;U IU1IU> tltlllli ' I 1 Yale University Library ¦,i»r,v 5 4''! 3900200^090081 III It ¦ ii;'. iiiii' m^'h [Ijliiiiiiiillii '*"'''" iii!lili!illiillllllliiii!illli,ll.(i^ ifli'ij '¦ il: i III!! \ it'! 11 'I' i|i|;f"V' ; I YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Gift of Mrs. CHARLES M. ANDREWS HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY NORTH CAROLINA WITH SKETCHES OF THOSE WHO HAVE MOST INFLUENCED ITS DEVELOPMENT HOPE SUMMERELL CHAMBERLAIN "I Pen and Ink Illustrations BY THE Author Edwards & Broughton Printing Company Raleigh, N. C. 1922 Copyright, 1922 BY Mrs. William Johnston Andrews CI4S ao3 Mrs. Alexander Boyd Andrews This Book IS dedicated to the memory of OUR late beloved chairman Mrs. Alexander Boyd Andrews (Julia Martha Johnston) BY The Wake County Committee of the North Carolina Society of Colonial Dames of America under whose auspices it is written and printed Author's Dedication O her just pride in her own colo nial ancestry", Mrs. Alexander Boyd Andrews (Julia Martha Johnston) added a strong inter est in the early history of her State. From the tradition of Mecklenburg where she was born, she came to be intensely interested in the annals of Wake, her adoptive County, and in the development of Raleigh, where she lived to be a blessing to all who knew her. She was a patriot, as well as a Christian wife and mother; she loved the inspiration of old days, as well as the new friends she found everywhere. She was honored by being chosen as Vice-Regent from North Carolina of Mount Vernon Ladies Association. Often during her lifetime she recommended to the writer of this book the writing of a history of Wake County as a worthy work for this Committee of the North Carolina Society of Colonial Dames in America. Thus this book becomes a memorial to her friendship and to her ideals, a sincere labor [9] 10 ^ author's dedication of love undertaken at her often expressed de sire. It pictures the community she loved. It embodies the interests of that Committee which came into activity under her leadership. It is the fittest monument to her worth and dignity that we can raise. May she know that we remember and feel that we still love her, and approve of our dedication to her of the book she inspired. ^ Contents CHAPTER I Introductory Introductory Paragraph — Lawson, Explorer, 1700 — Journey through the Carolinas — Visit to Falls of "News Creek" — Possibly traversed what is now Wake County — Granville Tobacco Path — Beginnings in North Carolina — Causes of great love of Liberty — Poor Government of Lords Proprietors — Locke's Fundamental Constitutions — Geographical and Topographical Conditions — Inde pendence of Settlers — Col. Byrd's libel of Settlers — Good character of same — Growth of Settlements in North Carolina — ^Wake existed as parts of Johnston and Orange Counties in 1765 — Tryon's Admin istration as Governor — Contrast between East and West of Colony — Tryon's Palace at New Berne — Grievances of Different Sections — The Regulators War— Tryon's Expedition against Regulators — Setting off of four New Counties in 1771, of which the Fourth was Wake — ^Tryon's Camp at Hunter's Lodge in Wake County, spring of 1771 — Laying off of Rhamkatt Road — ^Naming of Wake County — Esther Wake, Margaret Wake, Lady Tryon — Derivation of Terri tory of Wake — Position in State — Soil — Products — Elevation — Climate — Streams — ^Raleigh Capital City and County Seat. CHAPTER II The First Twenty-Five Years Tryon's March from Wake to Alamance — The Quelling of the Regulators — Rapid Growth of Revolutionary sentiment — Thomas Jefferson's Tribute — 1772, First Court held in Wake — ^Wake Cross Roads — Bloomsbury — Source of Name — ^Joel Lane's Tavern — "First Capitol" — Inscription on Tablet — Supplies furnished by Joel Lane — Inauguration of Gov. Thomas Burke — His Inaugural Ad dress — Sketch of Burke's Life — Burke Square — Interval between Yorktown and 1789 — Location of New Capital — Discussed in In- [II] 12 contents tervals of Debates about the Ratification of the Federal Constitu tion — ^Account of Debate on Location of Capital — Wake County Site voted Aug, 2, 1788 — Pros and Cons — Constitution Ratified 1789 — Wake County Site Confirmed 1791 — Willie Jones and Com missioners — Joel Lane's Tract — Laying Off of Streets — Price of Tract, etc. — Description of City Plan — Names of Streets — Park System — First Sale of City Lots — Building of State House. CHAPTER III Early Worthies Number of Inhabitants of Wake County in 1800 — Character of Settlers — General Mode of Life in 1800 — Cotton — ^Transportation — Tobacco — Corn — Wheat — Live Stock — Homes — Vehicles — Horseback Riding — ^Amusements — Look of Country — ^Mode of Liv ing of Settlers — Easy Success — Slavery — Schools — Stores and Tav erns — Court Week — Religious Services — Discontent with Primitive Conditions — Prominent Citizens of Wake — ^John Hinton and De scendants — Theophilus Hunter and Descendants — ^Joel Lane and Brothers — Story of Lane's Scheming — ^Two Jones Families of Wake — Kinship with Allen and Willie Jones — Mingling of Blood of First Families of Wake — Fanning Jones the Tory — Dr. Calvin Jones of Wake Forest — Names of Taxpayers of Wake, 1800 — Same Names to-day. CHAPTER IV Raleigh The Capital Village Colonel Creecy's Description of Raleigh in 1800 — Old Sassafras Tree — Governor Ashe, 1795, — FirstGovernor Residing in Raleigh — First Governor's Mansion — Joel Lane House — Andrew Johnson House — Academy — (Old Lovejoy's) Begun 1802 — Female Depart ment 1807 — Additions — Curriculum — Dr.McPheeters — 0th<;r Early Schools of Wake — John Chavis — Presentation of Globes to Univer sity of North Carolina by Matrons of Raleigh — ^The old "Palace" or Governor's Mansion at Foot of Fayetteville Street — Community Life of Old Raleigh — Plays — Processions — Speakings — Banquets — CONTENTS 13 Census of Raleigh in March, 1807 — City Government — City Watch, 1811 — ^Art Treasure of Old State House — Story of Canova's Statue of Washington — Fourth of July Celebration, 1809 — Subsequent Celebrations — First Church Edifices — List of Subjects for Further Interest in Raleigh History. CHAPTER V Early Life and Thought Forgetting the New Necessary tb Understanding of Old — ^Politics — Economics — Definition of Democracy — Federalists — Jeffersonians — Warring Ideals, French and English — Andrew Jackson — Political Change in North Carolina — State Banks — "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" — ^Henry Clay — Old Whigs — Backwardness of Education — ^The Western Fever — Discussions of Slavery — New England's Didacti cism — Internal Improvements — Canals — High Cost of Living, 1821 — Stage Coach Travel — Newspapers — The Gales — Raleigh "Register'' — "The Standard" — Scarcity of Books — Food in Raleigh — Furniture — ^Fashions — Table Ware — Housewives, Duties — The Unmanage able Young Folks of the Twenties and Thirties. CHAPTER VI Giants of Those Days Col. William Polk— The Old State Bank— Colonel Polk on Duel ing (Alfred Jones Duel) — Colonel Polk Beats an Old Neighbor — His Dancing — His Son Leonidas — His Friend and his Cousin and his Bank Janitor — Sketch of William Boylan — Invention of Cotton Gin — ^Mr. Boylan's Kind Heart — ^His Home, Wakefield — Peter Brown — ^Practising Lawyer — His Return to Raleigh — Judge Seawell — Moses Mordecai — William Peck — Anecdote of State Bank Days — Young R. S. Tucker — Dr. William McPheeters — Disciplinarian — Peace Brothers — ^Joseph Gales and Mrs. Winifred Gales his Wife — DavidL.Swain — ^HisLife — His Historical Work — Mentionof Familiar Characters in the Raleigh of His Time. 14 CONTENTS CHAPTER VII More Biographies Noticeof John Marshall — Anecdote of his Stay in Raleigh — Refer ence to Him from Governor Swain — Quotation by Judge Badger — Judge Gaston — Influence on Constitutional Conventionof 1 83 ^ — ^Last Religious Disability Removed by Influence of William Johnston — Gaston's Eloquence — ^His Piety — John Haywood, State Treasurer — Other Members of the Haywood Family — ^John Haywood's Friendly Ways — ^Popularity — Devotion to University of North Carolina — Funeral Eulogy — Judge Badger — Youthful Ability — Many Honors — Battle Family — Duncan Cameron — His Buildings — Leonidas K. Polk (Fighting Bishop) — Brigadier-General in Confederate Army — His Life, Services as Bishop and as Soldier — Brave Death. CHAPTER VIII Improvements and Progress Stimulus of Loss — Burning of the Old Slate House — Destruction of Statue of Washington — Other Alarms of Fire — Miss Betsy Geddy — Controversy over New Capitol — ^Judge Gaston's Influence — Ap propriation for New Capitol — Building Committees — Corner Stone, July 4, 1833 — Same Day, Railroad Plan — Final Cost of Capitol — ItsMaterial — Its Designers and Builders — ^Method of Moving Stone for Capitol — Mrs. Sarah Hawkins Polk and Her Street Cars — Spirit ed Raleigh Women — ^Poor Fire Protection — Hunter's Pond — Descrip tion from Petersburg Paper — Eagerness for Railroad in North Caro lina — Capitol Finished — Railroad Comes In — Great Double Cele bration — Described by Witness — Early Engines, Tracks and Cars — -Time Table — Breath of Progress. CHAPTER IX The Middle Years Rapid Progress — Establishment of Capital as Center, Political and Social — General Prosperity — Plantation Homes — Mexican War CONTENTS 15 Discovery of Gold in California — Effect on Men's Minds — Cheerful Temper — Great Political Campaign Waged in Wake — Educational Interest — Saint Mary's School — Wake Forest College — Free School — Growth of Population — Increase of Luxury — Of Fashion — Dress and Food — Advantage of Railroads though Despatched Without Telegraphs — Interest in Farming Methods — Culture — Reading — Discord over Slavery — Rift Growing Wider — Differing Opinions in Raleigh — Old Heads — ^Hot Young Hearts — ^The Actual Secession — After — ^The Surrender of the Capital as Narrated by Governor Swain — The "End of an Era." CHAPTER X Our Benefactors Five Citizens — One Stranger — ^A Woman — John Rex the Tanner and his Bequest for a Hospital — Intention not Fully Realized and why — ^William Peace and Peace Institute — Dorothea Dix — Sketch of Life — Story of Founding of State Hospital for Insane — Stanhope PuUen — ^His Peculiarities — His Business Success — HisGifts : to City, to State, to State College for Women — John PuUen: Charitable, Consecrated — His Example — His Remarkable Funeral — R. B. Rainey — ^His Gift of Library to City — ^His Modesty — ^The Real Meaning of his Gift. CHAPTER XI Distinguished Visitors General Lafayette — ^Henry Clay — President James K. Polk — President Buchanan — General Joseph Lane — Stephen A. Douglas — Mrs. Jefferson Davis — President Andrew Johnson — ^President Theo dore Roosevelt — Woodrow Wilson, Just Before Becoming Candidate for the Presidency — Vice-President Sherman — Vice-President Mar shall — State Literary and Historical Speakers — Edwin Markham — James Bryce — Henry Cabot Lodge — ^Jules Jusserand — ^Ex-President Taft — Frenchmen of the High Commission during World War — General Tyson — Dorothea Dix Several Times — Dr. Anna Howard Shaw — ^Miss Rankin the First Congresswoman. 16 CONTENTS CHAPTER XII These Later Days Life Story of a Nation — ^Wm. L. Saunders and Colonial Records — Self-Consciousness in History Comes Later — ^Early Manufactur ing — ^Hand-loom Products — Home Dyes — Women's Handicrafts — Early Before-the-war Cotton Factories — None in Wake — Cotton Gins in Wake — Cotton-seed Oil made in Wake Before the War — Pianos made in Raleigh — Paper Mills in Wake: Joseph Gales' and Royster's — Disposal of Latter Mill — Agricultural Methods — War time Impetus to Manufacturing — Horae Work Given Out to Country Women — Sewing — Knitting — Manufactures in Raleigh for Confederacy — Powder — Guncaps — Cartridges — Matches — Curry-combs — ^Metal Findings — ^John Brown Pikes — ^Wooden Shoes — Cotton Cloth Found in Devereux Mansion — Cotton Cultiva tion — Reconstruction Period — Priestley Mangum and Mangum Terrace — Developed More Perfectly — ^Walter Page — State Chroni cle — Watauga Club — ^Agricultural and Mechanical College — Growth of Manufactures in Raleigh — ^Rural Free Delivery — Progress all over Wake County. ^ CHAPTER I Introductory T is difficult to realize beginnings. Let us turn back the stream of time, let us look at our old famil iar places in the light of former days. No one has stepped twice in the same river, and its onward flow changes all shores. Who has not said to himself, as he passed along familiar streets and considered familiar landmarks, — "/ wish I'd seen The many towns this town has been." So it is with this country we live in and pos sess. When we go abroad upon the hilly roads of this pleasant inland County of Wake, when we note the outlines of its ridges against the sky, and see field and forest and farm, and scenes of man's long residence, we often wish to think backward and perceive clearly these old well-known scenes with the eyes of the first European explorers as they threaded [17] 18 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY their way through forest glades, peopled at that time only by the red men. The first historian of North Carolina, the explorer Lawson, although known to have passed through the central part of this State, cannot actually be proved to have trod the soil of Wake County. One authority on our local history thinks that he did, and indeed it seems more than possible. Lawson made a journey through western and middle Carolina in the year seventeen hundred or thereabout. His course was a long loop coming out of South Carolina and cross ing the Catawba and the "Realkin" (or Yad kin) and other streams, continuing in a north easterly direction and then due east, until he finally reached the settlements of the North Carolitia seaboard. His descriptive travel ler's journal reads as fresh and as crisply in teresting as if penned last year, and we get the impression of a writer alert in every sense and perception. He was a fine optimistic fellow, and though he was hired no doubt to praise the new colony, and so draw in settlers from among the readers of his account, yet no one can close his book without the feeling that he INTRODUCTORY 19 too, like many another coming to North Car olina to live, soon fell in love with the climate, and delighted to bask under the sunny sky. Hear his account of leaving "Acconeechy Town" (which must have been near Hills borough), and marching twenty miles east ward over "stony rough ways" till he reached "a mighty river." "This river is as large as the Realkin, the south bank having tracts of good land, the banks high, and stone quarries. We got then to the north shore, which is poor white sandy soil with scrubby oaks. We went ten miles or so, and Sat down at the falls of a large creek where lay mighty rocks, the water making a strange noise as of a great many water wheels at once. This I take to be the falls of News Creek, called by the Indians We-Quo-Whom." For a first trip through an unknown wilder ness, guided only by a compass, this suggests the neighborhood, and describes the granite ridges that traverse Wake County, and pro duce the Falls of Neuse, where the river flows across one of these barriers. During the next days' travel he comments on the land "abating of its height" and "mixed 20 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY with pines and poor soil." This, too, makes it sound as if he perceived the swift transition which may be seen in the eastern part of Wake County from one zone to the next, from the hard-wood growth to the pine timber, and