YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY " -.. do* -i*t_/ , 4r thU& BIOGRAPHICAL, GENEALOGICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. Edited by WILLIAM M. BROWN OF THE NEW JERSEY BAR. CONTAINING PORTRAITS AND BIOGRAPHIES OF MANY WELL-KNOWN SUCCESSFUL MEN OF PAST AND PRESENT. TOGETHER WITH A CONCISE AND AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF THE STATE BY FRANCIS BAZLEY LEE. PUBLISHED BY NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1900. Copyright, 1900. EDITOR'S PRFEACE. I would be unjust to myself and the patrons of this work if I did not ac knowledge with feelings of the most profound gratitude the cordial aid ex tended to me in this undertaking by the citizens of the State of New Jersey. They have extended the fullest encouragement throughout the period devoted to the work and have assisted materially by furnishing the necessary data which enabled me to elaborate and perfect the "Biographical, Genealogical and Descrip tive History of New Jersey." Important and valuable assistance and infor mation have been received from prominent citizens of the State, many of whom; are herein mentioned, and to whom particular recognition is due. The scope and method of this history is best understood by its table of contents and is sufficient to demonstrate the broad taste and judiciousness of selection on the part of the Editor. Without the aid and valuable assistance of the representative citizens of New Jersey it would have been impossible to present this history in the satisfactory shape it now assumes. The several chapters by that well known writer, Francis Bazley Lee, are to a large extent novel. His treatment of the subject may be taken as the best comprehensive expression of existing knowledge, put together with that authority which comes from special study. To the publishers of this history, the Editor, on behalf of himself and his collaborators must gratefully pay the meed, thrice deserved, of most hearty and efficient co-operation with him and them throughout the undertaking. To the subscribers of the work, who, by consenting to take it unseen, on the Editor's own recommendation and the strength of his and the publisher's repu tation, who have secured its successful completion, the Editor renders his most grateful thanks, with the earnest hope that nothing in this volume and noth ing omitted from it will cause them to regret their confidence and liberality. WILLIAM M. BROWN. INDEX-HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY By FRANCIS BAZLEY LEE. In this presentation of the history of the colony and State of New Jersey, no attempt has been made to give in chronological detail, a series of facts more or less related. Such treatment of the subject would result, practically, in a repro duction of the contents of a large number of works of reference, most of which are lodged in public libraries, and are readily accessible to those who may wish to consult their contents. The desire has been to follow the main streams of political, religious and economic development of New Jersey, showing social causes and effects, how ever briefly or imperfectly stated, recognizing in details and dates, accessories in aiding the elucidation of certain problems. If the reader shall secure a somewhat newer view of colonial and state life, however suggestive, the author's aim will have been satisfied. CHAPTER I. Page. The Lenni-Lenape i CHAPTER II. The Dutch and the Swedes 5 CHAPTER III The Coming of the English • 9 CHAPTER IV. In the Days of the "Union" 13 CHAPTER V. Colonial Politics - :7 CHAPTER VI. Economic Conditions in Colonial Life 22 CHAPTER VII. The Times that Tried Men's Souls 27 vi INDEX— HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Page. CHAPTER VIII. Military Movements in New Jersey CHAPTER IX. New Jersey and the Confederation ° CHAPTER X. The Federal Constitution 4 CHAPTER XI. The Rise of Democracy 44 CHAPTER XII. The Second, War With England 48 CHAPTER XIII. The Growth of Methods of Transportation 52 CHAPTER XIV. Early Manufactures 5& CHAPTER XV. Old and New Religious Faiths 62 CHAPTER XVI. The Period of Political Unrest 66 CHAPTER XVII. The Period of Social Unrest 72 CHAPTER XVIII. Transportation and Manufactures jg CHAPTER XIX. The Constitution of 1844 82 CHAPTER XX. The Impending Conflict og CHAPTER XXI. The Year i860 . . . 92 INDEX— HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. vii Page. CHAPTER XXII. New Jersey and the Civil War 96 CHAPTER XXIII. The Years of Inflation 100 CHAPTER XXIV. In This Day and Generation 105 CHAPTER XXV. From Sandy Hook to Cape May 107 CHAPTER XXVI. Educational Activities in CHAPTER XXVII. The Great Seal and a Little War 119 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Page. Adams, Orange H 43 Alexander, James H 343 Allen, Joseph W. (Col) 4o8 Allen, William F 40» Ailing, Edward F 394 Babcock, George H 345 Bacheller, J. Henry 374 Badgley, Alfred S 4*6 Baker, Frank E. (M. D.) 214 Baldwin, Warren S 462 Baldwin, William A 4°4 Baldwin, Albert 438 Ball, James T 4" Banta, William S 277 Barnet, James G 191 Barbour, William 168 Bassett, Carrol P 379 Bedle, Joseph D 243 Bell, Edward T 497 Benjamin, Dowling, (M. D.) 444 Besson, Samuel A 254 Besson, John C 255 Black, Edward S 348 Blair, John Insley 132 Blair, John A 135 Blanchard, Noah F * 184 Bradshaw, Albert M 163 Breeden, Charles E 368 Breidt, Peter 317 Brown, Albert D 392 Bryan, William H. B 215 Burgess, Edward G 267 Burnham, Frederick G 253 Cahill, John F 499 Cannon, Charles K 206 Carhuff, Elles R ,„5 Carter, Oliver S ,qq Childs, Samuel S 4IQ Childs, William, Sr .1? BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. ix Page. Childs, William, Jr 419 Christie, Cornelius 388 Clark, Joseph 436 Cleveland, Grover 195 Coles, Abraham 123 Coles, J. Ackerman 129 Collins, Gilbert 139 Colyer, Joseph 413 Coult, Joseph 501 Cox, Rowland 342 Crabb, William 435 Crosby, Henry B 426 • Dallas, Alexander, (M. D.) 496 Daly, William D 257 • Dane, John, Jr 151 Davis, Hiram W 336 Davis, William J 336 Demarest, Elmer W 429 Demarest, Nicholas J 421 Depue, David A 165 DeWitt, C. Lincoln , 433 Dickson, Henry 339 Dodd, Amzi 153 Dodd, Samuel H 498 Drake, J.. Madison 386 Dryden, John F 197 Dunn, John T 176 Ely, John H 270 Enders, William B 187 Endicott, Allen B 32° English, David C. (M. D.) 393 English, Nicholas C. J 158 Erwin, James S 377 Evans, Britton D. (M. D.) 459 Fisher, John R. (Rev.) 5°3 Force, William M 486 Fowler, Charles N 148 Frelinghuysen, Frederick T 201 Frelinghuysen, Theodore 200 Frey, Albert (M. D.) . . . .