h

0

CLAUDE MONET

AND HIS PAINTINGS

BY

WILLIAM H. FULLER

Jl&_ M7tf6

A

YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

CLAUDE MONET
AND HIS PAINTINGS

BY

WILLIAM H. FULLER

•_*.

NEW YORK
1899

Copyright, 1899, by
WILLIAM H. FULLER

TO

JOHN G. JOHNSON
AS A SLIGHT TRIBUTE TO HIS INTEREST IN THE
BEST ART OF EVERY COUNTRY

CLAUDE MONET

AND

HIS PAINTINGS

William H. Fuller
In 1845 a man walked the streets of Paris
all day long bearing under his arm a picture
that he had tried in vain to sell. None of the
dealers would have it, for why should they buy
a painting by an artist whose works had been
rejected at the Salon ? They were merchants ;
their interest in a work of art was measured
by the profit they could make out of it, The
bearer of the picture had assured the artist
that he would find a purchaser for it, and,
though discouraged, he was unwilling to return
to Barbizon with the canvas unsold. Happily
he remembered that Baroilhet — the famous
5

barytone — was a friend and, in a modest way,
a patron of art. He called upon Baroilhet,
showed him the picture, and exclaimed : " I
offer you a good bargain, and a masterpiece.
You can pay, in two installments, two hundred
and fifty francs a month." The man was Jules
Dupre, and the masterpiece that the singer
bought was the "Hoar Frost" of Theodore
Rousseau.* So too in 1859, when Millet
painted " The Angelus," neither dealer nor
amateur was eager to possess it ; and yet thirty
years afterwards, representatives of great gal
leries in Europe and dealers on both conti
nents battled for it at public auction in Paris,
till it was knocked down to the buyer for over
five hundred and fifty thousand francs. These
are not isolated examples. They are cited
because both these well-known pictures after
wards came to America, and one of them has
found a permanent home in Mr. Walters' gal
lery at Baltimore. It was quite the same in
the time of Rembrandt and Ruysdael and
Frans Hals. " The Rembrandts, which we
recognize as so mighty to-day, whose posses
sion represents so much money, were to be
had, even when his name and fame were known,
* Albert Wolff : " Cent Chefs d'CEuvre."
6

for less than you, my pupils, would accept for
any study of yours."* All these men at times
painted masterpieces ; but it took more than a
hundred years to find it out. The pictures
themselves had not changed, except for the
worse, but public opinion had changed. On the
other hand, as we know, many paintings that
were the delight of dealers and connoisseurs of
former generations are the derision of our own.
And so with all this changing opinion about
art in the past, can we be absolutely sure that
the judgments of to-day will not be reversed
by wiser appreciations to-morrow ?
At the present time, and for many years
past, both in France and America, the paint
ers of 1830 have justly been held in high re
pute. Every collector nowadays thinks he
must have some samples of the school ; while
as for the masterpieces, they are so few that
he is a fortunate person who is able to
own even one. But so authoritative are the
names of these great men, that the public
has easily been beguiled into purchasing
very commonplace, if not indeed spurious,
examples of their work, in preference to far
better paintings by comparatively unknown
* John La Farge: "Considerations on Painting."
7

men. And yet there are those who have the
hardihood to believe that even the Barbizon
masters have not said the last word in land
scape art and closed the book; that in our
own generation a new and great landscape
painter has appeared in France, whose work
has already exercised a powerful influence upon
the art of the present day, and is destined to
still more distinguished rank in the future.
So far as official recognition is concerned, he
is the legitimate successor of Theodore Rous
seau and Puvis de Chavannes. Like them he
has endured the hostility of dealers and critics
as well as the condemnation of the Institute ;
like them he has lived to see the reversal of
an ignorant and hostile judgment ; and in his
mature years has begun to enjoy the fruits of
comparative renown. In England, where stub
born conservatism extends even to matters
of art, the dealers have not yet bestowed
upon Claude Monet the honor of a passing
recognition. In Paris and in America, most
of them began by treating his pictures with
hilarious contempt. Afterwards, when they
found that his friends were multiplying and
were actually buying his paintings, they
changed their attitude to one of patronizing
8

