Yale Universi 39002002976737 TON THE SOLDIER ni'v B. Carrington vSi;;:, J iS^S^h*'^ "I give tkefe Metki \ for He /aiautiag erated in AVestchester Count \. between the Bronx and the Hudson, but with small acqui sition of provisions or other supplies. On the eighth of October General Clinton, in writing to Lord Germaine. says : " With an army so much dimin ished, at New York, nothing important can be done, especially as it is weakened by sending seven hundred men to Halifax, and three hundred to Bermuda." On the fifteenth of October, Captain Ferguson of the Seventieth British Foot, with three thousand regulars and the Third New Jersey Volunteers (royalists) made a descent upon Little Neck, N. J., where many privateers were equipped ; surprised a detachment of Count Pulaski's American Brigade, and inflicted a loss of fifty killed, but none wounded, including Lieutenant-Colonel the Baron de Bose, and Lieutenant de la Borderie. Ferguson says, in his official report : "It being a night attack, little quarter. of course, could be given : so that there were only five prisoners." Count Pulaski vigoionsly pui-sued the partv'. inflicting some loss. This Ferguson was one of the partisan leaders who was merciless in slaughter, as too many of the auxiliary leaders of that period proved themselves to be when upon irresponsible marauding expeditions. Meanwhile, Indian massacres in Wyoming A'alley, during July, and that of Cherry Valley, on the eleventh of November, afterwards to be avenged, multiplied the embarrassments of the prosecution of the war, and kept the Commander-in-Chief constantly on the alert. The condition of Clinton, in New York, had indeed become critical. The position of the American army so restricted even his food-supplies, that he had to depend largely upon England : and on the second dav of December he wrote again, and even more despondently, to the British Secre tary of State : " I do not complain : but, my lord, do not 250 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. let anything be expected of me, circumstanced as I am." The British Cabinet had already indicated its purpose to abandon further extensive operations in the Northern States, and to utilize the few troops remaining in America, in regions where less organized resistance would be met, and where their fleets could control the chief points to be occupied. As early as November twenty-seventh. Com modore Hyde Parker had convoyed a fleet of transports to Savannah, with a total land force of thirty-five hun dred men ; and on the twenty-ninth of December, Savannah had been captured. The year 1778 closed, with the Southern campaign opened ; but the American Congress had no money ; and the loose union of the States constantly evoked sectional jealousies. Any thoughtful reader of this narrative hiust have noticed with what discriminating judgment enlist ments were accommodated to the conditions of each sec tion, and that care was taken to dispose of troops where their local associations were most conducive to their enthusiastic effort. Washington thus forcibly exposed the condition of affairs, when he declared that " the States were too much engaged in their local concerns, when the great business of a nation, the momentous concerns of an empire, were at stake." Bancroft, the historian, thus fitly refers to AVashing ton at this eventful crisis in American affairs : " He, who in the beginning of the Revolution used to call Virginia his country, from this time never ceased his efforts, by conversation and correspondence, to train the statesmen of America, especially of his beloved State, to the work of consolidation of the Union." At the close of 1778, General Washington visited Philadelphia ; and thus solemnly and pungently addressed Colonel Harrison, Speaker of the Virginia House of Bur gesses. After urging Virginia to send the best and MINOR EVENTS AND GRAVE CONDITIONS. 251 ablest of her men to Congress, he thus continues : "They must not slumber nor sleep at home, at such a time of pressing danger ; content with the enjoyment of places of honor or profit in their own State, while the common interests of America are mouldering and sink- ing into inevitable ruin. . . . K I were to draw a picture of the times and men, from what I have seen, heard, and in part know, I should, in one word say : that idleness, dissipation, and extravagance, seem to have laid fast hold of many of them ; that speculation, pecu lation, and an insatiable thirst for riches seem to have got the better of every other consideration and almost of every order of men ; that party disputes and personal quarrels are the great business of the day ; . . . while a great and accumulating debt, depreciated money, and want of credit, which in its consequences is the want of everything, are but secondary considerations, if our affairs wore the most promising aspect. . . . An assembly, a concert, a dinner, a supper, will not only take men away from acting in this business, but even from thinking of it ; while the great part of the officers of our army, from absolute necessity, are quitting the service ; and the more virtuous few, rather than do this, are sinking by sure degrees into beggary and want." There is a touch of the pathetic, and an almost despond ent tone with which the closing paragraph of this utter ance of the American Commander-in-Chief closes, when he adds : " Our afiairs are in a more distressed, ruinous and deplorable condition, than they have been since the commencement of the war." There was no danger from any extended movement of British armies in force, and a consequent relaxation of effort pervaded the Colonies which had been most largely called upon for men to meet immediate invasion. This partial repose brought actual indolence and loss of en- 252 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. thusiasm in general operations beyond the districts im mediately exposed to British attack. The winter garrison of Philadelphia, like that of Howe the previous year, languished in confinement, grew feeble in spirit, and weakened in discipline. Congress shared the enervating effect of the temporary suspension of active hostilities ; and it was not until the ninth of March, 1779, that the definite establishment of the army, upon the fixed basis of eighty battalions, was formally authorized. The inaction of Clinton at New York gave the Amer ican Commander-in-Chief an opportunity to turn his atten tion to the Indian atrocities perpetrated the previous year in central New York ; and on the nineteenth of April he sent a force under Colonel Schenck, Lieutenant-Colonel Willett and Major Cochran, which destroyed the settle ment of the Onondagas, on the lands still occupied by them, near the present city of Syracuse in that State. An expedition was again planned for Canada, but the wisdom of Washington induced Congress to abandon it. Confederate money dropped to the nominal value of three or four cents on the dollar ; and Washington was con strained to offer his private estate for sale, to meet his personal necessities. Congress seemed incapable of realizing the impending desolation which must attend a forcible invasion of the southern States, and AVashington was powerless to detach troops from the north, equal to any grave emergency in that section, so long as Clinton occupied New York in force. General Greene, compre hending the views of Washington and the immediate necessity for organizing an army for the threatened States, equal to the responsibility, asked permission to undertake that responsibility ; but Congress refused to sanction such a detail, although approved by Washington. This refusal, and the consequent delay to anticipate British invasion at the South, protracted the war, and brought both disaster MINOR EVENTS AND GRAVE CONDITIONS, 1779. 253 and loss which early action might have anticipated, or prevented. The utmost that could be secured from Con gress was permission for the detail of a portion of the regular troops which had been recruited at the South, to return to that section for active service. Lafayette, finding that active duty was not antici pated, sailed from Boston for France, January 11, 1779, upon the frigate Alliance, which the Continental Con gress placed at his disposal. General Lincoln, of the American army — who had reached Charleston on the last day of December, 1778 — attempted to thwart the operations of the British General Sir Augustine Prevost ; but without subGtantial, perma nent results. The British, from Detroit, operated as far south as the valley of the Wabash River, in the Illinois country ; but Thomas Jefferson, then Governor of Virginia, with troops raised in Virginia and North Caro lina, strengthened the western frontier and placed it in a condition of defence, unaided by Congress. The Middle States, however, had some experience of the desultory kind of warfare which characterized the greater part ofthe military operations of 1779. General Matthews sailed from New York late in April, with two thousand troops and five hundred marines, laid waste Norfolk and Portsmouth, Virginia, destroyed over one hundred vessels, and returned to New York with seven teen prizes and three thousand hogsheads of tobacco, without serious loss to his command. As if keen to watch for the slightest opportunity of resuming active operations from New York, and constantly dreading the nearness and alertness of the American headquarters in New Jersey, Clinton, on the thirteenth of May, under convoy of the fleet of Sir George Collier, surprised the small garrisons at Verplanck's and Stony Point, re-garri soned them with British troops, and retired to Yonkers, 254 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. leaving several small frigates and sloops-of-war to cover each post. The American army was removed from Middlebrook to Smith's Clove, on the ninth. On the twenty-third, Washington removed his headquarters to New Windsor, leaving General Putnam in command. General Heath was ordered to Boston, and General Wayne was sta tioned between the Clove and Fort Montgomery, near Dunderburg Mountain. Such were the modified positions of the two armies of the north, at the close of June, 1779. CHAPTER XXV. MINOR OPERATIONS OF 1779 CONTINUED. STONY POINT TAKEN. NEW ENGLAND RELIEVED. IN Fennimore Cooper's interesting romance, "The Spy," he furnishes graphic delineations of the true character of those minor operations about New York which were parts of General Clinton's military recrea^ tion, while he had too small a force to meet Washington's compact army in actual battle. Night forays and short excursions, under the cover of small vessels-of-war and assured of safe retreat, were of frequent occurrence. Mounted bands, officially known as the Queen's Rangers, had very large discretion in their movements and methods. They galloped to and fro, at will, sometimes securing plunder, and sometimes barely escaping with less than they started with. As a general rule, some " spy " was on the watch, and their ventures were simply mis-ad ventures. The American " cow-boys " were just as real characters, although less organized ; and each party car ried on a small war of its own, for the plunder realized. Clinton's lucky capture of Stony Point encouraged him to undertake other enterprises which weakened the re sources of the people, without enhanced prestige to the British troops. On the first of July, Tarleton went out for twenty-four hours, and on his return, made report. He had " surprised Sheldon's cavalry, near Salem ; capt ured Sheldon's colors [accidentally left in a barn], burned the Presbyterian church, and received little loss." 255 256 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. He says : " I proposed terms to the militia, that if they would not fire from the houses, I would not burn them." But the militia that gathered in his rear made the expedi tion unprofitable. In less than eight hours Washington learned of the excursion. On the third day of July, General Tryon, under con voy of the fleet of Sir George Collyer, which had es corted General Clinton to Stony Point, sailed with twenty- six hundred men for New Haven, Conn. On Sunday, July fourth, when the people were observing the Sab bath and looking forward with enthusiasm to the follow ing morning and the observance of " Independence Day," Tryon published the following letter to the people of Connecticut : " The ungenerous and wanton insurrections against the sovereignty of Great Britain into which this colony has been deluded by the artifices of designing men, for private purposes, might well justify in you every fear which conscious guilt could form respecting the intentions of the present movement. The existence of a single habitation on your defenceless coast, ought to be a con stant reproof to your ingratitude." The landing of the various divisions at East Haven, Savin Rock, and other points ; and the vigorous defence upon the New Haven Green, by Capt. James Hillhouse, in command of the students of Yale College, are matters of familiar history. Fairfield, Green Farms, Huntington, Long Island, Greenfield and Norwalk shared in this raid; but it only embittered the struggle, and on the thirteenth the expedition returned to New York. AVhen Tryon's expedition started, Washington was opposite Staten Island ; being on a tour of persontil inspection of all posts along the Hudson and the New Jersey approaches from the sea. On the seventh of July, when advised that Tryon had sailed, he sent an express to Governor Trum bull, and ordered General Glover, then at Providence, to MINOR OPERATIONS OF 1779 CONTINUED. 257 cooperate with the militia in case the enemy should make any descent upon the Connecticut coast. Meanwhile, and as the result of his tour of inspection, he planned a counter movement to these demonstrations of the New York garrison. During the six weeks' occu pation of Stony Point by the British Grenadiers of the Seventieth Regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Webster, heavy guns had been mounted ; breastworks and batteries had been built in advance of the fort, and two rows of abatis crossed the slope leading to the water. Washing ton, perfectly familiar with the post and the additions to its defences, prepared a minute plan for its capture. General AVayne, it will be remembered, had been posted near Dunderburg Mountain, in the distribution of officers made on the twenty-third of the month. Wayne entered into the plan with avidity. The detail of troops made by Washington and the instructions given have interest, as every possible effort was made to avoid failure or pre mature disclosure of the design. Colonel Febinger's Regi ment, followed by Colonel Webb's (Lieutenant-Colonel Meigs commanding) and a detachment from West Point under Major Hull, formed the right. Colonel Butler's Regi ment, and two companies of North Carolina troops under Major Murphy, formed the left. Colonel Lee's Light Horse, three hundred strong, which had been manceuvered during the day so as not to lead vagrants or spies to suspect their destination, formed the covering party, and took a position on the opposite side of a swamp near the post. The troops left Sandy Beach at midnight and marched by single files, over mountains, through morasses, and deep defiles. At eight o'clock of the sixteenth, the command was within a mile and a half of the fort. Wayne made reconnoissance in person, and at half-past eleven at night the advance was ordered. In order to prevent any 'deserter from giving warning to the garrison. 258 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. the purpose of the expedition was not announced until the order to attack could be given personally, by each officer, to his individual command. The following order was at the same time communi cated to the men : " If any soldier presume to take his musket from his shoulder ; attempt to fire ; or begin the battle till ordered by his proper officer, he shall be instantly put to death by the officer next him." (This implied, of course, death by the sword.) The advance was to be " with fixed bayonets, and unloaded muskets." Each officer and soldier had been ordered to place a white paper or cloth upon his cap, to distinguish him from an enemy ; and the watchword, to be shouted aloud whenever one detachment reached its point of attack, as an encouragement to the others and a terror to the gar rison, was, " Tlie fort is ours!" Pioneer parties, care fully selected, wrenched away the abatis. The detach ments moved instantly, as if impelled by some invisible, resistless force. The two assaulting columns met in the centre of the works almost at the same moment. AA'ayne fell, seriously but not mortally wounded, while passing the abatis. The entire American loss was fifteen killed, and eighty-three wounded. The British loss was one officer and nineteen men killed ; six officers and sixty- eight men wounded ; twenty-five officers and four hundred and forty-seven men taken prisoners ; two officers and fifty-six men missing. The night was dark, and the difficulties of crossing the morass below the fort, at nearly full tide, and clambering up rugged clifts thick with briars and underbrush, cannot be described. A modern visitor will find it difficult enough to make the same trip, by daylight. The stores, valued at $158,640, were divided by Washington's order among the troops, in proportion to the pay of officers and men. The courteous treatment extended by him to the prisoners received very gracious MINOR OPERATIONS OF 1779 CONTINUED. 259 recognition from the British authorities. The faithful ness, skUl, and daring, and the good judgment with which AVayne comprehended and carried out, in almost literal detail, the plans of AA'ashington, were greatly to his honor, and evoked most appreciative commendation from his superior officer. General Clinton promptly organized a force, and pro ceeded up the river to recapture the post ; but AVashing ton, having dismantled it, decided that its further reten tion was not of sufficient value to spare a garrison for its permanent defence, and left it for occupation by the British at their leistire. Another excursion from New York by Tarleton, into Westchester County, about the middle of August, was reciprocated under AA'ashington's orders, with decided iclat and success. On the nineteenth of August, Col. Henry Lee crossed the Hackensack ; moved down the Hudson River, and at half-past two o'clock in the morn ing, at low tide, captured Paulus Hook, where Jersey City now stands, nearlj' opposite Clinton's New York headquarters. Not a shot was fired by the storming party. Only the bayonet was used. The Americans lest twenty, and the British lost fifteen, besides one hun dred and fifty taken prisoners. For many months AA'ashington had been watching for an opportunity of sufficient relief from British activity, to punish the Indians who perpetrated their outrages in the Wyoming A^alley ; and as early as the sixth of jNlarch, he tendered to General Gates the command of an expedi tion for that purpose. In this assignment he enclosed an order for him to assume General Sullivan's command at Providence, in case he declined the expedition. General Gates, then at Boston, thus replied : " Last night, I had the honor of your Excellency's letter. The man who undertakes the Indian service should enjoy youth and 260 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. strength, which I do not possess. It therefore grieves me that your Excellency should offer me a command to wliich I am entirely unequal. In obedience to your com mand I have forwarded your letter to General Sullivan ; and that he may not be one moment delayed, I have desired him to leave the command with General Greene until I arrive in Providence." General Sullivan marched from Eastern Pennsylvania, reaching Wyoming Valley on the thirty-first of July, and Tioga Point, N.Y., on the eighth of August, with a force of five thousand men. Gen. James Clinton joined him from the northern army. The brigades of Generals Poor, Hand, and Maxwell, Parr's Rifle Corps, and Proctor's Artillery, all familiar to the reader, formed the invading force. On the twenty-ninth day of August, the Battle of Chemung was fought, near the present city of Elmira, and the towns of the Six Nations were laid waste, including orchards, gardens, houses, clothing, and provisions, indiscriminately. There was nothing in this punishment of the Six Nations which commended the American cause to their favor ; but they did not regard the details of these ravages as a part of Washington's in structions. When the War for Independence closed, and their alliance with the United States became a fixed fact, Washington represented their ideal of the great soldier — "He had made the power of Britain to yield to his arms." Governor Blackstone, Chief of the Senecas, Cornplanter, and Halftown, the famous trio who made the treaty with Washington, were ever known as " the friends of Wash ington." A silver medal presented to Governor Black stone, which bore the simple inscription " Second Presi dency of George Washington," was long esteemed as a most precious relic. Handsome Lake, known as the "Peace Prophet," — brother of Tecumseh, — made as a tribute to Washington one of the most impressive utter- NEW ENGLAND RELIEVED. 261 ances of his mission among the Six Nations. Even as late as the Eleventh United States Census, 1890, Wash ington's name, alone of all the American Presidents, was not found among the children's names of the Six Nations ; so greatly was he held in reverence. They also engrafted into their religion the myth that " he occupies a mansion at the gate of Paradise, where he becomes visible to all who enter its portals and ascend to the Great Spirit, and both recognizes and returns the salute of all who enter." This devotion of his Indian admirers is hardly less valuable than the tributes of Frederick thff Great and other European soldiers and statesmen to the qualities of Washington as a Soldier ; and it permanently redeems the name of Washington from any responsibility for the excessive desolation with which the Six Nations were vis ited in the expedition of 1779. On the twenty-fifth of August, while Sullivan was upon this Indian expedition. Admiral Arbuthnot arrived with reenforcements of three thousand men, and relieved Sir George Collyer in naval command. On the twenty- first of September, Sir Andrew Hammond arrived with an additional force of fifteen hundred men, from Cork, Ireland. At this juncture. Count d'Estaing, having capt ured St. Vincent and Granada in the West Indies, sud denly made his appearance off the coast of Georgia. Spain had joined France in war against Great Britain ; so that the whole line of British posts, from Halifax to St. Augustine, was exposed to such naval attacks as would divert the attention of Great Britain from the designs of her allied enemies against her West India possessions. Washington, upon the arrival of these British reen forcements, strengthened West Point with additional works ; but Clinton, even with his large naval force, did not venture an attack upon that post, as had been his intention when making requisition for more troops. 262 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. On the twenty-fifth of October, 1779, General Clinton abandoned Newport, R.I. ; then Verplanck Point ; then Stony Point : and for the first time since Washington landed in New York, in 1776, the whole of New Eng land and the entire stretch of the Hudson River, was unvexed by British steel or British keel. CHAPTER XXVI. SHIFTING SCENES. TEMPER OF THE PEOPLE. SAVANNAH. IF the mind weary of the recital of events which by night and by day burdened the soul and tasked the energies of the American Commander-in-Chief to their utmost strain, it cannot but be refreshed by evidence of his abiding confidence and patience in the cause of Ameri can Independence, as the theatre of war enlarged and gradually placed every colony under the weight of British pressure. The issue of two hundred millions of paper money had indeed been authorized, and a loan was invited abroad ; but, as ever, men were wanted, and were not forthcoming. Even the States which had longest borne the brunt of battle, and had only just been relieved from its immediate dangers, seemed to weary under the reaction of that relief, as if the storm had passed by, never again to sweep over the same surface. It was also very natural as well as true, that the pledge of French intervention and the gleam of the oriflamme of France, did, in a measure, compose anxiety and lessen the sense of local responsibility for such a contribution of troops from every section as would make the nation as independent of France as of Great Britain. There was a sense of weariness, a tendency to fitful strokes of local energy, without that overwhelming sense of need which first rallied all sections to a common cause. Congress also seemed, at times, almost to stagger under its load. But Washington, who sometimes grew weary 2G3 264 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. and groaned in spirit, and sometimes panted with shortened breath while toiling upward to surmount some new obstruction, never, never staggered. For him, there were "stepping-stones in the deepest waters." For him, though tides might ebb and flow, the earth itself forever kept its even course about the guiding sun ; and for him, the sun of Liberty was the light ofthe soul. Every circling year but added blessings from its glow, and energy from its power. The intensity of his emotion when he penned those solemn truthful words to Harrison, showed but the impulse of a spiritual power which the times demanded, but would neither comprehend nor brook if from other sources than AA'ashington's majes tic will and presence. From the summit of his faith, he clearly indicated with pen-point the driveling selfishness which postponed triumph and made the chariot-wheels drag so heavily through the advancing war. The scenes were suddenly shifted to the southern stage of operations. New characters were to take the parts of some who had fulfilled their destiny ; but many of both men and ships that participated in the siege of Boston itself, were still to act an honored part until the revolution should be complete. The cities of Charleston and Savannah were to be visited, as Boston, New York, and Philadelphia had been visited : not with a paternal yearning for their returp to a cheerful "mother-home"; but in the spirit of a master dealing with overworked and fractious slaves. But the slaves had both burst and buried their shackles ; and whether in city or country, on mountain or in valley, in forest or in swamp — wherever animal life could exist, there, and everywhere, the South, ever generous, ever proud, ever self-respecting, and ever loyal to convictions of duty, were to besprinkle the altar of their country with life-blood, and consummate the War for American Independence upon her consecrated soil. SHIFTING SCENES. 265 The short-sighted critics of the North who had tried to play upon sectional prejudice, that some one of their self-sufficient number might fill Washington's saddle, began to wonder why he remained at his post in New Jersey ; why he did not surrender the northern command to one of their number, and then go where his ancestral home was endangered and the companions of his youth were to struggle for very life itself. But the greatness of Washington the Soldier was never more apparent than now. Calmly he sustained himself at this point of vantage ; stretching out his arm — in turn to soothe and warn, or to hurl defiance in the teeth of foes or strag glers, but ever to nerve the nation to duty. There was no costly throne set up at Morristown, or Middlebrook. There was no luxury there. There were camp-cots, and camp-chairs, and usually, rations sufficient for the daily need ; but the centre of the upheaving ener gies of American Liberty was there ; and these energies were controlled and directed, with no loss in transmission, by the immediate presence of the Commander-in-Chief. It will be remembered, at the very mention of South ern Colonies, or Southern States, how peculiar was their relation to the mother country, from the earliest British supremacy along the eastern Atlantic coast. The Romanist, the Churchman, the Presbyterian, and the Huguenot, in their respective search for larger liberty and missionary work, had shared equally in a sense of oppression, before their migration to America. They had much in common with the early settlers of the New England coast. The Hollanders of New Jersey and the Quakers of Pennsylvania, between the extremes, were not wholly absorbed in business ventures. But all alike had additional incentives to a more independent life, far removed from those social and artificial obligations which reigned supreme in the Old World. There were indeed 266 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. adventurers for conquest, for wealth, and for political power, among them ; and the aristocratic usages which accompanied the royal prerogative were fostered by the presence of slavery, so that they affected the vital functions of the new Republic for generations. But, with the exception of elements earlier noticed, the " ferment of American Liberty " was never more decided, pure, and constant in Massachusetts than in Virginia ; nor more bold, desperate and defiant, among the Green Mountains of Vermont than among the pine woods and palmetto groves of North and South Carolina. The closing months of the nineteenth century seem to have been reserved, in the providence of God, for the consummation of that lofty anticipation of Washington which Daniel Webster formulated in one sublime utter ance, " The Union ; now and forever ; One and Insepa rable." And now, in the spirit of this memory of the pioneers of American civilization, the narrative returns to the immediate burdens upon the mind of AVashington ; as, in the closing months of 1779, we face the mirror south ward, and catch its reflections. As the winter season of 1779—80 drew on, and the ordinary hurricanes of the West India storm-belt indi cated a very restricted use of the French navy in those waters, an effort was made to induce Count d'Estaing to support an American attack upon Savannah. He re sponded promptly ; and besides sending- five ships to Charleston to perfect details for the combined movement of both southern armies, anchored his principal squadron of twenty ships-of-the-line, two 50's and eleven frigates, outside the bar of Tybee Island, on the eighth day of September. Six thousand French troops accompanied the fieet. Governor Rutledge of South Carolina so SHIFTING SCENES. 267 actively aided the enterprise, that a sufficient number of small craft were procured to land thirty-five hundred and twenty-four of these troops at Bieulien, on Ossahaw Inlet, about twelve miles from Savannah. The march was imme diately begun. On the sixteenth, Count d'Estaing de manded surrender of the city. The Legislature of South Carolina adjourned. Militia replaced the regulars at Fort Moultrie, and within four days, on the eighth, quite a strong force marched for Savannah. General Lincoln left on the tenth. Meanwhile, the British General Prescott had so actively destroyed bridges and obstructed roads, that the Americans did not join the French troops until the six teenth. Trenches were not begun until the twenty- fourth of September, and the difficulty of obtaining draught animals for hauling heavy siege-guns to their proper position, still longer delayed the movement. The enthusiasm of the American officers over the prospect of French cooperation led them to assure Count d'Estaing that his delay before Savannah would not exceed from ten to sixteen days ; and upon this distinct assurance, he had thus promptly disembarked his land forces. The French West Indies had been left without naval support ; and already an entire month had passed with every prob ability that a British fieet from New York would take advantage of the opportunity to recapture West India posts so recently captured by the French. Abandonment of the siege, or an assault, became an immediate neces sity, especially as Count d'Estaing had undertaken the enterprise, urged by Lafayette, with no other authority than his general instructions as to America, and his deep interest in the struggle. The assault was made on the ninth day of October. It was desperate, with alternate success and failure at different portions of the works ; but ultimately, a repulse. The British casualties were few, four officers and thirty- \ 268 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. six men killed ; four officers and one hundred and fifteen men wounded and missing. The French loss was fifteen officers and one hundred and sixteen men killed ; forty- three officers and four hundred and eleven men wounded. Count d'Estaing was twice wounded, and Count Pulaski, as well as Sergeant Jasper, so brave at Moultrie in 1776, were among the killed. Colonel Laurens, aid-de-camp to Washington, was conspicuous in the assault, as he proved himself at Newport, and afterwards at Yorktown. The French withdrew their artillery, and sailed on the twenty-ninth. The Americans returned to Charleston. The result of the siege affected both northern armies. Washington abandoned an attack upon New York, for which he had assembled a large force of New York and Massachusetts militia. Learning that Clinton was pre paring to go South, either to Georgia or South Carolina, he ordered the North Carolina troops to march to Charles ton in November, and the Virginia regulars to follow in December. Clinton left New York on the twenty- sixth of December for Charleston with seven thousand five hundred men, leaving Lieutenant-General Knyphau sen in command. Washington again placed General Heath in command of the Highlands ; sent the cavalry to Connecticut, and with the remainder ofthe army marched to Morristown, which for the second time became his winter headquarters. CHAPTER XXVII. THE EVENTFUL YEAR 1780. NEW JERSEY ONCE MORE INVADED. THE first act of General Washington upon reaching Morristown was to invoice his resources and bal ance his accounts. He " called the roll " of his army, made record of all supplies, and framed estimates for forthcoming necessities. It was a depressing exhibit. Excluding South Carolina and Georgia troops, which were assigned to their own home department, the entire Muster, including all independent organizations as well as drummers, filers, teamsters, and all attacMs of every kind, and upon the impossible assumption that every man on the original Roll was still living, and in the service, footed up only twenty-seven thousand and ninety-nine men. The army was in huts. The snow was an even two feet in depth. All defiles were drifted full, and hard- packed, well-nigh impassable. But a few days more of the year remained. On the thirty-first, within a few days, two thousand and fifty enlistments would expire. In ninety days more, March the thirty-first, six thou sand four hundred and ninety-six more would expire. By the last of April, when active operations might be anticipated, the total reduction by expiration of term of service would reach eight thousand one hundred and fifty ; by the last of September, ten thousand seven hundred and nine ; and, during the year, twelve thou sand one hundred and fifty. 269 270 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. The total force enlisted " for the war " was but fourteen thousand nine hundred and ninety-eight men ; and from the numbers already given, were to be detailed the necessary number of artificers, armorers, wagoners, quartermasters' employees, and all those subordinate detachments which reduce the fighting force of an anny, as well as all casualties since their first muster. To this is to be added the fact, that the several States furnished their respective quotas at different times, and for differ ent periods, so that there was a constant addition of raw levies. The army, in fact, had no opportunity to be thoroughly drilled and disciplined, in all its parts. Such was the condition of the Army of the United States, when the second campaign in the Southern States began. Some reader may very naturally inquire why Wash ington did not attack the British garrison of New York, after Clinton's departure for Charleston with so many troops. Critics at the time made complaint, and some writers have indorsed their criticisms through igno- ranee of the facts. An examination of the original Re turns of Clinton, still found in the British archives, gives the following result. This estimate was taken at the time when Washington was preparing to make an attempt on New York. The British force of that post and its dependencies was twenty-six thousand seven hundred and fifty-six effectives. There were in Georgia three thousand nine hundred and thirty men ; and in Florida, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven effectives. At Penobscot, Me., and at Halifax, subject to call, there was an additional force of three thousand four hun dred and sixty, making an aggregated force of nearly thirty-eight thousand men. When General Clinton sailed with his seven thousand five hundred men, the British force in the Southern De- THE EVENTFUL YEAR 1780. 271 partment became thirteen thousand two hundred and sixty-seven ; but it left in New York an effective strength of twenty-one thousand and six men. And yet this gar rison was not without apprehension of attack. The winter was one of unexampled severity. New York harbor froze until teams could cross upon the ice. The British army was almost in a starving condition. Country supplies of wood were cut off, until vessels at the wharves were chopped up for fuel. The American army was not wholly idle. Lord Stirling, with twenty-five hundred men, crossed to Staten Island on the ice, in spite of the extreme cold, to attack that British supply-post ; but a sudden opening in the ice restored British communica tion with the city, and his expedition failed of valuable results. On the twenty-fifth of January, General Knyp hausen sent a small detachment across the ice at Paulus Hook and captured a company at Newark ; while Lieu tenant-Colonel Buskirk crossed from Staten Island, and at Elizabethtown captured the picket and burned the Town House, as well as the church of the Rev. James Cald well, Chaplain of Colonel Elias Dayton's Regiment. On the second of February, Lieutenant-Colonel Norton rode in sleighs, to attack a small American post near White Plains ; but, otherwise, the British as well as the Amer ican army had enough to do to prevent freezing to death. During the extreme freeze of January, 1780, the suf fering in the American camp is reported as " baffling de scription. The paths were marked by blood from the feet of bare-footed soldiers." Bancroft and Irving have left nothing to add here. General Greene, Quartermaster- General, reported on the eleventh of January : " Such weather I never did feel. For six or eight days there has been no living abroad. We drive over the tops of fences. We have been alternatel}' out of meat and bread for eight or nine days past, and without either for three or 272 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. four." It was a time, also, when the royalist element gained some hope ; and Clinton's Offlcial Return for De cember reports a force of four thousand and sixty-four Provincials then in British pay. The women of New Jersey came to the rescue of the suffering soldiers of Washington in a manner that exhausts all possible forms of recognition. Clothing and feeding the naked and hungry was their constant employment. Washington says of New Jersey, that "his requisitions were punctu ally complied with, and in many counties exceeded." During this entire period there w as one supervision ex ercised by the American Commander-in-Chief which knew no interruption, whatever the inclemency of the weather. Every pass to his strongly intrenched camp, and every bold promontory, or distinct summit, that observed or commanded approach, was guarded, and watch-fires were instituted for signals of danger, or warning to the mili tia. The perpetuation of his strongholds in New Jersey saved the Republic. During this well-nigh desperate condition of his army, and the increasing peril to the Southern Department, he made one more Report of his condition to Congress ; and it belongs to this narrative as a signal exhibit of his wisdom and courage, as well as his discernment of the increasing lethargy of sections not in immediate danger from British aggression. It reads as follows : " Certain I am, unless Congress are vested with powers by the sepa rate States competent to the great purposes of the war, or assume them as a matter of right, and they and the States act with more energy than they have done, our cause is lost. We can no longer drudge along in the old way. By ill-timing in the adoption of measures, by de lays in the execution of them, or by unwarranted jealous ies, we incur enormous expenses and derive no benefit from them. One State will comply with a requisition of THE EVENTFUL YEAR 1780. 273 Congress ; another neglects to do it ; a third executes it by halves ; and they differ in the manner, the matter, or so much in point of time, that we are always working up hill. While such a system as the present one, or rather, the want of one, prevails, we shall be ever unable to apply our strongest resources to any advantage. . . . I see one head gradually organizing into thirteen. I see one army branching into thirteen, which instead of look ing up to Congress as the supreme controlling power of the United States, are considering themselves dependent upon their respective States." On the third of April, Washington again wrote in such plain terms of " the mutinous spirit, intense disgust, and absolute desperation of his small, famished, ragged, and depleted command," that after hot debate, a committee of three was reluctantly sent to advise with him as to meas ures of relief. That the reader may more fully appreciate the temper of some narrow-minded men of that period, and at so fear ful a crisis, the following extract from a letter to the Count de Vergennes is cited. In referring to the simple question of appointing a committee to visit their Com mander-in-Chief, this American writes : " It was said that the appointment of a committee would be putting too much power in a few hands, and especially in those of the Commander-in-Chief; that his influence already was too great ; that even his virtues afforded motives for alarm ; that the enthusiasm of his army, joined to the kind of dictatorship already confided to him, put Congress and the United States at his mercy ; that it was not ex pedient to expose a man of the highest virtues to such temptations." General Schuyler, then in Congress, John Matthews and Nathaniel Peabody served on this committee, and as the result. Congress resolved to equalize the pay of the 274 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. army, and make more systematic efforts to recruit and maintain it. On the twelfth of February, Congress affirmed the sentence of a court-martial which sentenced Arnold, then commanding at Philadelphia, to a reprimand for giving passes to disaffected citizens and using public transporta tion for private use. The reprimand was mildly admin istered : but it made Arnold very angry. His life of ostentatious display, his extravagant habits, and his loose views of moral obligation, aroused public indigna tion ; and the mere matter of the charges upon which he was sentenced would not have appeared so grave, ex cept that he was universally suspected of using his official position for private emolument." During all these struggles to keep his army together and prevent British operations out from New York, Washington was watchful of the operations then in progress at the South. General Clinton cleared the ice without difficulty, and left New York on the twenty- ninth of December, as already stated, expecting to reach his destination within ten days ; but a storm dispersed his fleet, and one vessel foundered. Nearly all of his cavalry, and all of his artillery horses, perished. Although they reached Tybee Island, their first rendezvous, within the month, they did not leave for St. John Island, thirty miles below Charleston, until the tenth of February ; and did not take up their position before Charleston, between the Ashley and Cooper rivers, until the twelfth of March. It appears from documentary data that the retention of Charleston, garrisoned by only two thousand two hundred regulars and a thousand militia, was largely induced by the inhabitants of the city. It is true that Commodore Whipple of the American navy regarded it as defensible ; but Washington did not concur in that opinion. He held that the same force which would be required to hold the THE EVENTFUL YEAR 1780. 