarten hat / und der Zeit leer stehet / indeme wir zu Philadelphia wohnen / und taglich 8. Stunden lang in die Schul gehen mussen / ausgenommen den letzten Tag in der Wochen / da wir Nachmittag daheim bleiben dorffen." 182 Francis Daniel Pastorius of the proposal to open a school in Germantown, which was ap proved by the General Court Dec. 30, 1701. This school was opened on the nth of Jan., 1702, and taught by Pastorius. The first Overseers for the year, 1702, were Aret Klincken, Peter Schumacher and Paul Wulff. These were the original sub scribers to the School : Anton Loof, Peter Schumacher, Paul Wulff, Jacob Simons, Jacob Delaplaine, Jonas Potts, Isaac Schumacher, Levin Herberdink, Johann Bleikers, Gerhard Ruttinghusen, Dirck Jansen, Dirck Jansen, der Knecht, Johannes Umstett, Heifert Papen, Jan Lensen, Peter Bon, Hermann Bon, Dirck Keyser, Claus Tamson, and two others whose names have not been deciphered.50 This school was open to boys and girls. The voluntary con tributors gave from 2 to 10 shillings a year. Those who paid tuition gave from 4 to 6 shillings a week. The names of the patrons who sent children to the school the first year were : Aret Klincken, Reinert Tysen, Tiines Kunders, Wilhelm Strepers, Paul Kastner, Renier Hermans, Abraham op de Graeff, Christian Warmer, Arnold van Vossen, Johann Cunrad Codweis, Cornelis Sivert, Aret Kiister, Jan Doeden, Lenert Arets. It will be seen from this list that very few of the original 50 An important source for Pastorius' activity as teacher of the School in Germantown was his Cash-Book, which was consulted some years ago by both O. Seidensticker and S. W. Pennypacker, but seems to have disap peared since that time. The above account is based on Seidensticker's original notes from the Cash-Book printed in the Der Deutsche Pionier, III, 56ff. The present writer will be very grateful for any information as to the Cash-Book. The Founder of Germantown 183 voluntary subscribers sent children to the school the first year, the most of them contributing evidently to encourage the undertak ing. In connection with this day school there was also an even ing school for those who could not attend during the day. In the year 1702 the following attended this evening school: Paul Engel, Peter Scholl, Matthis Kunders, Matthis Keurlis, Samuel Kastner, Jacob Engel, Hanna Siverts, Agnes Kunders, Peter Keyser, Peter Keurlis, Wilhelm Gerits, Johannes Gerckes, Jan Kunders, Andreas Hartzfelder. The growth of the Germantown school is clearly indicated by the increased list of patrons for the year 1706-1708: Tunes Kunders, Jan Lucken, Lenert Arets, Jacob Gottschalk, Heinrich Sellen, Paul Engel, Aret Klincken, Jacob Schumacher, Thomas Potts, Sen., Jan Neus, Paul Kastner, Arnold van Vossen, Richard Townsend, Wilhelm Strepers, Abraham Tunes, Cornelis Tisen, Peter Schumacher, Cornelis Siverts, Griffith Miles, Isaak Schumacher, Paul Wulff, Herman Tunes, Jan Lensen, W. Baumann, Benjamin Armitage, Wilhelm de Wees, Cornelis de Wees, Samuel Richardson, Conrad Rutter, Jonas Potts, Jan Doeden, Jan de Wilderness, Paul Kiister, Paul Ruttinghusen, Benjamin Morgan, Christian Warmer, Christopher Witt, Georg Schumacher, Joseph Coulson, Isaak van Sintern, Peter Keyser, Aret Kiister, Cunrad Jansen, Hans Heinrich Mehls, Cunrad Riitters (Rutter? J Jiirgen Jacobs, 1 84 Francis Daniel Pastorius Dirck Jansen, Wilh. Hosters, Matthis Milan, Hans Graef, Anton Loof, Hans Neus (Jan Neus?) Walter Simons, Heinrich Kassel, Howel James, Peter Keurlis, James Delaplaine, Richard Huggin, Anthony Klincken, It would seem strange that a community like that of Ger mantown, with a highly educated man like Pastorius at the head, should not have had a school before 1702, nineteen years after the settlement of the town. Seidensticker51 thought it likely that an evening school existed before 1702. It seems more likely that the instruction of children was given in the meeting even from the earliest assembling in private houses till the building of the church in 1686.52 The minute in the Raths-Buch of Dec. 3, 1701, seems to preclude the actual existence of a separate community school before that time.53 It is quite likely that the opening of the Germantown school was directly stimulated by the renewed effort to improve the Friends' School in Philadelphia, where Pastorius had just finished an engagement as teacher in the Friends' School. For there is no longer any question that Pas torius taught for the Friends and not in a private school of his own in Philadelphia as was considered possible by Professor Sei densticker.54 The question was raised by Professor Seidensticker whether Pastorius taught in German or English in the Germantown school. 51 Cf. Der Deutsche Pionier, III, 56. 02 Cf. Beschreibung, p. 34. 63 A passage in the Letter of Attorney given to Falkner, Kelpius and Jawert Jan. 24, 1700, seems to corroborate this view : "Lastly we grant unto them herewith special Power to appropriate fifty Acres of Our land in Germantown for the benefit of a Schoolmaster, that the Youth in reading, writing & in good manners & education without partial Admonition to God & Christ may be brought up and Jnstructed." M Cf. MS. copy of Seidensticker's Biographical Sketch of Francis Daniel Pastorius among the D. P. Bruner papers loaned me by Mr. Abram Bruner of Roanoke, Va., after Mr. D. P. Bruner's death. The Founder of Germantown 185 There seems little reason for supposing that the language of in struction was German, although teacher and pupil alike no doubt often spoke German, as most of the pupils were from German families. But the fact that the General Court as early as 1696 had ordered the minutes of the Raths-Buch to be copied in English by Pastorius is evidence that they already recognized the neces sity of using the official language of the Province in business in tercourse, and it is hardly likely that they would have taken an opposite policy by establishing a strictly German school, especially as the pupils, who spoke German at home, needed a knowledge of English above all else. Then too the fact mentioned by Seiden sticker, that the titles of Pastorius' school books,55 which were evidently intended as aids in his teaching, are in English, would seem to show that the instruction was given in English. The other works of Pastorius of a pedagogical character but with German sub-titles are of a more advanced character and scarcely designed for use in the school. It is not unlikely that Pastorius taught some of the subjects of his other English books in the school, as for example The Young Country Clerk, The Good Order and Discipline of the Church of Christ, particularly to the more advanced boys of the school. It is not stated how long Pastorius taught the Germantown school, but it seems likely that he continued the school as long as he was able to teach, at least till 1718. We know from the Res Propriae that he was teaching as late as 17 16. Although Pastorius was educated in the humanities and deeply read in the scholastic literature, his contact with the reali- 55 Cf. the following books by Pastorius : 1. A New Primmer, &c. 1698. 2. Lingua Anglicana or Some Miscellaneous Remarks Concerning the English Tongue. 3. Lingua Latino or Grammatical Rudiments. 4. Collection of English Rhymes, Alphabetically Arranged. 5. A Breviary of Arithmetick and Arithmetical Hotch-Potch. 6. Formulae Solennes or Several Forms of such Writings as are vul garly in Vse, whereunto an Epistolography is annexed. 7. Vademecum or the Christian Scholar's Pocket Book. 1 86 Francis Daniel Pastorius ties of the new world convinced him of the need of a new edu cation, which should have more regard for the realia. He even goes so far as to regret the great outlay, which his father had made for his now somewhat useless preparation for life. As early as 1699 in a letter to his father, he set forth this changed attitude in significant detail — a point of view far ahead of his time and anticipating the educational revolution of the nineteenth century. The German part of the letter in question is given here in English translation with the Latin passages unchanged as they appear in the original : "As for other, matters this colony still increases daily in gppifc. lation and human wickedness, nevertheless I hope the condition of things will never become so inhuman as in those European uni versities, at which one must learn for the most part nothing but dediscenda. Multi enim Professores inutilibus quaestionibus & acutis tricis nugalibus tempus terunt, & dum discentium mentes in supervacaneis quaestionibus detinent, impediunt eas ne ad solidiora aspirent. Nituatur explorare quid sit Jupiter & Vulcanus, sed non quid sit Christusf Conantur quoque sanctissimum Verbum Dei Aristotelicis Syllogismis illuminare & defendere, quasi vero Spiri- tus Me Sanctus (qui solus verus Author & Dictator scripturae est) per damnatum Ethnicum & in Inferno ejulans Ingenium Aristotelis posset reformari aut illustrari. Others passed the precious time with nothing but useless ques tions and indagationibus , an vera sit ilia Inscriptio sepulchralis in Monte Fiascone: Propter Verbum est est Dominus meus mortuus est. Others look for the ablative case in the Greek declensions, but for what purpose they need it, they themselves do not know. Indeed nowadays the students are beginning to drink one in every ten of their number to death, and to send him into the Hell ish realm of Satan, which is in very truth greatly to be lamented, and it were to be sought of God, that the eyes of. professors as well as students might be opened, so that they might know how vain it is to boast of the light of the Gospel and yet remain in such abominable works of darkness. Accordingly I pity my dear brother Johannes Samuel, if he, having learned piety and the fear of God from his dear parents and tutor, should afterwards lose them again at the universities and experience so much dediscinda with the extreme peril of his soul, and I would much rather advise him, as a true brother, that he learn some respectable practical trade, in which he could serve The Founder of Germantown 187 God and his fellow Christian, the which, although it is regarded little and despised among you, is notwithstanding more in accord with the divine order and Apostolic teaching than all scholastic speculation; for in the main the highly versed are highly perverse & scientia mundana inilat. Such lofty haughty spirits wish after ward to live in great state ; for this they need large sums of money, which they try to obtain to the harm of their neighbor, in order that their wives and children may be able to strut around a la mode. In opposition to this the humble people taught of God say with Antonius : Non data non cupio, and think it well with Palingenius, contentum vivere parvo, cum quibus concordat S. Paulus Hebr. 13. v. 5."56 Pastorius himself regretted that he had devoted the precious time of youth to obstruse scholastic learning rather than to the more practical realia. He expressed this in strong language, in reflecting upon his early education : "I myself would give several hundred rixdollars, . if I had de voted the precious time, spent in learning Sperling's Physic, Meta- physic and other unnecessary sophistical argumentations and dispu tations, to engineering and printing, which would now be more serviceable to me, and more useful and interesting to me and my fellow Christian than all such physic and metaphysic and all Aris- totelean Elenchi and Syllogismi, by means of which no savage or unchristian man can be brought to God, much less a piece of bread be earned."57 53 Cf. Beschreibung, pp. 98-100. 57 Cf. Opening of the Bechstein Library, Addresses, p. 34; also Beschrei bung, pp. 72-73- 1 88 Francis Daniel Pastorius CHAPTER VI. PASTORIUS IN PRIVATE LIFE. It is natural to inquire into the private life of a public man at any time, but it is particularly instructive to do so in the case of a man of the most liberal education, when he steps from the aula of the university into the wigwam of the wild man in the primeval forests of the New World. The motives leading to this apparently abrupt change of con dition were not altogether single, nor without reflection and prep aration in the case of Pastorius. The dominant motive was the desire to escape the turmoil of the Old World by finding a quiet refuge in the West. This was the attitude of the Quietists of that time, and common to Pietist, Mennonite and Quaker alike — the spirit that lives on in these sects, especially the German Quietists of Pennsylvania, to the present day. Closely linked with this selfish desire was the higher motive of bearing the message of Christian truth to the Red Men of America. All efforts to find a picture of Pastorius or any member of his family have proved futile. It is possible to reconstruct an outline sketch of his appearance from scanty notes found here and there in his works and in the letters of Israel Pemberton, already given above, particularly the following : "J long to be with thee againe tho som times J smile to my self to think how J told my father when first J saw him J doubted he would prove an angry master he asked me why so J told him J thought so by his nose." While this does not tell how the nose of the schoolmaster turned, it is quite in keeping with the description which Pastorius gives of himself in his Medicine Book: The Founder of Germantown 189 "The Compiler of this little Manuscript is a Melancholy- Cholerick Complexion, and therefore (juxta Culpepper, p. 194) gentle, given to Sobriety, Solitary, Studious, doubtful, shame-faced, timerous, pensive, constant & true in action, of a slow wit with obliviousness: &c. If any do him wrong, He can't remember't long." 1 This self -analysis would seem to warrant the schoolboy metaphor of Israel Pemberton, when he speaks of his teacher, D. P. Pastorius, as "D. P. Sowerness," in his letter to Richard Johns. la The first five years of Pastorius' life in Germantown were busy with the work of settling the German colony, and, in spite of moments of despondency and discouragement, the jurist- pioneer seems to have been fairly contented with his lot in the little German Town. He saw, one after another, new houses rise in the clearing, and the smoke of comfort and contentment rise from freshly built chimneys, heralding the progress of the German settlement. It was a lonely life for the agent of the German Company with his little personnel of servants in these far-off western wilds, but with no companion to share the fears and hopes of the passing years. What memories of his early years still lived in his fancy, we do not learn from his personal notes or reminiscences. Whether any fair figure out of his student days still passed like a guardian spirit athwart his dreams, he does not tell. But one fugitive song has come down to us in his writings, which seems to date from this earlier period of the days in Europe and which may be the one witness that his life was not utterly void, at least of memories of romance of the lighter vein. This song runs : * Cf. Talia Qualia Medicinalia, Artificialia & Naturalia, p. 2. 2a The passage runs as follows : "I perceive by thine that D. P. Sowerness still remaines." It is not unlikely that the flogging of Israel Pemberton was the ultimate cause of Pastorius leaving the school. 190 Francis Daniel Pastorius "Darf man dich Corinna kiissen So korn mein Liebg zu mir her, Ich werd es wohl am besten wissen, Das war die Antwort ungefehr. Sie liesse zwar u. sagte Nein, Und gab sich doch gedultig drein. Lauff o mein Kind ! bleibe stehen. Lauff schone, schrie ich, nicht zu weit, Lass uns d liebe werck begehen, Wir sind in umsrer besten zeit. Sie seuffzte zwar ! u. sagte Nein, Und gab sich doch gedultig drein. So halte nun und lass dich kiissen, Kein Mensche soil in dieser Stadt Nicht dz geringste darvon wissen, Dass jemand dich gekiisset hat. Sie zuckte zwar u. sagte Nein, Und gab sich doch gedultig drein. Hiemit so zog ich meine strassen, Daher ich neulich komen war, Erfuhr in dessen bester massen, Von der Corina wunderbahr, Dass, Ja bey vielen pfliget Nein Und Nein so viel als Ja zu seyn." Translation. Come, Corinna, let me kiss thee ! Come, my dearest, to me here ! I would know why joy should miss thee, I would have thine answer clear ! Smiling sweetly said she, "No," Then demurely yielded so. "Stay here near me, oh, my treasure," Cried I ; "run not off so far ; Let us try love's luring measure, While our lives the richest are." Sighing deeply said she, "No," Then demurely yielded so. The Founder of Germantown 191 Raise thy head and let me kiss thee ! Not a man shall ever learn How with longing I caress thee, How my lips to thine do turn. Then she trembled and said, "No," But demurely yielded so. Often since whene'er I wander, Whether far or near the way, O'er the lesson do I ponder From Corinna learned that day. "No" is sometimes backwardness, "No" is sometimes meant for "Yes." 2 In the year 1688, November 6, Pastorius married Ennecke Klostermanns, the daughter of Jan Klostermanns,3 alias Johannes Zu Neuenhaus and Ennecke von Nensheim (who already had by her first husband two children, Willm von Nensheim, alias Spikermanns, living at Speltrop, and Gertrud von Nensheim, who had married and gone to live in Amsterdam). Ennecke von Nens- heim-Klostermanns had by her second husband, Jan Kloster manns, three children: Jan Klostermanns, already deceased, Heinrich Klostermanns, then living in Heussen, and Ennecke Klostermanns, the wife of Pastorius. Ennecke Klostermanns- Pastorius was born December 15, 1658, in Mullheim-on-the- Ruhr. Account has already been given of the personal effects which Pastorius brought with him, in 1683, to America. It appears from his Res Propriae/ that Ennecke was also well equipped for "This translation was made by Ex-Governor S. W. Pennypacker and set to music by Arthur L. Church, who published both the English and German text with the music. Mr. Church kindly presented the present writer with a copy of this print. 3 In the Beschreibung, p. 60, Pastorius gives this account : "Nun, meinen particulier Zustand anbelangende / berichte kurtzlichen : Dasz Anno 1688. den 26. Novemb. ich mich allhier zu Germanton an Jungfrau Annam Klos- termannin / Herrn Henrici Klostermanns / Medicinae Doctoris aus dem Hertzogthum Cleve geburtig verheurathet habe." This account does not agree with that of the Beehive, unless we are to supply "Schwester" instead of "Tochter" after "Henrici Klostermanns" in the passage. * Cf . Res Propriae, p. 33. 192 Francis Daniel Pastorius setting up a new household when Pastorius married her, as the following list of her personal effects at the time of their marriage will show: "An Silbergeld. 36. Reichsthaler oder io£ 16s. disslandisch An Kleidern: Ein schwartz seiden Kaper, 12s. 3. reichleiber, 1. paar zeugerne Ermel, 1. tiichern hembdrock. 2. schwartz gronrasch Leibergen. 1. schwartz gronraschen Schiirtz, 2. blaue rock, 1. blau leinen Schiirtz. 6. Schurtzeltticher. 3. paar gestrickte strumpf. 2 paar schue, und 1. paar pantofeln. An leinen Zeug. ein yard Nesseltuch, n. Hollandsche Elen fein linen, 8. hembder. 8. nastticher. 3. bettlacken. 4. Servieten, 5. halstiicher. 4. Untersten. 6. Kroplappen, 5. Sonentticher. 5. Kappen. 18. Dreckmiitzen. An H aus g erat h. eine neue kist, 1. Spifirad samt haspel. An Buchern: Jerem. Dyckens wiirdiger Tischgenoss. 12°. Saldeni Christliche Kinder-schuel. 120. Christliches Gedenckbiichlein. 240." The Founder of Germantown 193 It appears also in the records, that Ennecke had real estate in Germantown. She bought in all fifty acres of land in Ger mantown, as follows : Thirty acres of the German (Frankfurt) Company next to Isaac Dilbeck, according to an agreement dated August 18, 1689; further twenty acres next to Jan Doeden from the same company by an agreement dated August 21, 1689. This land was purchased on terms of a perpetual rental of six shillings and five pence to be paid annually on the first day of the sixth month.5 The issue of the union of Francis Daniel Pastorius and Ennecke Klostermanns was two sons: Johann Samuel Pas torius, born in Germantown, March 30, 1690, and Heinrich Pas torius, born in Germantown, April 1, 1692. Ennecke suffered from the effects of the birth of this second son all the rest of her life, as it appears, from the lack of proper surgical care. The name Pastorius has come down through direct descendants of these two sons to the present time, as will be seen in the "Pas torius Genealogy" at the end of this work. Although greatly concerned for the education of his two sons, Pastorius recognized the economic conditions in Pennsyl vania and the importance of a practical breadwinning trade, and accordingly had each of his boys learn such a trade. The elder son, John Samuel, at the age of sixteen years (1706), learned " In the Res Propriae we find the following : "Enneke Klostermanns, nun Pastorius' hat in Germantown an land f finffzig ackers, oder ein gantzes Stattlos, gelegen zwischen Isaac Dilbeck und Jan Doeden. Nembl : 30. Ackers, neben Isaac Dilbeck auff Ewigen Erbpacht von der Franckfurtn. Compagnie vor I5d. alt Engln. gelds, laut Contracts de dato. d. 18. Augusti 1689. [ : Die Copey darvon folgt pag. 34.] Ferner 20. ackers, neben Jan Doeden, auch auff Ewigen Erbpacht von gedr. Compe. vor 4. Schill; iod. diszlandischer wehrung, laut Contracts de dato den 21. Aug. 1689 [ : Dessen Copey sihe pagina 36 : ] Jst also der vollige Erbpacht von diesem los oder 50. ackers Jahrlich 6. Schill, und 5d. Pensylvanischen gelds, den iten. tag des 6. Mon. Jetztgemeldes los hat im Dorff 40 lacker. Jetztgemeldes los hat im Seitland 10 :acker. Die breite darvon im Dorff ist 14 :ruth 4 Fusz. Die breite darvon im Seitland 7 iruthen 4 fusz. Die Langte im Dorff ist im Seitland." 194 Francis Daniel Pastorius the weaver's trade with Paul Kastner, and afterwards carried on this trade in the house of his father, who furnished him the out fit. In 1716, August 15, John Samuel married Hannah Liickens, the youngest daughter of Jan Liickens, in open meeting in Ger mantown. The younger son Henry, likewise learned the trade of weaving from his brother, but in 171 3 took up shoemaking by himself. At the approach of winter, 171 4, he went to Bombay Hook, and remained there and in the Duck Creek region until 1 716. By a curious coincidence both John Samuel and Henry narrowly escaped death by the fall of a horse.8 The names of both John Samuel and Henry Pastorius appear, together with those of their father and mother (the last two in Francis Daniel Pastorius' hand), on the marriage certificate of Henry Kunders and Catharine Strepers signed at the Abington Monthly Meeting, 7 da. 7 mo., 1710.7 Henry Pastorius' name appears later on the petition for the renewal of the Charter of Germantown,8 under Thomas Penn. 8 The original in the Res Propriae runs as follows : "Mein altester Sohn Joh. Samuel, gebohren ut supra pag. 8. den 30. Mertz 1690. lernte anno 1706. das Weben von Paul Kastner, u. trieb es hernach in seines Vatters haus, der ihm die gerathschafft verschaffte. Ano 1716. den 15. Aug. heurathete Er Jan Liickens jiingste tochter Hafiah in offentlichr. Versamblung zu Germantown. Da Er eben zu vor mit einem fferd fallende den fusz sehr verrenckt hatte, u. den 20. dito bekam ers fieber. Mein Jungster Sohn Heinrich, gebohren, ut. supra pag. 8. den 1. April 1692. lernte von seinem bruder das Weben; und ano 1713. von selbst das Schuemachen. Ano 1714. geg winter gieng er nach Bumby Hoock u. hielt sich deselbst und an der Duck Creek auff bisz ins Vorjahr. Ano 1716. hatte er in der May-fair zu Philada. einen elenden fall, stiirtzte mit dem fferd. Da dan dieses so fort todt blieb und er auch selbst vor todt auffge- nomen wurde: Doch schenckte ihm Gott vor diszmahl das leben, welches er ja danchbarl erkenen, und sich rechtschaffen bessern mag." ' Cf. Photographic reproduction in the Historical Society of Pennsyl vania, "Marriage Certificates," Vol. 2. The certificate is printed in Publica tions of the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania, Vol. II, pp. 66-67. 8 The original petition is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. It begins thus : "To the Honorable Thomas Penn Esquire one of the Proprietors of the. Province of Pensilvania, &c, the Humble Petition of the Inhabitants of Germantownship," and is signed by forty-three petitioners, with "Henry Pas torius" at the head of the third and last column of names. The Founder of Germantown 195 PASTORIUS AND HIS FRIENDS. The correspondence in the Beschreibung shows that Pastor ius kept alive his friendship with a number of his old friends in Germany during the first years of his life in Pennsylvania. The letters written to his old preceptor, Schumberg, and to Model, rector of the school at Windsheim, contain much important information concerning the new country. In addition to the Latin verses concerning the vanity of the world, he dedicated his first book, printed after his arrival in America, Vier Tractdtlein, to Schumbergius.9 In the letter to Rector Georg Leonhard Model (Modelius), he exhibits a keen interest in the importance of the life of the Indians as an object lesson for civilized Europeans, and gives an interesting description of the Red Men as he saw them in Pennsylvania. ' The dedication is in Latin and runs as follows : "Ad Praenobilem & Eruditissimum Virum ac Dominum TOBIAM SCHUMBERGIUM Senatorem Windsheimensem, Amicum singulari animi cultu devenerandum : Amantissime Schumbergi! Primitias Lucubrationum mearum & Fundamentum subsequuturae [sic] am- plioris Structure in erigenda & cultivanda vera. Religione Tuse Prudenti Domi nation! vel ideo dedicare in animum induxi, ut si forte me in errore aliquo deprehensum esse intellexeris, mature me commone facias. Testem autem produco ipsum Salvatorem meum Dominum JESUM Christum, quod non sugillandi aut injuriandi animo, sed nuda? simplicisque veriratis [sic!] inda- gands gratia, calamum in manus assumpserim, dum lugubrem nimis Ecclesia? Christiana? statum mecum penitius perpendi advertique Gentes venisse in hasreditatem Domini, ac omnis Generis Feras Vineam Christi depavisse. Id quod jam dudum multi pictate & vita Clarissimi Viri doluerunt, & adhuc omnes Boni passim dolent. Ut vero, Vir Doctissime ! instituti mei finem mentemq ; tanto penitius percipias, admonitum te velim, ut Christi Domini, eusq; Apostolorum Pracepta diligenter omnium Hominum statutariis commentis e diametro opponas persuasumq; tibi habeas quod contrariis taliter sibi invicem oppositis Veritas ipsa ultro elucescet. Et tu jam num earn corde manuq; prehensam tenebis. Et tunc abunde mihi credes quod omnes Innovatores & contradic tors Mandatorum DEI, aliquando coram Throno extremi Judicis nullatenus subsistent, sicut ii qui JESU jussa sunt secuti; Hunc ergo solum tu ama cordicitus, ejus Dicta & jussa observa, Veritatem dilige, & in Ipso bene vive & vale ! non immemor ejus, qui in hisce, extremis finibus Terra; quotidie memor est tui, morieturq ; tibi ter fidus Germanopoli 1. Jan. 1690. Franciscus Daniel Pastorius." 