• 37° Frothingham, Howard P 200 Fuller, Charles W 480 Gile, Francis A 202 X BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Page. 159 Goodspeed, William B Gore, John K l(50 Gowdy, Ralph B 4.82 Hallock, Joseph A Havens, Abraham C. B 3/5 Hawkesworth, Robert W ^f TT T U 204 Hay, James R Headley, Albert 0 39" Headley, William 0 3»9 Heald, Daniel A 353 Heinisch, Henry C • 495 Heisley, "Wilbur A 3IS Hinchley, Livingston S. (M. D.) 259 Hoff, John N 493 Hoos, Edward 272 Illingworth, Benjamin 3T9 Illingworth, John 3l8 Isham, H. Heyward 2°5 Janeway, Henry L 298 Jenkinson, George B 246 Jobs, Eugene (M. D.) 281 Johnson, William M 276 Jones, J. Wyman 475 Joralemon, Abram 462 Joy, Edmund L 137 Kehoe, John F 368 Kidder, Camillus G 373 Kinney, Thomas T 224 Kinney, William B 220 Kip, Ira A., Jr 465 Kirkpatrick, Andrew (Late Chief Justice) 140 Kirkpatrick, Andrew (Judge U. S. Dist. Court) 142 Kirkpatrick, J. Bayard 143 Kissam, Benjamin T 371 Kuebler, William 0 340 Lane, Isaac 242 Lane, William 242 Lembeck, Henry 303 Leonard, Frederick W 278 Leverich, John T 474 Lockward, Lewis G 242 Lockwood, Charles N 466 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. xi Page. Lyne, Lewis F. (Capt.) 477 Lyon, John H 493 Lyons, Lewis J 483 Magie, William J 322 Mandeville, Henry A. (M. D.) 186 Manners, Abraham 473 Manners, David S 284 Manners, Edwin (M. A., LL. B.) 285 Matthews, Ambrose M. (Capt.) 361 McCarter, Thomas N 333 McCurdy, J. Charlton 500 McDonough, Francis M 379 JVIcGee, Flavel « 145 McGill, Alexander T 321 Merriam, Henry W 359 Meyer, Ernest L 326 Meyer, Louis 490 Miller, John A 273 Miller, Lebbeus B 366 Munn, Albert C 315 Negley, James S 228 Nishwitz, Frederick 226 Oakes, David 236 Oliver, David W 274 Oram, Robert F 182 Osborne, Louis S 189 Parker, Cortlandt 506 Parker, James 5°4 Parmlev, Wheelock H. (D. D.) 468 Peddie, Thomas B 171 Pennington, Samuel H 190 Peoples, William H 472 Phelps, William Walter 233 Pierson, William, Jr. (M. D.) 338 Polhemus, John H 240 Potter, Henry A .' .' 485 Potter, William E. (Col.) 306 Price, Edward L 282 Pyne, M. Taylor 275 Quackenbush, John 492 Queen, John W 400 Quimby, Isaac N. (M. D.) 251 xii BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Page. Radel, Edward H 3°° Radel, John 3°° Reed, Charles A 3°5 Revere, Paul 44 Richards, George ¦ 3°9 Ringle, Jacob 239 Roberts, Jonathan W 312 Rogers, Maurice A 3°5 Rogers, Peter F 287 Romaine, Isaac I75 Ross, Henry C 488 Rudd, Robert S 3°8 Runkle, Harry G 423 Russert, John W 407 Salmon, Joshua S 331 Sauvage, Tonzo L 173 Semple, John L 238 Seitz, Carl F 323 Seitz, Julius E 325 Simonson, Henry D 450 Sinclair, Angus 343 Smith, Abel 1 355 Smith, Albridge C 372 Smith, George G 207 Smith, Irving 384 Smith, Oliver-Drake 333 Squire, George A 424 Stoddard, Elijah W. (D. D.) 161 Stone, Henry M 492 Swift, Wellington 267 Taylor, Thomas J 403 Thurston, Charles B 288 Toffey, John J 357 Torrey, Herbert G 208 Tracy, J. Evarts 3™ Trusdell, John G 20Q Tyler, Mason W. (Col.) .................[ 419 Utter, Frederick M ; ..q, Van Horn, Amos H 4c;i Van Horn, James ,OI Vreeland, John B 210 Voorhees, Willard P 2-*6* BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. xiii Page. Wagner, Charles K. (M. D.) 217 Walker, Herman 415 Wallis, Alexander Hamilton 210 Wallis, Hamilton . . : 212 Walton, Edward A. 395 Ward, Joseph B 250 Ward, William R 248 Washburn, Richard C 286 Watkins, Samuel C. G. (D. D. S.) 404 Webb, James A 286 Weeks, William R 169 Wentworth, Fred W 401 Weston, Edward 290 White, Henry S > 458 Whitaker, John A 177 Wigger, Winand M. (Rt. Rev. D. D.) 174 Wiley, Charles R. (M. D.) 456 Wilson, William R 489 Wood, Charles F 449 Yates, Henry J 180 Young, Edward F. C 328 INDEX-ILLUSTRATIONS. Adams, Orange H FacinS 437 Alexander, James H PaSe 344 Allen, Joseph W Facln& 409 Allen, William F 40» Babcock, George H 345 Badgley, Alfred S. Pa&e 4i» Baker, Frank E 2I5 Baldwin, Albert 439 Ball, James T 4i2 Banta, William S Facing 2.yj Barnet, James G I9I Barbour, William 168 Bedle, Joseph D 243 Bell, Edward T " 497 Benjamin, Dowling 444 Besson, John C Page 256 Besson, Samuel A 255 Black, Edward S Facing 348 Blair, John Insley " 132 Blair, John A " 135 Blanchard, Noah F " 184 Bradshaw, Albert M " 163 Breeden, Charles E 369 Breidt, Peter " 317 Brown, Albert D " 392 Bryan, William H. B Page 216 Burnham, Frederick G Facing 253 Cannon, Charles K " 206 Carhuff, Elles R .Page 397 Carter, Oliver S Facing 399 Childs Family (Homestead) Page 418 Childs, Samuel S Facing 419 Childs, William, Sr " Aiy Childs, William, Jr " 4I8 Christie, Cornelius " ogg Clark, Joseph <¦ ^6 Cleveland, Grover " Tge Coles, Abraham Frontispiece Coles, J. Ackerman Facing 120 INDEX— ILLUSTRATIONS. xv Colyer, Josepn Facing 413 Coult, Joseph Page 502 Cox, Rowland Facing 342 Crabb, William " 435 Crosby, Henry B " 426 Dallas, Alexander " 496 Daly, William D " 257 Dane, John, Jr " 151 Dane, John, Jr., (Residence Hollywood. A Glimpse of the house from the South Lawn Facing 1 52 Dane, ^John, Jr., (Residence, Hollywood. The- PortecocheFe- and Mairr Entrance) Facing 152 Dane, John Jr., (Residence, Hollywood. North and East Lawns from the Piazza of the House) Facing 152 Davis, Hiram W " 337 Davis, William J " 336 Demarest, Elmer W Page 430 Demarest, Nicholas J " 422 Depue, David A Facing 165 DeWitt, C. Lincoln " 433 Dickson, Henry " 339 Dodd, Amzi " 153 Drake, J. Madison Page 387 Dryden, John F Facing 197 Dunn, John T " 176 Enders, William B " 187 Endicott, Allen B ,. " 320 English, Nicholas C. J " 158 Erwin, James S 377 Essex County Hospital for the Insane Page 263 Force, William M Page 487 Fowler, Charles N Facing 148 Frey, Albert 37° Frothingham, Howard P 200 Fuller, Charles W " 480 Gile, Francis A 2°2 Goodsped, William B 159 Hallock, Joseph A Facing 