275 city, could do far greater and better service by remaining without the city, besides being more independent in securing supplies and cooperating with militia and other forces seeking their support. Besides this, the defences had been prepared to resist approach by sea, and not by land. An extract from Tarleton's history of the cam paigns of 1780-81, is as follows, indicating the pur pose of the movement itself: "The richness of the country, its vicinity to Georgia, and its distance from Washington, pointed out the advantages and facility of its conquest." The British forces broke ground on the first of April ; on the nineteenth established their second, and on the sixth of May, their third, parallel. On the twelfth, the British took possession of the city. The schedule of prisoners prepared by Major Andre, of General Clinton's staff, included all citizens, as prisoners of war. The Conti nental troops, including five hundred in hospital, did not exceed two thousand. General Clinton followed up this success by an absurd proclamation to the people, and wrote a more absurd letter to Lord Germaine, which is valuable to the reader, for the interest which attaches to its terms in connection with subsequent operations of Clinton, upon his return northward. It is as follows : " The inhabitants from every quarter declare their alle giance to the king, and offer their services in arms. There are few men in South Carolina who are not either our prisoners, or in arms with us." On the fifth of June, General Clinton returned to New York, leaving Lord Cornwallis in command. During the absence of Clinton from New York, and with the opening of spring, Washington's position became more offensive to the garrison of New York. Amid all his gloom on account of the condition of his army, a bright episode gladdened his heart and nerved 276 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. him for action. He had a visitor. The Marquis de La fayette, who reached Boston on the 28th of April, by the frigate Hermione, entered Washington's headquarters on the morning of May 10th. He announced, that the Count de Rochambeau was on the seas with the first division of an army, coming to support the American Republic. This French army was not directed to report to the American Congress, nor to take orders from that body. Washington opened the communication which Lafayette -^^as intrusted to deliver, in advance of the arrival of Count de Rochambeau, and the following is a copy of the instructions to that officer : " The French troops are to obey Washington ; to admit the precedence of American officers of equal rank ; on all formal occa sions to yield the right to the American army ; and bear in mind that the whole purpose is, heartily and efficiently, to execute the will of the American Commander-in- Chief." On the fourteenth, after four days of confidential con ference, Lafayette, bearing a letter from Washington, reported to the President of Congress for duty, preserv ing, for the time, the secret that the troops of France were already on their way to America. But what a condition of affairs awaited the arrival of these gallant allies ! The American army had already lost more in numbers than was anticipated by Washington in the official Report, already noticed. On the second of April, his entire force on both sides of the Hudson River consisted of only ten thousand four hundred, rank and file ; and of these two thousand eight hundred had only two weeks to serve. Lord Rawdon had, indeed, taken from the New York garrison two thousand five hundred men as a reenforcement to General Clinton ; but nearly twelve thousand remained behind. Although this increase of Clinton's command afforded Washington small ground THE EVENTFUL YEAR 1780. 5^77 for hope of success in the Southern Department, he real ized that it was impossible for him to abandon his present position. But he immediately despatched southward the Maryland and Delaware troops, which had fought in nearly every battle with the skill of veterans, and the First Artillery, all under the command of the Baron De Kalb. While sparing these well disciplined troops, Washing ton's position involved vastly increased responsibility. On the twenty-fifth day of Maj'^, two Connecticut regi ments mutinied, declaring that they would " march home," or at least secure subsistence at the point of the bayonet. Handbills were printed in New York and distributed, urging the soldiers to desert. "This mutiny," says Wash ington, most impressively, "has given infinite concern." There was no money except the Continental, and of this he says : "It is evidently impracticable, from the immense quantity it would require, to pay them as much as to make up the depreciation." He further adds : "This is a decisive moment, one of the most. I will go further, and say, the most important America has ever seen. The Court of France has made a glorious effort for our deliv erance, and if we disappoint its intentions by our supine- ness, we must become contemptible in the eyes of all mankind ; nor can we, after, venture to confide that our allies will persist in an attempt to establish what we want ability, or inclination, to assist them in." General Greene thus addressed the Colonel of the Morristown militia : " There are no more provisions than to serve one regiment, in the magazine. The late terri- bie storm, the depth of the snow, and the drifts in the roads, prevent the little stock from coming forward which is in distant magazines. The roads must be kept open by the inhabitants, or the army cannot be subsisted. Unless the good people lend their assistance to forward 278 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. supplies, the army must disband. The army is stripped naked of teams, as possible, to lessen the consumption of forage. Call to your aid the overseers of the highways, and every other order of men who can give despatch to this business. P.S. — Give no copies of this order, for fear it should get to the enemy." There was indeed reason "for this considerate post script. The mutinous spirit which had been evoked by sheer starvation, had been misinterpreted by the British officers in New York ; and General Knyphausen must have been very proud of an opportunity to distinguish himself, in the absence of General Clinton, when he con ceived of the poor American soldier as an unfortunate hireling waiting for a deliverer. He would become their Moses and conduct them back to the royal father's embrace. He organized his missionary venture carefully. Accompanied by Generals Tryon, Matthews, and Ster ling, he crossed from Staten Island to Elizabethtown Point. (See map.) He had a twofold plan in mind. He would demonstrate to the people of New Jersey that their half-frozen, hungry, and ragged countrymen with Washington, could not protect their homes from hostile incursions out from New York ; and also supposed, in case he were very prompt and expeditious, that he might pounce, like a hawk, upon the coop of the arch-rebel himself. General Sterling led the advance, starting be fore daybreak. The column was hardly distinguishable, company from company, so heavy were the sea-mist and darkness. Suddenly, one shot, and then another, came from an invisible American outpost. General Sterling received the first, which ultimately proved fatal, and was removed to the rear. Knyphausen took his place at the front. The rising sun dispelled the fog, but disclosed the assembling of Colonel Elias Dayton's Regiment, from various quarters. The anticipated surprise, and a cor- THE EVENTFUL YEAR 1780. 279 responding welcome from the American soldiers, did not occur. The militia retired after a few scattering shots, and Simcoe's Queen's Rangers dashed forward, followed by the British and Hessian Infantry. As by magic, the militia multiplied. Fences, thickets, orchards, and single trees were made available for as many single rifiemen ; and at every step of advance, one and then another of his majesty's troops were picked off. During the march to Connecticut Farms, a distance of only seven miles, no friendly tokens of welcome appeared in sight. Puffs of smoke, and the rifle's sharp crack, could hardly be located before similar warnings succeeded, and details to take care of the wounded soon began to thin out and sag the beautiful lines of the British front. Still, the column advanced toward Springfield, and directly on the line of travel which led immediately to Washington's en campment. At this point, Dayton's Regiment, which had been so troublesome as skirmishers, ha.stened step, came into regimental order, and quickly crossed the Rahway bridge. But, to the surprise ofthe advancing enemy, the division of General Maxwell was in battle array, silently inviting battle. General Knyphausen halted to bring up artillery and his full force of five thousand men. He stopped also, to burn Connecticut Farms, because, " shots from its windows picked off his officers and guides." Among the victims to his responsive fire, was the wife of Chaplain Chapman of Dayton's Regiment. The news of her death spread, as a spark over pine or prairie regions. When within a half mile of Springfield, the Hessian general again halted for consultation as to his next order. Cannon sounds began to be heard from various directions, answering signal for signal. The ascending smoke of beacon-fires crowned every' summit. The whole country seemed to have been upheaved as if by some volcanic 280 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. force. Maxwell's Brigade was just across the Rahway, and less than one-third the strength of the Hessian's com mand. But General Knyphausen was too good a soldier not to peer through Maxwell's thin line, and recognize, in solid formation, the entire army of Washington, waiting in silence to give him a hearty soldier's reception. The day passed ; and for once, both armies were at full halt. Knyphausen, for the time, was Commander-in-Chief of both, for it devolved upon him alone to order battle. He was filling the part of Pharaoh, and not that of Moses. One monotonous sound echoed from a summit near Morristown. It was the " minute-gun," which had been designated by the American Commander-in-Chief as a continuous signal whenever he wanted every man within hearing, who had a gun, to come at once to his demand. Night came on, and with it, rain ; but still the minute- gun boomed on, with solemn cadence, and instead of smoking hill-tops, the blaze of quickened beacons illu mined the dull sky as if New Jersey were all on fire. The night covered the Hessians from view, and when morning came they attempted to regain Staten Island; but the tide retired, leaving boats stranded and the mud so deep that even cavalry could not cross in safety. Having heard on the first of June that Clinton was en route for New York, Knyphausen simply strengthened the New York defences and awaited the arrival of his superior officer. On the tenth, Washington wrote : " Their movements are mysterious, and the design of this movement not easily penetrated." As a matter of fact, there were few operations of the war which bore so directly upon the safety of the American army and the American cause, as the operations before Springfield during June, 1779 ; and the conduct of both armies indicated an appreciation of their importance. THE EVENTFUL YEAR 1780. 281 On the thirteenth of June, Congress, without consult ing Washington, appointed General Gates to the command of the Southern Department. Gates had spent the winter at his home in Virginia, but eagerly accepted this com mand, although he had lacked the physical vigor to engage in the Indian campaign in New York. His most intimate friend and companion, both in arms and in antagonism to Washington, Charles Lee, sent him one more letter. It was a wiser letter than earlier corre spondence had been, and decidedly prophetic. It closed with something like pathetic interest : " Take care that you do not exchange your Northern laurels for Southern willows." At this time, it did seem as if the bitter cup would never be withdrawn from the lips of the American Com mander-in-Chief; for he had neither provisions for his army, nor the means of making welcome and comfortable his expected allies and guests from over the sea. CHAPTER XXVIII. BATTLE OP SPRINGFIELD. ROCHAMBEAU. ARNOLD. GATES. SIR HENRY CLINTON returned frpm Charieston to New York on the seventeenth day of June, 1780. He must have contrasted his report made to the British War Office, of the " conquest of South Carolina," with that made by General Knyphausen to himself, of the recent experience of British operations in New Jersey. But Clinton was ever a man of action, prompt and ener getic. He felt deeply the long protracted embarrassment of his position, while holding such a vast and respon sible command without sufficient resources for pressing exigencies. He knew, and Washington, with a soldier's instinct, knew that Clinton knew, that there was no safety for New York, and no possibility of effective oper ations out from New York, so long as a strong, faithful American army held the fastnesses of New Jersey, and a vigorous espionage of the Hudson River region was maintained. The sweep of Washington's arm was largely shaping the future destiny of America from very humble headquarters ; but no less firmly and decisively. Clinton did not remain idle, nor undecided, a single day. Troops were embarked upon transports immedi ately ; and all suitable demonstrations were made as if an organized movement against West Point were de signed. Washington placed his entire army in motion and advanced one division eleven miles, toward Pompton, 282 BATTLE OF SPRINGFIELD. 283 on the twenty-second, en route for the Hudson, to be prepared for whatever might be the scheme of his adversary. His confidential agents in New York were always quick to report details of British movements. Washington invariably exacted "minute" details; and from these he interpreted the general plans of the enemy. In this instance, the embarking of field batteries instead of heavy guns, which could always be procured from ships, satisfied him that his own headquarters and the destruction of his army were Clinton's real objectives. He was prepared for Clinton's choice of the alternate movements. Although one division had been advanced in the direction of the Hudson River, Generals Greene, Maxwell, and Stark, with Harry Lee's cavalry, and a strong force of militia, had been left in position near Springfield. Few battles of the American Revolution have received less attention, as among the decisive battles of the war, than that of Springfield, N.J. And yet few were more strikingly illustrative of the strategic wisdom with which Washington had planned the successful prose cution of the war, as early as 1776. On the morning of the twenty-third, at five o'clock, the British army, having crossed from Staten Island in two columns, began its advance. (See maps, "Battle of Springfield," and, "Operations in New Jersey.") Its force -consisted of five thousand infantry, nearly all of their cavalry, and eighteen pieces of artillery. General Clinton, with the right wing, advanced along the Spring field road with vigor, but deliberately, as if this were his principal line of attack. Upon approaching the first bridge near the Matthews House, he was obliged to halt until his guns could gain a suitable position, since Colonel Angel's Rhode Island regiment, with one gun, commanded the bridge over the Rahway, and occupied an orchard which gave good cover. At first, the British guns were 284 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. aimed too high and did little execution. By fording the stream, which was not more than twelve yards wide. Angel's position was turned, so that he was crowded back to thQ second bridge, over a branch of the Rahway, where Colonel Shreve resisted with equal obstinacy and bravery. By reference to the map it will be seen that General Greene, as well as Dickinson's militia on a slight ridge in the rear of Shreve, was admirably posted for reserve support. Angel lost one-fourth of his men and was ordered to fall back, with Colonel Shreve, to the high ground occupied by Generals Maxwell and Stark, near a mill. Colonel Dayton's Regiment was also distinguished for its gallant conduct. Washington Irving refers very pleasantly to the part taken in the action by Chaplain Caldwell, whose church had been burned on the twenty- fifth of January and whose wife had been killed on the sixth of June, as follows : " None showed more ardor in the fight than Caldwell the chaplain, who distributed Watts's psalm and hymn books among the soldiers when they were in want of wadding, with the shout : ' Put Watts into them, boys ! ' " The other British column had for its special objective the seizure of the pass leading to Chatham and Morris town. Major Lee's cavalry, and a picket under Captain Walker, had been posted at Little's bridge, on the Vaux hall road, and Colonel Ogden's Regiment covered them. General Greene found that he could not afford to hold so extensive a front, and concentrated his force at other positions eminently strong and capable of vigorous de fence. The remainder of Maxwell's and Stark's brigades also took high ground, by the mill, with the militia force of Dickinson, on the flanks. General Knyphausen led this column in person. But the Vauxhall bridge was as closely contested as had been that at Springfield. Greene shifted his position, in view BATTLE OF SPRINGFIELD. ' 285 of this second attack and its pronounced objective, to a range of hills in the rear of Byron's tavern, where the roads were brought so near, that succor might be readily transferred from one to the other. The movement was admirable, scientific, and successful. In his report to Washington, he says : " I was thus enabled to reach Colonel Webb's Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Hunton commanding, and Colonel Jackson's Regiment, with one piece of artillery, which entirely checked the advance of the enemy upon the American left, and secured that pass." The Battle of Springfield had been fought with cool ness and unfaltering bravery, and had been won. General Clinton burned Springfield, crossed to Staten Island at midnight, withdrew his bridge of boats, and reached his headquarters in safety. His loss, as reported by con temporary journalists, was placed at about one hundred and fifty men ; but comparison of his Reports and Musters, before and after the expedition, make the killed, wounded, and missing twice that number. The American loss was one officer and twelve non-commissioned officers killed, five officers and fifty-six privates wounded, and nine missing ; " Captain Davis and the militia not reporting." General Clinton's report says : " I could not think of keeping the field in New Jersey ; and wished to land the troops and give a camp of rest to an army of which many corps had had an uninterrupted campaign of fourteen months." For five years. New Jersey had been a constant theatre of active war. It was indeed the strategic centre of the war for American Independence. The bravery of her soldiery, whose homes were constantly menaced, was only surpassed by the heroism of her women. These, constantly exposed to every possible desolation that attended the marching and counter-marching of contend- 286 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. ing armies, never flagged, flinched, nor failed, until her delivery was at last complete. On the night of June 24, 1780, the day after the Battle of Springfield, Washington, upon return to his head quarters, addressed another call to Governors of States for their full quota, under new assignments, and awaited with interest further tidings from the progress of the French allies, then on the sea. This Battle of Spring field had vindicated his confidence in the Continental troops ; and, as in all armies, some regiments proved in variably reliable, under whatever conditions they fought. On the tenth day of July, 1780, the first division of the French army sent by Louis XVL, in aid of American Independence, consisting of six thousand troops, landed at Newport, R.I. All were under the command of Lieu tenant-General Rochambeau, accompanied by Major- General Chastellux, a relative of Lafayette, and escorted by seven heavy battleships, under command of Chevalier de Ter nay. Washington immediately submitted a project for the capture of New York ; but on the thirteenth of July Admiral Graves reached that city with six ships-of-the- line, which gave to the British such superiority of ships and guns, that the plan was postponed to wait the arrival of the second French division, of equal numbers, which was supposed, at the time, to be already on its way from France. But Sir Henry Clinton was not inactive. The time to strike was before the French could unite with AVashington and take their place in the American army. He planned a surprise, and advanced with eight thousand troops as far as Huntington, L.I., for a descent upon Newport ; but AVashington put his entire army in readi ness to advance upon New York. Clinton, having learned that Rochambeau, advised by AA^ashington, had gone into camp in a strong position, and with the rapi41y assem- ROCHAMBEAU. 287 bling militia would be superior in force, recalled his troops. He converted the expedition into a naval block ade of Newport, if possible thereby to cut off the second division of the French army, upon its arrival within American waters. The Count de Rochambeau, with a soldier's exactness, soon caught the fire of Washington's zeal, and well com prehended the situation of American affairs generally. So intense is his delineation of the condition of things as he observed them, that if penned by Washington himself, nothing could have been added. His letter to the Count de Vergennes, dated on July sixteenth, only six days after his landing in America, reads, in part, as follows : "Upon our arrival here, the country was in consternation ; the paper money had fallen to sixty for one. ... I spoke to the principal persons of the place, and told them, as I write to General Washington, that this was merely the advance-guard of a greater force, and that the king was determined to support them with his whole power. In twenty-four hours their spirits rose, and last night, all the streets, houses, and steeples were illumi nated, in the midst of fireworks and great rejoicing. . . . You see. Sir, how important it is to act with vigor. . . . Send us troops, ships, and money ; but do not depend upon this people, nor upon their means. They have neither money nor credit. Their means of resistance are but momentary, and called forth when they are attacked in their homes. Then they assemble themselves for the moment of immediate danger, and defend themselves. Washington sometimes commands fifteen thousand, and sometimes three thousand men." The restriction of the French fleet to Narragansett Bay so immediately after its arrival, led Washington and Rochambeau to postpone operations against New York ; and it is proper to notice the fact that no news was 288 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. received of the second division of French troops until late in the fall, when it was reported as blockaded in the home port of Brest. A proclamation was made and published by Lafayette, with the sanction of Washington, announc ing to the Canadians that the French would aid them to expel the British troops from their country. The object of this proclamation was chiefly to divert the attention of the garrison of New York from a proposed joint attack upon that city, which Washington kept always in view. The expedition was never seriously entertained ; but General Clinton, on the thirty-first of August, as antici pated by Washington, forwarded a copy of the paper to Lord Germaine, while at the same time he placed before him, in confidence, a proposition of a different kind, from which he derived a strong expectation of British gain, through the acquisition, by purchase, of the principal Hudson River military post. West Point itself. Washington had advised General Arnold that he would soon be tendered an active command. But that officer, pleading as excuse continued suffering from his wounds, expressed a preference for the command of a military post. After urgent solicitation of himself and his friends, he was authorized to designate the post of his choice. As the result, on the third of August, he was assigned to the command of "West Point and its dependencies, in which all are included, from Fishkill to King's Ferry." At the date of this assignment of Arnold to a post which was rightly regarded by Washington as most vital to ultimate American success, a clandestine correspondence had already passed between Generals Clinton and Arnold, through the medium of Major John Andre. The attention of the reader is naturally retrospective, as the name of Andre reappears in connection with that of Arnold. He had been taken prisoner at St. John's ; was once on parole at Montreal, and familiar with Arnold's ARNOLD. 289 habits and the outrageous abuse of his public trust with which, there, as afterwards at Philadelphia, he had been charged. Andre also knew of his gambling, his extrava gance, his ambition, and his reckless daring, generally. His own personal antecedents during the grand ovation tendered to General Howe, upon that officer's departure from Philadelphia, in which he had so conspicuously figured as escort to Miss Shippen, afterwards the wife of Arnold, acquire special interest. He was, and long had been, a confidential member of General Clinton's staff. Neither Clinton nor Andre could conceive, for a mo ment, that Arnold and his wife, formerly Miss Shippen, would betray Andre's confidence ; or, if the proposition to betray West Point failed, that Andre would be allowed to suffer. On the twenty-fifth of August, General Clinton wrote to Lord Germaine as follows : " At this new epoch of the war, when a foreign foe has already landed, and an addition to it is expected, I owe it to my country, and I must in justice say, to my own fame, to declare to your lordship that I become every day more sensible of the utter impossibility of prosecuting the war in this country without reenforcements. . . . We are, by some thousands, too weak to subdue the rebellion." On the twenty-seventh of September, Lord Germaine wrote in reply : " Next to the destruction of Washington's army, the gaining over of officers of infiuence and reputation among the troops would be the speediest way of subdu ing the rebellion and restoring the tranquillity of America. Your commission authorizes you to avail yourself of such opportunities, and there can be no doubt that the expense will be cheerfully submitted to." The British archives, then secret, show that Lord Germaine was kept fully advised of the whole scheme. On the thirtieth of August, Arnold solicited an interview with some respon- 290 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. sible party, in order definitely to settle upon the price of surrendering West Point to Great Britain. Andre was selected, as mutually agreeable to both Clinton and Arnold. On the eighteenth of September, Arnold wrote, advising that Andre be sent up to the sloop-of-war Vulture, then anchored in Haverstraw Bay, promising to send a person with a fiag of truce and boat to meet him. Clinton received the note on the next day. Under the pretence of an expedition to Chesapeake Bay, freely made public, a body of picked troops embarked on frig ates. Andre reached the Vulture on the twentieth. On the twenty-first he landed, met Arnold, accompanied him first to the Clove, and then to the house of Josiah Holt Smith. (See map, " Highlands of the Hudson.") Smith's antecedents were those of a royalist ; but the secret was too valuable to be intrusted to such a man ; and subsequent investigations failed to connect him with any knowledge of the conspiracy. The terms of purchase were, in so many words : "Pay, in gold, and a brigadier- general's commission in the British Army." The terms were settled and the bargain was closed. Besides knowledge of the plans of the post and its approaches, Andre was advised of the signals to be exchanged ; the disposition of the guards ; and the points of surest attack which would be within the immediate control of disembarking grenadiers and sharp-shoot ers. The Vulture had dropped down the river with the tide too far to be promptly reached ; so that Andre crossed the river, and having proper passports attempted to save time by returning to New York by land. While passing through Tarrytown, he was challenged, stopped, examined, and made prisoner. On the second of October, he was executed as a sjiy. America grieved over his fate, and no one with more of pity than did Washington. His soul still felt sore over the fate of GATES. 291 Nathan Hale, and after a solitary hour of anguish in spirit, he suggested to General Clinton a method of escape for Andre. He offered to exchange him for Bene dict Arnold. Clinton could not do this without loss of honor to himself and Great Britain. Andre had to die. Washington, with tender consideration and profound sympathy, gave to Mrs. Arnold a safe conduct and escort to her former home in Philadelphia, and shared the senti ment of all who knew her best, that the wife was not the confidante of her husband's treason. Lafayette most ten derly announced his sympathy in her behalf. General Greene was immediately assigned to command West Point and its dependencies. The garrison was also entirely changed. The works were skilfully modi fied and strengthened, so that any plans in the possession of Clinton would be useless ; and Washington took post, in person, at Brakeness, near Passaic Falls, N.J. It will be remembered that Baron De Kalb left Morris town on the sixteenth of the previous April with reen forcements for the Southern army. On the sixth of July, he reached Buffalo Ford and Deep River, N.C. On the twenty-fifth, Gates, who had been assigned to command of the Southern Department, joined him. "Away from Washington," Baron De Kalb experienced deeply the sentiment of unreasonable, but perhaps natu ral jealousy of foreign officers which pervaded portions of the American army ; and General Caswell, in defiance of positive orders to report to Baron De Kalb, marched directly to Camden and reported to General Gates. It had been De Kalb's purpose, as an experienced soldier, to advance by Charlotte and Salisbury, where supplies could be readily obtained. " General Gates," says Irving, " on the twenty-seventh, put what he called the ' Grand Army' on its march through a barren country which could offer no food but lean cattle, fruit, and unripe 292 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. maize." The Battle of Camden, or " Sanders' Creek," which followed, was a complete rout. Baron De Kalb fought with the utmost confidence and bravery, but fell upon the field, after having been eleven times wounded. Any support whatever, on the part of Gates, would have secured victory, or a well-balanced action. Gates over estimated his own force ; refused to examine his Adjutants General's statement, or to consider the advice of his officers, who understood exactly the true condition ofthe crude material which he styled his " Grand Army," and fied from the battlefield at full speed. He did not halt until reaching Charlotte, sixty miles away ; and by the twentieth reached Hillsborough, one hundred and eighty miles distant, without gathering a sufficient force to form an escort. He said that he was " carried away from the field by a torrent of flying soldiers." His self-conceit and presumption, like that of Lee, on account of having once served in the British army, and his utter want of every soldierly quality, except the negative sense of pride in having a personal command, were exposed to the American people without delay. He claimed to have made an attempt to rally his troops ; but he had no influ ence whatever. During the Burgoyne campaign, he was never under fire ; and Lee's unheeded warning did indeed secure to his memory the wreath of " Southern willow, in place of that of laurel " which Congress had placed upon his brow, when the laurel had been earned by the brave and patriotic Schuyler. The troops of Delaware and Maryland alone would have saved the battle, if properly supported by Gates. The gallant Delaware Battalion which fought with De Kalb, was almost destroyed. The Maryland troops lost in killed, wounded and prisoners nearly four hundred, out of a total of fourteen hundred ; but to their perpetual honor it is to be recorded, that of the number swept away in the final retreat of the whole army. BATTLE OF SPRINGFIELD. 293 seven hundred non-commissioned officers and privates reported for duty b}- the twenty-ninth of tho month. On the eighth of October, the Battle of King's iloun- tain was fought ; and the names of Shelby, Campbell, AIcDowell, Sevier, and AA^illiams are still associated with descendants from the brave participants in that battle. It partially oflset the disaster at Camden, and was an inspiration to AA^ashington in the adjustment of his plans for Greene's movements. It compelled Cornwallis to delay his second invasion of North Carolina ; and Tarle ton, in writing, says of this people, that "the counties of ^Mecklenburg and Rowan were more hostile to Eng- land than any others in America." Gates endeavored to gather the remnant of his army ; and, before his leaving to answer before a Court of Inquiry ordered by Congress, about twenty-three hundred men assembled. On inspection, it was found that but eight hundred in the whole number were properly clothed and equipped. The Southern campaign became one of petty operations mostly. Neither Cornwallis, Tarleton, Rawdon, nor Balfour made progress in subjugation of the people. Sumner, although wounded at Black's Plantation on the twentieth of October, gained credit in several lesser expe ditions. But universal British failures disappointed the expectations of the British Commander-in-Chief at New York. The loss of Charleston, in the opinion of AA'ash- ington and the best military critics, was not without its compensations ; and the collapse of Gates was an illus tration of Washington's knowledge of men and his fore sight as a Soldier. CHAPTER XXIX. A bird's-eye view OF THE THE.\TRE OF WAR. AS a bird's overlook of its wide field of vision can not comprehend all objects within range, except in turn, so must the patient reader come back again to stand behind Washington and look over his shoulder as he points the glass of observation to the activities which he in turn surveys ; to catch with him their import, and so far as possible strain the eye of faith with him, while with slowly sweeping supervision he comprehends all that the war for American Independence has intrusted to his care. Mountain and valley, ocean and river, marsh and morass, cave and ravine, are representatives of the various scenes of agitation and confiict. The entire land is in excited expectancy, and everywhere war is waged ; but beyond and over all these contending conditions he discerns the even horizon of assured victory. And just now, immedi ately at hand, under his very feet, as well as wherever partisan warfare tears life out of sweet homes for the sprinkling of liberty's altar, there is indescribable pain and anguish. His heart bleeds with theirs ; for he is one with them, and they are one with him, in the willing consecration which generations yet unborn shall forever honor. And as the year 1780 came to its close, he drew his sword-girth tighter, and seemed to stand many inches taller, as he embraced, in one reflected view, the suffer ing South and the half-asleep North. Between the two 294 BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THEATRE OF WAR. 295 sections there was some restless impatience over such exact ing contributions of fathers, brothers and sons, to regions so far from home ; and just about his humble sleeping quar ters, were suffering, faithful sharers of his every need. Tidings ofthe failure of Gates, with its disaster and its sacrifices of brave legions, did not reach the Commander- in-Chief until September. But it was impossible for him to send troops in sufficient numbers to cope with the army of Cornwallis. The second French division, so long- expected (and never realized) , was reported to be block aded at home, and of no possible immediate use to America. The British fleet still blockaded Newport. Lafayette did indeed elaborate a plan for an assault upon New York, Fort Washington, and Staten Island ; but the plan was abandoned through lack of boats for such extended water-carriage. There were few periods of the war where more diverse and widely separated interests required both the comprehensive and the minute consid eration of the American Commander-in-Chief. A few illusstrations represent the many. Forts Ann and George were captured, by a mixed force of Cana dians, Indians, and British regulars, in October. Fort Edward was saved through the sagacity of Colonel Living ston ; who, having a garrison of only seventy-nine men, averted attack by sending to the commanding officer of Fort George an exaggerated report of his own strength, with a promise to come to his aid. This was designed to be intercepted, and the British regulars had actually approached Saratoga, before their return to Lake Cham plain. An excursion from Fort Niagara into the Mohawk Valley desolated the homes of the Oneidas, who were friendly to the United States. Some leaders in certain Vermont circles corresponded with British officials in Canada ; and such was the uneasiness which prevailed along the northern and northwestern frontier, that three regi- 296 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. ments had to be sent to Albau}"-, to compose the unrest of that single region. On the seventh of November, Wash ington wrote : " The American army is experiencing almost daily want ; while the British army derives ample supplies from a trade with New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, which has by degrees become so common that it is hardly thought a crime." Early in September, a commercial treaty between Hol land and the United States came under consideration, and Colonel Laurens was sent as commissioner to conduct the negotiations abroad ; but he was taken prisoner and locked up in the Tower of London, to stand trial on the charge of high treason against the British crown. His papers were seized, and on the second day of December, Great Britain declared war against Holland. The condition of Great Britain, at that time, was in deed one of supreme trial ; and it is well for the people of America to honor the inherent forces of British liberty which vindicated, under such adverse ruling conditions, the very principles for which their brethren fought in America. It was the one solemn hour in British history when America, if fostered as a trusted and honored child, would have spared England long years of waste in blood and treasure. Not only were Spain and France combined to plunder or acquire her West India posses sions ; but Spain was pressing the siege of Gibraltar. Both Denmark and Sweden united with Catharine of Russia to adopt the famous system of " Armed Neutral ity," which declared that " free ships make free goods," and that " neutrals might carry any goods or supplies wherever they pleased, with complete immunity from search or capture." That was a deadly blow at British commerce. Even in the East Indies, her crown was one of thorns. Hyder Aii swept through the Province of Madras, and Warren Hastings was contending for very BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THEATRE OF WAR. 297 life, to save British rule in India from overthrow. France sent aid to Hyder All, as well as to America ; tiud was thus, at this very period, unexpectedly limited in her anticipated contributions to the army of Washington. Domestic excitements increased Britain's burdens. Eighty thousand volunteers had been enrolled in Ireland in view of apprehended French invasion. A large num ber of her statesmen favored " peace at any price." The wonderful capacity of Great Britain to withstand external force and to uncover the equally wonderful resources at her command, ought to have convinced her rulers that on the same basis, and by a legitimate inheritance, the American Colonies were unconquerable. On the eleventh of November, General Sullivan, having resigned, took his seat in Congress. On the twentieth, Washington thus addressed him : " Congress will deceive themselves, if they imagine that the army, or a State, that is the theatre of war, can rub through another campaign as the last. It would be as unreasonable to suppose that because a man had rolled a snow-ball till it had acquired the size of a horse, he might do it until it was the size of a house. Matters may be pushed to a certain point, beyond which we cannot move them. Ten months' pay is now due the army. Every department of it is so much indebted that we have not credit for a single expense, and some of the States are harassed and oppressed to a degree beyond bearing. . . . To depend, under these circumstances, upon the resources of the country, unassisted by foreign bravery, will, I am confident, be to lean upon a broken reed." At a conference held with Count Rochambeau at Hart ford, Conn., it had been proposed by General Sul livan, " that the French fleet seek Boston, and the French army join Washington " ; but this was impracticable. The stay at Newport prevented the operations of the 298 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. British blockading fleet elsewhere along the southern Atlantic coast ; and thus far, restricted British move ments generally. As early as October sixteenth. General Leslie left New York with three thousand troops ; landed at Portsmouth, Va., and joined Cornwallis at Charles ton late in December. A son of Rochambeau left New port on the eighteenth of October, ran the gauntlet of the British fleet, in a gale, safely reached France, and urged " immediate additional aid of men, arms, and money." The Chevalier de Ternay died at Newport, on the fifteenth of December, and was succeeded by Chevalier Destouches. Colonel Fleury, who will be remembered as distinguishing himself at Fort Mifflin and Stony Point, joined Rochambeau. These gallant French officers, like their sovereign, were so devoted to AVashington, and en tertained such absolute faith in his capacity as patriot and soldier, that the narrative of his career during the war would savor of ingratitude if their faithful service were not identified with his memory. At that time, there was a design under consideration, but never matured, for the association of Spain with France in active operations on the American coast. Meanwhile, VA^ashington proposed another plan for the reconstruction of the army, through the consolidation of battalions ; thereby reducing their numbers, but