from a clay to a sandy soil. Lawson highly praised the midland of North Carolina, between the sandy land and the mountains, and it is pleasant to read his en thusiastic account of this home of ours, and learn the impression it made on a good observ er in its pristine state, and before the white man's foot had become familiar with the long trading path, which must have crossed west, near this section, but not certainly in the exact longitude of Wake County. This trail is known .to have passed Hills borough, and to have crossed Haw River at the Haw Fields. It may well have followed the same course, as later did the Granville Tobacco Path, which certainly traversed Wake County near Raleigh. Wake County was one of the latest of the pre-Revolutionary counties to be set off from the rest, and its boundaries were not in any sense natural boundaries, dependent upon INTRODUCTORY 21 natural barriers or the course of streams, but were run and divided for purely political reasons. The story of the making and naming of Wake County is an interesting one, and prop erly to tell it requires some general account of the Colony of North Carolina and its begin nings. The first settlement of the Carolinas was begun under the charter of a company of English noblemen, the Lords Proprietors. If these owners received their quit-rents as speci fied, they did not take much ftirther interest in their plantations, nor molest the settlers; hence, the northern colony, being so neglected and more isolated, was ever the freest of all the Old Thirteen; one might even say the freest and easiest of them. Having no good harbor, and hidden behind the sand-bars from the storms of Hatteras, it enjoyed its immun ity. Not being easily reached from outside, it did as its people chose with governors and edicts, dqdged its taxes, harbored fugitives, and governed its own affairs quite comfort ably. 22 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY The Lords Proprietors employed John Locke, the great English philosopher, to draw up a form of government for their two infant colonies, and when he did so a more unsuitable set of constitutional provisions for a thinly settled state would be hard to find. This "Fundamental Constitution" was a confused and complicated plan full of strange titles and orders of nobility, with its "Land graves" and its "Caciques," a plan which it would have been hard enough to follow in a populous society, with no will of its own; and which it was quite impossible to carry out in a sparsely peopled edge of the wilderness where the principal aim in life of the inhabit ants was to escape all outside coercion, and to delight in space and liberty. The confusion brought about by this fam ous Locke Constitution was also a cause of this glorious opportunity, eagerly grasped by the colonists, to avoid outside interference, as well as dispense with all the inconveniences of home rule and superfluous government. Still another cause of freedom was the rapid succession of governors sent by the Lords Proprietors, some grossly incompetent, some INTRODUCTORY 23 most tyrannical, and all objectionable to the temper of the colony even when of average diligence, or because of that diligence. The later Royal governors were on the whole better men, but the custom had gone on too long for them to subdue those who had defied so long and so successfully any other government save their own. Again, the liberty of North Carolina was favored simply by the shape of the coast as mentioned above, indented as it is by sounds and wide tide-water rivers, intersected by great swamps, and the whole shut in from the highway of nations by shallows and sand-bars. Even neighborhoods were secluded from each other by sounds and estuaries, while the whole was protected from outside interference. The individual planter scarcely saw a dozen folk outside of his own family in a year. This freedom of the free in North Carolina was well known, and many came to her bor ders to enjoy it. The adventurous, then as now, longed for a wilderness in which to wander; the hunter wanted game, and found abundance there. 24 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY Religious sects, persecuted elsewhere, were unmolested in North Carolina; dissenters and Quakers could settle in peace. Indeed the colonists, like Sir John Falstaff, had almost forgotten what "the inside of a church was like." Those also who wanted to rub out their reckoning and begin life over again, could do so unquestioned, and those who simply wanted to make a living, could make it al most too easily for their own welfare, by half cultivating the rich bottom-lands. At no time were there any more really crim inal persons in North Carolina, in proportion to the population^than there were in Virginia, al though there may well have been more fugi tives from the law in the strip of no-man's- land that intervened between North Carolina and Virginia before the dividing line was run and agreed upon. One may read and smile at the witty'libel of Colonel William Byrd of Westover, and note how this colony and its liberty roused the ire of the aristocratic Virginian. He regards it as a big brother does a very impertinent smaller one who has run away and is making faces from over the fence. His INTRODUCTORY 25 chuckles are a bit spiteful as he describes the inferiority, compared with Virginia, of the "Rogues Harbor," this "Redemptioners Ref uge." He waxes sarcastic over their over- primitive homes, and habits of living, choosing extreme examples; he refers to their lack of piety and churches, adverts to their love of liquor and laziness, their lack of baptism for their children and of the sanction of church ceremony for the union of the parents, and then, having had his merciless fling at them, he unwillingly acknowledges that the dividing line will have to be run fifteen miles or so north of the line that Virginia has always been claim ing. He is also forced to record that all the set tlers on this strip of territory were glad to hear that they had been set off into North Carolina forever, but seems also to regret that by this means these undesirables and border ruffians were deprived of chance for future amend ment. Colonel Byrd coveted the pleasure of seeing them put to rights, although the including of them in Virginia would have seemed to spoil the high moral average of that colony accord ing to his telling. 26 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY The fundamental nature of our population was sound and wholesome, incentive to crime was lacking; there was plenty of a rude sort, no crowding for any, and the excess of liberty was better endured there than in the west of of the eighteen-fifties, where there was gold, and the lust of it, to excite men's ambition. Colonists were coming in great numbers by the middle of the eighteenth century. Great Indian wars were fought to a conclusion, and the west was opened up more and more, as people pushed up the great rivers. By 1765, Mecklenburg and Rowan had filled up, faster perhaps than the intervening lands. The soil grew more fertile farther west. Scotch-Irish, Moravian and Pennsylvania "Dutch", second generation pioneers, came down the Piedmont and settled the pleasant valleys. A few years later, Salisbury and Charlotte were thriving little frontier towns and Hills borough was almost as large as it is today. For many years after Col. William Byrd and Edward Mosely had surveyed the dividing line. Wake County was but an undistinguished part of the middle western woods, with here and there a settler; but by 1765 it had become ad- INTRODUCTORY 27 joining parts of the counties of Johnston and Orange. It was in this same year that William Tryon came to be the new Royal Governor of North Carolina, and the colony became daily more prosperous, the west having filled up as stated, while the eastern precincts grew rich and be came refined in their ideas of comfort and even luxury. Those eastern folk enjoyed agricul tural abundance from the fertile soil, they plied a coastwise trade, and owned large ships trading to Bermuda and even to English sea ports. Their sons were sent to be educated in England or in the northern colleges, and the leading men showed "a prevalence of excel lent education" although there were no col leges and few schools worth the name in all Carolina. The different levels of rank were as well marked in the east as in Virginia at that time, but in the west, in Carolina, as in western Virginia, the settlers were mostly Presbyter ians and other dissenters, were small farmers, and did not own slaves, which were always the rule for working the broad plantations in the tide-water country. 28 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY These western folk were often pious, but if by chance some one was careless in religion he was all the more eager for liberty. Pio neers, and the sons of pioneers, some settled and some pressed on, piercing the wooded passes of the mountains and faring over into Kentucky and Tennessee. They were the second generation in the colony, Americans born, who cared nothing for the King and the "Old Home," but rejoiced to find the whole boundless continent before them. Woods men and explorers these, like Daniel Boone, who once settled for a little time in western North Carolina, but felt himself crowded when he could see smoke from a neighbor's fire closer than twelve miles of wilderness away. This was the Old North State when Tryon came from England to his difficult task, that of bending the pride of the east, and subdu ing the independence of the west, and thus governing the heterogeneous mixture. Tryon had many good qualifications. It is certain by evidence that he must have been a fine figure of a man; he had been a soldier; his ability was far above average; he was the INTRODUCTORY 29 possessor of fine tact, reinforced by an iron will, and a determination to govern at all costs. His first problem was the trouble about the stamp tax and he handled the news of its repeal in a masterly manner, gaining from it the full advantage in behalf of the Royal Government. Also he cunningly util ized the joy and good humor over this repeal as an opportunity for asking money to build a governor's mansion in New Berne, then the seat of government. When we think of the dislike of all America for the word "taxes" at that date, and when we remember how unwilling our fathers then were, and their descendants still are, to spend money for governmental show and glory, Tryon is in this matter shown to be a com manding and astute manager of men. His ascendancy over the lower house of deputies, and his gaining so much of his desires from them seem little short of marvelous. He received fifteen thousand pounds in all for building his "palace" as it began to be call ed, and when this was finished it was the finest building of the kind in all America. Tryon reconstructed there, as best he could, the 30 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY English ideal of polite society, and held social festivities with all dignity and due decorum; but the accomplishment of his heart's desire brought him a thriving crop of jealous com ment from the wealthy planters who did not relish his sitting to receive them in his "elbow chair," nor his haughty airs in his fine house. As to the western farmers in their log-cabins although they were a thousand times better off than their brethren of the English country side, and though they did not call themselves either poor or miserable, they lived hardily and had little respect for luxury, and no pa tience at all with what seemed to them sinful extravagance. Moreover they had a set of excellent grievances. They justly complained of the large fees for the grants and deeds to their land, extorted by the sheriffs and county clerks. The amounts of these fees are not set down as so enormous, but the King's officers were constantly accused of over-charging, and of charging twice and pocketing the difference. Also these dues must be paid in real money, of which there was very little in circulation in the Colony and which then had a much greater purchasing power than now. INTRODUCTORY 31 Thus the men of the back country were fer menting with a spirit of obstinate opposition to constituted authority, while taxes were some years in arrears. That there was op pression and abuse seems quite certain, and also that this oppression was caused by the arbitrary and offensive behavior of the men in charge of the tax collecting. Mingled with the ever-growing dislike of their tyranny was indignation over the ex pense of building that great fine palace, and added to that, an ill-defined irritation against what we might call pernicious high-brow-ism in some of the more prominent officials, es pecially Edmund Fanning and John Frohock. Fanning was called Tryon's son-in-law, but authority for that is wanting. He was a graduate of Harvard College and a man tact less ¦ and arrogant, who felt and showed con tempt for these frontier folk. The hatred that centered upon him cannot be accounted for in any other way. Not one voice has been raised in vindication of his doings until more than a hundred years had passed since he left North Carolina. The sting of disdain out lasts blows and injuries in the memory, and 32 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY Fanning and Frohock were so hated that they became the subjects of the first popular bal lads native to North Carolina, mere prose not expressing the strong feelings of the people against them, and an ante-Revolutionary "Hymn of Hate" being necessary. The Governor went to the western part of the State in 1770 to compose the trouble that was brewing there, which was the beginning of what is called the Regulators War, but he does not seem to have gone to the root of the matter. He simply told the people to be good, and while he had Fanning tried, allowed him to be white-washed and fined only a penny for each of the extortions as proven. Tryon could not read the signs of the times and left discontent behind him. The Regulators were full of bitterness. It was a feeling rather than a reasoned opinion. The War of the Regulation, as it seems to our partial information, was the rising of a ground- swell of Democracy. It bore some analogy to the spirit of oppo sition which has sometimes possessed the mountain folk of our own and adjoining states when they thought of revenue collectors and United States revenue officers. INTRODUCTORY 33 Mr. Frank Nash has called this "political near-sightedness" in one of his historical papers, and that expresses the condition better than any other phrase. The backwoodsman who had traveled far and subdued a bit of the wilderness for his own, wished to be let alone in possession of what he had so hardly won. He had fought and fended for himself against crude nature and savage foes, had made his clearing and built his cabin with unaided arm. He could scarce ly acknowledge the right of any one to dictate to him. Like the Irishman who said he owed nothing to posterity by reason that posterity had never been of any benefit to him, the frontiersman considered talk of this govern ment, and of taxes owing to it, quite imperti nent, while the British throne and the king over the water had no sentimental appeal to him. His case was parallel to that of the moun taineer who finds a far-away government lay ing hands upon his home-made whiskey. He has made it out of his own corn, which he has often cultivated by hand on a hillside too steep to plough, and he knows that this indul- The