196 Francis Daniel Pastorius Other letters from his correspondence with members of the German Company, and with his father, show that he kept in touch with affairs in the Fatherland. The letters of Pastorius' sons to their grandfather, and the latter's long and detailed account of his life, written in reply, form one of the most inter esting parts of the Beschreibung, and exhibit the gentle affection still linking the colonial offspring to the old home beyond the sea. It is apparent, also, from the records and events of German- town, that Pastorius was on friendly terms with his fellow- countrymen in Germantown. He speaks of these German friends as among those who were especially kind to him during his severe illness. In a passage in the Beehive, he mentions Jacob Tellner as one of his friends: "J endeavoured at Spare times to make this present Hive on a Quire of fine Paper, which a friend of mine [Jacob Tellner:] depart ing for Europe did give me." Pastorius dedicated at least two poems to Tellner upon the latter's departure for Europe. The first is inscribed : Haec ad lac. Tellner em aeuropaeantem: "Man muss nach solchen Giitern ringen, Die, wan das Schiff durch sturm zerbricht, Ein Nackender selbst weg kan bringen, Und disz ist Gold u. Silber nicht. Papier, sonst leicht, ist dan beschwerlich, Nichts als Verstandt u. Fremigkeit Sind, wan die Zeiten so gefahrlich • Auff See u. Land vor raub befreyt, Haec ad Jac; Telnerum seuropaeantem."9a The second with the superscription : Ad eundem ( : Jac. Tell- nerem) runs thus : •a Cf. F. D. P., p. 561. The Founder of Germantown 197 "Nach dem Krachen, nach dem Knallen, Nach dem Dohern, nach dem Schallen folgt der helle Sonen-schein. Man musz durch das Wetter dringen, Will es heute nicht gelingen Jacob ! es wird morgen seyn. Darumb lass nicht ab von hoffen, Koiiit Errettung, Du hasts droffen ; Komt dan auch das gegentheil, Was Gott will ist Gltick u. Heyl. Dei Voluntas mea felicitas. Haec ego propere, Tu prospere. Vale ac Salva; iterum iterumque."8b Translation. After rumbling, after roaring, After thunder and downpouring, Follows oft the clear sunshine. Men must forth whate'er the weather, And to-day must forth together, Jacob ! Up the morn is fine. Be not then so sad and moping, Dawns the freedom you are hoping, Comes another brighter mood, What God wills is luck and good. The character and learning of Pastorius, as well as his offi cial position as Agent of the German Company and founder of the German Colony, brought him into contact with the leading men in the Province, with some of whom he formed a life-long friendship. "t> Printed by permission from the original manuscript in the possession of Ex-Governor S. W. Pennypacker, whose English translation is subjoined to the original. The poem is on p. 561 of the MS. which we cite as F. D. P. Pages 444-5 of the same MS. contain short poems on Cupid and love. 198 Francis Daniel Pastorius Thomas Lloyd. On the journey across the ocean, Pastorius made the ac quaintance of the estimable Welshman, Thomas Lloyd, whose per sonality and learning strongly attracted the German jurist. The first bond of sympathy seems to have been the knowledge of the Latin language which enabled both of them to carry on conver sation. Lloyd had studied at Jesus College, Oxford,10 and learned the continental pronunciation of Latin, so that he and Pastorius, the German, could readily understand each other. "Alone with him, I could in Latin then commune : Which tongue he did pronounce right in our German way." The friendship thus begun in a foreign tongue on board the ship America, while crossing the Atlantic, continued till the death of Lloyd in 171 3, and the memory of his Welsh friend was kept alive by Pastorius in poetic tributes which he dedicated to Lloyd's daughters, Rachel (Preston), Hannah (Hill) and Mary (Norris), after their father's death. These poetic memories were still accessible to Watson in a separate manuscript, when he wrote his Annals of Philadelphia in the Olden Time, but seem to have disappeared into private hands or to have been lost since that time. Fortunately, the Beehive has preserved many of these verses, which contain important information concerning the rela tions of Lloyd and Pastorius. In a long prose preamble Pastorius recounts the mercies of God, and exhorts the daughters of Thomas Lloyd to join him in thanksgivings to the Most High, on the anniversary of their arrival in Pennsylvania. As special mercies he makes mention of their escape "from the Cruel, Enslaving Turks, once supposed to be at our heels," the Providential care which has protected them these one and thirty years, the kindness of William Penn 10 Cf. John Jay Smith, Letters of Dr. Richard Hill and His Children 1854, and Charles Perring Smith, Mss. Mem. of the Carpenter Family (in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania). The Founder of Germantown 199 "as a Compassionate Father for his unskillful Children," "keep ing us unarmed creatures all along in ease & Peace, making as it were the Indians our Charissimos or Brethren." The poems of Pastorius to Lloyd's daughters are printed here for the first time. "A Token of Love and Gratitude. Just one and thirty years, or (says one, J know who,) Eleven thousand and Three hundred Twenty two Whole Days & Nights are past, since we arrived here At Phi-la-del-phi-a, where ye three Sisters dear, Jn Love together link'd, still arm in arm do hold Each other, as they paint the Charities of old. Should mine Arithmetick proceed, & multiply, (Like God his Blessings does,) it would (Be pleas'd to try, And pardon when ye find an overly mistake,) Of Minuts, Seconds call'd, most thousand Millions make. Thus long ye have been here ! and ev'ry Moment he (Or if this Web of Time in smaller Thrums can be Divided,) has bestow'd some Benefits on you, Brave husbands, Store of Goods, & hopeful Children too. &c. Oh ! that my slender Quill could further set in Ranks His Graces to our Souls before your eyes, that Thanks Might as of one heart rise to him the Hoiy One, And like pure Jncense yield sweet Savour at his Throne : Where, with the Cherubims, and Spirits of Just Men, Your Parents worship him, & that not now & then, As we poor Mortals do, Confin'd below the Sky To Faint & Weakness ; but always, Jncessantly. John De la Val with them his Strength about this bends, And all Eternity in Hallelu — Jahs spends. Your Brother Mordecai, (J speak what J believe,) And those your tender Babes, who left this Vale of Grief, Of Sorrows & of Tears, to Heaven's Majesty He his Te Deum sings, they their Hosanna cry. There they expect, that ye and your Relations may Depart in due Time, out of these Tents of Clay, Jnto the Mansions, which the Lord prepar'd above, For all his Followers, that live & die in Love, Like Thomas Lloyd has done ; whom God there does regard, And in his Offspring here his Faithfulness Reward. Now, notwithstanding he for you (his Daughters) longs To mix your Melodies with his Celestial Songs ; 200 Francis Daniel Pastorius Yet I say, Tarry ye ! let me the first fall Sick, Ascend & meet him in my last Climacterick, Or LXIIIth year of age, J am in, and almost out J'm far from Flattering ! and hope, ye read my mind, Who can't, nor dare forget a Ship-Mate true & kind, As he your Father was to me, (an Alien,) My Lot being newly cast among such English men, Whose Speech J thought were Welsh, their words a Canting Tune, Alone with him J could in Latin then Commune : Which Tongue he did pronounce right in our German way, Hence presently we knew, what he or J would say. Moreover, to the best of my Rememberance, We never disagreed, nor were at Variance ; Because God's sacred Truth, (whereat we both did aim,) To her indeared Friends is ev'ry where the same. Therefore 'twas he that made my Passage short on Sea, 'Twas he & William Penn, that Caused me to stay In this then uncouth land, & howling Wilderness, Wherein J saw that J but little should possess, And if I would Return home to my Father's house, Perhaps great Riches & Preferments might espouse, &c. How be't nought in the World could mine Affection quench Towards Dear Penn, with whom J did converse in French. The Vertues of these Two (and Three or Four beside,) Have been the chiefest Charms, which forc'd me to abide. And though these Persons, whom J mention with Respect, (Whom God as Jnstruments, did graciously elect, To be His Witnesses unto this faithless Age,) Are at a distance now from our American Stage, Jn which as Actors, or Spectators, we appear, Their Memory Survives : To me they're very near. J often wish J might their Patience so express As J the want thereof ingenuously Confess. Good Lord! what Jn juries have your said Genitor Of Villains, whilst he was Lieutenant-Governour ! Jt seem'd to me, he would his Master Equalize, And suffer wretched Fools his Station to despise, Especially George Keith, well nigh devour'd by Lice. But honest Thomas Lloyd has laid his Body down Jn Rest & Peace with God, & now does wear the Crown Of Immortality, of Glory & of Life, Laid up also for us, if lawfully we strive. F. D. P. Fortunante Deo, Pietas Fert Denique Palmam." The Founder of Germantown 201 "Germantown, the 20th day of the vith mo: 171 5. dedicated by the Papists to their S. Bernhard and being the Anniversary feast of our happy Arrival at the Metropolis in this Province. Rachel Preston, Hannah Hill & Mary N orris. Your kindness wherewithal my last years Meeters met, Does this new monument of ship-mate-ship beget, Which, if it shall receive the selfsame Recompense, May rise as high again, & shew a twelvemonth hence Some Matters, as I hope, of greater Consequence, Unless my Jnk dry up, or my small Diligence. Dear Friends, an other Year besides the thirty one, (Whereof my former Sheet,) is now elaps'd and gone. Sith that we landed here on Philadelphia's Shore Our Duty then requires, to praise the Lord once more, For all his Goodnesses, in the Plurality, Which Ev'ry one of you enjoy'd as well as J : This Second Paper shall enumerate but some, Jn Grammars threefold Tense, Past, Present & to Come. I. God's Mercies over Us have been before we were Produced on the Stage of this Terrestrial Sphere, He pour'd us out as Milk, within our Mother's Womb, And least that this should be yt First Stuff's103- walking Tomb, Did Crudle it like Chees, and when yet weak & fresh, Fill up the tender skin with Sinews, Bones & Flesh. Our Bodies thus prepared, He graciously would give A never-dying Soul, thereby to move and live. To move & live to Him, in Whom we live and move, Oh ! that we always might obedient Children prove, Dread, love and worship God, the only Father, which Beyond all Fathers is, most Bountiful and Rich. 'Tis He and He alone, that made us what we are, And of His Handy-work did ever since take Care, By Angels, Parents, Friends; Nay oft by wretched Foes, Who, aiming at the Head, could scarcely hit our Toes. So having been (poor things!) a Nine-month Closed in A dark and narrow Vault, ( Concluded under Sin, Old Adam's Progeny,) were usher'd, that we should As well our Genitors, as other men behold ; But presently we wept, quite overwhelm'd with Fears, Forecasting, that we came into a Vale of Tears. How be't they kiss'd, they buss'd, & dandled us so long, Till with their Flatteries, & lulling Midwife's Song, I0a Chaos. 202 Francis Daniel Pastorius They Dun'd our Juicy Ears, And in our Nurse's Lap, Outwearied by these Tunes, we took a Gentle Nap, Soon wak'ned of our Trance, they laid us to the Breast, The which of all the Sports, (me thinks,) has been the best; For, when we grew some years, discerning sad from glad, They sent us to the School, where we learn'd good & bad : More of the last than first— Had not our Parents skill Surpass'd our Masters Wit, how JU, alas ! how JU Would things still be with us ? Had God withheld his Light, We were as blind as Moles ; But Thanks to Him ! our Sight Jncreased with our Age : Wherefore J humbly bless The Fountain of this Gift, the Sun of Righteousness ; Whose Rays, if well improv'd by us, so as they ought, Will warm our fainting Hearts, and grant us what we sought, When J from Franckenland, & you from Wales set forth, The one out of the East, the Others of the North,10b Jn order to Exile ourselves towards the West, And there to serve the Lord in Stillness, Peace & Rest. He gave us our desires ; For one, that rightly seeks, Does never miss to find. A matter of eight weeks Restrained in a ship, America by name, Jnto America [Amo(a)rica:] we came: A Countrey bitter-sweet, & pray ! how can 't be less, Consid'ring all the World does lie in wickedness ? * And though perhaps some thought, that Penn-Silvania Should be excepted, and dream'd of Utopia, That Extramundane place (by Thomas Morus found, Now with old Greenland lost,) where all are safe & sound; Yet is it parcel of the odd and Cursed Ground. Gen. 3 :i7< What happ'nd by the way, is needless for to tell ; But this J dare not slip, that when the Lion fell Upon my Back, and when next in a frightful Storm, Once J myself did fall, there Crawling as a Worm, Brave honest Thomas Lloyd has been the only Man, That heal'd me by God's help, our great Physician, Our Maker, Saviour & our Prophet, Priest and King, Good Shepherd, Teacher, Guide : Our All and Ev'ry thing. To Him the Holy One, we his Redeemed bow, And Glory, Majesty," Renown and Praises owe, For what He hitherto was pleased to bestow. (On us poor Creatures, whose Cup did overflow,) In two parts of this Globe, especially here, Ml> Francia Orientalis: Wallia Septentrionalis. [The notes to the poem are by Pastorius himself.] The Founder of Germantown 203 Where we at present breathe, which Tense, tho' ne're so near, II I hardly comprehend : Jt suddenly posts by, E'en in an Jnstant, and the Twinkling of an Eye. 'Tis nothing but a Now, a Now that can not last ; Pronounce it with all haste, & with all haste it's past. A Weaver's Shuttle is not half so Swift or fleet, This momentary Jot has rather Wings than Feet : It vanishes like Smoke, like Dust before the Wind, And leaves, as sounding Brass, an Echoing Voice behind, Which minds us, that it should be Carefully imploy'd, So as the same has been by honest Thomas Lloyd, My quondam real Friend, whom with this Epithet J honour thankfully, and never shall forget His many Courtesies, to my Departing hour, Altho' my years should reach to other Sixty-four. If you, his Daughters, & your Families, & J, With mine do follow him, we may be sure to die Jn Favour with the Lord, and Unity with Friends : By three things he excell'd, Faith, Love & Patience. And this (to wit the last,) adorned thus his life, That J may truly say, she (it) was his Second Wife. Concerning Charity, (the Center of my Trine,) It did as clearly as his other Vertues shine : He kindly deal'd with all, to ev'ry one did good, Endearing chiefly God, and then the Brotherhood. His Christian Belief was grounded on the Rock, And so could easily endure the hardest Shock : Plain-hearted he has been, profound & Orthodox, Opposed by Geo. Keith's dull lowing of an Ox.11 A Bull of Bashan, who went willfully astray; But honest Thomas Lloyd continued in the Way, Christ Jesus, with streight Steps : Jf we walk on in them, We shall undoubtedly get to Jerusalem, The City of the Saints Solemnity above, Built of the purest Gold, wall'd, pav'd & ciel'd with Love. J say, we shall arrive, (and that is yet to come,) Ere long in Paradise our long & lasting Home ; III For, when what we call Time, (a thing at best but short, And to be used as Paul the Brethren does exhort,)12 Will once be Swallow'd up, with Death, in Victory, Those Tenses needs must cease to all Eternity. Eternity, a word whereof J fain would speak, 1 Vox Bovis, non Hominis. 1 1. Cor. 7:29. 204 Francis Daniel Pastorius Because J feel, it does a deep Jmpression make Upon my Spirit ; But as Augustin was out In such like Mysteries, and proved too too stout, Reproved by a Child, that tried to transfuse The Waters of the Sea into his little Sluce. So, if by Millions, yea by thousand Millions more, Jnstead of Units, J shall Nine and Ninety Score Fine Bales of Genoa all over Multiply, 'Twill but a Hair-breadth be as to Eternity. The Stars, and Jacob's Seed, are without Number, and He is a Shatter-pate, that Counts Grass, Drops & Sand : A perfect Bedlam, ay ! who with Simonides Presumes to Chalk out God, & Everlastingness. Let us be therefore wise, and thus retract the Days, Which from our Cradle up in Jdleness and Plays, Or infinitely worse, have frequently be [en] spent, That for transacted Sins we seriously repent : And take what heed we can, that in this ruhing Time, We nothing may mis-do, mis-think, mis-speak, mis-rime. As to Futurity, none of us all can say, That either you, or J, shall see an other Day ; For this good reason we Comit that unto Him, Who rides, above all Times, upon the Cherubim.13 He sees the Pristine, and what henceforth must ensue, Like present evermore : Gives unto Each his Due, And they, who faithfully their Talents do imploy, Shall be rewarded there with Crowns & boundless Joy. Thus J am finishing my homely Lines, and Crave Dear Shipmates, your Excuse, that J so boldly have With Doggrels troubled you, Fare well, rememb'ring me, Who am your loving & affectionate F. D. P."13a "The 14th day of the 6th mo: 1716. Rachel Preston died, and was buried the 15th ditto at Philada. when my Son John Samuel married with Hannah, the youngest daughter of John Lucken, at Germantown. Genes. 35. v. 20. A Pillar upon Rachel's Grave Brave Jacob once would set, That he a Monument might have So as not to forget Her Vertues, Love and Faithfulness, '2 Sam. 22:11 & Psalm 18:10. 'a-Cf. Beehive, p. 111-112. The Founder of Germantown 205 Wherein She did Excell, And likewise thereby to express That he Esteem'd Her well. Thus thou, Friend Preston, since thy Wife, Our Dearest Rachel is Departed now this troublesom Life, To Ever-lasting Bliss, Rear up a Pillar on thy Heart, For always to Remind, How she stood in Her sorest Smart Jn Patience not behind ; But was, when Weak, endu'd with Strength, Faith, Hope and Charity, Till taken to the Lord at length, Does Praise and Magnify His holy and most glorious Name With the Triumphant Church ; Pray ! let us Jmitate the same, Tho' left here in the Lurch, Where I myself look'd for that Fate, My Ship-Mate underwent, And wherefore thought to antidate The last, J to Her sent. Thrice happy ! Not to see these lines, Beholding better Things, She like a Star at present shines Before the King of kings. Blessed are the Dead, which die in the Lord, from henceforth: Yea, saith the Spirit, that they may Rest from their Labours; and their Works do follow them. Rev. 14. v. 13. This Obelisk, in haste made by a sorry hand, Serves only for a Draught, to show, how thine should stand. God's Serjeant, Death, must do, what he has in Comand. The foregoing I sent in form of a Letter to my loving Friend Samuel Preston, the late husband of the deceased Rachel Preston."13b "The 4th day of the 3d mo ; 1717. Elizabeth Hill sent me the little Book, Jntitled A Legacy for Children, being some of the last Ex pressions & Dying Sayings of Hannah Hill, Junr. &c. Jnto which J wrote what followeth, & so restored it "bCf. Beehive, p. 114. 206 Francis Daniel Pastorius To my well-beloved Friend Elisabeth Hill. Elizabeth ! this Book of mine Let henceforth (as a Gift,) be thine; vide pag. 4. I read it over thrice a day, Since in my hands the same did stay, And now return it unto thee, But twice from first to last to see Each week, how Mother's Name Sake dear, Thy loving Sister, in God's Fear Has laid her tender Body down page 21. Hereafter wearing that bright Crown, In Heaven for all faithful ones Laid up ; Whenas both Wasps & Drones Lake-ward are going, when they die ; Fear therefore God, Truth magnify, Due Respect to thy Parents give, Plainness embrace, and thou shalt live. Live forevermore with those named page 10. & 34. as also with her, that gave thee this wholsom Advice, page 19. in the glorious & over-Joyful presence of God, & our Lord Jesus Christ. So be it, Amen. This Book here, coming back, two other such demands, For else 't had never gone out of P 's hands, Who with the like brave Stuff his Library adorns, And in regard thereof both Gold and Silver scorns ; Because by that we reap great Profit to our Minds, But this, (lov'd too too much,) Men's Understanding blinds. Dear Betty ! then succeed in Sister Hannah's stead, The holy Scriptures oft, with other good Books, read : Delight in Needle-work, Delight likewise to write, And Letters full of Sense (as She did,) to Jndite. vide pag. 32. So thou wilt truly be, (as J may truly say,) The most Accomplished Maid in Philadelphia. F. D. P. Germantown the 6th day of the 3d month, I7i7."13c William Penn. The most important friendship formed by Pastorius in Pennsylvania was that with William Penn, the proprietor of the M° Cf. Beehive, p. 119. The Founder of Germantown 207 province. On the 21st of August, 1683, the day after his arrival in Philadelphia, Pastorius presented his credentials to Penn, and was well received, both by the proprietor and his German secre tary, Johann Lehenmann. Pastorius has left two accounts of this first meeting, one in the Beschreibung,1* and the other in the Sichere Nachricht.15 The latter includes most of the former and gives besides an interesting estimate of Penn's character and work, and hence is given in English translation here : "The 20th [of August] we passed New Castle, Upland, and Dunicum [Tinicum Island] and arrived at evenfall, God be praised, at Philadelphia ; where on the following day I delivered to W. Penn the letters, which I brought with me, and was received by him with friendly affection; of this very worthy man and celebrated ruler I should, in justice, write much more; but my pen, (although it is from an eagle, which a so-called savage recently brought into my house) is much too weak to express the lofty virtues of this Chris tian, for such he is in deed. He often sends me an invitation to dine with him, also to walk or ride in his always edifying company ; and when I was lately away a week fetching provisions from New Castle, and he had not seen me during that time, he came himself to my cottage, and desired, that I should come and be his guest several times a week. He is sincerely devoted [to the Germans], and said once publickly in my presence to his Councilors and those about him : I am fond of the [Germans] and wish, that you shall love them too; although I never at any other time heard such words of command from him; these pleased me however so much the more, because they are quite in unison with the command of God (vid. Job. 3, 23). I cannot say more now than that Will. Penn is a man who honors God, and is honored by Him in return : who loves that which is good and is justly loved by all good men, &c. I doubt not, some will yet come hither themselves and experience in fact that my pen has not written enough in this matter." This esteem for the proprietor Pastorius seems to have re tained even in the midst of the difficulties which he found arising out of Penn's policy of assigning the Germans their land. As we " Cf. Beschreibung, p. 37- M Cf. Sichere Nachricht, p. 2 (in photographic reproduction given in this work). 2o8 Francis Daniel Pastorius have already seen, it was Penn and Thomas Lloyd chiefly who kept Pastorius from abandoning the German Colony and return ing to his native land. Even in the midst of Penn's trial in Eng land, Pastorius remained loyal to the great proprietor. Nor was the appreciation all on Pastorius' side. Penn has left us an interesting testimonial to the character of Pastorius in a later letter written in answer to an inquiry of Pastorius' father, Melchoir Adam Pastorius, as to the life of his son, Fran cis Daniel, in America. These letters, with a German translation, were published in the Beschreibung.153, They form such an inter esting incident in the life of Pastorius and Penn that they may fit tingly be given entire here : "Salutem ab ipso fonte Salutis Jesu Christo quam plurimam. Vir Prselustris Humanissime & in Jesu Dilecte. AUdaciam meam in scribendo facile condonabis cum intellexeris ex paterna id fieri solicitudine & affectione erga filium meum Fran- ciscum Danielem Pastorium in Pensylvania. tua commorantem abs quo jam longo tempore nil literarum accepi, ideo naturalis & Pateruus affectus me impulit, ut de statu ac vitas genere ipsius pauca sciscitarer. Speraveram ego quidem me in senectute mea in ipso baculum & solamen habiturum, sed spe mea f rustratus sum, dum in Provinciam tam longe a me dissitam ipse se contulit. Vive in Jesv felicissime & per ministrum quendam de tuo famulitio respondere desiderio & petitioni mese dignare. Qui ipse toto corde exopto esse Windshemii 20. Jun. Tuse Humanissimse Dominationis servus ad 1698. omnia Mandata paratissimus. M. A. P." In answer to this came by post to Neustatt-on-the-Aysch (where Melchior Adam Pastorius was temporarily living after his departure from Windsheim), April 25, 1699, the following answer in Latin : "a Cf. Beschreibung, p. 94 and 96. The Founder of Germantown 209 "Observande mi in Jesu Christo Amice. Ex intimo amoris affectu te saluto prsesentemque tibi & futuram exopto f elicitatem, quae constat in fida obedientia in Lucem & Cogni- tionem illam quam tibi per Christum Jesum impertiit Deus. Nuper adhuc in vivis fuit filius tuus, & jam nunc Philadelphia; agit. Irenarchia hoc anno est, aut nuperrime fuit, alias Vir sobrius, probus, prudens & pius audit, spectatae inter omnes, inculpataeque fama?, Familias pater est, quot vero filiorum, ignore, Amoris tui pignus, cum literis valetudinis tuas nunciis pergratum illi accideret. Brevi Provinciam istam juvante Deo visurus sum, interea tem- poris quid velis & quid de eo expertas vel ad ipsum scribas vel in Literis ad me dandis exprimas. Cum Votis itaque ut Devs una cum salutis suae demonstratione dignetur seniles tuos annos sicuti olim Simeoni prolongare, valere te jubeo Bristolii die 20. Mensis 12. vulgo Februarii 1699. Sincerus tibi ex animo amicus. William Penn. Inscriptio. A Monsieur Monsieur Melchior Adam Pastorius. President a Windsheim in Franconia." It may be noted here that Melchior Adam Pastorius dedi cated the following anagram to William Penn : "Guilelmus Penn Dei gratia Regisq Fauore Princeps Pensyluanise. anagramma : Perpendens fallacia munia Regni quaesiui greges populi tui sereni. Nusquam tuta fides. Nunc Terra recalcitrat [ ?] Astris Subditus in Regem surgit et arma gerit Filius obsistit Patri, mala filia matri. Iustus ab iniusto plectitur exilio Sicce manu CromWel violentus Sceptra Stuardi Inuasit, sed mox reddidit ilia DEVS. Rex Iacob Leges Regni dum tollit, et almum Frangere conatur Relligionis opus Iudicio ecce Dei iusto secedere Regnis Cogitur et iusto plectitur Exilio. Hinc ego perpendens fallacia munia Regni Territus obstupui, cordeque contremui Inde Greges pie Christe tui super Orbe sereni. 210 Francis Daniel Pastorius Quaesiui Populi qui tua jussa colat. Hunc Philadelphiacis collegi nuper in oris Syluanisq locis pectora fida Deo."16 The tribute paid by Penn to the character of Francis Daniel Pastorius, "Vir sobrius, probus, prudens & pius, Spectatae inter omnes, inculpataeque famae," is a fitting memorial to the many-sided German pioneer, and justi fies the noble sketch drawn by the Quaker poet, Whittier, in The Pennsylvania Pilgrim. It is possible that the following anagram, which Melchior Adam Pastorius dedicated to his son, Francis Daniel, belongs to this period : "Franciscus Daniel Pastorius. anagramma : FONS salvtis, parcas div neci. Si peccatori mortemque necemque minari, Numinis est proprium ? Iustitiaeque Dei ? Parcas quseso div iesv fons alme SALutis, Venturas, misero quae subeunda neci. Passus enim pro me, Peccatum Daemona, Mortem Strauisti, inque tuo sanguine tutus ouo."17 The devotion of Pastorius to the great proprietor is further expressed in a poem dedicated to Penn upon his third arrival in the Province of Pennsylvania: "Epibaterium, Or a hearty Congratulation to William Penn, Chief Proprietary of the Province of Pennsilvania &c. Upon his third Arrival into the same, For which good Patriots these sev'ral years did long, And which Occasions this his German's English Song, Who'f old could talk with him but in the Gallic Tongue. 16 Cf. Itinerarium, p. 232. "Cf. Itinerarium, p. 115. The Founder of Germantown 211 Ter Fortunatus, Felix, et Faustus ad Jndos Tertius Adventus sit, Guiliellme, tuus ! Let Heroic Poets Tote of War and warlike Men, My Reed (shrill Oaten-Straw!) does Welcome Wm. Penn, A man of Love & Peace, abominating Strife, To him its Welcome sounds, and to his dearest Wife, And to his hopeful Son, his Daughter and all His, With Cordial Wishes of God's everlasting Bliss. The third time welcome Penn ! Of good things (as we see Jn Sacred History,) there have been often three.18 Thrice Balaam's Ass would turn, & thrice the Prophet smites,18 And three times blesses he the blessed Jsraelites.20 Thrice every year the Jews must keep their Solemn Feasts,21 And Solomon the Wise thrice sacrifices Beasts.22 His Father David thrice (an exercised man,23 According to God's heart,) bows down to Jonathan.24 Elijah stretches him upon the Widow's Boy No less than thrice, & thus death's Power does destroy.25 Thrice to his windows goes my Name Sake op'ning them And ev'ry day prays thrice toward Jerusalem.26 Three times a Voice was heard, Rise Peter, kill & eat,"27 18 1 wittingly omit to speak of the holy & transcendent Three, who bear Record in Heaven & in Earth, 1 John 5, 7, 8 as also of the three Angels, whom Abraham entertained in the plains of Mamre, Gen. 18 :2. Hebr. 12 :2. Neither do I quote, that three men of each Tribe were to describe the promised land, Josh. 18:4. nor that all the Males were three times in the year to appear before the Lord God, Exod. 23:17. nor that divers goodly persons, having many Sons, had but three Daughters, 1 Chron. 25 :5. Job 1 :2. Jtem what J concerning this mystical Number might have allegorized out of Deut. 14:28, 29. Ezek. 14:14. Dan. 3:24. and 10:2. Matt. 13:33. Mark 9 :5. Luke 10 136. &c. and from Natural Philosophy, how all Elementary things consist of three, viz. Sal, Sulphur and Mercurius. But only add the ancient Latin Proverb, in no more than three words, Omne Trinum Per- fectum; i. e. Of all Good things there must be Three. "Numb. 22:28, 32, 33. 20 Numb. 24:10. 21 Deut. 16:16. 22 1 Kings 9:25. 23 1 Sam. 24 :5. I Kings 11 -.4. Acts 13 :22. " I Sam. 20 :4l. a I Kings 17 : 21. M Dan. 6 : 10, 13. Add Psal. 55 : 17- "Acts 10:13, 16. and 11:7, 10. 212 Francis Daniel Pastorius Wild Beasts & creaping things make lawful Gospell-Meat.28 Paul's suff'rings threefold were, on this & th' other wise,29 For Satan's Buffeting he sighs to Heaven thrice.30 Thrice therefore Welcome Penn! (is my repeated cry,) The third time to the land of thy Propriety ! Thy Province, into which these thirty one years past My Lot, by Providence, most happily was cast. Here in its Jnfancy thy Face J first did see The one and twenti'th of the Sixth Month, Eighty three. 1683. When the Metropolis (which Brother-Love they call,)31 Three houses, & no more, could number up in all. No Fulness then of Bread, no Jdleness, no Pride, Where into Belial since did many-ones misguide.32 There in thy Company J with my Soul's delight At Jntervals might sit till mid-time of the night. Then (as the Chearing Sun) thou visitedst poor Caves,33 Pray! let us not forget those Emblems of our Graves. But ever mindful of the Mercies of the Lord, Thank Him for what He did so graciously afford, In our first Meeting-Tent of Pine and Chest-nut boord.3* How be't thy Presence was withdrawing from us, ere 28 1 Cor. 10 : 25. Tit. 1 : 15. Matt. 15:11. 