fixing a permanent military establishment. It will appear from a letter written to Franklin on the twentieth of Decem ber, that he had reached a point, where, even under so many embarrassments, he felt that ultimate success was not far distant. The letter reads as follows : " The cam paign has been thus inactive, after a flattering prospect at the opening of it and vigorous struggles to make it a decisive one, through failure of the unexpected naval superiority which was the pivot upon which everything turned. The movements of Lord Cornwallis during the BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THEATRE OF WAR. 299 last month or two have been retrograde. What turn the late reenforcements which have been sent him may give to his affairs, remains to be known. I have reenforced our Southern army principally with horse ; but the length of the march is so much opposed to the measure that every corps is in a greater or less degree ruined. I am happy, however, in assuring you that a better disposition never prevailed in the Legislatures of the several States than at this time. The folly of temporary expedients is seen into and exploded ; and vigorous efforts will be used to obtain a permanent army, and carry on the war systematically, if the obstinacy of Great Britain shall compel us to con tinue it. We want nothing but the aid of a loan, to en able us to put our finances into a tolerable train. The country does not want for resources ; but we want the means of drawing them forth." The new organization was to consist of fifty regiments of foot, four of artillery, and other bodies of mounted men, including in all, thirty-six thousand men, fairly appor tioned among the States. But not more than half that number were ever in the field at one time, and the full complement never was recruited. The prejudice against a regular army of any size was bitter ; and Hildreth states the matter very truthfully when he says, that "Congress, led by Samuel Adams, was very jealous of military power, * and of everything which tended to give a permanent character to the army." Mr. Adams was sound in principle, for he not only realized that the Colonies had suffered through the employment of the British army to enforce oppressive and unconstitutional laws, but equally well knew that a larger army than the State needed for its protection against invasioiv and the preservation of the peace, was inimical to true liberty. Money was still scarce. A specie tax of six millions was imposed, and the sixth annual campaign of the war 300 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. drew near its close. John Trumbull, Jr. , became Secretary to the Commander-in-Chief, vice Robert H. Harrison who became Chief Justice of Maryland ; and Colonel Hand became Adjutant-General, vice Scammon, resigned. Mor gan was promoted, and with General Steuben and Harry Lee's horse, was ordered to the Southern Department, accompanied by Kosciusko as engineer, vice Du Portail, captured at Charleston. On the twenty-eighth of November, Washington desig nated the winter quarters for the army, establishing his own at New Windsor. The Pennsylvania Line were near Morristown ; the Jersey line, at Pompton ; the Maryland horse, at Lancaster, Penn. ; Sheldon's horse, at Col chester, Conn., and the New York regiments at Fort Schuyler, Saratoga, Albany, Schenectady, and other exposed Northern posts. This distribution of troops, from time to time indicated, enables the reader to under stand how a wise disposition of the army, when active operations were practically suspended, equally enabled Washington to resume active service upon the shortest notice. On the eighth of October, General Greene, who had been tendered the command of the Southern Department, vice Gates, submitted to Washington his plan of conduct ing the next campaign. He desired, substantially, " a flying army " ; that is, " one lightly equipped, mobile as possible, and familiar with the country in which operations were to be conducted." To secure to Greene prompt support in his new command, Washington addressed letters to Gov. Abner Nash, of North Carolina, Gov. Thomas Jefl'erson, of Virginia, and Gov. Thomas S. Lee, of Maryland, solicit ing their cordial cooperation in the work of the new De partment-Commander. Greene began his journey on the twenty-ninth day of November, attended by Baron Steu ben. He stopped at each capital to urge the necessity of BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THEATRE OF WAR. 301 immediate action, and secured the services of Generals Smallwood and Gist, of Maryland and Delaware, for re cruiting service in those States. Upon reaching Virginia, he found that State to be thoroughly aroused for her own defence. General Leslie, whose departure from New York has been noticed, had fortified both Norfolk and Portsmouth, and this increase of the British forces had veryjustly alarmed the people. Washington had already sent Generals Muhlenburg and Weedon to Virginia to organize its militia, and they were endeavoring to confine the forces of Leslie within the range of his fortified posi tions. These officers had also served under General Greene, making their assignment 'eminently judicious. The matter of supplies, of all kinds, became a matter of the greatest concern, if operations were to be carried on effectively against Cornwallis at the South : while also maintaining full correspondence with the troops of the centre zone, and the North. The consolidation of regi ments left many officers without commands ; but the selection of a competent Quartermaster-General became an imperative necessity. Col. Edward Carrington was selected, and of him. Chief Justice Marshall says : " He was eminently qualified to undertake the task of combin ing and conducting the means of the Quartermaster-Gen eral's department ; obeyed the call to the office ; and dis charged it with unequalled zeal and fidelity." For the purposes of this narrative, it is only necessary to indicate the general conduct of operations southward, so far as they illustrate the wisdom of Washington in the selection of officers, and the instructions under which he made use of their services. He concurred with Greene in his general plan ; and the initiative was undertaken with as frequent exchange of views, through express messengers or couriers, as was then practicable. Orders were issued for Colonel Carrington to explore the coun- 302 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. try of the Dan, the Yadkin, and Catawba rivers, and to make himself acquainted with the streams into which they discharged themselves. Kosciusko, Engineer-in- Chief of Greene, was charged with selecting proper places for defending or securing safe fording-places. A princi pal storehouse and laboratory was established at Prince Edward's Court House, and Baron Steuben was charged with maintaining the supply of powder from the manu factories, and of lead from the mines of Fincastle County. Such was the general preparation for the forthcoming campaign. General Greene reached Charlotte on the second of December, and relieved Gates, who had been awaiting his arrival for the surrender of his command. After exchange of the proper courtesies, Gates returned to his farm. The wisdom of Washington's choice in the assignment of General Greene may be seen by the citation of some of Greene's letters written at that crisis. To Jefferson he writes thus : " I find the troops in a most wretched condition, destitute of every necessity, either for their comfort or convenience, and they may be literally said to be naked. It will answer no good purpose to send men here in such a condition. . . . There must be either pride, or principle, to make a soldier. No man will think himself bound to fight the battles of a State that leaves him to perish for want of clothing, nor can you inspire a soldier with the sentiment of pride while his situation renders him more an object of pity, than of envy. The life of a soldier, in the best estate, is liable to innumerable hardships : but when these are aggravated by the want of provisions and clothing, his condition becomes intolerable ; nor can men long contend with such complicated difficulties and distress. Death, desertion, and the hospital, must soon swallow up an army under such circumstances ; and if it were possible for men to BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THEATRE OF WAR. 303 maintain such a wretched existence, they would have no spirit to face their enemies, and would invariably disgrace themselves and their commander. It is impossible to presume discipline, when troops are in want of every thing; to attempt severity, will only thin the ranks by more heavy desertion." To Marion he wrote : " I am fully sensible that your service is hard, and your sufferings great ; but how great the prize for which we contend ! I like your plan of fre quently shifting your ground. It frequently prevents surprise, and perhaps the total loss of your party. Until a more permanent army can be collected than is in the field at present, we must endeavor to keep up a partisan war, and preserve the tide of sentiment among the. people in our favor, as much as possible. Spies are tlie eyes of an army, and without them, a general is always groping in the dark." In -all these letters and the measures undertaken, Greene reflects the principles upon which his Commander- in-Chief carried on the war, and it was his highest pride so to act, as if under the direct gaze of Washington. On the twentieth of December, having been detained by rains at Charlotte, he abandoned his huts ; and by the twelfth of January, 1781, was encamped on the banks of the Peedee River, awaiting the opening of the final campaign of the war for American Independence. Col. Chris topher Greene, as well as Colonel Washington, Harry Lee, and Morgan, had already joined him, and Washing ton had thus furnished to the Southern army his ablest general and such choice details of officers and men as had been faithful, gallant, and successful throughout the war. CHAPTER XXX. THE SOLDIER TRIED. AMERICAN MUTINY. FOREIGN JUDGMENT. — Arnold's depredations. "IVTOTHING new or unfamiliar to the American student J_>l can be said as to the military operations of the British, French and American armies during the closing year of the war for American Independence ; but they may be so grouped in their relations to Washington as a Soldier, that he may stand forth more distinctly as both nominal and real Commander-in-Chief. His original commission, it will be remembered, was accompanied by the declaration of Congress that " they would maintain and assist him, and adhere to him, with their lives and fortunes, in the cause of American liberty." After the Battle of Trenton, when Congress solemnly declared that " the very existence of Civil Liberty depended upon the right execution of military powers," it invested him with dictatorial authority, being " confident of the wisdom, vigor, and uprightness of George Washington." And in 1778, after the flash ofthe Burgoyne campaign had spent itself, and the experiences of the American army at Valley Forge attested the necessity for a fighting army under a fighting soldier, Washington was again intrusted with the reorganization of the army, both regular and militia, in respect of all elements of enlistment, outfit, and supply. From the date of his commission, through all his acts and correspondence, it has been evident, that he has been perfectly frank and consistent in his assignments of officers 304 THE SOLDIER TRIED. 305 or troops, either to position or command ; and his judg ment of men and measures has had constant verification in realized experience. It was very natural for European monarchs, including Louis XVL, to behold in the very preeminent and asser tive force of AA^ashington's character much of the " one- man power " which was the basis of their own asserted prerogative ; and there were astute and ambitious states men and soldiers of the Old AVorld who hoped that a new empire, and a new personal dynasty, would yet arise in the western world, to be their associated ally against Great Britain herself. They did not measure the Ameri can Revolution by right standards ; because they could not conceive, nor comprehend the American conception of, a " sovereign people." There was one foreign soldier in the American army, and of royal stock, who must have clung to AVashington and his cause, with most ardent passion as well as obedi ent reverence. Nothing of sacrifice, exposure, or vile jealousy, whether in closet, camp, or field, amid winter's keenest blasts or summers scorching fires, M'as beyond the life and soul experience of Thaddeus Kosciusko. His name, and that of Pulaski, so dear to Washington, and so true to him, should be ever dear to the American ; and in the history of their country's fall, there should ever be cherished a monumental recognition of ancient Poland and the Pole. It was one of the most striking characteristics of Wash ington's military life that he recognized and trusted so many of these heroic men whose lives had been nursed and developed in the cause of liberty and country. Such men as these beheld in AVashington a superhuman regard for man, as man; and the youthful Lafayette almost wor shipped, while he obeyed, until his entire soul was pene trated by the spirit and controlled by the example of his 306 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. beloved Chief. Some of these, who survived until the opening of the year 1781, were able to realize that its successive months, however blessed in their ultimate fruition, were months in which Washington passed under heavier yokes and through tougher ordeals than were those of Valley Forge or Yorktown. For the first time during the Revolutionary struggle, the American citizens who did the fighting might well compare their situation under the guardianship of the American Congress, with that of Colonial obligation under the British Parliament and the British crown. The fluctuations of numbers in the American army seemed very largely to depend upon its vicinity to endangered sections. Remoteness from the seaboard induced indifference to expenditures for the na-vy, because British ships could not operate on land ; and seaboard towns, which were constantly in peril, insisted upon retaining their able-bodied militia within easy reach, until armed vessels could be built and assigned for their protection. The same unpatriotic principle of human nature affected all supplies of food and clothing. It has already been noticed that Washington was profoundly grieved that country people courted the British markets of New York, and that British gold was of such mighty weight in the balance of " stay-at-home comfort," against personal experience in some distant camp. Starvation and suffering could not fail to arouse resistance to their constraints. The condition of the army was one of pro tracted agony. Lafayette wrote home to his wife as follows: "Human patience has its limits. No European army would suffer one-tenth' part of what the Americans suffer. It takes citizens, to support hunger, nakedness, toil, and the total want of pay, which constitute the con dition of our soldiers, — the hardiest and most patient that are to be found in the world." AMERICAN MUTINY. 307 Marshall states the case fairly when he asserts that " it was not easy to persuade the military,, that their brethren in civil life were unable to make greater exer tions in support of the war, or, that its burdens could not be more equally borne." On New Year's Day, January 1, 1781, the Pennsylvania line (Continentals) revolted, and Captain Billings was killed in the effort to suppress the outbreak. Thirteen hundred men, with six guns, started for Philadelphia. Wayne was powerless to control even his own command ; and so advised Washington. The Commander-in-Chief was at first impelled to leave New Windsor and go in person to the camps ; but knowing that he had troops who would obey him, whatever conditions might arise, he addressed himself to this state of affairs with a dignity, deliberation, and sympathy, so calm and yet so impres sive, that he both retained the full prestige of his posi tion, and secured full control of the disaffection. He allowed passion to subside ; and then resolved to execute his own will, at all hazards. The details of his mental struggle, and the precautionary measures taken by him to master the situation, with eager and excited veterans at his back to enforce his will, would fill a volume. Recognizing the neglect of State authorities to furnish their own respective regiments with food, clothing, and money, he proudly, sublimely, and with a dignity beyond any heroic act of the battlefield, called upon the Gov ernors of the Northern States to send their militia, at once, to take care of Clinton's army in JSfew York, if they wished to prevent the invasion and waste of their own peaceful homes. In other words, as plainly as he could do it, he made the " stay-at-homes " responsible for their own further immunity from battle scenes and battle waste. This mutiny was indeed, a natural outbreak, inevitable. 308 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. irresistible ! It did not impair loyalty to country. The emergency overwhelmed every purely military obligation in that of self-preservation — of life itself. It did impair discipline, and did disregard authority, for the time ; but in its manifestations had many of the elements of lawful revolution. The State first failed in duty to its defenders. For such a cause, the Revolution had its first outbreaks at Lexington and Concord. Washington was never so great in arms, as when with calm trust and steady nerve he faced this momentous issue. Besides his demand upon the States most exposed to British incur sions, for men, he demanded money. Massachusetts and New Hampshire promptly gave twenty-four dollars extra, in specie, to each enlisted man. Colonel Laurens was appointed as special agent to France, to secure a loan. Eventually, he succeeded ; but Count de Vergennes, when advised of his mission, wrote on the fifteenth of February : " Congress relies too much on France for subsidies to maintain their army. They must absolutely refrain from such exorbitant demands. The great ex penses of the war render it impossible for France to meet these demands, if persisted in." Franklin, then at Paris, wrote to his daughter, Mrs. Balche : " If you see Wash ington, assure him of my very great and sincere respect, and tell him that all the old Generals here amuse them selves in studying the accounts of his operations, and approve highly of his conduct." Lafayette also wrote, urging full supplies of men and money ; with most pointed assurances that the " American States would surely realize success, and be amply able to refund all advances which might be made by the king." Up to this time, the individuality of the States, in spite of Washington's repeated appeals for entire unity of purpose and action on the part of all, had been jealously maintained. A partial relief was afforded, when, on the FOREIGN JUDGMENT. 309 second of March, 1781, the Articles of Confederation -finally went into effect, Maryland having yielded her assent on the previous day. Four years and four months had elapsed since their formal adoption and submission to the several States for acceptance. All the insubordination of the American army before referred to, was well known at British headquarters in New York. That of the previous year had disappointed both Clinton and Knyphausen, who invaded New Jersey, it will be remembered, hoping to reap some benefits from its expression ; but now that it assumed such unmistak able signs of armed revolt, they doubled their interest in its movements. General Clinton, mindful of his error on a former occasion, simply watched Washington. He re ceived information of the general insubordination as early as AVashington, and on the morning of the twenty-third, sent messengers to the American army with propositions looking to their return to British allegiance. He entirely misconceived the nature of the disaffection, and his agents were retained in custody. In writing to Lord Germaine, he says : " General AVashington has not moved a man from his army [near West Point] as yet ; and as it is probable that their demands are nearly the same with the Pennsylvania line, it is not thought likely that he will. I am, however, in a situation to avail myself of favorable events ; but to stir before they offer, might mar all." At this period, the infiuence of the American Commis sioners — Adams, Franklin and Jay, was proving very beneficial to the American cause with the Governments of Spain and Holland, as well as with France ; and Colonel Laurens, upon his arrival at Paris, after release from prison, pretty plainly assured the French Ministry that it " would be much wiser policy to advance money to America, than to risk such an accommodation with Eng land as would compel America, so near her West India 310 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. possessions, to make common cause with England against France." Notwithstanding these negotiations, then in progress, the American army had become reduced to an effective force of barely five thousand men ; and the French army could not be disposable for general service while their fleets were so closely confined to the harbor of New port. The British fleet was wintering at Gardiner's Bay, L.I., so as to watch all vessels that entered or departed from Long Island Sound, and maintained its blockade. Late in January a violent north-east storm made havoc with the British ships. The Culloden, line-of-battle ship (74 guns), was sunk. The Bedford was dis masted, and the America was driven to sea. Wash ington seized upon this incident to make a diversion southward and attempt the capture of Arnold, who was in full commission as a brigadier-general of the British army. Arnold had left New York with sixteen hundred men, on the nineteenth of the preceding December, for Virginia. His command consisted of the eighteenth British (Scotch) regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Dundas, and the Queen's Rangers, Lieutenant-Colonel Simcoe ; the latter being a skilful officer, slirewd and cool, but noted, in the heat of battle, for characteristic ferocity in shortening fights, and thus reducing the number of wounded prisoners to be cared for. Clinton seems not to have fully relied upon the discretion of Arnold, since he reports, having " detailed two officers of tried ability and experience, and possessing the entire confidence of their commander." As with so many naval expeditions of that period, a gale overtook Arnold on the twenty- sixth and twenty-seventh of December, scattering his transports, so that without waiting for those still at sea, he landed with twelve hundred men and moved up the James River on the fourth of January. He landed at ARNOLD'S DEPREDATIONS. 311 Westover, twenty-five miles below Richmond, and imme diately marched upon the city. On the afternoon of the fifth, he entered Richmond. The militia, under Col. John Nichols, only two hundred in number, assembled upon Richmond Hill, but had to retire before Simcoe's advance. A few men stationed on Shreve Hill, also re tired. At Westham, seven miles above Richmond, a foundry, a laboratory, and some shops were destroyed, as well as the Auditor's Records, which had been removed from Richmond for safety. Arnold sent a proposition to Governor Jefferson, offering to spare the city if no op position were made to his vessels ascending the river to remove tobacco and other legitimate plunder of war. Upon rejection of this proposition, he burned so much of the city as time allowed, and returned to Westover, with out loss. He carried ofi" seven brass cannon, three hun dred stands of arms found in the loft ofthe Capitol, and a few quartermasters' stores, as his sole trophies of war. Upon information, however, that Baroh Steuben was at Petersburg with some militia, Arnold hastened to Ports mouth to put its defences in better condition. CHAPTER XXXI. THE SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN, 1781, OUTLINED. CO"WPENS. GUILFORD COURT-HOUSE. EUTAW SPRINGS. BEFORE developing Washington's plan for the capt ure of Benedict Arnold, it is advisable to glance at the military condition of the Southern Department in which Arnold was then serving in command of British troops. Lafayette had been intrusted with execution of the plan. He knew perfectly well that Arnold would not venture far from his fortified position at Portsmouth, and thus incur risk of capture and an inevitable death upon the gibbet. The assignment of General Greene to the command of that department was designed by Washington, for the purpose of initiating a vigorous campaign against all posts occupied by British garrisons, and gradually to clear that country of the presence of British troops. He had great confidence in such men as INlarion, Sumter, Hampton, and other partisan leaders, who were perpetu ally on the alert, by night and by day, for opportunities to repress royalist risings, and harass the enemy at every possible point of contact. It was very natural, then, to overestimate the British successes at Savannah and Charleston, and even to assume that the British army would be uniformly equal to active campaign service, and would not find it difficult to maintain supplies in the field. In view of the condition of roads, water-courses, swamps, and the limited agricultural improvements of 312 THE SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN: COWPENS. 313 those times, it is greatly to the credit of the British offi cers that so much was accomplished by them, in the face of the partisan operations above noticed. Washington appreciated this condition fully ; urged the Southern governors to renewed activity, and fur nished General Greene with instructions respecting what he regarded as the final campaign of the war. The first element of success which he enjoined as a duty was "to avoid battle with fresh British troops, just out of garrison, and therefore in complete readiness for action." The second injunction was, " so far as possible, to give a par tisan or skirmish character to engagements where infe- rior numbers could keep their adversaries under constant and sleepless apprehension of attack." The third was, "to utilize and control streams, swamps, and woods, where the bayonet and artillery could not be successfully employed by British troops." The fourth principle of action was characteristic of Washington's early experi ence, and was exemplified throughout the war — "never to halt, over night, without making artificial protection against surprise ; and to surprise the enemy so far as practicable, whenever all conditions seem to render such surprise impossible." Caesar's habitual intrenchments, upon a halt, were types of AA^ashington's methods ; and the Crimean War made more impressive than ever the value of slight, temporary cover for troops in the field. The camp-kettle, the powder and lead, the pick and the spade, were Washington's indispensable tools. It was therefore with great confidence in the result that he intrusted this Southern campaign to the charge of Nathaniel Greene ; and for the same reasons he sent him his best engineer, and his best corps of rifles and horse. General Greene, immediately upon taking command, removed all commissary supplies from the coast, to avoid liability of their seizure, and to maintain his food-supply. 314 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. He ordered Quartermaster-General Carrington to collect all magazines upon the Roanoke, for ready access when ever he might need ammunition or commissary supplies. He wrote to Baron Steuben, to " hasten forward his recruits " ; to the Governors of Virginia and North Caro lina, to "fill up their quotas of regulars and call in all the militia that they could arm " ; to Shelby, Campbell, and other participants in the Battle of King's Mountain, fought on the eighth of October, 1780, "to come forward and assist in the overthrow of Cornwallis, and defeat his second attempt to invade North Carolina." It is certain from his letters to Washington, that he expected to realize success. The battle of Cowpens immediately followed. While awaiting response to his demands for troops, both militia and regulars, Greene promptly detached Morgan, with Colonels Washington and Howard, to learn the movements of Cornwallis and Tarleton, and fritter away their strength by worrying tactics. Morgan came so near Tarleton as to know that he could have a fight, if he wanted a fight. This he resolved to have. Few military events on record show superior tact, daring, and success. He placed his command in the sharp bend of Broad River, then swollen by rains, and so deep and swift that neither boat, horse nor man could cross it ; where, as he afterwards reported, " his men had to fight, or drown." All that he asked of his advanced militia was, that they would give two volleys and scamper from his front, and re-form in his rear. He secreted Washing ton's dragoons out of view, for their opportunity. Tarle ton dashed madly after the scattering militia, and before he could rally his impetuous charge of horse and foot, was taken in the rear, utterly routed, and barely saved himself after a sabre-cut from Colonel Washington ; leaving on the field, or as prisoners, seven hundred and eighty of his command, two cannon, fifty-five wagons, one hundred THE SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN: ITS CRISIS. 315 horses, and eight hundred muskets. Cornwallis was but twenty-five miles distant ; but the exchange of sharp words afterwards, between himself and Tarleton, did not lessen the value and prestige of this timely American victory. Congress and various States united in recognition of Morgan's gallant conduct. Broken down by rheuma tism, he was compelled to leave active service. From Quebec, in 1775, to Cowpens, in 1780, he had been "weighed" in many battle-scales, and never "found wanting." On the twenty-fifth of January, while in camp on Hicks' Creek, a fork of the Great Republic, Greene received the message of Morgan that he " had many prisoners in charge, but was pressed by Cornwallis." It was most tantalizing, at such an hour, not to be able to improve this victory. The Southern army, including Morgan's force, numbered, all told, including four hundred militia, only twenty-one hundred and three men, of whom the artillerists were but forty-seven, and the cavalry only one hundred and twenty. Greene wrote to Sumter, on the fifteenth of January, two days before the Battle of Cowpens : " More than half our numbers are in a manner naked, so much that we cannot put them on the least duty. Indeed, there is a great number that have not a rag of clothing on them, except a little piece of blanket, in the Indian form, about their waists." But Greene put this force in the best possible order ; and on the twenty-eighth, accompanied by a single guide, one aide-de-camp, and a sergeant's party of twenty troopers, he started to join Morgan. On the night ofthe thirtieth, after a ride of one hundred and twenty-five miles, he was with him. The crisis was immediate. Greene wrote to Varnum, then in Congress ; to Gist, Smallwood, Rutledge, Wash ington, and others, appealing for five thousand infantry and from six to eight hundred horse. It seemed as if 316 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. this very victory would only precipitate disaster. Wash ington thus replied : " I wish I had it in my power to congratulate you on the brilliant and important victory of General Morgan without the alloy which the distresses of the department you command, and apprehensions of posterior events, intermix. ... I lament that you find it so difficult to avoid a general action ; for our misfortunes can only be completed by the dispersion of your little army, which will be the most probable con sequence of such an event." This letter reflects the wise policy of Washington throughout the war ; ever to reserve in hand a sufficient force to control the time and place for battle ; while incessantly weakening that of his adver sary and compelling him, flnally, to fight "against odds." As the mind reverts to the contentions for high com mand which characterized the early years of the war ; and as one officer after another disappears from the battle record, it would seem as if the officer who sat by the side of Morgan on the banks of the Catawba, on the thirtieth of January, 1781, must have felt as if a new generation had taken the place ofthe old comrades of 1776, and that he was simply waiting to pass away also. But the hazard of delay was omnipotent to force instant action. Colonel Lee was ordered to hasten and join Greene. The report of the landing of British forces at Wilmington, just in the rear of the small army he had left at Hicks' Creek, was a new source of anxious concern. The time of service of the Virginia militia was about to expire, and according to precedent, they would be prompt in their departure. With quick sagacity, Greene placed General Stephens in command, anticipating the exact term of their expiring enlistment, and sent them home, via Hillsborough, in charge of the prisoners of Tarleton's command. He thus relieved Morgan of this encumbrance, and saved the detail of efficient troops for that escort duty. THE SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN: ITS RENEWAL. 31 7 At this period, Cornwallis had abandoned Charleston as his base of supply, and was confident of a successful invasion of North Carolina. He certainly knew that Phillips, Arnold, and Simcoe could spare no troops from Virginia ; and through the disaster which befell Tarleton, one of the best soldiers of that period, at Cowpens, he began to appreciate Clinton's disappointing experiences about New York. He unburdened his thoughts to Clin- ton, in this melancholy vein : " Our hopes of success were principally founded upon positive assurances, given by apparently credible deputies and emissaries, that, upon the approach of a British army in North Carolina, a great body ofthe inhabitants were ready to join it, and cooper ate with it in restoring his Majesty's Government. All inducements in my power were made use of without material effects." On the tenth of February, Greene had a force of only two thousand and thirty-six men ; of which, but fourteen hundred and six were regular troops. A light corps of seven hundred men was organized under Colonels Will iams, Carrington, Howard, Washington, and Lee, to operate in separate detachments so far as practicable, and thus keep the army of Cornwallis constantly under expos ure to attack, and compelled to make many exhaustive marches. Kosciusko planned light earthworks, to cover fords as the army crossed and recrossed the same ; and Greene was thus employing wise strategic methods for future action, when of his own choice he might confront Cornwallis in battle. Many vicissitudes of thrilling interest attended these desultory operations ; and when sudden floods, and as sudden abatement of swollen streams, had been success fully utilized by the patriotic leaders, just at the right moment, it is not strange that the American people, as 318 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. well as Washington, saw in these deliverances the hand of favoring Providence. At this juncture, Greene realized also, as well as did Cornwallis, that he could not expect any substantial aid from Virginia. He could hardly keep his immediate force in hand, while wear, waste, hunger and sickness began to impair their flghting energy as well as physical capacity. He determined to seek the first reasonable opportunity to join battle with Cornwallis ; and the Battle of Guilford Court-House, on the fifteenth of March, real ized Washington's full anticipations of such protracted inaction. The light troops of both armies had skirmished daily. Cornwallis issued a proclamation giving a limit within which the people must return to their allegiance to the Crown. On the sixth of March a skirmish occurred at Wetzell's Mills, which brought nearly the entire army of Cornwallis into action. On the eighth. Colonel Carring ton and Frederick Cornwallis, acting as commissioners for the two opposing armies, agreed upon terms for an exchange of prisoners. Cornwallis had been in the habit- of paroling militia, wherever found, and carrying them on his list, as if captured in battle. In the adjustment made, Greene obtained a few officers who would have been otherwise idle during the campaign ; but the arrangement had no other immediate value. The position of the two armies is worthy of notice, be cause of its relations to succeeding events in Virginia. For several weeks Cornwallis had made special endeavor to control all upper fords. On the twenty-seventh of February he crossed the river Haw and fixed his camp on the Allamance, one of its tributaries. Greene adopted a line nearly parallel with that of his adversary, and advanced to the heights between Reedy Fork and Troub lesome Creek, having his divided headquarters near the GUILFORD COURT-HOUSE. 3 19 Speedwell Iron AVorks and Boyd's ]\Iills, on two streams. Greene had gained the choice of position, entirely revers ing the old relations of the armies. There were no British troops in his rear, or on his eastern fiank, and none to endanger his communications with Virginia. He could give battle ; retire as he advanced, or move into Virginia, by the same upper fords which Cornwallis had once so carefully occupied. At this time, the army of Cornwallis was also in great need of clothing, medicines, and all other essential supplies. The strain of so many unequal marches and skirmishes, through woods, thick ets, and swamps, and across innumerable small streams, with no recompense in victories won, was very severe. He therefore pitched his camp between the Haw and Deep rivers, where the roads from Salisbury, Guilford and Hillsborough unite, and thus controlled the road to Wil mington, his only proximate base of supply. Troops had already commenced reporting to General Greene, and he decided to offer battle. The command consisted of only fourteen hundred and ninety regular infantry, one hundred and sixty-one cavalry, and twenty- seven hundred and fifty-four militia. The army of Corn wallis, which on the first of January numbered three thousand two hundred and twenty-four men, had fallen off, by March 1st, nearly one-third ; and there was reason for Greene's hope that, in case his militia held firmly to positions assigned them, victory might be realized. He felt the enemy with Lee's and Campbell's cavalry ; dis posed his troops in admirable form ; and failed at last, only through the weakness of his raw troops. For the purposes of this narrative, only the result need be stated. The American army retired to the iron-works on Trouble some Creek, a distance of twelve miles, to rally forces and prepare for future action. "It is certain," says Colonel Lee, " that if Greene had known the condition ofthe British 320 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. forces, he need not have retreated, and the American victory would have been complete." Tarleton, who was wounded in the action, after stating that "the British army lost one-third of its number in killed and wounded, during the two hours of battle," said that "this victory was the pledge of ultimate defeat." Greene, writing to Washington, said : " The enemy gained his cause, but is ruined by the success of it." Fox, in the British House of Commons, said : " Another such victory would ruin the British army." Pitt called it"the precursor of ruin to British supremacy at the South." The casualties of the American army were, nominally, including missing, thirteen hundred and eleven ; but so many of the missing immediately rallied, that the Virginia Brigade, after two days, reported as present for duty, seven hundred and fifty-two ; and the Maryland Brigade mustered five hundred and fifty, showing a loss in action of only one hundred and eighty-eight men, instead of two hundred and sixty-one, reported on the seventeenth. Of one militia brigade, five hundred and fifty-two were missing. The British casualties were five hundred and forty-four, and of the general officers, only Cornwallis and Leslie escaped without wounds. Cornwallis, after providing for the wounded as well as possible, and leaving under a fiag of truce those who could not march, immediately crossed the deep river as if moving to Salisbury ; then recrossed it, lower down, and entered Wilmington on the seventh of April, with only fourteen hundred and forty-five men. He wrote to Lord Rawdon, that " Greene would probably invade South Carolina " ; but the messenger failed to get through to Charleston. Greene was delayed after the battle, to send back to his supply-train for ammunition, lead and bullet- moulds ; but he followed so closely after, that he reached Ramsour's Mills the twenty-eighth, the very day on which EUTAW SPRINGS. 321 Cornwallis had bridged the river and pushed on to Wil mington. The effect of this withdrawal of Cornwallis was of great value to the American cause, and cleared away obstruc tions to a broader range of operations for the army of the North. Subsequently, on the twenty-fifth of April Greene met Rawdon, at Hobkirk Hill, in an action sometimes called the Second Battle of Camden, as it was fought near that town, in which the American casualties were two hundred and seventy-one, and the British cas ualties were two hundred and fifty-eight. Greene, after the action, withdrew to Rugeley's Mills, and Rawdon to Camden. Stedman says : " The victory at Hobkirk Hill , like that at Guilford Court-House, produced no consequences beneficial to the British army." On the seventeenth of the subsequent September, Greene fought with Stewart, Raw- don's successor, the Battle of Eutaw Springs, the final battle at the South. In this battle the American casualties were four hundred and eight, and the British casualties were six hundred and ninety-three. In dismissing these operations in the Southern Department, a single extract from Tarleton's history of the war is of interest : " The troops engaged during the greater part of the time were totally destitute of bread, and the country afforded no vegetable as a substitute. Salt at length failed, and their only resources were water and the wild cattle which they found in the woods. In the last expedition, fifty men perished through mere fatigue. . . . We must not, however, confine the praise entirely to the British troops. The same justice requires that the Americans should not be deprived of their share of this fatal glory. . . . On the whole, the campaign terminated in their favor. General Greene having recovered the far greater part of Georgia, and the two Carolinas." This same Nathaniel Greene led the Kentish Guards to 322 WASHINGTON THE SOLDLER. Boston on the morning after the Battle of Lexington, in 1775, and his early announcement of the principles upon which the war should be conducted to ensure final success, had been verified. He had vindicated the confidence of Washington in every line of duty, and in his Southern campaign cleared the way for the crowning triumph of the American Commander-in-Chief, at Yorktown. CHAPTER XXXII. LAFAYETTE IN PURSUIT OF ARNOLD. THE END IN SIGHT. ARNOLD IN THE BRITISH ARMY. THE diversion of thought from Washington's imme diate surroundings will find its compensation in the development of his plan for the capture of Benedict Arnold. Its execution had been intrusted to General Lafayette, who was already assembling his command at Peekskill, on the Hudson. The superiority of the British fleet before Newport having been reduced by the storm of January 22nd, Monsieur Destouches, successor to Admiral de Ternay, deceased, consented to send one ship-of-the-line and two frigates to prevent Arnold's escape by sea. The Count de Rochambeau deemed it unnecessary and inexpedient to send troops, because the movement was to be so rapid in its execution. He assumed that the Continental forces in Virginia were adequate for operations under Lafayette. Letters from Washington, however, suggesting the detail of a considerable land force, did not reach him until after M. de Tully had sailed ; or the entire French fleet, with a strong military contingent, would have joined the expe dition. The three ships under the command of Monsieur de Tully sailed on the ninth of February ; captured the British frigate lioniidus in Linn Haven Bay, two pri vateers, and eight other prizes ; but upon arrival at Elizabeth River, Virginia, finding that the depth of water would not allow the passage up the river of his larger ships, he returned to Newport. 