OLD sassafras tree on the Capitol Square still ALIVE IN 1922. From this famous "deer stand" forty HEAD of deer WERE SHOT BY ONE HUNTER, WITHIN THE memory OF THOSE ALIVE IN I80O. INTRODUCTORY / 35 / gence is denied him by an outside influWce and not of his own consent. \ No brief is held for the moonshiner, b^t who can not understand the point of view of the ignorant mountaineer? Our frontiersman reasoned much in the same way, and his fees and taxes seemed enormous to him, and in deed were so, measured by his ability to pay in real money. It was in 1771 when Tryon returned west iwith the eastern militia to quell this distur bance in Orange and Rowan, which grew daily more severe, and it was in that very year that Wake County came into existence. The Regulators were most active in Orange and Rowan, and the best opportunity for getting together and talking politics was then even more than it is now, court week, for that was the only time when the whole settle ment turned out in a general manner. Tryon thought it would be a good thing to divide the counties, and, so doing, divide the courts and prevent so general a free discus sion. He therefore influenced his council to set off four new counties, Guilford, Chatham, Surry, and Wake, as a measure for dividing 36 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY up the Regulators and silencing their general discussions. The reason given in the enact- rnent, however, is one of distance and greater convenience in attending court. This meas ure was signed by Tryon in the spring of 1771. In the record of the expedition of that same spring against the Regulators, we find Tryon camped at Hunter's Lodge, the home of Theophilus Hunter in Wake County, and said to have been about four miles from the present southern boundary of the City of Raleigh. It is also of record that the (Ramsgate) Rhamkatt Road was laid off through the woods towards Hillsborough so as to avoid the rough hills of the Granville Tobacco Path, in hastening Tryon's military wagons. We also note that the sign and countersign of one of those days of delay in camp at Hunt er's Lodge, as they waited for recruits, were the words "Wake" and "Margaret," which suggests strongly the origin of the name of the new county. The maiden name of the Gov ernor's lady was Margaret Wake, and the new county might well have been named for her, especially as the parish was named St. Margaret's, after her baptismal name. Es- INTRODUCTORY 37 ther Wake, that lovely vision whose tradition is so persistent, cannot be absolutely proved to be more than an imagination of the gallant Shocco Jones. She probably existed, but we cannot be certain of it now, and the name Wake is easily accounted for without her aid. It has very recently been noted that in January, 1771, "the Honorable Miss Wake" gave two pounds sterling for the founding of a minister and teacher for the German settle ment. This shows Esther a very kindly, lovely girl. Wake County was carved out of Orange for the most part, and included also a bit of John ston and a little of Cumberland. In making of new counties around It later, It lost part of its first extent; but It was then, as now, the midmost county between the low country and the mountains, and Is approximately central between the Virginia line and the boundary of South Carolina. It Is the level where the long-leaved pines of the lower lands yield to forests of hardwood trees, and the sandy soils p^ss definitely Into red clay. Its wonderful diversity of products Is directly re ferable to this variety of soil, and the two A perfectly PRESERVED EXAMPLE OF THE SIMPLER FARM-HOME OF THE EARLY DAYS OF WaKE County standing near Apex, this house has a brick built into the upper part of its chimney bearing the date "l77s" and its woodwork corresponds with that date INTRODUCTORY 39 edges of the county, eastern and western, are as distinct as though a hundred miles separat ed their boundaries. , The first ridges of any regularity of extent which cross the State from north to south, the first ripples of those folds which rise Into the great Blue Ridge, cross Wake County. Al most all varieties of soil not strictly alluvial are found in some part or another of Wake, and Indeed there is often the greatest differ ence in the constitution of the soil of different sides of the same field. The climate also is about the medium between the damp of the east and the keen light air of the mountain section. Neuse River and Its tributary creeks drain and water it well. Raleigh, the Capital of the State for more than a hundred years, occupies almost a central point in the County, and has been until now the only large town of the County. CHAPTER II The First Twenty-five Years ROM Theophilus Hunter's In Wake County, Tryon marched direct to the Battle of Alamance, where the Regulators were beat en, their army dispersed, and six of their ringleaders quickly hung for treason. So thorough were his methods that all ac tive hostility was then over. But although their armed resistance was quelled, the "em battled farmers" of North Carolina went to their homes with that bewildered feeling of frustration and utter disaster that left them neither self-confidence for future attempt, nor expectation of any redress for their crying grievances. The public debt which Tryon Incurred In this expedition, added to the ar rears bequeathed to him by his predecessors, was never paid; nor would it have been easy to collect from a people more and more indig nant, more and more weaned from its alleg iance to Great Britain. The New England Colonies treading the self-same path, sent emissaries to North Car- [40] THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 41 ollna to test the temper of its people, and never did sentiments of liberty meet greater sympathy, or aspirations for Independent ex istence more favor. The people of North Carolina were ripe for revolution. Wrote Thomas Jefferson at this time, "There Is no doubtfulness In North Carolina, no state is more fixed or forward." In this year of transition and bitter brood ing was held the first court In the new County of Wake, and we know who located the coun ty seat at Wake Cross Roads, and named it Bloomsbury, which name had never appeared before in this place. This was also done by the Tryons, and the name of Bloomsbury must be referred to them, as being the name of a new suburb of London, just then being "developed" as we say of real estate ventures. Russell, Earl of Bedford, was building this part of London on a portion of his ancestral acres, and he Is said also to have been re sponsible In some way for Tryon's appoint ment as Colonial Governor. Russell Square, which is so often mentioned In Thackeray's novel, Vanity Fair, as the home of the heroine, was in Bloomsbury, and is the actual name of 42 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY a Street there. This name must have meant something of home and London to the Try- ons, as is shown by their giving it to this cor ner of the wilderness. Here is a likely con nection. On the contrary, we cannot see any reason why Joel Lane, born on this side of the ocean, and busy, enterprising wild-westerner as one might call him, should fancy and insist upon the name of Bloomsbury more than any other English name. He probably was glad to adopt a name which the Governor suggested for his tavern. This western Bloomsbury was a mere stopping place beside the Hillsborough Road, and the first court was held in the resi dence or tavern of this Joel Lane, already one of Wake County's most prominent citizens. There was a jail of logs, and our first sheriff was named Michael Rogers. Theophilus Hunter was a justice, and so were Joel Lane and several other of the men whose names occur first on the records. The old court corres ponded to the English Quarter Sessions and has been long superseded by the later con stitutional arrangements of North Carolina. There still stands, in the western part of Raleigh, a rather small house with a very THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 43 steep gambrel roof, in the style of architec ture common at the beginning of the nine teenth century and before, called the Dutch Colonial. This house used to face Boylan Avenue, standing a little back from the street, but was moved a few years ago, and now faces the south side of Hargett Street near the State Prison, The exact year of its erection Is not known, but its architecture Is of the same order as that of the house at Yorktown, Virginia, where Cornwallis surrendered to General Washington. It also resembles in angle of roof the little "Andrew Johnson Birthplace" which stands restored in Pullen Park, and another historic house at Edenton, where was held the Eden- ton Tea Party. The peculiar, quite steep slant of the roof over the second story has been disused In more modern houses, and serves as a means of dating the erection. This house on Hargett Stt:eet was once known as the "First Capitol," and was built by and belonged to Joel Lane. It may well have been new at the time we are describing It was considered a very fine house in its day, and is called the "best house within a hundred miles." 44 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY Probably those same old walls that we all have seen were those that sheltered the first county court, and there Tryon certainly stopped on his return from the military ex pedition against the Regulators. It could scarcely have been built during the troubled times of the Revolution, and could well have been in existence In the year 1772, as It Is of record that It was in 1781. On the street corner near to its first situa tion a boulder has been placed, and a bronze tablet let into its side bears the following in scription, placed there by the Daughters of the Revolution, Bloomsbury Chapter, in the year 1911. ON AND AROUND THIS SPOT STOOD THE OLD TOWN OF BLOOMSBURY OR WAKE COUNTY COURT HOUSE Which was erected and made the County Seat WHEN Wake County was established IN 1771. This place was the ren dezvous OF A PART of TyROn's Army when he marched against the regu lators in i77i Here met the Revolutionary Assembly in 1781, AND to this vicinity WAS REMOVED THE State seat of Government when the Capital City of Raleigh was incorporated in 1782. THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 45 Tryon and his lady left North Carolina in 1771 for New York State, he to become Gov ernor there, and North Carolina never saw either of them again. It Is said that they were glad to go In spite of having to leave the fine house they had built In New Berne, be cause the climate had not suited their health nor the spirit of the colony their minds. When the Revolution came on, Tryon County In the west was promptly divided Into Lin coln and Rutherford and the Governor's name thus expunged from our County roll; but the name of Wake spoke neither of de feat nor oppression. Gallant North Carolina would not flout the Governor's lady, and Wake remained the name of a county, and shall ever remain so called, whether named originally for that lovely shadow, Esther Wake, or for her fair sister. Lady Tryon. The Revolution called on every man to rally to his colors. Tories were plentiful and active in North Carolina. The former Regulators strangely did not come to the help of the Con gress very freely, but seem to have been cowed or disgusted with fighting, and stood aloof. 46 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY not enlisting on either side. The Wake County militia volunteered, and from the sparse population many men went to war. We will not follow these, but, remaining at home, will mention a few points of distinctly Wake County history. We have already described Joel Lane's home, called the "First Capitol," and it was there that the General Assembly of North Carolina met In the month of June, 1781. The Capital of the State had been a movable institution for some time previous, being ap pointed to meet at first one town and then .another, according to the necessities of a •country at war. Records were thus many a time lost, and It Is wonderful that we possess intact as many as we do, considering the dif ficulty of keeping up with such a shifting capital. As a measure of safety perhaps, Wake County was made the choice of this troubled year, -almost the lowest ebb of the American cause. At this meeting Joel Lane was voted the sum of fifteen thousand pounds for the lodging and food of the General As sembly and the pasturage for their horses. His guests must have been as addicted to THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 47 fried chicken as the preachers are accused of being, for the next item of allowance is one to Vincent Vass, "for candles and fowls" eigh teen hundred pounds. These are not such great sums as they sound, for the colonial currency of paper money became extremely depreciated as the Revolution went on, just as the Confederate paper money did years afterward In the war between the States; and by this time it was worth no more of Its face value than is in dicated in the saying, "not worth a Continen tal." A good horse would bring twelve hundred pounds In the money of that year, and we may estimate by this that the members of Assem bly probably had no more chicken than they needed. Another event of this Wake County session of the Assembly, much more noteworthy, was the inauguration of a Governor of North Caro lina, which was, prophetically, held for the first time in Wake County inside the area of the future capital of the State, while as yet it was not. The war-tirrie Governor was Thomas Burke of Orange County, and the announce- 48 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY ment of his election to the Governor's office was formally conveyed to him at the tavern at Wake Court House, at the beginning of this first Assembly there convened. His speech of acceptance, his Inaugural, on that occasion, refers to the dlflftculty of his task, and especially mentions the activities of the Tories, the condition of the colony al most verging on civil war, and the lack of proper support from the people to the State Government. Burke was a well educated man, and had assisted in drafting the State Constitution adopted for North Carolina at the time of the Declaration of Independence at Philadel phia. He was an Irishman from Galway and a Catholic, but although he lived in a far more Intolerant age than ours, the fact of his relig ious belief was never mentioned against him. According to English law, which was the foundation of the law of the colonies, none but Protestants could hold office, and of Pro testants only Church of England men. In the colonies, however, this rule had already been ignored before the Revolution, and dissenters had become governors of North Carolina THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 49- under the old government. No one now asked anything of Governor Burke save as to his patriotism. Burke lived near Hillsborough, and was further distinguished as being the very first of the poets In this State, except only those nameless ballad-makers among the Regulators. His further adventures are of interest. In September of that same year, 1781, the Tories under David Fanning (a name of bad odor, but no relation that we know to that Edmund first mentioned) came up In force from the southern counties, with the publicly avowed aim of capturing the Governor of North Carolina. They raided Hillsborough, then called the capital. David Fanning was a native of Wake County, and a Tory bushwhacker; he