482 Hawkesworth, Robert W " 491 Ha-, James R Page 205 Headley, Albert O Facing 39a Headley, William O " 1389 Headley & Farmer Company (Works) Page 391 xvi 'INDEX— ILLUSTRATIONS. Heald, Daniel A Fac™8 353 Heinisch, Henry C fi 495 Hinckley, Livingston S 259 Illingworth, John " 3l8 Indian Group x3? Isham, H. Heyward PaSe 266 Jenkinson, George B Facing 246 Jobs, Eugene ' Pa&e 2&I Jones, J. Wyman -¦ Facing 475 Joy, Edmund L z37 Kehoe, John F Facing 368 Kidder, Camilus G • • • 373 Kinney, Thomas T 224 Kinney, William B 220 Kip, Ira A., Jr '| 465 Kirkpatrick, Andrew, (Late Chief Justice) 140 Kirkpatrick, Andrew, (Judge U. S. Dist. Court) 142 Kirkpatrick, J. Bayard . : . " 143 Lane, Isaac Facing 242 Lane, William : . " 242* Lembeck, Henry " 303 Lembeck, Henry (Residence) ' . . Page 305 Leonard, Frederick W Facing 278 Leverich, John T '' 474 Lockward, Lewis G 242 Lockwood, Charles N Page 467 Lyne, Lewis F '. . Facing 477 Lyons, Lewis J " 483 Mandeville, Henry A " 186 Manners, Abraham " 473 Manners, Edwin " 285 Matthews, Ambrose M " 361 McCarter, Thomas N " 333 McDonough, Francis M Page 380 McGee, Flavel Facing 145 Merriam, Henry W " 3 eg Meyer, Ernest L Page 327 Meyer, Louis Facing 490 Miller, Lebbeus B Page 367 Munn, Albert C " oj5 Negley, James S Facing 228 Nishwitz, Frederick « 22g INDEX— ILLUSTRATIONS. xvu Oakes, David , . Facing 236 Oliver, David W " 274 Oram, Robert F " 182 Osborne, Louis S Page 189 Parker. Cortlandt " 506 Parker, James " 505 Pennington, Samuel H , . Facing 190 Potter, Henry A Page 485 Potter, William E Facing 306 Price, Edward L " 282 Queen, John W Page 401 Quimby, Isaac N Facing 251 Radel, Edward Facing 300 Radel, John " 301 Reed, Charles A " 365 Revere, Paul " 441 Richards, George " 309 Rogers, Maurice A " 385 Romaine, Isaac " 175 Ross, Henry C " 488 Rudd, Robert S " 308 Russert, John W " 1 407 Salmon, Joshua S Facing 331 Sauvage, Tonzo 173 Seitz, Carl F Page 324 Seitz, Julius E " 325 Semple, John L Facing 238 Simonson, Henry D Page 451 Sinclair, Angus Facing 343 Smith, Abel I Page 356 Smith, Albfidge C Facing 372 Smith, George G 207 Smith, Irving • ¦ • 384 Stoddard, Elijah W " 161 Squire, George A Page 425 Taylor, Thomas J Facing 403 Thurston, Charles B 288 Torrey, Herbert G 208 Tracy, J. Evarts 3H Utter, Frederick M Facing 440 Van Horn, Amos H Facing 451 xviii INDEX— ILLUSTRATIONS. Van Horn, Amos H. (Residence) Facing 452 Van Horn, Amos H. (Store) 453 Van Horn, Amos H. (Stock, Shipping and Salesroom Building) . 454 Van Horn, Amos H. (New Storehouse) 455 Van Horn, Amos H. (Carpet Cleaning Building) 455 Van Horn, James 3°2 Vreeland, John B 219 Wagner, Charles K - Facing 217 Wallis, Alexander Hamilton Page 211 Wallis, Hamilton " 213 Ward, Joseph B " 250 Ward, William R " 249 Watkins, Samuel C. C Facing 404 Webb, James A " 286 Weeks, William R " 169 Wentworth, Fred W " 402 Weston, Edward 290 Whitaker, John A " 177 White, Henry S " 458 Wiley, Charles R " 456 Wilson, William R " 489 Yates, Henry J Facing 180 Young, Edward F. C " 328 ski CHAPTER I. THE LENNI-LENAPE. ¦ O one field of inquiry, either in the history of New Jersey or of any other State, has been more carefully investigated, with less tangi ble results, than that of the origin of the Indian. An examination of several hypotheses, advanced during the past three centuries, still leaves us in the realm of conjecture. Whether one turns to Boudinot's final effort to identify the Indian with the Lost Tribes of Israel, or to* Haeckel's view that "Lemuria," the sunken continent of the Indian Ocean was their original home, or to Donnelly's assumption that the Red Man sprang from Atlantean source, or with Brinton agree that the Indian was wholly indigenous we struggle only with theories. Lacking data upon this phase of the question, one fact, however, stands clear. It is that, when the Swedes and Hollanders, at the opening of the 17th century, projected their settlements upon the Delaware and the Hudson, they found upon the banks of those rivers, and upon some of the streams tributary thereto, an independent nation of the great Algonkin family, a nation known along the Atlantic sea-board as the Lenni-Lenape, claiming like most nomadic and partly savage tribes, an origin dating from the highest antiquity. In deed the translation of the name, Lenni-Lenape, means "Our Men," or the "Original People." Though small in numbers, their total strength within the present limits of the State of New Jersey, being about 3,000, the Lenni- Lenape, or Delawares, were destined to play a somewhat important part in the drama of colonial life. Not having a distinctive literature, and unable to withstand the civilizing forces, which came from the east, the Lenni-Lenape has left no permanent rce- ord of his physical appearance, modes of life, or his social and religious concepts. Our knowledge of the Indian is thus mainly derived from contemporaneous European and colonial authorities, or from the traditions yet current among his descendants, who are wards of the nation* upon the Federal reservations. In the scholarly monograph, "The Indians of New Jersey," by William Nelson, of Paterson, a flood of light is thrown upon the matter. From the mass of data there accumulated, one may generalize sufficiently to form a rap idly passing picture of the Lenni-Lenape. Stripped of sentimentality and ro- 2 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. mance, the Indian of New Jersey appears in history as a hunter, with some rudimentary knowledge of agriculture, shifting his wigwam from one stream- bank to another, fearful of the elements, speaking a language of but few words, and by signs expressing his ideas, untutored and unlearned, less cruel than his northern neighbors, vet easily aroused to deeds of violence; a partial sav age who had nevertheless certain qualities which won for him the respect of the better class of settlers. In personal appearance the Lenni-Lenapes were tall, well formed, with copper colored skin, high cheek bones, black haired, and with strong white teeth — characteristics common to most of the Algonkin family. They annoint- ed and painted their bodies, using both mineral and vegetable