28 2 Cor. 11 :25. Acts ch. 14. & 16. & 27. 80 2 Cor. 12:8. "In Greek Philadelphia, Rom. 12:10. by reason of the Brotherly Affec tion & Kindness, which therein should abound, and not Philargyria, or Love of Money, as it is English' d, I Tim. 6:10 and Juxta Ovidium: crescit Amor Nummi. &c. Qu. Argenti Studium vestra dum regnat in Urbe, Cura Fraterno Nomen Amore trahit. Resp. Romulus, Abimeleck, Esau, Cain atq: Jehoram Fratres Frater habet ; Gratia rara tamen. ^Ezech. 16:49. The Pit without a Bottom Brought forth these Sins of Sodom; Ye, who Cofhit the same, Are guilty of its Flame. 38 The caves of that time were only holes digged in the Ground, Covered with Earth, a matter of 5. or 6. feet deep, 10. or 12. wide and about 20. long; whereof neither the Sides nor the Floors have been plank'd. Herein we lived more Contentedly than many nowadays in their painted & wainscotted Palaces, as J without the least hyperbole may call them in Comparison of the aforesaid Subterraneous Catatumbs or Dens. Vide Hebr. 11:38. J myself purchased one of the old Tho. Miller for s£ then Currt. Silver Money of Pennsylvania in the midst of the Front-street at Philada., whenas the Servants, J had along with me, could have made a far better in less than two days, had they but known how to handle the spade. 84 Our first Meeting-house in the sd City was nothing else than a Lodge or Cottage, nailed together of Pine-boards, Imported from New- York, and The Founder of Germantown 213 We understood what things in Pensilvania were Of good or evil use, to follow, or t' avoid, The wisest of us all was honest Thomas Lloid.35 Some lent their itching Ears to Kuster, Keith & Budd, And miserably fell into the Ditch of Mud, Where they may stick & stink ; For as a sightless whelp, So stark-blind Apostates do grin at prof er'd help : They spend their Mouths, & fain with vain words would ensnare, Or if this will not do, scold, back-bite, bug-bear, scare ; Hereof, brave William Penn, me thinks, thou hadst thy share. And yet the second time cam'st Safe to this thy Land, Dogs, who at distance bark, bite not when near at hand. Now J thought all was well, the Country full of Folks, The City stately built, some houses 's tall as Oaks, The Markets stall'd with Beef, whereof we nothing knew, When (as aforesaid,) Hutts & Wigg- warns were so few. However, feeble things we are below the Moon ! Change upon change, alas ! befalls us very soon, Till She with other Stars & Planets (which now meet Above our heads,) will be the Pavement for our Feet. Mean while away again, home to Great Britain thou Downward th' Atlantic Sea must sail, ascend'st the Prow Of that unlucky Ship; unlucky, why? Because Jn her a harmless Lamb is carried to the Claws Of Tygers, Bears and Wolves, who since they can't devour, Shut him up in the Fleet, as form'rly in the Towr, Old Baily's Bale-dock, and such Dungeons, apt to scour, &c. Ay, sorry Turky quill ! stop, stop, & say no more, Make not afresh to bleed a newly healed Sore. This World, thou knowst, has been most troublesom to the Best, And so will always be : Jn Christ they find their Rest,88 The wch suffices them. Job's Motto ( : Jf God would Ev'n slay, J'ld trust in Him,) remains their strongest Hold.ST sold a hundred foot at 10. Shill. And never the less the LORD appeared most powerfully in that Tabernacle of Shittim wood, ( :See mine Onomastical Observations, Num. 1606). Glory be to His Name for ever and ever. 85 This my well beloved Ship-mate has been no less Conspicuous for his Jntegrity & irreprovable Life, than for his singular Learning, Prudence & great Knowledge in things Physical, Civil & divine, whereby (tho' Deputy Governr. of this Province,) he was not puffed up at all, Out of an affable, mild & truly Christian Temper, Yet Zealous for the Truth, and undaunted in its defense, his Charity still being greater than his Intellect, and his Love towards GOD the greatest of all three. 88 John 16 133. Hebr. n 36. &c. 87 Job 13 : 15- 214 Francis Daniel Pastorius They can Forget, Forgive & render good for Bad,38 Bless & Jntreat when wrong'd ; both sorrowful & glad.39 Rejoicing in the LORD, continually rejoice,40 Laugh at their Enemies, and at the cackling noise Of their Persecutors, whom (scornful Brats!) God scorns,41 And in His fiery Wrath at last cuts off their horns. For after he has try'd the Patience, Faith & Hope Of His Espoused-Ones, and they do not Elope, But firmly Cleave to Him, He Crowns & Comforts them With Kisses of his Mouth : No Cross, No Diadem.42 God proves first, then approves; first wounds, then heals; first kills, Then quickens by His WORD : first empties, and then fills, With Pleasures, which none dare Compare to any thing : Prais'd & extolled be the Name of Zion's King ! But why do J rehearse these Truths to thee dear Friend, Who hast experienc'd them beyond what J intend To mention in my Rime except that thread-bare Lie [ :Penn in America a Jesuite did Die ?] No sure ! the self-same Man, whom Gazetteers have slain So many Years agoe, lives still, or lives again : Loves JESUS, and abhors the Jnsects of the Sect, Wherewith black Loyol did this latter Age infect. J say thou liv'st, dear Penn, Thanks be to GOD on high, That to the Prince of Life thou art yet very nigh ; Yea nearer, J believe, than thou hast ever been, Before this Province was by thee the third time seen. The third time and the last, J question not, He will Grant our Petition, and abundantly fulfill The Number of thy Days, that when thou art to lay Thy Body once aside, Jt undisturbed may Sleep fast at Pennsberry ; thy Soul Return & stay 88 r Pet. i :g. F. D. P. acer Eremi Penniaci Cultor, Te Colo Penne bene God Almighty pleas to Bless Penn, and Penn's brave Wilderness. 88 1 Cor. 4 : 13. 2 Cor. 6 : 10. "Phil. 4:4. "Psal. 2:4. 42 Psal. 75 :8, 10. 2 Cant. 1 .2. Hebr. 12 -.5. &c. W. P. Veritas Vincit, Pra?valet. D. L. Diabolus Latrat. All Devilish Lyars delight in Lurking-holes. Vult Vertus Patere : Dolus Latere. Whenas Plaindealing Truth Will shine to both the Poles. Wahrheit : Wie der Palm-baum steht, Wann Dir Liigen untergeht. The Founder of Germantown 215 With Him, from whom she came, as those do who are gone Already, and their Task here faithfully have done, Tho' younger than we both. In French now Je cpnclus, Jcy, et au Gel Penn est le Bien-Venu ! Pour en avoir de Tout, il faut aussi un peu d'Allemand. Whereas, Loving and dearly Esteemed Friend, in thy Travails in Holland and Germany thou hast heard & learned somewhat of my Mother-tongue ; J hereby make bold to subjoyn a few lines in the same, as followeth : Penn heiszt auf Welsch ein Haubt, auf Nieder Teutsch ein Feder, Die man zum schreiben braucht ; das Haubt ersinn't entweder Gut oder Bos, womit die Konigin paar Geldt, Durch Hiilff der Feder Zwingt, die Gross und kleine Welt. Nein, wans hier Wiinschens gait, so wolt ich, dasz mein Feder Ein solchen Nach-druck hatt, damit sich Ja Ein jeder Als ein gehorsam Glied ergabe Jesu Christ, Der da das Eintzig Haubt der wahren Kirchen ist ; So ware weder Heid, noch Jud ; auch kein Papist."42a Griffith Owen. Next to Thomas. Lloyd and William Penn, Griffith Owen seems to have occupied the warmest place in Pastorius' heart. It was to Owen that he turned for medical aid in the last years of Owen's life. The following testimonial to the efficacy of Owen's medicine is quaintly phrased in the Beehive: "Dearly Esteemed Friend Griffith Owen. Germantown, the 16th of the 3d mo. 1714. My last Climaterick (Nine multiplied by Sev'n,) May be, will bring me home, to'r long home even Heav'n ; Where God our Father dwells in everlasting Bliss, Where we his Children then shall see Him as He is, And where the Holy Ghost our Spirits shall inflame Eternally to praise and Celebrate His Name. However, by Neglect we must not kill ourselves, Therefore pray Doctor look for me upon thy Shelves A gentle Purge which can (as I do think,) expell My Fever's burning heat : So no more now, Farewell. F. D. P." "a Cf. Beehive, p. 108-109. 43 This footnote is added by Pastorius : "Thy Spaw water's Salt did me much good these two Years agoe. Sal Cathariticum sive Mirabile, Epson Salt" (cf. Beehive, p. 104). 216 Francis Daniel Pastorius Adde supra Num. 352. Anno 1714. the 19th of November J acci dentally came at a little Book Jntitled Tractatus de Salis Cathartici amari in aquis Ebesshamensibus & hujus modi alijs contenti Natura et Usu. Authore Nehemia Green M. D. utriusq. Regiae Societatis Socio. Londini, 1695. in 120 and presented it to my good Friend Griffith Owen, scribbling on the first page, as followeth : Franciscus Daniel Pastorius huncce Libellum — Qui Salis Eb'shamij Virtutes prodit et Usus, (Leniter hoc Alvus, quoties adstricta, movetur, Mota graves morbes ex Corpore projicit aegro, &c) Dilecto Medico,44 Griffitho donat Oweno, Cui debere nihil vult, gratus, praeter Amorem. What J had twice of Thee, this Author does exalt, And Satisfy my debt, by rend'ring Salt for Salt. Jn Case that clears thy Book, 'tis well, till J want more, Jf not, be pleas'd to put (or keep) it on my Score; For J intend to Pay the Salt & all the Rest, Which J Dear Owen owe : These Lines are but a Jest. Talibus innocuis Salibus licet hactenus uti, Ut similis similem dilectet Amicus Amicum.44a When after the general or yearly Meeting at Philada. (17th of the 1 st mo:) was ended, my beloved Physician Gr. Owen prepared for his journey towards New England, the Adversary of Men's Eternal happiness would Jmpudently Suggest some distrustful Thoughts, the which never the less by the immediate Jnspiration of our heavenly Comforter, J answered by way of Paradox, as well the better to Confound the Wicked One, as also the more firmly to fix and fasten the Anchor of my hope on Jehovah, the Rock of Ages, who alone is able to Save to the utmost, & to restore to a State of former health ( : if it be his good Will & Pleasure,) even with a Word. Matt. 8 : 8. Advers. Thy Doctor goes his ways, To Check New England's Ills, Answ. No, no ! he ever stays, My Soul with good things fills. Advers. He surely thither goes, And there will teach and preach. Answ. No, no ! his hands & Toes Are always within Reach. Advers. Behold, Asides he Starts, And Just now takes his horse. Answ. What then? tho' he departs, It is not for the worse. God sometimes hides his Face, And still is very near : His wholsom Saving Grace Soon does again appear. Advers. What strange thing now is this, At once to go and stay ? " Vid. Coloss 4, 14. **a Cf. Beehive, p. no. The Founder of Germantown 217 Answ. Did not the Son of Cis Among the Prophets play ? Advers. J mean that Mortal Man, who Med'cine to thee gives. Answ. And J th' Physician, By Whom each Creature lives. Advers. Say ! Art thou not afraid, That One goes, whilst thou'rt ill ? Answ. No, No ! For as J said, My Soul has yet her Fill. By him who is all Love, And present ev'ry where : Whose Will does move above My low and trembling Sphere.44b James Logan. These to my Esteemed Friend James Logan, at Philada. Quae de Fraterno Nomen Amore trahit. 1714 Jf we did reason right & perfect Logick chop, Endeavoring day & night To get to Wisdom's Top We should instead of Glass, Meet with the precious Gem, To do to Others as We would be done by them. This was Christ's doctrine and, if fully understood, Js the eternal Band of Peace, the noblest Good. With this runs parallel what holy Prophets taught, To shun the Sin as hell ; Be Virtuous, & not nought. Old Pagan Epictet on two wgrds (as J hear,) Did all his Groundwork set, to wit, Bear and Forbear. But nowadays the chief and usual Business Js to be large not brief ; An Hour's Task, seldom less. And after we compare The Writings, Surely 't looks, That new-ones (neotericks) Volumes are, the ancient Little Books, Jn these which have been first, we richly find, whereby To satisfy our Thirst; [the latter leave us dry,] the last themselves are dry. paucis exceptis. Fides Doctrinaq. Prisca Forti (Fere) Deliciosa Palato."44c RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. The question has been raised whether Pastorius was a Quaker, and, if so, at what time he became such. It has been stoutly maintained that he remained at heart a Lutheran. "to Cf . Beehive, p. 117-118. An obituary poem and an epitaph to Griffith Owen and another poem in memory of Thomas Lloyd are found in the Beehive, p. 120. Both bespeak the affection of those printed here. "c Cf. Beehive, p. 101, and. another poem to J. Logan, p. 103. 218 Francis Daniel Pastorius As we have seen, Pastorius' family was originally Catholic, his father, Melchior Adam Pastorius, having gone over to the Evangelical faith (Augsburg Confession), after his arrival in Sommerhausen, making confession of faith and partaking of the sacrament with Count Georg of Limpurg on Christmas Day, 1649. The marriage of Melchior Adam Pastorius with the widow Magdalena Johm, was the beginning of an Evangelical Lutheran household in this branch of the Pastorius family. Fran cis Daniel was baptized and reared a Lutheran. Although he associated himself with the Pietists of the Spener circle in Frank furt-on-the-Main and was on friendly terms with the Quakerized Mennonites in Crefeld, Kriegsheim and other places in Germany, there is no positive evidence that he had renounced his allegiance to the Lutheran faith upon his arrival in America. Pastorius refers to the confessions in Pennsylvania a number of times in the Beschreibung/5 but gives no clear statement as to his own sectarian attitude as between Lutheran and Quaker. In the chapter "Concerning the Religions of the Province," Pastorius mentions four forms of religion: 1. That of the Indians, which is entirely heathen, although monotheistic and evidently sincere. 2. That of the English and Hollanders, most of whom are Calvinists. 3. The Quakers, who are with William Penn in Philadel phia. 4. That of the Swedes and High Germans, who belong to the Evangelical (Lutheran) confession. Having enumerated these confessions he mentions the fact that a little church had been built in 1686 in Germantown for the community, thus implying that all worshipped together. That this church was considered as community property is further seen from the fact that the court was held in it.46 " Cf . Beschreibung, p. 34-35. "O. Seidensticker, Beziehungen der Deutschen zu den Schweden in Pennsylvanien (Der Deutsche Pronier, VI, 427). The Founder of Germantown 219 In this same chapter Pastorius takes the opportunity of com menting upon the Lutherans in particular, showing that he was still enough interested in them to regret their shortcomings and indifference : "The Swedes and High Germans are Evangelical and have their own Chirch, whose minister is called Fabricius, of whom I must say with regret, that he is much given to drink and still almost blind in the inward man. * * * * The Evangelical ministers would have had a good opportunity to follow the command of Christ: "Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel," if they were willing to be the followers of Christ rather than the servants of their body and if they were more devoted to Theologia Interna, than to literal recitation." 4T In another letter to his father, dated March 30, 1694, Pas torius gives an interesting account of his religious life in the new province : "Myself and family are still in good health, as reported in my preceding [letter] and [living] a quiet peaceful private life, and although I am still charged with Inspection of Justice [the office of Justice of the Peace] both in Germantown and Philadelphia, yet such outside official affairs do not disturb the inner consciousness of the gentle humble private life of Jesus Christ An intimate friend wrote me from Frankfurt recently, how the apathetic Lutheran Ministers had been attacked and disturbed by the Quietists and the Papal apostles of works by the Pietists, which I regard as unmistakable forerunners of the approaching appearance (God grant it may be soon) of his dear and only begotten Son. Happy, eternally happy they who have oil in their lamps and are ready to meet this blessed bridegroom and go with him to the wedding feast." *8 " "Num. 12, Lutherans. Solafidians are so taken up with Faith, they have no room for charity. They think to perform all their duty to God in hearing, and to shew the Fruits of it in talking. Justified by faith alone; whereas that Faith wch is alone, doth not justifie. 2. Luther, Calvin, Champions in their day. They use their Mother's ( :the Church of Rome:) weapons, & yet cry (:whore:) against her. They are called by the name of M. L. as Christians, by J. C. TJbiquitarians. Cochley's lies against Luther, Barel 615. M. Luther being offended at his Master the Pope, set up for himself, as the only Apostle of that age, Mamiet [?] Vol. 8, p. 234, he staggered many wise & honest men & overthrew whole thousands of fools & knaves, Jbid. Sola fide, a short & compendious Cut to be saved, the Lutheran Reforma tion. Those of the Augustan Confession, falling into the odium of the more rigid L. vid. Evangelium ( : Evangelicorum.) in And. Menip. tit. 82. brave Luther acted nobly & heroically in separating from Rome." From the Beehive. " Cf. Beschreibung. p. 64-65 and 86ff 88. 220 Francis Daniel Pastorius In almost every letter Pastorius manifests his personal con cern for the spiritual welfare of his kinsmen and friends beyond the sea, as, for example, in his exhortation to his godchild, Merck lein, to make good the vow which his godfather had made, and in his admonition joined to congratulation upon his father's election as Superior Judge of Windsheim, calling his father's attention to the account he must give at the last judgment. All this "con cern" is quite in keeping with the spiritual awakening of the time, found both among the Pietists and the Quakers, but there is not a word about his personal doctrinal attitude toward any specific sect in the first year in Germantown. It seems quite likely that matters of creed did not seriously disturb the little community of the German town during the first years of their communal life. They were practically one in spirit, whether Pietists from Frankfurt, or Mennonites or Ger man or Dutch Quakers from Crefeld and the Lower Rhine. The spirit of the little Quaker meeting at the house of Tiines Kunders doubtless pervaded the whole community. The actual affiliation of Pastorius with the Quakers, appears clearly from the minutes of the Monthly and Quarterly Meet ings of Philadelphia and Abington. The items in these minutes relating to Pastorius' connection with the Friends are here given in chronological order. Those referring to Pastorius' teaching in the Friends' School in Philadelphia have been given already, and need not be repeated here : The Records of the Abington Monthly Meeting of the Friends contain the following entries : Record of Marriages and Births of the Abington Monthly Meeting : "Witness of Marriage of Peter Shumaker Jun and Margaret Op de Graeff both of Germantownship Frances Daniell prestoreys" [sic]. "The Children of Francis Daniel Pastorious [sic]. i. Jno Saml Pastorious Born ye 30th of ye 1 mo 1690. 2. Henery Pastorious Born ye ist of ye 2 mo 1692." "At our Monthly Meeting ye 28. 12 mo. 1703 Daniel Walton The Founder of Germantown 221 Edmond Orphood Everard Bolton & Daniel Pastorius are appointed to attend ye Quarterly Meeting." "At our Monthly Meeting ye 29 6 mo. 1715 : William Preston Daniel Pastorius Richard Lewis & Ryner Tyson are appointed to attend ye Quarterly Meeting." The Minutes of the Philadelphia Monthly Meeting contain the following entries : "Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 29 d. 8m. 1697. Samuel Carpenter & James Fox are desired to speak with Francis Daniel Pastorius in order to write for Friends of this Meeting." "Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 29 d. 11m 1697: It being proposed to this meeting that a printing press would be very serviceable to friends belonging to the Yearly Meeting, Daniel Pastorius of Germantown is willing and thinks he may be Capable of managing the same, therefore the meeting requests Samuel Carpen ter or any other friends to send to England for a press and letters or such things thereunto belonging as cannot be gotten here and this meeting, if the Yearly meeting doth not approve thereof, doth prom ise to see him or them paid for the same." "Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 29. 2 mo 1698 : A paper from the last Yearly Meeting of London was directed to the monthly & quarterly meetings in Pensylvania, East & West Jersey, for the Collecting of all George Fox's books & writings in these parts. In order thereto, It is agreed that Daniel Pastorius write Copies of the above said papers, and that one of them be sent to each monthly meeting in this County, and also one to Bucks, one to Chester and one to New Castle Counties to their particular Quarterly meetings, that so the service thereof, may be answered, there being Copies already sent to East & West Jersey. And for this monthly meeting it is left to the care of James Fox to make diligent Enquiry therein & whosoever hath any of the said books and papers are desired to bring them unto our next monthly meeting." "Monthly Meeting Philadelphia 27th 3 mo 1698 : Daniel Pastorius acquaints this meeting that he wrote Copies of the papers from the Yearly Meeting of London, about the Collection of Geo. Fox's writings & delivered them to Anthony Morris, in order to be sent to the several meetings as directed and friends are still desired to bring into the next meeting or at any time to James Fox, an account of what of his books or writings they have." 222 Francis Daniel Pastorius "Monthly Meeting Philadelphia 30. 4m 1699 : Whereas there is a Book wanting for recording marriages amongst friends, James Fox is to buy a Good Book for that purpose, and pay for it of the meeting Stock, and deliver it to Francis Daniel Pastorius who is appointed to Record all marriages in it. Reese Peters and Robert Burrough are desired to acquaint friends; to bring in their Certificates that it may be done." "Monthly Meeting Philadelphia 25. 6 1699: An Epistle from lames Dickinson on being read, Francis Daniel Pastorius was ordered to write 12 Copies thereof, and to deliver them to Sam. Carpenter & James Fox who are desired to dispose the same as desired by James Dickinson, which is accordingly done." "Monthly Meeting Philadelphia 29. 1. 1700: Griffith Owen having recommended John Cadwallader as a person very fit for an assistant in the School. (Francis Daniel Pas torius being gone) [ref. here to former neglects'] Anthony Morris, David Lloyd, Iohn Jones & Samuel Carpenter are desired to see what Daniel Pastorius hath done upon the meetings accts. and to pay him for the same." "Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 26. 2. 1700 : The friends appointed to consider what Daniel Pastorius hath done for friends, Report that they think he should have Ten pounds, which this meeting approves of, and orders Samuel Carpenter to pay the same." "Monthly meeting of Philadelphia 30. 1. 1705: Daniel Pastorius & Arnett Clinken from Germantown requests the assistance of this meeting towards their building a new meeting house, which friends seems very ready and willing to do, and it is agreed that a subscription may be begun at the beginning of the next monthly meeting." "Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 26. 4. 1713 : The minute relating to David Lloyd and the letter sent this meeting by John Jawert being under consideration, and David still continuing his request for a Certificate, the sence of this meeting is, that David Lloyd should appear at our monthly meeting to give them Satisfaction in relation to the Complaint of Daniel Pastorius and John Jawert, the meeting being informed that the Controversy be tween Humphrey Murray & the said David is ended." "Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 30. 8. 1713: The friends appointed to hear David Lloyd & Daniel Pastorius, five of them met & heard what they had to say." * * * * [All] The Founder of Germantown 223 "with the assistance of Samuel Preston, or any six of them are yet desired to labour further with David Lloyd, and endeavor to convince him that there is a fraud in the recovering of the said Ger mans lands, whether he was then appraised of it or not."48a It seems quite likely that Pastorius, like all the seriously minded of the Germantown community, was spiritually affiliated with the Friends' meeting in Germantown, held first in the house of Tiines Kunders, and after 1686 in the little church built that year. The condition of affairs is well reflected by the fact that he was one of those who laid the protest against slavery before this meeting in 1688. This protest, which will be printed in a later chapter, shows signs of differences, which were already arising in Germantown, and were soon to assume more definite sectarian expression. In 1690 the Mennonites were reinforced by new arrivals and had a meeting of their own in the house of Isaac Jacobs van Bebber, with William Rittenhouse as their preacher. A manuscript account of the life of Hendrick Pannebecker, gives a good description of the attitude of the Mennonites toward the Quaker meeting at this time : "The beginning or the origin of the Community of Jesus Christ here in Germantown, who are called Mennonites, took its rise in this way, that some friends out of Holland and other places in Germany, came here together, and although they did not agree, since at this time the most were still Quakers, nevertheless they found it good to have exercises together, but in doing it they were to be regarded as sheep who had no shepherd, and since as yet they had no preachers, they endeavored to instruct one another. In the year 1690 more Friends from Crefeld and elsewhere came into the land, who were also of our brethren and added themselves and attended our exer cises in the house of Isaac Jacobs."48 48a Cf. p. 150 above for the other entires in the Minutes touching the case of David Lloyd. As late as the "28th 8 mo 1715" Pastorius and Peter Shoemaker brought complaint in the Friends' Meeting that Susannah Cassel refused to pay a debt due the estate of Paul Wolf. 49 Cf. S. W. Pennypacker, Germantown, p. 220, and Hendrick Pannebecker, Surveyor of Lands for the Penns, 1671-1754. i-" 224 Francis Daniel Pastorius About the same time the Reformed appear in and about Germantown, among whom were William Dewees, who arrived in New York in 1689, James Delaplaine who came from New York to Germantown about 1692. At this juncture the religious strife of the German Colony breaks out in earnest, and gives opportunity for Pastorius to define more clearly his attitude to the Quakers. While the unrest may have begun with the cold reception which the Quakers gave the German protest against slavery in 1688, the first great religious disturbance was the Keithian Con troversy. In 1692, George Keith, a Quaker preacher and school teacher in Philadelphia since 1685, went to New England, where he made a defense of Quaker doctrines in a controversy with Cotton Mather and his son Increase Mather. After his return to Philadelphia, Keith accused the Quakers of teaching deistic doc trines. The attitude of Pastorius in this controversy was strongly anti-Keithian, as the pamphlet against the "four Boasting Dis- puters" and the following drastic rime with its coarse pun will show: "Jt seem'd to me, he would his Master Equalize, And suffer wretched Fools his Station to despise, Especially George Keith, well nigh devour'd by Lice." Francisci Danielis Pastorii ft Sommerhufano- Franch ber lefstmabia erfunDenen PENSYLVANIA,(Kit angeftendftett einigcrt ttdtabfen&edei t>eni>eiten unt) S$ericbfc(g5c|>reiben an b^ffcn^rn. SSattern/ Patriate.. unt> gute greunbe, Vovvebe* i © tj? bcnen iTJemtgen insgefamt jut5 CBnuge betanbt/ auf raae'tPctfe ict>/ von metnen 2Mnbesbe(nen art /auf bemtP.ge btefer 3eidtd}£eic meinert iebeneHauffgegen bie tr^eCEvt»tcjf eit jU/dn* jjaicbcet/unb in aliim mememdbiin bat>in$(i ttad)tet babe/ ttite f et? 5>en alletn guten vbillen ©(Dttesetfcrtrten/femebobe2(Umad)tfui'd>*ten / unb feme uneirgtunblicbe ©ute Weben let?