knew the lay of the land. His band surprised the defenceless village of Hillsborough one night, and while Burke and his friends seem to have been expecting them, and to have resisted with spirit, the Tories were too many for them, and Burke was captured and carried to Wilming ton, then in British possession. Thence he was taken to SuUivans, and later to James 50 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY Island off the coast of South Carolina. Being held Imprisoned by the expanse of ocean about this island, he was set free on parole there. He felt most unsafe, his life being threatened by a lawless band of Tories living on the is land, and was forced to hide from place to place. Being, as he said. In such danger of his life, he broke his parole and escaped, returning to North Carolina. Arrived there he immedi ately resumed his office as Governor. The leaders of the army and of civil affairs do not seem to have known quite what to do about his actions, A man at liberty on parole, even though supposedly confined by the limits of an island and who had broken that parole to escape, appeared to them not quite an hon orable man, much- less a hero, and as such, unworthy to hold the office highest In the state. Burke, however, felt himself justified, and showed no scruples on the subject. On April the twenty-second, 1782, Burke having at last found that the sentiment of the people and the Assembly was against him, asked of his own accord to resign, and the Assembly consented with great alacrity. THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 51 The name of Alexander Martin was pro posed to supersede Burke, while a vote of thanks and recognition of his service was pass ed to permit his retiring with full dignity. Burke died during the next year at Hillsborough, his home. Burke County, North Carolina, was named for him, not for the other greater Irishman, Edmund Burke, who gave expression in England to the creed of American freedom. Burke Square, where our Gover nor's mansion stands today, was also named for him and no other, and had he not fallen upon such trying times and puzzling cir cumstances, his name might shine undlmmed by even a bit of poor judgment. It has always appeared to the careless reader of history that the interval between the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown and the association of this state with the rest of the Union was an eneventful and negligible time, because it was not signalized by drama tic events, as was the period of Revolutionary struggle just past. We are required to count those seven or eight years long years, and to conceive the various perplexities they brought, in order to 52 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY see what a risk and what an experiment this government of ours was considered at first, and how many new questions pressed for so lution upon the leaders everywhere, especially upon the members of the Constitutional Con vention of Philadelphia. It was clear enough that the Articles of Confederation which had been strong enough to unite the colonies against a common foe during the Revolution, could not sufficiently hold together the differing Interests of the different states, during their period of recov ery from the damage of the war. It was to meet those new internal dangers that the Con stitution of the United States was framed. Our fathers builded better than they knew. When drawn up, the Constitution was sub mitted to each of the states for its approval by vote of its representatives. Nine states, by approving the articles, would make the Constitution valid for all. North Carolina summoned her Constitutional Convention to consider the new Constitution and recommend any amendments considered necessary to its adoption by herself. This was done, and those amendments which were recommended stand mostly em- THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 53 bodied in the United States Constitution today, all four being concerned with personal and states rights, which were not considered sufficiently guarded In the first draft, to satisfy our individualistic ideas in old North Carolina. At the second Constitutional Convention in Fayetteville, amendments had been adopted by the Philadelphia convention, many states had already ratified, and North Carolina was content to fall into the procession. This assembly voted to ratify the Constitution at once, this being In November, 1789, and North Carolina being next to the last state to enter the Union. This Is all general history, but what makes it necessary to review it here is the fact that the location of the City of Raleigh, and Its choice as our permanent capi tal, was mixed and sandwiched in with the grave and searching consideration of the Articles of Constitution. This was because the task was set for this first convention, not only of criticising and later ratifying the Con stitution of the United States, but also of choosing a proper seat of government or state capital for North Carolina. "The first Constitutional Convention of North Carolina was held at Hillsborough on 54 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY the twenty-fifth of July, In the year of our Lord 1788, In the thirteenth year of the in dependence of the United Colonies of America, in pursuance of the resolution of the last General Assembly, for the purposes of deliber ating and determining on a proper form of Federal Government; and for fixing the unal terable seat of government for this State." Thus runs the opening phrase of the report of this convention. A full delegation was present, five from each county represented the best minds and most patriotic hearts of the land. The delegation from Wake con sisted of Joel Lane, Thomas Hines, Brittain Saunders, James Hinton and Nathaniel Jones. Governor Samuel Johnson presided as Gov ernor of the Colony. The debate of the de legates shows a good deal of opposition to ratification on the part of the extreme Jef fersonians, led by Willie Jones of Halifax. The second part of their task, that of fixing an "unalterable seat of government" was at tended with, many jealousies and bickerings. This Is a matter of tradition as well as of re cord, and even mixed into the conventional phrases we may today trace bitter rivalry be- THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 55 tween the west and the east, between one town and the other. Tradition has It that Willie Jones was a master at log-rolling and took a hand for his friends In this free-for-all contest. The first motion making this business the order of the day was made by Mr. Rutherford of Rowan, seconded by Mr. Steele, his col league, also of Rowan. "Resolved, that this Convention tomorrow at four o'clock in the afternoon fix on a proper place for the seat of government." This resolution was passed but protested against by Mr. Blount of Beaufort County. Next day, accordingly, a committee was se lected to choose places for the Convention to vote upon in turn "Exact spot not to be fixed, but that It be left to the discretion of the Assembly to ascertain the exact spot; provided it be within ten miles of the point or place de termined by this Convention." This defined Indefiniteness is accounted for by considering that the provision was made In order to prevent the speculation In land that could suddenly be brought to pass If the spot should be more definitely located. Besides, we may consider that conditions as to water ^s#^ Wakefield, the residence of Joel Lane. Built before 1770. Removed after 1900 to its present location. This picture shows it on itS old site on Boylan Avenue. THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 57 and water courses, and levels and slopes were not entirely known, and room for ad justment would be afforded In a twenty-mile diameter. The following places were voted on by the Convention. Smithfield, Tarborough, Fay etteville, The Fork of Haw and Deep Rivers, Mr. Isaac Hunter's Plantation in Wake County (placed In nomination by Mr. Ire dell of Chowan), New Bern^, Hillsborough. On ballot Mr. Isaac Hunter's plantation In Wake County was fixed on for the future location of the Capital In Its immediate neighborhood. This vote was taken on Au gust second, 1788. Willie Jones of Halifax (being, as a living man an astute politician, and none the less still to be reverenced as one of our constructive statesmen so long after his death), seems to have moved on the stormy waters at this junc ture, and to have shaped things to his mind. Just why he wished to locate the Capital In Wake, and why he moved in such myster ious ways to that end, the terse record does not show; but tradition Insists that he did a good deal of the dealing, and as we are too far 58 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY down the river of time to review his conclus ions, we will just be satisfied with the result, and be glad he made so good a selection, using his so great Influence to bring it about. From out the past comes a whisper about the recipe which he used for apple toddy, and about supper at Joel Lane's tavern. Surely they slander the city's founders who repeat this old story! Scarcely was the vote counted when Mr. Barry Grove of Fayetteville entered a protest on the following grounds : "First, because the situation chosen is unconnected with commerce and can never rise above the degree of a village. The same mistake has been made In the selection of Williamsburgh and of Annapolis, and the result Is seen there. Secondly, because Fayetteville would have a great effect upon commerce, being a thriving town at the head of navigation." This protest was signed with one hundred nineteen names, and would Indicate that the opposing factions, though strong, did not get together quite early enough to thwart Mr. Jones or accomplish their own wish. The west wanted Fayetteville or Hills borough ; the eastern section was divided) each THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 59 delegate wanting the chief town of most con venient location in his own immediate neigh borhood ; and rather than vote for a rival town would vote for a western place, by this means restraining the rival from profiting. Thus the vote being so close and so doubt ful, a committee was appointed to report later upon this matter, when the constitutional convention should meet at Fayetteville the next year. Accordingly, in the autumn of 1789, the Convention ratified the United States Con stitution with far less wordy war than they had expended upon the question of a site for the capital the year before. The com mittee which was to report upon the matter of the seat of government was not ready at that time and made its recommendations two years later, by which time all the tumult and shouting had finally died, and the matter was settled once for all in favor of the Wake County site. Fayetteville still felt aggrieved and said so, and her Indignation was reasonable enough, but such compromises are very often made. Perhaps we should be justified in raising a statue to the memory of that great Jeffer- The Old State House, destroyed by fire in 183 i. (from a painting by JACOB MARLING, IN THE HALL OF HISTORY.) THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 61 sonlan, Willie Jones, as the real founder of Raleigh, for to his interest the actual parcel ing out seems due. Nine commissioners were given the task of laying off ground for the new city, and selecting for that purpose among the various tracts offered. The names of the commissioners were James Martin, Hargett, Dawson, McDowell, Blount, Harrington, Bloodworth, Person, and Willie Jones, and while all did not actually ride over the various lands, all have their names perpetuated in the names of streets of Raleigh. Joel Lane's tract was chosen, and a thous and acres of land bought from him. Part of this land was originally Mr. Lane's, but part belonged to Theophilus Hunter of Hunter's Lodge, was sold by him to Mr. Lane a short time before, and was bargained for by the commissioners as part of the Lane tract. The original Lane land ended at Morgan Street and all south of that line was Mr. Hunter's. This purchase is the greater part of the land where the city of Raleigh now stands. At that time it was covered with primeval forest, and some old oaks are still standing which 62 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY must have shaded the surveyors who run off the streets and carved our city squares out of the virgin wilderness. On Friday March thirtieth, 1792, the final decision was made, and boundaries locat ed. The price paid to Lane for the whole tract of land was two thousand seven hundred fifty dollars, which does not sound like a fancy price for a selected square mile of land. William Christmas was the surveyor, and was paid one hundred ten dollars for his work after he had finished laying out substantially the same streets and squares that we tread in our daily walk at this date. The Capitol Square is the largest. In the center of the city. Four other squares were left open to form parks, and named Caswell, Nash, Burke, after the three Governors of those names, while the fourth was called Moore, after the first Attorney General, who afterwards became Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Streets were named after Stephen Cabarrus, William Le noir, William R. Davie, and Joel Lane, be sides the commissioners as named above. The streets which ended at Capitol Square, THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 63 and those bounding It were named after the leading towns of the state at that time — Hillsborough, Fayetteville, HaHfax, New Berne, Salisbury, Edenton, Wilmington, ex cept Morgan, which is named for what was then a judicial district. One wonders why there was not a Charlotte Street, according to the plan. Fayetteville Street was at one time afterwards known as LaFayette Street, but the change has not per sisted. Raleigh was born a city. No wandering pre-historic cows laid out her streets and marked her thoroughfares, as was the case with older settlements. Her name was ready for her two hundred years before, and was be stowed at the suggestion of Governor Alex ander Martin, and her charter had been grant ed In 1587 when Sir Walter Raleigh attempted a permanent settlement on Roanoke Island. This historic name was inevitably hers. It was the only name that could have been given with propriety to a capital of North Carolina. The Infant city stood clothed In forest, with streets blazed among the trees. The four avenues which ended at the Capitol Square, "The Old Mordecai Place'* in Raleigh. The back of this house is VERV ANCIEKrX. ThE FRONT ELEVATION IS ALSO OLD, BtJT NOT i-i.-XA.is3 -mm Joe I. IL.A.r'iis A.-nrx3 Ha-v-woois i-rousias. THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 65 then named Union Square, were much broader than the rest, and the only criticism we can offer to the worthy committee who laid out our town is that they might have made all the streets as wide, seeing that land was cheap and paving unknown. It is not wonder ful that no vision of automobile traffic and street railway system visited their minds, but they did show a great foresight in giving us a park system, foresight which their descend ants have done their best to nullify, for in our great economy we have built up two of these four squares which were left open for us and for our children, and we shall always have to keep repenting our short-sightedness. After the City of Raleigh was thus laid out and named, lots were sold to pay for the building of a State House. The commission who attended to this were R. Bennehan, John Macon (brother of Nathaniel Macon), Robert Goodloe, Nathaniel Bryan, and Theo philus of Hunter's Lodge. The architect of the first Capitol was Rhody Atkins, whose name was not again mentioned. The floor plan was quite similar in form to the present building, but much smaller, plainer. 