dyes. As a rule the women possessed no beauty, the young girls being sometimes statuesque, but owing to youthful marriages and manual labor, soon became haggard and worn. In their domestic life, the man was more gentle in his treatment of the woman than was usual among other Indians. While marriage, or rather a ceremony joining a male and female, was recognized, it was by no means bind ing, and the relationship was changed whenever convenience might require. Polygamy was permitted but was not generally practiced. Children were kindly cared for and abandonment of the aged was not permitted by tribal cus tom. But it was in the exercise of an abounding hospitality that the Lenni-Le nape excelled. Whether among themselves, or toward the necessitous settler, the flap of the wigwam was ever turned outward. This redeeming quality was spontaneous, and called forth the loudest praise from Penn and the other emigrants of the Society of Friends. While rush or grass and deer skin formed the only bed, and their food was coarse, the articles being cooked in a com mon pot, it was offered in welcome. Many of the old writers mention the dig nity and grace of manner which characterized their forest-born hosts, and the freedom from all selfish motives which animated their relations toward their guests. In their religious concepts, it may be asserted as a general proposition that the Lenni-Lenape strove rather to propitiate evil spirits than to adore the good. They had a somewhat hazy recognition of a great all ruling power, were undoubtedly light-worshipers, and stood in a wholesome awe of death, which, however, they met fearlessly. They buried their dead with elaborate ceremonies, the women wailing and weeping, as among nearly all primitive peo ple, but with the idea that the silent warrior had gone to a just reward, which lay to the South-land along the path of the Milky Way. Allusion has been made to the nomadic character of the Lenni-Lenape. He was indeed a creature of impulses, moved mainly by considerations of hun- HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 3 ger and shelter. There is abundant evidence that there was little perman ency to his village sites, indeed the locations of but few are known, the most prominent being Oneanickon, near Columbus, Burlington county. As there was no recognition among them of the idea of personal ownership of real pros perity, each Indian located his wigwam where he thought best. This habi tation was rudely constructed of the skins of wild beasts, or of young trees bent to a common center and their boughs interlaced. Sometimes he rose to the dignity of a wattled hut, or fashioned a cave in the side of a rise of ground. Here he cultivated maize, from which his squaw made "pone" or "samp," or with wild beans concocted "succotash." Herbs, nuts and berries, and the succulent roots with maize, composed the vegetable part of his diet, while the beasts of the forest fell before his stone-tipped hickory arrow, to be eaten half- raw, or dried for winter food. The use of intoxicating liquor was unknown, but to the charms of rum, metheglin, heavy beer, and spirits, the Indian, upon the arrival of the European emigrants, became a willing victim. Tobacco was his only stimulant in earlier times. In the arts, the Lenni-Lenape were skilled in the tanning of hides, in fashioning garments from the skins of all animals, in net making, in elementary weaving, '•and particularly in fashioning tools and various implements from bone and stone. "Wampum," used as a medium of exchange and, in belts, as pledges of good faith in treaties, they fashioned from the shells of clams. Bits of native copper from the Raritan valley, semi-precious stones from the hills of Sussex, mica and bright colored pieces of quartz, were strung together or worn separately, as charms, amulets or ornaments. Their pottery was sun-dried and marked with crude but conventional designs. With dyes, they stained representations of animals, chiefs and famous men upon their garments. According to the old writers the Lenni-Lenape were divided into three sub- cribes, generally known as the Minsi (mountaineers) whose totem was the wolf; the Unami (people down the river) who dwelt south of the Minsi, in the terri tory from the Lehigh to the Rancocas and whose totem was the tortoise and the Unalachtigo, (ocean people) whose totem was the turkey. Of the,se the Unami were leaders in governmental affairs, of which sub-tribe, the celebrated Tamanend arose, whose name was adopted by the early Tammany Societies of Philadelphia, New York and elsewhere. Teedyescung, the orator and warrior statesman, was of the Unami sub-tribe. The Indian, owing to his physical and mental constitution, was ill-fitted to conform to the new standards erected by the settlers. While the Lenni- Lenape and the colonist dwelt together in far greater amity than in the other colonies, there was nevertheless a mutual distrust, which neither the efforts of the Gospel ministry, nor the assurances of the governmental powers, could 4 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. displace. Both the Red Man and the White Man cried "Peace," but there was no peace. No armed bands of Lenni-Lenape burned the settlers' cottages or murdered the women, nevertheless the social natures of both were at war. True the saintly David Brainerd organized his missions at Crosswicks and Cranbury, the Society of Friends in West Jersey formed the "New Jer sey Association for Helping the Indians," and the Red Man's titles to land were extinguished without the shedding of a drop of blood, yet there was the constant feeling in the Province that the Indian must soon seek another hunting ground. This feeling was by no means mollified when the news of the massacres on New Jersey's frontier brought additional terror to the settlers during the In dian war of 1755. It was not until August, 1758, that a final disposition was made of the Indians, who were largely residents of the region south of the Raritan. In that year, mainly through the influence of Governor Bernard, the first Indian reservation ever established within the present limits