* nenmocbte. Urtb obrooblen leb / nebfl anbevti gemetnen Wtffenfcbaffren 6et freyen 2\im|te/ (Sat? Studium Juris feliciter ablolvitet / Cte Jta* liantfcb'unb J,frtH$6fifd)e Qptacbcn exfuhda- mentobegriffen / aucboenfo.qenanrtteftgrof* fmTour Durd> die ilanbfcbaffcm gecban / fr habe icb jebocty an allendDwen uHo*£nDert met* Hen qr6ffe|len ^.esf? UhbSen1iii)uhg an anoers t)id)tt?gewenb6f/alt3 eigendid; ^uerfabfen/ttj<> 3 &*cb Title Page of Pastorius' "Description of Pennsylvania". (Appended to Melchior Adam Pastorius' "Description of Windsheim," 1692.) The Founder of Germantown 225 CHAPTER VII. LAWGIVER, SCRIVENER AND AUTHOR. The pioneers of the little German colony of Germantown formed a community to themselves and conducted their affairs in their own way, during the first seven years of the settlement. While they adapted themselves to the general form of govern ment established by Penn for the Province of Pennsylvania, they nevertheless incorporated many European features into the details of township legislation. One acquainted with the municipal and village life of Germany and Holland will easily detect the alien elements of town legislation in the early laws and court procedure of Germantown. In looking over the sanitary regulations of Frankfurt-on-the-Main, the present writer was impressed with certain striking resemblances to the sanitary ordinances of early Germantown. It is quite likely that Crefeld and other cities of the Lower Rhine contributed precedents for the procedure of the little group of Crefelders, who cast their lot with Pastorius in the colony of Germantown. In reading the Laws or Ordinances of Germantown, one feels the traditions and atmosphere of a Ger man town with its long experience in matters of town legislation, modified and adapted to the English forms of provincial govern ment. It is interesting, even if pathetic, that Pastorius' legal train ing could not enable him to cope with the crafty practitioners at the then infant Philadelphia Bar. His code called for honesty and consistency in the practice of law, but made no provision for the casuistry and trickery of David Lloyd and his associates at the Philadelphia Bar. The consequence was that Pastorius appeared in an unfavorable light as "der deutsche Michel," when he found the Philadelphia lawyers had all been "feed" and retained by Sprogel to cheat the German Society out of its lands. 226 Francis Daniel Pastorius The chief legal service of Pastorius is to be found in his work as a scrivener. Here he was without a peer in the Province, if not in the Colonies. His clear, concise, legal style; his wide knowledge of legal forms both in German and English practice (in the collection of which he spared no pains), his mastery of minute particulars and his beautiful, easily legible hand, made him a favorite both in Germantown and Philadelphia. He was Clerk of Germantown the greater part of the period of its existence as a chartered municipality ; he was employed during his two years in Philadelphia to write for the Friends' Meeting, for which he not only copied works of George Fox and others, but kept also the Register of Marriages for a time. A considerable collection of legal documents, drafted by Pas torius, could be gathered from the collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the University of Pennsylvania, ex-Gov ernor S. W. Pennypacker and others in and around the city of Philadelphia. The most considerable of his official work as scrivener is the Grund-und Lager-Buch, containing the land records of Germantown. These works by Pastorius will be dis cussed later. PASTORIUS AS A WRITER. The German Pioneer and Founder of Germantown was a typical exponent of the learning of his age, and, in spite of the untoward conditions of his lot in the wilds of Pennsylvania, became the most many-sided literary man in America, far out classing Cotton Mather, his famous Puritan contemporary in the Bay Colony of Massachusetts. The range of Pastorius' literary activity has scarcely found a parallel in America from that time to the present day. In every field he touched he applied the same conscientious effort and skill, whether he was drafting a private document or writing a finished poem to his great friend, the Pro prietor, William Penn, himself. It can be said truly of him, even of his prose writings as found in the unpretentious form of an encyclopedic dictionary of the Beehive: ( p ; i tltury Bernhtri f(j)fler. Witllm Odvie, ThotBM flutter & Thomas i}> 'Jtr, FOUR Boafting Difputers CM' this World briefly REBUKED, And Anfwcrcd according to their Folly, which thev themftlr^s bare manifefted in a . lar.e P^rnphler, cnticuled, Advitt for a\i tro- fcjpiri art I ty'l'ers. THoiHh th'n their faid Pamphlet thtfc not let f-rth the place where it was p-intcd, yet mentioning fo raany J^iriAS of Rabylm-, for Example, The Connnh. ydLLrjiia, tndVniverfituso, Babylon, page*. X3 7 he Btylomdn Cmrches, p.-,P^4. Tme B«bylor,t*n } f'MVy page 7- The J9'» tbiej Quarters 9t Baby. ton, pagc 8. Asd being it felf thoroughly full •t Manel, or Coufufion, if thereby plainly difi. j fJafetn, that it was hatched in the yeryCcntcff •i that grm City, whole wife aad learned mCD, j • -^- ' •¦ ¦ j.».-.iA^.-a-'.Jj?i-." .»»i«h.W!.'i. Title Page of Pastorius' "Four Boasting Disputers" (From the copy in the Bevan-Naish Library, Birmingham, England.) The Founder of Germantown 227 "Nil tetigit, non ornavit." He touched nothing that he did not adorn. He was jurist, scrivener, teacher, moralist and poet all in one. He never let an opportunity pass without pointing a moral or teaching a useful lesson. It is perhaps not too much to say that he has never had a superior, if indeed an equal, as moralist in the three hundred years of American history. Then, too, the ceaseless activity of his pen is a marvel even to the machine-producing writer of the present time. Day and night, by the light of the sun and the flickering lard-lamp alike, he was plying his busy pen in writing down all the good thoughts of himself and others for the generations to come after him. It is interesting that George Sandys should have begun to translate his Ovid on the banks of the James in the first years of the Colony of Virginia, but it would have been far more signifi cant if he had given the first Virginians the best thoughts of all times as Pastorius did his two native-born American sons in Germantown. It is difficult to treat the writings of Pastorius in strictly chronological order, because some of them extend over a period of years. In the following chapters the works which can be dated with certainty will be discussed first and those of uncertain date will follow. /. Printed Works. The first work, which Pastorius published, was his Disputa tion or Dissertation, as we should now call it, printed in 1 676 with the title : 1 . Disputation. Disputatio Onauguralis | De | Rasura Docu | mentorum, &c. The full title and a discussion of this are given above. * 1 Cf . previous chapter, p. 79. 228 Francis Daniel Pastorius 2. Letters. Two important letters of Pastorius, dated March 7, 1684, were published with the following titles : Copia, eines / von einem Sohn an seine Eltern aus America, abgelassenen Brieffes / | sub dato Philadelphia, den 7. Martii 1684.Sichere Nachricht auss America, wegen der Landschafft | Penn sylvania / von einem dorthin gereissten Teutschen / | de dato Philadelphia, den 7. Martii 1684. 3. Tractates. The next known published work of Pastorius was issued as from Germanopoli (Germantown) in 1690, with the following title : Vier kleine [ Doch ungemeine | Und sehr nutzliche | Tractatlein | De omnium Sanctorum Vitis | &c [The full title can be seen in the photographic reproduction.] This work was dedicated to Tobias Schumberg, Pastorius' old preceptor in Windsheim, and seems to have been intended for a German or European public. The work was evidently compiled in large part in Europe and represents the best fruits of the author's literary labors before he entered upon his career in America. The misprints, especially on the title-page, would seem to indicate that the author did not read the proof-sheets. The misprint Pastoriun for Pastorium is particularly striking and would leave us to believe that the printer or the proof-reader had only the MS. before him and that this MS. had the Pastorius' name written with one of his peculiar "m's" which often look like "n's." Furthermore, the Latin numerals of the chapters men tioned on the title page do not agree with the German divisions. The Latin dedication to Schumberg is followed by a German preface, in which the author states his reasons for writing the book. The contents of the book are briefly : ^>ter fieine ©od> imfjcmemc UnD fc|)c nu^.ctjc actaticin i. Dc omnium Safi&orum Vitis II. De omnium Pontificum Statutis III. DeCorrC'liorum Decifionibus IV. De Epifcopis oc Patriarchis Conftaft- tinopolitanis, SDatf iff: i. V^ii 2tffo,$eifi(ttii gebensjllbuug i.Vcn 2iUcr pJ.p|tc d5cfcQ- 8rmful>nn.$ 3. Ton 2>cr Conctltcn StvitfrScpirimg. 4. ttat Oer.eu 23tfc^6ffcn imt? Patriate.* $u (£on{tant...opei» gum ©vunbe ©er funfftfebm nod) fewer baranf ju baucn ^3ot&ab«n&ct SSfyf frit prEcmittiret, FRANCISCUM DANIELEM PASTORIUN. j. 11. L. Hue- bw i3nT)cnft)lDaPtancu!icfcfl^onmir fit ' ©runbanflcfegtcn/ unDnunmttgutcm Succefs aufgehenben (gtafct: GERMANOPOLI Anno Chrifli M. DC, XC< Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' "Tractatlein." The Founder of Germantown 229 (1) Brief outlines of the lives of the Saints arranged in alphabetical order (pp. 1-117). (2) A short account of the Roman bishops and also the other popes, &c. (pp. 1 18-184). (3) Concerning the church councils, which are treated in chronological order (pp. 185-214). At the close of this chapter the word "Ende" is printed. This is followed by (4) An appendix, treating of the bishops and patriarchs of Constantinople (pp. 215-244). The work is for the most part a simple compilation from then accessible sources. Occasionally the author has a thrust at the Catholics, particularly in his reference to the Pope, where he notes the fact that for over five hundred years the early Christians had no popes. 4. Missive to the Pietists. At least two works of Pastorius were printed in the year 1697. One of these was issued as a missive to the Pietists in Germany with the following title : Ein | Send-Brieff | Offenhertziger Liebsbezeugung an die | so genannte Pietisten in Hoch- | Teutschland. | Zu Amsterdam / | Gedruckt vor Jacob Claus Buchhandler / 1697. The authorship and date are learned from the colophon on page 15: "Von Eurem liebgeneigten Freund Frantz Daniel Pastorius. Germantown in Pennsylvania, den letzten December, 1696." This pamphlet growing out of the Keithian controversy appeared with the following English title, and was directed against Henry Bernhard Koster (Koster), William Davis, Thomas Rutter and Thomas Bowyer, "Boasting Disputers" of the Keithian ilk : Henry Bernhard Koster, William Davis, | Thomas Rutter & Thomas Bowyer, | four | Boasting Disputers | Of this World briefly | Rebuked, | And Answered according to their Folly, | 230 Francis Daniel Pastorius which they themselves have manifested in a | late Pamphlet, entituled, Advice for all Pro- | fessors and writers. [By Francis Daniel Pastorius. | Printed and Sold by William Bradford at the | Bible in New- York, 1697.] At the end of the last printed page the following is printed : "Francis Daniel Pastorius | The End Printed and Sold by William Bradford at the | Bible in New- York, 1697." There are fifteen printed pages in the pamphlet. The text begins in the middle of the titlepage. This pamphlet is evidently a reply to an account or report which Koster sent to Germany under the title: Advice for all Professors. The pamphlet treats the following five cardinal points, in the exact words of the work itself, as follows : I. Of some swelling words of these vain Braggards. II. Of the Unreasonableness of their Challenge. III. Of their abusing and traducing W. P. in particular. IV. Of their Slandering and misrepresenting the People called Quakers in general ; & V. Of their selfguiltiness of what they charge us withal.2 Internal evidence, especially some Germanisms, would con firm the view that the English pamphlet is based upon the Ger man text, as for example : "in the pages above quoted and more others" (p. 3), "they need not travel farther than towards this Theater of the World" (p. 5), "the publick Theater of Church and World" (p. 5), where the article is omitted after the German fashion, although the word "besides" in one passage might argue for the priority of the English version it may just as well mean here "in addition to" : "Printed in the high Dutch tongue, be sides the English" to be read by "some silly Women in Germany." 'That is, denial of the divinity of Christ. ©ft Offmtyww&ttetemm an tre fOgCtoWWW Pietiftdn m.&0C&' ? 3it %fBl®Zme Down Evert Fr#w God; Uif Infinite Kindnefs Love d~ Mercy, Now, tfOtd & Perpetually Q*itk$>iclh Refreficth and Strcnjtbeneth True Ufright Willing Xtidns & Young "Zealots. Ex ambits prevail above Precepts. .1-",, , Printed by WiUuun Bradftrd in New.Terk, aod Sold by the Author in fennfllvania. j? Title Page of Pastorius' "Primmer" (From the unique copy in the Bevan-Naish Library, Birmingham, England.) The Founder of Germantown 233 Francisci Danielis Pastorii | Sommerhusano-Franci. | Kurtze Geographische Beschr.eibung | der letztmahls erfundenen | Americanischen Landschafft [ Pensylvania, | Mit angehenckten einigen notablen Bege- | benheiten und Bericht-Schreiben an dessen Hrn. | Vattern / Patrioten und gute Freunde. The relation of this form of the Beschreibung to the early letters on the one hand and the fuller form of the Umstdndige Geographische Beschreibung, published in Frankfurt and Leipzig in 1790, on the other hand, will be discussed below. The most important printed work of Pastorius is this Detailed Geographical Description of Pennsylvania, published in its full form in 1700, with the following title: Umstandige Geogra- | phische | Beschreibung | Der zu allerletzt erfundenen | Provintz | Pensylva- | niae, | In denen End- Grantzen | America? | In der West- Welt gelegen / | Durch | Franciscum Danielem | Pastorium, | J. V. Lie. und Friedens- Richtern | daselbsten. | Worbey angehencket sind eini- | ge notable Begebenheiten / und | Bericht-Schreiben an dessen Herrn | Vattern | Melchiorem Adamum Pasto- rium. | Und andere gute Freunde. | Franckfurt und Leipzig / Zufinden bey Andreas Otto. 1700. This book is printed on paper 6^ x 3^ inches and contains 12 unnumbered preliminary pages, 120 numbered pages, and an Appendix of 2 unnumbered pages and pages 123-140 numbered. In the front is a "Map of Pennsylvania and West Jersey." The second edition, was published four years later, with the following title : Umstandige Geographische | Beschreibung | Der zu allerletzt erfundenen | Provintz | Pensylva- | niae, | In denen End- Grantzen | Americse | In der West- Welt gelegen / | Durch Franciscum Danielem Richtern i daselbsten. Pastorium, | J. V. Lie. und Friedens- Worbey angehencket sind einige no- | table Bebegenheiten / und Bericht- | Schreiben an dessen Herrn | Vattern | Melchiorem Adamum | Pastorium, | Und andere gute Freunde. | Franckfurt und Leipzig / | Zufinden bey An dreas Otto. 1704. The second edition of 1704 is uniform in size with that of 1700. But in the copy in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Friedrich Kapp's copy, the following are added : 234 Francis Daniel Pastorius Zum Beschluss | Folget des Eigen-Herrns | und Ober-Haupts dieser Provintz | selbst concepirte, und an seine Freun- | de iibersandte | Beschreibung / | Deren Umstande notabel zu lesen | sind. [Pp. 120-140.] Then follows a second work entitled : Continuatio | Der | Beschreibung der Landschafft | Pensylvanise | An denen End-Grantzen | Americse. | Uber vorige des Herrn Pastorii | Relationes. | Jn sich haltend: | Die Situation, und Fruchtbarkeit des | Erdbodens. Die Schiffreiche und andere | Fliisse. Die Anzahl derer bisshero gebauten Stadte. | Die seltsame Creaturen an Thieren / Vogeln und Fischen. Die Mineralien und Edelgesteine. Deren Eingebohrnen wil- den Volcker Sprachen / Religion und Gebrauche. Und | die ersten Christlichen Pflantzer und Anbauer | dieses Landes. | Beschrie- ben von | Gabriel Thomas | 15. Jahrigen Jnwohner dieses | Landes. | Welchen Tractatlein noch beygefuget sind : | Des. Hn. Daniel Falckners | Burgers und Pilgrims in Pensylvania 193. Beantwortungen uff vorgelegte Fragen von | Guten Freunden. Franckfurt und Leipzig / | Zu finden bey Andreas Otto / Buch- handlern. | Jm Jahr Christi 1702. This part contains four unnumbered and forty numbered pages. Then follows : Curieuse Nachricht | Von | Pennsylvania | in | Norden-Amer- ica / | welche / | Auf Begehren guter Freunde / | Uber vorge legte 103. Fra- | gen / bey seiner Abreisz aus Teutsch- | land nach obigem Lande Anno 1700. | ertheilet /und nun Anno 1702. in den Druck | gegeben worden. | Von | Daniel Falknern / Pro- fessore, | Burgern und Pilgrim allda. | Franckfurt und Leipzig / | Zu finden bey Andreas Otto / Buchhandlern. | Jm Jahr Christi 1702. Contains six unnumbered and fifty-eight numbered pages. Then follows : Beschreibung einiger orter | in Canada | aus des B. de la Hontan Reise. Contains eighty-five manuscript pages and one blank page. As was usually the case with the earlier prints, the second edition seemed to have been reset, to some extent at least, for the lines do not correspond in the two texts. Then, too, the vignettes differ in the two prints. The title-page even is differ ently divided, as the following specimens will show. Umftdnbt^e ®ec>3ra* efim($tt§ ©er $u aUerlegt etfunbenen PENSYLVA- NIJS, 3n6enen €n&;©ran8en AMERICA 3n bet ^eff/^eft. gelegen/ Franciscum danielem j PASTORIUM, | J. V. Lie. utU>$mi)cn$;3uct)f em Botfeg Aityfyndet finb eitti* ic notable Sedeben&eften / unt) &afct>t*@$tribett an Deffen £>erm Pattern HELCHIOREM ADAMUM PASTQ- RIUM, jJn&QnbcccgiitcgreunDc. Svmdfavt unt) JLeip$ig/ SwjinOen fcci) OfnDreae ,Oito. 1700, Title Page of Pastorius' "Description of Pennsylvania," 1700. (From the Copy in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.) The Founder of Germantown 235 Title Page. 1700 1704 Umstandige Georgra- | Umstandige Geopraghische | phische. Worbey augehencket sind eini- | Worbey augehencket sind einige no- | ge notable begebenheiten / und | table Begebenheiten / und Bericht- | Bericht-Schreiben an dessen Herrn | Schreiben an dessen Herrn | Melchiorem Adamum Pasto- | Melchiorem Adamum | rium | Pastorium j An den geneigten Leser. gelegten Staden und Kauffmafi- | Kauffmann- | Vorrede auf den Wege auf dem Wege . . . keit meinen Lebens Lauf gegen die | gegen die fro- frohe he &c und seine unergiindliche Girt und Barm- 1 Gute . . . der j der frey- freyen en 1700 1704 gelehr- | gelehrten p. 2 ten so man- so | cherley mancherley .... Religio- | nen Religionen und I Sinnen Sinnen und spitzige | es es war von ein ein so grosses | von von welchen der War War ra- p. 3 . . . . latitirende latirende p. 4 Marseille denen also Marseil le de nen also dasz An English translation of Pastorius' Beschreibung by L. H. Weisz, was published in 1850 in the Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania (Vol. 4, part 2), and reprinted in Old South Leaflets (Gen. Ser. No. 95, Boston, 1898). A new trans lation has been made under the direction of Dr. J. F. Jameson for his sefies : Original Narratives of Early American History. The year after the two hundredth anniversary of the landing of the Crefelders, Friedrich Kapp published a reprint of the Beschreibung of 1700, with an introduction. The book has the following title : 236 Francis. Daniel Pastorius Franz Daniel Pastorius' | Beschreibung von Pennsylvanien. | Nachbildung | der in Frankfurt a./M. im Jahre 1700 erschie- nenen Original-Ausgabe | [Cut: Vinum Linum et Textrinum.] | Herausgegeben | vom | Crefelder Verein fur wissenschaftliche Vortrage. | Mit einer Einleitung | von | Friedrich Kapp. | Crefeld. | Druck von Kramer & Baum. | 1884. The original edition of 1700 was reviewed quite at length the same year in Monatlicher Auszug aus allerhand neu-her- ausgegebenen / nutzlichen und artigen Biichem. December MDCC. Zu finden Bey Nicol. Fbrstern / Buchh'dndl, in Hano ver [pp. 495-500]. In a footnote the reviewer remarks: "Man kan nicht sehen / was fur ein Printz von York seyn soil." This "Printz von York" is mentioned by Pastorius as having at that time [1665] "viel Volck" mostly Swedes, whom he com manded to build on the Delaware. The reference is, of course, to the Duke of York, who represented the English King after the English occupation in 1664 and before the arrival of Penn as Proprietor of the Province of Pennsylvania. II. Unprinted Works. A great many of Pastorius' writings remain unpublished in the original manuscripts. Although a number of these manu scripts seem to have been lost, enough have survived to make a long series of volumes, if they were all printed. The great folio MS. of the Beehive contains, after all, the best of his unprinted writings, and would be a great monument to German scholarship if it could be published. A number of the works given as sepa rate books in Pastorius' own catalogue of his manuscripts seem to have been incorporated entire or in part in the Beehive, as will be indicated in the remarks accompanying this catalogue, which is printed below from the original source. The following unprinted manuscript works of Pastorius are known to be still in existence and have been seen and consulted in the preparation of this work. They are discussed here in chronological order, as far as the dates could be determined. ,1*. .iScus^UAicJ JA±\ortu* I I ;' X/t//^ ;f^y'i/roVy^ .-.;'. ( • f ' ^CrMlt^f '"' lk>m^rrJ%etttf l£,j,lf:»,ui (/mtc;1 JormoSi /lor*.*) .^W' /K('fcn«^/ 4 It'aiJ.c /rrrA*A ^Mar^i^i^r ir^wuc, Yacutfut'iitiij Mo^iU v£.m.rjt*< j^c &£¦ ;^., A few/ AM^Z-iiifrf:,*^^,,/.; <'VCotyt*mib.c j JW^ii w"i«t/ -fU.h-rtcrlt'-u,' 2r,iSirc/tr 2! T?-m ^ !«. r'&&,. *5fi Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' " F. D. P." or Common Place Book. (Manuscript in the possession of Ex-Governor S. W. Pennypacker.) The Founder of Germantown 237 1. F. D. P. F. D. P. | Franciscus Daniel Pastorius. | Fortunante Deo Pietas Fert Deniq. Palmam. | Fideliter | Deus Providebit. [ &c.4 This MS. is of paper 4x6 5-16 inches in size and contains 620 numbered pages and 28 pages of index. Four hundred and twenty-two of these 620 pages are devoted to a kind of dictionary of phrases, etc., while the rest contains poems and sentiments in German and English, intended, evidently, as the beginnings of a large collection, and so preliminary to the Beehive, and hence antedating it. Indeed, some of the entries in the MS. would seem to point to the period before Pastorius' arrival in America. This is corroborated by the fact that what is evidently the original contemporaneous draft of the poems relating to the Keith Con troversy, 1692, and the poems addressed to Jacob Tellner on his departure for Europe antedate the Beehive, which was written on paper that Tellner gave Pastorius before his departure for Europe. The original title-page seemS to be wanting, evidently having been torn out. The pages 423-424 contain a list of "Nomina Propria" (52 in all). Page 424 has this interesting note on a work of Joachimus Pastoriius : "50. Joachimus Pastorius in seinen differentijs interpolitica. genuinam et Diabolica. J. A. Pastorius in dem scharffsinnigen Adler." Page 431 has what we may regard as F. D. Pastorius' ideal of woman : "Beschreibung eines rechtschaffenen Weibs. An schonheit des leibes, klugem Verstand u. Freyheit eines adeln. gemuths keinem Frauenbild nichts bevor geben. Dasz sie auch den allerunempfindlichsten zur liebe bewegen solte. * The original is in the possession of Ex-Governor S. W. Pennypacker, who kindly allowed the writer to examine it for this work. The full title-page may be seen in the photographic reproduction. 238 Francis Daniel Pastorius Schon, glimpflich, angenehm u. hauszl auch zugleich, An Weisheit u. gestalt, an adel, gut u. reich. Die leffzen presilgen roth, hat einen halz, wie ein glatt Venetianisches bierglas." Pages 58off. contain the German and English poems on the Kekh Controversy of 1692. (Cf. p. 224.) 2. Medicine Book. Medicus Dilectus vid. Colos. 4: 14 & | Medicamina delecta. Syrac. 38:4. | Das ist | Auserlesene Artzney Mittel, | Deren Jngredientia in Pennsilvanien und | dergleichen neubegohenen Colonien | zu bekomen sind. | Vor sich und seinen Nechsten vid. Luc. 10 : 36. Marc. 12 : 3. | aus verschiedenen Authoren zusam getragen | von Franco. Daniele Pastorio. | Anno 1695. etc. | A variant title page begins : Talia Qualia | Medicinalia, Artificalia & Naturalia, &c.s On the front of the paper cover is written the following in Pastorius' hand : Artzney und Kunst ist all umsunst ohn Gottes Gunst Accipit a solo Vim Medicina Deo6 Si Deus tibi non est curse cur te curet Incuriose ? Cura igitur, non tantum ut valeas, sed etiam, ut bene valeas, ut aeternum valeas. VALE! ut sit in Sano Mens Corpore Sana. FACIUNT ETHICUS & MEDICUS. Muth und Blut. Geht vor Guth. 1695. Franz Daniel Pastorius. ' This verse' is written vertically on right margin. ' See the photographic reproduction for full text of the page. fAittJKCCUJ>€ U**lr ^/ fioHHA&Atf* C4VI l , UcrltiivlaAx/K-. . ca^c*f^^£Aj^9^ J . '««« tfafpVaK ^«ft - «Sti?i sutea '. f*f& <**»«« tSutSSLk KaAo pft jnitt^JcacU. J?r*cile£}&: otca/io-^^iU Title Page of Pastorius' Book on Medicine. The Founder of Germantown 239 The contents of the MS. include not only a treatise of dis eases, but also of their remedies, particularly the medicinal herbs in Pennsylvania and other parts of America, as follows : Talia Qualia, &c, pages 1-26 (p. 23 blank). Medicus Dilectus, &c, title and other matter, 2 pp. (unnum bered). "Inhalt" (table of contents), 4 pp. (unnumbered). "Register des Artzney-Buchleins," &c, 12 pp. (unnum bered). The text of the "Artzney-Biichlein" is distributed as follows : Pp. 1-136, Description and Treatment of Diseases." 137-201, "Treatise on the Properties of Herbs (1-16, new numbering [6-9 gone], entitled "Misch-Masch" ) . 202-3, list of authors from whom the book is compiled. 202 (4 pp. seem to be numbered "202"). 202-261 (231, 239-246, 248-249 and 16 unnumbered pp. are blank) a list of remedies, &c. 262-270 "Out of Robert Boyle's Medicinal Experiments." 271-293 blank. The authorities mentioned by Pastorius number about 30 in all. The list is here given : "Anzeigung der authoren, aus welchen disz biichlein colligirt ist. 1. Ein klein geschrieben biichlein meines lieben Vatters Melch. Ad. Postorij. 2. Staricij Heldenschatz, gedruckt 1658. 3. Johann Tallat Artzney biichlein. 4. Leonhard Thurneissers Krauterbuch in fol. 1575. 5. Martin Schmuckens Schatzkastlein in 8°- 1652. 6. L. M. S. L. de occulta Magico-Magnetica morborum quo- rundam Curatione naturali. in 8° 1652. ejusde Lie. Martin Schmuckens Lips. 7. Wolff Helmhardt Freyherrn von Hohberg Georgica Curi- osa in fol. 1682. 8. Lazari Riverij Observationes Medicae in 8°. 1646. 9. Het Kleyn Vroetwyfs Boeck, gedruckt. t' Amsterdam in 8°. 10. Petri Nylandts Nederlandtse Herbarius in 120. 1673. 240 Francis Daniel Pastorius 11. NB. Culp. oder auch nur ein gross. C. bedeut Nic. Culpep per's English Physician enlarged, Printed at London in 8°. 1698. Welches trefflche buch ein iiberaus schlect Register hat. 12. Johanis Coleri Oeconomiae Ruralis & Domesticae Anderer Theil oder Haus-Artzney, gedruckt zu Mayntz in fol. 1645. so ebenfalls vor gemeine unsturdirte leut sehr dienstig, u. in diesem biichlein mit Col. allegirt ist. 13. Auch ist heirin referirt zu meinem Calendario Calendari- orum in 8°. 14. Christopher Wirsung sein Artzney Buch in fol. 1568. 15. Balthasar Schnurr von Lendsidel sein Kunst- u. Wunder- buch in 8°. 16. Johan Christoph Thiemen Haus-Feld- Artzney &c buch in 4°. 1700. 17. Vorstelick Geschenck dat is En Medecyn boeck, &c, in grooter weerden gehouden in den Vorstelicken huyse van Nassouwen ende Princen van Orangien t' Amstel- dam in 8°- 1662. 18. Georgij Hornij Area Mosis, in 120. 1668. 19. Philippi Theophrasti Bombasts Paracels Opera in zwey theilen, fol. 1603. gedruckt zu Strassburg, und eod. anno in 4°. zu Franckfurt am Meyn. 20. William Mather's the Young Man's Companion, in 120. 1695. 21. Robert Boyle's Medicinal Experiments, in 120. 1696 & the third Volume 1698. he was Fellow of the Royal Society. 22. James Cooke's Mellisicium Chirurgiae, in 120. 1648. 23. Wm. Salmon's Polygraphices, Or the Arts of Drawing, Limning, Painting, Engraving, Etching, Dying, &c. in 8°. 1685. 24. Jeremiah Love's Clavis Medicinae, or Practice of Physick reformed, in 8°, 1674. Johanes Colerus p. 75. recomendirt denen gemeinen einfaltig luten folgende Antores in re Medico, zu lesen: Opera Gualtheri. Hermani Ryfen. Frisij Speculum Medicinae; Hieronymi Braun- schweigers Haus Apothecke, Thesaurus Pauperum genannt. D. Joafiis Driandri Artzney u. Practicier-buchlein, Jacobi Theod. Taber- naemontani neues Artzneybuch. Jt sein Krauterbuch. D. Oswaldi Gabelkovern Artzney-buch. Remberti Dodonsei Cruyde-boeck, in fol. 1554. Die Natur u. art aller Kriiuter, thier, Edelgestein erlernet man aus dem Theophrasto; Bockio; Lonicero; Fuchsio; Dondonseo; Dioscoride mit den Comentarijs Matthioli. Camerarij horto Medico. Mattkioli Compendio de Plantis. Lovel's Compleat herbal. Culpep per's English Physician. Thurneissers Krauterbuch." Manuscript of Francis Daniel Pastorius' "Beehive." The Founder of Germantown 241 3. Beehive. It is safe to say, that, of all the original German Ameri can documents representing European culture in the Colonial period, the most interesting and extensive is the unicum, the folio manuscript left by Francis Daniel Pastorius, "the Pennsylvania Pilgrim," the founder of Germantown. This document, contain ing Pastorius' Bee-Hive or Bee-Stock, is the Magna Charta of German culture in colonial America and a veritable speculum scientiarum of the seventeenth century — the first American Ency clopedia, antedating the epoch of the French Encyclopedists. It has a number of title-pages of which this may be taken as one of the shortest : Francis Daniel Pastorius | his | Hive or Bee-stock | Containing above two thousand little Honey-Combs; | Begun in the year 1696 | And continued for the use of his Children.7 The origin and history of the Beehive of Pastorius are sig nificant, as showing the intregity and loyalty of German family tradition in America in colonial times. Pastojriu_sJ_evidently_ pain fully conscious of the peril of cultural deterioration confronting his descendants in the wilds of the west, where books were few and the love of them scarce, composed this thesaurus of the useful knowledge of his time as a heritage to his children, his two sons, and^let us confess, as a memorial of what their father had known. On the inside of the parchment cover, in his own hand, isThe following, referring to the book : "This book saith thus to my two Sons : "Part not with me ! J'm excellently good, If rightly read and rightly understood." From the book itself we learn (p. 50) the purpose of the Beehive: ' The most important variant title-pages may be seen in the photographic reproductions. f-'i ! j :^|.?