323 324 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. At this point, the beginning of the end of the war becomes apparent. Every fortuitous change in the details of immediately succeeding movements, and every modification of plans previously considered, seem to occur as if the American Commander-in-Chief adjusted characters and events with the accuracy of a master of chess who plays with a clear anticipation of the check mate of Clinton and Cornwallis, his two antagonists. Each of the royal partners attempted, too late, the process of " castle-ing " ; so that New York, first, and then Yorktown, became powerless to protect each other, or the dependent posts, garrisons, and commanders of each. And it is still more dramatic in the result than if Arnold had been captured ; for the expedition of the French Marquis, which was at first regarded as only a temporary absence on his part from the immediate command of Washington, proved to be the vanguard of an advance which, through his extraordinary tact and skilful hand ling, finally inclosed Cornwallis, and made the oppor tunity for his capture. Lafayette started from Peekskill immediately upon the departure of M. de TuUy's ships, taking with him twelve hundred light infantry, made up of New England and New Jersey troops. He reached Pompton, New Jer sey, on the twenty-fifth day of February ; Philadelphia, on the second day of March, and Head of Elk, on the next day. If the reader will imagine Lafayette as standing upon the high ground overlooking Chesapeake Bay on the evening of March 3, 1781, let him recall Maxwell's visit to the same spot accompanied by La fayette, on the third day of September, 1777, just before the Battle of Brandywine. On the former occasion, La fayette slept in a log cabin where he had been watching the British landing. At daybreak, that cabin was within the British picket-lines. A suspicion that it was occu- LAFAYETTE IN PURSUIT OF ARNOLD. 325 pied by an o.fficer of Lafayette's rank was certainly beyond the conception of the Hessian Chasseurs who bivouacked close by. In a letter written by Lafayette, to his young wife, which was ever cherished by the late Senators Oscar and Edmond Lafayette, grandsons of the Marquis, he humorously contrasts his condition at the two dates. " The landing of Cornwallis, at this particular point" is noticed ; then, "my first wound, in my first battle near Birmingham Meeting House " ; and then, " my present independent command, and my hopeful expectation that the same British General will not much longer bar the way to American Independence." From this point, Lafayette sent his advance troops to Annapolis ; but he first made a personal trip, in an open canoe, to Elizabethtown, to accelerate preparations for the capture of the traitor Arnold. He visited Baron Steuben at Yorktown, and learned that the Baron would undertake to raise five thousand militia for his support. He visited Muhlenburg at Suffolk ; and then made a personal reconnoissance of Arnold's defences at Ports mouth. The return of M. de Tully to Newport compelled him to return to Annapolis and there await instructions from Washington. Meanwhile, Washington, following up his own letters to Rochambeau, visited Newport, R.I., and accompanied Rochambeau to the French Admiral's ship. Eleven hundred men had already embarked, awaiting the repair of a frigate before sailing. On the eighth, four frigates and eight battle-ships pro ceeded to sea. This was a profound surprise to the British fleet, still anchored in Gardiner's Bay, as well as to Clinton, then in New York. The French fleet was actually under weigh before Admiral Arbuthnot suspected its design. He sailed promptly in pursuit, with an equal force, and wrote to General Clinton, to " warn Arnold of his danger." On the sixteenth, the British and French 326 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. squadrons fought a well-balanced battle, .off the Chesa peake ; but the presence of the British fleet having thwarted the chief object of its errand. Monsieur Des touches returned to Newport on the twenty-sixth, after an absence of only eighteen days. The inability of the French fleet to control the waters of the Chesapeake modi fied all plans. Washington wrote to Lafayette on the fifth of April, as follows : " While we all lament the miscarriage of an enterprise [the capture of Arnold] which bid so fair of success, we must console ourselves in the thought of having done everything practicable to accomplish it. I am certain that the Chevalier Destouches exerted him self to the utmost to gain the Chesapeake. The point U'pon which the whole turned, the action with Admiral Arbuthnot, reflects honor upon the Chevalier, and upon the marine of France. As matters have turned out, it is to be wished that you had not gone out of the Elk ; but, / never judge of the proprieties of measures by after results." This letter, so timely and wise, as well as so characteristic of its author, also instructed Lafayette to return to Philadelphia ; but on the sixth, he was ordered to report to General Greene. This order had hardly been issued when Washington learned that Clinton, acting upon Admiral Arbuthnot's suggestion, had forwarded additional troops to the sup port of Arnold, under command of General Phillips. He at once countermanded Lafayette's orders to report to General Greene, and assigned him to command in Vir ginia, reporting, however, both to General Greene and himself. Greene received a copy of this order March 18th, three days after the Battle of Guilford Coui-t-House, and he dates his reply as follows : " Ten miles from Guilford Court-House. I. am happy to hear the Marquis is coming to Virginia, though I am afraid from a hint in THE END IN SIGHT. 327 one of Baron Steuben's letters that he will think himself injured in being superseded in command. Could the Marquis be with us at this moment, we should have a most glorious campaign. It would put Cornwallis and his whole army into our hands." Greene, at this time, knowing the condition of the army of Cornwallis at Wilmington, believed that by the advance of Lafayette from Virginia, and his own coop eration, just as he started in pursuit of Cornwallis, the capture of that officer's entire command would be assured. But in other ways than had been anticipated, the assign ment of Lafayette to command in Virginia did enforce the ultimate surrender of the British army of Virginia. Baron Steuben, with perfect confidence in the wisdom of Washington, gracefully accepted the order as final, and rendered to Lafayette prompt obedience and thoroughly hearty support. The troops that accompanied Lafayette, however, did not like their transfer to a warmer climate. Desertions were frequent, and a mutinous spirit was exhibited. La fayette hung the first deserter who was captured. A second was arrested and brought before him for disposal. He sent him adrift, with " permission to return to his home, or wherever he desired to go." He then issued an order, reciting, that " he was setting out upon a dangerous and difficult expedition; and lie hoped the soldiers would not abandon him; but that whoever wished to go away, might do so instantly." " From that hour," wrote Lafayette, "all desertions ceased, and not a man would leave." Washington himself, at this juncture of affairs, was peculiarly embarrassed. Congress had assured him that the new regular force of thirty-seven thousand men would be in the field by the first of January. Marshall, the historian, makes the following statement : " The regular force drawn from Pennsylvania, to Georgia inclusive, at 328 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. no time during this interesting campaign amounted to three thousand effective men." Of the Northern troops, twelve hundred had been detached under the Marquis de Lafayette, in the aid of Virginia. Including these in the estimate, the States, from New Jersey to New Hamp shire, had furnished only five thousand effectives. The cavalry and artillery at no time exceeded one thousand. During May, the total force reached seven thousand, of whom rather more than four thousand might have been relied on for action ; but even these had been brought into camp too late to acquire that discipline which is so essential to military service. As early as February twentieth, when the Virginia cam paign was in prospect. General Washington begged Schuy ler to accept the head of the War Deparment, in these earnest words : " Our affairs are brought to an awful crisis. Nothing will recover them but the vigorous exertion of men of abilities who know our wants and the best means of supplying them. These qualifications. Sir, without a compliment, I think you possess. Why, then, the depart ment being necessary, should you shrink from it? The greater the chaos, the greater will be your merit in bring ing forth order." General Schuyler replied on the twenty- fifth, and declared his intention never to hold office under Congress, unless accompanied by a restoration to mili tary rank ; and added that " such inconvenience would result to themselves [members of Congress] from such a restoration, as would necessarily give umbrage to many officers." Washington's diary at this period affords a fair show of existing conditions, and reveals his anxiety better than another can depict it. On the first of May, his record is this : " Instead of having magazines filled with provisions, we have a scant pittance, scattered here and there, in different States. Instead of having our arsenals filled THE END IN SIGHT. 329 with military stores, they are poorly provided, and the workmen are leaving them. . . . Instead of hav ing the regiments completed under the new establishment, scarce any State has an eighth part of its quota- in the field, and there is little prospect of getting more than half. In a word, instead of having everything in readiness to take the field, we have nothing. . . . And instead of having the prospect of a glorious, offensive campaign before us, we have a gloomy and bewildered prospect of a defensive one, unless we should receive a powerful aid of ships, land troops, and money, from our generous allies, and these are at present too contingent to build upon. . . . Chimney-corner patriots abound ; venality, corruption, prostitution of office for selfish ends, abuse of trust, perversion of funds from a national to a private use, and speculations upon the necessities of the times, pervade all interests. ... In fact, every battle and every campaign is affected by these elements, and the diffusion of political responsibility still makes the United States only a loose partnership of scattered and loosely related partners." ¦ At this date. May first, the British troops in Virginia consisted of Arnold's command of fifteen hundred and fifty-three men, and that of Phillips, of twenty-one hun dred and sixty-three men. On the twentieth of May, including the forces of Cornwallis, the entire British force in Virginia did not exceed five thousand effective troops. Arnold, Phillips, and Simcoe made numerous excursions, destroying property, burning buildings, and leaving marks of desolation upon Williamsburg, Peters burg, Osborne, Hanover Court-House, Chesterfield Court- House, and elsewhere. Lafayette's command was almost ubiquitous, harass ing the enemy at every point, so that they could hardly make an expedition without being compelled to abandon 330 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. portions of the property plundered, and return to their fortified positions with the loss of some men and horses, every time. So soon as Lafayette learned that Cornwallis proposed to move northward from Wilmington to Virginia, and unite his command with those of Phillips and Arnold, he made an effort to reach Halifax Court-House, and cut him off; but the shorter route enabled Phillips to defeat Lafayette's movement. On the eighth of May, he wrote to Washington : " There is no fighting here, unless you have naval superiority ; or, an army mounted on race-horses. Phillips' plan against Richmond has been defeated. He was going to Portsmouth. Now, it appears that I have business with two armies, and this is rather too much. Each is more than double, superior to me. We have no boats, few militia, and no arms. I will try and do for the best. Nothing can attract my sight from the supplies and reen forcements destined to General Greene's army. I have forbidden every department to give me anything that may be thought useful to General Greene. When General Greene becomes equal to offensive operations, this quarter will be relieved. I have written to General Wayne [who had been ordered to report to Lafayette, with the Penn sylvania line, ordered south by Congress, on account of their mutiny] to hasten his march ; but unless I am hard pressed, I shall request him to go southward." Washington thus replied to this letter : " Your determi nation to avoid an engagement, with your present force, is certainly judicious. General Wayne has been pressed both by Congress, and the Board of War, to make as much expedition as possible." On the eighteenth of May, pursuant to orders of Gen eral Greene, assigning him to sole command in Virginia, and instructing him to report only to Washington, Lafay ette established his headquarters between the Pamunkey ARNOLD IN THE BRITISH ARMY. 33I and Chickahominy rivers, equally covering Richmond and other important points in the State ; and sent General Nelson -with militia towards Petersburg. On the twenty- sixth of May, Cornwallis received reenforcements under General Leslie, and notified General Clinton of his own intention to " dislodge Lafayette from Richmond." General Clinton's letter of the twentieth had contained the following postscript : " Pray send Brigadier-General Arnold here, by the first opportunity, if you should not have particular occasion for his services." Cornwallis replied : " I have consented to the request of General Arnold to go to New York ; he conceived that your Ex cellency wished him to attend you, and his present indis position renders him unequal to the fatigue of service." In view of the great effort on the part of Washing ton to arrest Arnold, it is well to consider some inci dents that disclose Arnold's true position in the British army. In none of his expeditions in Virginia did he face Continental troops. He attempted to open a corre spondence with Lafayette, and threatened to send any prisoners he might capture, to the West Indies ; but La fayette never acknowledged a communication, simply forwarding them to Washington. Among papers of General Phillips which came to light upon his decease, was a letter from Clinton showing that Phillips' assign ment to duty, on the eleventh of April, was " for the security of Arnold and the troops under his command, and for no other purpose." The reader, familiar with the Burgoyne campaign, will remember the brilliant and explosive burst of Arnold into the British lines, near Bemis Heights. General Phillips, then serving under Burgoyne, was one of the severest sufferers by that assault ; and the relations of the two officers, in Virginia, were of the most constrained character. Upon the death of Phillips an attempt was made on the part of Arnold to 332 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. conceal the knowledge of that fact ; and some direct cor respondence of Arnold with London officials had dis turbed Clinton, so that he desired to have him under his immediate control. The departure of Arnold from Vir ginia resolved the Virginia campaign into a series of spirited marches, counter-marches, skirmishes and sharp encounters, which ultimately drove Cornwallis behind the intrenchments at Yorktown ; and there he was securely inclosed, until all things could be prepared for the pres ence of the American Commander-in-Chief. On the thirty-first of May, Washington wrote to La^ fayette, and thus closed his letter: "Your conduct upon every occasion meets my approbation, but in none more than in your refusing to hold a correspondence with Arnold." CHAPTER XXXIII. NEW YORK AND YORKTOWN THREATENED. CORNWALLIS INCLOSED BY LAFAYETTE. ON the twenty-first day of May, 1781, which proved to have been that of the arrival of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Washington held a conference with Count de Rochambeau and General Chastellux at Wethersfield, Conn., as to the details of the approaching summer campaign. As one result of this interview. Count de Rochambeau requested Count de Grasse, then in the West Indies, to cooperate for a while with Count de Barras, and close the port of New York. The French fleet could not be very well spared from the West India Station, for the reason that while cooperating with the Americans, and on a foreign coast, it had neither accessi ble docks nor other means of refitting and supply, in case of disaster. Pending the disposition of this matter, the immediate junction of the two armies was definitely settled. The American army, with an effective force of a little less than forty-six hundred men, was ordered to Peekskill- on-the-Hudson. The Count de Rochambeau, with the Duke de Lauzun, marched from Newport and took post at Ridgebury, Conn., near Salem, on the road to Danbury, fifteen miles back from Long Island Sound. Two British posts, just out of New York, one at Morrisania, where Delancey's Rangers had a station, and from which constant incursions were made into Winches- 333 334 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. ter county ; and the other at the north end of Manhattan Island, not far from Fort Washington, were designated as the first objects of assault. Clinton had sent a con siderable foraging force into New Jersey, and it was sup posed likely that he might regard the posts named as not in danger of attack, or leave them lightly garri soned. Sheldon's Dragoons and a division under the Duke de Lauzun were to attempt the first of the expedi tions, and General Lincoln was intrusted with the other. Washington advised Governor Clinton of his plan, so that he might concentrate the New York militia at the proper moment ; and signal guns, "as well as beacon-fires, had been arranged to give notice of success. General Lincoln left Peekskill with eight hundred men, on the morning of the first of June, proceeded to Teller's Point ; there took boats, and with muffled oars rowed down Tappan Bay by night, hugging the eastern shore. On the morning of the second, he reached Dobb's Ferry, without being discovered by the enemy. At three o'clock, on the morning of the second, AA^'ashington started, without baggage, and leaving all tents standing ; passed through Tarrytown, reaching Valentine's Hill, four miles above King's Bridge, by sunrise ofthe third, where he gained a good position for the support of either expedition. When General Lincoln crossed the Hudson, at Fort Lee, he at once noticed that the British expedition into New Jersey had returned and reoccupied the post near Fort Washington ; and that a British man-of-war had anchored in the stream, near the shore just below that fort. A surprise of Fort Washington became impossible. He had, however, before leaving Peekskill, been supplied with alternate instructions, anticipating this very emer gency. It had been Washington's real purpose, now that the French army was immediately within his control, to draw Clinton, if possible, into a general engagement; NEW YORK AND YORKTOWN THREATENED. 335 and the entire French force awaited his signal for the movement. So soon as Lincoln discovered the British camp, he recrossed the Hudson and landed his troops just above Spuyten Duyvil Creek, near old Fort Independence ; and then moved to high ground near King's Bridge, so as to act in concert with the Duke de Lauzun and cut off any detachment which might attempt to cross the Harlem to support Delancey. Meanwhile the Duke de Lauzun had only reached East Chester, after a hot march over very rough country, and was several hours later than the hour designated for the assault. The troops of Lincoln were discovered by a large foraging force of fourteen hun dred men which was sweeping over the country from right to left, in search of cattle and other supplies, and a sharp skirmish ensued. The Duke de Lauzun, hearing the fir ing, pressed forward with forced step to join in the action. Washington also moved rapidly to the front, and at his appearance the British fell back rapidly to New York. During the afternoon, after carefully reconnoitering the position, Washington also retired to Valentine's Hill, and then to Dobb's Ferry, as if entirely withdrawing his troops ; but, on the sixth, he was joined by Rochambeau, and on the seventh, the American camp was fully established. Its right rested on the Hudson, covered by earthworks, and its left crossed Saw Mill River. (See Map, " Hudson River Highlands.") The French army occupied the hills still farther eastward, as far as the river Bronx. Washington at once made an effort to force General Clintoii to fight for the possession of New York. Pickets were ostentatiously posted. Letters, designed to fall into Clinton's hands, were written, and as early as the sixth, Clinton captured some of these " confidential " papers and enclosed them to Lord Cornwallis, saying : " I am threatened with a siege. Send me two thousand troops; the sooner they come, the better." 336 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. The agitation in New York is described by contempo rary writers as " most intense and universal." It was kept under all possible control ; but the coast-guards were doubled, so that no stray boats might pass unchallenged, by night or day, and mounted couriers constantly passed and repassed, to furnish the speediest possible information at British headquarters of any hostile advance. The report published in slips, that "brick ovens were to be erected in New Jersey, opposite Staten Island, to supply bread rations, daily, for thirty thousand men," was encouraged by Washington, and was accepted as true by the country near by, and generally at the north. New Jersey included. When the camps were fully established, and guns were disposed for their best effect, Washington, accom panied by Count de Rochambeau and Generals de Boville and Du Portail, crossed to Jersey Heights, and -with a small escort of one hundred and fiypty Jersey troops, examined all the New York outposts, as far down as the ocean. Neither was this a mere sham — hollow in sub stance. The projected attack upon New York was a deliberate alternative ; to compel Clinton to withhold reen forcements from the Southern army so that Cornwallis could be overpowered and captured ; or, if he ventured to aid that officer, he must lose New York. This reconnoissance in New Jersey was known to Sir Henry Clinton, and he might have been very thankful to General Washington for information that some of " his [Clinton's] stores were inadequately guarded " ; that " at some posts the small garrisons were doing no watchful guard duty " ; and that there was " no serious difficulty whatever in seizing or destroying all the stores on Staten Island, without material loss or risk." A second reconnoissance of the entire British front, from King's Bridge down the Hudson, and along Hell NEW YORK AND YORKTOWN THREATENED. 337 Gate channel, occurred on the evening of July 21st. This was no feeble "feeling of the enemy." Five thousand choice troops took part in the investigation of the British position. General Chastellux commanded one division, and General Lincoln commanded the second. As early as the eighth of the month. Sir Henry Clinton wrote to Lord Cornwallis, as follows: "As your lordship is now so near, it will be unnecessary for you to send your de spatches to the minister ; you will therefore be so good as to send them to me in the future." It is a fact that Cornwallis was encouraged by the British War ^Office and the Ministry to write directly to those departments. He stood high in esteem ; and, as will appear under his name in the Index, was subse quently honored, although captured at Yorktown. The letter of the eighth, thus referred to, was followed \)y letters on the eleventh, thirteenth, and nineteenth of June, with similar appeals for reenforcements ; and these appeals were forwarded by special couriers or fast frigates. Then came the allied parade of the twenty-second. The troops reached King's Bridge at daybreak. Lauzun's lancers in their brilliant uniform, and Sheldon's Light Corps, scoured the vicinity of Morrisania, and the dra goons went as far as Throgg's Neck. The royalist refugees fled to islands, vessels, and the woods. This demonstration lasted during the twenty-second and twenty-third of June. Then Washington and Rocham beau, escorted by French dragoons, examined all advance posts, passing directly within range of fire from both vessels and picket posts. There was no pretence of secrecy in this inquisitive inquiry as to the British strength and British positions. It was a bold, deliberate challenge of the garrison to retire if they so desired, or to fight if they preferred battle. On the twenty-third, the troops resumed their places in the quiet camp. 338 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. On the twenty-sixth, Clinton called upon Cornwallis for "three more regiments," to be sent from Carolina, writing : " I shall probably want them, as well as the troops you may be able to send me from the Chesapeake, for such offensive and defensive operations as may ofler in this quarter." Cornwallis had previously offered to send two of the Hessian regiments, then in South Caro lina, "as they could be spared in the hot summer months," and Clinton begged him to " renew that offer." A brief glance at the Southern Department is necessary in order fully to measure the designs of the American Commander-in-Chief, which, on the surface, seemed to be local in their purpose. The army of Cornwallis, with re enforcements, numbered about seven thousand effective troops when he entered upon his active campaign against Lafayette. It will be remembered that Cornwallis had promised Clinton to drive Lafayette from Richmond. When Lafayette saw that by attempting to hold Rich mond he would risk a general action, with the possible loss of Virginia and consequent ruin to Greene's army at the South, he permitted that city to abide the fate of war, and marched northward to the upper Rappahannock ; to effect an union with the forces of Wayne, approaching from the north. He decided to avoid further contest with Cornwallis, unless on terms of his own dictation. The Assembly of Virginia, quickened to new energy, retired to Charlottesville May 24th. But they authorized the "issue of flfteen millions of bills," and also the decla ration ,of martial law within twenty miles of any army headquarters. That brought Richmond within the mili tary control of Lafayette. The Burgoyjie prisoners were also removed from Charlottesville, over the moun tains, to Winchester. The details of the pursuit of La fayette by Cornwallis, day by day, are full of thrilling interest, but beyond the province of this narrative. NEW YORK AND YORKTOWN THREATENED. 339 On the twenty-eighth of May, Lafayette wrote as follows to AVashington : " The enemy have been so kind as to retire before us. Twice, I gave them a chance of fighting, taking good care not to engage them farther than I pleased, but they continued their retrograde motions. Our numbers are, I think, exaggerated to them, and our seeming boldness confirms the opinion. I thought, at first. Lord Cornwallis wanted to get me as low down as possible, and use his cavalry to advantage. His lordship had, exclusive of the reenforcements from Portsmouth, (said to be six hundred) four thousand men ; eight hundred of whom were dragoons, or mounted infantry. Our force is about his ; but only one thousand five hundred regulars, and fifty dragoons. One little action more particularly marks the retreat of the enemy. From the place where he first began to retire to Williamsburg, is upwards of one hundred miles. The old arms at the Point of the Fork have been taken out of the water. The cannon was thrown into the river undamaged, when they marched back to Rich mond ; so that his lordship did us no harm of consequence, but lost an immense part of his former conquests, and did not make any in the State. General Greene only de manded of me to hold my ground, in Virginia. I don't know but what we shall, in our turn, become the pursu ing enemy." On the very next day, after this letter was despatched to the American Commander-in-Chief, May twenty-ninth, Cornwallis did, in fact, abandon pursuit. Tarleton, who rever lost opportunity to express his appreciation of the tact, skill, and " invariable wisdom of Lafayette's move ments," states, that "an American patrol was captured ; and among letters of Lafayette to Greene, Steuben, and others, was one to Governor Jefferson, urging him to rally militia during his absence, and using this prophetic expression : ' The British success in Virginia resembles 340 WASHmCTON THE SOLDIER. the French invasion of Hanover, and is likely to have similar consequences, if the governor and the country would exert themselves, at the present juncture.' " When Cornwallis halted and moved back towards his base, Tarleton was detached with two hundred and fifty troopers, mounted on the picked stock of the best private stables, taken at will, and attempted to capture Governor Jefferson at Monticello. His report says: "I imagined that a march of seventy miles in twenty-four hours, with the caution used, might perhaps give the advantage of a surprise." Tarleton charged through the Riviana River, captured seven members of the Legislat ure and Brigadier-General Scott, and destroyed one thousand arms and four hundred barrels of powder ; but the Governor escaped, and the Assembly immediately convened at Staunton, beyond Tarleton's reach. Then he started down the Riviana to join Simcoe in an attack upon Steuben's depot of supplies at Elk Island. But Wayne joined Lafayette, and Lafayette proceeded south ward. They soon started in pursuit of the retiring column of Cornwallis. The pursued had indeed be come the pursuers. Tarleton thus writes : "The Marquis Lafayette, who had previously practised defensive meas ures with skill and security, being now reenforced by Wayne and about eight hundred continentals and some militia, followed the British as they proceeded down James River. This design, being judiciously arranged and executed with extreme caution, allowed opportunity for the junction of Baron Steuben ; confined the small detachments of the King's troops ; and both saved the property and animated the drooping spirits of the Vir ginians." On the thirteenth, Tarleton reported his own movements and the waste he had accomplished. The scouts of Lafayette intercepted the letter, and he published it to the people before Cornwallis himself had NEWYORK AND YORKTOWN THREATENED. 34I knowledge of its contents. Cornwallis returned to his headquarters, to find despatches fifteen days old awaiting his attention. One contained this extraordinary informa tion : " The Continentals under Lafayette cannot exceed one thousand ; and the Pennsylvania Line, under Wayne, are so discontented, that their officers are afraid to trust them with ammunition. Postscript. — This may have, however, since altered." On the very day of the receipt of this despatch, Tarleton and Simcoe were actually compelled to cover the picket lines of Cornwallis with their full force, to prevent La fayette's Continentals and the Pennsylvania Line from capturing the supply trains of his command. Cornwallis started for Portsmouth on the fourth. A sharp action at Williamsburg, in which Wayne' made a brilliant bayonet charge, and in which Lafayette, having lost a horse, gallantly fought the battle on foot, resulted in a loss of one hundred and eighteen Americans and seventy-five British troops. From Portsmouth, Cornwallis took boats for Yorktown, on the first of August ; and on the sixth, Tarleton says : " I threw my horses into deep water, near shore, and landed without loss," joining Cornwallis on the tenth. Gloucester, opposite York- town, was occupied and fortified. Constant skirmishes occurred between Tarleton and Simcoe, of it?s garrison, and the detachments which Lafayette kept active in the vicinity. On the eighth, Lafayette wrote to Washington as fol lows : " We shall act agreeably to circumstances ; but avoid drawing ourselves into a false movement, which, if cavalry had command of the river, would give the enemy the advantage of us. His lordship plays so well, that no blunder can be hoped from him, to recover a bad step of ours. Should a fleet come in at this moment, our affairs would take a very happy turn." On the 342 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. thirteenth, Lafayette established his headquarters in the forks of the Pamunkey and the Mattaponey. On the twenty-third, he wrote, in part : " In the present state of affairs, my dear general, I hope you will come yourself to Virginia. Lord Cornwallis must be attacked with pretty good apparatus ; but when a French fleet takes possession of the Bay, and we form a land force superior to his, that army must sooner or later be forced to surrender, as we may then get what reenforcements we please. I heartily thank you for having ordered me to Virginia. It is to your goodness that 1 am indebted for the most beautiful prospect which I may ever be able to behold." On the thirtieth. Count de Grasse arrived in the Ches apeake with twenty-six sail-of-the-line, besides frigates and transports. On the third of September, Count de St. Simon landed with three thousand two hundred French troops, and was joined by Lafayette at Green Spring on the same day. On the fifth, the allies occupied Will iamsburg, about fifteen miles from Yorktown. The Count de Grasse had a limited period for operations on the American coast, and united with the Count de St. Simon to urge an immediate attack upon Yorktown, before its defences could be completed, waiving seniority of rank, and agreeing to serve under Lafayette. Lafayette thus wrote to Washington : " I am not so hasty as the Count de Grasse, and think that having so sure a game to play, it would be madness, by the risk of an attack, to give anything to chance. Unless matters are very different from what I think they are, my opinion is, that we ought to be contented with preventing the enemy's forages, with militia ; without committing our regulars. Whatever readiness the Marquis de St. Simon has been pleased to express to Colonel Gim§,t respecting his being under me, I shall do nothing without paying CORNWALLIS INCLOSED BY LAFAYETTE. 343 that deference which is due to age, talents, and experi ence ; but would rather incline to the cautious line of conduct I have of late adopted. I hope you will find we have taken the best precautions to preveift his lordship's escape. I hardly believe he will make the attempt. If he does, he must give up ships, artillery, baggage, part of the horses, all the negroes ; must be certain to lose one- third of his army, and run the greatest risk of losing the whole, without gaining that glory which he may derive from a brilliant defence." On the eighth, Lafayette wrote : " If you knew how slowly things go on in this country ! The governor does what he can ; the wheels of government are so rusty, that no governor whatever will be able to set them free again. Time will prove that' Governor Jefferson has been too severely charged. We will try, if not dangerous, on so large a scale, to form a good idea of the works ; but unless I am greatly deceived, there will be madness in attacking them now, with our force. Marquis de St. Simon, Count de Grasse and General Du Portail agree with me in opinion ; but should Lord Cornwallis come out against such a position as we have, everybody thinks he cannot but repent of it ; and should he beat us, he must soon prepare for another battle." The time had arrived for the presence of the American Commander-in-Chief. CHAPTER XXXIV. BRITISH CAPTAINS OUTGENERALED. WASHINGTON JOINS LAFAYETTE. "T-TT-ASHINGTON was in his tent, where only the V V quiet of a few hours at a time interposed their opportunity for other than field duty. At one of those intervals he was compelled to make assignments of the American army for associated operations with his French allies. He had just been advised that three thousand Hessian auxiliaries had reenforced the British garrison of New York. Appeals to the various State authorities had failed to realize appreciable additions to his fighting force. It was an hour of opportunity for America. Fail ure to meet French support with a fair correspondence in military force, would compromise his country before the world. Amid such reflections, which were the basis of a fresh public appeal, he was rallied to action by the entrance of a special messenger from Newport, Rhode Island. The frigate Concorde had arrived from the West Indies, and the following despatch was placed in his hands : " Count de Grasse will leave San Domingo on the third of August, direct for Chesapeake Bay." With imperturbable calmness, Washington folded the despatch, and then consulted with the Count de Ro chambeau alone, as to the best disposition to be made of the squadron of Admiral de Barras, still at New port. That officer, although the senior of the Count de 344 BRITISH CAPTAINS OUTGENERALED. 345 Grasse, promptly expressed his readiness to waive pre cedence and serve as best advised by the American Com mander-in-Chief. He had indeed but seven ships-of-the- line disposable and ready for sea ; but this force was deemed a sufficient convoy for the transports which were to carry heavy artillery and ammunition, for siege pur poses before Yorktown. This courtesy of the French admiral had its important sequel, in changing what would have been a superior British naval force in those waters to a determining superiority on the part of France, at the most critical moment of that final campaign in behalf of American Independence. Every officer of Washington's staff received instant instructions. They were only ad vised, very reservedly, that supplies of heavy artillery would be forwarded to General Lafayette, for his use ; but it began to be realized that with French troops suffi cient to complete the envii-onment of Yorktown, and a French fleet competent to destroy the coast defences, the capitulation of Cornwallis could be enforced. Letters were immediately sent by trusty messengers to every Northern governor, to hasten forward their Con tinental quotas yet in arrears, and to rally their militia in force, for the " capture of New York." Confidential agents were also despatched to General Lafayette and the Count de Grasse, with the joint instructions of AA^ashington and Rochambeau, sufficiently embodying an intimation of plans held in reserve ; but explicitly warning them not to permit Cornwallis to escape, nor to receive reenforcements by sea from New York. Other letters were written to the authorities of New Jersey and Philadelphia, quite minutely defining a plan for the seizure of Staten Island, under cover of a French naval force ; while the principal alKed armies were expected to force the upper defences of New York by irresistible assault. Some of these de spatches, carefully duplicated, with enclosed plans, as once 346 WASPHNGTON THE SOLDIER. before, were put into the hands of other messengers, designedly for interception by Clinton. Heavy batteaux on wheels, hauled by oxen, made ostentatious movement, together with wagon-loads of supplies, to the seashore opposite Staten Island. General Heath was placed in command of a large camp near Springfield, New Jersey, for assembling and drilling a large force of militia. Other small camps of Pennsylvania and New Jersey militia, easily distinguishable by the spies of General Clinton, dotted the country. The militia of Connecticut and New York also hastened to participate in the long- hoped-for emancipation of New York from British con trol. As late as the nineteenth, in order to give General Clinton fair notice that he might expect no unnecessary or protracted delay in the attack already ripe for execu tion, all roads leading to King's Bridge were cleared of obstructions. Fallen trees and scattered branches were removed so as to expedite a swift assault upon the Brit ish advanced outposts. All these were heaped up and burned at night, as a reminder of the impending crisis. Everything worked admirably as planned, and still, as on the fourth of March, 1776, before Boston, the American Commander-in-Chief kept to himself his secret purpose. Afterwards, he thus explained his action : " That much trouble was taken, and finesse used, to misguide and be wilder Sir Henry Clinton, in regard to the real object, by fictitious communications as well as by making a decep tive provision of ovens, forage, and boats, in his neigh borhood, is certain. JSTor, was less pains taken to deceive our own army ; for, I had always conceived, when the im position does not completely take place at home, it would never sufficiently succeed abroad." During the nineteenth, while the obstructions were being thus removed from the roads leading into New BRITISH CAPTAINS OUTGENERALED. 347 York, Colonel Hazen crossed the Hudson at Dobb's Ferry and demonstrated for an advance upon Staten Island, from the Jersey shore, immediately opposite. On the twenty-first, a detachment selected by AVashington himself crossed the Hudson at King's Ferry, near Haver straw. The French army followed, and the armies were united on the twenty-fifth. During this brief delay, Rochambeau accompanied Washington to a final inspec tion of West Point ; and the headquarters of the Amer ican army at New Windsor, between that post and Newburg, were formally abandoned. The combined armies of America and France no longer threatened New York ; but they had not been missed by Clinton. The American forces moved rapidly toward Springfield, on the Rahway, as if to strike Staten Island. The great baggage-train and the same batteaux demon strated toward Staten Island. But the French army marched for Whippany, in the direction of Trenton. Washington and his suite reached Philadelphia about noon, August thirtieth. Still they had not been missed by Clinton. But now, for the first time, the American army real ized that it was destined southward, and that a trium phant entry into New York City was not to be the crown ing reward for service so faithfully done. Dissatisfaction was openly and bluntly expressed. Even officers, long in arrears of pay, equally with the rank and file, bitterly complained. Rochambeau, quickly alive to the situation, promptly advanced twenty thousand dollars in gold for the men, upon the simple pledge of Robert Morris, of Philadelphia, that it should be refunded by the first of October. Suddenly, Colonel Laurens, just from France, having landed at Boston on the twenty-fifth, only five days be fore, appeared at Washington's quarters with report of 348 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. the result of his mission to the French king. His ship brought clothing, ammunition, and half a million of dollars, as the first instalment of six million of livres ($1,111,111) generously furnished by Louis XVL, with the pledge of additional sums to follow. This welcome visitor further announced to the calmly attentive Ameri can Commander-in-Chief this message : " Dr. Franklin advised me that he had secured a loan of four million of livres ($740,740) to cover American drafts made before I could arrive in America ; and Count de Ver gennes agreed to guarantee a loan in Holland, for ten million livres ($1,851,851)." If the heavens had opened and reverberating thunder had distinctly articulated : " American Independence is achieved ! " the assurance of a Divine interposition would hardly have appeared more emphatic to the waiting faith of Washington, or have more thrillingly encouraged the weary but obedient soldiers of his command. And still this American army, thus refreshed in spirit and joyous in the hope of speedy and final victory, had not been missed from New York by General, Sir Henry Clinton. Another fast-sailing frigate was speeding through the Narrows, past Sandy Hook, southward, once more to appeal to Lord Cornwallis to come to the rescue of imperiled, beleaguered New York. On the second day of September, the American army made its third formal entry into Philadelphia, amid glad acclaims of welcome, and sharing with the people in the spirit of one great jubilee. At that very hour, another courier vessel, in chase of the former, left New York with a message for Cornwallis, which failed to reach him until the fifteenth. It was in cipher, and read as follows : New Yoek, Sept. 2, 1781. Mr. Washington is moving an army to the southward, with an appearance of haste ; and gives out that he expects the cooperation BRITISH CAPTAINS OUTGENERALED. 