of the United States was located at Brotherton, in the eastern-central part of the county of Burlington. Three thousand acres of land were purchased, and two hundred Indians were settled upon the tract where they remained until 1802. In that year the Lenni-Lenape removed to New Stockbridge, New York, joining the Mohegans. In 1822, the New Jersey Indians again removed to Green Bay, Wisconsin, and the relations of the people of the State and the Lenni-Lenape were finally closed in 1832, when the Legislature of New Jersey appropriated $2,000 to extinguish all the right, title and interest which the Indians had against the colony or State of New Jersey. There are at the present time in the State of New Jersey, no full blooded Lenni- Lenape descendants of the original stock. At Brotherton, some of the Indian women married white men and some of the Lenni-Lenape men took negresses to wife, and traces of this blood are yet to be found in West Jersey. In earlier days, the marriage of Indian girls to the young men of the settlement is a mat ter of record, although such unions were not common. Although two cen turies have elapsed since these marriages, the descendants still show unmis takable traces of the Indian cast of features, as well as certain mental traits, too characteristic to be easily disguised. Aside from this slight influence the only evidence we have of the Indian occupation of New Jersey is in the preservation of many place names, such as Acquackanonck, Assunpink, Communipaw, Crosswicks, Hackensack, Hoboken, Hohokus, Manumuskin, Manantico, Pamrapo, Passaic, Pompton, Rahway, Se- caucus, Succasunna and Watchung. These have passed into general nomen clature and stand as living memorials of the enduring power of a half-forgotten people. CHAPTER II. THE DUTCH AND THE SWEDES. jMONG superficial assertions is one that the history of the colony and State of New Jersey begins with the granting of the territory to James, Duke of York, by Charles II, King of England, and by the grantee further conveyed to Berkeley and Carteret. The date of these conveyances, 1664, marks the beginning of a permanent occupancy by set tlers from the British Isles, but it by no means represents the genesis of colonial growth. Underlying the vast structure erected in the State of New Jersey by English- speaking men, lies a foundation, which, while not English, was of kindred Teu tonic form — a foundation established by the Dutch and the Swedes. This earlier development of New Jersey, to be properly understood, must be examined with some degree of care^as, in its social and religious influences, it still affects the life of the State. In point of precedence the Dutch in New Jersey demand consideration. The advent of Henry Hudson in 1609, and his explorations of the Delaware, or South River and the Hudson, or North River, gave to Holland a claim to all the country drained by these rivers. Failing to discover the Northwest Passage to India, for which he and other navigators so vainly sought, Hudson realized the advantages to be gained, by Holland, should trade with the Indians upon the Hudson and Delaware be actively prosecuted. Urging upon the Dutch, the necessity for prompt action, Hudson's plea fell upon no deaf ears. Flushed with victory on land and sea, earnest in securing a share of the spoil in North America, a company of merchants securing concessions from the States Gen eral of Holland, entered the field, erected posts at Albany and New York, and projected settlements in what are now Hudson and Bergen counties. It re mained, however, for the Dutch West India Company, a corporation of vast power, to essay the extension of the sphere of Holland's influence in America. Fur trading posts were established, not only on the upper Hudson, but in New Jersey, as well along the North River as at Fort Nassau on the Delaware, near Gloucester. To give still greater permanency to the enterprise, in 1629, farming was encouraged and what is known as "patroonships" became a part of the policy of the West India Company. The principle underlying the plan 6 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. was simple. The "patroon" was granted a tract of land, if on a river sixteen miles upon one bank or eight miles upon both banks, extending into the back country as far "as the situation of the occupiers will permit." In consideration of such a grant of land, of which the patroon was judge as well as owner, he bound himself to transport to the Hudson or the Delaware, fifty settlers above the age of fifteen, provide each, at His own expense with a stocked farm, fur nish a pastor and school master, and to charge a low rent. The emigrants bound themselves to cultivate the land for ten years, to use only Holland cloth, to have their grain ground at the patroon's mill, and to offer the sale of the grain, first, to the patroon. Patroonships were created both in New York and New Jersey. Large tracts of land were granted upon the west bank of the Hudson, at Cape May, and upon the shores of the Delaware, the latter projects, in the ¦ southwestern part of the State, being unsuccessful, owing to quarrels between the settlers and the Indians. The Dutch occupancy of the State of New Jersey from 1609 to 1664, was of a somewhat tenative character. The tendency was to develop the upper val ley of the Hudson, and to strengthen the post on Manhattan Island. As time went by the Dutch, noting the growth of the New England colonies, and of the settlements in Virginia and Maryland, became conscious that, in holding New York, with the Hudson and Delaware, they separated the possessions of the English crown and were in a position to dictate their own terms to an in truder. Such would, indeed, have been the case, had not the Dutch West In dia Company been so unwieldy a corporation. Its very magnitude fostered jealousies, and its power, exercised through more or less obstinate and in efficient governors, bore somewhat heavily upon the element in the commu nity which is always seeking independent political action. But the Dutch had a rival in North America other than England, a rival which entered unannounced, but