§| 242 Francis Daniel Pastorius "At the first undertaking of this Book my mean scope was, for the future Jmitation of my two Sons, onely to collect common Proverbs, witty Sentences, wise and goodly sayings, with the like substantial marrow of other men's writings, etc." See page 55. And again (p. 51) he states the same fact, speaking of him self as follows : "When he took this in hand, he did not think To show any man his Paper and his Jnk. His only Purpose was, in Black and White, With his two little ones (departing) to abide. "Nevertheless, this may live when he is dead; and thus he leaves it to the Perusing of his Readers ; not caring a doit whether they will like it or dislike it. He knows that it will not please all, and doubts if it will please some." Intimation of a change of plan is given on p. 55 of the MS. : "But afterwards considering the copiousness of Words, Phrases and Expressions in the English (my said two Sons' Country-lan guage ; for, seeing J and my wife are both Germans, J dare not call it their mother-) tongue, which they, if possible, should perfectly learn to read and write and to indite." And also p. 51, quoted above, and in revised form, p. 55 : "After J had collected two Volumes of delightful Proverbs, witty Sentences, wise and godly sayings; comprising for the most part necessary and profitable caveats." The history of the Beehive manuscript is similar to that of most old manuscripts — a succession of disappearances, reappear ances and not a little mutilation. A tradition of this document (still current in the Pastorius family) says that Pastorius directed that it should be kept in the possession of the male descendant next in line within the limit of ten miles of Germantown. This wish of Pastorius seems to have been heeded by all the heirs of the manuscript. A few years ago the document was loaned to the late Professor Oswald Seidensticker, through the medium of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and, after being duly returned to the Pastorius family, disappeared for a time. Efforts were t ft* ,l,a«>* «¦ (ml 4 tr A.'I'r t.- ft .11 JtlL i >t£t*&_\_± '{cnttit Jt+yirm^T. -".'; k(»xt^f>iJ: J*. V v4> «J ;,/-' 'll*k./j(*i dLAtt mt^.OlUtlcJlC >vAti.i ^%OU jrrt^jti^i^^t.pifa.. ;',ftnc mat. »tyrj//>m. mJtpM Hum ' fd/tjic/j yiwt, Jap 'ft CHS- nyuui <*i#*k7u/0fftrrtmitt/Ttcfa/J/:. Ja**. M/;-l n^Jiorthr >At.Jufart_ a mSM W2tJiM& y- w ^ '*&££?? ' ' ,. tft/ttc2ic.< aicai f /t*r/?{ -tsbiciatl Jpcgt rtl'afn, /e^ejt^JcAy/^ Oittt 'Tjftu-s -/rv>* My totnt. tig y>rc, /?rr fict/tfri.y. rujt. 4&fc t^pf,Zi.. L~t. (ci.-rt* t>t^T'./jr_ i. f/*/^ mau/ctif/t .tt 'faf^M.^/t .A^p " " j" "r- -t'-^L ;X(?ii'y_fa'|f'«»'VA- Jarat^ -\ — ,:*r.ftj^L: A Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' " Beehive." The Founder of Germantown 243 made by persons in and outside of the State to rediscover it, but to no purpose. Rumors were afloat that the MS. had gone with Washington Pastorius' family to Boston, and thence to Colorado Springs. A few years ago, however, late in 1896, the present writer was given a clue to the whereabouts of the document, by Julius F. Sachse, Esq., and finally allowed by the holder, Mr. Daniel Pastorius Bruner, of Germantown, to make use of it for the purpose of bringing the most important parts of it before the public in an accurate print of the original with critical treatment. It seems now that up to that time the MS. had never been away from Germantown, except during the period in which it was loaned to Professor Seidensticker in Philadelphia. Mr. Bruner wrote me, under the date of April 13, 1897, as follows, giving the names of the members of the family through whom the MS. has been handed down : "I don't know positively that the 'Bee-Hive' was ever taken away from Philadelphia. Mr. [Washington] Pastorius kept a quantity of papers, etc., in the Bank in Germantown, and he stated to me that he intended to keep it there. Hence I think you can safely state that it has never been out of Philadelphia county, and out of Germantown only during the time that Mr. Seidensticker had it. The Family Rec ord shows pretty well in whose possession it has been since the death of Francis Daniel Pastorius. The writing is in the hand-writing of "1. Francis Daniel Pastorius. "2. Henry Pastorius, his son. "3. Daniel Pastorius, grandson. "4. Abraham Pastorius, great grandson "4. Daniel Pastorius, My great grandfather. "5. Washington Pastorius. "6. Francis Daniel Pastorius, son of Washington. "7. Daniel Pastorius Bruner." After the death of D. P. Bruner the MS. was returned to Francis Daniel Pastorius, of Colorado Springs, who placed it on exhibition at the Library of the University of Pennsylvania, with special permission to the present writer to make use of it in this work. 244 Francis Daniel Pastorius The Beehive manuscript presents the external appearance of a mediaeval document. It is written on thin paper, in folio 7)4 x 12 inches, and bound in a parchment cover, taken evidently from still older books or other documents (one contains the text of an old writ of release) and the whole is tied together with two strips of faded red leather. Upon the cover is found the follow ing title : Alvearium Apiculse Germanopolitanae Anglicanum. (written on the edge of the folding cover, also on the back of cover, under the folding edge, and in apparently older form on the inside reverse of the cover). Each repetition of the title represents probably a rebinding or rearrangement of the book. The writing itself of the Beehive is in the very regular, fine, legible hand of Pastorius, whose signature and handwriting are so familiar to those acquainted with the early records of German- town indited by the jurist-scribe while agent of the Frankfurt Company and afterwards. The first few pages of the MS. in its present form have crumbled away at the top under the corrosive effect of the ink, which was black, except in a few instances where red ink was used for underscoring. The German passages are written in German script, the rest in Latin script. The pages of the MS. are ruled along the margins up and down and across, and each ruled space, containing a separate entry, is numbered. Occasionally a pen-drawing is found which is intended for illustrating or ornamenting the text. The favorite emblem is a heart, a pipe or some geometrical figure. The fact that the manuscript is slowly disintegrating and has lost some folios makes it desirable to place the contents of the surviving folios on record. The contents at present in the order of the MS. are the following :8 "The interrogation point (?) after numbers indicates that the number is either wanting or illegible. The Founder of Germantown 245 Pages 1 ?-2 ? contains an introductory account of the origin of the Beehive. 3?-5? The title of the Beehive in seven languages (Greek, Latin, English, Dutch, German, Italian, French) and other intro ductory matter in prose and verse. 5 ? Address to different classes of readers. 6? Blank. 7 ? A second title page. 8 ?-24. Index of words or subjects treated in the book. 24? "An alphabetical register of the names of those who [for sooth] are immortalized by Epitaphs rehearsed in the Manu script from p. 11, etc." 25-40. "A Peculiar Jndex or Table to Onomastical Considera- cons which begin page 63, ill." 41-45. Blank. 46-48. "Symbola Onomastica vide infra pag. 55, 66, 67, 1, quae hic continuantur." 49. "Francis Daniel Pastorius his Book, 1696." A title-page. 50. "The Contents of this Portable Volume of Jmportation." 1? (New numbering.) "Francis Daniel Pastorius his Alphabet ical Hive." A title-page. 2?-io? "Tantum Quantum seu Donum Bonum Jnscriptionum. Jnscriptions of sundry Sorts, And yet the most in Latin Words." 1 1 -1 5. "Some Epitaphs ex Libello Epitaphiorum Olim a me Collecto." 16-17. Blank. 18-21. Inscriptions &c. 22. A copy of Verses written by Thomas El wood. 23. Blank. 24. Gospel of Nicodemus and other books discussed. 25-53. "Emblematical Recreations." 54. "Mellitotrophium Apiculae Germanopolitanse, F. D. P." 55 first. "Francis Daniel Pastorius His Hive or Beestock," etc. 246 Francis Daniel Pastorius 55 second. "Being a Supplement to the next three Leaves, Quakers." 56-58 first. "Quakers." 58 second. "Some Treatises of God's People called Quakers in General." 59 first-61 first. "No Quakers." 61 second. "Quakers." Collection of Friends Writings, &c. 62 first-63 first. "No Quakers." 63 second-64 first. "Friends' Writings." 64 second. "No Quakers." 65 first. "No Quakers." 65 second. "Some more Anonymous Writings published by those called Quakers." 66-67 first- "A *ew Supplements to my former Emblematical Recreations." 67 second-67 fourth. "Continuatio Symbolorum Onomasti- corum." 68 first-68 second. Two leaves pasted together, containing "sorry Rimes." 69-70 second. "Index seqq. Metrorum," to the following poems. 70 second-122 (59 pp.). "Silvula Rhytmorum Germanopolitan- orum." First 14 pp. have no numbers visible; 86 and 87 are two leaves pasted together. 123-131. Blank, except at the bottom of 131. 131-133. Epigrams and so forth. 134. Blank. 135. More Epigrams. 136-140. "Continuatio Symbolorum Onomasticorum, adde supra P. SS-" 141 ?- 1 43? Blank. 144? Loose page. [ ] . 1 page containing deed of Henry Cassel to Thomas Rutter. [ ] . One unnumbered page, blank. 86 third-87 second. Blank (evidently confused). j. r jt' j£ . Gannwtoiftriwk i'/Se(e%i'i*fi< Mr, £> r^UM,( »(»•» fa* hAt, lfi'r.r'Ay/ireYt.tj{\ritr ,.3Yf C, -fi-.c.j? ,e,H,l.ul ?aJ, /Xiy \ry,4&l'4t ffii .fjjfi /%, Aire, fh,/ l,i,r,jfiy f*t*«^,yAte,f fic.^,,^ Jaff' e/~ ,/ '/*£ J , n, ,.> ' _ ¦ .% re/ere CAit, « em titij t.~u '.»)W/im va it.- ) irt j >Vr He r rVAt/O /Tiyjip/^/^r^lCU Xeiir^,^ ',<*.< f fc/arz fty (?er«J /fef/Tcr 1&K 7ApK^it ',1 t^iH„,c«£ ->C \Tee Try. ' M>i/tAit n*Ae' -fttct -aj /r'tt-Zpn-e '«/ vc ratr^. "JPty (rr.-fAcr OneS fa's P* h :.'/ l-try H.WtJy aj (Cm.; tM ¦''¦ TiX-htSrK; Jt/^//^:, _ ',*/ UP.,C //',/- y fffjflft „jj/.' *¦¦>/• /fit C. S«S Jc '-/ /Tr*'.-'., iii. tliy .-(ar,/i'ri,*tt_*w Ipft'i.,, ,/,z tfir r '¦?./ (.af.»> ;#Xi Wtft.^6-/™ .^ctrLi -jtl .-,,r/fajc. /.'I* A-J,r,i.. '...t k». -ft *jU fat ., /.tfn.-tytt Jf** ^/\ M%j^l!f ItSs,, tf.-r/;..ie,~>.,tt4 .ri.A-^i trU„ ~e,* A^„nr:,K.re^'if/,iy I.t *./ M^.'.'r.V A.-- >e> •/•¦/''•¦tt /.* rrux-4 A-:U]/,Xj /-leM, /X.^a- /-> 'n-ttii tip.v fA\'l ff . el /.'/.VA //ul.\. I ' ifl .-..,, 'U. /.¦:./.¦ {-..fr y^j..,,! ^Jfiriltu,/ "Hit (™,. \:i Xv.''hv.;^':;.^"fc^.^ f u.^^s, fa. rif ;Vh<.K Jer JCctirtj J'Lidcriuj. . "/ now iill/lr'tt-l /nc A- (tick r! et Letter of Pastorius to his son lHenry With Address on the Back of the Sheet. The Founder of Germantown 247 88-110. "Genethliacum, or An hearty Congratulation" and "Some Onomastical Considerations occasioned by Our dearly Esteemed Name-Sake, John Penn," &c. (Six unnumbered pages. Then page 93 numbered, followed by eight unnumbered pages, and then pp. 104, 105?, 106 to no.) 111-124. "Plus Ultra, or Some Further Onomastical Considera tions." 126? Omitted. 127-159. Continuation of "Plus Ultra." 160-163. "The Tithe-Teacher Plaintiff, the Poor Man De fendant" 164-252. Continuation of Onomastical Considerations from p. 159- 253-259? B1ank. [ ]. "Commemoratory Poem on Francis Daniel Pastorius, Howell Powell fecit 3imo. 3th. mensis 1720" (In another hand). 220 second ?-22 5 second. Genealogical Table and Sketch of Pastorius Family, 6 pp. 226 second-227. Blank, 2 pp. 228 second-230 ? The Pastorius Necrology, 3 pp. [ ]-2o8. Unnumbered pages — a sort of Alphabetical Encyclo pedic Dictionary. 82d p., numbered as 217). "Additions," with a new marginal numbering (No. 1-1005, I49th-i50th pp. loose). 375 (numbering resumed). "The Writings of Some called Quakers, as also of some other honest men." 376. "The Writings of Some called Quakers and other good Authors." (General bibliography, 102 titles in all.) 377-379? 4 pp. "Those that will read may read the following Folios, Quartos, etc." List of facts on various subjects, numbered in ff. 380? Books Published by those of the Philadelphian Society. 248 Francis Daniel Pastorius 381 (vide Port- folio 48). Continuation to Encyclopedic Diction ary (93 pp., with the 94th numbered as 380). 380-385. Continuation of "Additions" to Encyclopedic Diction ary (No. 1006-1510). 386. "Catalogue of Francis Daniel Pastorius his Manuscripts, besides this present Alvearium or Alphabetical Hive (The Contents whereof are specified above, on the first leaf.)" 387-398 (followed by ten pp. unnumbered, and then by 409-411 and 4ii?-542?) Continuation of "Additions" (No. 1511- 495o). [ ] Two loose sheets. The best impression of the Beehive can be derived from a perusal of the title-pages as they stand, in each of which some new phase of the work is elaborated; to this end the text of the title pages in their present order in the MS. was carefully printed in the Americana Germanica.9 The apology for such a Common-Place-Book and the chief sources of the work, are given by the author himself on the first page as follows: "For as much as our Memory is not Capable to retain all re markable words, Phrases, Sentences or Matters of Moment, which we do hear and read, Jt becomes every good Scholar to have a Common-Place-Book, & therein to Treasure up whatever deserves his Notice, &c. And to the end that he may readily know, both whither to dispose and Jnsert each particular, as also where upon Occasion to find the same again, &c. he ought to make himself an Alphabetical Jndex, like that of this Bee-Hive, beginning infra page 10. And Seeing it is the largest of my Manuscripts, which J in my riper Years did gather out of excellent English Authors, whose Names ye may see pag. 56, &c. My Desire?, Last Will and Testament is, that my Two Sons John Samuel and Henry Pastorius shall have & hold the same with the Rest of my Writings, mentioned infra page 386. to themselves & their heirs for ever, and not to part with them for any thing in this World ; but rather to add thereunto some of their own, &c. Because 8 Cf. Americana Germanica, I 4, p. 74ff. The Founder of Germantown 249 the price of Wisdom is above Rubies, and cannot be Valued with the precious Onyx or Sapphire : And to get Understanding is rather to be chosen than Silver and Gold. &c. Prov. 16:16. Job. 28:16, 18. Francis Daniel Pastorius. 1. In this Volume J only collected the Best out of English (or Englished) Books, as you may see from foil. 55 to 64. Excepted never the less some few lines out of the Dutch Writings of Sebastian Franck, a honest & notable man in his Time, Vid. fol. 59, num. 114, 115, 118. 2. Item out of Georgji Hornij Area Mosis; Ejusdemq. Orbe Jmperante & Politico, vid. fol. 60, num. 138. 3. Item out of Henrici Cornelij Agrippae libello de Vanitate Scientiarum, vid. fol. 59, num. 31. 4. Item out of Johannis Valtini Andreae Menippo sive Dia- logis Satyricis, vid. fol. 59, num. 32. 5. Item out of the high-German Medicinal & Chirurgical Works of Theophrastus Paracelsus, fol. 60, num. 219; whereof these are printed in the same Year, viz. 1603, both in folio at Strassburg & in 40. at Frankfort, J quote them only Parac. fol. & Parac. 40- where in their very Compleat Jndexes or Tables you may look for the pages, as also in mine Alvearialibus10 (a small Mscript in 8°.) from page 170 to 274. Of these writings I further carried a deal into my Col lectanea Theologica, and into my Talia Qualia Medici- nalia, &c. 6. Item out of Nehemise Grew's Tractatu de Sale Cathartico Ebeshamensi, Vide fol. 59, num. 125. 7. Item Petri de Vege Medici Gratianopolitani Tractatus duo, 1. Pestis prsecavendae & curandae Methodus certissima. II. Per Dogmaticorum cum Spagiricis, in 120. 1628. Petrus de Vege sive Vegseus. 8. Item Cornelij Drebelij Belgte Tractatus duo, 1. de Natura Elementorum ; 11 quinta Essentia in 120. 1628. 9. Item Jan Loets Wintersche Avonden. gedruckt tot Utrecht, in 12°. 1650. 10. Item Guldene Annotatien van Franciscus Heerman; den vyfthiende Druck, t' Amsterdam, in 120. 1676.11 10 Cf. The table contents of Alvearialia. "In this Hive there are also alledged a few notable Sentences of the primitive Fathers, viz. Ignatius, Polycarpus, Dionysius, Justinus Martyr, Irenaeus, Tertullianus, Clemens Alexandrinus, Origenes, Gregorius Tha- cem[?], Cyprianus, Arnobius, Lactantius, Eusebius Canadensis, Athanasius, 250 Francis Daniel Pastorius The author himself calls the book an encyclopedia in the following verses taken from one of the several title-pages : "A Encyclopady of all that can be known, | Those very well may make by Common placing do * * * | The better sort of things, out of the best of Books, | Who happily their Spears beat into Pruning hooks. | " The further history of the MS. is seen from the following : "At the first undertaking of this Book my mean Scope was, for the future Jmitation of my two Sons, onely to collect Common Proverbs, witty Sentences, wise and godly Sayings, with the like substantial Marrow of other Men's Writings, &c. See pag. 55. But afterwards Considering the Copiousness of Words, Phrases & Expressions in the English ( : my said two Sons Country-lan guage; For seeing J and my wife are both Germans, J dare not well call it their Mother:) -Tongue, which they, if possible, should per fectly learn To Read & Write, and to Jndite, J took as much pains & patience as to Jmport into this Alphabetical Alvearium all & Singular Terms, Jdioms, Mariers of Stile & Speech used in the same. Now Jnasmuch the former is to supply the place of honey, so these latter J would have to be accounted if not for Wax, yet for hive dross. &c. See pag. seq." "When he took this in hand, he did not think To shew to any man his Paper and his Jnk ; His only Purpose was in black and white With his two little ones ( : departing:) to abide. Nevertheless this may live when he is dead ; And thus he leaves it to the perusing of his Readers ; not caring a doit, whether they will like or dislike it." The genesis of the book and the mode of procedure are given in what seems to be the earliest form of the title-page.12 Here Hilarius, Cyrillus, Ephraem Syrus, Basilius Magnus, Gregorius Nazianzenus, Epiphanius, Ambrosius, Gregorius Nyssenus, Theotoretus, Hieronymus, Chrysostomus, Augustinus, Petrus Chrysologus, Prosper, Fulgentius, Gre gorius Magnus, Isidorus, Beda, Johanes Damascenus, Nicephorus, Theophy- lactus, Anselmus, Rupertus, Bernardus, Petrus Lombardus, Alexander Hales, Bonaventura, Thomas Aquinas. N. B. Those of Thomas a Kempis you'll find in my Collect. Theolog. in 40. 12 Cf. the title-page in seven languages, especially the English form of the title: "Francis Daniel Pastorius' Paper-HiVe. Whose Beginning once was in Page Fifty-five.'- - ^-TpI^XuTkt" '.¦/¦ fC .Winter ,»¦ falter,- ) % $V*«A*W eAettetrfrf/, TrrteriirJ. j«'//»/. awe /^ ..» lV/p .< t'en, \?wi nc itt iuYA cf 'Arrrfii'ti'.''j . slE-M^ *•* "c minlliifii ¦ iV. ,ii ha'-'i- . |&:*VJl'l 4i //W ailttnCnit,1,-', mil J'.il . W'i^JZ hi ST.. _.y/.-'... ji,'ur '. -i .'.;•' . 'v$,>- * eu-iit WZ/li'/M MiU /Hill/ Cc'rVti.. ''L.JX.X •*- • -v t\s—j~> /* «/ ?¦ » * /y1 *-y ft *¦* .f. z. .......'> ;. ^M..w..iffii »£... «a/.mh Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' "Beehive" (Manuscript temporarily deposited by a lineal descendent of Francis Daniel Pastorius in the Library of the University of Pennsylvania. ) The Founder of Germantown 251 we find the interesting statement that the original form of the Beehive was written on a quire of paper which Jacob Tellner gave Pastorius before leaving for Europe : "After J had collected Two Volums of delightful Proverbs, witty Sentences, wise and godly Sayings ; Comprizing for the most part necessary & profitable Caveats, Advises, Doctrines & Jnstruc tions ; out of many Authors of many minds & different Opinions, not only in my Mother-Tongue, but likewise in the Low-Dutch, French, Jtalian and Latin which both Books in 40 are still with me. For the better learning of the English, and that my two Sons ( : who prob ably will never attain to the Understanding of the said Languages :) might hereafter have some of their Fathers Steps, thereby to be guided to the same Diligence & Assiduity of Picking the Best out of Good Writings, J endeavoured at Spare-times to make this present Hive on a Quire of fine Paper, which a Friend of mine [ : Jacob Tellner:] departing for Europe did give me; And when allover filled up with honey-combs, J was Constrained to enlarge my Hive with more courser, homely or home-spun Stuff of this Country-Product. Thus J leave it for the Perusing of those for whom it was contrived in the first beginning thereof; Nevertheless Jf any other besides them should happen to be benefitted by these Miscellanies, Jt will not sad, but glad my heart. Nam Prodesse volo cunctis, nulliq. Nocere : ) Semper amare bonos, et tolerare malos. ) • • • As for my performance herein J could heartily wish it might prove to all honest people's good liking. The final fullest form of the title seems to be that in seven languages, which runs as follows :13 [Folio 3?] 'H tow i> Franciscus Daniel Pastorius Alvear istud Jure sibi proprio vindicat atj. suis. Francis Daniel Pastorius's Paper-Hive, Whose Beginning once was in page Fifty-five adde pag. 54, 51, 49, 9, 8, & 7. Franz Daniel Pastorius syn Bie-Stock. Frantz Daniel Pastorius sein Immen-korb. L'Avia (Albio o Cupile) di Francesco Daniele Pastorio. La Ruche (Auge, Panier ou Catoire) de Francois Daniel Pastorius. " Ct. the photographic reproduction. 252 Francis Daniel Pastorius Jn these Seven Languages J this my Book do own, vide infra p. 7 num Friend, if thou find it, Send the same to Germantown ; Thy Recompense shall be the half of half a Crown : But, tho' it be no more than half the half of this, Pray ! Be Content therewith, & think it not amiss. Yea and if, when thou com'st, my Cash perhaps is gone, (For Money is thus scarce, that often J have none) A Cup of Drink may do : Or else, alas ! thou must Trust unto me a while, As J to Others Trust, Who failing make me fail : A thing extreme unjust! To which J have no lust ; But must per Force, poor Dust. Freund, Was du findest, wiedergieb, Sonst halt man dich vor einen Dieb In diesem ; und in jenem Leben Folgt anders nichts als Hollen-pein. Gott Selbst hat disz Gesetz gegeben Zu thun, wie man Gethan will seyn. Quod Tibi vis fieri, hoc facias Alijs. 2. My Brains J may not longer break, When now the Hive itself does speak.Come Friend ! Be't Gentleman or Groom, Peruse me in my Master's Room ; But never talk of Borrowing, He mightily dislikes the Thing. &c. J once was lent, and almost lost ; Henceforth J'll keep at home, And thus attending on my Post, Fear nothing that may come. F. D. P. Fretus Dei Prsesentia, Fatigabo Difficultates Patientia, Frustraborq. Dolos Prudentia. Fortunante Deo Pietas Fert Denique Palr.-.am, vide infra pa? 55 & 67. v s And to my two Sons Jt saith: Part not with me ! J'm excellently good, If rightly us'd & rightly understood. You full well know, your father never would Have sold this Hive for 7 lbs. of Gold Or 462 sh. Currt. Silver Money of Penn Silvania.14 "Written vertically on right margin. "¦¦'*¦ ,mf La LOlltfiUlC Cviumiju ..•^ that tn Uvt i4o hTflTHCIu- fo&kcicl tlcuit Y* Yc* anion it utftiv ¥ mere fra/n wet titi VTS. i s $$. Ljf» t&*^ %&° ^ef " » * « ^«?rt r I "^ fit?.' J*i/ ¦^/•'/•'"•'t J 14W J\eai* r liw/L aa>«v«4'c,V ef arc,' TicLAXJ-fM- t»« ja.JLn . If ' i /-" /I. /:.. «... fA-A- 1 ^ '^-j ic)if"ltj r^f^-/ >r&< m )ftfj<- ^erfeilctfci of jfm/j xfo t Jii»n:\Jp<& /,fc. h f X AcjLuritf- (gtfr&M*ay (fyetfa't4L •ef^rc \JU 'to c" $cH£e&t | TlWc (a&l* Bettor tiLtH-] Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' "Alvearialia." The Founder of Germantown 257 37. Mass Aurello's history, the second part p. 275 38. the Life of Cornifie, Count of Ulfeld Great Master of Denmarck 1695 p. 276 39. John Hepburn's Essay agt. Negro-Slavery p. 278 40. Arthur Dent's Path- Way to Heaven p. 292 41. The Secret Amours of M. de Maintenon &c p. 329 42. Tho. Creeck's The Life of Alexander the Great p. 278 43. Will. Chandler's brief Apology p. 312 44. Culpeper's Astrological Judgmt. of Diseases p. 312 45. Free-holder begun the 23th day of December 1715 p. 333 46. A Dream at Woodstock p. 297 47. Gazettes or News-Letters. Ibid. p. 330 48. Joseph Glanvil's Saducimus Triumphatus p. 335 48. Robert Boyle's Medicinal Experiments 3 parts p. 316 49. John Tomkin's Piety promoted, third part p. 300 50. Reflections upon the book Pax Vobis p. 75 51. The Loyal Americans Almanack 171 5 p. 76 52. Z. Hawkins the Life of Gilbert Lateys p. 303 53. Anth. Will. B ohm's the faithful Steward (Hen. Will. Ludolf) p. 316 54. Religuiae Ludolfianae p. 318 55. Wm Pen's & Geo. Whithead's Serious Apology p. 154 56. Frances Shaftoe's Narrative p. 345 57. Ralph Winterton's Considons upon Eternity p. eodem. 58. London Yearly Meeting's Epistle 1718 p. 303 59. Dr. Stoughton's Elixir Magnum p. Jbid. 60. Geo. Wither's Abuses Stript & Whipt p. 304 61. The Spectator Vol. 1 p. 156: 5th Vol. 2d p. 156 62. Abr. Cowley's Works in fol. 1688 p. 292 63. Wm Hughes Flower Garden & Compleat Vineyard, p. 319 64. Julian the Apostate ./. n. 8° 1682 p. 320 [5?] 65. Fra. Bacon's Resuscitatio ./. in fol. 1647 p. 321 66. The Life & death of Lazarillo de Tormes in which book was a defect from p. 5. to 21 p. 156 and from p. 74. to 95. & from 100. to 117 67. John Nicholl's hourglass of Jndian News p. 353 68. Francis FairweathePs pleasant prognostication p. 326 69. Richd Peeke' s Three to One : An English-Spanish Com- bate p. 327 70. the pleasant history of Jack of Newberie p. 353 71. W. Kempe's the Education of Children in Learning p. 327 72. the Secret history of Q. Elizabeth & the E. of Essex p. 354 73. Sir David Lindsay's Works in 120 1714 at Belfast p. 357 74. the history of Genesis in 8° 1708 p. 358 75 A New Academy of Complements in 120 1717 p. 296." 258 Francis Daniel Pastorius > 6. The Young Country-Clerks Collection. The young Country-Clerk's Collection | of the best Presidents of Bills, Bonds, Conditions, Acquittances, Releases, | Jndentures, Deeds of Sale, Letters of Attorney, Last Wills & Testaments, &c. | With many other necessary and useful Forms of such like Writings | as are vulgarly in use between Man and Man. | An Alphabetical Table whereof is thereunto prefixed. | by Francis Daniel Pastorius &c. 16 The MS. is 6 3-16 x 7 11-16 inches. It begins with page 200 and continues to page 383 (pp. 372-381 apparently missing). As regards the first 199 pages, the compiler gives this informa tion at the Cope of the title-page : "Where is the Rest, One hundred ninety-nine?17 Within some Sheets ( : most like to these :) of mine." The book was a most indispensable handbook for the scrivener of that day. The forms are in English for the most part, but occasionally in German. The MS. bears the marks of other and later hands, into which it came; for example, on one of the original blank pages (266) is written : "The Property of Charles Macknet Pastorius, the great great Grandson of the Author of this Book. Presented by his Uncle, his best friend, and Adopted Father: January ist 1812." On page 315 is found a Deed of Sale with the following heading, and the name of the famous English scrivener, Charles Brockden : "Short Deed of Sale. Ch. Brockden." 7a Delicae Hortenses, &c. Francisci Danielis Pastorij | Deliciae Hortenses, | Or | Garden- Recreations. | Honest Country-man, Cultor virentis Agelli | Thy Garden, Orchard, Fields, ™ For full detail of the title-page see the photographic reproduction. " The last half of the first verse almost entirely gone. I ria-, i ,'i ... ' , - "^— <-i*~ E^M^V MPCAXX 1 . ^rr-Anciticl J/anict*Ur' JaAci^^ ,. ,-..•. 