tolerance that was more insulting than open
scorn. But these years of strife, which would
have crushed a weaker man, only stimulated
Monet to renewed efforts to express with
greater fidelity his artistic convictions. All
that he was, all that he hoped to be, was dedi
cated to the representation of nature as he
knew her, without the fear or the favor of man.
Whether his reputation is ephemeral or endur
ing, friend and foe alike must award Monet
this meed of praise — that he has never sacri
ficed his self-respect for popular applause nor
bartered his art for gold.
Claude Monet was born in Paris, November
14, 1840. His youth was spent at Havre,
where his father was a well-to-do merchant.
From boyhood he had a predilection for draw
ing and painting, which his parents discour
aged because they wanted him to go into busi
ness. Their admonitions, however, made very
little impression upon his mind. But one day
they thought their hope would be realized.
Their son had been drawn in the conscription
for seven years' service in Algiers in the First
Regiment of the Chasseurs d'Afrique. They
believed that this new life of a soldier would
9

cure him of his folly. But when young Monet
reached Algiers, he was so charmed with the
country that his purpose to become a painter
was confirmed. After a short time he con
tracted a fever which brought him almost to
death's door. He was sent home on a fur
lough. His parents were so glad to have him
back that they purchased a military substi
tute, and allowed him to pursue his own
chosen career. Claude was then twenty-two
years old.
While at Havre Monet formed the acquaint
ance of Eugene Boudin, the sailor and painter
of ships and harbors and other subjects con
nected with the sea. It was Boudin who first
advised Monet to paint his pictures wholly in
the open air. But, like most beginners, Monet
thought he ought to have some great master
teach him how to paint. So he went to Paris
in 1863 and entered the studio of the classical
painter, Charles Gabriel Gleyre. The first
week that Monet was there opened his eyes.
His master, while correcting his drawing from
the model, remarked :
" Young man, that is pretty good, but too
much in the character of the living model.
You have before you a thickset man, and you

draw him thickset. When you draw the
human form, you must think of the Antique."
Inasmuch as Monet's purpose was to learn
how to draw, he could not understand why he
should be directed to appeal to his memory of
something else to enable him to perform his
task. If it were his master's object to have
the drawing look like an antique, why have a
living model ?
Two or three weeks were about all that
Monet could stand of that kind of instruction,
and he soon persuaded his fellow-students,
Renoir and Sisley, to leave with him the
"accursed place."
Two years afterwards (1865), Monet sent
his first picture to the Salon ; it was accepted.
The following year also his pictures were ad
mitted. They were well hung, and were well
received by the artists and critics. In 1867 he
sent to the Salon "The Port of Honfleur"
and " Young Women in the Garden." Both
were refused. In 1868 he sent a large interior,
" Le Dejeuner," and that was refused. The
same results followed in 1869 and 1870. The
reason assigned for the rejection of Monet's
pictures was, that it was dangerous to encour
age a man of his tendencies ; that to do so

would be the end of art — the Grand Art !
Monet then waited ten years, and in 1880
sent to the Salon the superb " Les Glacons
sur la Seine " — now owned by Mr. H. O.
Havemeyer — and this picture was declined.
"It was pretty hard," the painter said, "but
what is one to do ? " The doors of the Salon
were absolutely closed to his work. The in
dignity of 1880, however, was the last that he
received from the gentlemen of the Institute.
He has never since sent a picture to the Salon.
During the fifteen years that elapsed since
the acceptance of Monet's picture in 1865 to the
rejection in 1880, all the men of the so-called
Barbizon School, except Dupre, had passed
away. Troyon had died in 1865 ; Rousseau in
1867 ; Corot and Millet in 1875 ; Diaz in 1876,
and Daubigny in 1878. Had Monet been
willing to become their follower and imitator,
doubtless he would have attained some sort of
success. But he was a born leader, as he was
a born painter, and no consideration of per
sonal advancement could swerve him one
hair's breadth from the path he had marked
out for himself the day he left behind him the
benumbing influences of Gleyre for the teach
ings of nature and the light of day. He took
12