349 of a considerable French armament. Your Lordship, however, may be assured that if this should be the case, I shall endeavor to reen force your command by all means within the compass of my power ; or, make every possible diversion in your favor. P.S. — Washington, it is said, was at Trenton, this day, and means to go in vessels to Christiana Creek, and from thence by Head of Elk, down Chesapeake Bay also. . . . Washington has about four thousand French, and two thousand Continentals, with him. On the following day, the French army, having taken a day for cleaning arms, uniforms, and accoutrements, made a dress parade through the American capital. Every gor geous trapping of their brilliant, sentimental outfit was proudly displayed before the wondering and delighted populace. Contemporary writers could not sufficiently describe the " magnificence ofthe parade, and the convul sions of joy that animated the entire population." And yet, one eminent French officer, in describing the march of the American army on the previous day, said : " The plainly dressed American army lost no credit in the steadiness of their march and their fitness for battle." On the same day, Washington received despatches from Lafayette. One, dated August 21st, reported that "the British troops were fortifying Gloucester, across the river from Yorktown." Others were as follows : " A small garrison remains at Portsmouth " ; "I have written to the Governor, to collect six hundred militia upon Black- water " ; "I have written to General Gregory, near Portsmouth, that I am advised that the enemy intend to push a detachment into Carolina ; to General Wayne, to move to the southward and to have a column ready to cross the James at Westover ; and that my own army will soon assemble again upon the waters of the Chick ahominy." Reference has already been made to Wash ington's receipt of Lafayette's letter of August 8th, an nouncing the occupation of Yorktown by Cornwallis. Washington made no delay, but on the fifth of Septem- 350 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. ber started for the "Head of the Elk." He had but just passed Chester, when he met a courier from Lafayette, with announcement of the arrival of the Count de Grasse. Rid ing back to Chester, Washington advised Rochambeau of the welcome tidings, and then pushed forward, arriving at the Head of Elk the next morning. The previous day had been one of peculiar excitement in the city of Philadelphia. A formal review and rigid inspection of the entire French army took place, and the President of the American Congress received the honors of the occasion. During the evening, the French officers gave a grand banquet in honor of Chevalier Lauzun. The despatch to Washington was read amid cheers. A half hour later, a second despatch, announcing "the landing of Count de Simon and his junction with Lafayette," was read ; and read a second time, "all standing" in its honor. On this memorable date, September 6th, other events of interest are to be noticed. It was Lafayette's twenty- fourth birthday. In a letter to his wife, still preserved by the family, he poured forth from an overflowing soul, his " love for his great Captain " ; " for the American cause " ; appreciation of his " enviable lot, as victory is drawing nigh," and his "longing to tell her, face to face, of thrilling adventures, which had never been interrupted by night or day." September 6th, also, Clinton wrote to Cornwallis : As I find by your letters, that Count de Grasse has got into the Chesapeake, and I have no doubt that Washington is moving with at least six thousand French and rebel troops against you, I think the best way to relieve you, is, to join you, as soon as possible, with all the force that can be spared from here, which is about four thousand men. They are already embarked, and will proceed, the instant I receive information from the admiral that we may ventm-e ; or that from other intelligence, the commodore and I should judge sufficient to move upon. By accounts from Europe we have every reason to expect Admiral Bigby hourly upon the coast. WASHINGTON JOINS LAFAYETTE. 351 On this same sixth of September, Clinton disclosed his last move to check AVashington's advance, and take Cornwallis out of check. Arnold, who had been so summarily withdrawn from the South, landed at New London, Connecticut, wantonly destroying houses, stores, a church, the Court House, ships, and whatever he could damage without personal danger to himself; and made forever memorable the cruel massacre of Colonel Led- yard and the garrison of Fort Griswold after their honor able surrender. He no less permanently made memorable their extraordinary defence, in which the British assail-, ing column lost one hundred and sixty-three officers and men, a number exceeding that of the entire American re sisting force. It was soon over ; and Arnold did not dare delay, and risk his fate with the yeomanry of his native New England. The secret of Clinton's cipher despatch to Cornwallis on the second of August, respecting the use of Arnold, was thus revealed. But the attention of the American Commander-in-Chief was not diverted from his own supreme purpose, whatever Clinton might under take in his absence. The allied French and American armies remained at Head of Elk for transportation ; but during that interval, Rochambeau accompanied Washington to Baltimore, where illuminations and civil honors attested the welcome of these distinguished guests. On the ninth, for the first time in six years, the American Commander-in-Chief vis ited his Mount Vernon home. On the tenth, his own staff, together with the Count de Rochambeau and staff, were his guests. On the eleventh. General Chastellux and aides-de-camp joined the party. On the twelfth, the visit came to its close. On the fourteenth of September, Washington reached the headquarters of General, the Marquis de Lafayette, commanding the Department, at Williamsburg, Virginia, CHAPTER XXXV. THE ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE VINDICATED. WASHINGTON'S MAGNANIMITY. HIS BENEDICTION. THE story of the siege of Yorktown and the sur render of Earl Cornwallis, Lieutenant-General in command, has been so fully detailed by many writers that only a few features of the general conduct of that cam paign, and some special incidents not so frequently noticed, are within the province of this narrative. While the control of Chesapeake Bay and of Vir ginia was essential to British success. Sir Henry Clin ton deliberately proposed to couple with that general design another invasion of Pennsylvania, but from the south. When Cornwallis moved northward from his useless position at Wilmington, he was advised by Gen eral Clinton to make a movement upon Philadelphia. General Clinton must have very feebly remembered the circumstances of his hasty departure from that city in 1778, or have overlooked Washington's strategic con trol of that entire region. The movement of Lafayette southward, and the energy with which that officer rallied Virginians to his support, were not appreciated by either of the British Generals in time tb be of benefit to either. Clinton and Cornwallis alike failed to comprehend that when the American Commander-in-Chief parted with La fayette, and afterwards gave him so large a command, he must have had in view some special service which that 352 THE ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE. 353 officer could perform with credit as a significant factor in the entire campaign. Cornwallis knew, however, that unless he could destroy Lafayette's army, the British cause in Virginia would certainly be lost. But the same profound strategy which had inclosed Clinton at New York, isolated Cornwallis at Yorktown. Washington was well aware, that neither Louis XVI. nor Rochambeau wholly favored an attack upon New York. Their objections were substantial. Such a move ment involved the presence of enormous naval forces, which once within the harbor, might be easily captured or destroyed, whenever Great Britain could seriously concentrate ships for that purpose. Neither could a French fleet secure supplies of any kind, so long as Clinton controlled the city. It was the natural naval depot of Great Britain for the American coast, and con venient for her West India dependencies. France, ever willing to aid America, must, however, always have her naval base in the West Indies, which wholly depended upon her naval supremacy for immunity from British aggression. Notwithstanding these considerations, the harmony of the French and American alliance was never interrupted, and mutual confidence was invariably en joyed. It is never to be overlooked that Washington cared more for his position in New Jersey than for the posses sion of New York. Its occupation without a controlling fleet, would be as fatal as the presence of a fleet without control of the city. On the day after his arrival at Lafayette's headquar ters, he requested the Count de Grasse to hasten the transportation of the American troops from Baltimore ; and yet, added a postscript that " Lafayette already anticipated " his request. On the seventeenth, he em barked with Count Rochambeau , General Knox and Gen- 354 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. eral Du Portail upon the frigate Queen Charlotte; and on the eighteenth, visited the Count de Grasse upon his flag ship, the Ville de Paris. The distinguished visitors were received with appropriate honors, and at once took under consideration the plan for the most speedy prosecution of the siege. During that interview, Washington was advised of an immediately preceding event which must interest the modern reader, at a time when all maritime nations are interested in naval development and ships of great power. _ Just before his visit, there had been concen trated, about the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, one of the heaviest armaments known to maritime warfare. Fifty-two ships-of-the-line — each with three, or even four gun-decks, and ranging from sixty-four to one hundred and twenty guns, besides frigates — constituted that im posing battle array. It has already been noticed that Admiral Barras sailed from Newport in convoy of trans ports which carried heavy guns for siege use before York - town. When Lafayette first moved southward, Wash ington supplied his detachment with twelve heavy guns, including two eight-inch mortars, one twenty-four and two eighteen-pounder guns, for use in arming small vessels, or assailing Arnold's defences. These were diffi cult of transportation, but no less indispensable as a contingent part of his outfit. The wisdom of these provisions had a twofold fruition. A British fleet had been detached from the West India station for the purpose of supplementing the New York and Newport squadrons. Admiral Hood, in command, crossed the mouth of Chesa peake Bay just before the arrival of the Count de Grasse ; looked into Delaware Bay, and reported to Admiral Graves at Sandy Hook on the twenty-fourth day of August. That officer had but five ships-of-the-line ready for sea. Upon receiving advices from Gardiner's Bay that -^ s^Cl^uces/f/^^^ I J {',j}7^ifLJ^I>f^nrKiy iH THE ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE. 355 Admiral de Barras had actually sailed southward from Newport, he incurred no delay, but on the thirty-first of August sailed, with nineteen ships, in pursuit of the French. On the fifth of September, he passed within the Delaware Capes without having encountered Admiral Barras at sea, and without the slightest intimation that he was soon to be in the presence of a superior naval adver sary. The Count de Grasse, when notified of the appearance of so many large ships, supposed at first that the fleet of Admiral Barras, already due, was at hand. Seventeen hundred of his seamen were on the James River, planting heavy batteries ; but so soon as the British flag revealed the hostile character of the ships, he moved his first division at once, seaward and southward, ordering the second division to follow immediately. By this prompt and judicious manoeuvre he not only left the northern channel open for the admission of De Barras from the north, but secured the weather-gauge of the British fleet ; and this he maintained with equal skill and intrepidity. These great fleets manceuvered for five days without a general action, but with several sharp encounters in which several vessels suffered severely. The French casualties were two hundred and twenty, and the British three hundred and thirty-six. During this exchange of hostilities. Admiral Barras safely entered the bay with seven ships-of-the-line and fourteen large transports, bringing heavy guns for the siege. (See map.) The Count de Grasse slowly retired, followed by Admiral Graves ; but when the latter realized that Admiral de Barras had indeed arrived, and ' that his own fleet was now greatly inferior in force to that of his adversary, he returned promptly to New York. The Count de Grasse at the same time knew that Admiral Digby had arrived at New York from the West Indies with three line-of-battle ships (reported as six) . All these partic- 356 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. ulars of the previous week's operations were communi cated to General Washington and his party, on the VUle de Paris. These officers at once started for their re spective camps. Owing to severe and contrary winds, Washington did not reach Williamsburg until the twenty- second. All at once, a very grave question, and one which threatened to defeat his carefully matured plans, confronted the American Commander-in-Chief. The Count de Grasse outlined his purpose as follows : " To detach two ships for the mouth of James River ; to leave four frigates and several corvettes, in the James ; then, to sail for New York, and either intercept or fight the British fleet, before it could receive further reenforcements from England or the West Indies ; then, to return and act in concert, each on his own side." Against this departure from the concerted plans of Washington and Rochambeau, Lafayette protested in vigorous terms. His influence at that time with the French Court was paramount as to American affairs, and Queen Marie Antoinette was even a greater enthusiast in behalf of American liberty than Louis XVI. The instruc tions of the King to Rochambeau, already cited, which made Rochambeau subordinate to Washington in the use of French auxiliary forces, were produced ; and the Count de Grasse gracefully withdrew his suggestion and accepted the judgment of the generals in command of the land forces, as his rule of action respecting his fleet. On the twenty-fifth, the remaining troops en route from the north reached Williamsburg, making a total of twelve thousand regular troops, besides more than four thousand militia. On the twenty-eighth, the entire army advanced and took position within two miles of the British works. On the twenty-ninth, after a thorough reconnoissance, the movement began for the complete investment of Yorktown, and all its approaches. From ..¦¦¦iw SrtUjh. (hm/uledaxtiJ)ra»nfylS/.&mtf^ THE ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE. 357 the opening of the first parallel of approach until October seventeenth, the activity of the allied forces, the spirited and generous emulation of Frenchmen and Americans in repulsing sorties, in storming redoubts, in bombardment, or silencing the enemy's guns, was incessant by night and day. A careful inspection of the map will disclose the rela tions of the allied forces, and the completeness of the investment. Washington opened the fire in person. The rivalry of the American and French troops became intense. Generals Lincoln, Wayne, Knox, Du Portail, Steuben, Nelson, Weedon, Clinton, St. Clair, Law- son, and Muhlenburg, with Colonels Hamilton, Stevens, Lamb, Carrington, Scammel, and Laurens, were among the American leaders. Generals de Boville, de Viomenil, Chastellux, de Choisy, de Lauzun, de St. Simon, and Colonels de Dumas, de Deux Pont, and Gimat, were as active, on the part of the French. The line of redoubts and batteries marked F (French) had been completed, and it was deemed necessary to storm two British redoubts and take them into the parallel. Famous soldiers and corps took part in simultaneous assault, upon rocket signals, at night. Lafayette, with Gimat, Hamilton, Laurens, and Barber, was assigned to the redoubt nearest the river. The Baron de Viomenil with the Count Deux Pont, supported by the grenadiers of Gati- nais, attacked the other. This regiment had been formed out of that of Auvergne, once commanded by Rocham beau, and long known as the Regiment d'Auvergne, sans tache. When drawn up in line, Rochambeau promised that if they did well, he would ask the King to restore their old name ; and this was afterwards done by Louis XVI. Before the signal of attack was given, some light words passed between the Baron de Viomenil and Lafayette as to 358 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. the superiority of the French Grenadiers for these attacks. Lafayette's column succeeded first, and he promptly de spatched Major Barber to the Baron, with a tender of assistance. Hamilton and Laurens were conspicuous for gallantry, moving over the abatis with unloaded muskets ; and the' French officers were equally complimented for daring and disregard of British resistance. Clinton, at his New York headquarters, was in the fullest possible possession of the record of events then occurring in and about Yorktown. Space cannot be given, even to a glance over his shoulder, as he reads, day by day, repeated messages and short postscripts from Cornwallis indicating the grave peril of his position, and the conviction that protracted resistance is not to be looked for. An attempt by Cornwallis, to cross the river and gain New York by land, was a failure. On the sixteenth, when he ordered these detachments to return, he closed his correspondence with Clinton in this sad and desperate paragraph : " Our works are going to ruin. The boats are now being returned. We cannot fire a single gun. Only one eight-inch, and a little more than a hundred cohorn shells remain. I therefore propose to capitulate." The seventeenth day of October, 1781, dawned, and at 10 o'clock A.M. two concurrent events occurred, — one at New York, and its contrary, in Virginia. Sir Henry Clinton, accompanied by a command of seven thousand choice troops, under convoy of the magnificent squadron of twenty-five battleships, two fifty-gun ships, and eight frigates, sailed past Staten Island, for the rescue of the worn-out garrison of Yorktown. He had previously sailed past Sandy Hook, and the reader will appreciate the involuntary contrast with a similar departure south ward, in the year 1776. At the same hour, ten o'clock, a.m., a flag of truce THE ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE. .359 bore to the headquarters of the American Commander- in-Chief, the following note : York, 17th October,, 1781. Earl Cornwallis To General Washington : Sir : I propose a cessation of hostilities for twenty-four hours, and that two offlcers be appointed by each side, to meet at Moore's house, to settle terms for the surrender of the posts of York and Gloucester. I have the honor to be, etc., Cornwallis. The following reply partakes of the dignity, wisdom, and appreciation of existing conditions which have char acterized all letters of Washington previously cited. It reads as follows : Mt Lord : I have the honor to receive your Lordship's letter of this date. An ardent desire to spare the further effusion of blood will readily incline me to such terms for the surrender of your posts of York and Gloucester as are admissible. I wish, previously to the meeting of the Commissioners, that your lordship's proposals, in writing, may be sent to the American lines ; for which purpose, a suspension of hostilities during two hours from the delivery of this letter will be granted. I have th€ honor to be, etc., George Washington. At half-past four in the afternoon, the proposals of Cornwallis were received ; but they were so general in their nature, that the Viscount de Noailles and Colonel Laurens, on the part of the allied armies, and Colonel Dundas and Major Ross, ofthe British army, were charged with pre paring other terms of capitulation, for official signature. These were completed on the eighteenth. On the nine teenth they were signed at Yorktown, by Cornwallis and Thomas Symonds of the Royal Navy, who led the attack upon Fort Sullivan (Moultrie) in 1776; and, "In the 360 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. trenches, before Yorktown, in Virginia," by George Washington and Le Compte de Rochambeau, and by Le Compte de Barras for himself and Le Compte de Grasse. At twelve o'clock, noon, the two redoubts on the left flank of Yorktown were delivered, one to American in fantry, and the other to French Grenadiers. At one o'clock, two works on the Gloucester side of the river were respectively delivered to French and American troops. At two o'clock, p.m., the garrison of York marched to the appointed place of surrender in front of the post, with shouldered arms, colors cased, and drums beating a British march ; grounded their arms, and returned to their encampments to await a temporary location in the States of Virginia, Maryland, and Penn sylvania. At three o'clock, p.m., the Gloucester garrison also marched forth — the cavalry with drawn swords and trumpets sounding, and the infantry as prescribed for the garrison of York. The terms of surrender were the same as those ob served when General Lincoln surrendered Charleston to Cornwallis, in 1780 ; and when General O'Hara, on ac count of the illness of General Cornwallis, tendered the sword of that officer to General Washington, as the pledge of surrender, he was graciously referred to Gen eral Lincoln as its recipient, and that officer as graciously returned it. The land forces became prisoners to the United States, and the marine forces to the naval army of France. (See Appendix F.) On the twentieth, Washington issued an order of con gratulation to the allied army, in the following words : " Divine service is to be performed to-morrow in the several brigades and divisions. The Commander-in-Chief earnestly recommends that the troops not on duty should universally attend, with that seriousness of deportment and gratitude of heart which the recognition of such LAFAYETTE AND ROCHAMBEAU. 361 reiterated and astonishing interpositions of Providence demand of us." The American army which paraded on that Thanksgiv ing Day was not the same army that began the war. The one central figure, Washington, the Commander-in-Chief, is present. Some, crowned with well-deserved honors, are serving in the Halls of Congress. Some, worn out in service, have retired from active duty. All who had inordinate ambition, and cared more for self than country, have dropped from the Army Roster. After the surrender of Cornwallis, American and French officers vied in extending courtesies to the British offi cers, as Lafayette describes their visits, "with every sort of politeness, especially toward Lord Cornwallis, one of the men of the highest character in England, who was considered to be their foremost general." In a parting interview, Cornwallis replied to Lafayette: "I am aware of your humanity toward prisoners of war, and I com mend to you my unfortunate army." Lafayette, calling attention to the earlier surrender of Burgoyne's army, answered : " Your lordship knows that the Americans have always been humane towards captured armies." In recalling the incident in his "Memoires Historiques," Lafayette says : "In truth, the English army was treated with every possible consideration." Washington designated Lafayette as commander of an expedition to Wilmington and Charleston, with the brigades of Wayne and Gist. In his journal he says : " It was to be entrusted to the Marq's de la Fayette, in case he could engage the Admiral to convey it & secure the debarkation. I left him on board the Ville de Paris, to try the force of his influence to obtain these." Although fixed for November 1st, it was dropped, and the French fleet sailed for the West Indies. Lafayette obtained leave of absence, and sailed from 362 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Boston on the frigate Alliance, December 23rd, having affectionately parted with Washington ; and after a pas sage of twenty-three days, landed at L'Orient, where he was cordially welcomed home by his family and the entire French people. Washington's faithful friend, Rochambeau, remained with him, under his command, when the troops of the Marquis de St. Simon and the fleet of the Count de Grasse sailed for the West Indies. Rochambeau wintered at Williamsburg; in the summer of 1782, returned through Philadelphia, to the Hudson ; thence to New England in the autumn, and sailed forthe West Indies during Decem ber, 1782. The American Congress did not fail to appre ciate the services of this distinguished French officer. A " stand of colors " (ever since appreciated by his family) , and a piece of ordnance, were gifts ; and it was decreed that a marble monument should be erected at Yorktown, "to commemorate the alliance between France and the United States, and the victory achieved by their associated arms." Even before the departure of Rochambeau from Amer ica, the crowning event of the fraternal alliance between France and the United States had been realized, and Independence was no longer a matter of doubt. On the seventh day of May, 1782, Sir Henry Clinton was relieved of all further responsibility in command of New York, by Sir Guy Carleton ; who assumed command, and immediately announced to the American Commander-in- Chief that he had been appointed as a Commissioner to consider the terms of a permanent peace between Great Britain and the United States of America. If the reader will recall the antecedents of this officer and the spirit with which he paroled the American troops, after the disas trous assault upon Quebec in the winter of 1775, he will appreciate the fitness of his taking part in the final negotiations for fraternity and peace. WASHINGTON'S MAGNANIMITY. 363 The negotiations between these officers brought into striking relief certain qualities of Washington as a soldier which have had too slight recognition. The terms " tory " and " royalist " have been used in this narrative as they were specially in vogue at the different times and places where they occur. It has been too often assumed by youth - who study Revolutionary history, that Hessian soldiers were always brutal, that Tarleton and Simcoe, and especially the Queen's Rangers, were irresponsible marauders, and that the tories generally were cruel, and deserving no quarter. As a fact, the Revolutionary War had, at its start, many of those painful antagonisms among neighborhoods and families which always attach to civil confiicts under the best possible conditions. Among the thousands who adhered to the British cause, and especially among the royalist "Provincial Corps," there were eminent divines, physicians, lawyers, and scholars. All they had in the world was involved in the struggle. Many of these sym pathized with the best British statesmen, and longed for some adjustment of differences which would not require abandonment of their homes in America. By a grave oversight on the part of Great Britain, no adequate pro vision was made by her ministry for this class of Americans who had fought to the last for the Crown. The action of Washington in cooperation with Sir Guy Carleton, respecting these men, disbanded as soldiers, but cast upon the world with no provision for their relief, was so marked by generosity, active aid, and wise relief, that until this day their descendants in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick pay glad tribute to his memory. Through the joint efforts of these two officers, five thousand were sent to St. John, New Brunswick. The seventeenth day of May, 1783, when the first large detachment of the Queen's Rangers landed, is honored as the Natal Day of that Province. Simcoe, 364 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. their old commander, became the first Governor of Upper Canada. In 1792, he organized a miniature Parliament of two Houses. He founded the City of Toronto ; and in 1796, governed the Island of San Domingo. Professor Roberts, in his "History of Canada," already cited, represents the migration of thirty thousand Amer icans to that country immediately after the Revolutionary War, as " no less far-reaching and significant in its results than the landing ofthe Pilgrims at Plymouth." There have been those who regarded as the most noble and unselfish act of Washington's public career, his patri otic protest against the demands of his unpaid, starving, and self-sacrificing comrades, that he accept royal dignity or else become the Oliver Cromwell of his generation. Butthe consideration, firmness, and justice with which he dismissed these mustered-out, disbanded royalists, and, in spite of abuse and outcry, assisted them to independence in a land of their own choice, adds another laurel to his chaplet as the magnanimous, no less than the great, soldier. The subsequent triumphal entry of Washington into the City of New York, on the twenty-fifth day of November, 1783, was the crowning military incident ofthe war. The numerous Centennial observances in honor of events of the Revolution, since the second century of American Independence began, have helped to bring to light many family and other historical data which other wise would have been lost ; and all of these relating to the American Commander-in-Chief have only confirmed the world's estimate of AVashington the Soldier. Words, at best, are feeble exponents of principles which actions so much better reveal ; and battles on paper, however minutely described, can never expose the brain processes through which military orders are matured ; nor can the pen portray the experiences of the " rank and file " of a suffering army, during such an ordeal of war as HIS BENEDICTION. 365 that in which George Washington was both the centra executive force and the sympathetic guardian of the rights of all, of whatever grade of service or duty. Stupidity, jealousy, self-sufficiency, personal ambition, and treason, could not survive their impact upon Washington. His mastery of every antagonistic force, whether professedly military or distinctly political, was due to that unsought but real supremacy which incarnated unselfish patriotism, and made American Independence the sole objective of a righteous judgment and an irresistible will. On the eighth anniversary of the Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1783, the American Commander-in-Chief pro claimed a formal " Cessation of hostilities between the United States and Great Britain," as the result of nearo- tiations concluded with Sir Guy Carleton on the previous day. This Proclamation, like the Letter of Louis XVL, received at Valley Forge on the seventh day of May, 1778, was ordered to be read at the head of every regiment and corps of the army ; after which, as the order reads : "The chaplains with the several brigades will render thanks to Almighty God for all His mercies ; particularly, for overruling the wrath of man to His own glory, and causing the rage of War to cease among the nations. " On such a happy day, which is the harbinger of peace — a day which completes the eighth year of the war, it would be ingratitude not to rejoice ; it would be insen sibility not to participate in the general felicity. " Happy, happy, thrice happy, shall they be pro nounced, hereafter, who have contributed anything, who have performed the meanest office, in erecting this stupen dous fabric of freedom and empire on the broad basis of independency ; who have assisted in protecting the rights of human nature, and in establishing an asylum for the poor and oppressed of all nations and religions." CHAPTER XXXVI. Washington's prediction realized. — the attitude of america pronounced. THE blending of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Cen turies comes at a moment of such marked transition in all that directs human activity and relationship, that the promise of Washington's benediction, with which he pro claimed peace, seems about to be verified with a fuller, grander, and more universal scope of responsibility and example than even his sublime faith encompassed. "A stupendous fabric of freedom and empire on the broad basis of independency," has already been estab lished. The present generation and its actors in every department of public duty — including Washington's suc cessor in the Presidential Chair ; the American Congress in both Houses ; Governors of all the States ; and respon sible agencies in all sections — have seemed to unify their efforts to maintain the empire thus established. Those now living are the heirs to be made " happy, happy, thrice happy," through the legacy of his life; if they do their part in " protecting the rights of human nature, and in establishing an asylum for the poor and oppressed of all nations and religions." Nothing in the career of Washington the Soldier was more sovereign in its sway over citizens under arms, than his constant appeal to a Divine Providence as the truest ally of the soul, in hours of grave responsibility and peril. This narrative would lose much of its value to 366 WASHINGTON'S PREDICTION REALIZED. 367 America and to mankind, if the passages reflecting Wash ington's religious faith were to be lightly passed over ; and if he were to be measured only as a distinguished representative of the military profession. He has, indeed, been tested by the sternest maxims of the military art. He has been found responsive to their most exacting demands. But all such tests are largely those of mere intellectual power — not disclosing excel lence in moral and social relations, except as these illus trate " Statesmanship in War," and complement other qualiflcations of the Ideal Soldier. But AA^'ashington was more than a soldier. It is no ill-conceived paradox to assert that the ideal soldier, the greatest soldier, is not the man who most literally represents knowledge of the military art. It is asserted in the Word of Life, that " he that ruleth his spirit is greater than he that taketh a city." It is not to be forgotten that the only proper function of AVar is, to eliminate disturbants of the public peace. To give life for country is to partake of the Divine prerogative of giving life for humanity. And the soldiers who fought under Washington were not mere men, of certain ages, to be handled well in battle, as parts of a machine. They were not hirelings, discounting the chances of life and death for money. Peace and its domesticities represented the goal of their pursuit ; and self-sacrifice, even of life, to secure that peace, was their conscious service to family, to country, and to God. The people, as a people, had no unholy frenzy for war as a source of purely military glory. Only barbarous nations, or the devotees of some great conqueror or fanat ical religionist, can thus pervert the patriotic sentiment to the instincts of the beast. Washington's army was strong, because strong at home. Country, was the aggregate of homes many. Never did the term patriotism have a more radiant refleq- 368 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. tion of its intrinsic glory ; and Washington, as " Pater Patriae," was so paternal in his trust, that his army was filial as well as loyal, in the highest quality of duty to their great Captain. His faith in his country's future was based upon the intelligence of the people ; and his army was both intelligent and religious, because respect for law and religion was the basis of the first settlement of the American Colonies as well as the foundation upon which they established all domestic and political concerns. In 1780, Thomas Pownall, once royal Governor of Massachusetts, pronounced "American Independence as fixed as fate " ; adding : " North America has become a new Primary planet, which, while it takes its own course, in its own orbit, must shift the common centre of grav ity." He added this significant inquiry : " Will that most enterprising spirit be stopped at Cape Horn ; or, not pass beyond the Cape of Good Hope ? Before long, they will be found trading in the South Sea, in the Spice Islands, and in China. Commerce will open the door to emigration. By constant intercommunication, America will every day approach nearer and nearer to Europe." But this "independency of freedom and empire," pre dicted by Washington, is not independency of moral obligation, or relation. It carries with its exercise an independent control of both moral and physical activities with which to insist that its inalienable rights shall be universally respected. The associated prediction of Washington has also been realized — in " the establishment of an asylum for the poor and oppressed of all nations and religions." Amer ica must therefore bear the responsibility of protecting her wards everywhere, and penetrate the earth with the conviction that wrong done to one, is wrong done to all. Oceans are but lakes. Distances are but steps. Neither light nor sound outspeed the cry of suffering humanity ; THE ATTITUDE OF AMERICA. 369 and neither light nor sound must be allowed to outrun the speed of wise relief. Beneficiaries of this Empire- Asylum, between the great seas, have become elements of our wealth and power. They have ceased to be foreign elements in crystalized society ; and blend, as integral forces in the body politic, just as the elements of air and water invisibly combine. Countless messages — of hap piness, prosperity, and peace — cross the great seas by every steamship, to cheer their former countrymen with the hope of like liberties, in times not far distant, which they also shall enjoy. The prayers of a Christian people for all mankind, which Heaven doth "gather in vials, as sweet odors," are not lost between earth and sky ; but other peoples, inhaling wafted fragrance, dream of the Land of Washington. Whatever may be the jealousies or dislikes of personal or dynastic rule abroad, no truly enlightened nation can long remain insensible to that exhibition of moral and industrial power under which America is fully equipped for the support of her honor and her flag. Her in dwelling peace matures and conserves financial independ ence ; and infinitely multiplies capacity and resources with which to meet every just obligation to all mankind. Her peace, while enriching herself, blesses all nations. Her products of the shop and farm have become indis pensable to the good of all. This new " centre of gravity," has become, as Egypt once chanced to be, the famine magazine, the granary of relief, to the famishing millions of every land. The ability of America to spring from the repose of peaceful industry and protect her rights and the rights of humanity wherever assailed, has compelled the world's consideration and respect. The terra incognita of olden times has become the busy field of competitive industry. The vast empires of China and Japan have caught from the American Republic 370 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. their own best stimulus, and a timely suggestion to resist aggressive strangers. From America, they fear no un just demands, no plunder of territory, no violation of sound principles of international law. China, indeed, only feebly responds to the quickening impulse ; while Japan recognizes and accepts her opportunity to become an independent, self-respecting power — a truly modern State ! At the famous Berlin Conference, Count Schouvaloff of Russia, recently retired from public life, proposed a for mal Resolution, that no modern arms or ships be sold to the empires of the East ; declaring that " if those nations, India, China and Japan, were thus armed, and once began to contrast their millions of subjects and asso ciated poverty, with the smaller populations, but vast treasure-houses of Europe, the cities of Vienna, Berlin, and Paris, would be in more danger, through some tidal- wave of desolation and plunder from the East, than from all the standing armies of Europe." And now that the earth is but a sensitive " whisper-gallery," and every hammer's stroke and every anvil's ring reverberate in every machine-shop where despoilers of the East fabri cate implements for its dismemberment and ruin, those same Eastern nations in part accept, and Japan quotes, the wise maxim of Washington : " In peace, prepare for war." Washington's career as a soldier is replete with counsel which finds its crowning opportunity in the present atti tude of America before the world. So long as we deal honorably with all mankind, the buzzing electric energies of peace are our best assurance of success in a righteous war. Only wanton neglect of prudent and adequate preparations for the protection of our commerce, and of our citizens wherever they chance to sojourn for legiti mate business or pleasure, can engender mistrust of our THE ATTITUDE OF AMERICA. 