which was a constant menace to the power of Holland. Sweden, under Gustavus Adolphus, rose in the early part of the 17th century to a position of European pre-eminence. Like Holland, she early recognized the apparent advantages of a trans-Atlantic colony, and to secure a foothold, a company, somewhat similar to the Dutch West India Company, was organized in Sweden. To aid the project, the crown as well as the people ad vanced funds and support, emigrants were secured, a small fleet equipped and in 1638, a settlement was made at Wilmington, upon the west bank of the Delaware. Disregarding the contentions of both the English and Dutch, the Swedes laid claim to the Delaware Bay, its tributary streams and to the river as far as the tide flows — the present site of Trenton. Like the Dutch on the Hudson, the colonists shifted from fur trading to farming, organized a local in re- HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 7 government, and made settlements upon the New Jersey shore of the Delaware. While the number of colonists from Sweden was small, and the claim of the Swedes to the Delaware was based upon little more than mere occupation, there was from 1638 to 1655 constant friction between the Scandinavians and the Hollanders. After fruitless negotiations, the Dutch appealed to arms, and the latter year, sailed up the Delaware, captured the Swedish strongholds, duced their garrisons, and in one blow wiped New Sweden from the map. Thus for ten years the beaver of New Netherlands was the symbol of power upon the Delaware. Both Holland and Sweden, in their settlement of the Hudson and Dela ware valleys, confined their spheres of influence to the narrowest territorial lim itations—so far as New Jersey was concerned. The Dutch threw out a line along the Hudson from Bayonne to the present State boundary, penetrated to a slight degree the valleys of the Hackensack, Passaic and Raritan, and occupied the north shore of Monmouth county. With the exception of the Pavonia grant and Bergen, there was no town of size, the effort at civilization being confined to clearing land for the isolated farms. Nor were the Swedes more active upon the Delaware, as the traces of a few farms from Salem to Burlington indicate. The rest of the State was left to the undisturbed possession of the Lenni-Lenape. To sum up the question of the occupancy of New Jersey by the Dutch and Swedes, the fact remains undisputed that, while vast claims were made by both nations, neither regarded their settlements, in the State, as anything more than mere outlying dependencies. The Dutch interests were centered in New York and Albany, the Swedish, in Wilmington and Tinicum Island, while the New Jersey farmers were left to their own devices and often to their own protection. Underlying all assertions made that both the Dutch and Swedes sought a religious asylum in the New World, is the ever-recurring fact that the two na tions were moved by a common impulse — that of territorial acquisition in the partition of a new continent and the economic advantages derivable therefrom. Indeed, both the Hollanders and Swedes, at home, enjoyed a large degree of religious freedom, and while both transplanted to America a spirit of toleration, the contention that they came to America solely to seek such an advantage, falls to the ground. In certain characteristics the emigrants of both nations had much in com mon. Not only did they tolerate freedom of action in religious matters, but both advocated the erection of schools. While the decline of the power of the Swedish crown soon left the colony to fight its own battles, there was fostered, especially among the clergy, a love of letters. Both were engaged in trade 8 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. with the Indians, both encouraged agriculture, and both were slave owners. Yet neither the Dutch nor the Swedes had that spirit of enterprise which so ani mated the later English settlers. The Dutch were content to trade and to farm, unable to successfully cope with New England and Virginia, and only strong enough to absorb the weaker colony of New Sweden. The latter, practically abandoned its fate, sustained for a short period a negative capacity for defence, and then passed from the scene of colonial action. With the coming of the English, the political organization of the New Netherlands, was eliminated. Yet to the credit of the conquerors it must be said that but little change was made in the government, beyond modifications necessary to adapt local conditions to a general policy. The Dutch had adopted a similar plan with the Swedes in 1655, and just as the latter had merged their existence into the former, so the Dutch gave themselves over to English rule. While, however, the government changed, there was no decided elimination of racial traits. Until the middle of the last century, the Swedish tongue was used upon the Delaware, both in the home and in the churches, while Swedish do mestic customs have endured until this day. But still more persistent is the Dutch influence. Families have married and intermarried, their churches have been sustained, and have not been absorbed by other denominations, while the language of Holland is still spoken and written by a few of the descendants of the pioneers. Both the Dutch and Swedes have left a further impress. They have given to many modern philanthropic movements stability and conservatism, and have been foremost in the advancement of the cause of religion. While the descen dants of neither have been controlling factors in political affairs, they have stood firm in the sustaining of the doctrine of protection of individual rights. Thus the basic stratum of Dutch and Swedish influence has given to New Jersey much of that distinctive conservatism, which has made the State conspicuous in the administration of its public affairs, and has stimulated that love of civil and religious liberty, so characteristic of communities, whose origin is traceable to nations whose breath of life comes from the North Sea. CHAPTER III. THE COMING OF THE ENGLISH. SIDE from the semi-fabulous expedition of