Boudin's advice, and ever afterwards painted
his pictures in the open air. In the beginning
he did a little in the way of caricature — an art
which his friend Daumier raised to such dis
tinction — but it was landscape that he most
delighted to paint. He cared very little for
portraiture or for figure subjects, although
sometimes he introduced figures into his land
scapes for the purpose of giving them a note of
human interest, in contrast to Corot's nymphs,
which seemed to be used as a device for im
parting to his subjects a pseudo-classical spirit.
Monet's method of work is simple. He
uses canvases that are very smooth and very
white. He sketches his subjects in charcoal,
then rapidly lays in the colors until he has
secured the- general aspect of the scene, after
which he proceeds with the greatest care until
the altered conditions of light warn him to
desist. The canvas is then put aside for
another day with similar conditions, when he
resumes his work. This process he continues
until his picture is finished. He frequently
paints the same subject many times, and these
varied paintings are known as Monet's " series "
— as, for example, "The Haystacks," " Float-
13

ing Ice," " Etretat," " Pourville," " Antibes,"
" Belle Isle," " Le Petit Creuse," " The Tulips
of Holland," "The Rouen Cathedrals," and
many more — and yet in every series no two
pictures are alike. I suppose he has painted
" The Haystacks," one of his most famous sub
jects, at least twenty times. They stood in a
neighbor's field close to Monet's house. He
began to paint them when they were first made.
He portrayed them in summer, in the autumn,
and in winter ; in the morning, at noon, and
at twilight ; sometimes sparkling with dew,
sometimes enveloped in fog, sometimes cov
ered with frost, sometimes laden with snow ;
and though each picture was different from all
the rest, one scarcely knew which to choose,
they were all so true and beautiful.
It was the same with the "Cathedrals."
Monet spent two successive winters at Rouen
painting that series ; and while it is his favor
ite, and is considered by him his finest work,
it is probably »the one least understood or
cared for by the public. They suppose that
Monet was trying, with little success, to paint
curious architectural forms ; but in fact, his
object was to render the marvelous play of
light and color which different conditions of
14

atmosphere and time of day produce upon the
Cathedral's imposing facade.
The manner of painting nature that Monet
has adopted discloses an absolute sincerity of
purpose in his art, and, besides, reveals to us
many a hidden charm which has been passed
unnoticed by less sensitive and observant
eyes. Moreover, the limitations he has imposed
upon himself involve a prodigious amount of
labor, and, it may be added, some failures as
well. But these failures are never taken up,
revised, and finished in a studio, and then
offered for sale. Last summer he made a
bonfire of a lot of unfinished paintings which
he thought were not worthy of his name. But
when he has been able to finish his pictures as
he likes ; when he has fully expressed all that
he saw and felt in the beginning, what a splen
did success he attains ! The little group of
paintings in this exhibition fairly represents
his finished work. And what a revelation of
nature, what a variety of subject, what a dis
play of one man's power ! Fill the room with
the works of any single painter of the Barbizon
School and see if they will cover as wide a
range, be as true to nature, as free from mo
notony, and of as high an average excellence,
15

as these pictures by Claude Monet. When we
think of the work of Corot, Rousseau, Diaz,
Daubigny, or Dupre, there instantly occurs to
our minds a certain type of landscape which
each painted. But what picture in this collec
tion will stand for the perfect, full-rounded art
of Monet ? In one we see the delicacy and
charm of Corot, with an added splendor of
color that Corot never used ; in another, the
sweep and vigor of Courbet, but with finer
movement and more glorious light. Nay, at
his best, has Courbet ever painted anything
to compare with the flashing sunlight and the
whitecapped waters that break upon the rocks
of Belle Isle ?
It may be interesting, perhaps, to look at
some of these pictures a little in detail.
Here is Octave Mirbeau's description of one :
" First a field of oats of a pale green, almost
colorless under the ardent midday sun ; a little
path across it like a ribbon of gold ; then some
thick wheat almost ripe rises up like a wall,
and behind the wheat little tree tops of a deep
green color. You see it is nothing, but it is a
grand picture. All this bit of nature breathes
a silence, a tranquility, the heaviness of sum
mer heat." 16

Look at another. At the first glance it may
not be as fully understood as the picture just
described. But study it a bit. There has
been a storm. All day long the waves have
been surging and breaking upon the rocky
shore. Now the wind is dying out and the
sea is becoming calm. The red sun is strug
gling through a bank of sullen clouds, appar
ently shorn of its power, as it slowly sinks to
the horizon ; but it still flings its radiance across
the dome of the sky, from which are reflected
the colors and the light that fall upon the rest
less, foam-covered waters below. In the mid
dle distance, with its flying buttress and its
half -sub merged cathedral spire, grim in its
solitude, stands the dark, impressive cliff of
litretat. Unique in composition, splendid in
color, suggestive in sentiment, Monet has
painted in this picture one of the most tran
sient as well as one of the most beautiful
phases of the glory of the sky and sea.
Take another — " Morning at Antibes." Do
not fully accept your first impressions. It
will grow upon you. Observe how skillfully
the picture has been composed ; notice also
the purity and the harmony of the colors;
see how finely drawn are the wide-spreading
2 17