4j^' . j&s : 8 Pp/iV/it Horfffi/tu | Utvrbcn -- A^kc acaxAicnt? **. '")iffi£jt 5 Ion fi^Tt- m-*r> . (ijl.tr tfircH-t/j i%4e/f*~ ntcej. _ ^Jraf c L'-tfunft>~fo prtet nfe"b priec are '/ranted -f , cJnc r'rrrc, 4* 2n , &C, In ieiceiSiica&rru 7fiiri\\?j fivt'nej, ' OV/Hiiu. a ,JZL^. f-e-/'* J -' • ^ aVc i i <* JM Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' " Delicle Hortenses." The Founder of Germantown 259 And Vineyard being planted With what good Nature yields, Brave things to thee are granted ; Besides the Gifts of Grace. Therefore go on, and gather, Use each kind in its place : And our God & Father, Who gives thus liberally, What's needful for our Living ; And would us have reply Jn bowed-Down Thanksgiving, To him, to Whom belongs All Praise, in Prose and Songs. Adde pag. 12. Halle-Lu-Jah! Halle-Lu-Jah! Soli Deo Gloria ! Jn Sempiterna Secula. Amen. The above is the title-page proper. Around all four margins are written sentiments in English and Latin, as may be seen in the half-tone reproduction of the title-page. The second part has the following title-page : 7b. Voluptates Apianae. Pars Altera Libri, | Sive | Voluptates Apianae: | Nectar et Ambrosia | id est | A little Time of Leasure Full of the greatest Pleasure. | or | A mouthful of fresh Air among my Bees, The sweetest of all Birds man ever sees. Brave-harmless Creatures, which do always sing, Hymn hum! & never bite; but sometimes sting Unchaste or Wanton-ones, and Drunkards too; Vor ihnen gute Leut hab'n gute Ruh. That is to say, All those for them have Rest, Who may be call'd Good, Better, Best. Thou that art None of Such, The smallest Bee Here in my Garden is Convincing Thee Of thy Mis-doings, and we want no more. A thousand Witnesses! My Friend therefore Repent of all what's bad; Amend, and then A sure Reward will crown the End. Amen !17a "a Cf . photographic reproduction for full title-page. 260 Francis Daniel Pastorius 8. Res Propriae. Francisci Danielis Pastoij / Res Propriae. A small, neatly written manuscript, bound, measuring from margin to margin 6% x 3% inches, and cotnaining: P. 1 Epitome of his life till 20 of June, 171 5. P. 2 Genealogical chart. P. 3-9 Kurtzer Lebens Lauff, &c. P. 10 Blank. P. 1 1 -14 Additamenta zu vorgehen, &c. P. i4(Repeated) 30 Inventory of effects brought to Amer ica, Book, &c. P. 31. Blank. P- 32_39 Account Ennecke Klostermann's land. P. 40-41 and two unnumbered, giving an account of his two sons. The terminus ad quern is 171 5, as is to be seen in the fact that Pastorius gives an epitome of his life till June, 1715, entries are made as late as 1716/17. This manuscript is invaluable for data relating to the early life of Pastorius and has been freely drawn upon in this biography. Pastorius' Official Documents. In addition to the works in manuscript already discussed, Pastorius left a number of important public documents, which bear the impress of his mind, ranging all the way from the Protest against Negro Slavery of the year 1688, to the Record of Friends Certificates of Marriage. These works are here mentioned by title and treated briefly in order to give a complete view of Pas torius' activity as a writer. They are five in all, and numbered here for convenience in cronological order. The most important question of public moment touched upon by Pastorius was that of Negro Slavery. While we have no statement that he formulated the Protest brought by the Germans before the Friends Meeting in 1688, it is easy to detect the ear marks of his style and manner of thought in the quaint German isms of the document. The handwriting also is his. factor et Ambrosias. . |5g£ fl fal& 9/m* if 'rfajwft 9^1 ii('t/ic Qrcaie.it, y&iijarc. Qr s— y. ( X mvul(i{ut of JrcjiQir a man a m.tp pees ->«*_ LrmMJ (raitura,u>fcck do CavAUS S*m, SLmn hum . ' ^fCVCt ^e^JOMCf^ J*i% JLLc£/. (aninnct/2/J J/ict^. ^i\t£>ttrt ef 'aJt 0na-¥Zr'Ti&bi c4frUiM)a*w men (XJimJUr liir*" aiuu*, ft* Vahf rxuJ prtn.n JtcJ , *ec prrfjtsn utttt _ /? «_J±»>, ..*¦*£*«» 8j i£iulanlit. ^. llPer V JetxrviM**- LMUrn.** xi-fa-nti* (***.S ~V**?.> ***"* te£e^a.KtU-p _"&¦» ii*pij t'r'suL rl^.'-'l "• iAtUtCAirie nuw ^PaUett^ A rV, Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' "Voluptates Apian^e." The Founder of Germantown 261 I. Germantown Friends' Protest Against Slavery, 1688: "This is to ye Monthly Meeting held at Richard Warrell's. These are the reasons why we are against the traffick of men Body, as followeth : Js there any that would be done or handled at this manner? viz., to be sold or made a slave for all the time of his life? How fearfull & fainthearted are many on sea when they see a strange vassel, being afraid it should be a Turck, and they should be tacken and sold for slaves into Turckey. Now what is this better done as Turcks doe? yea rather is it worse for them, wch say they are Christians; for we hear that ye most part of such Negers are brought heither against their will & consent ; and that many of them are stollen. Now, tho' they are black, we cannot conceive there is more liberty to have them slaves, as it is to have other white ones. There is a saying, that we shall doe to all men, licke as we will be done our selves ; making no difference of what generation, descent or Colour they are. And those who steal or robb men, and those who buy or purchase them, are they not all alike? Here is liberty of Conscience, wch is right & reasonable; here ought to be lickewise liberty of ye body, except of evildoers, wch is an other case. But to bring men hither, or to robb and sell them against their will, we stand against. Jn Europe there are many oppressed for Conscience sacke ; and here there are those oppressed wch are of a black Colour. And we, who know that men must not comitt adultery, some doe coiiiitt adultery in others, separating wifes from their housbands and giving them to others; and some sell the children of those poor Creatures to other men. Oh ! doe consider well this things, you who doe it; if you would be done at this manner? and if it is done accord ing Christianity? You surpass Holland and Germany in this thing. This mackes an ill report in all those Countries of Europe, where they hear off, that ye Quackers doe here handel men licke they handel there ye Cattel. And for that reason some have no mind or inclina tion to come hither, and who shall maintaine this your cause or plaid for it? Truely we can not do so, except you shall inform us better hereoff, viz: that christians have liberty to practise this things. Pray! What thing in the world can be done worse towards us, then if men should robb or steal us away, & sell us for slaves to strange Countries, separating housband[s] from their wifes & chil dren. Being now this is not done at that manner, we will be done at, therefore we contradict & are against this traffick of menbody. And we who profess that it is not lawfull to steal, must lickewise avoid to purchase such things as are stollen, but rather help to stop this rob bing and stealing if possible ; and such men ought to be delivered out of ye hands of ye Robbers & and sett free as well as in Europe. Then 262 Francis Daniel Pastorius is Pennsilvania to have a good report, instead it hath now a bad one for this sacke in other Countries. Especially whereas ye Europeans are desirous to know in what manner ye Quackers doe rule in their Province; & most of them doe loock upon us with an envious eye. But if this is done well, what shall we say is done evill? If once these slaves, ( :wch they say are so wicked and stubbern men:) should joint themselves, fight for their freedom and handel their masters & mastrisses as they did handel them before ; will these Masters and mastrisses tacke the sword at hand & warr against these poor slaves, licke we are able to belive, some will not refuse to doe? Or have these Negers not as much right to fight for their freedom, as you have to keep them slaves ? Now consider well this thing, if it is good or bad? and in case you find it to be good to handel these blacks at that manner, we desire & require you hereby lovingly, that you may informe us here in, which at this time never was done, viz., that Christians have such a liberty to do so. to the end we shall be satisfied in this point, & satisfie lickewise our good friends & acquaintances in our natif Country, to whose it is a terrour or fairfull thing that men should be handeld so in Pensilvania. This is from our Meeting at Germantown held ye 18. of the 2. month 1688. to be delivred to the Monthly Meeting at Richard Warr el's. gerret hendericks derick op de graeff Francis Daniell Pastorius Abraham op Den graef." "At our monthly meeting at Dublin, ^e 30 — 2 mo — : 1688 we having inspected ye matter above mentioned & considered of it, we finde it so weighty that we think it not Expedient for vs to meddle with it here, but do Rather cofhit it to ye consideration of ye Quar terly meeting; ye tennor of it being nearly Related to ye truth. On behalf e of ye monthly meeting. Signed, P Jo : Hart." This, above mentioned was read in our quarterly meetting at Philadelphia, the 4 of ye 4th mo 88 and was from thence recom mended to the Yearly Meetting and the abovesaid Derick and the other two mentioned therein to present the same to ye Abovesaid meetting it being a thing of too great A weight for this meeting to determine. Signed by order of ye meetting Anthony Morris."17t> "b These two minutes are written on the original document. ,.--.• . . . - ¦ " - ¦;,' TM'P^ t'i'-ii"'/0 fa<£M* $•*&*.* rtirl aA ffKU,fpf- 7f1ij,;r^£f_ " ^__ ' ;& jjp*,* „< ¦•" ^ -*> '^' --'¦¦"¦'¦¦-'.- -.,s , -'j?-p- f>---i-~ik- :e/J(--a^tHfe/-/£- -. %J%0-er- a-ety /PuPt''lx~i-^a Jrk, $tr*t£ vt- illiZhg)' ' £pP- ' JOiei ' IJtMu&r f v& i£ & V>-' ?risCLO>Z~ 4 '^f>:.-^ rf*™- ~T* fJ-*'»€S ; *" per uA- y^.Ji*^ jjP£&p ^¦2 *i3Sk • fifa&m_- 2&&4j^, a^tc. a^^tW , x*&4M4*i Jffi&nzj tej ¦; *4 t4-i* &£, £*«& -&C*f *| w£:£mL Uc jk^ '/2S§ •*-***¦ js&4e*f<*.fa JZm r£$Lc, %ye_ ce7~-ijt~ *J*t.e4*iry *^ a^Ufr\ Tf^~^\ .-:¦'. -of ~*-<-4s , ¦ -.4 r4U "^MJL, Af JUi "l-tXAXK, { fP) 'M-StTtf V*AA* €SmH>i>1 ' 1 MtJtJ PI- Tlrt-C-&A>x4t*r%^-- r./ettu f^ f-^net.^0tTy ^rfw £7i*tf M Titr*t-. Jsntj ~v ./¦ y^fA---- /7~*$f/le ' '¦"¦rA -y^t - y >. -V A_- J **, FAC-SIMILE OF FIRST PROTEST AGAINST SLAVERY (Bv the Courtesy of the Editor of "Old Germantown." r f.kg&'tr'* yf ggL ^r j. x> ^^, VJW~?ru fr T^ej£ «-J rA. ~C%,r*fn- 'e*> ^ ; 1 . -'e^e, fjfy ts &trruL- e-tre-&s-. ' ¦¦ ' ¦- -^ ( ?? ^Vp.'-' ' peAjfcrS 6< MA.-4/njtzJ "^ ^3-; lU rT^Sl, « ^ fk4^i^T^r-f%%^^^W \ ym / db ^i&l^pM/j^^V ,~t-J^~-p~~r "•%«*** ¦/Pratt* ics. ^^fe/^X%A*«A? &rMf&»&. 4; --i&^p^Lp-ni '^imgv,', i '. (^f fa-J 13&&1J ~{ttrm t*+ iu.mK ~ zpfCj. ~tji ,-^,~-/S;ii~A.- tpA~d*~, Si JL^.- AX. *~-y¥ /i*i~ "1* A or o U- t. >Aji— ^ . lH.lf,l ..C. f ../ .A" .. ' *J «».• ,'-.-1 -teC fl .1 ^fit. py- ~£> ul(^..,„'p\*A.>pf_ ^ v - ' ./t--5 ^ N^iyz^gL •/...,*. ^L^t M,^ <>..i~ (^'fu-Aj./ < - ', A/i *ifmU Q*%s™ J yM,^X iJ.tk.it, J7,i..).\<-A.-P, L'JfntetTH* T^An. ¦ ','PJiu Xv*Mft./,i 1,-tAt, A, -/* l~f"'PP' <1 t':/Ptf, >ei- 1 it ii,/,* f.l f.:p. ;:> ... ^^^Aa!..: i„.r m-.k. . - / / ^p^ JeAertljl ' fcJIr,(A< LiTn*.nef>rtil«Jl*~ * ^ *t,H*e*& -ItWtiir .fajint- T ¦' en-tisP *f*K?*'l£, " I ?tiratUsttf)lij0rt}7iieJ 0l. A£&M#iAM.„ ... \L~,iuA i.-T yenhcnl . iImivaI^ du. mluntxru Lt-ttte UjiritdTtf I oil I pAtiieiffeces j 0 ^ t,l m titvefA. par ipC/ITtpitetLTll-t , ¦.^s .lifer/A \b*unpt-^ , LJfitllldi icilCtll "~) ttfiA«f>>JjE-t «-tis C iertrttinc ,U. mjtttrJratriiAX , . frre tiieJK m.lt_- .tJJpeitJ , ?fva»t4 Tite/o erai f a e.ftfPPll. I'AM TTIAtl, Pj/AHIUJ, H IP'eifiilrlertJi't MJe^oriat /r*a« S' GEfSMANAM Ce7t(lire\^_ ..ertttAe . I ' 'Jtlftti "J . , Q .Jt"" iife.AA\-rcr>etuiA,' ~tit* -futAth! tjieiy/Ai /lerteMl f t ' , /JlirAA. itiixie. tj^ry^yt, ¦ ^t )m AijeA .1 pAtitiiAA \jfjpfAl, .ilerrAii*r*fj ^^) tAiAilcAjli/iefitepetlt', , J t4iteptu. - -2) \ X'aU LitmaniteiS ! Title Page of the "Grund- und Lager-Buch". The Founder of Germantown 267 Arnold Cassel (four documents), pp. 253-254; Blank, pp. 255- 258; Aret Klincken (three documents), pp. 259-260; Blank, pp. 261-262; John Silans (three documents), p. 263; Blank, pp. 264- 266; Reinier Hermans (no entry), p. 267; Blank (268-269 wanting), pp. 270-272; Henrich Sellen (no entry), p. 273; Blank, pp. 274-276; Dirck Sellen (one document), p. 277; Blank, pp. 278-281; Gerard Riittinghousen (one document), p. 282; Blank, pp. 283-288; Willjam Streper's document and Matthias van Bebber document, p. 289 ; Blank, pp. 290-304 ; William Strep ers document and Matthias van Bebber document, pp. 305-306; Blank, pp. 307-323; Thomas Tresse (one document), p. 324; Blank, pp. 325-338 (2 pp. numbered 328) ; William Streepers (three documents), pp. 239-241; Blank, pp. 342-344; Abraham Tonnis (one document), pp. 345-346; Blank, pp. 347-368; Jn het Lands van Crefelt (one document), p. 369; Blank, pp. 370- 380; [Index], 2 unnumbered pages and 1 blank page. The Grund und Lager-Buch is in a sense the most national book indited by Pastorius, inasmuch as it is addressed to the German people in America and their descendants. It is "also from the literary point of view the most interesting document emanating from him alone because the Latin "Address to Pos terity" has become immortalized as classical in English Amer ican literature by the Quaker poet Whittier, in his Pennsylvania Pilgrim. The Latin and German addresses are given here both in the original and in English translation, as well as in the photo graphic reproduction. "Salve Posteritas ! Posteritas Germanopolitana ! et ex argumento insequentis paginae primitus observa, Parentes ac Ma j ores Tuos ALEMANIAM, dulce Solum, quod eos genuerat, alueratq' diu, voluntario exilio deseruisse ; [ : oh Patrios Focos ! :] ut in silvosa hac Pennsilvania, deserta Solitudine, 268 Francis Daniel Pastorius minus Soliciti residuum ^Etatis Germane, h. e. instar Fratrum, transigerent. Porro etiam inde addiscas, Qvantae molis erat, exantlato jam mari Atlantico, in Septentrionali ist hoc American tractu, GERMANAM condere gentem. Tuqve Series dilecta Nepotum! ubi fuimus exemplar honesti, nostrum imitare exemplum; Sin autem a semita. tam difficili aberravimus, Quod psenitenter agnoscitur, ignosce ; Et sic te faciant aliena pericula Cautam. Vale Posteritas ! Vale Germanitas ! iEternum Vaie ! F. D. P." "Ansprach an die Nachkomlingschaft, und Alle, die dieses Lager-Buch continuiren oder fortsetzen. Wehrte und Geliebte Nachkomlinge! Damit Jhr zu alien Zeiten wissen moget, von wane, wann, wie undt warumb die so ge- nannte Germantownship sey angefangen worden; und also Eurer Vor- Eltern ursprung merckliche ungemachligkeiten und wohlmein- endliche Jntention Euch kiirtzlich entdecket werde, habe ich allhier Vorredsweis was weniges darvon bey zu fiigen meiner Schuldigkeit zu seyn erachtet. Anfanglich nun Nachdem Carolus, dieses Nahmens der Zweyte, K6nig von Engelland, durch sonderbahre Schickung des Allerhochsten und aus erheblichen ursachenhiesigeLandschafft Penn silvanien an Willjam-Penn und seine Erben, krafft offenen brieffs de dato den 4ten Martij 1680., iibergeben und abgetretten hatte, sind nebenst andern auch einige Personen in Hoch- und Nieder Teutsch- land ( :deren Nahmen in dem allgemeinen Patent oder Grundbrieff iiber diese Germantownship p. 1. zu ersehen:) bewogen worden, in allem 43000. Acker lands in gemeldter Provinz Pennsilvanien von gedm Willjam Penn, vermittelst Benjamin Furly, dessen gevollmach- tigten zu Rotterdam in Holland, an sich zu kauffen, der zuverlassigen Absicht, bey damahligen schweren laiifften sowohl selbst aus dem verwirrten Europa anhero [ : als in ein zweytes Pellam :] zu entflihen, wie nicht minder andere redliche und arbeitsame leut zu transportiren umb allhier unter mehrerwehnten Willjam Penns verhoffentlich The Founder of Germantown 269 gerechten und liebreichen Regierung ein friedsam, still und Gottge- falliges Leben zu fiihren. Anno 1683. den 2ten tag des 2ten Monats ( Aprilis :) begab ich Frantz Daniel Pastorius mich ( :gleich ein Vor- laiiffer vermuthlich vieler nachfolgenden ehrlichen lands leute:) auff den weg, und arrivirte den 2oten des 6ten Monats ( Augusti:) mit etlichen knechten und miigden Gott lob ! f risch und gesund zu Phila delphia. Bald darauff nembl. den 6ten des 8ten Monats ( : Octobris :) kamen eben falls in besagtem Philada. an Dirck- und Herman- und Abraham Jsaacs op den Graeff, Lenert Arets, Tiines Kunders, Reinert Tisen, Willhelm Strepers, Jan Lensen, Peter Keurlis, Jan Simens Johanes Bleickers, Abraham Tunes und Jan Lucken, mit dero respective Weibern, Kindern und gesind, zusaiiien 13. Fami- lien. Da wir dann ungesaiimt von Willjam Penn begehrten, dass Er das samtliche von obgedn Hoch- und Nieder Teutschen erkauffte Land an einem stuck, und zwar bey einem schiffbaren Strom, solte auslegen und abmessen lassen. Dieweilen Er aber uns hierinnen nicht willfahren kunnte, sondern bisz zu uberkunfft mehrerer Hausgesinde eine Township unfern dem Philadelphischen Stattgebiet etlich,e meil oberhalb des Scullkill Falls, anpraesentirte, haben wir sothanen Landstrich besichtiget und demnach derselbe uns seiner hohen gebiirg halber nicht anstandig, von oftgem. Willjam Penn versucht, die Township lieber buschwarts ein auff ebenern grund zu zustehen; dessen Er wohl zufrieden, und darauff den 24ten Octobris durch Thomas Fairman 14. losen oder Erbe abmessen liesz, umb welche oberwehnte 13. Familien den 25ten dito durch Zettul das los zogen, und sofort anfiengen Keller und Hiitten zu machen, worinnen sie den Winter nicht sonder grosse beschwerligkeit zubrachten. "Den Ort nennten wir Germantown, welches der Teutschen item Briider Statt bedeutet; Etliche gaben ihm den bey Nahmen Armen Town, sindemahl viel der vorgedn. ersten beginere sich nicht einst auff etliche wochen, zu geschweigen Monaten, provisioniren kunnten. Und mag weder genug beschrieben, noch von denen vermoglichern Nachkomlingen geglaubt werden, in was Mangel und Armuth, anbey mit welch einer Christn. Vergniigligkeit und unermiidetem Fleiss diese German Township begunen sey; da dan mehrgemn. Willjam Penns offtmaliger durchdringender Anmuthigung und wiirklichen assistenz nicht zu vergessen ; wie auch, dasz, als Er nacher Engelland abgesegelt, gegen das Vorjahr einigen der Einwohner ihr muth so gar entfallen, dass sie anders wohin verhausen wolten ; welches doch auff der bestandigern Zusprach unterblieben ist, und Sie anjetzo beederseits ursach haben, Gottes vatterliche Gute und Vorsorg dank- barlich zu riihmen. "Anno 1684, den 20ten und folgende tag des i2ten Monats ( :Februar :) wurde von gedm. Thomas Fairman der umbkreisz der Germantownship, nemblich nach Jnnhalt des von Willjam Penn er- theilten, und ins general landmesser Ariit eingelieferten, warrants, 270 Francis Daniel Pastorius 6000. Ackers abgemessen, kurtz darnach aber durch dessen ordre (:unerachtet wz wir dagegen einwenden kunnten:) 1000. ackers darvon, langs der Scullkillseite, wieder abgeschnitten ; wobey es also verblieben, bisz Anno 1687. den 29. Decembris diese unsre German township zum andern mahl von Thomas Fairman, und zwar mit accurater sorgfalt, gemessen, und darinnen 5700. acker lands be- funden worden, iiber welche wir das auff folgender Seite abcopirte Patent oder Grundbrieff genomen haben. "Ferner wurden zu selbiger Zeit alien und Jeden Einwohnern zu Germantown ihre gantze und halbe losen in richtiger Ordnung zugemessen, wie aus dem draught oder Abriss und gegenwartigem buch, clarer erhellet; Nembl: 2750. ackers. Anno 1689. den 4ten des 2ten Monats (:Aprilis:) haben die Kaiiffer und Erbpachts leut, denen die iibrige 2950. ackers der Germantownship zubehoren, dieselbe durchs los unter sich in drey absonderliche Dorffsschafften vertheilt; und Anno 1690. den i4ten des Xlten Monats ( :Januarii:) von Thomas Fairman die Durchschnitt dardurch thun lassen; den vordersten an Germantown anstossenden Theil Kriszheim ; den Mit- telsten ( :von meiner geburts statt:) Sommerhausen; und den hin- dersten Crefeld benahmset ; wie p. 2. umbstandlicher ausweiset. "Hierbey ist gelegentlich zu erinnern, dasz wir die Urheber dieses Wercks, wegen ermanglender sattsamer experienz in solcherley sachen, vieles gethan haben, das wir hernach theils selbst andern, theils der kliigern Nachfahren Verbesserung anbefehlen, mussen. Dan in ansehung der beschwerlichen Ausrottung des holtzes &c. haben wir anfangl : die Erb oder Losen nur 7. ruthen breit ausgelegt; jedoch nachgehends, da mit dergleichen harten arbeit was beszer ge- wehren kunnten, dieselbe iim andere 7. ruthen und 4. Fuss erweitert. Auch war unser ersteres Vornehmen, es bey 25. losen bewenden zu lassen; weszhalben wir dann vor dem sechsten Erb auff der West- seite ( : als neben einer Zwerchstrasz, und inmitten des Orts :) einen acker zum Marck- und begrabnisz platz, auch zu gemeinen Gebaiien vorbehalten haben. Dieweilen aber verschiedene, beedes gewesene Dienstboten und aus Teutschland uberkomende, gern bey uns zu Germantown bleiben und wohnen wolten, vergrosserten wir die anzahl der losen auf 55. Jngleichen hatte unserer Jntention nach die lange strasz in einer geraden Nord West linj durch gantz German- town lauffen und die zwerchstraszen recht gegen einander fiber und von einerley Weite seyn sollen; welches doch die darzwischen fal- lende Siimpff und unbeqvemheiten ; haubtsachl: aber die mit dem Volk anwachsende diversitat der Sinnen und andere dergestaltige umbstande verhindert haben. Zum beschlusz mag ich wohl mit einem angehenckten NB. denen Nachkomlingen zu wissen ftigen, dasz German Towns vor- nehmste eusserliche Auffnehmen ( : wofern bereits so zu reden gezie- met:) vom Flachs bau, spinnen und weben herriihre; und sonder The Founder of Germantown 271 Zweiffel durch dieses Kraiitlein auch hinfiiro die Armuth und Diirff- tigkeit noch vieler curirt werden konne ; weshalben dan daszelbe mit gebuhrlichem Fleiss zu siien und wahr zu nehmen ist. "Hiermit nun abbrechende, wunsche ich von hertzen, dasz die leider ! schon all zu viel iiberthiitige Zwietracht und Uneinigkeit aus der Germantowner hertzen und gemiithern gantzlich vertilgt werde, sie samtlich aber, alte und Junge, grosse und kleine in wahrer Liebe zu Gott und ihrem Neben Menschen fromm und gerecht leben, gedultig leiden, selig sterben, und so in die Ewige Ruh u. Herrligkeit eingehen mogen ! Amen. Frantz Daniel Pastorius." Translation. "Hail to Posterity ! Hail future men of Germanopolis ! Let the young generations yet to be Look kindly upon this. Think how your fathers left their native land, — Dear German land ! O sacret hearths and homes ! — And where the wild beast roams In patience planned New forest homes beyond the mighty sea, There undisturbed and free To live as brothers of one family, What pains and cares befell, What trials and what fears, Remember, and wherein we have done well Follow our footsteps, men of coming years ! Where we have failed to do Aright, or wisely live, Be warned by us, the better way pursue, And knowing we were human, even as you, Pity us and forgive ! Farewell, Posterity! Farewell, dear Germany! Forevermore farewell! F. D. p."18^ Address to posterity and all who shall continue or keep up this Land Record. Dear and Beloved Successors. In order that you may know at all times by whom, when, how, and why the so-called Germantownship was begun and that the origin, noteworthy 19a The verses are from Whittier's Pennsylvania Pilgrim. 272 Francis Daniel Pastorius hardships and well-meaning purpose of your forefathers may be briefly disclosed to you, I have considered it my duty to add a lit tle about it here by way of preface. In the beginning, then, after Charles, King of England, the second of this name, by the special Providence of the Most High and for weighty considerations had granted and ceded to William Penn and his heirs the Province of Pennsylvania in a public charter dated March 4th, 1680, a number of persons in High and Low Germany (whose names may be seen in the general patent or grant of this Germantownship p. 1) among others were led to purchase of the said William Penn through Ben jamin Furly his plenipotentiary at Rotterdam in Holland 43000 acres of land in all in the above mentioned Province of Pennsyl vania, with the confident expectation that by fleeing hither from Europe, as it were into a second Pellam, we might escape the dis turbances and oppressions of that time, and, likewise transport other honest and industrious people in order that we might lead a quiet, peaceful, Godly life under the rule of the oft-mentioned Wil liam Penn, which it is hoped, will be just and benign. On the sec ond day of the second month (April) 1683, I, Francis Daniel Pas torius (a forerunner presumably of many honest countrymen who are to follow), began the journey and arrived the 20th of the sixth month (August) with a number of hired men and maids, God be praised, safe and sound, in Philadelphia. Soon afterwards, viz. on the 6th of the eighth month (October) arrived likewise in Phila delphia Dirck and Herman and Abraham Isaacs op den Graeff, Lenert Arets, Tiines Kunders, Reinert Tisen, Wilhelm Strepers, Jan Lensen, Peter Keurlis, Jan Simens, Johanes Bleickers, Abra ham Tiines, and Jan Liicken, with their respective wives, children, and servants, together thirteen families, when we without delay requested of William Penn that he should have laid out and sur veyed in one tract on a navigable stream all the land bought by the above mentioned High and Low Germans. Inasmuch as he could not accede to our wishes in this matter, but offered a township some miles above the Falls of the Schuyl kill not far from the city of Philadelphia, awaiting the arrival of a number of families, we examined the land, and, as it was not suit able for us because of its high hills, we requested William Penn that he grant us the township on more level ground in the wooded region, to which he agreed and afterwards on the 24th of October had fourteen lots or hereditary shares, surveyed by Thomas Fair- man, for which the above mentioned thirteen families drew lots on the 25th of the same month, and began forthwith to construct cel lars and houses, in which they spent the winter, not without great hardships. We called the place Germantown, which signifies likewise the The Founder of Germantown 272, city of Germans and the city of Brothers ; some gave it the name Armentown (Poortown) because many of the aforesaid settlers could not procure themselves provision for even a few weeks much less months. And it cannot be adequately described nor believed by the more prosperous decendents, in what want and poverty, but at the same time with what Christian contentment and unwearied industry this Germantown was begun. Therefore, the frequent earnest encouragement and actual as sistance of William Penn, who has often been mentioned, are not to be forgotten'; also the fact that when he had sailed to England, and the courage of some of the inhabitants had failed at the thought of the previous year, so that they wished to take up their abode else where, which however was prevented by his continued encourage ment; and you now have reason on both accounts to gratefully praise the fatherly goodness and care of God. Anno 1684, the 20th and following days of the 12th month (February) the tract of the German township viz., 6000 acres ac cording to the purport of the warrant issued by William Penn and delivered to the Surveyor General's office, was surveyed ; but shortly afterwards by his order 1000 acres of it along the Schuylkill were again cut off (regardless of what we could say against it). Thus it remained until this our German township was again surveyed a second time by Thomas Fairman on the 29th of December, and this time with scrupulous accuracy and found to contain 5700 acres of land for which we have taken out the patent or land charter copied on the next page. Moreover, at the same time the whole and half lots were sur veyed in proper order to the inhabitants of Germantown, all and singly, as may be seen more clearly from the draft or chart and this book, namely, 2750 acres. On the 4th of the second month (April) 1689, the purchasers and hereditary tenants to whom the remaining 2950 acres of the German township belong, distributed this land among themselves, by lot, into three separate villages, and, on the 14th of the nth month (January) 1690, had it laid off by Thomas Fairman, and called the nearest portion, adjoining Ger mantown, Krissheim, the middle portion Sommerhausen, after my native city, and the farthest portion Crefeld, as is shown more in detail on page 2. In this connection it is to be incidentally remem bered that we, the beginners in this work, because of the lack of sufficient experience in such things, have done many things which we afterwards must ourselves change or recommend to our wiser successors for improvement. For because of the difficult clearing of the woodland, etc., we laid out in the beginning only seven-rod tracts or lots, but afterwards when we were able to get along better with such difficult labor, we added to these lots seven rods and 274 Francis Daniel Pastorius four feet. Then, too, our first intention was to stop with 25 lots; accordingly, we then reserved an acre for a market place, a grave yard, and also for public buildings on the west side in front of the sixth lot by a cross street in the middle of the town ; but inasmuch as a number of former servants and others arriving from Ger many wished to remain and live with us in Germantown, we in creased the number of lots to 55. In like manner, it was our in tention that the long street was to run in a straight northwest line through the entire village of Germantown, and the cross streets directly opposite each other and of one width, which, however, the intervening swamps and inconveniences, but chiefly the growing diversity of opinion among the people, prevented. In conclusion, I may properly add with an appended N. B., for the information of those that are to follow, that Germantown's most prominent external prosperity, so far as it is befitting to speak of such at this early stage, is due to flax raising, spinning, and weaving, and doubtless by means of this little plant, also in the future the poverty and want of many can yet be remedied, and for this reason it should be sown and cared for with becoming indus try. Closing with this, I wish sincerely that the dissension and strife which, alas ! are all too rife, may be entirely erased from the hearts and minds of the people of Germantown, and that they all, old and young, great and small, may live piously and honestly in true love to God and their neighbors, suffer in patience, die happy, and thus enter into eternal peace and glory. Amen. Franz Daniel Pastorius." A Record | of Friends Certificates of Marriage | belonging to the Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia 1672. The first marriages recorded took place in England. The last entry in Pastorius's hand is dated "15th, 4th, 1699." The record is then continued in another hand. pastorius' manuscripts and printed books.23 A complete list of books in Pastorius' library is preserved in his own hand and is here printed : An Manuscriptis habe ich 23 An earlier and slightly variant but less complete list is found in the Beehive, p. 386. The list here given is taken from the Res Propriae, which is later than the Beehive. Seidensticker {First Century of German Printing in America) printed the shorter list. \.2 ' (cttcciJrr,.' ' (r^Lli Q0P,a*fch&* TTceef^rj, *** uff- ^Vcrmf cf faPT^UOrfJ An lUfft '* h I tea C^£& titLf .Wifereauk, fjreJrriHL ^ajiaperaiL aW* of" -, \Set,tAeSV. tynttinJl U (e/l) tptj ffmtx ti <{£t/n*xleUJJ~ ~* -<$gffcir ffek&feruej ;f*,t t-cfac fajf^f £lff a ^ O AAw^ ^TAerfeW- /£ ^/Ayept-C Ttrit fe^i "'"* M*rcf-, /Ofaj I 'I Jtaitt- fkucnpj.Je^lk "'mr.lh.X'L&A-rL t4f 3- r^/AL /fan, LviiJj kJjAPt'jicw **e r'.