66 HISTORY OF WAKE COUN'TY and built of rough brick. The brick was burned for the building on lots 138 and 154 of the original survey. The old Capitol turned its back on Hills borough street. It faced the east according to the custom of many another public building erected at that epoch. It cost the State of North Carolina twenty thousand dollars when complete, and was enough enclosed in 1794 so that the Legislature met that year for the first time in the "New State House" in the City of Raleigh. The members of assembly boarded in the neighboring farm houses and at Joel Lane's tavern, and rode in to their work each day on horse-back. Scarcely anyone lived as yet in the limit of the city proper. The State House stood in solitude, surrounded by its mighty oaks for the most part of the first de cade, Raleigh was like any other town created by legislative act, crude and strug gling at first. Washington was the same kind of capital on a far larger scale; but both have long out grown their awkward age. CHAPTER III Early Worthies IFE just after the Revolution was a much simpler manner of exist ence than It is now, especially as regards worldly possessions. In 1800, there were but ten thous and people in all Wake County, and many of these were negro slaves, although not so many servants were thought necessary In proportion to the white folk as it was customary to hold in the eastern counties where the lowland climate made agricultural labor difficult for Caucasians. The names of the most prominent citizens of Wake County in the last days of the eigh teenth century and the beginning of the nine teenth were the same surnames which usually occur in the meager records of assemblies and conventions of the early pre-revolutlonary time. These fathers as members and as del egates showed much practical sense and won derful comprehension of public questions; they were also possessors of many a fertile acre of uncleared forest; their spirit was that of the [67] 68 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY eager pioneer whose prospects were fair before him, but whose present possessions did not hamper him enough to become a daily care. The importance of the cotton crop was not yet apparent. Whitney's cotton gin was not yet Invented, and the four or five pounds of cotton which one person could laboriously seed In a day, would not afford so much lint as was needed for home consumption. Those were the days of the small cotton patch planted to supply the spinning wheel and loom, and each child and every servant of the home must seed his shoe full of cotton, each winter even ing before going to bed, as his regular task. Tobacco was the crop which brought in money or exchange. It exhausted the new land very quickly, and was hard to transport over the rough roads of the settlements, but it was nevertheless an all-Important means of paying for any Imported goods, and a regular medium of exchange in North Carolina as for merly also in Virginia. Much of what we read In that time before railroads, about the prime importance of locating the towns upon rivers, was considered true, because it was an easy means of readily transporting tobacco to a good market. EARLY WORTHIES 69 ¦ Wheat was raised in sufficiency and corn in great abundance. The response of the virgin soil was wonderful and the climate was as fine then as how. The farmer whose family did not live in plenty was a man who would not take the trouble to raise the food he could easily cultivate. Great herds of pigs roamed the woods and lived on acorns and nuts, half wild, only coming at Intervals to be fed a little corn when they heard the shrill halloo of the slave whose duty it was to look after them. Cattle, too, roamed the woods and were only a little more tame, coming up to be milked as they chose. All the house work halted when the bell- cow's jangling bell was heard in the clearing, and the women quickly went to milk the herd, whatever the hour of day. Houses were small and simple, log-cabins well or ill-built, single or double, and all chairs and small furnishings were home-made. Only now and then was there some prized chest or high-boy which had been brought from the last station of the pioneer family, or even from old England direct. Vehicles were confined to wagons and gigs, and a family carriage was as much of a rarity 70 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY in the early years of the nineteenth century as an automobile was in the latest ones. Ladies rode pillion, behind their men or their servants, or singly if attended. Everyone expected to ride horseback as well for a long journey as for a short one. Hunting and fishing were the chief sports, but racing was universal in a country so de pendent as this upon good and spirited horses; but there seems to have been no regular race track in Wake County at this early date. Shooting matches for beef were held and con ducted much like the famous match described in "Georgia Scenes." Cock-fighting was a common sport, the taste for which came from England with the Colonists. Wherever a few people could gather from the thinly settled neighborhoods, they enjoyed dancing and fiddling, and such amusements were partici pated in by young and old alike. As to the look of the country, we know that the forest and the old field bore such a great proportion to the cultivated cleared land that farms were far apart. Only here and there did a home stand out against a wooded slope, here and there a slim spiral of smoke betray a EARLY WORTHIES 71 human habitation behind the trees, or a clear ed field show the work of the settler. Roads wound for miles through unbroken woodland, and the cultivated fields seemed but patches. This life was not a poor one, although It was extremely simple. It was independent. It was self-respecting. It was full of rude plenty and wholesome work, of hope and expectation, A poor man could make a start and be sure of getting a living while paying for his land. He would raise a little stock and a pair of colts. His log-cabin cost him little beside the time he took to build It, and he need never go without his simple food and clothing and his necessities provided that he was a good shot, and that he and his wife were industrious. Slavery light ened the tasks of those who could get far enough ahead of the world to afford the pur chase of a servant or two. With all Its faults it was a life which had an upward slope to it, and a hopefulness for the future which kept it stimulating. There were practically no schools In Wake County for the first years of its existence, and after the Capitol stood lonely on its hill in the midst of the new City of Raleigh. At various 72 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY cross-roads were taverns where men met. Court week called them to Raleigh sometimes, and occasionally a preacher passed through and services were held; but the children were mostly left to home instruction and to the educating influence of practical experience and the many absorbing interests of their back woods homes and their free life in the open. The leading spirits were not satisfied with this state of things, however. There were a few men of education and refinement in Wake County from the first, and all these were prom inent in the State history and politics of their day. The first name that appears in the Colonial Records showing active service and prominence in the new county of Wake was John Hinton, who lived on Neuse River near Milburnle. He owned enormous tracts of land along the Neuse under grant from Lord Carteret, and when in course of time Wake County was divided from Johnston County, his residence fell within its boundaries. His residence was called Clay-HIll-on-the-Neuse. He had moved from Chowan (the part now Gates County), about the middle of the eigh- EARLY WORTHIES 73 teenth century, and his father's name before him was John Hinton. He married Grizelle Kimbrough, and had eight or nine children who reached maturity. John Hinton was Major in the provincial troops of Johnston County, and was thus called to aid Governor Tryon in the expedition against the Regula tors. He was made Colonel of the Wake County troops in 1771, and was In command of his men at the Battle of Alamance. Gov ernor Caswell mentions that he was an eye witness of Colonel Hinton's gallant behavior on this occasion. Colonel Hinton lived near the home where his descendants still live. He was a promi nent man In the Revolutionary struggle, of fering himself at once to the American cause. He served in the first Provincial Congress at New Berne, was appointed Colonel of North Carolina troops, was present at the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, was a member of the Council of Safety for Wake County, and acted always the part of the brave patriotic gentle man he was. He died in 1784, leaving several minor children, and besides his own personal service 74 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY two of his sons were in the Revolutionary Army. John Hinton the third, his eldest, was commissioned as Major, and James Hin ton was Colonel of a troop of horse. James Hinton above, married Delilah Hunt er, daughter of Theophilus Hunter of Hunter's Lodge. Two of the daughters of Colonel Hinton successively became wives of Joel Lane, one dying quite young. Thus the Hinton family was connected with those few other families which seem to have shared with them the first possession of the broad acres of pristine Wake County wilderness, and the moulding of the little community by their service and examples. The descendants of these people are here with us today, and their blood runs in the veins of many who never have traced out their pedigree sufficiently to be proud as they justly may be of their fine old Revolutionary ancestry. Hinton James, the first student that regis tered at the newly opened University of North Carolina, and another Hinton who graduated with him in the first class, were both grand sons of Colonel John Hinton of Wake, Judge EARLY WORTHIES 75 Henry Seawell married a daughter of John Hinton, son of Colonel John Hinton, Second, the first of the name to settle in Wake, Theophilus Hunter of Hunter's Lodge ap pears first as the host of Governor Tryon, and his plantation was the headquarters of the expedition of 1771 during its halt of several days in Wake County. It was at his planta tion that the recruiting was done for Tyron's Army, which Is recorded as having been so slow and so unsatisfactory, the smaller farmers holding sympathy with the Regulators. Theophilus Hunter the elder was the pre siding justice of the first county court ever held in Wake County, and when the first court house was moved from Joel Lane's tavern, Wake Cross Roads, or Bloomsbury, by which ever name one chooses to call the place, to its present site on Fayetteville street, Theophilus Hunter and James Bloodworth each conveyed half an acre adjoining to the then justices of Wake County and their successors in office forever, for the nominal sum of five shillings; and upon this piece of ground the new court house was then built, and successive buildings ^have occupied the same lot. 76 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY This property has become so extremely val uable, that some time since there was an idea of its being sold, and some land purchased which might not be quite so valuable, although quite as convenient for the purpose. Upon looking into the old deeds it was found that to use this ground for any other purpose be side the designated one of locating a court house upon it, would forfeit it to the heirs of the givers. Besides giving a lot for the court house, Theophilus Hunter also gave a lot for a masonic lodge. This lies on Morgan and Dawson streets, Raleigh. Theophilus Hunter, besides being a justice and a Mason, was a Major in Colonel John Hin ton's Wake County Regiment during the Rev olution, afterwards Lieutenant Colonel, Coun ty Surveyor, and a member of Assembly sev eral times. He left a family of sons and daughters who married Into the Hinton and the Lane families and thus drew closer the family kinship and solidarity of the first fami lies of Wake County. He lived at Spring Hill, south-west of where the State Hospital for the Insane now is. The old mansion still EARLY WORTHIES 77 remains on the eminence near this old site, re built into part of the State Hospital, the out door colonies for epileptics being located near the spot. His son, Theophilus, Jr,, inherited Spring Hill and rebuilt It, The landed possessions of these men were extensive, their land reaching almost to Cary in a south westerly direction, Isaac Hunter, brother of Theophilus, Sr., owned that plantation within ten miles of which Raleigh should be located, and his place was to the north of the city. Descendants of both these men are among our citizens today, notably the brother last men tioned has many although none of his own name, the inheritance of blood having gone through the female lines. Theophilus Hunter Hill, a poet, and one of our few singers, was a grandson of the Hunt ers of Spring Hill. At the very beginning of the war of 1861, he published a slender volume of lyrics and sonnets, and after the war another volume. He had genuine feeling and power of ex pressing it, and several sonnets of his are ex quisite, but for the most part his poetry seems an echo of what had pleased him in his 78 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY wide reading of other men's writings. It is not racy of the soil, and his images are acade mic, but he shows nevertheless a vein of real poetic inspiration which time and the times did not develop in the least, the stress and strain of the war extinguishing poetic fancy, and leisure and stlniulatlon both being lack ing to the perfecting of his gift. Joel Lane with his two brothers, Joseph and Jesse, who were not so well known as himself, also had a great deal to do with the early shaping of Wake Count,y. O. W. Holmes, in a humorous poem, de- .scribing the portrait of his great-grandmother "when a young girl, plays with the idea of what inight have been the result if that dainty maiden had chosen a different suitor, when she answered 'Yes' to her life-mate, and thus had thrown the stream of inheritance into a different channel. He quaintly asks, ^'Should I be I, or would it be One tenth another and nine tenths me?" In similar fashion we may well wonder what would have been the differing traits In the like ness of the good people of Wake County if EARLY WORTHIES 79 busy Joel Lane and his brothers had chosen another path through the wilderness, and those dozen o'thers whose blood lives today in many a citizen, "solid and stirring in flesh and bone," had settled beside some other river. Joel Lane, who helped lay out the boun daries of Wake and the streets of our city, land-owner, mine host of Bloomsbury Tav ern, Colonel in his father-in-law's Wake County regiment, purveyor of supplies for the Revolutionary Army, Associate Justice at Wake County Court In 1771 and for many years thereafter, delegate to the Provincial Congress at New Berne, member of the Coun cil of Safety for this district. State Senator for Wake for thirteen sessions of the Assembly, planter, speculator in real estate, did not let all these activities exhaust his abundant ener gy. It would not take many citizens such as he to make a town progressive and lively even in these strenuous days. He seems vividly alive to the mind as he is exhumed from old records dusty with the passing of a century. His nature must have been kindly, and his disposition sunny, to EARLY WORTHIES 81 have made him so universally liked. His house we have all seen, and it looks small and plain enough to us; but it represented to the people of that time what Governor Swain calls "a rare specimen of architectural elegance." Joel lived in this well-known house of his in the sense of the often quoted words, "by the side of the road, to be a friend to man;" and in turning the pages of the records, those dry bones of history, we may note and admire the human attraction of the way people grav itated to his tavern for their various meetings. It must have been pleasant staying there, which speaks well for the character of mine host, although we must wonder where in the world he took care of so many legislators. Probably, after the good old custom, log-cabin "offices" or bachelor quarters flanked the central dwelling, and In these he put his gentlemen guests. Very few ladles went traveling in those da,ys. Joel Lane's two wives were both daughters of Colonel John Hinton, who lived near Neuse River, and they brought him a fine colonial family of six sons and six daughters. Joel always adhered to the Church of England. 