branches of the tree in the foreground, through
which we catch glimpses of the pale blue
receding sky. Under it, like an opal, lie
the waters of the bay, tremulous with light.
On the farther shore the distant hills are
tinged with the first flush of morning light,
while at their feet, like an enchanted city,
sleeps the old fortress of Antibes. In concep
tion and in rendering this picture is the em
bodiment of all the poetry, all the beauty, and
all the mystery of the Dawn.
Of the " Haystack Series," two of the most
lovely examples are shown in this exhibition.
Each picture possesses a distinct charm of its
own, arising from the particular time of the
morning at which it was painted. It was not
the ordinary aspect of haystack and field,
ploughed furrow and the distant hillside, that
charmed the painter, but the whole landscape,
enveloped and unified by the exquisite lace
work of the frost — this it was that evoked the
marvels of his brush. H e saw the scene covered
with a white transparent veil that lightly lay
upon the bosom of the earth ; nay, more, he saw
the lace-work of frost and the misty morning
air all lighted up and warmed by the ra
diance of the rising sun reflected from the
18

arches of the sky. In these two paintings
Monet has portrayed with wonderful real
ism two transitory aspects of early morning
(closely related, but different) with schemes
of color that are as delicate as the petals of a
rose. Two years ago I went to Rouen to see the
old Cathedral, mainly because it had been
painted by Monet. The weather was fine, and
every time-worn statue and lichen-covered
stone in the facade stood out in sharp relief in
the clear atmosphere of a cloudless summer
day. As I stood before the great edifice, I
appreciated in some degree the difficulty
Monet must have had in attempting to give it
pictorial representation. Indeed it seemed to
me to be an impossible task. Low, squalid
buildings had crowded themselves close to it
on every side except the front, from which a
plaza extended some three or four hundred
feet to one of the principal streets. But the
facade which I beheld that day was not the
facade that had inspired Monet. He saw it
under totally different conditions of atmos
phere and light from mine. In none of hisi
pictures that I have seen has he represented
the entire front of the Cathedral ; in every in-
*9

stance he has chosen certain portions only
to portray. In the one in this collection,
he has selected the great central part of the
facade and a section of the tower on its left.
The time is early morning. The front is seen
in shadow, like an apparition in the mist,
clothed in wondrous shades of blue. The
mysterious triple portals, like great grottoes of
the sea, are faintly illumined by some unknown
light within. The grand, imposing tower —
the dominant feature of the picture — rears its
head to unknown heights out of an envelop
ing fog which the warm, invading sunshine is
slowly driving away. Everywhere details are
swallowed up; only massive forms are re
vealed ; proportions are magnified, and strange,
phantasmal objects are disclosed through the
myriad prisms of the vaporous air. Some of
them have the solidity of an earthly structure,
while others are as ethereal as the visions of a
dream. What we see in this picture was, in
fact, Monet's vision. In the deep shadows
are the tones of sapphire ; in the higher lights
those of pale turquoise ; along the illumined
sides of the tower the glow of amber ; while
in the morning sky the hidden fires of the
opal slumber. In my observation, no painter
20

of his time has ever before produced a pic
ture so full of mystery and poetic feeling, ex
pressed with such subdued splendor of color
and with such impressive vigor, as this example
of " The Cathedrals of Rouen."
Turning to the general aspect of Monet's
works, it must first of all be said that his
paintings are the expression of a sensitive,
original, and forceful personality. And in
every branch of art what is there that gives it
value but the individuality of man ? Great
artists are revealed through their paintings.
Clever fingers may copy their processes with
wonderful fidelity, but they cannot take the
place of a creative brain. In his sphere of art
Monet is a creator. He sees nature in his
own way and he paints her with a method of
his own. No trace of another artist's influence
destroys the individuality of his work. When
he begins a picture he never thinks how Dau-
bigny, Rousseau, or any other famous land
scape painter would have represented his sub
ject, but he paints it in the manner which will
present most vividly his impression of the
beauty, poetry, or grandeur of the scene.
Fortunately for the integrity of his art, Monet