Ployden, and the efforts made by New England settlers to locate upon the Delaware, the history of English occupation of New Jersey begins with the con quest of New Amsterdam in 1664. The position of the Dutch, holding both the valleys of the Hudson and the Delaware, was one which gave the English much concern. The long years of civil strife during the Protectorate of Cromwell and the open hostility of Europe toward England had so occupied the insular mind with domestic matters that the Dutch were suffered to remain practically undisturbed. But the accession of Charles II placed the matter in a new light. With the return of the house of Stuart to power, there came a desire not only for colonial expansion, but a demand that the crown avenge itself for the insults which Holland, in the past, had offered England. Animated by a desire to present an unbroken line of colonies upon the eastern coast "of North America from the Carolinas to Massachusetts Bay, an expedition against New Amsterdam was fitted out, and after a brief voyage, a short resistance, and a capitulation in the summer of 1664, the fort, the town and the boweries on Manhattan Island became subject to the English crown, to rise again as the struggling village of New York. In the meantime, Charles II had anticipated the climax accomplished by force of arms, and in his kingly disregard for all previous grants, conveyed to his brother James, Duke of York, a large tract of territory, embracing among ¦other States or portions of States, what is now New Jersey. This grant made on the 1 2th of March, 1664, was followed by a conveyance of practically what is now the State of New Jersey, to two influential friends of the Stuarts, John, Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, upon the 24th of June, 1664. * Henceforth New Jersey is to be considered a dependency of the English •crown. Such were the services of Carteret and Berkeley to the House of Stuart in the hour of its distress, and such was their influence at court, that their grant was by no means confined to ownership of the soil. With it passed the most ample governmetal powers, the crown reserving little more than a mere formal recognition of a home government. So it was that these two noblemen found IO HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. themselves owners of a vast tract of land, its river fronts sparsely occupied by Dutch and Swedes, and nomadic bands of Indians, with the proposition regard ing colonization as yet unsolved. ' To make New Jersey productive, to secure returns from such a domain, re quired judicious and speedy action. Settlers were the earliest requirement,. men and women who were willing to go over-sea and begin life anew amid the hardships of an untried soil. There were in the British Isles, at the close of the Commonwealth, a large body of people who extended to Charles II little more than a half hearted welcome. Puritans and Independents in England, and descendants of the old Covenanters in Scotland, with many members of the rapidly growing sect of Quakers represented the better element. Added to this were soldiers of fortune, who had possibly fought with Cavaliers and Round Heads, men of no religious convictions, but who were willing to seek a new home, younger sons of the country gentry with no hope of patrimony, and a scattering representation from the submerged class of London and the smaller- cities. It was from these social factors that Berkeley and Carteret must seek their settlers. With a wisdom far beyond their day, the owners of New Jer sey offered an inducement to emigration which was at once attractive and bene ficial.. Throwing aside the chimerical governmental schemes, which had come so near wrecking certain of the older colonies, Berkeley and Carteret promul gated a well-drawn declaration of organic law which they designed should govern the new dependency. Reserving to themselves only a modicum of the power conferred upon them by the crown, the Proprietors provided for an As sembly to be chosen by the people, delegated to the settlers the selection of minor officials, authorized the erection of courts and in other ways guaranteed those rights for for which the masses had been fighting since the days of Runny- mead. The effect of the publication of this liberal frame of government was in stantaneous. Not only were settlers attracted, particularly from England and Scotland, but even from New England and Long Island. Settlements along the north shore of Monmouth county and at Elizabethtown and Newark were immediately begun, and much was expected from the province. But evil days were in store for New Jersey. The very elements which sought political free dom in the colony, now urged a still greater extension of their rights, became dissatisfied with the rents payable to the owners, viewed the Proprietor's Coun cil with suspicion and actually went so far as to plan an open revolt. Internal disturbances and the personal relationships of Carteret and Ber keley led to a readjustment of their interests in 1676, when by mutual agree ment they provided for a division of the colony. A line was run from Little- HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. n Egg Harbor to the Delaware Water Gap. Berkeley received West Jersey as his moiety, while Carteret obtained East Jersey as his share. The creation of these new interests marked a new development in the his tory of the colony. There arose two independent and separate governments, with interests which tended to diverge from the hour the Proprietors parted. Berkeley almost immediately disposed of his share to a company of Quakers of whom the ruling spirit was William Penn. Carteret soon died leaving a widow, who also sold her rights to an association, composed mainly of men of Calvinistic tendencies, with an admixture of members of the Society of Friends. In their respective purchases, these organizations acquired the same rights of property and government, as Carteret and Berkeley possessed. In these companies of purchasers of East and West Jersey, we find the beginnings of the Board of Proprietors of East Jersey, and the Board of