371 courage, and invite the very aggressions otherwise beyond the possibility of occurrence. But Washington, skilled in the European complications of his times, never imagined that the same European nations, or any of them, would select the extreme East as the arena from which to replenish wasted home resources by force ; and then convert the continent of Europe into one vast magazine of dynamite, until all chief agencies which belong to domestic prosperity and happiness should be drawn into the wild whirl of Colonial adventure, for plunder. And as the reader recalls Washington's earnest appeals for unity of spirit in all national affairs, and is reminded of his Farewell Address to the American People, wherein he deprecated all political combinations abroad which might qualify or compromise our absolute inde pendence as a Free Republic, he will be more profoundly impressed with the great fact, that in the present attitude of these United States before the world, the sublime an ticipations of the " Father of his Country " are maturing to a resplendent and complete fulfilment. The only nat ural alliance, in the event of monarchical combinations to stay the advancing triumph of true liberty, would be a concerted action of the United States and the mother country, through the inheritance of like bequests under Magna Charta. The pregnant future may yet give birth to that fruition. There is an awful grandeur, more densely charged with ills than the fiercest spasms of Nature's fury, in the visible armaments which are costing peoples, not thrones, annually, more than enough to feed and clothe every suffer ing member of the human race. The alleged object is, " to preserve the peace," as if every nation naturally antagon ized all others. The peace ofthe silent grave, which would turn one's neighbor's soil into a vast cemetery, seems to supplant that peace " which passeth understanding," ;372 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. when every heart and mind , shall enter a condition of happy repose and prosperous industry. The inquiry pro pounded nearly nineteen hundred years ago — " From whence come wars and fightings among you ? " can be in like manner answered, with solemn emphasis, to-day. No uninspired pen can match the imagery of prophetic vision which predicted the outcome of such conditions as now threaten mankind — "Woe to him that calleth Peace, Peace, when there is no peace ! " But greater woe shall befall those that " call evil good, and good evil ; that put darkness for light, and light for darkness ; that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter." As with the man who wrongeth his neighbor, and taketh that which is not his, to his own profit ; so shall it be with nations. Only those nations which love righteousness and do justice shall rise above the wreck of all oppressors, and take part in the enjoyment of that destined era of righteousness and peace, when nations shall not "learn war any more." That nation alone will be truly great, whose supreme purpose through every armament and armed expression shall be in behalf of humanity, and to punish or repress the destroyers of peace. But present conditions had their marvellous premo nition in 1892 — when " a Congress of Nations," and "a Parliament of Religions," convened during the World's Columbian Exposition, at Chicago, in the State of Illinois. For the purpose of that Exposition, a miniature city, of more than Roman or Grecian classical beauty and adornment, sprang up as by the power of magic, wherein all the nations of earth blended their contributions, in lines of utility and art. Their representatives, their contributors, and their wise men, beheld "the triumphs of peace," uncontrolled by the prestige of artificial rank, or by the persuasion of bayonet, cimeter, or dagger. They journeyed to and fro in safety ; were treated as THE ATTITUDE OF AMERICA. 373 brethren ; as children of one supreme creative Father ; and tooK thence some valuable lessons for thoughtful im provement. No social banquet at their far-distant homes, nor regal display at their national capitals, could have surpassed the cordial welcome or the deep significance of that purely Republican entertainment. The temporary shelter for their pleasure and comfort, costing millions, besides their own generous outlay, had its day and its uses ; and then was set aside, as one gives away the morning daily paper, after its quick perusal. Then mighty warehouses, business blocks, and all the per manent features of a vast inland city, one thousand miles distant from the nearest ocean-port, rose instead of the temporary palaces of entertainment ; while the markets of the world had received a new impulse, never to be lost. And such is the Land of AA'ashington ! His retirement from command of the "Continental Army of America," in the spirit of Joshua, the Hebrew Captain, when the people thought no honor too rich for his reward, magni fied his office and immortalized his example. Since his career as a soldier demands no elucidation of his office as legislator, statesman, or as the first President of these United States, there remains little to be added ; except to commend to American youth, and to all patriotic youth, wherever these pages may invite perusal, the exemplar career of one whose unselfish patriotism, moral rectitude, and exalted qualities as an Ideal Soldier can never lose charm nor value. Washington based his hopes of success upon the in telligence of the American people. For their proper training in arms, and the contingency of a summons to defend their dearly bought liberties, he designed the Mili tary Academy at West Point on the Hudson. For a uniform system of education in all that develops social 374 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. culture and good citizenship, he proposed, with gift of a proper site, a National University at the National Capital. Since his immediate mission on earth closed, the Ameri can Republic, which, under God, he established, has donated through religious, educational, and benevolent channels, more than three hundred millions of treasure ; and found full compensation, in the civilization and en lightenment thereby imparted to less favored peoples throughout the world. The American Census of 1890, disclosed the fact, that American eleemosynary gifts annually exceeded the cost of the largest standing army of the world. To-day, America is able, single-handed, to defend her honor and her flag, whoever may deride her peaceful habits and her homely virtues. The words of AVashing ton, used upon his return to White Plains in 1778, as emphatically appeal to the American people to-day, as when they were flrst uttered. A Nation of nearly eighty millions stands ready to vindicate the loftiest aspirations and redeem the confi dence of Washington. So surely as the Almighty Father is a covenant-keeping God, whatever may be the scenes of conflict forwarding His purpose. He will emancipate man from error's chain and the oppressor's lash ; and this Republic must be ever prepared to maintain, from genera tion to generation, one sentiment of the great Soldier — "The hand of Providence has been so conspicuous, that he must be worse than an infidel, that lacks faith; and more than wicked, that has not gratitude enough to acknowledge his obligation." APPENDICES APPENDIX A. AMERICAN ARMY, BY STATES. The American Army, after 1776, never equalled thirty-eight thousand Regulars, at any one time. Small, temporary, and unorganized detachments of minute-men were often employed to meet sudden forays ; but the aggregate of those who after wards claimed Revolutionary service was far beyond the actual mimbers subject to AVashington's orders, or under control by Congress. In stating these aggregates as credited to their respective States, under their designated quota, it is to be taken into account, that each enlistment received a special credit, and generally, by years or term of service. Hence, many who served from April 19, 1776, until the nineteenth of April, 1783, counted as eight, in the aggregate. In the American Civil War of 1861-'65, the same rule fol lowed. Nine Ohio regiments, for example, and those militia, marched to West Virginia for three months, reenlisted for three years, and then reenlisted for the war. Several " One Hundred Day " regiments, including the Sixtieth Massachu setts, and many in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, became credits to their respective States. The same men were sometimes counted three times — that is, for each reenlistment. The contributions of the States, during the Revolutionary War, on this basis, were as follows : New Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island . Connecticut . New York . . New Jersey Pennsylvania Total . . . 12,497 69,907 5,908 31,939 17,781 10,726 25,678 Delaware . . Maryland . . Virginia . . North Carolina South Carolina Georgia . . 2,386 13,91226,678 7,263 6,417 2,679 233,771 Also, see Index, " American Army." 377 378 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. APPENDIX B. AMERICAN NAVY AND ITS CAREER. The original organization of the American Navy is noticed on pages 59-60 of the text. On the thirteenth of December, 1776, several frigates were authorized, the annexed figures indicating their rate, by guns : Alliance (32), twice identified with Lafayette (pp. 263, 361), and sold after the war. Andrea Doria (32), burned in the Delaware to pre vent capture ....... 1777 Boston (28), captured at Charleston .... 1780 ^ Congress, burned in the Hudson, to prevent capture, 1777 Delaware (24), captured by the British, in the Dela ware 1777 Effingliam (28), destroyed by the British, in the Delaware 1777 Hancock (32), taken by British ships Bainboiv (44) and Victor (16) 1777 ^Montgomery (24), burned in the Hudson to prevent capture 1777 Providence (28), captured at Charleston . . . 1780 Queen of France (18), captured at Charleston . . 1780 Raleigh (32), captured by the British ships Experi ment (50) and Unicom (16) .... 1777 Randolph (32), blown up in action with the Yarmouth (64) 1778 The Confederacy (32), taken by a British ship-of-the- line, off the Virginia coast 1781 Trumbull (28), taken by British fleet, near Cape Henry 1778 ^ Never wont to eya. APPENDIX B. 379 Virginia (28), taken by British fleet, near Cape Henry, . 1778 Warren (32), burned in the Penobscot, by the Amer icans 1779 Washington (32), destroyed by the British, in the Delaware 1778 Note. — John Paul, who took the name of John Paul Jones through grat itude to a citizen of North Carolina who assisted him in securing a naval commission (noticed on page 60 of the text), distinguished himself upon the British coast, and in his capture of the British ship Serapis, Sept. 23, 1779. His own ship, the Bon Homme Richard, was fitted out in Prance, by the aid of Benjamin Franklin, to war against British commerce. Franklin, in the issue of his " Almanack,", with shrewd business and moral maxims at the bottoms of the pages, used the nom-de-plume, " Poor Richard." It was graceful in John Paul to name the ship Richard, in Franklin's honor, with a complimentary prefix. Of the later navy, that of 1812, the Brandywine (44), named after the battle of that name, was placed at the service of Lafayette when he visited America in 1825. (See note at end of Chapter XVIII. , concerning La fayette as first appearing in that battle.) 380 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. APPENDIX C. COMPARISONS WITH LATER WARS. The analogies between the Revolutionary War and later American wars are noticed in the Preface. Some special points should be noted for further comparisons. The field casualties, including killed and wounded, in twenty- six of the principal engagements of the Revolution, do not greatly exceed 9,000 ; but other causes kept the army upon a very unsatisfactory basis in respect of numbers as well as efiSciency. Operations in Canada, early in the war, irrespective of the expeditions of Montgomery and Arnold, cost, through a visita tion of small-pox, 5,000 lives in sixty days. (Page 88.) At the April muster of the army in 1776, only 8,303, out of a total of 10,235, were fit for duty. (Page 87.) At the August muster, 1776, 3,678 were reported as sick, either present or on furlough, out of a total of 17,225. (Pages 101, 102.) At the September muster, 1776, less than 20,000 were re ported as fit for duty (page 114), out of a total of 27,000 (page 103). At the Battle of Trenton, Christmas night, 1776, more than 1,000 out^ of a force of 2,400 were disabled by frost during the brief march and engagement which gave such fresh vigor to the cause of American Independence. (Page 142.) At the October muster of the same year, out of a total of 25,735, the large number of 8,076 was reported as sick, or on furlough. (Page 122.) The camps at Morristown, Valley Forge, and at the South, were scenes of great suffering, distress, and waste. The suf fering was greater in crowded and stationary camps than when APPENDIX C. 381 on the march. Special diseases like measles, then as ever since, prostrated great numbers who suddenly changed house for canvas shelter. In 1862, at one of the healthiest canton ments at the North, near Indianapolis, fully 1,400 were dis abled for duty within four weeks after reporting for muster. A similar experience marked Camps Chase, Dennison, and Jackson, Ohio, and Camp Douglas, Illinois. That " three months " service in 1861 was exceptionally efiective under existing conditions, and similar service in the war with Spain, in 1898, reads more like some fabulous tale than the faithful record of continuous victories by an impro vised army, with a minimum sacrifice of life. (See Military Notes in Preface.) In the Revolutionary War, gardens and orchards, near camps, seriously endangered both discipline and health. Home luxuries from visiting friends became so injurious in their effects that Washington was compelled to deal sternly with this mistaken kindness. Besides all this, quartermas ters and commissaries, ignorant of their duties, speculated upon public stores ; and even surgeons embezzled supplies until some regiments had no medicines for immediate emer gencies. (Page 123.) Derelictions from duty were not peculiar to Revolutionary times. Early in 1861, when haste was so urgent, and the North was not prepared to clothe promptly even seventy-five thousand men, the First and Second Ohio reached Harrisburg, en route for Washington, only to find that the uniforms con tracted for and delivered were worthless. The Fifteenth Ohio, after a rain, found themselves at G-rafton, W. Va., just after the battle of Philippi, with soleless shoes, glue having been used in their manufacture instead of pegs or thread. The Adjutant-General of that State, then inspecting Ohio troops, peremptorily forbade their moving until an entire refit could be supplied, and William Dennison, then Governor, sustained his action. The Continental Congress, during the war with Great Brit ain, tried to act as Commander-in-Chief, until in conscious impotence it surrendered military trusts to Washington, with 382 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. the impressive Resolution, that " the very existence of civil liberty depends upon the right exercise of military powers," and that " the vigorous, decisive conduct of these " is " impossible in distant, numerous and deliberative bodies." (Page 148.) The Revolutionary War, therefore, illustrated every form of distemper which belongs to war in a republic, when its citizens are suddenly called to face camp and battle condi tions without adequate training and preparation in advance. Jealousy of a standing army, greed for office and place, and incessant, selfish, or self -asserting antagonisms, were the chief burdens that grieved the soul and embarrassed the movements of Washington, the American Commander-in-Chief. APPENDIX D. 383 APPENDIX D. BRITISH ARMY, AT VARIOUS DATES. The British Official Records show that the entire British force in America, including troops iu Canada, Florida and the Bahama Islands, hardly exceeded, at any one time — and then not until 1780 — 42,000 men. Some of the regiments appear upon the maps as participants in battles from the attack upon Breed's Hill until the final surrender of Cornwallis. The colonels of these regiments, under British regulations, held command as general officers ; but the regiments retained their personal relation to the commanding officer, although the lieutenant-colonel commanded the battalions in the field, one recruiting battalion always remaining at the home depot. The following Tables have peculiar value, being compiled direct from original sources : L Britisii regiments assigned to America, 1776. 17th Dragoons 4th Foot . Sth Foot . 10th Foot 22d Foot . 23d Foot . 35th Foot B8th Foot 40th Foot Preston's. Hodgsin's. Percy's. Sanf ord's. Gage's. Howe's. F. H. Campbell's. Pigot's.Hamilton's. 43d Foot . 44th Foot 45th Foot 47th Foot 49th Foot 52d Foot . 63d Foot . 64th Foot 65th Foot Cray's. Abercrombie'sHaviland's.Carleton's.Maitland's. Clavering's.T. Grant's. Pomeroy's. Armstrong's. The above were stationed in Boston, with five companies of the Royal Artillery. On their passage from Ireland to Boston : 17th Foot 27th Foot Monkton's. Massey's. Then, in Canada : 7th Foot . . . Berlier's. Sth Foot . . . T. Armstrong's. 46th Foot 53d Foot . 26th Foot . 2 Companies Vaughan's. James Grant's. Lord Gordon's. Royal Artillery. 384 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Ready to sail for America, from Cork : 15th Foot . . Caven's. 33d Foot . . . Cornwallis'. 37th Foot . . Coote's. 42d Foot . . 54th Foot . 57th Foot . Lord Murray's. Frederick's.Irwin's. Ordered for Boston : 16th Dragoons . Burgoyne's. 1 King's Guards . 1,000 men. Ordered for Quebec : 9th Foot . . . Lagonier's. 20th Foot . . Parker's. 24th Foot . . Taylor's. 34th Foot . . 33d Foot . . 62d Foot . . Lord Cavendish's. Elphinstone's.Jones'. Also, 29th Foot upon opening of navigation. Cunningham's Regiment, the 14th Foot, was in part in Virginia ; the residue, with a Company of the Royal Artillery, was at St. Augustine, Florida. 2. British Army at the Battle of Long Island. ADVANCE CORPS. Four Battalions of Light Infantry and the Light Dragoons. KESEKVE CORPS. Four Battalions of Grenadiers, 33d and 42d Regiments. 1st Brigade 2d Brigade 3d Brigade 4th Brigade 5th Brigade 6th Brigade 7th Brigade BRITISH COLUMN. 44th, 15th, 27th and 45th Regiments. 5th, 28th, 55th and 49th Regiments. 10th, 37th, 38th and 52d Regiments. 17th, 40th, 46th and 55th Regiments. 22d, 43d, 54th and 63d Regiments. 23d, 44th, 57th and 64th Regiments. 71st Highland Regiment, New York Companies and Royal Artillery. Colonel Donop's command consisted of the Hessian Grenadiers and the Chausseurs. General De Heister's command consisted of two Hessian brigades. TOTAL OP COMBINED ARMIES, INCLUDING FORCE ON STATEN ISLAND. General Clinton in his report gives Howe's " effectives fit for duty " as 26,980 — officers not included; but, including all officers, commissioned and non-commissioned, as 31,625 men. 3. British effective force in America, Jane 3, 1777. In New Jersey. British Artillery . British Cavalry British Infantry . Hessian Infantry . . Anspach Infantry . Aggregate, 17,090. 365710 8,361 3,300 1,043 13,779 In New York. British Artillery . . British Infantry . . Hessian Infantry . . 20 1,5131,7788,311 APPENDIX D. 385 On this date, 2,631 men had been sent to Rhode Island, and the total force of foreign troops which had arrived — including those of Hesse, Anspach, and Waldeck — amounted to 14,777. 4. British effective force in America, March 26, J 778. British . German Provincial Aggregate, 33,756. In New York. 3,486 3,6893,281 In Phila delphia. 13,078 5,202 1,250 In Ehode Island. 1,610 2,116 44 10,456 19,530 3,770 5. Aug. 15, J778. In New York and vicinity, 19,586; in Long Island, 8,117; in Rhode Island, 5,189; Lord Howe's fleet, 512; making an aggregate of 33,404. A later return of November 1, on account of troops sent to Halifax and to the West Indies, reduced the aggregate to 22,494 for duty. 6. May i, J779. New York . Long Island Staten Island Paulus Hook Hoboken Rhode Island Aggregate, 33,458. 9,123 6,056 1,344 383264 5,644 22,814 Halifax 3,677 Georgia .... . 4,794 West Florida 1,703 Bermuda and Providence Island 470 10,644 7. December I, 1779. At New York and its dependencies : British . ... German . ... Provincial Total Halifax and Penobscot Georgia . West Florida .... Bermuda and Providence Island \ Total. Aggregate, 38,569. 13,848 10,836 4,072 28,756 3,4603,930 1,787 636 9,813 386 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. 8. British effective force in America, May J, J780. British . German Provincials New York. South Carolina. Nova Scotia. East Florida. Georgia. 7,711 7,451 2,162 7,041 3,018 2,788 2,298 572 638 590547 316 862 1,016 17,324 12,847 3,508 1,453 1,878 Aggregate, including East Florida, Providence Island and Bermuda, 38,002. 9. December J, 1780. New York 17,729 On an expedition . . . 2,274 South Carolina .... 7,384 Georgia 968 West Florida 1,261 Nova Scotia . . . 3,167 Bermuda 387 Providence Island . . . 143 28,355 4,958 Aggregate, 33,313 ; besides Provincial troops, 8,954. Total, 42,267. New York . . . On an expedition With Leslie . With Arnold . . With Phillips . South Carolina . JO. May I, I78I. 12,257 1,782 2,2781,553 2,116 7,254 27,240 East Florida West Florida . . Nova Scotia Bermuda . . . Providence Island Georgia .... Aggregate forces, 33,374. n. Sept. J, J78I. New York. Virginia. S.Carolina. Georgia. Floridas. British, 5,932 5,544 5,024 920 German, 8,029 2,204 1,696 486 558 Provincial, 2,140 1,137 3,155 598 211 438 1,185 3,130 366 128887 6,134 N. Scotia. 'W. Indies. 1,745 498 562 1,145 Total, 16,701 8,885 9,775 1,084 1,689 3,452 Aggregate, including Providence Island and Bermuda, 42,075. Note. — Stedman has the following estimate : British and Rebel Force in 1776. Dates. August ..... . . November ....... December 498 In 1777. March June British. Rebel. 24,000 26,600 27,700 16,000 4,5003,300 27,00030,000 4,5008,000 APPENDIX E. 387 APPENDIX E. OEGANIZATION OP BURGOYNE'S ARMY. To remain in Canada, part of Sth regiment, 460 men ; part of 34th, 348 men ; parts of 29th aud 31st regiments, 896 men ; eleven additional companies expected from Great Britain, 616 men ; brigade detachments, 300 men ; detach ments from German troops, 650 men, and Royal Highland emigrants, 500 men ; making a total of 3,770 men. The army of invasion (see page 171) numbered as follows : Men. The grenadiers and light infantry (except of the 8th and 24i1l regiments), as the advance corps under General Fraser . 1,568 First brigade ; battalion companies of the 9tli, 21st, and 47th regiments 1,194 Second brigade ; battalion companies of the 20th, 53d, and 62d regiments, leaving 50 of each in Canada .... 1,194 German troops, except the Hanau Chasseurs, and 650 left in Canada ... . . . . . 3,217 Total, with artillery 7,173 To this force were to be associated " as many Canadians and Indians as might be thought necessary for the service." 388 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. APPENDIX F. ORGANIZATION OP CORNWALLIS'S ARMY. This force, when fully concentrated on Virginia, Aug. 1, 1781, consisted of the following troops : British, 6,541 ; Ger man, 2,148 ; Provincials, 1,137 ; on detachments, 607 ; making a total of 9,433 men. The general Return of officers and privates surrendered at Yorktown, as taken from the original Muster Rolls, is stated by the Commissary of prisoners to have been as follows — General and staff, 79 ; Artillery, 23 ; Guards, 527 ; Light In fantry, 671 ; 17th Reg't, 245 ; 23d Eeg't, 233 ; 33d Reg't, 260 ; 43d Reg't, 359 ; 71st Reg't, 300 ; 76th Reg't, 716 ; 80th Reg't, 689 ; two battalions of Anspach, 1,077 (these two battalions alone had Colonels present), Prince Hereditary, 484 ; Regi ment of De Bose, 349 ; Yagers, 74 ; British Legion, 241 ; Queen's Rangers, 320 ; North Carolina Vols., 142 ; Pioneers, 44 ; Engineers, 23. Total, including commissary department, and 80 followers of the army, 7,247 men. Total of officers and men, 7,073. Seamen and from shipping, about 900 offi cers and men. Other authorities increase this number to over 8,000. It is evident that the Return of August 16, cited on page 386, overestimates the really effective force. Seventy-five brass cannon, 69 iron guns, 18 German and 6 British regimental standards, were among trophies captured. The military chest contained £2,113, 6s, sterling. The Guadaloupe 28, the old Fowey, the Bonetta (sloop) 24, and Vulcan (fire-ship), thirty transports, fifteen galleys, and many smaller vessels, with nearly 900 officers and seamen, were sur rendered to the French. APPENDIX G. 389 APPENDIX G. NOTES OF LEE'S COURT-MARTIAL. Major-General Lord Stirling, President. Brisadiek-General Smallwood. Colonel Swift. Brigadier-General Poor. Colonel Wigglesworth. Brigadier-General Woodford. Colonel Angel. Brigadier-General Huntington. Colonel Clarke. Colonel Irvine. Colonel Williams. Colonel Shepard. Colonel Febiger. John Lawrence, Judge-Advocate. The Court met July 1, 1778, at the house of Mr. Voorhees, New Brunswick, N.J. The charges were as follows : First — For disobedience of orders, in not attacking the enemy on the twenty-eighth of June, agreeably to repeated instructions. Second — For misbehavior before the enemy on the same day, by making an unnecessary, disorderly, and shameful retreat. Third — For disrespect to the Commander-in-Chief, in two letters dated the first of July and the twenty-eighth of June. GENERAL LEE PLEAD "NOT GUILTY." On the twelfth of August, the Court found him to be guilty under all the' charges, and sentenced him to be " suspended from any command in the Armies of the United States of America, for the term of twelve months." Forty -two witnesses were examined. (See page 235 of text, for their unanimity in vindication of Washington from use of any language not proper, in his rebuke of Lee at the time of his retreat.) 390 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. The following are the letters that concluded with Lee's demand for a court-martial : FIRST LETTER. Camp English-Town, July 1, 1778. Sir : From the knowledge I have of your Excellency's character, I must conclude that nothing but misinformation of some very stupid, or misrepresentation of some very wicked, person, could have occasioned your having made use of so very singular expressions as you did on my coming up to the ground where you had taken post ; they implied that I was guilty either of disobedience of orders, of want of conduct, or want of courage ; your Excellency will therefore infinitely oblige me by letting me know on which of these three articles you ground your charge, that I may prepare for my justification, which, I have the happiness to be con fident, I can do to the army, to the Congress, to America, and to the world in general. Your Excellency must give me leave to observe that neither yourself nor those about your person could, from your situation, be in the least judges of the merits or demerits of our manoeuvres; and, to speak with a becoming pride, I can assert, that to these manoeuvres, the success of the day was entirely owing. I can boldly say, that had we remained on the first ground, or had we advanced, or had the retreat been conducted in a manner different from what it was, this whole army and the interests of America would have risked being sacrificed. I ever had, and hope ever shall have, the greatest respect and veneration for General Washington ; I think him endowed with many great and good qualities ; but in this instance, I must pronounce that he has been guilty of an act of cruel injustice towards a man who certainly has some pre tentions to the regard of every servant of this country ; and, I think. Sir, I have a right to demand reparation for the injury committed, and, unless I can obtain it, I must, in justice to myself, when this campaign is closed (which I believe will close the war), retire from a service at the head of which is placed a man capable of offering such injuries ; but, at the same time, in justice to you, I must repeat, that I from my soul believe, that it was not a motion of your own breast, but instigated by some of those dirty earwigs who will forever insinuate themselves near persons in high office ; for I really am convinced, that when General 'Washington acts for himself no man in his army will have reason to complain of injustice or indecorum. I am, Sir, and hope ever shall have Reason to continue, your most sincerely Devoted, humble servant, CHARLES LEE. His Excellency General Washington. APPENDIX G. 391 SECOND LETTER. Camp, June 27, 1778. Sir : I beg your Excellency's pardon for the inaccuracy in misdating my letter. You cannot afford me greater pleasure than in giving me the opportunity of showing to America the sufficiency of her respective ser vants. I trust that the temporary power of office, and the tinsel dignity attending it, will not be able, by all the mists they can raise, to obfuscate the bright rays of truth ; in the meantime, your Excellency can have no objection to my retiring from the army. I am, Sir, your most obedient, Humble servant, CHARLES LEE. General Washington. WASHINGTON'S LETTER IN REPLY. Headquarters, English-Town, June 30, 1778. Sir: I received your letter (dated through mistake, the Ist of July), expressed, as I conceive, in terms highly improper. I am not conscious of having made use of any very singular expressions at the time of my meeting you, as you intimate. What I recollect to have said was dic tated by duty and warranted by the occasion. As soon as circumstances will permit, you shall have an opportunity either of justifying yourself to the army, to Congress, to America, and to the world in general, or of convincing them that you were guilty of a breach of orders, and of mis behavior before the enemy on the 28th inst. , in not attacking them as you had been directed, and in making an unnecessary, disorderly, and shame ful retreat. I am, Sir, your most obedient servant, GEORGE WASHINGTON. Major-General Lee. After the reading of the foregoing letters by the Judge- Advocate, General Lee requested the following letter to be also read : Camp, June 30, 1778. Sir : Since I had the honor of addressing my letter by Colonel Fitz gerald to your Excellency, I have reflected on both your situation and mine, and beg leave to observe, that it will be for our mutual con venience that a Court of Inquiry should be immediately ordered : but I could wish it might be a court-martial, for if' the affair is drawn into length, it may be difficult to collect the necessary evidences, and per haps might bring on a paper war betwixt the adherents to both parties. 392 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. which may occasion some disagreeable feuds on the continent, for all are not my friends, nor all your admirers. I must entreat, therefore, for your love of justice, that you will immediately exhibit your charge, and that on the first halt, I may be brought to a trial ; and am, Sir, your most obedient, humble servant, CHARLES LEE. The date of the assembling of the court-martial shows that Washington acted promptly. GLOSSARY OF MILITARY TERMS. Abatis. — Felled trees, with sharpened branches, pointing outward toward an approaching enemy. Bastion. — A work of two faces and two flanks, with salient angles. Batteau. — An old-style flatboat of large capacity, in form of the modern scow. Billet. — An old term for a brief letter ; or, an assignment of troops to certain quarters. Boom. — A chain cable or line of spars bound together to prevent the passage of vessels at a harbor entrance, or across a river. Cabal. — A plot, or secret intrigue. Cantonment. — • A lodgment for troops. Cheveau-de-Frise. — A cylinder, of iron wlien practicable, with sharp, projecting spears on all sides ; to oppose an invading force, or to close a gap in the defences. Command. — A body of troops, or a separate command. Corduroy. — (" Cord of the King.") An extemporized road, a uniting cord, by a series of parallel logs across a swamp or soft ground. Countersign. — A confidential word of recognition, changed daily or more frequently, emanating from the officer in chief command. Curtain. — A wall connecting two bastions. Detachment. — A fraction of a command, or troops assigned to some special duty. Detail. — An assignment for special duty. Engineering. — See Preface. Fascines. — Bundles or faggots of brushwood, or small poles, tied to gether, for defence or for crossing swamps. Fusee. — A small musket of early times. Gabions. — Cylindrical wicker baskets open at both ends, filled for defensive ]iurposes, making a temporary parapet. Galleys. — Small vessels of light draft. Grand Tactics. — See Preface. Hurdles. — Pickets about three feet high, united by twigs, to give a solid footing for a battery, or for crossing soft ground and swamps. Itinerary. — Record of daily marches ; including notes of country trav ersed, streams crossed, aud whatever may be valuable for record or subsequent guidance. 393 394 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Line-of-battle ship. — A full-rigged ship, with two or more gun-decks. Log-book. — The itinerary of a ship. Logistics. — See Preface. Magazine. — A depot of powder or of other supplies . Muster. — A detailed record of troops, periodical or otherwise, for exact information of the force under command. Orderly Book. — A record of current orders, whether of commissioned or non-commissioned officers. Parapet. — A work, breast-high or more, for defence. Patrol. — A small scouting-party beyond the usual line of sentries ; or a detail of search as to the movements of the enemy. Picket. — An outside sentry, to guard against surprise. Quota. — A fixed apportionment upon the basis of numbers Reconnoissance. — A personal examination of country within the range of military movements. Redoubt. — An inclosed defence. Rendezvous. — A designated place for assembling troops or supplies. Roster. — A list of officers, or of officers and men ; on any duty, or subject to duty. Salient. — An angle projecting outward, toward hostile approach. Strategy. — See Preface. Surveillance. — On the constant watch, with critical observation of existing or contingent conditions. Taking Post. — Occupying a designated position, whether under orders, or in the contingencies of a march or an advance. Zone. — A belt or stretch of country, indicating the sphere of action of the various parts of an army, which secures concert of action in com bined movements. CHRONOLOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX CHRONOLOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. KoTB. — The contemporaries of WashiDgton named in this index are in general only pereoQs bo associated with or opposed to the cause he stood for as to influence his mili tary action. Events are treated and indexed in chronological order, so that the index becomes tbereby a miniature biography of the characters taking part in the events narrated. It may often prove interesting to note the age of a prominent actor in these events at the time, by calculating it from the year of his birth when given below. Abbreviations. — For various nationalities: Am. (American); Sr. (British); Fr. (French) ; B. (Hessian). In the biographical notices, 6. for birth and d. for death are used; and occasionally, k. for killed, w. for wounded, and like familiar abbrevia tions may be found. The subsequent career of many is indicated thus — Oornwallls, fiu&. gov. -gen. India. Acts of Parliament to be resisted, 17 Adams, John — statesman ; sub. pres. twice; b. 1735, d. 1782. inflrst Continental Congress, 16 on special naval committee ... 60 commissioner in the interests of peace 116 his infiuence abroad 309 Adams, Samuel — orator; 6.1722, d. 1803. exempted from the proffered pardon 32 his opinion of a regular army 299 Agnew, James — Br. maj .-gen eral; i. at Germantown .. 196 Alamance, N.C, battle of. May 16, 1771 84 Albany Convention of July 4, 1754 12 Allen, Ethan — col. ; b. 1637, d. 1789. captures Ticonderoga, May 10, 1775 30 tries to capture Montreal, with out orders 62 captured and sent to England, 62 insubordination commented up on by Washington 62 Alliance frigate, twice takes Lafay ette to France 253, 362 American army, wholly composed of militia 21 American army, continued — call for 30,000 under arms. . .22 officially recognized 32 its strange experience, March 2, 1776 75 occupies Boston, March 17, 1776 80 begins its first campaign 83 April muster, 1776 87 August muster, 1776 IOI September muster 114 85 regiments authorized 116 its condition, Sept. 10, 1776, 119 October muster 122 its lack of discipline 123 Lee's grand division 135 special muster ordered by Wash ington, Nov. 23, 1776 136 its condition, Dec. 30, 1776, 147 parades in Philadelphia 183 August muster, 1777 184 condition at Valley Forge, Dec, 1777 205-6 at Newport, 1778 242 assignments of divisions, 1778 247 fixed at 80 battalions 252 at Philadelphia, weakened in discipline 252 its condition, Dec, 1779 269 its condition, Nov. 7, 1780, 296 reorganization proposed 298 new basis, of 86,000 men . . .299 397 398 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. American army, continued — divisions again assigned. . ..300 its condition, 1781 306 mutinous elements noticed. .307 at'the South 315-317 at Peekskill, 1781 333 before Yorktown, I781 356 by States (Appendix A) 377 American Civil War referred to, for comparison (Preface), vii policy defined 91 commissioners appointed in the interests of peace 115 cow-boys near New York . . . 255 speculators feed the British, 306 Americo-Spanish War of 1898 illus- trating the principle of " Strategy and Statesmanship in War " (Preface) . . . . x, xii AndrA, John — Br. major, sub. asst. adjt.-gen. ; b. 1751, d. 1780. taken prisoner, at St. .John's. 62 arranges fete in h o n o r of Howe 215 at capture of Charleston . . . 275 his antecedents noticed 289 former relations to Miss Ship- pen 289 executed as a spy 290 his fate regretted 290 exchange for Arnold morally impracticable 291 Angell, — col. ; at Fort Mercer, R.1 201 at Battle of Springfield . .283-4 AaB0THNOT, Mariot — Br. admi ral; i. 1711, d. 1794. arrives at New York 261 relieves Sir George Collier, 261 fights a French fleet 326 Armies of modern times 370-1 of the Revolution as given by the British authority, Sted man (Appendix D) 386 Arms from France 164 Armstrong, John — brig.-gen. ; b. 1758, d. 1843. at Brandywine 186 on the Schuylkill 192 Arnold, Benedict — sub. maj.- geu. ; b. 1740, ci. 1801. takes a company to Boston . . 30 hastens, to Lake Champlain .. 30 anticipated by Allen 30 organizes a naval force 30 loved by Washington 45 Arnold, Benedict, continued — returns in angry mood 51 proposes conquest of Canada, 61 his expedition for Quebec. . .55 his disastrous march 64 wounded in a bold assault 66 his captains refuse longer ser vice 66 the siege of Quebec fails 66 at Providence 163 unjustly treated by Congress, 165 gallantry at Ridgefield 166 in command at Philadelphia, 167 gallantry in Burgoyne cam paign 176 finally promoted 176 court-martialed 274 is married to Miss Shippen .289 suffers from old wound, 222, 288 in command at West Point. 288 corresponds with Clinton ... 288 invites Andr6 to visit him . . 290 dictates price of his treason, 290 antecedents in Philadelphia, 289 his treason anticipated by Lord Germaine 289 his exchange for Andre impos sible without dishonor . . .291 leaves N.Y. with troops . . . .310 overtaken by a storm 310 his discretion doubted by Clin ton 310 plunders Richmond, Va 311 cannot intimidate Jefferson, 311 returns to fortify Ports mouth 311 writes to Lafayette 331 treated with silent contempt, 331 tries threats to no purpose, 331 relations with Gen. Phillips, 331 ordered back to New York, 331 lays waste New London 351 his recall explained 351 Arnold, Mrs. (formerly Miss Shippen) — ignorant of Ar nold's treason 289 honored by Washington. . . .291 sympathy of Lafayette 291 Articles of Confederation finally adopted 309 " Art of War " (Preface) x-iii Ashe, John — brig.-gen.; b. 1721, d. 1781; declares while speaker of the North Caro lina Assembly, concerning the Stamp Act, "We will resist its execution to the death," 13 INDEX. 399 Atlee, Samuel J. — col. ; b. 1738, d. 1786. joins the army at Brooklyn, 105 commands Pennsylvania Rifles 105 makes a gallant fight 107 prisoner with Stirling 107 Augusta 74, Br. ; blown up iu the Delaware 202 Aux Trembles reached by Benedict Arnold 65 reached by Montgomery .... 65 reached by Carleton 66 Baltimore pays honor to Roeham- ' beau and Washington ... .351 Bancroft, George — diplomat and historian; b. 1800, d. 1891. as to the invasion of Canada, 54 his estimate of Washington, 250 Barras, Paul Francois Jean, Count DE — Fr. admiral ; J. 1755, d. 1829. sails from Newport 354 enters the Chesapeake 355 signs capitulation of York- town 360 also signs for Count de Grasse 360 Bennington unwisely attacked by Burgoyne ; anticipated b y Washington 176 Berlin conference noticed 370 BiDDLE, Nicholas — appointed naval captain 60 Billingsport raided by Cornwal lis SOS Bird — Br. lieut.-col. ; Jc. at Ger mantown 196 Blackstone — chief of the Sene cas; friend of Washing ton 260 Bordentown occupied by Donop {ff.) 139 occupied by Cadwallader . . . 156 visited by British troops 213 Boston massacre of March 5, 1770 15 Tea Party entertainment, Dec. 16, 1773 '15 Port Bill, 1774 15 surrounded by 20,000 minute- men 30 deliverance from British control a fixed purpose 30 not a proper British base 33 bombarded three nights.. 74, 77 Boston, continued — evacuated 80 visited by D'Estaing 243 visited by Greene 246 visited by Lafayette 244 visited by Rochambeau 361 Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Gugli elmo — Ital. historian ; b. 1768, d. 1837. as to Battle of Long Island, 113 as to Battle of Trenton 149 reviews New Jersey cam paign 159 Boville, De — Fr. maj.-gen. ; re connoitres with Washing ton 336 BovTDOiN, James — pres. Mass. Council; b. 1727, d. 1790; addressed by Charles Lee . 139 Braddock's operations noticed 7 Bradley, Joseph P. — Justice U.S. Supreme Court; b. I8I3, d. 1892 ; corrects a tradition as to Lafayette's alleged remi niscence of Washington's pro fanity 235 Brandywine, Battle of 185 British army, at various dates (Ap pendix D) 383 troops quartered by British Par liament in Boston, 1768 ... 14 estimates for troops, by British ministry 96 foreign auxiliaries opposed by British statesmen 96 four military operations pro posed 97 its movements after Battle of Long Island 116 advances to Horn's Hook (see map) 120 lands at Throgg's Neck, (see map) 125 advances beyond-' New Ro chelle 126 awaiting reenforcements . . . 127 in New Jersey 139 invades the Illinois country. 253 opposed by Gov. Jefferson . 253 fed by Am. speculators .... 296 British military policy defined . . .95 British Parliament urges king to arrest Americans, 1769 .... 14 rejects " Conciliatory Bill," 1775 18 restricts New England trade . 18 favors certain colonies . . 18 400 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Brookline, Mass., furnished fas cine rods 78 Brooklyn, N.Y., occupied by Lee 85 fortified by Greene 102 evacuated by Washington . .112 Bull Run, 1861, illustrates Bran dywine (Preface) x Bunker Hill or Breed's Hill, signifi cance of the battle 34 Burgoyne, Sir John — lieut-gen. ; b. 1730, d. 1792. arrives at Boston 33 describes rebels as peasants . 34 calls battle on Breed's Hill " a great catastrophe " 40 reaches Canada from Ire land .....89, 171 issues an unwise proclama tion 172 responded to by Washington, 172 has no sympathy with " hire of Indians " 172 sharp letter from Gates 173 his noble response 173 captures Ticonderoga 175 his diversion, to Bennington an error 175-6 surrenders his army 176 organization of his army (Ap pendix E) 387 Burke, Edmund — Br. statesman ; b. 1730, d. 1797. Burr, Aaron — col. ; sub. vice- pres. ; b. 1756, d. 1836. accompanies Arnold to Que bec 55 Butler, Thomas — col. ; at storm ing of Stony Point 257 Byron, John — Br. admiral ; J. 1723, d. 1786. relieves admiral, Lord Howe 239 fleet scattered by a storm . . 239 arrives off Boston 245 Cadvtallader, John — brig.- gen. ; b. 1743, d. 1786. guarding the Delaware .... 141 fails to cross river 142 crosses Delaware at Bristol. 146 arrives at Trenton 151 at Princeton 156 at Bordentown 156 Caesar, Julius — Roman general; i. 100 B.C., d. 44 B.C. his campaigns cited in compari son (Preface) ' viii Caesar, Julius, continued — his methods imitated by Wash ington 313 Caldwell, James — his church burned by the British 271 his wife shot by the British. 279 furnishes hymn-books for gun- wadding at Springfield. . .284 Campbell, William — Am. col. ; b. 1745, d. 1781 ; at Battle of King's Mountain 293 Canada lost to France, 1763 10 as a British base 30 invasion urged by Congress . . 