has studied nature far more devotedly than
he has observed the processes of painting
employed by any member of the Barbizon
School. The result is that his pictures are
original in expression ; they are vibrant with
life, and full of the qualities of a sincere and
highly gifted man.
Moreover, every picture that Monet paints
is distinguished, among other qualities, for its
pictorial unity. He sees nature syntheti
cally ; he paints it pictorially. Indeed, the
true function of a landscape painter is to ex
press the noble truths of nature, rather than
to- record the mere physical facts that he sees
before him. This, at least, is Monet's method
of interpretation. His landscapes, therefore,
possess the potent charm of simplicity and
dignity unmarred by perplexing details. Nor
is this pictorial quality the result of a lucky
accident or a happy choice of subject. Na
ture never presents to an artist a perfectly
completed picture, leaving to him the simple
task of copying it on his canvas. The fund
of material that she furnishes is exhaustless,
but the use which the artist makes of it de
termines the value of his performance. When
Monet paints a landscape he keeps steadily in

view the dominant motive of his picture, to
which all minor details are made subordinate.
These serve a useful part, it is true, but it
is one of appropriate contribution to enhance
the value of the work as a whole. To secure
this result he knows what to leave out — a
rare virtue in landscape art — as well as what
to emphasize in his picture. This method of
treatment involves an intelligent comprehen
sion of his subject, an easy command of his
brush, an orderly and artistic arrangement of
the various parts of his picture, and calls into
play one of the highest and most pleasurable
functions of the human mind. In his early
life, as he once remarked to me, he often
completed a canvas at a single sitting ; " but
now," he modestly added, " I am more exact
ing, and it takes a long time for me to finish
a picture." In his efforts to realize the com
plete pictorial aspect of his subject, Monet
does not neglect the truthful portrayal of any
object that forms a constituent part of his
work. Test it by the pictures in this exhibi
tion. Run your eye over them with a little
care and note with what wonderful fidelity he
has painted water, snow, ice, fields of grain,
rocks, fog, sunshine, atmosphere, mist, break-
23

ing waves, fleeing clouds, and the bending
sky. But in all this wonderful variety of sub
jects one lovely phase of nature is missed.
When I asked Monet if he had ever painted
a moonlight picture, he said :
" I greatly admire moonlights, and from
time to time have made studies of them ; but
I have never finished any of these studies be
cause I found it so difficult to paint nature at
night. Some day, however, I may finish such
a picture." But if Monet has failed thus far in painting
to his own satisfaction this enchanting appear
ance of the sky at night, he has succeeded in
portraying with marvelous exactness the varied
manifestations of the sky by day. Certainly one
of the most difficult things in nature to paint is
the changeable morning or evening sky. Still
more difficult is it to paint this subject in har
monious relation to a particular landscape or
sea. But Monet's pictures, almost without ex
ception, show how successfully this work has
been performed. There are many other things
besides clouds and skies that are difficult to
paint, and yet Monet has portrayed them with
equal fidelity and power. Notice, for example,
his painting of water. As he represents it, his
24

water is never thick, pasty, or dry. On the con
trary, it is liquid, transparent, full of local color,
and wet. At times it has an exquisite lim
pidity in repose, while at others it has motion,
sparkle, and life, compared with which Cour
bet's celebrated " Wave " is sculptured ice, and
Dupr£'s muddy marines too often a travesty
of the actual sea.
Another charm about Monet's work is his
atmosphere and light. His pictures are filled
with an atmosphere that we can breathe, and
with the real light of day — that beneficent
light which greets us in the morning and con
tinues till the evening hour ; that all-pervading
light which is diffused according to nature's
laws, instead of the laws of studio creation.
Nowhere, therefore, will you find in his work
patches of color representing the high lights
of a picture placed in the midst of an impos
sible gloom. He sees nowhere in nature the
forced and violent contrasts of light and shade
which are found in so many celebrated land
scapes of former schools. The example which
Monet has set in this respect has not been
without influence in the landscape painting of
the present day. Go where you will, in all
modern exhibitions you will find a noticeable
25