82 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY The Lanes are descended from the Ralph Lane who first came to North Carolina with the unlucky colony in 1585, and then sailed back to England in 1586, being succeeded as Governor by John White who left a handful of lonely white settlers to lose themselves in the western wilds, and become one of the mysteries of fate to this da,y. The spirit of the old seafaring Lanes still drove him "West ward Ho" and Ralph returned after a time. Joel and his brothers were already the third generation of Lanes born In the American Colonies. Their descendants have half pop ulated Wake County, and have sent good citizens to Alabama, to Tennessee, to Mis souri, and to far away Oregon. Among them are numbered governors, judges, a general and a vice-presidential candidate, a cabinet officer, too, — all men in the public eye, while they have also furnished scores more of excel lent folk of the race who, while not so con spicuous, have built up their own communities more quietly for generations. Joel Lane has been criticised because his sale of land for the location of Raleigh seemed a bit of sharp practice at the expense of his EARLY WORTHIES 83 father-in-law. Colonel John Hinton, who also had a square mile of land for sale; it is even hinted that people generally resented this and that it cost him his seat in the Assembly for the next term thereafter. These hundred- year-old rumors are hard to verify. Let us use our imagination In all charity, and think that he knew what a very pleasant home for the State's central government would result from his success. He offered a square mile of land near Cary as a free gift, should It be decided to place the University of North Carolina there, and one wonders why this offer was not accepted. He was one of the first Board of Trustees of the new institution, and had two grandsons In the first graduating class. His friendliness brought him friends and his friends showed him favor, which was surely his desert. He died in 1795, and his grave was plowed over and obliterated by Mr. Peter Brown, a Scotch man and a lawyer, who acquired his home by purchase, a few years after Joel Lane was dead and gone. Mr Brown In his turn sold the place to the first Mr. William Boylan, early In the last century. "Spring Hill," later home of Colonel Theophilus Hunter. He built the SMALLER HOUSE IN THE REAR. HiS SON ThEOPHILUS ADDED THE LARGEk MANSION IN FRONT. EARLY WORTHIES 85 A tablet to the memory of Joel Lane was recently placed In the Municipal Building of Raleigh by the Daughters of the Revolution. One of Joel Lane's brothers was the progeni tor of the Lanes of Alabama and the other was the ancestor of those who sought the far west and became prominent there. Carolina Lane, his sister, was mother of David L. Swain, and lived her whole life In Buncombe County near Asheville. Another pre-revolutionary family connec tion was that of the Jones' of Wake County. There seem to have been two distinct families at first, no known kin, and living in different parts of the county, both well known for In telligence and property acquired. Besides this fact, two men, one from each family, bore the unusual name of Nathaniel, and of these, one named his eldest son after himself; hence It requires more than an ordinary genealogist to reconstruct their respective family trees, and this all the more because they complicated and confounded things still worse by inter marrying once or twice a few years later, after the second generation had grown up. The first Jones to reach Wake County was Francis or Frank Jones, who settled on Crab- 86 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY tree Creek near Morrisville. His deed from Lord Carteret, bears the date 1749. He bought more land adjoining in 1761. His two sons, Nathaniel First of Crabtree, and Tig- nail, or TIngall, were often mentioned in County and State records. This Frank is said to have been a brother of the father of Willie Jones and General Allen Jones of Hali fax. If this is so then these two distinguished men were own cousins to the Jones family of Crabtree. This was the General Allen Jones who gave his name to a penniless adventurer, John Paul, whom he had befriended, and who asked at parting, if the Jones surname might be added to his own, promising that if permit ted so to add it he would also add fame to it some day. This he did most wonderfully, as all those who have thrilled at the story of John Paul Jones and the Bon Homme Richard can testify. Perhaps this couslnship gives one of the reasons for the residence in Raleigh of Willie Jones, during the last years of his life. This great Jeffersonlan bought the plantation where Saint Augustine's School for the colored race now stands, and In the spot where the garden EARLY WORTHIES 87 of the school now Is, he lies burled In an un marked grave. Though an agnostic, Willie Jones also gave the land for a Methodist Church, where Edenton Street now stands, according to several authorities. He died about the first of the new century. To return to the Jones family of Crabtree. Nathaniel the second of Crabtree, married a daughter of John Kimbrough. His name appears as member of Assembly from Wake in both House and Senate before 1801. His son, Kimbrough Jones, was a member of the Constitutional Assembly of 1835, and he has many descendants. John Kimbrough, the father-in-law, does not come so often Into the records, being perhaps a man busy with his planta!tion alone, but he owned more slaves In 1800 than anyone else, except James Hinton and Tignall Jones. To continue the Wake County Joneses : Na thaniel Jones of White Plains near Cary, came also from Eastern North Carolina. His an cestors are burled In old Bath Church, and he came to what is now Wake County In 1750. Nathaniel of White Plains was, as I have said, supposed to be no known kin to Nathaniel of oa< < O and October 19th of that year found the usual fair-week crowd augmented agood deal by the natural curiosity to see the President, then in his prime, personally and politically, and but just recently elected to the office he held after he had filled out McKInley's unexpired term. He was a man full of virile force, of the true joy of living, and with a hearty word and DISTINGUISHED VISITORS 261 flash of his famous teeth In a smile to everyone who came to greet him. North Carolina had given him no electoral vote, but she loved a strong, manly personal ity, a real man, and so she extended the warm est welcome she was capable of giving. He came in over the Seaboard, and his train stood the night outside the town, near MlUbrook, and pulled into the station next niornlng. Roosevelt spent the whole day In the city, riding In the procession to the fair-grounds, making his address there, lunching on the grounds, and then leaving town late that after noon over the Southern Railway. In reading over the reporters' accounts of the sayings of the President on this occasion we are struck by the genial attitude he showed to life. He noticed the children, the horses, the crowds, the stir and the life of the occasion as though he loved it all, and his favorite comment, "DeUghted," won the hearts of those who were admitted to his presence. The plain clothes men, who had charge of his personal safety, had great difficulty in keeping up with the rapid darting way In which 262 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY he turned in every direction where his vivid interest attracted him. Roosevelt was here again as private citizen to speak on the subject of the Panama Caanl some years after, and addressed a record- breaking crowd In the Auditorium. Honorable William Jennings Bryan has been in Raleigh several times, and on at least three occasions was a speaker invited. His oratory was well known to our citizens. Later, one of his daughters made her home here for a time and her noted father was fre quently seen on our streets. In the year 1911, Woodrow Wilson, soon to become Democratic candidate for the Presi dency, came to Raleigh after the Commence ment at the University where he made a memorable address. He was entertained by the city and given a reception by the Capital Club. He also spoke in Raleigh at that time, and his speech, re-read today, gives a wonder ful forecast of his subjects on so many memor able occasions since, recommending so many of the ideas then that he has always advocated since, and advanced as needed reform meas ures. Its literary form Is wonderful. He DISTINGUISHED VISITORS 263 mentioned on this first occasion the necessity of young men espousing particular causes and reforms, not as connected with or led by some particular person, but as fundamental princi ples appealing to the eternal sense of justice and righteousness. The two Vice-Presidents, Sherman with Taft, and Marshall with Wilson, were also here at different times each during his official term. Mr. Sherman, In a letter of apprecia tion of a reception given in his honor in Raleigh, wrote, "It was a broadening of my viewpoint of our Southern civilization and a warming of the cockles of my heart towards a people that I had not before so well known." Mr. Marshall made one of the most genial, modest and common-sense addresses Imagin able, a speech full of kindly toleration, of ready humor, and treating of the pressing questions of the day In that broad and toler ant spirit In which alone they will find solution. After mentioning our great political and governmental figures well known to history, we must not omit those guests whose values as they came to us were a little different, men who whatever their especial gift, came to us The "West Rock" at St. Mary's, Raleigh. In this building Mrs. Jefferson Davis AND Miss Winnie passed part of the summer of '63, and were here residing while the battle of Gettysburg was taking place DISTINGUISHED VISITORS 265 as literary lights, men who were brought here to speak at the meetings of the State Literary and Historical Association. Edwin Markham, the poet, was one of the earliest of these. The three most distin guished addresses were delivered in the year 1909 by James Bryce, Ambassador from Eng land, 1911 by Henry Cabot Lodge of Mas sachusetts, and in 1913 by Jules Jusserand, Ambassador from France. Mr. Bryce Is the author of the best book which has ever been written on the workings of the American Constitution. He was one who did everything in his power to cement the friendship of the two great powers of Anglo- Saxon institutions. He was a small, alert man, with dark piercing eyes and a most un- English quickness of movement and appre hension and air of eager Interest. His speech was very rapid and perfectly distinct, and was a part of his incisive personality. He was in these days of almost universal clean shav ing, quite forested with a bush of white beard, which seemed somehow electric, and to pro vide him with wireless tentacles connecting with the outer world. 266 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY Mr. Bryce has left behind him a charming souvenir of his visit, for at his request, a finely engraved, autographed portrait of King Ed ward VII of England was presented to the State of North Carolina, and now hangs in the Hall of History. This was an unusual courtesy, for the King seldom gives a portrait of himself, and did so this time in recognition of the antiquity of North Carolina, the oldest of the Thirteen, and thus the first settlement England made in America, her earliest colony. Henry Cabot Lodge, lost also in a thicket of white beard, but bearing a colder eye, with as intellectual an outlook on the world as Mr. Bryce but with a fine New England conserva tive attitude toward his subject, gave us a wpnderfuUy written paper on the constitu tional development of the United States. This address forms part of a volume which he later printed on kindred subjects. The French Ambassador, M. Jusserand, also bearded, and with a dark scholarly counten ance, a savant as well as a diplomat of a high type, gave from original French sources a de lightful account of the friendliness and ideal conduct of the French and American troops DISTINGUISHED VISITORS 267 in their association during the Revolution. He quoted Count Rochambeau, and officers with him who were present at Yorktown and during all the the glorious episode of that campaign. M. Jusserand was complete master of English as a written medium, but in his reading of his address many were a little confused by the persistence of his accent. WiUiam Howard Taft was also one of these speakers, during his ex-president life. His smile and chuckle were in fine working order. During the Great War, there came to us many French visitors, some, such as M. Stephen Lausanne, sent by the Alliance Francaise, but one party especially, represent ing the French High Commission, came on a most interesting errand to the Southern States. The Marquis de Courtevron and the Mar quis de Polignac, with their wives, one of whom was an American lady, were making this tour by reason of a hereditary connection. General, the Prince de Polignac of the C. S. Army, was the father of the Marquis de Cour tevron and the uncle of the Marquis de Polig nac. The older gentleman having been attach ed to the Southern Armies during the War of 268 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY '61, and having thus made bonds of affection which had not been forgotten, his sons were come to renew the association. These gentle men and ladles were our most charming and memorable French visitors, and the so admir able spirit of war-time France was well rep resented by them. General Tyson of the United States Army spoke at the Literary and Historical Associa tion of 1919, giving a first hand account of the glorious history of the breaking of the Hlnden- burg Line, accomplished by our Thirtieth Division, first and bravest. Dorothea Dix was a visitor to us more than once in her beneficent journeys, and one Is re minded of her in rounding out the list of our guests and our honored speakers. We must not omit the mention of another woman of real significance, greater than any one can now determine. That she was a woman, makes the significance all the greater. Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, the champion of equal suffrage for women, the sane wholesome magnetic woman who carried the banner all down the years to assured If not to actual victory, came here and spoke In the Commons DISTINGXnSHED VISITORS 269 Hall, before the Legislature. She probably represented. In her pioneer capacity, more in fluence on the coming development of the world than any man of them all. Her sweet reasonableness, her Intellectual power, her gift of real oratory, which made men say of her that of all speakers who ever came to us, she was the greatest, all these things should be recorded of her. She was elderly, rather stout, with a massive face which lighted up into an indescribable inspired look, and a voice when she spoke which, while utterly womanly, had the search ing power that filled a hall, and tones and echoes of sweetness that made the hearing an unique experience. It was as though she played on a wonderful musical instrument with rare skill. "A woman fair-time orator was Miss Jeanette Rankin, Representative from Montana, who spoke here during her term of office. She was a phenomenon, rather than an event, but she should be recorded. She was later killed, politically, by the report that she wept as she voted "no" to the Declaration of War, which was a ruse, rather than a true tale. Miss 270 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY Rankin was a tall, self-possessed Western woman who spoke well, to the gaping wonder ment of many a farmer who did not hold with these "new fangled women-folks." Long years after the war was over, and years after his summons to the eternal rest, the ashes of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confed eracy, were borne In state, from his far South ern Interment near Beauvoir, Miss., to a more glorious repose In his former Capital at Rich mond, Virginia. During this solemn progress the remains were halted to lie In state in the different states which had owned his command during that struggle. On 30th May, 1893, the coffin was placed in the Rotunda of our Capitol, there to be visited and venerated by those who loved and remembered him and the cause he represented. All in this list, and many more, have breath ed our air, trod our soil, become part of us for the time they remained with us, and brought to us what they had of value and of informa tion and inspiration to bring. In other lands, when we are shown a castle or a palace, the distinguished guests, the visit- DISTINGUISHED VISITORS 271 Ing sovereigns are enumerated, and by having been there they add interest and prestige to the house. So also should It be with a city, and we should count it a glory to have enter tained so many visitors who are well known for all sorts of honor and attainment. CHAPTER XII These Later Days HERE is a development and a life story to a nation as well as to an Individual, and as the noisy and spacious times of the fifties could only be likened to a young man's exuberant youth, so after the Civil War and Its subsequent problems had sobered our people In the sixties and early seventies, and cramped their attention down to the stern practicalities of life, and as further lapse of time confirmed this attitude, we may be said to have thus entered on our maturer man hood, speaking always of a nation as If it were an individual. Young folk are seldom concerned about' what has gone before them. It is not until time has ripened their conceptions that they want to study history, look up genealogy, and reconstruct the lives of their forefathers. The very young seldom occupy themselves with old folk's tales. It Is so with individuals ; it is true of commonwealths; and It has been [272] THESE LATER DAYS 273 that way generally In North Carolina. It is a rare and an unusual mind In the past which has really wished to grope backward. When WlUIani L. Saunders began the research which produced the Colonial Records on that tiny first appropriation of five hundred dollars, he was still well In advance of the sentiment of his age. Only in the last fifty years have we faintly begun to insist upon building up a true picture of the influences which have v/rought changes in our economic habits. For about the sam.e period we have begun to predict the development of the future in a serious mood. Leafing the pages of "before the war" old periodicals one finds notices of many beginnings of manufacturing In North Car olina, beside the home spinning, weaving and dyeing, and the making of the various articles needed In a simple rural society. Quilts and spreads were an outlet to the art istry and love of color of women at the South, as every where In the United States, in the days when homemade carpets and simple furnishings were the rule. These womanly arts were well exemplified in weaving the coverlids which are made by old patterns brought from overseas, 274 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY and handed down from mother to daughter. These were very intricate and beautiful, and the yarn was homespun cotton and wool mix ed, and home-dyed as well. Usually the wool used in them was colored and the cotton left uncolored, and many of these are treasured today, among the antiques most prized. Homespun cloth for men's clothing was dyed with vegetable dyes In such a manner that the colors never really faded, but only soften ed Into more subdued tints. A wonderful indigo, a good brown, a yellow and a soft grey were among the best colors, while the bright red and the black were brought in if any was used. Blacksmlthing was rough, but the shoe- making was wonderfully fine. This was taught to slaves, as was also expert carpentry, and other building trades. Some of the wooden mouldings that occur, and some ofthe plaster modeling which centers and edges the cornice of many old houses which have been care fully used, show the taste of the old folk and capabilities of the negroes as well as do their furniture and silverware. There were wool hats made at some farms In Wake County, and brought In for sale dur- THESE LATER DAYS 275 ing court week, so tha!t they were called "County Court Hats." This is, of course, a lost art, along with the greater part of the other handicraft and basketry which Is reviv ed and treasured nowadays. Candle moulds and snuffer trays are interest ing features of every museum of antiquity, and the sewing, when machines were still un known, was exquisite. Cotton was raised in quantity after the in vention of the cotton gin, and early the idea suggested Itself that It might be manufactured at home without the costly transportation of raw material out, and of manufactured goods back into the States. Many small mlUs are to be noticed In the forties, and we find stated in journals of the time that there were in North Carolina In that day the quite respect able number of twenty-five cotton factories, employing fifty thousand spindles and con suming fifteen thousand bales of cotton yearly. None of these factories were in Wake County however. Gins there were, of course, run at first by horse-power, and also the old- fashioned horse-driven cotton presses, which 276 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY were often flanked with a heap of cotton seed left to rot unused. Not always so, however, in Wake County. There was over near RolesvIUe, on Neuse River, quite early In the nineteenth century, one Infant Industry which was far ahead of its time. Several citizens of Wake County have recently given accounts of a cotton seed oil mill there which pressed ten gallons of oil In a day, and produced much oil-cake, in great cheese shaped masses, as if taken from some thing like a cider-press. This oil-cake was was fed to milch cows and considered fine to increase their milk, while the oil is vaguely stated to have been "taken to Raleigh." What use it was put to there they did not know. To dilute linseed oil, probably. A few pianos were made in Raleigh before the war by a man named Whitaker, and were very good ones too, by the standards of the time. The works were imported, and the cases were made and mechanical parts installed and adjusted here. One or two of these instruments are still In existence to show their excellence. This is not a matter of great importance In the real progress of the city, but is told simply to show that the tide was turning toward the THESE LATER DAYS 277 making of things before the coming of the war made necessary the manufacturing of articles for subsistence. There were formerly two successful paper mills in Wake County. The first one was at Milburnle, and was where a small stream came into the main stream of the Neuse, because clear water is necessary for making paper. This first one was started by Joseph Gales, the editor, for supplying his printing paper, and was burned before the middle of the nine teenth century. The other was owned later at Falls of Neuse, by the father of Dr. W. I. Roy ster and his, brothers, and was dismantled when Sherman's army was near, and the machinery was hidden and saved. It is this massive stone building that is today the major part of the Neuse River Cotton Mill. The inhabitants of Wake County before the war were, nevertheless a most exclusively agri cultural society and did not use very advanced methods. They had felt the lure of the West in those days that swept out the younger, more adventurous men, and the remaining ones were not the eager spirits. Good farmers there were, for as someone has said, there was •-¦:;-^^t Old cotton press, with part of the shelter still standing. These were driven by mule-power, and were constructed of wood. THESE LATER DAYS 279 no need for a good farmer to move West. But the pristine fertility of virgin land was used up by the customary methods of exhaustion. The new ground was cropped and turned out as old field, to become a prey to gully-wash ing rains, or grow up In old field pine if circum stances were fortunate. New fields were con stantly cleared, and this was the wasteful method all over the American continent at some stage of its development, before the need of conserving fertility was regarded. The long-leaved pines of the south-eastern portion of the county were soon stripped by turpentine seekers and lumbermen, while the hogs running out kept the young trees from sprouting up. Fear of deep plowing was held as a steadfast belief by farmers who had brought these ideas with them from the sandy country. We will have to accord to the women a good part of the sudden awakening to possibiUties of manufacture which came later in 1861. During the War, the city and county became a real hive of industry. The socks which were knitted for the army by the good women every where were a case In point. Even so late as 280 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY the World War, when distributions were made of wool for the Red Cross knitting, there were found, all over the country, old ladies who knew exactly what to do with their knitting needles, who rejoiced that they could help in their old age. After they were taught the "Kitchener Toe," and had been instructed In size of needles, and number of stitches to cast on, they industriously turned out socks by the dozen pair. These old ladies would reminisce, and tell of the sewing they had done for the soldiers In their youth, when cut-out garments were brought to them from Raleigh. Some had made up the cloth for love, and some had been obliged to ask for a little money. All had had their part in the efficient organization of industry at that time. Powder was made near Raleigh during the War and guncaps were manufactured by Keu- ster and Smithurst. Cartridges were filled by the children at the blind institution, by the deaf and dumb, and the blind also, who could thus do their bit. Matches and curry combs, wooden saddle trees, and metal findings such as spurs, belt buckles, and other things which THESE LATER DAYS 281 could be stamped out, employed the hands of women and boys and some spare negroes. "John Brown Pikes," those unique weapons, were made here also. Wooden shoes which could be worn by the home folk, and thus saved the much needed leather for the use of the army, were also made in Raleigh and are remembered as having been used by some of the wearers of this clumsy footgear. When the old Devereux house was pulled down some years since to make way for the development of Glenwood, two bolts of cotton cloth were found under the roof, hidden and forgotten. One of these may be seen In the Hall of History, and while not woven In Raleigh, it was made in the State during the War. Thus the necessities of the conflict develop ed the hands and skill of both men and women, and the people who had hitherto subsisted by agriculture alone, found out that if an incen tive were given, compelling toward making a start, they were capable of making many need ed things, and could become skilled workmen in the doing of it. 282 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY The Reconstruction period was a sad and exasperatng Interlude, and trailed its discour agement across a land where there was not much beauty or thrift remaining visible to the traveler over country roads, deep In mid summer dust or winter mud; but after the citizens of North Carolina who had the right, resumed the direction of affairs, there was found a good deal to build upon. This was not in material resources, for these were as depleted as it is possible to imagine, but In ideals, and in interest In several things pre viously carried on with success and efficiency. The winter of discontent forebodes the promise of spring. Agriculture, as soon as the War was fairly over, made some beginning at improvement, and the high price of cotton induced farmers to raise all they could culti vate. I have been told of a farmer-boy near Raleigh who had by some means raised a fine colt for himself. When Sherman's men ap peared they appropriated the animal. As they led It away the boy followed, and duly turned up at headquarters asking payment for his property. He was told that he might have as many of the old broken-down army THESE LATER DAYS 283 mules which he was shown In a vacant lot, as he thought his horse was worth. Seeing here an opportunity, he took away a string of twenty of the least disabled ones, and by means of this foresight had mules to cultivate a large crop of cotton that summer, and sell ing at the high price of the first year after the War he thus made his start, Mr. Priestley Mangum, a farmer of Wake County, finding that the washing out of gul lies and the channelling out of the fields on his farm made so great a loss of surface soil and fertility as to reduce his yield permanently, attained one of those visions of simple ex pedients which, although they may seem very plain to "hind-sight," have never been thought out before. He found that by throwing up ridges which followed the contour of the hill side, and at the same time maintained a slight but continuous fall of level, he could thus con trol the water in its course, allowing it to drain away slowly, and sink into the soil on Its way. These ridges, arranged at Intervals on his hilly fields, obviated washing, conserved moisture, and did not interfere with customary cultiva tion. The old Page Mill "down on Crabtree," built and operated by grandfather of Walter Hines Page THESE LATER DAYS 285 In a hilly country it had long been the cus tom to run the furrows horizontally around the hill-sides, but a field cultivated after Mr. Mangum's plan had attained the same object more perfectly by its regular terraces made by throwing up a very high ridge beside a deep furrow and then smoothing It into shape with a sort of wooden scraper after the soil was thus heaped up. It was a simple expedient never thought of before. The first Professor of Agriculture at the "State College," seeing the condition and the necessity, showed how the labor of thro^wing up these terraces could be lessened by turning several furrows together to form the neces sary ridge by means of the plow. So when ever the terraces curl around the hillsides, and the crops grow greener upon the ridges where the soil Is stirred deeper and is better drained, we see a real contribution made to economics by a plain man who used his wits to meet his daily problems. This simple plan has been of untold benefit, not only In Wake County where it originated, but also has meant millions to the whole red-clay country of the Piedmont South. 