50 Arnold its active spirit 51 Congress again moves 52-3 difference in religious faith. .62 two expeditions planned 65 did not support Burgoyne ... 55 failure of the expeditions 66 visited by commissioners 88 visited by small-pox 88 costs five thousand American lives in sixty days 88 British reenforcements come, 89 abandoned by the American army 89 the excuse of Congress 89 Canadian Acts of Parliament ... 50 expeditions of Schuyler and Montgomery 52, 55 expedition again suggested, but opposed by WasMngton . . 252 Carleton, Sir Guy — gov. of Canada, sub. gov. New York; i. 1724, d. 1808. Arnold's report of his small force in Canada 51 flees from Montreal in disguise to Quebec 64 pays military honors to his old comrade, Montgomery 66 his magnanimous parole of Am erican prisoners of war 66 being largely reenforced in June, 1776, takes the offen sive 89 succeeds Clinton in N.Y. . . .362 cooperates with Washington, 363 surrenders New York 363 Carringtoi*, Edward — col., swi. quartermaster-gen. (South) ; b. 1749, d. 1810. indorsed by Chief-Justice Mar shall 301 explores the Southern rivers 302 INDEX. 401 Carrington, Edward, continued — commissioner to exchange pris oners 318 Carroll, Charles — last survivor of the signers of the Declara tion of Independence ; b. 1737, d. 1832; commissioner to Canada 88 Carroll, Sev. John — sub. Arch bishop of Maryland; visits Canada and reports a terrible condition of affairs 88 Catharine II. of Russia — b. 1729, d. 1796 ; is hostile to British commerce, but favors Amer ican interests 296 Charleston, S.C, captured by Clin ton 275 Charlestown Heights, neglected by British 34 occupied by Americans 34 occupied by British 35 abandoned 61 Charlottesville, Va., a Hessian prison-camp, visited by Tarle ton 340 Chase, Samuel — Md. ; b. 1741, d. 1811 ; appointed commis sioner to Canada 88 Chastellux, Francois Jean, Marquis de — maj .-general ; 6. 1734, d. 1789. accompanies Rochambeau to America 286 a relative of Lafayette 286 marches from Newport to Ridge bury, Conn 333 in conference at Wethers- fleld 333 commands a division 337 Chatham, Lord (William Pitt) — orator and statesman ; b. 1756, d. 1835. Pittsburg named in his honor, 10 describes the First Continental Congress 17 his conciliatory bill defeated, 18 as to making slaves of American Englishmen 20 as to Battle of Guilford 320 Chatterton Hill, battle near White Plains 129 Chemung, Battle of, noticed. . .260 Chesapeake Bay memorable in naval warfare 354 " Chimney-corner patriots " disgust Washington 328 China stimulated by American ex ample 370 Civil liberty requires right execu tion of military power . . .804 Clinton, James — brig. -general ; b. 1736, d. 1812. gallantry at Fort Clinton ... 179 in Indian expedition 260 Clinton, George — gov., brig.- gen. ; iMi.vice-pres.; b. 1736, d. 1812. commands in the Highlands, 166 his services noted 178, 190 Clinton, Sir Henry — lieut.- gen. ; b. 1768, d. 1795. arrives iu America 36 urges attack upon Cambridge, 35 overruled by Howe 35 expects an independent com mand 70 anticipated by Washington . . 70 visits Tryon in New York. . .85 ordered to destroy Southern cities 85 in attack upon Fort Sullivan, S.C 85 returns to New York 89 in battle of Long Island. ... 107 expects large success 110 at Newport, R.I 150 in expedition up the Hudson, 178 outgenerals Putnam 178 captures Forts Clinton and Montgomery 179 did not intend to join Bur goyne 180 returns to New York 182 relieves Howe in command, 216 gives af^e to Howe 215 attempts capture of Lafay ette 216 fails to capture Lafayette . .217 his policy outlined 221 evacuates Philadelphia 222 moves toward Monmouth, 223-4 followed by Lafayette 225 prepares for battle 229 abandons position at night .234 regains New York 234 escapes the French fleet 238 tries to reenforce Newport. 245 reports to Lord Germaine .. 249 inactive at New York 252 captures Stony Point 253 reoccupies Stony Point, when Washington abandoned it, 259 declines to attack West Point, 261 402 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. .Clinton, Sir Henry, continued — abandons Newport and New England 262 sails for Charleston 268 reports his force 270 reports as to Provincials. . .272 expedition suffers from storm 274 captures Charleston 275 issues absurd proclamation . 275 reSuf orced by Rawdon 276 returns to New York 282 plans a new expedition 283 invades New Jersey 283 Battle of Springfield 283-4 burns Springfield 285 "needs rest for his army ".285 plans descent upon Newport, 286 writes Lord Germaine as to West Point 288 corresponds with Arnold. . .289 again writes Lord Germaine . 289 closes bargain with Arnold .290 cannot exchange Arnold for Andre... 291 watches the American mu tiny 309 advises with Lord Germaine . 309 sends Arnold to Virginia. ..310 doubts Arnold's discretion. .310 sends good officers with him, 310 equally powerless with Corn wallis 324 learns of effort to capture Arnold 325 sends Phillips to support Ar nold 326 orders Arnold to New York, 331 disturbed by Arnold's corre spondence with London offi cials 332 receives Washington's decoy letters 335 " in a state of siege " 335 other decoy letters reach him 336 orders Cornwallis to report to him 337 calls for reenforcements . . .338 intercepts other decoy letters with plans enclosed 346 outgeneraled by Washing ton 347-8 writes Cornwallis — promising help 350 advises Cornwallis to strike Philadelphia 352 Clinton, Sir Henry, coniiimed — does not understand Washing ton 362 hears from Cornwallis 358 sails for Yorktown too late .368 contemporaneous surrender of Cornwallis 369-60 is relieved of command in New York 361 succeeded by Sir Guy Carle ton 361 Collier, Sir George — Br. com modore. convoys Clinton and his troops up the Hudson 253 his fleet visits New Haven .266 relieved by Admiral Arbuth not 261 Colonial Congress at New York, 1766 11 nine Colonies represented ; others ratify action 11 names of Colonies that were not represented II the Declaration of Rights . . .11 denounces Stamp Act, Oct. 7, 1755 13 Colonial expeditions, 1765 10 additional, 1758 10 Colonial governments and their forms described 16 Columbian Exposition, 1892, noticed 372-3 Commissioners sent to Canada.. 88 General and Admiral Howe meet American commission ers in New York 98 arrange terms between Cornwal lis and Washington 359 Committee of Congress visits Bos ton ." 60 Committee of Correspondence, 1773, and their purpose . . .15 Connecticut Farms, N.J., burned by General Knyphausen .. 279 Connecticut sends 2,000 men to Boston, April 26, 1775.... 23 assigns Putnam, Wooster, and Spencer to command 23 sends volunteers to New York with Lee 71 her militia greatly reduced . . 116 responds to Washington's ap peal 116 twice invaded by Tryon, 166, 256 invaded by Arnold 361 Continental Army organized 32 INDEX. 403 Continental Congress adopts militia about Boston as the Amer ican Continental Army 32 forms Light Infantry corps . . 32 appoints Washington Com mander-in-Chief 32 accompanies commission with pledge of support 32 sends committee to Washington at Cambridge 52 disclaims purpose to operate against Canada 54 but initiated and pressed every expedition 54 sends a second committee to Cambridge 60 authorizes a navy 60 urges attack upon Boston . ..61 sends committee to N.Y 86 orders additional troops to Can ada 88 proposes to hire Indian allies, 88 appoints commissioners to Can ada 88 authorizes abandonment of New York 117 confers large powers upon Washington 140 imparts dictatorial powers . . 148 makes promotions without con sulting Washington 165 adjourns to Lancaster and to York 194 honors the defenders of Fort MifBiTi 202 places enemies of Washington in responsible commands, 205 sends a committee to Valley Forge 212 Continental money worth 3 cents on the dollar 252 Convtay, Thomas — Irish advent urer ; brig.-gen. at Battle of Germantown 195 promoted major-general and in spector-general 205 resigns his commission 207 responsible for the "' Conway cabal" 212 departs for France 212 Cornwallis, Charles, Lord — sub. Ueut-gen. India; b. 1738, d. 1805. sails for America 97 lands at Wilmington, N.C. . .97 accompanies Clinton to Charles ton, S.C 97 Cornwallis, Charles, continued — returns to New York 99 in Battle of Long Island . . . 107 enforces the surrender of SuUi van and Stirling 108 assaults Fort Washington . . 132 invades New Jersey 136 halts at Brunswick 137 on eve of departure for Eng land 150 ordered back to New Jersey, 150 advances upon Trenton 152 threatens Washington's posi tion 164 strengthens his own position, 154 outgeneraled by Washing- ton 156 retires to Brunswick 156 again on the aggressive 167 attempts to gain Washington's defences 169 retires to Staten Island 169 in skirmish upon invasion of Pennsylvania 186 moves up the Brandywine . . 188 leads the advance of Howe's army 188 surprises Sullivan's divi- sion 187-9 moves to Chester 192 enters Philadelphia 194 lands in New Jersey 203 compels Americans to destroy their galleys 203 threatens Washington at Chest nut Hill 204 skirmishes with Morgan. . . .204 makes incursion into New Jersey 248 in command at the South . . . 276 suspends invasion of North Car olina 293 fails to subjugate the people, 293 sore over Tarleton's defeat at Cowpens 315 presses closely upon Greene,315 informs Clinton of his condi tion 317 abandons Charleston 317 expects no aid from V i r - ginia 318 his proclamation to rebels . .318 arranges for exchange of pris oners 318 parols militia as prisoners . .318 seeks to control upper fords, 318 is outgeneraled by Greene. .319 404 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Cornwallis, Charles, continued — in need of all supplies 319 at Guilford Court-House . . .319 cannot improve success 320 practically a defeat, so judged by contemporaries 320 retires to Wilmington, leaving his wounded, closely pursued by Greene 321 his position, and that of Clinton, noticed 324 reminiscence of earlier cam paign 325 his effective force reduced . 329 arrives at Yorktown from Wil mington 333 sustained by British minis try 337 Clinton wants his troops . . .338 promises to expel Lafayette from Virginia 338 in pursuit of Lafayette . . 338-9 his course described by Lafay ette 339 abandons the pursuit 339 is followed by Lafayette . . .340 returns to headquarters . . . .341 finds old despatches from Clin ton 341 takes boats for Yorktown . .341 his movements reported to Washington 342 is warned by Clinton of dan ger 350 relations to Clinton no ticed 352-3 must destroy Lafayette's army to hold Virginia 353 attempts escape by Glouces ter 358 the movement abandoned . .358 graphic report to Clinton. . .358 terms of surrender fixed. . .359 surrender completed 360 courtesies between officers of the three armies 361 his interview with Lafayette,36I Cornwallis, Frederick — acts as Br. commissioner to ex change prisoners 318 Coudray, Monsieur de — ordered to complete defensive works along the Delaware 192 Court-martial of Arnold 274 Court-martial of Lee (Appendix G) ; 389 Cowpens, Battle of 312 Coxe, Daniel — urges union of Colonies, 1722 12 Crimean War noticed 313 Cromwell, Oliver — Lord Pro tector of England; 4. 1599, d. 1659. cited by Washington's officers as a. precedent for assuming permanent command 364 Crown Point, expedition against, 1756 10 visited by Allen and Arnold. .30 captured by Seth Warner 51 Custis, Mrs. Martha -— b. 1732, d. 1802; her marriage to Washington 8 Danbury, Conn., invaded (with Ridgefield) by Tryon 166 Dartmouth, George, Lord — Br. statesman; b. 1748, d. 1791. comments upon Lexington and Concord 20 opposed military occupation of Boston 33 advised Howe to attack South ern cities 69 regarded New York as the true British base 69 Dayton, Elias — col. ; b. 1735, d. 1807. his regiment in battle 278-9 Deane, Silas— b. 1737, d. 1834. on naval committee 60 commissioner to France. . . .209 returns to Philadelphia 238 Deborre, Prudhomme — brig.- gen. ; disgraced at Brandy wine 189 Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 91 D'Estaing, Charles Hector, Count — Fr. lieut.-general ; b. 1729, d. 1794. reaches the Delaware with French fleet 238 sails at once for New York, 239 unable to cross the bar 240 arrives at Newport, R.I. . . .240 consults Sullivan aa to attack 242 not affronted by Sullivan's land ing first 243 is confronted by British fleet 243 both fleets dispersed 243 returns to Newport 243 INDEX. 405 D'Estaing, Charles Hector, Count, continued — sails for Boston to refit ; notices Sullivan's protest 243 his manly course vindicated, 244 sails for the West Indies . . . 246 off the coast of Georgia. . . . 261 his siege of Savannah, urged by Lafayette 267 . twice wounded 268 De Fleury, Louis — Fr. lieuten't, sub. col. at defence of Fort Mercer . . 202 planned Fort Miffiin 202 wounded in its defence 203 De Grasse, FRAN901S Joseph Paul — Fr.; b. 1723, d. 1788. arrives in the Chesapeake . . 342 limited in period of opera tions 342 urges assault upon Y o r k - town 342 yields to Lafayette's judg ment 343 is visited by Washington . . . 354 has naval fight with Admiral Graves (see map) 355 suggests a plan of action ... 356 opposed by Lafayette 356 sails for the West Indies . . .361 his trophies at Yorktown (Appendix F) 388 De Heister — ff. lieut.-gen. ; lands at Gravesend, Aug. 25, 1776 106 captures Sullivan and Stirling, and parts of their c 0 m - mands 108 advances to support Howe . . 126 De Kalb, John, Baron — maj.- gen. ; b. 1732, d. 1780. comes to America with Lafay- ette. Note to Chap. XVIII 191 reports as to the army 205 appointed inspector-general, 207 commands Maryland and Dela ware troops 277 Southern campaign 291 k. in Battle of Camden 292 Delaware troops always effi cient 277 gallantry at Camden 292 Denmark and Sweden hostile to England 296 Destouches, Chevalier— succeeds De Ternay, deceased .... 298 Destouches, Chevalier, cont'd — supports Washington 323 indorsed by Washington . . . 326 De Ternay, Chevalier — convoys Rochambeau's army from France 286 blockaded by British at New port 298 dies at Newport 298 is succeeded by Destouches, 298 Dickenson, John — in first Conti nental Congress 17 DiNwiDDiE, Robert — gov. of Vir ginia; b. 1690, d. 1770; sent Washington as commissioner to French frontier 6 Donop — if. col.; in the storming of Chatterton Hill 129 abandons Bordentown 146 k, in storming Fort Mercer, 201 is buried by the Americans, 202 Dorchester Heights occupied by the Americans 76-80 Drayton, William H. — b. 1742, d. 1779; chief-justice, South Carolina, 1776 86 Dumas, Mathieu, Count de — Fr. col. ; sub. marshal-de-camp and historian ; i. 1753,(^.1837; gallantry at Yorktown .. 367 Note. — He was wounded in storming redoubt. Dundas, Francis — Br. lieut.-col. ; b. 1750, d. 1824 ; goes to Vir ginia with Arnold 310 Dunmore, John Murray, Lord — Br. gov. Virginia; b. 1732, d. 1818. seizes colonial powder 28 opposed by Patrick Henry. . .28 takes refuge on board the man- of-war Fowey 28 bombards Norfolk, New Year's day, 1776 68 is visited by Gen. Clinton . . .85 Du Portail, Lebegue — Fr. brig.- gen. ; d. 1802. captured at Charleston 300 succeeded as engineer by Kos ciusko 300 reconnoitres with Washing ton 336 visits the Count de Grasse with Washington 363 Effingham, Lord — Br. ; resigns when ordered to America . . 21 406 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Elizabethtown, N.J., visited by Knyphausen 227 Engineering defined, with note (Preface) xi Erskine, Sir William — Br. brig.-gen. ; captured by Am. privateer at sea 98, 99 warns Cornwallis at Trenton, 1 66 attempts to capture Laifay- ette 216 Eutaw Springs — the last battle at the South 321 Evacuation of Boston {Br.) ... .80 Brooklyn (Am.) 113 New York {Am.) 127 Philadelphia {Br.) 222 Charleston (Am.) 267 Yorktown {Br.) 361 New York (Br.) 363 Ewing, James — brig.-general ; failed to cross at Trenton, 1776, on Christmas night. 162 Fairfax, Bryan, Lord — b. 1730, d. 1802 ; friend of Washing ton 5 Fairfield, Conn., raided by Gov ernor Tryon 255 Febiger, Christian — colonel at Stony Point 257 First Continental Congress, at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774 16 its officers and members no ticed 16 Washington a member 17 honored by Lord Chatham. ..17 supports Massachusetts 17 Fleury, Louis de. SeeDe Fleury. Forman — brig.-gen., at Battle of Germantown 195 Forrest's battery {Am.) at Tren ton 145 Forts Clinton and Montgomery captured (see map) 179 Fort Du Quesne, became Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh) 10 Fort Mercer and its gallant de fence 201 Fort Mifflin, planned by De Fleury {Fr.) 202 France retains certain American possessions by Treaty of Paris, 1763 . . U makes a formal alliance with America 213 France, continued — sends an ambassador to Amer ica 238 sends a fleet to America .... 238 sends a second fleet to Amer ica 261 sends an army to America . . 286 sends a third fleet and troops to America 342 sends money to America . . .348 shares in the trophies of York- town 388 Franco- Prussian war cited in com parison (Preface) vii Franklin, Benjamin — philoso pher, diplomat, and states man; b. 1716, d. 1790. urges a union of the Colonies, 1754 12 the convention of July 4, 1764, the result 12 reasons for its failure 12 on passage of Stamp Act, writ ing to Charles Thompson . . 13 Thompson's reply quoted 13 describes the servile attitude of the English people 18 chairman Penn. Committee of Safety 28 his opinion of fight at Breed's Hill 34 commissioner to Canada 88 commissioner to meet Gen. and Admiral Howe 116 secures French support .... 209 writes as to Washington's stand ing abroad 308 influence with Holland and Spain noticed 309 secures a loan from Holland,348 Frederick II. — third king of Prussia (called '" the Great") ; son of Frederick William I. ; h. 1712, d. 1786; like Wash ington in reticence 44 French army at Newport, R.I.,'286 marches through Connecti cut 335 joins Washington 335 threatens New York. ..... .336 supports Lafayette 342 parades in Philadelphia 349 reviewed by the president of Congress 349 in siege of Yorktown 357 competes with Americans, in action 358 INDEX. 407 French fleet off tbe Delaware, with I French Ambassador 238 unable to enter New York. .240 sails for Newport, K.I 240 engages fleet of Howe 243 repairs at Boston 243 at Savaimah, Ga. 261 blockaded at Newport 295 off the Chesapeake 360 engages with British fleet . . .354 leaves America 361 Frigate La Sensible {Fr.) brings French treaty to America, 213 La Chinier {Fr.) brings French minister to America 238 Frigates built during the war, and their fate (Appendix B).378 Gage, Thomas — Br. lieut.-gen. ; I. 1721, d. 1787. appointed gov. Massachusetts and Commander-in-Chief. .16 his fatal movement upon Con cord 20 succeeded by Howe 58 Gates, Horatio — maj .-general, sub. adj.-general; b. 1728, d. 1S06. hia antecedents 36 succeeds Sullivan in Can ada 8S the confidant of Charles Lee, 127 confidential letter from Lee. 127 another letter from Lee 138 reports for duty 139 absent without leave 141 dodges Battle of Trenton.. 142 insolent letter to Btirgoyne, 173 its lofty rebuke 173 relieves Schuyler, and himself relieved 173 declines command of Ticonder oga 173 insulting letter to Washing- I ton 173-4 j Washington's reply 174 i appeals to congressmen 174 on leave of absence 174 i supersedes Schuyler 176 captures Burgoyne's army. . 176 \ congratulated by Washing- j ton 179 I reports direct to Congress . . 179 president of Board of War, 205 j still corresponds with Lee . .205 i commands at Peekskill 212 { on Council of War 217 ; Gates, Horatio, continued — letters to I/ee known to Wash ington 220 decUnes to fight Indians 259 "unequal to the command," 260 spends winter in Virginia. . .281 Congress gives him the South ern Department 281 sarcastic letter from Charles Lee 281 in command at the South. . .291 criticised by Irving 291 routed at Camden 292 his disgraceful flight 292 his abject apology 292 could have saved the battle, 292 attempts to gather his army, 293 the tidings reaches Washing ton 295 is succeeded by Greene 300 turns command over to Greene 302 retires to his farm 302 George III. — King of Great Brit ain, France, and Ireland, De fender of the Faith ; b. 1738, d. 1820. does not understand English men in America 20 hears of Burgoyne's sur render T 208 unwisely adjourns Parlia ment 208 Gerard (De Batvexal; , Monsieur Conrad A. ; d. 1790. pledges to Franklin and Deane French support 209 first Fr. ambassador to Amer ica 238 Germaine, George ( Viscouni Sackville) , Lord — Br. Prime Jlinister; 6. 1716, d. 1785. correspondence with Howe ... 98 with Clinton 249, 289 Germantown, Battle of, Chapter XrS 192-7 GiMiT, — Fr. col. on Washing ton's staff. at Monmouth 233 witness on Lee's trial 233 at siege of Yorktown 357 Gist, Mordecai — brig.-gen., sub. gov. Del.; i. 1743, d. 1792. skirmishes with CornwaUis . 204 recruits for Greene's army .301 Glover, John — col.; sub. brig.- gen. ; b. 1732, d. 1797. 408 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Glover, John, continued — at Battle of Long Island. . . 108 covers the retreat Ill resists British landing at Throgg's Neck 125 at Battle of Trenton 142 Gordon, Rer. William, as to Battle of Monmouth 234 Grand tactics defined, with note (Preface) x Grant, James — Br. maj .-gen. ; b. 1720, d. 1806. at Battle of Long Island . . . 107 watches Washington from Brunswick, N.J 143 compliments Washington's sa gacity 143 put Hessians off their guard . 143 Grant, Ulysses Simpson — Gen. U.S.A., sub. pres. twice; b. 1822, d. 1885. his example cited 66 Graves, Thomas, Baron — - Br. ad miral; b. about 1725, d. 1802. ordered to burn coast towns . 59 counter- action of Washing ton 59 attempts to capture Lafay ette 216 sails for the Chesapeake . . .355 misses Count de Barras .... 355 engages a superior French fleet 355 returns to New York 355 Gray — Br. maj.-gen. surprises Wayne at Paoli. . . 193 in attack upon Washington at Chestnut HUl 204 attempts to capture Lafay ette 216 surprises Light Horse, at Tap- pan 248 Great Britain sublimely faces world-wide antagonisms.. 296 unjust to her Provincial troops 362 Washington aids Carleton in their behalf 363 Greene, Ashbel — chaplain at Mon mouth; sub. pres. Princeton College, X.J.; b. 1762, d. 1848 ; as to Washington's in terview with Lee at Mon mouth 236 See also Washington's letter as to the language used by him 391 Greene, Christopher — colonel; b. 1737, d. 1781. in Arnold's expedition to Can ada 55, 200 commands Fort Mercer 200 Greene, Nathaniel — maj.-gen. ; b. 1740, d. 1786. commands Rhode Island troops 24 a Quaker youth and black smith's apprentice 25 studied by forge-light, after work hours 25 announces principles essential to success 25 thorough work aa member of the Kentish Guards 26 antecedents and studies .... 26 likened to Grant and I/ce 26 outline of his career antici pated 39 his brigade noticed 69 in charge of Brooklyn Heights 87 completes the defences 102 prostrated by fever 104 succeeded by Putnam 104 advises retreat 115 describes Washington at Kipp's Bay 119 assumes command in New Jersey 122 describes corrupt practices of surgeons 123 joins for duty 127 prepares for campaign in New Jersey 130 regards Fort Washington as defensible 132 at Battle of Trenton 142 commands advance posts before Trenton 151 leads the advance, Jan. 2, 1777 155 visits Congress 166 advances to meet Howe 168 his plan vindicated 169 selects position on the Brandy wine 185 commands the reserve 186 with Washington, covers the retreat 189 at Battle of Germantown .. 195 enters New Jersey 203 assigns Lafayette to duty .'.203 at Council of War 217 at Monmouth 230, 233 INDEX. 409 Greene, Nathaniel, continued — at B o s t o n , as quartermaster- general 246 describes the winter, 1780 . .271 in Battle of Springfield 283 manoeuvres for position 284 scientific movementsnoticed,285 succeeds Arnold at West Point 291 submits plan for Southern cam paign 300 succeeds Gates and goes South 300 relieves Gates 302 his reports and letters 302 graphic letter to Marion 303 " spies are the eyes of an army" 303 acts as if under the eyes of Washington 303 initiates his campaign 313 his army without clothing. .315 uses blankets, "Indian style" 315 rides 125 miles to see Mor gan 315 joined by Harry Lee 316 - provides for Morgan's prison ers 316 his wise strategic methods ... 317 expects no aid from Virginia .318 decides to fight Cornwallis . .318 battle of Guilford Court- House 319 drives Cornwallis into Wilming ton 320 his report to Washington . . . 320 fights Rawdon, at Hobkirk Hill 321 the casualties stated 321 fights Stewart, at Eutaw Springs, " the final battle at the South" 321 redeems Georgia and the Car- oUnas 322 welcomes Lafayette to the South ; 326 regards capture of Cornwallis as settled 327 his army reenforced by Lafay ette's self-denial 330 Greenfield, Conn., raided by Tryon 256 Green Mountain Boys, Vt., regu larly organized 51 resist Carleton's advance from Canada ; 62 Green Mountain Boys, continued — decline to reenlist after capture of Montreal 63 Grenville, George — Br. Prime Minister ; b. 1712, d. 1770 ; or dains a revenue system, 1764 12 Gridley, Richard — col.; b. 1711, d. 1796. Engineer-in-Chief at Bunker Hill 23 resigns, and succeeded by Knox 61 Griffiths — Am. col.; skirmishes with Donop {ff.) 146 Hale, Edward Everett — clergy man, journalist, and author; b. Boston, Mass., 1822. his tribute to Nathan Hale 120, 121 Hale, Nathan — Am. captain; b. 1756; d. 1776. confidential messenger of Wash ington 120 executed as a spy, Sept. 22, 1776 121 his memorable last words . . 121 his career sketched by the Rev. E. E. Hale 120-121 place of his execution identified by Lossing 131 Hamilton, Alexander — col., sub. eminent financier ; b. 1757, d. 1804. occupies Chatterton Hill, with two guns 128 is sent to Gates for troops . . 204 with Lafayette at Mon mouth 226 reports New York Harbor too shallow for French fleet . . 240 gallantry at Yorktown 357 Hammond, Sir Andrew — Br. commodore ; arrives with troops 261 Hampton, Wade — col. ; b. 1754, d. 1835; honored by Wash ington 312 Hancock, John — statesman and maj.-gen.; b. 1737, d. 1793. pres. Mass. Provincial Con gress 17 advises Washington of Howe's movements 183 at siege of Newport opposes de parture of D'Estaing 243 410 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Hand, Edward — col. ; b. in Ire land, 1744, d. 1802. in skirmish on Long Island. 104 falls back to Prospect Hill . . 105 delays British landing at Throgg's Neck 125 skirmishes with the Hessian Yagers 126 in front of Trenton, 1776-7, 151 in Sullivan's expedition . . . .260 becomes adjt.-gen., vice Scam mon, resigned 300 Hannibal — Carthaginian prince and general; b. 229 B.C., d. 183 B.C. (Preface) iv Harrison, Benjamin — signer of Declaration of Independence ; b. 1740, d. 1791; visits Bos ton on naval affairs 60 Harrison, Robert H. — col. secretary to Washington . . .300 becomes C.J. of Maryland .300 Harrison, Thomas — speaker of Virginia House of Burgesses ; addressed by Washington . 250 Haslet — col. Delaware reg't ; b. in Ireland, d. 1777. joins army at Brooklyn 105 makes a gallant fight 107 attacks the Queen's Rangers successfully 126 k. at Battle of Princeton. . .154 IIazelwood, John — Am. naval officer ; b. 1726, d. 1800 ; gal lantry on the Delaware . .202 Hazen, Moses — col., sub. brig.- gen. ¦,b.nS3,d. 1802 ; threat ens Staten Island 347 Heath, William — maj .-general ; b. 1735, d. 1814. appointed brig.-gen 36 ' his antecedents 36 subsequent career outlined . . 39 describes occupation of Dor chester as " never so much done in so short a space " . . 77 ordered to New York 82 efficient at New York ...... 104 aids in the retreat 110 makes a night march 128 commands in the Highlands . 131 at Fishkill 136 advised of Washington's plans 141 ordered to take the offen sive 147 special assignment to duty. . 156 Heath, William, continued — reprimanded for mismanage ment 157-8 ordered to Boston 254 again in the Highlands 268 commands camp in New Jersey 346 Hebrew military and civil ante cedents (Preface) .... viii, ix Henry, Patrick — orator and statesman; b. 1736, d. 1799. charged with treason 13 denounces British Stamp Act . 13 in first Continental Congress, 17 Hessian prisoners taken at Saratoga remain in America 248 quartered in Virginia 248 Hessian soldiers misunderstood, 363 Hildreth, Richard — historian ; b. 1807, d. 1865. criticises Samuel Adams 299 Mr. Adams' position sound in principle 299 Hillhouse, James — captain, sub. eminent lawyer and senator; b. 1754, d. 1832. resists Tryon's invasion of New Haven 256 Hobkirk Hill noticed 321 Hood, Sir Samuel — Br. admiral ; b. 1724, d. 1816. arrives in America 364 looks into Delaware Bay .. 354 proceeds to New York 354 reports to Admiral Graves . . 354 Hornblower, Joseph C. — Chief Justice of New Jersey; b. 1777, d. 1864 ; misreported as to Washington's language at Monmouth 235 Howe, Lord Richard — admiral ; b. 1725, d. 1799. reaches N.Y. July 12, 1776 . .9'8 joint commissioner with General Howe 98 refuses to recognize Washing ton's military title 99 does so in order to secure Erskine's exchange 99 returns to New York 246 sails for Boston 245 Howe, Sir William — lieut.-gen. ; b. 1730, d. 1814. declares martial law 32 offers pardon to all but Sam uel Adams and John Han cock , , 32 INDEX. 411 Howe, Sir William, continued — established in America 33 overrules Clinton's advice to at tack Cambridge 35 his martinet discipline 48 ordered to succeed Gage 58 issues an unwise proclama tion 58 Washington's counter-proclama tion 58 orders coast towns to be devas tated . .*. 59 instructed by Lord Dart mouth 69 " New York is the proper Brit ish base " 70 overruled by Gage 70 Dorchester Heights seized. ..77 his report to Lord Dartmouth . 77 fails to recapture the Heights . 80 evacuates Boston 80 embarks for Halifax 80 sails from Halifax for New York 97 lands troops on Staten Isl and 98 confers witb Governor Tryon, 98 writes Lord Germaine as to plans 98 addresses George Washington, Esq 98 changes the address to secure a military exchange 99 "dispensing pardon to repent ant sinners," as Washington styles Howe's mission 99 brilUant landing of his army, 106 the battle outlined 107-9 negotiations with American commissioners 108 advance of his army 117 makes enormous requisitions for troops 118 movements anticipated by Wash ington 120 writes Lord Germaine as to a long campaign 124 will not attack Harlem Heights 125 lands at Throgg's Neck 126 orders storming of Chatterton Hill 126 awaits reenforcements 126 outgeneraled by Washing ton 129 crosses to the Hudson 129 anticipated by Washington . . 130 Howe, Sir William, continued — tries to deter American enlist ments 130 guarantees " liberties and prop erties " 130 captures Fort Washington . . 132 knew of Adjutant Dumont's treason 133 excuse for not following Wash ington 133 specific instructions given . 133 sends Cornwallis into New Jer sey 137 "weather too severe for field service " 137 returns to New York 139 winter quarters specified ... 139 surprised by news from 'iren- ton 150 calls for 20,000 more troops, 150 hurries Cornwallis to New Jer sey 150 withdraws troops from New port 163 plans anticipated by Washing ton 165 marches again into New Jersey, with 17,000 men 167 details of the campaign, 168-170 will invade Pennsylvania. . .177 writes a decoy letter, which Washington detects 177 no doubts of Burgoyne's suc cess 181 sails for the Chesapeake, 182-183 skirmishes with American ad vance 185 masterly strategy in the Battle of Brandywine 187-190 cares for the wounded of both armies 192 his rear threatened by Washing ton 194 his headquarters at German- town 195 repels Washington's attack, but does not attack in turn . . . 195 after battle returns to Phila delphia 196 threatens American army at Chestnut Hill 204 explains ithe failure of his movement 204 succeeded in command by Clin ton 216 his army in detail (Appendix D-2) 384 412 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Huntington, L.I., raided by Try- on's expedition 256 Hyde Park, Mass., where fascine rods were made available. .78 Independence, National, proclaim ed at Philadelphia, July 4, 1776 91 Independence proclaimed at Char lotte, N.C, May 20, 1774 .29 Indian atrocities during the Revolu tion 249 summarily avenged 252, 260 Indian auxiliaries advocated by Great Britain 172 advocated by Congress 88 denounced by Burgoyne . 172-3 ridicViled by Soliuylev 88 Irving, Washington — diplomat, historian, scholar; b. 1783, d. 1869. his personal aid acknowledged by the author (Preface) . .xiv his sketch of Washington's youth 1 his tribute to Mary Washington,5 Japan honors the example and teachings of Washington . 370 Jay, John — statesman and jurist ; b. 1745, d. 1829. in first Continental Congress, 17 suggests to burn New York. 108 commissioner to France .... 309 his services recognized 309 Jefferson, Thomas — patriot and statesman, governor Va., sub. pres. twice ; b. 1743, d. July 4, 1826. sees basis for a constitution in government of Iroquois In dian Confederacy 12 protects the western frontier, 2."i;i advised by Washington 300 defies Arnold's threats 311 narrowly escapes enpturc by Tarleton ;U0 is vindicated by Lafayette . . Ii43 Jomini, Henri, Baron df. — gen.; chief of staff to Napoleon; aide-de-camp B m p e r o r of Russia ; military writer ; 4. 1799, d. 1869. gives grounds of Napoleon's success (Preface) xiii as applied to Washington 44 as to retreats 73 Jones, .Ioun Paul — lieut., cap tain in the navy, sub. admiral in tho Russian navv ; i. 1747, d. 1792. appointed in the navy 69 history of liis name 379 his naval success 379 Joshua — the Hebrew captain, an antetype of Washington upon completion of his mission, 373 Jubilee, Am., at Valley Forge, 218 French alliance honored . . .213 Br. at Philadelphia 215 General Howe honored . . . .215 noted participants 216 Kent, James — chief jnstioe, jurist, and author, N.Y. ; 4. 17(13, d. 1847 ; his opinion of General Schuyler 37 Kentish Guards, R.I., identified with Greene 26 their prompt start for Boston, 27 their subsequent promotions in the service 26 Kepplb, Augustus — /ir. admiral ; b. 1725, d. 1786; gives an opinion of the war 21 icing's Mountain, Battle of, men tioned 293 ICingston, N.Y., burned by Gen. Vaughn 179 Knowlton, Tiioma.s — capt., sub. col.; 4. 1740, d. 1776. at Bunker Hill 122 k. at Harlem Heights 122 Knox, Henuv — chief of artillery, sub. maj.-gen.; sub. Sec. of War; 4. l'7.-)0, d. 1806. succeeds Gridley, resigned. .61 effleient in ordnance depsirt- ment 71 mounts Ticonderoga cannon at Cambridge 71 reports his artillery force . . 102 efficient at Trenton with For rest's battery 145 recruits artillery in Mass. . .163 establishes gun factory at Springfield 163 visits Count de Grasse, with Washington 353 Knyphau.sen, Wilhelm, Baron VON — ff. lieut.-general; b. IT.'U), d. 1789. arrives in America and joins llowo 126 INDEX. 413 Knyphausen, Wilhelm, Baron von, continued — in attack upon Fort Washing ton 132 at Brandywine 186-7 conducts Clinton's baggage train from Philadelphia . .224 pushes for Monmouth 224 reaches New York 22'J invades New Jersev 271 in Battle of Springfield 279 acts the part of Pharaoh, in stead of that of Moses. . .280 Kosciusko, Thaddeus — Polish maj.-general ; 4. 1750, d. 1817. perfects fortifications at West Point 212 appointed chief engineer, vice Du Portail, captured . . . .300 ordered to the South 302 his efficiency 302 his antecedents 305 locates earthworks 317 Laf.vyette, or La F.vyette, Marie-Joseph-Paul- Yves- Rock-Gilbert Dumotier, Marqn is de — maj .-general ; 4. 1757, d. 1835. arrives in America 191 reaches Philadelphia 191 joins Washington, in coun cil 191 his first scout 185 commands a division 203 visits Albany as to Canadian movement 211 rejoins Washington 212 concurs with his chief 313 skilful at Barren Hill 215 amusing incident of the bat tle 216 outmanoeuvres Clinton 216 attends a Council of War, 217 pursues Clinton 22.") reports progress 22C his relations to Lee 228 skirmishes with Queen's Rang ers 229 protests against retreat 229 commands second line at Mon mouth 231 conduct during the battle . . .235 alleged statement as to Wash ington at Monmouth dis proved 235 a letter to his wife 236 Lafayette, continued — on duty at Newport 241 corresponds with D'Estaing, 244 makes quick trip to Boston, 244 covers retreat to Newport . .245 occupies Bristol 245 sails for France 253 returns to America 276 joins Washington 276 reports to Congress 276 his proclamation as to Can ada 288 his sympathy with Mis. Ar nold 291 his estimate of Washington, 305 extols the American army . . 306 intrusted with arrest of Ar nold 312, 323 starts on his expedition 324 an interesting reminiscence, 325 letters to his wife 325 wounded at Brandywine .... 325 his active movements 325 orders from Washington . . . 326 has confidence of Greene . . .327 how he treated deserters . . . 327 harasses the enemy 329 his letter to Washington .... 330 headquarters established ...331 ignores Arnold's letters . . . .331 complimented by Wasliing- ton 332 marches to meet Wayne 338 reports his movements 339 takes the offensive 339 joined by Wayne and unites with Steuben 340 intercepts Tarleton's corre spondence 340 in sharp action at Williams burg 341 gallantry noticed 341 writes Washington in full. .342 reports landing of French troops 342 declines grave risks 342 outgenerals Cornwallis 343 ready for Washington's ar rival 343 has Cornwallis inclosed .... 343 complains of "rusty wheels" 343 vindicates Gov. Jefferson ..343 confident of victory 343 receives special orders from Washington not to let Corn wallis escape 345 414 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Lafayette, continued — sends despatches to Washing ton 349 his twenty-fourth birthday, and incidents 350 writes to his wife as to his '" thrilling adventures " and " enviable lot " 350 welcomes Washington at his headquarters 351 hastens Washington's army from Baltimore 363 relations to the French court,356 overrules plans of De Grasse 356 storms a redoubt 357 pleasantry with Baron Vio menil 358 relations to Cornwallis 361 their mutual appreciation ..362 expedition to Charleston aban. doned 362 sails from Boston for France 362 bids farewell to Washington, 362 Laurens, Henry — statesman ; 4. 1724; d. 1792. vice-president of South Caro lina 86 reports New York Harbor too shallow for French fleet . . 240 in the siege of Savannah . . .268 sent commissioner to Hol land 296 taken prisoner in London . .296 in London Tower for high trea son 296 sent on special mission to France 296 arrives in Paris 309 speaks plain words at Paris, 309 . returns to America with funds and pledges of French sup port 348 Lauzun, Armand Louis de Gou- TANT, Luke DE — 4. 1747, d. 1793. with Rochambeau 333 threatens Morrisania 334 in concert with General Lin coln 335 his lancers in action 337 tendered a banquet at Philadel phia 350 despatches from Lafayette read 350 at Yorktown 357 Ledyard, William — col. ; 4. 1760, d. 1781 ; massacred at Fort Griswold 351 Lee, Charles — retired Br. officer, maj.-general; 4. 1731, d. 1782. first noticed 36 his characteristics 37 how regarded by Washing- ton 45 distrusts American troops... 56 opposes Washington's plans, 56 is sent to Connecticut 70 advises occupation of New York 70 writes about " crushing s e r - pents "' 70 ordered to New York 71 fortifies Brooklyn Heights . . 85 arrogates authority, and is repri manded 86 ordered to South Carolina. . .85 his conduct at Charleston ... 86 returns north for duty 127 abuses Congress 127 curious letter to Gates 127 flnally joins Washington. . .128 in charge of reserve camp.. 131 his grand division noticed . . 135 withholds troops required by Washington 135 finally enters New Jersey . . 137 is taken prisoner 137 writes Gates, insulting Wash ington 138 writes Heath, insulting Wash ington 138 writes James Bowdoin as to Washington 139 mistakes the man addressed, 139 his capture noticed by Wash ington 139 effect of his independent action 141 his risks as prisoner of war, 164 Washington's firmness in the matter 164 unsoldierly conduct 174 placed on parol 217 reports for duty 217 compared with Arnold 218 letters to Congress 218 letters to Washington 218 Washington's stinging reply, 218 conferences witb Howe brought to light in 1872 219 INDEX. 415 Lee, Charles, continued — joins army at Valley Forge, 220 opposes Washington's plans, 225 his theory noticed 225 relations to Lafayette 227 declines a special command, 227 his contemptuous reference to Washington's plans 227 begs for it, afterwards 227 writes Lafayette, in great dis tress 228 pretends to be satisfied 228 commands the advance troops 228 orders retreat against Lafay ette's protest 229 never handled a command be fore 230 never under fire during the war 230 is rebuked by Washington. .232 the incident described 232 his conduct during the day, 233 his trial, suspension, and death 234 vindication of Washington from traditions as to language upon meeting Lee 235 Notes of Lee's Court-martial (Appendix G) 389-392 Lee, Henry — colonel, sub. brig.- gen. ; 4. 1756, d. 1818. at storming of Stony Point, 257 captures Paulus Hook 259 joins General Greene 303 opinion as to Battle of Guil ford 319 Lee, Richard Henry — states man; 4. 1732, d. 1794. in first Continental Congress, 17 in March, 1775, urges Virginia to arm 26 Lee, Robert Edward — eminent confederate general, 1861-6; 4. 1810, d. 1870; shared pe culiarities of Washington and Grant 44 Lee, Thomas S. — gov. Md. ; ad dressed by Washington. . .300 Leslie, Alexander — Br. maj.- general ; 4. 1740, d. 1794. commands the assault at Chat terton Hill 129 joins Cornwallis 298 fortifies Norfolk 301 at battle of Guilford 320 in the Virginia campaign. . ,331 Lincoln, Benjamin — maj.-gen. • 4. 1733, d. 1810. joins the army with Mass. troops 122 reaches Peekskill, with four thousand New England mil itia 157 threatens Fort Independ- ence 157 at Charleston, S.C 253 has a fresh command 334-5 commands a division 337 receives sword of Cornwallis at Yorktown 360 Livingston, Henry B. — col. ; 4. 1757, d. 1823 ; saves Fort Edward 295 Livingston, Philip — signer of Declaration of Independence ; 4. 1716, d. 1778; in first Con tinental Congress 17 Logistics defined, with note (Pref ace) X, x^ Lossing, Benson J. — historian, 4. 1813, d. 1891; gratefully noticed by the author (Pref ace) xiv Louis XVI. — king of France ; 4. 1754, d. 1793. officially supports America. .213 his purpose anti-British 302 opposed occupation of New York 352-3 Lynch, Thomas — patriot; 4. 1720, d. 1776. in first Continental Congress, 17 at Cambridge 60 Magaw — col. ; at Fort Washing ton 130-2 betrayed by his adjutant ... 133 casualties of the assault . . .133 Manly, John — Am. captain; makes valuable captures at sea 60 Marie Antoinette — queen of France; 4. 1755, d. 1793; friend of Lafayette and of America 356 Marion, Francis — brig.-general ; 4. 1732, d. 1795. addressed by Greene 303 esteemed by Washington. . .312 Marlborough, John Churchill, Dukeof — gen.,sie4. field mar shal ; 4. 1650, d. 1722 ; cited in comparison (Preface) . .viii 416 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Marshall, John — chief justice U.S., jurist and historian; 4. 1755, d. 1836. as to Asst. Quartermaster-Gen eral Carrington 301 as to American mutiny 307 as to troops sent South 327 Maryland troops always effi cient 277 gallantry at Camden 292 at Battle of Guilford 320 Massachusetts leads resistance to Stamp Act 13 resolves its Assembly into a Provincial Congress 17 elects John Hancock as its first president 17 organizes a force of " Minute Men " 17 organizes a Committee of Safety 17 summons 30,000 men to instant duty 22 drafts one-fifth of her able- bodied men 116 orders a monument to Cheva lier de Saint Sauveur. . . .247 liberal to troops during a mu tiny 308 Matthews — Br. maj.-gen. in at tack upon Fort Washing ton 132 lays waste Portsmouth and Nor folk 253 in Battle of Springfield 278 Matthews, John — jurist; 4. 1774, d. 1802 ; on special War Com mittee 73 Maxwell, Williaji — brig.-gen. ; 4. in Ireland, d. 1798. in command at Morristown. 141 on special duty 147 stationed at Elizabethtown . . 164 moves against Howe 168 at Red Clay Creek 185 accompanied by Lafayette . . 185 gallantry at Chadd's Ford . . 186 active in New Jersey 222 obstructs Clinton's retreat. .224 in Battle of Springfield 279 associated with Lafayette . . . 