change in the pitch of light compared with the
dark and heavy colors of a generation ago.
To Claude Monet more than to any other
living painter this welcome change is due.
Monet's own temperament lends a joyous
vitality to his pictures. To him nature is
not sad even in the robes of winter, but is
full of exuberant life and beauty. He sees
her often in a poetic aspect, and always as a
a lover. The sorrows and the ugly things of
earth find no interpreter in him. The talis-
manic words of his art are Truth, Light, and
Beauty. It has been frequently urged, with an insist
ence more vehement than wise, that Monet
paints phases of nature with which we are not
familiar, and that therefore his representations
are untrue. To which it may be replied that
our beloved future fellow-citizen of the Philip
pines has never seen snow, nor the Laplander
June roses. The illustration is rather far
fetched, but it will do. The fact is, most men,
and possibly some critics, know very little
about nature, except in those ordinary condi
tions which have to do with the comforts or
discomforts of their daily lives. And yet, with
serene confidence in their own experience, and
26

totally ignorant of the purpose of the artist,
they do not hesitate to condemn as untrue the
works of a man who has spent his whole ma
ture life in a profound study of nature in all
her moods, who stands face to face with her,
brush in hand, ready to record the pictorial
impression which a particular scene has made
upon his mind.
Another set of critics, more numerous and
perhaps more voluble, condemn Monet be
cause they say he is an Impressionist. Just
what they mean by this term is a little difficult
to understand, mainly because those who use
it do not know what they mean themselves.
If by " impressionist " they mean a man who
paints nature hastily, vaguely, crudely, with
only " a slight, indistinct remembrance," then
in Monet's case nothing could be farther from
the truth. If, on the other hand, they mean
" a man who relies upon his immediate impres
sions to reproduce a scene in nature vividly
and truthfully," then Monet is the very prince
of impressionists. But if, without any knowl
edge of the rightful meaning of the term they
employ, they simply wish to indicate that he
paints nature in a manner different from that in
which they have been used to seeing it painted,
27

then it must be admitted that the charge is
true. And yet, despite the almost universal
homage paid to the men of 1830, to say noth
ing of famous painters of far older schools, I
cannot resist the conviction that Monet's land
scapes come nearer to the truthful representa
tion of that world in which we live and move
than many a canvas whose commercial value
to-day outweighs fifty times its weight in
gold. In truth no man can paint nature as
she actually exists. No eye has ever seen the
infinite variety of forms — some of them micro
scopic — of which nature is composed. No eye
can possibly discern even a fractional part of
all the subtle glories of color with which the
world is filled. And even if it could, how
futile the attempt to express them with such
things as canvas and pigments and oil and
brushes — the inadequate implements of the
artist's trade ! Moreover, if these means were
entirely adequate to the purpose in hand, selec
tion must necessarily be made ; and the por
trayal of those truths which impress him most
becomes the artist's picture. The fact is, all
landscape painters are " impressionists," differ
ing only in kind and degree according to their
mental constitution, their manner of painting,
28

and the place where their work is performed.
Corot was an impressionist ; so were Rousseau,
Daubigny, Dupr£ and the rest. In a marked
degree Millet was one. The late Wyatt
Eaton, himself an artist, who made many vis
its to Barbizon and enjoyed the friendship of
the great painter, records in his biographical
sketch of Millet this interesting conversa
tion :
" I once said to him that he must have a
remarkable memory to be able to work, as
was his wont, without nature before him. He
replied that in that sense he had not, but that
which touched his heart he retained. In re
gard to working from nature he said : ' I can
say I have never painted (or worked) from
nature ' ; and gave as his reason, ' nature does
not pose.' " And so Millet, too, painted his
memories — his vivid impressions of things that
" touched his heart." Ruskin says :
" The function of an artist is to receive a
strong impression from a scene and then set
himself as far as possible to reproduce that
impression on the mind of the spectator of
his picture." Turner, who was certainly the
greatest landscape painter that England has
produced, was, in the fullness of his powers,
29

constantly painting his impressions. So care
ful had been his study of nature and so phe
nomenal was his memory that he was able to
reproduce whole scenes from notes and draw
ings made upon the backs of letters or loose
scraps of paper. Sometimes he wrought in a
realm of fancy, and gave to the world "The
Bay of Baiae," and " Childe Harold's Pilgrim
age," in which he epitomized his impressions
of the historic charm and loveliness of Italian
scenery. When a fellow artist complained to
him that upon revisiting Domodossola he had
found a particular view entirely changed from
what he had admired before, Turner replied,
" What, do you not know yet, at your age,
that you ought to paint your impressions ? "
If Monet had been asked when and where one
should paint his impressions, his answer would
have been, " Paint them on the spot."
After all, the real reason for not under
standing the works of Monet or any other
great painter, lies not so much in the artist as
in ourselves. He represents nature as it ap
pears to him. In every subject that he paints
he has found something which has stirred his
emotion ; something that has touched his soul.
And yet the thing that inspired his painting
3°