286 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY After the first spurt toward improvemeiit, there supervened a long period of depression. Cotton went down in price year by year. The remaining lumber was cut down to the bare soil as never before. Wake County had not made any good beginning at restoration for many years after the War. In Raleigh there was a certain sum of money which must be regularly spent there because it was the Capital; but as Wake County was neither rich nor level, and as its varieties in soil made It hard to manage, because what succeeded on one farm might not suit on an other, a good farmer could just make a living, and a poor one went ever deeper in the mire. Another time of emigration began, not so much from the elder folk, or from the farms, but from the ranks of bright young men, who could go anywhere where larger rewards were to be found for their labor. It was during these pinching times that there grew up at Cary, nine miles from Raleigh, one of our most distinguished North Carolinians, one who has not yet fully come Into his deserved fame. This was Walter Page, born of a Wake County family, which THESE LATER DAYS 287 had been here since early years, one of a num ber of brothers, all men more than ordinary in ability, and recognized by them as being the ablest of them all. They agreed to give him the college educa tion which they did not all feel free to take in this struggling time with fortunes to make. This Walter Page found his mind busy with the problems of the country he loved, where his fathers had lived for generations. He wondered why it was that men of good minds and good characters, living under a de lightful climate, and with no worse soil than was cultivated to advantage in many other places, could exist with so little of hope and en couragement that life was but a servitude to the average farmer. He could see the great need of some change. His first business ven ture. In the eighties, was the pubUcation of a weekly newspaper In Raleigh. Although this did not turn out a financial success, yet it sowed much seed which has since come to fruition. A circle of young men in Raleigh, himself among them, talked over at length this feeling of futility, this lack of real progress in Wake County and outside. They found a 288 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY lack of specific Information as to real condi tions and actual needs of the Southern country, an uncertainty as to the economic questions of southern life, to be one of the great defects of the era. The old formulas did not fit the new times. This coterie, this debating society of young men, not only discussed problems, but decided upon the remedy to suggest. It Is declared by those who watched the signs of the times in these early eighties, that never, until the Watauga Club and the State Chronicle put It there, was the phrase "indus trial education" ever set up In type in North Carolina. This Watauga Club, of which Walter Page was one of the leading spirits, decided that there should be an Industrial school where boys could receive a thorough vocational training, fitting them for the task of subduing material, whether It be wood, or metal or re fractory soil, and making It serve man's needs. They talked the matter over thoroughly, and decided to memorialize the Legislature in be half of such an Institution. The farmers of the State were prompt to recognize that here was an opportunity. THESE LATER DAYS 289 Under the leadership of Elias Carr, of Edge combe, afterwards Governor, and of L. L. Polk, the editor of the Progressive Farmer, they favored the idea but wished to have it carried further. They wanted the Land Scrip funds, which came from the Federal Government and which were used In an irrelevant manner by the Uni versity, to be added to the endowment al ready provided by the fertilizer tax. Private subscription, a State contribution of part of the Camp Mangum tract to the west of town, and the generous donation of sixty acres adjoining to Pullen Park, given by Mr. Stanhope Pullen for a site, were assembled as the assets of the new institution, after its in corporation was enacted. To this the Land Scrip was a substantial addition. It is an Interesting item in connection with the expanded idea of the Watauga Club, that both Wake Forest and Davidson Colleges were first started as Industrial schools and as soon were augmented Into real colleges. The first building erected at the Agricultural and Mechanical College, as its oflScIal title was first bestowed, was finished by Peniten- The birthplace of Walter H. Page, at Cary, Wake County, Ambassador at the Court of St. James under President Woodrow Wilson THESE LATER DAYS 291 tiary labor, and the Institution was opened in 1890. It was first of all a place where our boys could be taught to' win a good livelihood by some creative work. In the same year was first felt the stirring of the Impulse toward a beginning of manu factures, and money was subscribed to build cotton mills, and after that a fertilizer factory. It seems a long time that affairs had been stag nant before the changes began to come, but when once initiated, development has been steady and much has been accomplished. There Is as yet no stoppage of this steady de velopment, and it has brought about a wonder ful alteration in the look of things. Here and there is a farm run so efficiently as to be really making the best of all conditions, while the whole general practice of farming has im proved wonderfully. The coming of Rural Free Delivery has been a great aid to the farmer who was suffi ciently educated to use the help lavished up on him so freely by the Federal and State Departments of Agriculture. Formeriy a farmer had to go to Raleigh once a week, seldom oftener, and would get his 292 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY mail. It was the exception if he took a paper. Now and then a letter or a patent medicine circular was about all he ever expected. He might hear the news of the day as he stood about the streets, and might return with a feeling of the existence of a world outside, but his wife and children got none of this. Life was stagnant of interest for them. There was now a wholesome change. Newspapers and magazines became more plentiful, and farmers could read something that was of special interest to their rural life. Now and then a boy would insist on going to the Agricultural College, and contrary to the predictions of the older folk, book farming was found not so unsuccessful after all. Factories were built in the good old North Carolina fashion of placing them in country surroundings, with rows of comfortable houses, very much more livable, one would think, than the loneliness of the one-horse farms whence their workers were recruited. These factory suburbs, with pleasant gardens to each little home, are seen on several sides of Raleigh. The spread of the plant of the State College over the hills to the west goes on ; a new build- THESE LATER DAYS 293 ing or so breaks into the skyline every year as the boys keep coming; while the well culti vated acres of the College Farm extend fur ther, and the big cattle barns are almost at Method. Here we see another outpost of Raleigh. In the town proper, inside the city limits, the two older schools for girls. Saint Mary's and Peace, with the newer Meredith CoUege (Baptist), bigger and more advanced In stand ard than either, make the school population of Raleigh amount to thousands of young folk each winter. The State offices are growing greater each year as the social service side of the govern ment reaches out more and more in influence for good each year. We have had the State Hospital for the Insane, and the Institutions for the blind, and for the colored deaf, dumb and blind, for many years. There are two colored schools for higher education, sup ported by Northern capital, and there is at Method a village of negroes and also an indus trial school for the colored race, both founded by the generosity of one of their own people, a man of means. 294 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY This city of Raleigh while it Is not yet an overgrown, swollen metropolis. Is as pretty and as pleasant looking, as busy and hopeful a place today as any city of Its size in the United States. Its people are the same that they ever have been. Newcomers are made welcome to follow our own ways. The homogeneity of society in this city makes for the kindliest feeling between all classes, and it Is a town of homes, of moderate fortunes, and of many children. As you ride out on any of these thirteen great highways that extend in every direction like the spokes of a wheel, you find yourself in a smiling country. One can ride for hundreds of miles over the good roads o'f Wake County without repeating a single mile, Ofthe smaller towns which girdle the Coun ty round, there Is Cary, birthplace of the Pages, a small town before the War; Apex seven miles further, which was also a small village until the railroads made It a good sized country town ; Garner grown up on the South ern Railroad, as Apex on the Seaboard; Zebulon and Wendell, sister towns with their great rural High School buildings Standing THESE LATER DAYS 295 half way between them, and their streets of pleasant homes, none over twenty years old. Wake Forest has been a town since 1833, when Wake Forest College began Its benefi cent career, and now it has beside the college, its own cotton factory. In Its own country suburb. Other places have their factories and schools also. RolesvIUe has not had a railroad to build her up, and while perhaps the oldest community outside Raleigh, has not increased since the War. Fuquay Springs, where mineral water attracted people for health, has become a good tobacco market, and has grown rapidly since the railroad came, while the water re mains as good as ever. They, too, have their school building, as has Holly Springs. In Cary the Rural Life High School dominates the town as is fitting in Walter Page's old home. With churches and schools and farms and factories, and descendants of those good old famUies who came here to build our first civili zation, and with those like-minded who have come in to help them and continue it, this County of Wake Is a most pleasant, whole some place in which to live. 296 HISTORY OF WAKE COUNTY As one young person who was forced to move away from the old town of Raleigh quite unwillingly was heard to say, "Don't you know that the finest people in the whole world live right here in Raleigh.?" And this world is made up of folks far more than it is made up of acres, or of climate or of resources or of dollars. Given the right folks, a place can be as worth-while as one pleases. North Carolina Society of the Colonial Dames of America St. Wake County Committee Chairm,en Mrs. Spier Whitaker Mrs. Elvira Worth Moffitt Mrs. Alexander Boyd Andrews Mrs. Franklin McNeill Mrs. William Johnston Andrews Secretaries Mrs. Harry Loeb Mrs. James J. Thomas Mrs. Joseph Redington Chamberlain Assistant Secretary Miss Martha Hawkins Bailey Treasurers Mrs. Harry Loeb Mrs. j. j. Thomas Mrs. S. W. Brewer Custodian of House in which President Andrew Johnson was Born Mrs. S. W. Brewer [297] 298 WAKE county committee Mrs. John Anderson (Lucy Worth London) *Mrs. Alexander Boyd Andrews (Julia Martha Johnston) *Mrs. Alexander Boyd Andrews, Jr. (Helen May Sharpies) Mrs. William Johnston Andrews (Augusta Webb Ford) § Mrs. William H. Bagley (Adelaide Ann Worth) Miss Martha Hawkins Bailey Mrs. Thomas Walter Bickett (Fannie Yarborough) Mrs. Samuel Waite Brewer (Bessie Sarissa Felt) Mrs. Richard S. Busbee (Margaret Simons Clarkson) *Mrs. Baldy a. Capehart (Lucy Catherine Moore) Mrs. Joseph Redington Chamberlain (Hope Summerell) *Mrs. Walter Clark (Susan Washington Graham) Mrs. W. a. Graham Clark (Pearl Chadwick Heck) Mrs. Collier Cobb (Mary Knox Gatlin) *Deceased § Transferred to other Committees WAKE COUNTY COMMITTEE 299 Mrs. j. S. Cobb (Jane Williams) Mrs. James H. Gordon (Betsey Louise London) Mrs. Josephus Daniels (Addie Worth Bagley) Miss Sallie Dortch Mrs. George Dix (Janet Dortch) Mrs. David I. Fort (Elizabeth Robinson) §Mrs. Leo Foster (Mary Marshall Martin) Miss Caroline Brevard Graham Mrs. B. H. Griffin (Margaret Smith) Mrs. Hubert Haywood (Emily Ryan Benbury) Mrs. j. M. Heck (Mattie A. Callendine) Mrs. John W. Hinsdale (Ellen Devereux) Miss Mary Hilliard Hinton ?Mrs. Alexander Q. Holladay (Virginia Randolph Boiling) Mrs. Erwin Allan Holt (Mary Warren Davis) ?Deceased § Transferred to other Committees 3(X) WAKE COUNTY COMMITTEE Mrs. Armistead Jones (Nannie Branch) *Mrs. Garland Jones (Florence Monterey Hill) §Miss Mary Frances Jones *Mrs. Paul Hinton Lee (Ellen S. Tyson) Miss Margaret Tyson Lee *Mrs. Augustus M. Lewis (Sara Matilda Gorham) Mrs. Harry Loeb (Bessie Armistead Batchellor) Mrs. Henry Armand London (Bettie Louise Jackson) Mrs. Henry M. London (Mamie Elliot) Mrs. Isaac Manning (Mary Best Jones) §Mrs Willlvm M. Marks (Jane Hawkins Andrews) §Mrs. William J. Martin (Lizzie MacMillan) §Mrs. Elvira Worth Moffitt (Elvira E. Worth) Mrs. Ben W. Moore (Katherine Badger) ?Deceased iTransferred to other Committees WAKE COUNTY COMMITTEE 301 ?Mrs. Montford McGehee (Sarah Polk Badger) Mrs. John Allan MacLean (Eugenia Graham Clark) Mrs. Franklin McNeill (Jennie Elliot) Mrs. James Kemp Plummer (Lucy Williams Haywood) Mrs. Edward W. Pou (Carrie Haughton Ihrie) Mrs. Ivan Proctor (Lucy Briggs Marriott) Mrs. William E. Shipp (Margaret Busbee) Mrs. Walter M. Stearns (Mary Haywood Fowle) §Mrs. Frank Lincoln Stevens (Adeline Chapman) Mrs. Frank Morton Stronach (Isabel Cameron Hay) Mrs. George Syme (Harriet^Haywood) Mrs. James J. Thomas (Lula Olive Felt) Mrs. Robert L. Thompson (Annie Busbee) ?Deceased §Transferred to other Committees 302 WAKE COUNTY COMMITTEE ?Mrs. Platt D. Walker (Nettie Reid Covington) Mrs. William L. Wall (Annie Cameron Collins) Mrs. Thurman Cary Wescott (Daisy Holt Haywood) ?Mrs. Spier Whitaker (Fannie de Berniere Hooper) §^Mrs. George Taylor Winston (Caroline Sophia Taylor) ?Mrs. William Alphonso Withers (Elizabeth Witherspoon Daniel) Mrs. Carl A. Woodruff (Effie Hicks Haywood) Mrs. Edwin S. Yarborough (Nellie Elliot) ?Deceased §Transferred to other Committees YALE UNIVERSITY 139002 00it090081b ill ii III mill liii 1111111 1'iiiiiiiNii.-, -.,--. ' M jM i| I 1 • I'lM ' ''I'. 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