^etetye/ the aU-at a.j* /(^Aji, „ _ r_ '^V Sal* UglPtA^ jf/eie Vfflcrear (V/eriK- fprt tjiverAJepJic alrec/ft Jjcpimfrirc -ftXe rj^fM'rpcjiiP't'frtift.-pjfi ^ferjij, rniL-f ~ft,treJl StontitiirtJtJ, '" Ti.mX'nU" f til jL\,:*,y *^^iijpl<>^3~^ ¦.^' Title Page of Francis Daniel Pastorius' Book of Forms, Country Clerk's Collection." ' The Young The Founder of Germantown 275 In Folio. 1. Alvearium or Alphabetical Hive. In Quarto. 1. Academische Spaarstunden. 2. Miscellanea Theologico-Moralia. 3. Exercit. Arithmet. 4. Emblematical Recreations. 5. Ein dick ungeschrieben buch. 6. Young Countrey-Clerk. 7. Confusanea Geometriae. 8. Gramatical Rudiments of the Latin Tongue. 9. Pensylvane. Gesetz. Item Germantone. Statutae. 10. Deliciae hortenses & Voluptates Apianae. n. Anleitung zur Englischen Sprach. 12. Poetica Pastoriana. 13. Moral Sayings meeterly Versified. 14. Johanis Godtmanni Speculum Sapientiae. 15. Wm Peris Schliiszel von mir iibersetzt. 16. An Omer full of Maria for my Ship-mates. 17. Good Counsel for bad Lawyers & Attornies. 18. Vaticinium de Reditu Guillielmi Penni. 19. A Compendium of Arithmetick. 4 5 67-8 9 10. n12 13 14 15 16 In Octavo. Meine Reisbeschreibung od Jtinerarium. Phraseologia Teutonica. Academischer Spaar-Stunden Vorlauffer od Miscellanea prima. Liber Epitaphiorum. Artzney- und Kuntsbiichlein. Haushaltungs-Reguln. Rudimento Linguae Angl. Collections Biblicae oder Theologica Anglicana in grun Pergament nebenst vielen andern, so uneingebunden. Melligo Sententiarum latine. Calendarium Calendariorum. Angling & other Tracts of Husbandry. The Monthly Monitor. Discipline of the Church of Christ. Deliciae hortenses Germanopolitanae. Arithmetick and Copies. Apiarium :oder Bienen-biichlein. 276 Francis Daniel Pastorius 17. Onomastical Considerations. 18. Bernh. Pet. Karl's Catechism English'd by me. 19. English Rhymes, twice. 20. Wm Pens Friichte der Einsamk, von mir verteutscht. 21. Alvearialia. 22. Private Annotations. 23. A Fascicle of Several Mens Mscripts. 24. J Saml. Pastorius his Cherry harvest of Arithmet. In Duodecimo. 1. Law-Terms added to the Compleat Justice. 2. Additamenta ad Fehe's Grafhaticam Gallicam. 3. ad Caffae - - Jtalicam. 4. - ad the Writing Scholars Companion. 5. Latinae Primordia Linguae. 6. Ein geschr. Anhang an Tim. Rolls Garten-buchlein. 7. Spiegel eines wahrhafftig bekehrten Christen. An Land-Charten, Die 4 Welltheil u. Teutschland. NB. Mein zu Altorff gewesener Stubengesell Willhelm von Diiten J. U. Lie. enthielt mir 2. geschriebene Phrasesbuchlein. [Two works at least, which are known to have existed, but are not included in this list, are: 1. Res Propriae. 2. Cash Book.] An Gedruckten Buchern habe ich theils mit ins land gebracht, theils verehrt bekomen, auch einige wenige gekauft: Hingegen andere verkaufft und weggegeben, als hier mit angemerckt steht. In Folio. 1 2 3 4 5- 6. 7-8.9 10 11 12 Ed: Leighij. Critica Sacra. Der Staten Bibel. Cambridge Concordance. Hohbergs Georgica Curiosa. Tabulae Chronologicae Helmstadiensis. Sebast. Franckens Cosmographia. Nich. Bayard's Tryal for high Treason. An Act for Ascertaining the Currency of Money. The Bishops Declaration. John Casimir's Catalogue of Medicines. G. Fox to the Planters in America. Philaretus agt. Swearing & Cursing. The Founder of Germantown 277 13. Concerning Election of Assembly men. 14. Cone. Caesar's Due. 15. Th. Layths Warning. 16. Joh Clausen Zeugnisz. 17. Ben. Fletcher's Proclamation. 18. Geo. Joy's Complaint agt New England. 19. D. Erberfelds frauen leich-Reimen. 20. Proceeding agt Rebels. 21. Yearly Meeting Epistles. 22. G Keiths Appeal. 23. Tho. Budd ag* Wm Pen. In Quarto. 1. An English Bible, printed at Oxford. 2. Rob. Barclay's Apology. 3. Ein Hochteutsche Bible, gedruckt zu Lunenburg. 4. A Collection of several Friends Writings. 5. Nich. Hunt's Newborn Christian. 6. Joh. Henr. Voigts prognostica. 7. Ant. Wm Boehm. fun. Sermon to Pr Geo: twice, gave to each one. 8. Jac. Telner's. Treatise. 9. Dan. Leeds rebuked. 10. Js. Peningtons Wegh des Levens ende Doots. to Henry P. 11. Rob. Barcl. Apology nederduytsch. to Henry P. 12. Du Mont's Reyse naa het Oosten. 13. Fragmentum Alcorani, in hochteutsch. 14. J. Tauleri Kern-lehr. 15. Casp. Panthesij Jtinerarium. 16. Geo : Keith's Universal Grace asserted. 17. Marg. Fells Standard of the Lord revealed. 18. An Abstract of the Laws of Pensilva. 19. In einem Band : Jn-liefde tot de Verloorene. Js. Peningt. wegh des levens en doots. W Ames van den Wegh des levens. W. Pens Waarheyt ontdecht. J. Park's Chr. Jesus verhooght. G. Fox wat wy van Christo geloven. M F. Vrouwen Spreeken. Fr. Howgils heerlyckheyt van de waere Kerch. Stephen Crips geklanck des alarms. Bened Figken beantwortet. Jtem Gerrit Roosen. Jt: ein Jesuit. Jt. Ds Minist. zu Hamburg Verschiedene Sendbrief. Morgan Watkins Marks of the true Church. Nic. Knights Comparison between true & false Ministers. Tho. Hudchinsons forced Uni formity. R. Farnsworths pure langvage, & W. Pens farewell. 278 Francis Daniel Pastorius 20. Sonst Zusamen gebunden : Pens & Meads Tryal. W. Pens Answ : to a libell. Ejusd. Answ : to a Letter. _ W. Shewens agt. Talebearers. G. Foxes line of right. Clergy-mans letter to a Clergy man. A letter to R. Bridgeman Shipton Wifes & others prophecies. 21. G. Foxes Vision. [ ?]. Beware of Seducing Spirits. Qua kers no plotters. An answ : to Semper Jdem. agt. per secution. Qrs. assemblies vindicated. 22. W. P. Continued Cry of the Oppressed for Justice. G. Benson cone: Oaths & Swearing. Th. Ellwoods Cau tion to Constables. Ben. Lindleys Shiboleth of Priest hood. R. Haydocks Skirmisher Confounded. Tarn Quam for Jurors. Jfiocency defended agt. Lord Corn- bury. Dying- words of some young men. 23. G Whiteheads Truth & Jriocency vindicated. Answer to Lod. Muggleton. the Anabaptists lying wonder, relig ious Meetings no Conventicles. 24. E. Burne's Looking Glass. W. Smiths earthly Wisdom Confounded. J. Parke's God's Judgments upon the wicked world. J. S.'s the Case of Qrs. cone: Oathes. the Case of protestant dissenters, shewing those to be no papists, & the Law of absenting from Church not agt. them. 25. Dan. Leeds rebuked. G Keith proved a prevaricator: proteus Ecclesiasticus, or G K proved an Apostate, the Bomb Search'd. Remarks upon the great Mystery of Fox-Craft. J. Wyeth's Vindication of W. P. 26. G Ks refutation of 3. Opposers to Truth. Ejusd Serious Appeal. Qrs. of Rhode Island vindicated. G Ks plea of the Jnnocent. Ejusd. Some Fundamental Truths. Ejusd. Expostulation with Tho: Lloid. An Exhorta tion cone: buying of Negroes. Gross Error & hypoc- rasie detected in Geo : Whitehead. Wm Lancasters questions. 27. the Rulers & Priests of Somerset shire persecuting the faithful Witnesses of the Lord. 28. John Perrots Epistle &c. & Judas his 30. pieces. 29. G. Foxes family order of Whites, Blacks & Jndians. Ap peal that there may not be a beggar in England. Wm. Shewen agt. Talebearers. 30. Wm Russels No Seventh-day-Sabbath. 31. A short View of the Prelatical Church of England. 32. Hen. Bernh Kosters Advice for all Professors. 33. Edw. Coote's English School-master. 34. Ziegenbalgs bericht aus Tranquebar. R. Coppers 2. Schrei- ben. T. L. Kohlhansen schrift an die Obrigkeit zu Dantzig. Oldest Title Page of Pastorius' Copy of the "Laws of Pennsylvania". The Founder of Germantown 279 35. Wederlegginge H. Jungs. G. Foxen Sendbrief u. Richt snoer. P. Hendricks Answ: aen Gerrit Roosen. R Barcl: brief aan de Ambass. tot Nimegen. St Crisps Oorsaecken van de Ellende der Nederlanden. Spiegel voor de Stad Emden. Jt. voor Niew-York door J. T. G Ks antw op XI. Vragen. S Crisps Klaren Wegh. 36. G. Foxen antw: an Tob. Stietman. P. Henrichs ad eundem. R. Barcl. Antw. an Ben. Figken. G. Fox ad eundem. Jtem an Adrian Pauli. 37. S. Crisps Klang des Allarms. G. Fox von d tauff. James Parnels Untersuchung des glaubens. W. Catons Wort zu rechter Zeit. W. Ames Guter Rath. G. Fox wider Verfolfung. Antw. an Ben. Figken. Jt. an Gerrit Roosen. W. Gibsons Ansprach an die Obr. zu Dant- zig. G Foxen Warnung an die Obr. zu Hamburg. 38. Disputatio Jnauguralis F. D. P. 39. W. Catons een Woort ter rechten tyt. M. F. vrouwen. Spreeken gerechtvaerdigt. Fr. Howgils Erfdeel Jakobs. W. Catons Ondersoeker voldaen. W. P. Christenryck gedagvaart. M. Stephensons Roep van de Dott tot het leven. 40. Fr. Howgils Eroffnung des bauchs der Morgenrothe. Edw. Burroughs Baniere alien Volckern dargestellt. Warumb die Qrs d.Weltlehrer verleugnen. G. Fox an alle Konig. Ejusd. Sendschreiben an John III Konig in Pohlen. 41. Den Grooten en Witten Duyvel. 42. De Bisschop voor Groningen, Tragi-Comedie. 43. Joh. Rode Baniere of Standaert des Heeren. 44. Quadrans Astronomicus & Geometricus. 45. Conductor Generalis, Or a Guide for Constables. &c. 1686. In Great Octavo. 1. B. Ariae Montani Nov. Test. Graeco-lat. 2. Elisha Coles Dictionary. 3. Binarti Dictionarium Belgico-lat. 4. Nath. Duez Diction : Jtalico-Gallicum. 5. Mich. Pexenfelderi Apparatus Eruditionis. 6. Macarij u. anderer Altvatter Schrifften. 7. Claude Mauger's Gramaire Francoise. In Octavo. 1. An English Bible printed at Oxford. 2. Pauli Tossani Loci Comunes Theologici. 3. Jer. Dyke's good Conscience. 4. Nich. Culpper's English Physician. 280 Francis Daniel Pastorius 5. Jac. Schutzij Compedium Juris Civilis. 6. Andr. Reyheri Manuductio Poetica. 7. Comenij Lexicon Atriale. 8. Ejusd. Janua Lingu: Lat: Germ: Gall: & Ital. 9. Ejusd. Janua Lingu. Lat : & Angl. 10. Joh. Val. Andreae Menippus. 11. Melch. Ad. Pastorij Contemplatio terrestr. Vanitatum. 12. Bart. Keckermani Systema Logicae. 13. Riverij Observationes Medicae. 14. Pet. Rami Praelectiones in Virgilij Georgica. 15. Joh. Boemi Mores omnium Gentium. 16. Le Maitre d'hotch verehrt an Elisabeth Hill. 17. Xtian Keiman Gramatica Graeca. 18. Lutheri Teutsche Bibel. gegeben an Heinrich P. 19. Ejusd. Neu Testament, cum Judice Manuscripto. 20. Felbingers neu Testament. 21. Rob. Barclay's Catechismus in Latein. 22. — Jtem in English, to J. Samuel Pastorius. 23. — Jtem in Nieder-teutsch. to Henry P. 24. Tho. Chalkley's loving Jnvitation. twice, gave to each one. 25. Wm. Penn's Call to Christendom. 26. Wm. Dell's Laerdom om Daabe. 27. Betriibter Seelen Heiligthum. 28. Wm. Penns No Cross, No Crown. 29. Rob. Barclay's English Catechism bought for is. 30. Dan. Leed's Trumpet, for is. 31. the 12. Patriarch's Testamts. twice, for 2s. to each one. 32. A Short Jntroduction of Gramar. for iod. 33. Wil Bartjens Cyfferinge. 34. Christ All in All, & Woe to Drunkards. 35. R. H. the young Clerks Guide. 36. Edw. Cocker the young Clerk's Tutor. 37. Wel-Levens-Kunst. 38. The Elements of Geometric 39. Old Almanacks. 40. Kohlhansens Erinerung. 41. Ejusd. Anmerkungen. 42. Ejusd. abscheul. finsterniss. 43. P. Henr. Entdecker Entdeckt. 44. St. Crisps Triumph d Wahrheit. 45. Th. Lawson's Antwort. 46. The Young Mans Companion. 47. The privilege of Liberty & Property. 48. Geo. Fox the Younger's Collection. 49. G. F. & E. H. Arraignmt. of Popery. 50. E. P. Rabshakeh rebuked. The Founder of Germantown 281 51. Th. Elwoods Answer to G. Ks. Narrative. 52. Kohlhansens Schrifften wider Lobern. — . auch sein und mein Brief an die Pietisten. 53. Rich. Baker's Testimony to the power of God. 54. Guill Penn's la Clef. 55. J. Bockett's ye poor mechanick's Plea. 56. Jos. Wyeth's primitive Christianity continued. 57. Th. Elwood's Truth Defended. 58. G. Keith's pretended antidote proved Poyson. 59. Dan. Leeds News of a Trumpet. 60. Pietas Hallensis. part 2d & Progress of the Conversion of the Malabarians. part 2d. 61. Jerem. Love's Clavis Medicinae. 62. Hinr. Meiszners Arithmet : Blumgartlein. 63. Steven Crisp's Triumph der Wahrheit. 64. Th. Lawsons Antwort an Zentgraff. 65. A just Censure of Fr. Bugg's address to the Parliamt. 66. Wm. Davis's Answ : to John Wats. 67. A Letter to Mons. Pettecum. 68. Reflexions on the State of the Church Universal. 69. Ant. Will Boehm's Sermon on ye day of Epiphany. 70. Pet. Henrich's Antwort an P. Reinhard Hermanni. 71. G. Foxen Sent-brief. 72. John Tribbeko's Farewel-Sermon to the Palatines. 73. Pet. Hendrich's algemeene Sendbrief. &Benj. Furley's Wederlegger wederleght. 74. Geo. Foxe's la primitive Ordination des Eveques. 75. Dan. Leeds brief Reply to Caleb Pusey's mscript. 76. Abr. Fuller's Testimony concerning his Son Joseph. 77. Zusam gebunden: M. J. Baurin abschieds-reden. Dis- quisitio de SS : Trinitate. Arnds Vorred. Justiniani bekehrung unglaubiger Volcker, Jt. : Verlaugnung sein- selt. Geist. lieder. the Christian a Quaker, good hus bandry. Geode Vrydag. der Vlamingen geloofs Con- fessie. Felbingers Politien. Christ : huyshoudinge. Betkij leidens gemeinschaft. Lobwasser vom Reich Christi. Joh. Michaelis Glaubens grund. Domin. Beer ged : fiber Biblische Spriich. 78. Van Gods Voorweetenschap en's Menssn Vrye Werking. 79. Dirk Muller's Christelycke Gesangen van Christus. 80. Spiegel der lydsame Heyligen. 81. Wortel der Nederlantsche Oorloghen. 82. Le Guide de Londres. 1710. 83. Le Nouveau Testament, a Mons. 1677. 84. Claudius Mauger's French Gramer, 1688, an Heinrich P. 282 Francis Daniel Pastorius In Duodecimo. 1. Th. Tryon's Miscellanea. I9:2d. 2. Ejusd. Some Memoirs of his Life. 3. The Compleat Justice. 4. The young Secretaries Guide. 5. Joh. Arnds Wahres Christenthum, sold for 15s. 6. Statij Schatzkamer der glaubigen, for 10s. Spener's prie- sterthum, for 2s. 7. Wm. Shewen's Christian Faith & Experience. 8. Ejusd. Councel to the Christian Traveller. 9. Spira respirans. 10. Meditationi di S. Agostino. 11. Subyte Geestelycke Meditatien by J. Clemens. 12. Freyburgers Chiliasmus Sanctus. 13. Adam Reussners Psalmenbuch. 14. Ralph Venning's Orthodox Paradoxes. 15. Theatrum Poetarum by Edw. Phillips. 16. Welt- Alter. 17. Cheureau L'Ecole du Sage. 18. Comenij Synopsis Physicae. 19. L. An. Senecae Opera. 20. Guil Amesij Casus Conscientiae. 21. J. Soet's Wintersche Avonden. 22. Geo : Hornij Orbis Jmperans & Politicus. 23. Ejusd. Area Mosis. 24. W. C. Kriegsman von Eintzeln Zusamenkunfften. 25. John Seller's hydrographia. 26. An English Bible bought of Rich, vander Werf for 17s. was spoiled by J. Pettinger. to H. P. 28. The Writing Scholars Companion, for Is. 3d. 29. J. D. Gramatica Hispanica. Gramaire Espangnole. 30. Fr. de Fefie Gramatica Gallica 31. Caroli Caffae Gram. Italica. JcumAnnotat. J < manuscriptis. 32. Tho. Upsher's Epistle to Friends in Jreland. 33. Jac. Bohmens Aurora. 34. Ejusd. Weg zu Christo. 35. The Negro Christianized. 36. A Catalogue of Books. 37. Jer. Dykens Wiirdiger Tischgenoss. 38. Wil. Saldeni Christliche Kinderschul. 39. Ladies rich Closet of Rarities, lent to Eliz. Hood. 40. And. Schotti Jtinerarium Jtaliae. 41. Jod. Sinceri Jtinerarium Galliae. 42. Weghweyser door Vranckryck. 43. Gotfr. Hegenitij Jtinerarium. 44. Mart. Beers Enchiridion Geopraphiae. The Founder of Germantown 283 45. Fr. Heerman's guldene Annotatien. 46. Defensie van D. Martin Luther. 47. D. J. Bedae Judicium de bonorum Secessione a malis. 48. Dr. Jac. Spenneri pia desideria. 49. Raed aen de gescheyrde Christenhyt. 50. La Lyturgie ou Prieres publiques. 51. Catechisme familier par Phillippe le Noir. 52. The English Schoolmaster. 53. Tim. Rolls Blumen Biichlein. 54. M. A. Pastorij Soliloquia. Ejusd. Jnstitutio Xtiana. 55. Wasenburgij gheestelycke Scheepvaert. an Mar-Sprick. 56. G. Foxe's Primmer. 57. Keache's Jnstruction for Children. 58. Lubini Clavis Graece linguae. 59. Dictionariolum Germ : Gall : Latinum. 6b. Histoire Amoureuse des Gaules. 61. Char. Hooles Vocabularium parvum. 62. Ein anders von 8. Sprachen. 63. John Tomkin's Trumpet Sounded. & Wm. Tomlinson's short work of greatest Concern. 64. J. Aug. Lietzheimer- u. August Herman Franckens Schrifften. 65. Kehzeichen eines Wahren Christen. 66. Corn. Drebelij de Natura elementorum. 67. Nich. Bifield's Signs of a godly man. 68. Henr. Corn. Agrippa de Vanitate Scientiarum. 69. J : Axford's hidden things brought to Light. 70. Oliver Heywood's heavenly Converse. 71. Mar. Jul. Baurin lebens-lauff. 72. Wm. Pens Expostulacon with the Jnhah. of Pensilva. 73. An Essay towards the peace of Europe. 74. Edw. Cooks Reports. 75. Hier Cardani Neroos Lof ( ?) In 24°. 1. Joh. Wollebij Compendium Theologiae. 2. Edw. Cooks Reports in 120. 3. Graad Boecxken. 4. Ben. Baxter's Cases of Difficulty. 5. [crossed out] 6. Bacchean Magazine by W. Y. 7. Pauli Egardi Koniglich Priesterthum. 8. Micro-Cosmographie. 9. Ch. Marshall's Epistle. 10. Lutheri Neu Testament. 11. Lud. Baily's fibung der Gottseligkeit. 12. Joh. Jonstonij Constantia Naturae. 284 Francis Daniel Pastorius 131415 161718.19 2021 22 2324 Th. a Kempis 4. libri de Jmitatione Christi. in latein. Jtem, in English, given to Sarah Goodsoh. Jtem, in French. Joseph Hall's beschaffenheit eines wahren Christen. Gedenckbiichlein, und Psalmen Davids. Joh. Matthiae Ramus Olivae Septentr. Er. Roterod. Encomium Moriae. Dionisij Speculum Amatorum Mundi. J. H. Horbij Von Gott besuchtes Wintzheim. Enchiridion of Popish Devotion. Gesangbiichlein. Nieder Teutsch Testament. Sold for 4s- Although the range of Pastorius's reading in English litera ture includes the Venerable Bede among the Church Fathers, and Chaucer among the poets, he seems to have known nothing of Shakespeare. Indeed, it is surprising that in the century when English comedians had made a deep impression upon the Ger man stage, including in their repertoire a number of Shakes peare's plays, a German scholar like Pastorius, who had himself been in England in the early eighties of that same century, should not once mention the name of the Bard of Avon. This shows how little the personality of Shakespeare meant to the Continent, as for that matter, to England itself, in the second half of the seventeenth century, and it explains the dazzling effect of the discovery of Shakespeare's genius in the middle of the eighteenth century in Germany. On the other hand, Pastorius was strongly influenced by the religious literature of England, as may be clearly seen from the title of the books from which he made extracts for his Beehive, and from the works mentioned in his library, as well as from the enormous collection of Quakeriana and other works mentioned or recommended in the Beehive. The poetic technique exhibited in his poems is that of the seventeenth century. The Alexandrine is perhaps the most prominent form of verse in Pastorius's serious poems. The poems dedicated to the daughters of Thomas Lloyd and to William Penn and others are written for the most part in Alexandrines. An equally frequent form is the "Knittelvers" of Hans The Founder of Germantown 285 Sachs.20 Instead of the rimed couplets, which are the rule in Hans Sachs, Pastorius occasionally continues the same rime scheme for ten or more verses, as in the poem on books.21 Another form of verse quite frequently employed is the four- stress trochaic verse which is derived from the mediaeval Latin hymn.22 In addition to these very typical forms of verse Pas torius employed a great variety of shorter verse-forms, combining them frequently into strophic groups of unusual rhythmical effect. Even the antique is reflected in his work, but he seems to have preferred for his own thought the metrical forms of the period lying closer to his own time. There is little evidence that he was particularly interested in the content of the writings of either the First or Second Silesian School of Poets. He seems to have drawn his insipration, like Opitz and Fleming, from earlier sources. Pastorius's Last Days. Although Pastorius seems to have had a "choleric" tempera ment, suggesting physical disorder, he seems to have enjoyed general good health. Nevertheless he had a number of severe illnesses and seems to have had his share of malaria, which then sprang up spontaneously out of the new soil and densely wooded swamps. He relates that seventeen months after his arrival he was attacked by a severe exhausting fever, January 23, 1685, which jeopardized his life. Then in 171 3 he suffered intensely from a gathering on the thigh, which healed only after a long time, during which period he re-wrote his treatise on Good Coun sel to Bad Lawyers and Attorneys. The next year, May 16, 1 7 14, he had another attack of fever (such as he had frequently experienced and cured it with rum and pepperberries), curing it with Epsom salt. February 25th, 171 6-1 7 he was seized with a severe cough and expectoration, and, after holding out some days in the schoolroom, was attacked by a fever and was criti- 30 Cf. The poems entitled : Zur Zeit der Anno 1692 in Pennsylvanien ent- standenen Trennung.. (Printed from the Beehive in Americana Germanica I, 4, pp. 107-110.) 21 Silvula Rhythmorum Germanopolitanorum, No. 35. (Cf. Americana Germanica I, 4, pp. 106-7.) " Cf. the Latin Epistle addressed to Schumbergius. (Cf. Silvula, No. 121 in the Beehive and also F. D. P. and the Beschreibung,) 286 Francis Daniel Pastorius cally ill, but recovered his appetite after three weeks. He men tions Griffith Owen, Richard and Hannah Hill, Samuel Preston, Isaac and Mary Norris and "several of the Germans" as having been very kind and attentive to him during this illness. We learn here incidentally that Pastorius was still teaching school in 1716-17 within some two years of the time of his death. The attack last described was evidently pneumonia or incipient tuberculosis and showed a deterioration of his system. The exact date of Pastorius's death is not known, but was between December 26th, 1719, the date of his will, and January 13th, 1720, the date the will was proven. In his will he described himself as "being at present very sick and weak in body." The inventory of his effects was filed January 21st, 1720. The late D. P. Bruner left this note: "I think he must have died unexpectedly, December 27, 1719." The older statements that Pastorius died September 27th, 1 719, as recorded in the Beehive, by Henry Pastorius, his son, is evidently a mistake, as Pastorius wrote and witnessed a deed from Reese Potts and Elizabeth, his wife, to John Cunrads the "First day of October in the sixth year of the reign of King George over Great Britain, &c, A. D., 1719." He was interred presumably in the Friends' Burying Ground,233- in Germantown, althouhg neither record nor tomb stone tells us where. It was fitting that he who cared so little for the esteem of the world while he lived should, like his fellow Pietests and Friends, rest in obscurity in the little German Town, which has MaMr. Edwin C. Jellett, of Germantown, under date of Sep. 3, 1908, kindly sent me the following letter after this chapter was in press : "There is a tradition in Germantown, that he was buried in the "Geissler Burying Ground." This I believe, though I cannot prove. Pastorius, you well know, lived on the "Great Road," between D. Geissler and J. Doeden. With Geissler lived Dr. Witt; and both were friends of Pastorius. In early Germantown it was not usual to bury on home grounds, but Geissler laid out a private ground, and the right to its use he reserved at the time of sale. Both Geissler and Witt were buried in this lot, and the tradition is that Kelpius and Pastorius were also buried in it. The lot is now partially covered by the vestry room of St. Michael's P. E. Church. Hoping this may be new to you, I am, Very sincerely and truly yours, Edwin C. Jellett. -». ' iPaiiiTcrjePFeio;,,,, aruiiJ^MTT^^iMTAC ,7*& C/"A' fa., tread£u#i uri/c /,iii Pear- UY:4 /2- J. Jfxr , i& /Uff r.7> , A^ "* n^pt&« Will of Francis Daniel Pastorius 3^ -//ft- ."•« ^f'ee^f tvije m<, 'fp u y£ y4& cf ' I :%n% tCne. Aano}*ee> arij Scl-cti eierttf ?>, /S,./., , ¦-/,. / v / ' s Pi £'¦:¦¦¦///' > ,~ ^ J T/L^U,'L -¦"''" ^'^ia3 . . afu ^datTLenf, rff^ -p/p^ ! ¦ §.«. ¦ ) i^' .¦''y.iiifif Ajueij&Moi C^ii'n ..¦' ¦*?• p?ie}-/rte/--/t U tirfcoft /tei-tntS tVc-t ,aKa...Qa.i ,...:»„.. ' C^Vfc K, CeCttuJei. /v<, &&,,„ % QUt j oJ OA » t$ . " . *'¦'"-'# <£%#•. nu .c-P/ici Fcafa &J) ffaty&t OtuL R&o,t» / . - '*»<> E&vH&h n,& a fan aj/JfoeU' a [ o+jfee aQ}a j. : (V ,? Cr- a. e. "~ oil JO era a f^ ^ 6^^ ^ /^^,/t/m W£< cVc/tl a pCi>ci nhztt-A -cia/v€i &tCJU .&f,uut-,tfpltH lijtC/tt. tuM> 1 Jftcftx. tAic-d P^uiau _ j 4/nfc/&(v/M. fi^Arffu a,S a /Fa/rici I fe^^^^c^^V^/'.^9 ^^^ i t%e//t ^ J^jinr Jo Oj) o2 e-a \ t- ***• 1 Cei' 0-f- g\ <^aj •«> 6 t^a o-tf ^i? o-* e-e »9- e-o eu. a-e-.a-A 0J JO ,vi, - ry\9 JO tm o-e) oQ int. Inventory of the Effects of Francis Daniel Pastorius <$_yn. aJ&A tCrrf _ _. . arte/n a /£#& foot vtesn A9?v(ei fiMtz . *&_*. A &u*#;«j> tiaHacfiP flt^n a f&win £»£ ±*£M&JXimfr.£&lH» gbu _/? a.ttt ._. | <&*tm a /&*<& ArQ Jl^i/f &&**% a. tfeUtief c^ffo Attot &*« a %M _ cJtem a rUie^fna &*«w£ ¦¦Amv a gktvm. temt&t, c^a etrtlfan r8si _ t%Ctt A ^r^eaA -_ . | ^^ ^K^mtSL-M^cUerlVt ~ eJtBtrx 5$ _____ «%rV«. &l£[£sH J&,-& .... ....._ _» ^__ -^1^ A4/tv<° i^W^/rf _ tTtejrc rjxtrrt, &trAt . &tttn Zfif^iyftO/Z^iiUfJ.- ^____a £m/i $utj?z&+*c* ___ ...zrr'r 3W*f\ dllki) h,U{fi t£enys£s ___: . „____- Jktsn Jv-e eocf-m&u 1 .___ t$_r_Vi /*&>_> &g*f _. . ..'I - cketfi ?hM £&cffa , _— — -4 .... __. t$W 8>$ euites iff^ffiM . *• ' U*jtr7iPt^ Hj tti — cf- , j ^ , VTtry J/ityct~tA«dpAA Inventory of the Effects of Francis Daniel Pastorius The Founder of Germantown 287 kept pace with the march of the centuries without losing many of its old landmarks. It would be easy to select an epitaph for the German Jurist- Pioneer from the testimony of his contemporaries, such as the tribute of William Penn, who called him "Vir sobrius, probus, prudens & pius." or the poetic tribute paid by Howell Powell a short time after the death of Pastorius : A Commemoratory Poem on Francis Daniel Pastorius. What Francis Daniel Pastorius Hath tane his flight from hence to Olympus ? Lost to his Posterity, ye German Town Speci'lly Lost (tho' great gaines to him) it was to many. The Hermes, Glory, Crown, and Linguist's gone Who oft Jnterpreted Teutonick tongue, The Scribe, and Tutor, German's Bolar Guide, An Antiquarian that was far from Pride, Religious Zealous Amanuensis; An Universal man in Arts [&] Sciences : Who Lov'd his Friends; Britains; yea are Na [tions] Zealous for the Truth, full of Compassions Ah ! may Germanopolis be 'gen supplied Of that great Loss, their Honour Once, their Guide, A wise Achilles as he was be Sent Lowly, Lovely Learn'd Lively Still Content. Now free from Cares, Dire troubles that attend This brittle Case, the Heavnely Quire befriend Him Still : Joyes in the Glorious Lamb alone Seeth the Beatifick Vision You his Family offspring take Example By Francis Just Sincere & truly humble Tho' you Condole the Loss of 's Company He got a better ; be Content thereby, Tho many Lost a Friend ; He got, yet they Rejoyce that he hath Nobler still for ay : Tho Dead to his Corp'ral Form, that Sleep, He Lives Jn Jmmortality needs no Reprieve. Vade Dijs Superis homo Scandere Culmen Olympi, Francisce seque vale ; tu cape carpe viam. Opto simul quieris, vestigia recta sequiq; Te pedibus verbij, te simul esse bonos. Howell Powell fecit 31 mo 3th mense 1720 288 Francis Daniel Pastorius Appendix A. Diplomatic Print of the Agreement of the German Company of Frankfurt. Jm Nahmen und zur Ehre GOttes ! Wir Unterschriebene urkunden und bekennen hiemit / demnach wir zusammen fiinff und zwantzig tausend Acker / Englischer Masz / unvertheilten Lands / in der Americanischen Provintz Pennsyl vania, gesampter Hand gekauffet / auch jeglicher sein Antheil nach Auszweisz dariiber besagender Rechnungen wiircklich bezahlt haben : Nemlich Jacob von de Wallen 2500 \ und Caspar Merian 2500. jetzund Jacob ( _^^ von de Walle 833^ 5UUU- und Daniel Behagel 1666^. ' Lt. Johann Jacob Schutz 4000 | Johann Wilhelm Uberfeld / jetzund Franz f 5000- Daniel Pastorius 1000 ? Jacob von de Wallen 1666 2/z Georg Strausz / jetzund Johanna Eleonora von Merlau / } 5000. M. Johann Wilhelm Peters24 Hauszfrau . 