may awaken no response in the breast of an
other man. In such a case there has not been
established a sympathy between the painter
and the spectator ; and unless that exists one
can never thoroughly appreciate and enjoy
a picture. The same thing is often true of
music. How many people are there in the
whole world who can adequately appreciate
the works of the great composers ? And is a
great musician any the less a great artist if
because of duller ears his music fails to strike
a sympathetic chord ? John La Farge admir
ably says : " The work of art may remain
silent to many, even to those who understand
it more or less. It is an appeal to another
mind, and it cannot draw out more than that
mind contains." But even if there were this
natural receptivity on our part, many of us
are prejudiced at the outset by an antecedent
training as to landscape painting with which
the works of Claude Monet are not in accord.
All our lives we have been looking at land
scapes through the spectacles of the famous
painters of the past. We look at new pictures
and (unconsciously) compare them with im
pressions of the works of the Dutch or Flem
ish masters, or perhaps with our remembrances
31

of the Early English or the Barbizon School.
Rarely, if ever, do we compare them with our
recollection of nature itself, and when we sub
ject Monet's paintings to this perfect stand
ard what a world of truth and beauty they
reveal. The life which Monet has lived has unques
tionably exercised a powerful influence upon
his choice of subjects and his method of paint
ing ; moreover, it explains the truth and
wonderful vitality with which his pictures are
filled. "Although born in Havre," he has
said, " I have always lived in the country or
on the sea-coast, except from 1864 to 1866,
when I had a studio in Paris. Since 1883 I
have lived at Giverny on the Seine." Fifty
years in the country ! Half a century in the
presence of scenes which became as familiar
to him as the face of his mother — this gives
the keynote, the very inspiration of Monet's
art. " The son of the land is her seer, and none
other. He knows her joys, her melancholy
moods ; he is familiar with the face of winter
on her snow-clad hills, and of spring in the
nook of her valleys ; he alone knows the se
crets of the life that has moulded the form of
32

every creature of nature on the soil, where as
a child he has beat the bushes, where as a youth
he has loved, where as a man he has worked,
lived, produced and suffered. . . . Since
all these things speak to him, it is he who must
tell us what they tell him." *
I have quoted these eloquent words of the
great French writer and critic because they so
aptly apply to the life and the work of Claude
Monet. In another part of his book the author
speaks of the " Impressionists," and singles
out Monet for special praise. He says :
" Nature is in truth so wide a world that in
the revolution of ages art will forever find un
explored realms and fresh springs of pictorial
beauty. Action is one of these springs ; Ru
bens, Eugene Delacroix, and Corot had already
drunk of it. In these days, when every outlet
of energy tends to specializing, the impression
ists have made a specialty of the movement of
coloured masses. Their formula is harsh, sum
mary, necessarily rapid, and it appears incom
plete ; but it is not so, since when the sensa
tion of movement is impressed on the spectator,
their aim is attained ; they have nothing more
* Ernest Chesneau: "The Education of the Artist,"
p. 49. Translated by Clara Bell, London, 1886.
3 33

to say. Within these self-imposed limits they
have produced some works of prodigious and
illusory effect ; such as ' Floating Ice on the
Seine,' by M. Monet, and his ' Spring-time at
Argenteuil ; ' and again his admirable marine
studies, in which we see for the first time in
my experience, a living presentment of the
throbbing, swelling, deeply sighing sea, the
trickling rills of water that follow a retreating
wave, the glaucous hues of the deep ocean, the
violet transparency of the shallows over a sandy
bottom — all the transient glories of changeful
colour, all the fairy play of moving light. But
in spite of such works as these the eye of the
public — trained to exclusiveness with other,
and no less legitimate, readings of nature, and
perverted in a great measure by the abuse of
facile tricks of painting — refuses as yet to
recognize the purpose and merit of this school.
But they will come to it."*
Since Ernest Chesneau wrote those words
more than a decade has passed, freighted with
the triumphs of Monet's art. But, within the
limited range of his observation, Chesneau
spoke with intelligence, eloquence, and author-
* Chesneau : " The Education of the Artist," pp.
216-17. 34