324 McClellan, George Brinton — maj.-gen. U.S.A.; 4. 1826, d. 1885 ; his qualities cited in comparison 162 McCrea, Jane — her murder not chargeable to Burgoyne. . 173 MoDouGAL, Alexander — brig.- gen.; 4. 1750, d. 1786. occupies Chatterton Hill 128 fights the battle known as " White Plains " 129 on special duty at Morris town 147 succeeds Heath at Peekskill, 166 in Battle of Germantown . . . 195 established at Peekskill 206 accompanies Kosciusko to West Point 212 again in the Highlands 248 McDowell, Charles — colonel; 4. 1743, d. 1815; at King's Mountain, his descendants honored 293 Mecklenburg Declaration of In dependence 29 County, North Carolina, emi nently patriotic 293 Meigs — - Am. col. ; attacks Sag Harbor 167 at storming of Stony Point 257 Mercer, Hugh — brig.-general; 4. 1721, k. at Battle of Prince ton, 1777 154 Mifflin, Thomas — brig.-general; 4. 1744, d. 1800. efficient before Boston 72 provides barracks in New York 83 in battle of Long Island 106 skilful in the retreat, acting under confidential orders, of Washington UO absence from Valley Forge disastrous 206 rejoins camp 217 criticised by Washington in let ter to Gouverneur Morris,217 Milton, Mass., where Rufus Put nam found fascine rods . . .78 Minnigerode — ff. col. ; k. in at tack upon Fort Mercer. . .201 Monckton, Henry — Br. lieut.- col. ; 4. 1740, k. 1778, at Mon mouth 233 Monmouth, Battle of, described (see map) 229-237 Monroe, James — lieutenant, svh. pres.; 4. 1758, d. 1831. at battie of Trenton 142 helps capture two guns 145 wounded in battle 145 INDEX. 417 Montgomery, Richard — Am. brig.-gen. ; 4. 1737, k. before Quebec, 1775. his military antecedents 36 subsequent career outlined . . 38 a comrade of Carleton when Wolfe fell 38 in despair at condition of the troops 38 starts for Canada 55 reaches Ticonderoga 61 receives imperative orders from Washington 61 sympathetically sustained by Washington 63 his Orderly Book 63 occupies Montreal 63 tries a forlorn hope assault upon Quebec 63 goes to Arnold's relief 65 is killed in battle 65 buried with honors of war. . .66 Montreal captured by British, 1760 10 captured by Montgomery, 1775 63 MooRE, George H. — sec. N.Y. His. Soe. ; brings to light Charles Lee's papers. .. .219 Morgan, Daniel — brig.-general ; 4. 1737, d. 1802. captured at Quebec 65 attacks Hessians in New Jer sey 169 skirmishes with Cornwallis . 204 supports Maxwell in N.J. . .225 serves under Lafayette 225 reports to Gen. Greene 303 fights Battle of Cowpens. . .314 is visited by Greene 315 retires from the army 315 Morris, Gouverneur — statesman ; 4. 1752, d. 1816; his letter from Washington, 1778.. 217 Morris, Robert — financier and statesman; 4. 1734, d. 1806; friend of Washington. . . . 164 Morristown headquarters de scribed 265 MosES — Hebrew deliverer of his people; model legi slato r ; founder of modern civil codes ; 4. about 1570 B.C., d. about 1450 B.C. the Hebrew Commonwealth and its military system no ticed (Preface) viii Moses, continued — his decimal army organization (Preface) viii his sanitary and police regula tions (Preface) viii patriotic instruction of Hebrew youth imperative by his laws (Preface) viii his general order, " Forward," when he led his people to national independence, quoted, as Washington marched through Philadelphia for Brandywine 184 Muhlenburg, Peter — maj.-gen.; 4. 1746, d. 1807. at Battle of Brandywine (see map) 186 active in Virginia , 301 Murphy — maj. ; leads N.C. troops at Stony Point 257 Murray, Lindley — grammarian ; 4. 1746, d. 1826; friend of Greene 25 Mutiny of Connecticut troops . . 277 of Pennsylvania troops ..306-7 a natural outbreak 308 Napoleon I. — Bonaparte (Buon aparte), Emperor of France ; 4. 1769, d. 1821. his military maxims noticed (Preface) viii his Italian campaign compared with the First New Jersey campaign in the Am. Revo lution (Preface) xiii the basis of his success given by Jomini (Preface) xiii Nash, Abner — gov. N.C. ; 4. 1716, d. 1786 ; addressed by Wash ington 300 Nash, Francis — brig.-general ; 4. 1720, k. at Battle of Ger mantown, 1777 195-6 New England discriminated against by Great Britain 18 experience in earlier wars. . .21 her governors in conference with committee of Con gress 60 finally relieved from British hostilities 262 New Hampshire liberality during the American mutiny 308 New Haven, Conn., invaded by Tryon 256 418 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. New Jersey seizes the Provincial treasury and raises troops, 28 the chief battleground 161 more than meets her quota, 272 her noble women 272, 285 a continuous battlefield and the strategic center 286 Newport, R.I. ; Howe's strategic objective, 1776 118 occupied by the British 150 besieged by Franco-American forces 241 abandoned by the British. . .262 occupied by Rochambeau ..286 New York city as a British base. 94 New York Committee of Public Safety aroused 27 its assembly becomes a Provin cial Congress 27 Nook's Hill fortified, March 10, 1775 60 evacuation of city a neces sity 60 Norfolk, Va., laid waste by Mat thews 253 North Carolina " will resist Stamp Act to the death" 13 defies its Provincial governor,28 adopts the cause of Boston . . 28 a convention meets at Charlotte, May 20, 1775 29 the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence 29 sends Gen. Moore with two battalions to New York . . 115 two companies in storming of Stony Point 257 North, Frederick, Lord — Earl of Guilford; 4. 1733, d. 1792. British Prime Minister, 1769, 15 abolishes all duties except on tea 15 the consequences noted 15 Norwalk, Conn., raided by Tryon 256 Ogden — Am. col. ; as to panic at Monmouth 231 O'Hara, Charles — .Sr. maj.-gen. ; 4. 1766, d. 1791. makes the surrender of army of Cornwallis 360 Onondaga Indians near Syracuse, N.Y., punished 252 " On to Philadelphia," like the " On to Richmond" of 1861, ill- judged 198 Panic at Brooklyn controlled by Washington 112 at Kipp's Bay, notieed,119, 237 at Toulon, compared 120 at Princeton, controlled by Washington 154 at Monmouth, turned by Wash ington into victory 231 at Camden 292 Paoli, birthplace of Wayne, vis ited by British 193 Paris, Treaty of, 1763, and its terms 11 Parker, Sir Peter — Br. admiral ; 4. 1716, d. 1811. sails from Ireland 97 repulsed by Moultrie 97 joins Howe in New York 99 Parliament of Nations, 1892, no ticed 372 Parsons, Samuel H. — brig.-gen.; 4. 1737, d. 1789. his brigade at Kipp's Bay. . .119 were trusted by Washing ton 119 redeemed their good name . . 119 a parallel case cited under Na poleon 120 before Fort Independence . . 157 on duty in Connecticut 163 joins Washington 168 in the Highlands 179 Peabody, Nathaniel — statesman; 4. 1741, d. 1823; on special War Commission 273 Penn, William — 4. 1644, d. 1718 ; urged a Colonial Union, 1697, 12 Pennington, William — gov. N.J., and speaker U.S. House; 4. 1717, d. 1791 ; as to Wash ington's language at Mon mouth, on meeting Lee . . .236 Pennsylvania appropriates money for troops 28 her Assembly corresponds with Washington 207 Penobscot, Me., a British post. .270 Percy, Hugh, Earl — Br. lieut.- gen., Duke of Northumber land; 4. 1742, d. 1817. his soldierly qualities noticed, 36 fails to recapture Dorchester Heights 80 at Battle of Long Island (see map) 105 joins Howe before White Plains 128 INDEX. 419 Percy, Hugh, continued — in the attack upon Fort Wash ington 132 Philadelphia takes action, April 24, 1775 28 her citizens overawe the oppos ing element 28 visited by Washington's army ,. ..183, 192 mighty ovation to the sol diers 184 supplies the suffering army . 194 is occupied by Howe 196 its winter experiences, 1778, 210 the Howe carnival and its mag nificence 215 evacuated by Clinton. . .221-222 occupied by Arnold 222 visited by Washington and Ro chambeau 348-9 Phillips, William — Br. maj .- gen.; 4, 1731, d. 1781. sent to Virginia 326 destroys much property 329 his relations to Arnold 331 his death and its effects 331 Pigot, Sir Robert — maj.-gen.; 4. 1720, d. 1796 ; at Newport, R.I 241 Pomeroy, Seth — • brig.-general ; 4. 1706, d. 1777. his military antecedents 24 appointed brig.-gen 36 declines further service 38 Portsmouth, Va., laid waste by Matthews 253 Pownall, Thomas E. — Br. gov. Mass.; 4. 1722, d. 1805; his prediction 368 Pkescott, Richard — Br. maj.- general; 4. 1725, d. 1788; taken prisoner, and exchanged for Lee 217 at Savannah 267 Prescott, William — colonel ; 4. 1726, d. 1795. conducts the Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill) fight 34 Governor's Island, N.Y 102 safely removes all stores. . .112 repels Howe's advance at Throgg's Neck 125 Prevost, Sir Augustine — Br. maj.-gen.; 4. 1725, d. 1786; outgenerals Lincoln but with out substantial results on either hand 253 Proctor, Thomas — ¦ Am. capt. of artillery ; 4. in Ireland, 1739, d. 1806. with battery at Chadd's Ford Brandywine 186 in Indian expedition 260 Pulaski, Casimir, Count — Polish maj.-gen.; 4. 1747, k. 1779, in siege of Savannah 268 dear to Washington 305 Putnam, Israel — maj.-general; 4. 1718, d. 1790. his military antecedents 23 conspicuous at Bunker Hill. .38 subsequent career outlined . . 38 commands at New York 87 succeeds Sullivan at Brook lyn 104 instructed by Washington, 104-5 succeeded by Washington in person 107 fortifies Hudson River shore, 115 favors retreat from New York 115 his laconic utterance 115 commands New York city . . 115 a division at White Plains . . 129 at Philadelphia 153 located at Peekskill 178 grants unwise furloughs . . . 178 outgeneraled by Clinton. . . . 179 regains position 180 on the Long Island shore. . .206 returns to Peekskill 206 at Danbury, Conn 248 in command on the Hudson,254 Putnam, Rufus — col.; 4. 1738, d. 1824 ; his efficiency as civil engineer at Boston *. . . 75 Quebec, captured in 1759 10 assaulted by Montgomery and Arnold, 1776 66 magnanimity of General Carle ton at death of Montgomery,66 Queen's Rangers (Provincial), no ticed 204, 255, 279 Washington's magnanimity tow ard them, reciprocating Carleton's action at Que bec .363 Rahl (Rall), John Gottlieb — ff. col. ; 4. 1720, d. 1776. storms Chatterton Hill 129 commands at Trenton 139 k. in battie 146 420 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Rawdon, Francis, Lord — Mar quis of Hastings, earl, sub. gov. -gen. India; 4. 1764, d. 1825. gallantry at Bunker Hill .... 35 reenforces Clinton at the South 276 in battle of Hobkirk Hill. . .321 Reed, Joseph — adjt.-general, sub. gov. Penn. ; 4. 1741, d. 1785. in Washington's confidence be fore Boston 71 describes the army at Harlem Heights 123 in the secret of Washington's attack upon Trenton 141 Religious distinctions among the colonies harmonized 266 Rhode Island sends 1,500 men to Boston, April 25, 1775 22 her troops "under Nathaniel Greene 25 seizes British stores 27 calls for protection of her ports 87 two regiments in Continental pay 87 sends additional troops to New York 115 Richmond, Charles Lennox, Duke — Br. Sec of State; b. 1735, d. 1806. denounces hire of Hessian troops 96 his prediction verified 209 Ridgefield, Conn., invaded by Tryon 166 Riedesel, Friedrich Adolph, 'Baron — ff. maj.-general; 4. 1730, d. 1800. reaches Canada with troops . . 89 in Burgoyne's command .... 387 Roberts, Charles G. D. — prof. King's College, N.S. ; his history of Canada cited. . .63 Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Do- NATIEN DE ViMEUR DE Fr. marshal; 4. 1725, d. 1807. arrives in America 286 appreciates Washington. . . .287 writes as to American condi tions 287 confers with Washington at Hartford 297 sends his son to France .... 298 again in conference at Wethers field 333 Rochambeau, continued — asks cooperation of Count de Grasse 333 at West Point with Washing ton 347 moves southward 347 advances $20,000 in gold to American army 347 parades in Philadelphia .... 349 receives despatches from Wash ington 350 entertained at Baltimore . . .351 guest of Washington at Mt. Vernon 351 opposed occupation of New York 353 visits Count de Grasse with Washington 353 signs articles of Cornwallis' surrender 360 honored by Congress 361 remains with Washington . .361 visits New England 361 sails for the West Indies . . .361 Rowan county, N.C, eminently patriotic 293 Rutledge, Edward — statesman, signer of Declaration of In- ' dependence ; b. 1749, d. 1800 ; commissioner with Adams and Franklin to meet Gen. and Admiral Howe, 1776 118 Rutledge, John — sub. gov. and chief justice, S.C; 4. 1739, d. 1800. pres. Republic of South Caro lina 86 controls the conduct of Charles Lee 86 his characteristics 86 aids in siege of Savannah . .267 Saint (St.) Clair, Arthur — maj.-gen; 4. 1734, d. 1818. at Battle of Princeton 154 writes a boastful letter 175 abandons Ticonderoga 175 Saint (St.) John, N.B., founded by British Provincials ...363 May I7th its natal day 363 honors Washington 363 Saint (St.) John's, captured Nov. 3, 1775 62 Andre among the prisoners. .62 Saint (St.) Ledger, Barry — Br. col. ; 4. 1737, d. 1789 ; invades the Mohawk valley 171 INDEX. 421 Saint (St.) Lrc, La Cokne de — 4. 1712, d. 1784. as to hiring Indians 173 is rebuked by Burgoyne. . . .173 Saint (St.) Memin, Charles Bal thazar Julien Favre de — Fr. artist; 4. 1770, d. 1852; his profile of Washington, by a crayon process of his own, the last portrait of Washing ton taken frontispiece Saint (St.) Sauveur, Chevalier DE — Fr. ; k. at Boston . . 247 a monument to his memory or dered 247 Saint (St.) Simon, Claude Henri, Count DE — Fr. ; b. 1760, d. 1825. arrives with De Grasse 342 lands 3,000 French troops. .342 reports to Lafayette for duty,342 waves seniority of rank .... 343 urges immediate assault 343 yields to Lafayette's judg ment 343 sails for the West Indies . . .362 Salem, Mass., declines benefits of Boston Port Bill 16 Savannah, Ga., responds to call from Lexington 29 intercepts royal letters to gov ernors 30 Committee of Safety, acts promptly 30 besieged without success. 2ii7-8 Schovalhoff, Count — Russian statesman : his prediction at the Berlin Conference veri fied in 1898 370 Schuyler, Philip — maj.-general ; sub. U.S. senator; 6. 1733, d. 1804. appointed maj .-gen 36 his antecedents 36 his career outlined 37 honored by Kent and Web ster 37-8 ordered to Canada 55 among the Six Nations 6l urged forward by Washing ton and joins Montgomery, 61 advised as to Allen's misadvent ure 62 suspends resignation at Wash ington's request 63 his Orderly Book 63 again advised by Washington, 64 Schuyler, Philip, continued — is to expect a bloody summer, 87 ridicules hiring Indians 88 to resist Carleton's advance. 163 is relieved by Gates 1 73 is promptly restored 173 offers Gates a command .... 1 73 it is sneeringly declined. ... 173 his energetic action 174 is absent, sick, without fault, 175 has a prophetic letter from Washington 1 75 organizes a large army 176 is superseded by Gates 176 returns to Congress 273 on committee to visit Washing ton 273 is urged to be Secretarv of War ".328 gives reasons for declining, 328 Second Continental Congress, May 10, 1775 31 provides money and muni tions " 31 delegates from Georgia make aetion unanimous 31 rules and articles of war adopted 31 denounces aets of Parliament as " unconstitutional, oppres sive, and cruel"' 31 Second New Jersey campaign, and itsresuhs. . . " 167 Sevier, John — Am. col.; 4. 1745, d. 1815 ; at Iving's Mountain, his descendants honored. .293 Sharpe, Gr.vxville — Br. phil anthropist; 4. 1734, d. 1813; resigns rather than aid the war 21 Shelby, Isaac — col., sub. gov. Kentucky; 4. 1750. d. 1826. at King's Mountain, his descend ants honored 293 summoned to Virginia, 1780. 314 Sheldon, Elisha — col.; attacked by Tarleton 2.">5 on expedition with Lauzun, 334 supports Washington . . 334—5-6 has a spirited scout 337 Sheridan, Philip Henry — gen eral U.S.A. ; 4. 1831, d. 1888 ; his example cited 162 Sherman, William Tecumseh — general; 4. 1820, d. 1891; his march to tbe sea cited by way of comparison 162 422 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Shippen, Miss, belle of the Phila delphia fStes 216 becomes the wife of Arnold, 289 had no knowledge of Arnold's treason 291 highly esteemed by Washing ton and Lafayette 291 Shuldham — Br. admiral ; relieves Graves at Boston 68 comments on seizure of Dor chester Heights 77 Siege of Quebec closed 66 Boston 80 Newport 246 Savannah 268 Yorktown 268 Charleston 275 New York 347 Signal-fires in New Jersey .... 280 Simcoe, J. Graves — Br. lieut.- col.. Queen's Rangers; sub. gov. Canada ; 4. 1752, d. 1806. active in forays 248 in the Battle of Springfield, 279 in Virginia with Arnold 310 raids Virginia 320 popular misconceptions of his character 363 "Six Nations" (Iroquois) a model for Jefferson's constitution, 12 as a confederacy 13 invaded by Sullivan 260 devastated by Sullivan 260 their estimate of Washing ton 260-1 Smallwood, William — brig-gen. ; sub. governor Md. ; 4. 1732, d. 1792. with Maryland troops at Long Island 105 makes a gallant fight 107 deplores ignorance of offi cers 123 in Pennsylvania, later 193 in battle of Germantown. . . 195 on duty near Philadelphia . . 206 as governor,recruit8 for Greene's army 301 Smith, Samuel — lieut.-colonel ; 4. 1762, d. 1839 ; with Mary land troops at Fort Mifflin,200 Sons of Liberty organized 14 South Carolina denounces the Stamp Act 13 seizes the colonial magazine, April21, 1775 29 first news from Lexington. . .29 South Carolina, continued — intercepts royal packages .... 29 declares a Republic, with offi cers, congress, army, navy, and all the accessories of an independent state 86 Spain joins France against Great Britain, 1761 11 Spencer, Joseph N. — brig.-gen.; 4. 1714, d. 1789. his military antecedents 36 his subsequent career 39 attempts capture of Newport by Washington's order 163 " Spies," says Greene, " are the eyes of an army " 303 Springfield, Mass., selected by Knox for a gun- factory . . 163 Springfield, N.J., Battle of ..278-9 its lesson emphasized 283 its casualties noticed 285 tested the Continental troops, 286 Stamp Act of 1755 noticed 13 repealed in 1766 14 Stark, John — maj.-gen.; 4. 1728, d. 1822. in the Battle of Bunker Hill . . 32 at the Battle of Trenton 142 at the Battle of Springfield,283 Statesmanship in war defined, with note (Preface) xii as stated by Jesus (Preface) .xii Stedman, Charles — Br. staff officer and historian ; 4. 1746, d. 1812. as to Burgoyne campaign and Clinton 180 as to loose Br. discipline . . .210 as to Battles of Guilford and Hobkirk Hill 321 as to Br. and Am. forces in 1776 and 1777 (Appendix D) . .386 Stephen, Adam — Am. maj.-gen. ; 4. 1730, d. 1791. service at Brandywine 189 at Battle of Germantown . . . 196 dismissed for drunkenness . . 196 Stephens, Edward — brig.-gen eral; 4. 1745, d. 1820; con ducted prisoners, taken at Cowpens, northward 316 Sterling — Br. col., sub. maj.- general. [Should not be con fused with Lord Stirling, in the Am. service, see below.] along the Delaware 194 k. in Battle of Springfield.. 278 INDEX. 423 Steuben, Frederick William Au gustus, Baron — maj.-gen. ; 4. 1730, d. 1794. instructor at Valley Forge . .210 promoted maj.-gen 212 acts in harmony with Washing ton and Lafayette 213 at Battle of Monmouth 233 ordered to the South 300 in charge of powder and lead supplies 302 in concert with Lafayette. . .327 his depot at Elk Island at tacked 340 joins Lafayette's division .. 340 in the siege of Yorktown . . . 357 Stewart — Br. col. ; succeeds Rawdon at the South 321 fights Green at Eutaw Springs 321 Stiles, Ezra — pres.Yale College ; 4. 1727, d. 1795 ; friend of Greene's youth 25 Stirling, William Alexander, Lord [his claim to Br. title and estates had been in dis pute] — Am. col., sub. maj.- gen. ; 4. 1726, d. 1783. in Battle of Long Island . . . 105 his brigade of picked regi ments 106 fights both Grant and Corn wallis 107 taken prisoner by superior numbers 108 is exchanged and returns to duty 122 reaches White Plains 128 established at Princeton .... 136 in Battle of Princeton 154 engages Cornwallis 169 in Battle of Brandywine . . . . 186 his good conduct 189 in Battle of Germantown . . . 195 at a Council of War 217 in Battle of Monmouth 233 threatens Staten Island 271 president at Charles Lee's court- martial (Appendix G) 389 Stony Point stormed by Wayne 257-8 abandoned by Washington. .259 Strategy defined, with note (Pref ace) X Sullivan, John — maj.-general; 4. 1740, d. 1795. personal notice 36 Sullivan, John, continued — his career outlined 39 sent to Canada 87 succeeded by Gates 88 ambitious letter to Washing ton 89 Washington's discreet reply . . 89 his attitude defined 89 succeeds Greene on Long Isl and 104 succeeded by Putnam 104 a peculiar letter 104 his specious report 107 taken prisoner 108 on exchange, takes Lee's divi sion 139 accompanies Washington to Trenton 142 incident of the march 144 enters the lower town 145 frets about appointments . . . 166 Washington's rejoinder .... 166 again in New Jersey 167 fails in the attack upon Staten Island 184 joins Washington in time for Brandywine 184-5 his position at Brandywine (as per map) 186 ordered to attack Cornwallis, 187 flanked by Cornwallis 187 ordered to change position , . 187 movement beyond his capac ity 188 difficult under best condi tions 188 loses control of his division, 188 personal valor undoubted . . 189 treated justly by Washing ton 190 surprised by Howe 191 in Battle of Germantown . . . 195 his gallantry noticed 196 urges attack upon Philadel phia 207 attempts siege of Newport. .241 relations to the Count d'Esta ing 242-3 issues an intemperate order, 243 prudently modifies the same, 243 advised by Washington to re treat 244 manly course of D'Estaing. .244 retires to Providence 245 devastates the Six Nation Re gion with unsparing desola tion 260 424 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Sullivan, John, continued — comments upon that inva sion 260-261 resigns and enters Congress, 297 laconic appeal to him by Wash ington 297 Sumter, Thomas — ^col.; 4. 1734, d. 1832; honored by Wash ington 312 Symonds, Thomas — Br. royal navy. led attack upon Fort Sullivan (Moultrie) in 1776 359 signs terms of capitulation of Yorktown 359 Tarleton, Banestre — Br. lieut.- col. ; 4. 1754, d. 1833. attacks Sheldon's cavalry quar ters 255 raids Westchester County, N.Y 259 Washington's counter-stroke, 259 makes no progress at the South 293 pursues Morgan 314 completely routed at Cow pens 314 acknowledges the American success 321 makes a raid upon Char lotte 340 fails to capture Jefferson. . .340 compliments Lafayette . . . .340 covers the retreat of Cornwal lis 341 joins him at Yorktown 341 skirmishes with Lafayette. ,341 Ternay. (See De Ternay.) Thanksgiving Proclamations of Washington — at Valley Forge 214 at White Plains 246 at Yorktown 360 at New York 365 Thayer — Am. maj.; in defence of Fort Mifflin 203 Thomas, George Henry — maj.- gen. U.S.A. ; 4. 1815, d. 1870 ; his example cited 26 Thomas, John — major-general (Mass.), Continental brig.- gen. ; 4. 1725, d. 1776. military antecedents 23, 36 subsequent career noticed . . .39 efficient in the siege of Bos ton 78 Thomas, John, continued — sent to Canada 84, 86 a victim to small-pox in camp, 88 Thompson, Charles — Secretary of first Continental Congress, and his correspondence with Franklin noticed 13, 16 Ticonderoga taken by Ethan Allen 30 retaken by Burgoyne 182 Towers, Robert, of Philadel phia, to receive and pay for arms 141 Trumbull, Jonathan — gov. Conn. ; statesman ; the origi nal Brother Jonathan ; 4. 1710, d. 1788. anxious about sea-coast expos ure 56 his correspondence with Wash ington 56 always Washington's fast friend 56 furnishes troops for New York city 83 sends nine more regiments to Washington 102 Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr. — col., statesman; 4. 1740, d. 1804. commissary at Long Island . . UO becomes secretary to Wash ington 300 Tryon, William — gov. N.C; 4. 1725, d. 1788. his relation to the British Stamp Act 13 his career in North Carolina, New York, and Connecti cut 84 holds a conference with Gen. Howe 98 invades Connecticut 166 fights Worcester and Arnold at Ridgefield 166 again invades Conn 256 resisted by Yale College stu dents at New Haven 256 in the Battle of Springfield. .278 Tully, Monsieur de — sails for the Chesapeake 323 is obliged to return 323 his reasons satisfactory to Washington 326 Union of the Colonies advocated in 1697, 1722, 1754 by Penn, Coxe, and Franklin 12 INDEX. 425 United States of America, a " stu pendous fabric of freedom and empire," as predicted by Washington, and the fulfil ment 365, 366, 368 " asylum for the poor and op pressed of all nations," as predicted by Washington, and comments 365, 368 respect for law and religion the basis of Wasliington's charac ter, and of the confidence he inspired in the American people 367-8 shares with Great Britain bequests under Magna Charta 371 harmony in that fruition, the possible future .... 371 three hundred millions of treas ure, her free-will offering to man 374 her alms, recorded in the census of 1890, tbe gauge of her maturing sympathy with hu manity 374 Valley Forge established as head quarters 206 special Council of War noticed, respecting " On to Philadel phia!" 212 French alliance announced in camp 213 a grand parade ordered. .. .214 a Thanksgiving proclamation made 214 special Council of War, April 20, 1777 217 its ordeal made soldiers .... 231 Varnum, James Mitchell — brig.- gen. ; 4. 1749, d. 1789. his brigade reports for duty,203 in Battle of Monmouth 233 enters Congress 315 Vaughan, Sir John — Br. maj.- gen. ; 4. 1738, d. 1795 ; burns Kingston, N.Y 179 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count DE — Fr. minister of foreign affairs ; 4. 1717, d. 1787. comments on the Battle of Ger mantown 197 proclaims the French alliance and the active support of American Independence . . 209 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, con tinued — is advised by Rochambeau of American conditions 287 regards the American Congress as too exacting 308 guarantees a loan from Hol land 348 " Victory or Death " the counter sign and alternative pro claimed by Washington . . 149 Viomenil, Baron Antoine Charles de Houx — Fr. gen. ; 4. 1728, d. 1792. storms a redoubt at York- town 357 pleasantry of Lafayette no ticed 358 Virginia aroused by the Stamp Act 13 responds to Patrick Henry's ap peal 14 includes Washington in her delegation to First Continen tal Congress 17 catches the news from Lexing ton 28 excited conflict with Lord Dun more 28 called upon for more troops, 115 her troops at Middlebrook .. 247 receives Greene and other offl cers gladly 301 invaded by Arnold 310, 311 Lafayette in command, 326, 330 Cornwallis arrives 331 adjournment of Assembly to Charlotte 338 liberal in its enactments .... 338 Lafayette's gallantry at Will iamsburg 341 Jefferson sustained by Lafay ette 343 arrival of Washington ....351 Ward, Artemas — maj.-general; 4. 1727, d. 1800. his antecedents 23 appointed senior maj .-gen ... 35 his brief career noticed 37 occupies Boston, March 17, 1776 .80 Warner, Seth — colonel ; 4. 1744, d. 1785. a volunteer at Bunker Hill as well as at Ticonderoga . . . . 35 426 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Warner, Seth, continued — accompanies Allen to Ticonder oga 35 his subsequent career 38 Washington, Augustine — father of the Soldier; 4. 1694, d., in his son's eleventh year, 1743.4 Washington, George — gen., sm4. pres. twice ; 4. 1732, d. 1799. his boyhood, tastes, and training as described by Irving 1 physical appearance as described by Mercer 2 physical accomplishments 3 personal characteristics 4 choice of a profession 4 parentage, and mother's infiu ence 4 first victory won 4 surveyor, inspector, adjutant- general 5 commissioner to the French ... 6 frontier service 6 with Braddock 7 military studies and maxims . . 8 marriage, and in House of Bur gesses 8 anticipates revolution 14 in the First Continental Con gress 17 predicts a bloody future 18 appointed Commander-in- Chief 32 his associates in command . . .35 starts for Cambridge 40 assumes command 41 his army noticed 41 withholds some commissions, 44 his reticence Compared with that of other generals 44 his trust in Providence 44 method of assignments 44 his estimate of Arnold 45 ^rebukes profanity 46 enjoins observance of the Sabbath 47 institutes courts-martial for "swearing, gambling," etc., 47 skilled in logistics 48 regard for private soldiers. . .49 deserters rebuked 49 games of chance prohibited. .49 invasion of Canada forced by Congress 60 visited by Committee of Con gress 52 risks of Canadian invasion. . .53 Washington, George, continued — denounces religious bigotry . . 63 after Boston, then New York, 54 expeditions to Canada urged by Congress 66 attitude of Gen. Charles Lee, 66 ignores sea-coast raids 66 writes Gov. Trumbull 57 would burn Boston 57 policy as to holding cities . . .57 straggling rebuked 58 appeals to Congress 68 privateering regulated 59 visited by Congressmen and se cures a navy 60 laconic letter to Congress . , .61 writes Schuyler as to Northern expeditions 63 writes Congress as to same . . 63 begs Schuyler not to resign — for sake of "God and Coun try" 63 writes Schuyler as to British action 64 plans operations against New York 69 sends Lee to New York 70 would cross to Boston on the ice, but opposed by Council,71 laconic letter to Joseph Reed, 72 preparations for assault 72 his inflexibility of purpose ... 72 ¦ preparations for future ser vice 72-3 experimental bombardment . . 74 enforced silence in camp .... 75 his confidential staff 75 secret plan near execution ... 76 second bombardment 76 third bombardment and occupa tion of Dorchester Heights, 77 British criticism 77 contingency of failure antici pated 79 a general bombardment 80 Nook's hill fortified 80 Boston evacuated 80 his mission to Boston com pleted 81 reorganization of the army.. 82 movement to New York be gun 82 advises Congress and Governor Trumbull of his plans 83 disciplines delinquent officers, 83 establishes a regular Pay Sys tem 83 INDEX. 427 Washington, George, continued — visits Connecticut to hasten troops forward 84 reaches New York 84 rebukes Lee and sends him South 85 forced by Congress to send more troops to Canada 86 details more troops to Canada under order of Congress . .86 compels citizens to choose be tween Britain and America . 86 deprecates detachment of troops to Canada 87 predicts danger to both the armies 87 warns soldiers not to right their own wrongs 87 learns of British contracts for Hessians 87 notes change in Canadian senti ment 87 writes Schuyler predicting a bloody summer 87 describes Sullivan's character istics 89 apology of Congress for Cana dian disaster 90 strategic conditions at New York 91 Declaration of Independence and its effect 91 British plans noticed 93 correspondence with Howe . . 98 describes British commission ers, as dispensing pardon to repenting sinners 99 spreads Howe's proclamation broadcast 99 denounces gossip-mongers . . 100 informs Gov. Trumbull that to trust Providence without effort is to tempt Providence . . . 102 issues stringent orders as to dis cipline 103 reenforces garrison at Brook lyn 104 details Sullivan, vice Greene, sick 104 a remarkable letter from Sul livan 104 Putnam supersedes Sullivan . 104 issues orders to Putnam as to wasteful firing 105 skulkers must be shot down on the spot 105 an " army " not a " mob "... 105 Washington, George, continued — will make battle costly to enemy 108 omnipresent in tent or trench 108 plans to withdraw to New York 109 consummate ruse to prevent demoralization oftroops . . UO withdrawal consummated. . . 112 its incidents and success . . .112 comment of historian Botta. 113 labors without sleep for forty- eight hours while assembling the untrained army 114 laconic notice of bad habits in officers and men 114 describes the militia as " dis mayed, intractable, and im patient to return home ". . 114 notices periodical home-sick ness 115 its contagious virulence before battle 115 again demands a sufficient regu lar army 115 denounces robbing orchards and gardens 115 orders three daily roll-calls, to stop straggling 115 writes Congress as to vacating the city 115 advises Gov. Trumbull to deal with deserters 116 generous response of Mass. and Conn 116 describes the situation 117 initiates retirement from the city 119 denounces a panic at Kipp's Bay 119 his personal exposure to rally fugitives 119 a mournful letter to Con gress 120 Edward Everett Hale's account of the execution of Nathan Hale as a spy serving under Washington's orders 120 embezzlement by regimental surgeons 123 offers reward for Hessian troopers and their horses . . 126 his skirmishers successful . 126 outgenerals Howe and gains White Plains 127 is joined by Greene and Lee . 127 428 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Washington, George, continued — letter of Lee to Gates, censur ing Washington 127 operations at White Plains, 128 battie of Chatterton hill. . .129 British preparations for at tack 129 retires to North Castle Heights 129 advises Congress of Howe's plans . . . . ; 129 advises with Greene as to Fort Washington 131 crosses into New Jersey. ... 131 orders Lee to follow 131 so advises Gov. Trumbull . .131 writes forcibly to Congress .131 judicious order in logistics .131 boys or old men enlisted at of ficers' risk 131 warns Congress of certain in vasion of New Jersey by Howe 132 abandons Fort Lee 133 enters upon his first New Jer sey campaign 133 a misnomer to call it simply a " masterly retreat" 135 musters his army 136 skirmishes with Cornwallis. 136 controls the Delaware river, 136 plans Deo. 5, to take the offen sive 137 notes the capture of Lee. . . 139 Sullivan takes Lee's division, 139 other letters of Lee 138-9 his powers enlarged by Con- ¦ gress 140 places Philadelphia under mili tary rule 140 takes the aggressive 143 battle of Trenton, with map, 144 " will drive the enemy from New Jersey " 147 is clothed with dictatorial au thority 148 his response to Congress . . .148 his motto, " Victory or death," retained 149 reoccupies Trenton 152 awaits arrival of Cornwallis, 152 fights battle of Princeton (see map) ( 152 instructs officers having inde pendent commands 157 headquarters established at Mor ristown 157 Washington, George, continued — exercises with energy his en larged powers 157 his capacity for reprimand . 157 sternly rebukes Heath 158 issues counter-proclamation to one by Howe 158 review of his career by Botta 160 base of operations estab- lished (see map) 161 appreciates Howe's plans. . . 164 the second New Jersey cam paign 167 outgenerals Cornwallis .... 169 learns of Burgoyne's inva sion 171 replies to his proclamation . 172 tart correspondence with Gates 174 prophetic letter to Schuyler, 175 detects Howe's modified plan 177 reaches Philadelphia 183 triumphant march through the city 184 takes position on the Brandy wine 185 battle of Brandywine 187 its lesson 191 reaches Philadelphia 192 resumes the offensive 194 attacks Germantown 195 lesson from that battle 197 operations along the Dela ware 200 sends Lafayette into New Jer sey ." 203 hostile attitude of Gates 204 experience at Valley Forge, 206 pleads with Congress 206 clock-work and army discipline similar 206 sharply rebukes the Pennsylva nia Assembly 207 the Conway cabal 207 French alliance proclaimed, 213 gives Lafayette an independent command 215 a sharp letter to Lee 217 follows Clinton 224 increases Lafayette's c o m - mand 225 advises Lafayette as to Lee, 228 advances to his support 230 rallies the retreating army. .231 rebukes Lee on the field and takes command 232 INDEX. 429 Washington, George, continued — fights the battle of Mon mouth 233 European comments noticed, 234 Clinton escapes him to New York ,234 trial and sentence of Lee . . .234 end of Lee's career 234 tradition as to profanity at Mon mouth disproved 235-7 at White Plains again 237 watches D'Estaing 240 "George Washington, Esqr.," and Howe 241 writes Sullivan at Newport, 242 warns him against Clinton . . 244 suggests a timely retreat .... 244 officially recognizes the hand of Providence 246 removes to Fishkill 247 assigns army divisions. . .247-8 opinion of Bancroft cited.. 250 visits Philadelphia 250 writes Speaker Harrison as to corruption of the times. 250-1 social excesses of congressmen deplored 251 opposes another expedition to Canada 252 sacrifices his private fortune, 252 at New Windsor 254 watches hostile demonstra tions 256 plans attack upon Stony Point 257 its success as planned 258 capture of Paulus Hook .... 259 sends Sullivan to punish In dians 259 honored by the Six Nations, 200-1 strengthens West Point.... 261 his sublime faith 264 his trials at Morristown 265 postpones attack upon New York 265 reorganization of the army im peratively necessary 269 praises New Jersey prompt ness 272 again appeals to Congress, 272-3 watches Clinton closely 274 visited by Lafayette, just re turned from France 276 gives him a letter to President of Congress 276 sends Southern troops south ward 277 Washington, George, continued — the mutiny of troops gives him " infinite concern " 277 outgenerals Knyphausen , . .280 describes British movements, 280 new trials at hand 281 outgenerals Clinton 282 Battie of Springfield 286 adroit appeal to governors at the North 286 again threatens New York . . 286 appreciated by Rochambeau, 287 assigns Arnold to West Point 288 Arnold's treason and the execu tion of Andre 290 vindicates Mrs. Arnold 291 takes post at Brakeness 291 assigns Greene to West Point 291 his outlook over the field . .294 his sympathy with the rank and file 295 writes about American specu lators in food 296 appeals to Sullivan, then in Congress 297 compares rolling small and large snowballs 297 confers with Rochambeau. .297 writes Franklin of approaching victory 298 reenforces Southern army . . 299 temporary expedients de nounced 299 designates winter quarters . . 300 addresses Southern gov- . ernors 301 places GreeneinGate3'place,301 sends his best officers south, 303 his powers again enlarged . . 304 as judged abroad 305 " stay-at-homes " derided . . . 305 his " superhuman regard for man, as man " 305 his relations to foreign offl cers 305 treatment of Pennsylvania mu tiny 307 is judged by French generals, says Franklin 308 individuality of the States, no ticed 308 keeps away from scene of mu tiny 309 elements of success in sight, and all plans matured 313 430 WASHINGTON THE SOLDIER. Washington, George, continued — • his specific instructions to Greene 313 his use of " pick and spade," 313 writes Greene as to Cow pens 316 is advised of Greene's move ments 320 plans for capture of Arnold, 323 the war approaches its crisis, 324 writes Lafayette as to French support 326 modifies Lafayette's orders, 326 " never judges the past by after events " 326 urges Schuyler to be Secretary of War 328 startling extracts from his diary 328 "chimney-corner patriots " de nounced 328 " venality, corruption and abuse of trust universal " 329 indorses Lafayette's strat egy 330 approves his action respecting Arnold 332 confers again with Rochambeau at Wethersfield 333 advances toward New York, 334 joined by French army 335 sends out decoy letters and plans 335 builds brick ovens in New Jer sey 336 reconnoitres Clinton's out posts 336-7 challenges Clinton to battle, 337 hears good news from Lafay ette 339 second report from Lafay ette 341 Lafayette ready for his ar rival 343 good news from Count de Grasse 344 urges Northern governors to action. . .v 345 swift messengers sent every where 345 his finesse outwits Clinton. .346 visits West Point with Rocham beau 347 abandons fixed headquarters, 347 allied armies in motion not missed by Clinton 347 grand tidings from France . . 348 Washington, George, continued — enters Philadelphia, not yet missed by Clinton 348 despatches from Lafayette re ceived 349 starts for Chesapeake Bay, 349 meets courier from Lafay ette 350 another courier arrives 350 welcomed with Rochambeau at Baltimore 351 visits Mt. Vernon with French offlcers as guests 351 arrives at Lafayette's head quarters 351 his strategy noticed 352-3 studies the position with care, 354 visits Count de Grasse 356 fires the first gun before York- town 357 siege pushed with vigor . . . .357 terms of surrender settled. .359 surrender consummated 360 issues proclamation for Public Thanksgiving 360 a grand parade of the entire army 360 assigns Lafayette to a Southern expedition 361 the expedition abandoned. . .361 parts with Lafayette who re turns to France 361 retains Rochambeau in America until 1782 361 his magnanimous treatment of the Queen's Rangers 362 still honored in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick . . . 362-3 triumphant entry into New York 363 formally closes the war .... 364 another Thanksgiving procla mation 364 predicts a grand future for America 365 his trust in Divine Providence emphasized 366 tested by military art 367 grounds of his faith in Ameri can destiny 371 lessons from his career . , . .373 founds West Point Military Academy 373 donates sites for National Uni versity 374 his closing appeal to the Ameri can conscience 374 INDEX. 431 Washington, Lawrence — brother of the Soldier ; 4. — , d. — . educated in England ""l in the British army 1 liis example and influence.. 1, 4 Washington, Martha — wife of the Soldier; 4. 1732, d. 1802; her marriage (see also Cus tis) 8 Washington, Mary — mother of the Soldier; 4.1706, d. 1789. her will-power 4 her moral training 5 their permanent effect in her son's character 5 Washington, William — colonel ; 4. 1752, d. 1810. at Battie of Trenton 142 captures two guns at Tren ton 145 wounded in the attempt .... 145 at Cowpens 314 Washington's " Invincibles "... 105 Wayne, Anthony — maj.-gen.; 4. Paoli, Pennsylvania, 1745, d. 1796. attacks Hessian rear-guard in N.J 169 at Battle of Brandywine, 186,189 surprised at Paoli 193 at Battle of Germantown . . . 195 with Lafayette at Mon mouth 226 powerless at time of mu tiny 307 joins Lafayette in Virginia, 341 makes a brilliant charge at Williamsburg 341 Webster, Daniel — statesman and orator; 4. 1782, d. 1852. his opinion of General Schuy ler 37 his sublime ideal, " Union," in prospect 266 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley . — Br. gen., sub. fleld marshal ; 4. 1769, d. 1852; cited for comparison (Preface) ...viii Wesley, John — eminent divine ; 4. 1703, d. 1791 ; had visited America 21 Whipple, Abraham — Am. naval officer; 4. 1731, d. 1819, cited as to Charleston 274 Wilkinson, James — maj.-gen.; 4. 1757, d. 1825. with Lee at his capture 138 at Battle of Trenton 142 his interview with Washing ton 142 Willett, Marinus — col. ; 4. 1744, d. 1826 ; operates against the Onondagas near Syracuse. 252 Williams, James — Am. col. ; at King's Mountain, and de scendants honored 293 Wilmington, N.C, visited by Sir Peter Parker, Cornwallis and Clinton, May 3, 1776 97 Winthrop, Robert Charles — scholar, historian, statesman; 4. 1809, d. 1894; gratefully remembered by the author (Preface) xiv Note. — Mr. Winthrop de livered the oration at lay ing the corner-stone of the national Washington monument, at Washing ton, D.C., and also at its dedication. Woman's heroism in the Revolu tion 285 Wooster, Daniel — maj.-gen.; b. 1711, d. 1777. his military antecedents .... 23 his subsequent career outlined, 38 in movement against Fort Inde pendence 157 at home with the Connecticut militia 165 resigns his commission. .. .165 is mortally wounded 166 Wright, Sir James — royal gov ernor of Georgia; 4. 1714, d. 1785, noticed 29, 30 Wyoming Valley invaded by Indians 249 summarily avenged . . .252, 260 Yale College students resist Tryon's invasion of New Haven. .256 NEW BOOKS, 1898 Published by Lamson, Wolffe £^ Company History and Biography. "The Santiago Campaign: 1898." By Major-General Joseph Wheeler, Commanding Fourth Corps, United States Army ; late Commander of Cavalry Division in Santiago Campaign. With photogravure portrait, frontispiece, and maps. Royal octavo. Cloth, ;^3. 00; half morocco, ;$5.oo ; morocco, ^8.00. Limited autograph edition de luxe, ^15.00. "Washington the Soldier." By General Henry B. Car rington, LL.D. 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