1666^$ Daniel Behagel 1666^. Dr. Gerhard von Mastricht i666^_ ") Dr. Thomas von Wilich 1666^ [¦ 5000. und Johannes le Brun 1666^ ) Balthasar Jawert 3333 Vi ) -qqq Johannes Kemler i666fi ) Summa .... 25000. Dass wir wegen sothaner Giither / vor uns / respective unsere Hauszfrauen / kinder und Erben / im Nahmen GOttes eine Gemein- schafft oder Societat angetretten und geschlossen haben / auff Art und Weisz als hiernach folgt : 1. Obbesagte Landereyen [sic] wie und wo sie uns sampt und sonders. angewiesen seyn / oder ins kiinfftige angewiesen werden mogen / selbsten auch die iiber obig specificirte / uns competiren.de Stadt-losz / namlich die vier oder sechs Platze in der Stadt Philadel- 1 Mistake for Petersen, see the signature at the end of the document. n. 3m unwrr)o|fitn fail Met fun) ottfr long jn>lfc$en iintf unfcren Urben un» frUicbfomcTi/iuegen Dtefet ©uterunD Deren dependemien (inia« SUltjvctftanD oDcran* (afl}iiin©tK(t»cifa([min6iA)tt/ foil foIct>eg jvetfctjen Den ©ItcDcrn Mr ©eledfcbafft/ _Dtr Ddfcvn Ciefe .on btnDtnl&eiltnnicAJt fldtih umMttfjefiifij) actialtcti ttJUrtfli/Durfl) anDere .on cm unefntgen (pattlwen/ctnmutfifglfcf) ernxljlte jtvct) rcDlldKcrfobnen/ Die Drtttt/ n>ann (le ett notljig listen/ ju -ft a) iicbmcn/nuff Sirt unb 23ri(,/ oft* tetjt befe&ricDennnrDJ gefci}lta)fcrt.erDm: 91am U(S) Die erttefjlte Scf)teD4>3reunDe follen auff feflimptm lag unD D«fy in <8ctm> cfcn ter mifjffelltgen qjatifitntn, oDer Dew _3ct>olIin(W)tigten/ nacbflnrufliing ©6t.lic6m <3etjflanD./ unD reiff litter Der ® often Uberleguug / Da. 2Bn-ct nncft tfircin btffen . 2__tftoiiD Unb ©utDuncfen Durft ibre UrtDril/ wann fit Die crDeii/ oDtt Die meifte '©t_nineiHiict)t^u|)fmDen I Jnren / fo folleii fie fief) bet) ein ober jwetjen jjxnipt - pam- cipantpi JHotW etfjolen/ unD Darnoft Die Urfteil ttcrfaffen unD aufifprccben : 3Boge. gen fteraacbet auff (eint SBeifj oDer2Beg etwatf ferocr gttban/ gebauDttt oDer -dmidi- ttt twtbtn foil/ auff (eine ©tig ober _Beg, mil 9Jcd?t oDer mit ©ciralt/ .on femem SRttbftt cott _lenftjen/ DrtgaityniSBeu, m Europa oDtr America : UnD Dofcrn jeinanD A)i«t^cgtiif_t? ju ftOen amnaffen twite/ foil et c6 ipfofctneeJ gantjenantfittl. . erlufiig/ unD Darju ttt Dxtt / wo a ttofmrt/ ailgtmttnen ailmofen.Saften init einer ©miff) ¦wm ico.SKKjt or)ne alit exception , auft ofint ferncre declaration, ipfo t_ao ..erfiillm ffpn- . aO«iAAAUittui*fonAW0tfab>D<: SJtfltiijuroaprerUrriinDiflgcgcnnjttrti. att nacf> ttifflteJtr Ubfflkgung ton alien inretciTentm euuratthigfaf) belicbter «8ricffJ untetalto unD )eD«t tig/ubanbigrn Umetfa)tlfft unD borgcrrorftetn 3nfiegel jiwlff. tttatji aufMetrig^/unt» jtglitbnn Defltn tin exemplar jugefrellet/ auft einee ju Den gc. ltieuuttaffmajen documen_ gtltget wotbtn. SBelajer gegeben 3U Jr ancf fun am tdlOBB/ Wlu.No»e_b.aiAi»it>g(S, ~~ .__. ,,¦.„«-_,._., /> } , (i .-9_>, "c JUavav-€ AVbytey^. \% %Q_#. %/£r -^j * 'p~ <_• ^ © c-i o o i mm. The Founder of Germantown 299 Appendix D. Letter of Attorney to Falkner, Kelpius and Jawert. Wir Endesunterschriebene urkunden hiemitt undt bekennen demnach wir 25000 Acker unvertheilten Landes in pensylvania lauth deren dariiber besagenten documenten, mit besondern privilegien und Gerechtigkeiten gesamter Handt gekauffet, und deszwegen in Krafft desz den I2ten 9bris 1686 beliebten Brieffes, eine Societat geschlossen, auch zu Cultiuir, und Administrirung solchen Landes Herren Frantz Daniel pastorium U. J. Ltum, besage desz unterm 2ten Aprill 1683 auszgefertigten procuratorii, bevollmachtigt haben; und aber durch absterben einiger Haupter dieser unsrer Compagnie und darzwischen eingefallenen Franzosischen Krieg wie nicht weniger wegen abweszenheit des Herren Gouverneurs und indis position unsers besagten Factors diese Sachen ins stecken gerathen sindt, mehrgemeldter Herr pastorius auch biszhero in verschiedenen Brieffen ersuchet hat, Jhme diese verwaltung wieder abzunehmen; Dasz wir zu solchem Ende Vollkoniene Macht undt special gewalt aufgetragen haben, Herren Daniel Falckner, undt Herrn Johann Kelpio, alsz nunmehrigen Einwohnern in pensylvania, wie auch Herrn Johann Jawert, alsz Sohn eines principalen Nahmens Herrn Balthasar Jawerts von Liibeck, welcher dahin zu reisen entschloszen ist, also undt dergestalt dasz diese unsere drey gevollmachtigte gesambter Handt, oder in Fall eines oder des anderen todtlichen Hintrittes, die oder der noch in leben fibrig bleibende die Adminis trirung aller unserer daselbst habenden Gfither und Landereyen, wie und wo sie unsz sambt undt sonders angewieszen seyn, oder noch anzuweiszen, und zu zu meszen sindt, auch deren iiber die 25m. Acker Landes unsz Competirenden Stattlosze, nemblich der vier oder sechsz plaze in der statt Philadelphia und incirea 300 Acker in der Statt gerechtigkeit undt Freyheit vor und umb Philadelphia gelegen, und desz an Scollkiel zur Ziegelbackery erkaufften Landes, sambt alien und Jeden auffgerichteten Gabauden, undt anderen meliora- tionen auch dahier gesandten, dorten gekaufften oder sonsten er- langten victualien Kauffmans Wahren, Viehe, Hauszgerath Werck- zeug, Dienstbotten Pachtleuthen, und andern Persohnen in optima forma, haben, auch deszwegen in unserem Nahmen von obbesagtem unseren biszherigenbevollmachtigten/'twfomrechnung fodern.pflegen und abnehmen. Hierauff alle solche unsere gfither undt Effecten, da einige davon ohne unszer wiszen vereuszert waren, zufoderst vindiciren, so dann uherhaupt, oder besonders, wie sichs am besten 300 Francis Daniel Pastorius wird thun lassen, verhandlen vertauschen verkauffen,, dasz geld daf tir erheben dariiber quittiren transijiren [ ?] , Documen- ten auszfertigen Wehrschafften leisten, und in Suma alles thun undt lassen sollen, was wir selbsten zugegen, thun und laszen solten konten oder mochten cum potestate substituendi et Substitutionem, toties quoties revocandi, cum ejs clausulis, rati, grati, omnibusq, aliis, illius cori et fori necessariis et consuetis, und da mehr gemeldte unsere bevollmachtigte eines weiteres Gewaltsalszhierinnen enthalten bedorfftig sein solten, denselben wollen wir Jhnen gleich- falls wiszentlich hiermit ertheilet, auch dasiegen Orthes Herren Gou- verneurs und Obrigkeiten gebuhrend ersuchet haben, selbige dafiir zu erkennen und denenselbigen alle Obrigkeitliche Hiilffe, da sie solcher benothiget sein wurden, auff ihre ansuchen zu leisten, dahin- gegen werden diese unsere bevollmachtigte sambt undt sonders angewiesen an die beyde Hauptstame zu Franckfurt am Mayn, weyl Herrn Jacob von de Walle und Daniel Behagels seelig Erben, von alien und Jeden ihren Verrichtungen zeitlich part redt und rechen- schafft zu geben, auch gelder oder wahren an dieselben iiber Engel- landt zu addressiren, mit ihnen zu Correspondiren und von ihnen in Nahmen der ganzen Compagnie mitt welcher sie dieszfalls ferner Comuniciren und ihren Consens einhohlen werden, ferner ordre undt mandaten, da notig zu erwartten; Endlich undt zum Lezten [sic] geben wir ihnen auch hiemit noch special Gewalt zum behuff eines. Schulmeisters in Germantooun 50 Acker Landes daselbst von den unserigen dazu zu wiedmen, damit die Jugendt im lesen, schreiben, gutten sitten, zucht undt ohnpartheyischer Vermahnung zu Gott undt Christo angewiesen und unterichtet werden moge. Alles Treu- lich undt ohne gefahrde. Deszen zu wahrer urkundt haben wir diese Vollwacht eigenhandig unterschrieben, besiegelt, und unter offent- licher Authoritat auszfertigen laszen, So gegeben zu Franckfurth am Mayn. den 2ten Januarii, 1700. (Seal) Catharina Elisabetha Schutzin, wittib (Seal) de weduwe van Jacobus vande Walle salig (Seal) Daniel Behaghels Seel Erben (Seal) Johannes Kemler (Seal) Balthasar jawert (Seal) Johan Wilhelm Petersen (Seal) Gerh. von Mastricht (Seal) Johan Le brun (Seal) Maria van de Wall weduwe van Doctor tho. von Wylich salig met haer intressende Johann Jawert Gevollmachtigte Daniel Falkner M. Johannes Kelpius '-¦"'V<^_______Rl(5r'" 7f V / £ aJ ^,-Al_A«^. U}J ^'^-f^P-t).A, ,a^^ OV, • V- " / ]., \->«^ ,.-._/; __/ • v !.>^-"--^ >>> '¦ tf>'? T-O' t „ J -' ^' ¦App? 1 ^ p -vivUIa. 1a_s - I ^ pfetAAA^'eSxy- (ay^\. c.f, r?4/ ./„ '"^o M- ' ""_*, -> MS?' :/^^\ Page ./ / from an Autograph Letter of Martinus Pastor, Dated January 8, 1619 (Original in the Archives of Warburg). The Founder of Germantown 301 Appendix E. The Pastorius Family. The name Pastorius (Pastor, Pastoir) was doubtless originally a cognomen. The earliest record of the name thus far found is that of "Herrn Pastor von Burtscheid," Feb. 11, 1325. The name of "Pieter der Pastoir" with that of his father, "Ritter Ludwig von Cleberg," is mentioned as a "Burgmann" of the House of Grentzau, Nov. 11, 1338. Both Pieter and his father have the title Ritter von Cleberg. This accounts for the clover leaf in the coat-of-arms of certain branches of the Pastorius family, for the three hills on the datestone of Melchior Adam Pastorius' house in Sommerhausen and possibly for the clover leaf which Francis Daniel Pastorius placed on the seal of Ger mantown. The present writer has been able, with the aid of newly dis covered sources, to trace the Westphalian branch of the Pastorius family, the ancestors of Francis Daniel Pastorius, the founder of Germantown, back to the early fifteenth century. The name appears in the Low German form of "Scepers" in the list of the members of the City Council (Stadtrat) of Warburg, Westphalia, for more than a century, as the following names and dates from the list of the Warburg Council will show : 1439 Henrich Scepers. 1440 loan Scepers. 1 44 1 Henrich Scepers. 1442 loan Scepers. 1443 Henrich Scepers. 1444 loan Scepers. 1445 Henrich Scepers. 1447 loan Scepers. 1449 loan Scepers. 1 45 1 Henrich Scepers. ( Starb in diesem Jahr. ) 302 Francis Daniel Pastorius 1452 loan Scepers. 1459 Henrich Scepers. 1 46 1 Henrich Scepers. 1463 Henrich Scepers. obiit hoc anno 1475 Henrich Scepers. 1478, 1480, 1485, 1487, 1489, 1491, 1493, 1496, 1498, 1500, 1504, 1506, 1508, 151 o, 1512 Henrich Scepers. 1513, 151 7, Hillebrand Scepers. 1 5 18 Henrich Scepers. 1 5 19 Hillebrand Scepers. 1520 Henrich Scepers. 1 52 1, 1523 Hillebrand Scepers. 1524 loan Scepers. 1525, 1527 Hillebrand Scepers. 1528, 1530 Henrich Scepers. ^J. 1533> !535 Hillebrand Scepers. 1536 Henrich Scepers. 1537 Hillebrand Scepers. 1538 Henrich Scepers. 1539 Hillebrand Scepers. (bekleidete im Stadtrate das Amt eines Weinherrn u. starb um Ostern des Jahres.) 1540 Henrich Scepers. 1 541 Balzer Scepers. In the Archives of Warburg other valuable manuscript docu ments were found relating to the Pastorius family. Among these are three letters written by Martinus Pastorius (or Pastor as he signs himself) of Erfurt, to recover a debt due him from his brother Henrich and his half-brother Herbold as his part of the inheritance — a consideration of 27^. rix dollars, fixed July 24, 1618, by two commissaries of the Council, Henrich Thwing and Jobst Thoman, as one letter relates. The three letters are addressed to the City Council of Warburg and dated Jan. 8, 1619 (correcto stilo), Feb. 18, 1620, and Oct. 26, 1621, respectively. w m- \ tic "* Q^^^*- jyitld'no pAilc>iA,' f*J0i<.a7 ^nfiico %aa>V &CV^K C^£ j^gfe* ; ? _ - -' ' - f} / a ^\ - o- ( >J,J (} A, .Ag^ X^V.^V ,'^V t>A, ^V* ^to-V^jJ ^l-A. V.A..C.A, y3t, w+uy.y^&fx^ ju* ^^;efl9fKr £ -v fPSPtr Mt !¦ ' ..- . .-___--_ i_ / ./ Decision of the Juristic Faculty of the University of Jena in the Suit of Martinus Pastor, October 17, 1621 (O. S. ). y— O-aJV £t*P^*l»*"\',f J.aKV,^ A„Y_^_« t'.,\_, i^svft('.vy-}l 1^,^ 6 A'f ."v<- -Sftyfi.JA.AT u.-fi.. , *.CS JU w;W^ /: U\.~t&~ _r',.';" /" (..^i,-_.'', V."'V*.'v\ 9.Cv»Aor}.*«. ^5r«T-.4lVi3 -V^.^,...* A . «' ^a o tf I /l . C. , ¦ O 4 A nl' /¦^U>-$A>~~UtTl AA.C.iPfXfr C i StS F*f *. «V «•' nfiffA-f 7beik\ fir fatiia^M tiJk.A ^_-»_~ oto/t. Jterii (runt} OX [liArfaaJbicairit mil ttM OenJ, / e:i;^ »ij, Jberteu it, &A>\JtfviViZtffr^teire_£fnA^) rf^aJ^tt^ourH en -ihU fL-af a. ^UrttrptAY-tt Ac.eAft.nAt ef 'yfiM ^raj/cicfp ;*>£. &, ($, j/."W ^y**^. t: <{„. atitli- clei 7nerf<.P/vtf&*&JiAkWA^q,)lcifaMl. ' I'M L^-Acf-^gicA^CA. *~. (&fr/? ^y^'.Mp*^ foelt foil /? X.*ai*\ J/ Oi „<£.__ .~- V57»- # GENEALOGIA PASTORIANA (from pastorius' "beehive") ^.tiC^xaefirz'^, <£fp&ee„, nu> j6q$. Ode* "*W__- £3^- r^AA.e 'f^ctp, fff2'fn£eATh* , mpVftlAfci t>£2)et£Jt&er- iP§&fp $f4&~f*fe(tAH "*& fn'^tfL, /BwO_. t>f-~, tKfwecJp'2>.p, 4: ftp* Bfeyw a>a.f /ViaXlrcnA- ¦hAt-mtPllAt^ 6'eeA ttfT-V* ef^SrutAf^j&ff. ^ieS^fi *fe a^aVWKma-/^ -tu (&}&*** _.. re A^rkflPliU~fpr*PL O^meAf-pPkAi-AAA. aMrte^ -4^.. > eimHiu^JApgJptff,^. *- w 4 pg-tMtei ^««eW_. Jtf^^K^^.fxn^-^U^fTjcin^etf ttoptg JUaav.i? '7^^»'^^ ***** ft 4*r no.f&ffi.tJifMJKfeSr J» «*tVB_*t*_# ,£„ "jfc ,'l£jl _V> Plane JH^a/, ,ta__-W^_>_*p__M^/ 1 '"If i_.«A /*¦ ' a/.« WVao**, &***>$ INDEX1 Page Abington Monthly Meeting 220 Agreement of the German Company 288 et seq. Altdorf Academy 64 Altdorf Gymnasium 64 Altdorf, University of 63-70, 73-74 Americana Germanica 248, 285 Ames, William 104 Appoldt, Georg 34 Arets, Lenert 123, 130, 137, 138, 161, 168, 182, 183 Armentown 83 Armitage, Benjamin 183 Armorial General 92 Arndt, Johann 103 Arts, Liberal 102 Backer (Backer), alias Rutter, Cunrad 111, 118 Barclay, Robert 105 Basel, University of .' 72 Bauhoffer, printer 74 Baumann, W 183 Bebber, Jacob Isaacs van 123, 170, 223 Bebel, Balthasar 87 Behaghel (Behagel), Daniel, 89, no, 120, 121, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 14S, 147, 148, 151 Bernoulli, Dr. C. Ch 72 Beyer, Wolffgang 112 Bleickers (Bleikers), Johannes 130, 138, 161, 182 Bockler, Dr 72, 73, 76, 87 Bodeck, Johann Bonaventure von 63, 90-93, 107, no, 113 Bodeck van Ellgau 92 Bodeck von Marwitz 92 Bolton, Everard 221 Bom, Cornelis 138 Bon (Bonn), Herman 159, 182 Bon, Peter 182 Bookwolt, Hindrick 161 Bowyer, Thomas 229, 230 Brandis, Dr 74 Breviary of Arithmetic Brockden, Charles 258 Bruner, Abram 184 Bruner, D. P 184, 243 Bruno, Jacob Pancratius 67 Budd 213 Biihler, burgomaster 74 Burrough, Robert 222 Busby, John 174 Cadwallader, John 174 1 The Index does not include the "Pastorius Genealogy" of Appendix E. 316 Index Page Caffa, Carolo (Carlo) 75, 76 Carolsfeld, Schnorr von 42 Carpenter, Samuel 173, 174, 178, 221, 222 Carpenter, Samuel, Jr 181 Cash Book of Pastorius , 182 Cassel, Arnold in, 135, 161, 165 Cassel, Heinrich 184 Cassel, Johann 135, 136, 159 Castner, Dr 73 Castner (Kastner) , Paul 164 Caton, William 104 Caves described by Pastorius 212 Charles V, Emperor 103 Christian Scholars' Pocket Book 185 Church, Arthur L 191 City Liberties 127, 128 Claypoole 126, 129, 130 Codweis, Johann Cunrad 182 Collection of English Rhymes 185 Commonplace Book 248 Corinna igo, 191 Coulson, Joseph 149, 183 Crefeld (settlement) 137 Crefelders (Crefeld purchasers) 117, 122-138 Cregel (Cregelius), Ernst 66, 78, 82 Crisp, Stephen 104 Cromwell, Oliver 209 Dannhauer, Johann Konrad 87 Davis, William 229, 230 Delaplaine, Jacob 182 Delaplaine, James 167, 184, 224 Dewees, William 224 Dickinson, James 222 Dictionaire de la Noblesse 92 Diepolt, Barthol 39 Dietz, Stephan 50 Dilbeek (Dilbeck), Abraham m, 117 Dilbeek (Dilbeck), Isaac in, 117, 135, 161, 193 Dilbeek (Dilbeck), Jacob in, 117 Dilbeek (Dilbeck), Marieke m, 117 Dilfeld, Georg Konrad 88 Dozen m Durbrough, Hugh T74 Duden (Doeden, Duten), Jan 161, 169, 182, 193 Diirr, Johan Conrad . . 66, 73 Dutrue, Monsieur 7Xj 72,' 73 Eiseneck, Widow Bauer von 106, 'no Enden, David van ' ln Engel, Jacob 183 Engel, Paul \"\ xg3 Exemplum sine Exemplo ISo,' 294 et seq Falckner, Daniel I25; I4S) I47) ISI> l84 Falkner (Falckner), Justus ^7 Farmer, Edward jg- Fenda (Fende, Fend), Christian 7.7.7.7.7 86'iio,' 121, m n6 Ferdinand IV, King of Hungary % Index 317 Page Fetzer, Magnus 66, 77 Feuerstatt, Otto Kunz 37 Fichard, Juncker 86 Finny, Samuel 149 Fletcher, Gov. Benj 163 Flinsberg, Christian von 8 Flinsberger (Flinsberg), Brigitta 7, 8 Flower, Enoch 173, 175 Formulae Solennes 185 Forster, Heinrich 42 Fort, Philipp 120 Fox, George 105, 221 Fox, James 173, 174, 221, 222 Frame, Richard 158 Francis, Robert 181 Franciscus, Count of Limpurg 52-53, 54 Franckforders (Ffranckfurters, Ffranckfords) 129, 130, 131 Frankfurt Company 125, 135, 149 Francfort Company, Case of 150 Friends' Certificate of Marriage 260, 274 Friends' School of Philadelphia 172-181, 184, 220 Frischmuth, Johann 74 Furly, Benjamin 105, 109, in, 114, 120, 135, 149 Gasper, Thomas in, 117, 118 Geiger, Johann Anton 66, 77, 78 Gelchsheimer, Eva Margaretha 34 Gelchsheimer, Johann 34 Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania 194 General Court Book 263 Gerckes, Johannes 183 Gering, Daniel 53 Gerits, Wilhelm 183 German Company, see German Society, High German Company, Francfort Company, &c 120-121, 122-158, 193, 196, 197 Germans and Dutch Purchasers 130 Germantown, Charter of 159, 194 Germantown, Corporation of 160 Germantown, Description of Map of 298 Germantown, Frames Description of 158, 159 Germantown, General Court of 161, 185 Germantown, Seal of 160 Geuder, Matthias 35 Ghent, City and Princely Court of 103 Gilg, Johann Wolffgang 58 Goebel, Julius 62 Good Counsel to Bad Lawyers, etc 285 Good Order and Discipline, etc 185 Goth. gen. Taschenbuch d. Freih. Hauser 92 Gottschalk, Jacob 183 Graef, Hans 184 Graeff, Abraham Isaacs op den in, 130, 135. 138, 161, 182, 262 Graeff, Dirck op den 130, 138, 159, 161. 162, 163, 164, 169, 262 Graeff, Herman op den in, 130, 138, 169 Graeff, Margaret op de 220 Green, Nehemia 216 Greulich, Barbara r 35. "2 318 Index Page Grimm, D 112 Griskum, Andrew 138 Growden (Grouden), Joseph 149, 153 Grund- und Lager-Buch 265 Gumprecht 71 Giinterod (Giinderode), Juncker 91 Gustavus Adolphus 1 Haesevoet, Abraham 137 Hammer, Georg Reichart 67 Hanssleiter, Rev. S 2 Hart, Jo 262 Hartmann, Dr. Ludwig 112 Hartzfelder, Andreas 183 Hartzfelder, Gorg 137 Heldmann 73 Hellmont ill Henrix (Henrichs, Hendrics), Gerhard 111, 138, 262 Herberdink, Levin 182 Hermans, Renier 182 Herold, Rev. Rud 35 Higgins, John 104 Hill, Hanna (nee Lloyd) 198 Hill, Richard 155 Hirtenfels, Augustin von 10 Hodgkins, John 111 Hoffmann, Moritz , . . 65 Horb (Horbius), Johann Heinrich 85-89 Hosters, Wilhelm 184 Howell, James 184 Hudson, William 150 Hiigelschaffer I, 2 Huggen, Richard iht Itinerary of F. D. Pastorius, Extracts from 94-100 Jansen, Dirck 182 Jansen, Dirck, der Knecht 182 Jawert, Balthasar 147, 148 Jawert, Johann 125, 140, 145, 147, 151 Jena, University of 74 Jacob, Isaacs 137, 138, 159, 161 Jacobi, Daniel Caspar 58 Jacobs, Jiirgen 183 Jameson, J. F., Original Narratives, etc 235 Jansen, Cunrad 183 Jansen, Dirck 182, 184 Jansen, Dirck der Knecht 182 Jawert, Johann 184, 222 Jellett, Edwin C 286 Jewish Encyclopedia 92 Johann Georg II, Elector of Saxony 10 Johm, Joh. Ludwig 112 Johm, Magdalena (m. Pastorius) _ 218 Johns, Richard 178, 179 Johnson, Amandus 119 Journal of Francis Daniel Pastorius in Kapp, Friedrich 130, 235 Kastner, Paul 182, 183, 194 Index 319 Page Kastner, Samuel 183 Keith, Elizabeth 105 Keith, George 105, 203, 213, 224 Kelpius, Johannes 125, 145, 147, 151, 184 Kemler, Johannes 140, 145, 148, 151 Keurlis, Matthis 183 Keurlis (Keerlis), Peter 130, 138, 161, 183 Keyser, Dirck 161, 182 Keyser, Peter 183 Klincken, Anthony 184 Klincken, Aret 136, 161, 165, 167, 169, 182, 222 Klinger, Abraham 77 Klostermann (Klostermanns), Ennecke 191, 193, 260 Klostermanns, Jan, see Neuenhaus 191 Klostermanns, Heinrich 191 Kohlhans, Tob. Lud in Kolk, Dirck van 159, 160 Koster, Advice for all Professors 230 Koster (Koster), Henry Bernhardt 229 Koster (Koster), Johannes .'. 170 Krissheim 137 Kunders, Agnes 183 Kunders (Cunders), Dennis (Tiines) in, 130, 138, 159, 161, 182 Kunders, Henry 194 Kunders, Jan 183 Kunders, Matthis 183 Kiister, Aret 182, 183 Kuster (Kiister), Bernhardt 213 Lampadius 73 Languages, French and Italian 102 Laurens, Jan 137 Learned, M. D 63, 70, 73. 74 Le Brunn, Johann 120, 135, 140, 145, 148, 151 Lehnman (Lehenmann), Johann Georg 127 Lehnman, Philipp Theodor 127 Lensen, Jan 130, 182 Lersner, Hermann 9T> 93 Lersner, Maximilian • no Lewis, Richard 221 Limpurg, Countess Christine von Rechteren 52 Linck, Heinrich 68, 74, 75. 76, 77. 78 Lingua Anglicana J85 Lingua Latina J85 Lloyd, David 149. 154. 164, 173, 174. 214, 222, 223 Lloyd, Hanna (m. Hill) 198 et seq., 286 Lloyd, Mary (m. Norris) 198 et seq., 286 Lloyd, Rachel (m. Preston) 198 et seq., 286 Lloyd, Thomas 118, 119, 164, 198 et seq., 213, 217 Logan, James ¦ • JSS Loof, Anthony 162, 165, 166, 182, 184 Lowther, George r49 Loyol (Loyola) 2I4 Lucretia, Frau 71 Luken (Lucken, Liickens), John (Jan) 126, 130, 135. 138, 194 Lutherans 2I9 Macco, H. F J 320 Index Page Maier, Heinrich 78, 79 Makin (Makins), Thomas 173. 174. 177. 180 Manatawny Patent I5S Mansonin, Frau Hof rat 74 Mastricht, Dr. Gerhard von 120, 140, 145, 148, 151 Mather, Cotton 224, 226 Mather, Increase 224 Medicine Book 188, 189 Meels, Hans Henry 149, 183 Memoirs of H. S. P 235 Mennonites 104-105, 220, 223 Mercklein, Caspar 37 Mercklein, Frantz Jacob 1 12 Mercklein, Ludwig Frantz 112 Merckling (Mercklein), Johannes Joachimus 63, 71, 72, 112 Merian, Caspar 89, no, 120, 140, 151 Merlau (Morlaw), Eleanora von 106, 107, 121, 140 Milan Matthis 184 Millarn [ ?], Hans 161 Miles, Griffith 183 Mirabeau, Monsieur 71 Mitz, Daniel in Modelius, Georgius Leonhartus 36, 63, 125, 195 Molitor, Christoph 66 Monatlicher Auszug 236 Moore, William 104 Morgan, Benjamin 183 Morris, Anthony 150, 173, 174, 222, 262 Morris, Thomas 202 Miiller, Gorg 155 Miiller, Johann Georg 37 Miiller, Joh. Martin 112 Miiller, Johann Sebastian 87 Miinchhausen, Justus Theodor von 87 Murray, Humphrey 222 Nagel, Simon Sigmund 37 Nensheim, Ennecke von 191 Nensheim, Willm von 191 Neuenhaus, Johannes zu (see Klostermanns). New Franconia (Neu Franckenland) 130-131 Neus ,Hans 184 Neus, Jan 183 New Primmer 185 Norris, Isaac 155 Norris, Mary (nee Lloyd) 198 Obrecht, Prof 72 Old South Leaflets 235 Olmius, Herman 114 Op de Graeff, see Graeff. Orphood, Edmond 221 Owen, Griffith 174, 215 et seq., 222, 286 Pannebecker, Hendrick 223 Papen, Heyvert (Heifert) 135, 159, 161, 165, 182 Pastor family 1 Pastor, Martinus 2 Pastorius, Abraham 243 Index 321 Pastorius, Augustin Adam 84 Pastorius, Balthasar 7 Pastorius, Barbara (nee Greulich) .7777. 35 Pastorius, C. Sharpless , 2 Pastorius, Caspar 7s g Pastorius, Charles Macknet 258 Pastorius, Christian 6 Pastorius, Daniel 243 Pastorius, Dorothea Esther (see Volckmann) 35, 79, 113 Pastorius, Eva Margaretha (nee Gelchsheimer) 34 Pastorius family 299 et seq. Pastorius, Francis Daniel Ancestors, I et seq.; in Sommer hausen, 51 et seq.; in Windsheim, 54 et seq.; at the University of Altdorf, 63 et seq., 73 et seq., 77 et seq.; at the University of Strassburg, 70 et seq., 73; at the University of Basel, 72 et seq; at the University of Jena, 74 et seq.; at Regensburg, 76-77; dis putation, 78 et seq.; years of travel, 82 et seq.; lawyer at Wind sheim, 83-85; at Frankf urt, 85-90 ; Itinerarium, 94 etseq.; thoughts of America, 101 et seq.; Penn and the Quakers, 104 et seq.; effects brought over, 113-115; Agent of the German Company, 116 et seq.; founding Germantown, 124 et seq.; Pastorius' land, 154-155; burgher, 156-172; schoolmaster, 172-187; in private life, 188-224; lawgiver, scrivener and author, 225-275; MSS. and printed works, 276-285 ; last days, 285-287. Pastorius, Francis Daniel (son of Washington) 243 Pastorius, Fridericus 6, 7 Pastorius Genealogy 247, 301 et seq. Pastorius, Georg Adam 3 Pastorius, Heinrich (Henry, Henricus) 7, 11, 125, 194, 243, 248 Pastorius, Joachim 3-6 Pastorius, Johann Augustin 7, 9, 10 Pastorius, Johann Samuel 36, 79, in, 125, 181, 186, 193, 194, 248 Pastorius, Magdalena (nee Dietz) 34, 53 Pastorius, Margaretha 7 Pastorius, Martinus (see Pastor) 7, 1 ig Pastorius, Melchior Adam 4, 6, 8, 9, 10; at Erfurt, 12-13; at Wiirzburg, 13-14; journey to Rome, 14-17; at the German College in Rome, 17-21 ; journey to Austria, 21-23 \ lawyer in Rome, 23; journey to France and return to Germany, 23-28; in Sommerhausen, 28-34 ', in Windsheim, 34-41 ; printed works, 41-45; Unpublished Mss., 45-47; library, 48-49; 50, 79, 125, 181, 208, 210, 218. Pastorius Necrology 247 Pastorius, Rebecca 7, 11 Pastorius* School in Germantown, List of Subscribers, etc 182, 183, 184 Pastorius, Washington 243 Pemberton, Israel 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 189 Pemberton, Phineas 175, 176, 180 Penn, John 247 Penn, William 85, 105 ; Journal, 106, 107; Account, 108 and 109; 121, 125, 157, 158, 180, 181, 206 et seq. Penn, William, Jr 127 Pennsbury 214 Pennsylvania Company 137 Pennypacker, S. W 61, 89, 109, 120, 122, 123, 138, 149, 182, 191, 197, 226 Peters Reese 222 322 Index Page Petersen (Peters once by mistake), John William, iai, 138, 140, 145, 148, 151 Pettinger, Johannes 165 Philadelphia Society, Books of 247 Pia Desideria 88 Pietism (and Pietists) 87-90, 102, 104, 106, 107, 220 Pionier, der Deutsche 182 Poiret, Peter , 88 Potts, Jonas 182 Powell, Howell, Commem. Poem to Pastorius 287 Preston, Rachel (nee Lloyd) 198 Preston, Samuel 150 Preston, William 221 Printz von York 236 Protest against Negro Slavery 260 et seq. Quakers 104, 105, 106, 107, 218 et seq., 223, 224 Quakers, Writings of and about 246 et seq. Quick, Fritz 2 Raths-Buch 161, 169, 182, 184, 185, 263 Rauscher, family 91 Redelhamerus, Adam Christianus 42 Reinhart, Lucas Friedrich 66 Remckins, Govert 123, 138 Rennepage, Capt. Daniel 86 Res Propriae 185, 191 Rhein, M 112 Richardson, Samuel 183 Rittenhouse, William 223 Ritter, Monsieur 71 Rodeck (mistake for Bodeck) 91 Rodiger, Eva 7 Rolf, George 104 Romischer Adler 10, 41, 42 Rosengarten, Joseph G 45 Roth, Georg , 77, 1 12 Rutter (Riitters), Conrad 183 Rutter, Thomas 229, 230 Ruttinghusen (Riittinghausen, Rittenhouse), Gerhard 182 Ruttinghusen (Rittenhouse), Paul 183 Saalhof, the 86, 102, no Sachse, Julius F 124, 154, 243 St. Augustine 103 Saltzmann, S. R 70, 71 Samuel, the Jew 89 Saubertus, Johann 67 Saur, Christoph 61 Scepers 2 Schaffer 2 Scheper, Isack 161 Schirmer, Christian Wilhelm 40 Schmaltz, Dd 71 Schmidt, Frantz Daniel 112 Schmidt, Michael 112 Scholl, Peter 183 Schultze, David 61 Schumacher, Isaak 182, 183 Schumacher, Jacob 117, 138 Index 323 Page Schumacher, Peter, Jr 161, 167, 168, 220 Schumbergius (Schumberg), Tobias 57-62, 195, 228, 285 Schumway, D. B 2 Schutz, Catharine Elizabeth 146 Schutz, (Schutz), Christian 42 Schutz (Schutz), Dr. Johann Jacob, 86, 89, no, 120, 121, 125, 135, 136, 139, 140, 145, 151 Schwartz, Melchior 39 Seelig, Godf ried I4g Seidensticker, Oswald 91, 106, 182, 184, 218, 243-244, 274 Sellen, Heinrich 138 Sgerkis, Vijt 161 Shakespeare, William 284 Shippen, Edward 173 Shoemaker (Schumacher), George 183 Shoemaker (Schumacher), Peter in, 136, 138, 182, 183 Sibenmacher's Wappenbuch 92 Simen, Jan 130 Simens (Sijmens), Wolter 161 Simons, Jacob 182, 184 Simons, Walter 184 Simson, Frances in, 1 1-8 Sintern, Isaak van 183 Sipman, Dirck 122, 123 Siverts, Hanna 183 Sjoert (Sivert, Siverts), Kornelis 138, 182, 183 Smith, Charles Perring 198 Sommerhausen 50-52 Soupli, Andrew 170 Sowerness, D. P. (-Daniel Pastorius) 178, i8g Spener, Sophie Cacilia 88 Spener (Spenner), Philipp Jacob 87, 88, 89, go, no Sprogel (Sprogel), Johann Hendrick I4g, 225 Stanbury, Nathan I4g Stellwagen ( Stellwag), Johannes Mattheus 63, 70 Stork (Storch), Arnold 152, 155 Strampfer, Andreas 37 Strassburg, University of 70-72, 73 Strauss, Gorg 137, 140 Strepers, Catharine 194 Strepers (Streepers, Streypers, Stripers), Jan 122, 138 Strepers, William 130, 138, 161, 182, 183 Stuart, Princess Elizabeth 106 Stubb, John 104 Sturm, Johann Christoph 67 Sultzer, Je 112 Swedes 218, 219, 236 Tailcoat, William 105 Tamson, Claus 182 Tauler, Johann 103 Taylor, Jacob 155 Teague, Pentecost 150, 174 Tellner (Telner), Jacob in, 122, 138, 159. 160, 196, 197, 251 Tentzel, Monatliche Unterredungen 62 Thomas, George C 140, 293 Tillemann, Dr 75 324 Index Page Tilly 1 Tisen, Cornelis 183 Tisen (Tissen, Tysen), Reinert .. 130, 138, 161, 162, 166, 182, 221 Tour, the Great 102 Townsend, Richard 183 Tunis (Tunnes), Abraham 130, 138 Ueberfeldt (Uberfeld), Johann Willhelm 135, 140, 151 Ulrici, Prof 72 Umstatt (Umstet, &c), Hanns Peter 138, 161, 182 Universities 102 University of Pennsylvania 243 Vade Mecum 185 Van Vossen, see Vossen Vettekueke, Marieke in Vinum, Linum et Textrinum 160 Volcker, Dr 76 Volckmann, Dorothea Esther (see Pastorius) 35, 79, 113 Volckmanns, Adam 35, 112 Volckmanns (Volckmann), Anna Maria 77, 112 Vossen, Arnold van 182, 183 Wagenseil, Christoph 67 Waldstein, Albertus a. 65 Walle, Jacob van de, 8g, 106, no, 120, 121, 135, 136, 138, i3g, 140, 145, 147, 148 Walle, Maria van de (widow of Thomas van Willig) 148 Walle, widow of Jacob van de 148 Wallenstein 1, 65 Walln, Nicolas 150 Walton, Daniel 220 Warder, John 150 Warmer, Christian 182, 183 Warrel, Richard 261, 262 Wasey (Vasey), Joseph in, 118 Watson's Annals 134, 198 Watts, George 105 Wees, Cornelis de 183 Wees, Wilhelm de 183 Weiss, L. H 235 Welser, Hieronymus Anton 82 Wertmuller (Wertmueller), George in, 117, 118 Wharton, Mrs. Thomas 178 White, John 181 Whitpaine, Zechary 181 Whittier's Pennsylvania Pilgrim 210, 267, 271 Wilderness, Jan de 183 William and Mary 170, 171 Wills, Georg Andreas 65 Windsheim 54-58 Winterhausen 51-52 Witt, Christopher 183 Wolich (Wylich, Wilich, Willich), Dr. Thomas von 120, 140, 145, 151 Writ of Ejectment 149 Wulff, Paul 134, 161, 167, 168, 170, 182 Yeomans, Isabel 105 Young Country Clerk 185 Zoteren, Philipp Christoph von 9 YALE UNIVERSITY a39002 00293