ity. His error lies in confounding Monet with
other painters — imitators and followers — whom
he classes as "impressionists," and whose
" specialty," he says, is " the movement of
coloured masses." Monet has no " specialty."
On the contrary, the range of his art is as
wide as his sympathies with nature and his
power to give them adequate expression. As
for any "formula" in his treatment of nature,
he does not know the word. Monet can paint
" movement " and action with marvelous skill
if he desires, but that ability is the very thing
which enables him to suggest by contrast im
mobility and repose. Chesneau evidently had
in mind a very different class of artists from
the real Monet when he criticised the " Im
pressionists," and described their purposes and
limitations. Monet has always suffered from
being classed with a group of men above whose
level he towers like a mountain peak. In all
fairness he must be judged by his own per
formances, and by them alone.
Like every other sympathetic artist, Monet
has his preferences among those engaged in
the same calling as himself. Of the men who
lived and worked at Barbizon he told me he
most admired Millet; while among other paint-
35

ers his favorites were Delacroix, Ingres, Corot,
Manet, Courbet, Yongkind, Daumier, Renoir,
Degas, and Chavannes. This is a very differ
ent company from those unnamed painters
whose aim was " satisfied " when they impressed
"the sensation of movement" upon the spec
tator. And yet, in the main, Chesneau spoke
with the judgment of an intelligent observer
and the forecast of a prophet.
I cannot close this brief and altogether in
adequate notice of Monet's works without re
peating his frank, almost pathetic, words con
cerning himself :
"It is not agreeable to talk of one's self;
and then upon certain points my memory
fails. What I do know is, that life with me
has been a hard struggle, not for myself alone,
but for my friends as well. And the longer I
live the more I realize how difficult a thing
painting is, and in one's defeat he must pa
tiently strive on."
Ah, yes, painting grows more and more
difficult as year by year one's ideals reach a
loftier height and demand a nobler interpre
tation. For nearly thirty years Monet was
fighting his own battle, with little to sustain
him but a stout heart and an absorbing love
36

of his art. But now the struggle is ended ;
and in the fullness of his powers the greatest
landscape painter of the present time enjoys
the fruits of a well-deserved fame.

37

PICTURES

BY

CLAUDE MONET
EXHIBITED AT
THE LOTUS CLUB
January, 1899
COMMITTEE ON ART
William T. Evans, Chairman
John Elderkin Henry T. Chapman
William Jay Ives Frederic Bonner
Horatio N. Fraser
Henry W. Ranger, Secretary

No. I
FOG AT POURVILLE
Owned by Albert Spencer

No. 2
EARLY MORNING AT POURVILLE
Owned by Albert Spencer

No. 3
THE CLIFF NEAR POURVILLE
Owned by Henry W. Cannon

No. 4
THE WHEATFIELD
Owned by Henry W. Cannon

No. 5
BELLE-ISLE
Owned by A. A. Pope, Cleveland, O.

No. 6
HOAR-FROST
Owned by A. A. Pope, Cleveland, O.

No. 7
WHITE FROST BEFORE SUNRISE
Owned by James F. Sutton

No. 8
BRIDGE
Owned by Frank Thomson, Philadelphia, Pa.

No. 9
VILLAGE
Owned by Frank Thomson, Philadelphia, Pa.

No. 10
THE CLIFF AT F.TRETAT
Owned by John G. Johnson, Philadelphia, Pa.

No. n
CATHEDRAL AT ROUEN
Owned by Thomas E. Kirby

No. 12
FALAISES A DIEPPE,
temps gris
Owned by Cyrus J. Laurence

No. 13
WINTER ON THE SEINE
Owned by W. H. Fuller

No. 14
AUTUMN ON THE SEINE
Owned by W. H. Fuller

No. 15
FLOATING ICE ON THE SEINE
Owned by W. H. Fuller

No. 16
SUNSET AT JiTRETAT
Owned by W. H. Fuller

No. 17
MORNING AT ANTIBES
Owned by W. H. Fuller

No. 18
BELLE-ISLE, SUNSHINE
Owned by W. H. Fuller

No. 19
PLUM BLOSSOMS
Owned by W. H. Fuller

No. 20
ON THE CLIFF
Owned by W. H. Fuller

No. 21
THE GREAT ARCH AT £TRETAT
Owned by W. H. Fuller

No. 22
THE COAST-GUARD'S HOUSE
Owned by W. H. Fuller

YALE UNIVERSITY

»016b

Ijijijp !

A