Proprietors of West Jer sey, which, through all the changes and vicissitudes of over two centuries, have sustained an uninterrupted official existence. Until the year 1680 there was practically no effort made to develop the re sources of the Delaware valley. Underthetwo Proprietors, the northeastern portion of their domain had received support, and it was not until the Society of Friends located their settlements at Salem, Gloucester and Burlington that the possibilities of the tide-water portion of West Jersey became known. If Carteret and Berkeley had established a liberal plan of government, that designed for West Jersey, by William Penn and his associates, was even more so. It is doubtful if the world had yet seen as thoroughly a democratic document as the one which guaranteed to emigrants their freedom of action in all matters spiritual and most matters temporal. By way of illustration a jury of Indians and white men could be called to try an Indian, taxes were equitably adjusted, the selection of most minor officers was left to the people, courts were established, free, at least in theory, from proprietary control, the distinctions among the executive, legis lative and judicial departments were well recognized — all of which tended to at tract settlers and to upbuild the Western province. In East Jersey, a like ten dency was noticeable. This was due largely to the political sentiment of the community. The settlers of the Eastern portion of the State possessed a strong individuality, which was stimulated and fostered by certain local conditions, to which later reference will be made. In spite of the usual dangers and disasters incident to colonization, the two divisions were fairly prosperous. But over both hung the shadow of a change in governmental affairs. The Boards of Proprietors, with their conflicting interests, the complications incident to the sale of land, and the creation of minor holdings, internal jealousies, and publir distrust, found that the burden of ownership and government was too great. The deputy governors were involved in disputes, and the home government be^ 12 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. came dissatisfied. To promote the common welfare of the province, both boards surrendered to the crown the right of government, retaining their inter ests in the soil, and in 1703 East and West Jersey united, became the royal province of New Jersey. The surrender was marked by no especial event of dramatic interest. In deed, the time had never been when the Proprietary boards were sufficiently able to fully cope with the questions of government, and it was more the law- abiding spirit of the people, than any merit, of the Proprietors, which saved the colony from interval disturbance. Even the action of James II, who at tempted to nullify his grant to Berkeley and Cartaret by foisting his creature Andros upon the colonies, did not disturb the settlers half as much as the inef ficiency of those who were so often in authority. Then in both divisions, there was the element found in all new communities, a lawless, shifting class, idle and dangerous, and only awaiting a leader, that he and they might shake the foundations of the social structure. To quell such an uprising, needed a much stronger government than existed in either of the Jerseys — a fact well recog nized by the crown. It must not be forgotten that while the government by the Proprietary boards had many weaknesses, these same shortcomings were a source of strength to the people. Between the settlers and that momentous event of the age — the Revolution — lay a century of development. Yet it was in the assembly houses of Burlington and Amboy, that the great grandsires of future patriots learned the first lessons of self-government. In the peaceful revolution, when by the exercise of moral influence, they overthrew the Proprietary govern ments, they prepared the way for that greater Revolution, when an appeal to arms was the last redress of an injured people. CHAPTER IV. IN THE DAYS OF THE 'UNION." ITH the change of government from the Proprietors directly to the crown, there came, at least, a partial relief to the inhabitants of New Jersey. So much of the uncertainties and disorders as grew out of the conflict of legislative authority, the questionable juris diction of courts, and the rights of the Proprietors to collect rents, were elim inated. While the change did not finally dispose of some mooted questions,, it was entirely acceptable to the mass of the people, who. saw in the future a more stable government. There was, however, a small minority who bitterly resented the new order of things — a minority composed of men who may well be classed as professional politicians, and who saw their occupations as place holders, gone. With them was that element in the community, who, caught by the cry that their rights would be lost, under the direct rule of the crown, were ready to organize for opposition. The time was critical, but the good sense of the people saved the day. The policy of nepotism, however, came near wrecking all the good effects of the change. Queen Anne selected for governor of New Jersey and New York her kinsman, Edward, Lord Cornbury, a profligate, unscrupulous noble man, who immediately became unpopular. From the start, he obstinately re fused to be guided by local conditions. Two measures which he advocated were, as a rule, disliked; the one his attempt to establish the Church of England in New Jersey, and create an American bishopric in Burlington, the other, a constant effort to drag money for himself and his friends from an unwilling Assembly. Had the Crown sent to New Jersey a governor possessing more worthy traits of character, it is likely that no seeds of discord would have been sown. The politicians and their followers took immediate advantage of the situation,. stirred up a spirit of opposition to Cornbury, and even enlisted the support of some of the warmest friends of the "Union," as the surrender was called. Corn bury took legal action against some of the most prominent men of the popular - party, tried to coerce the legislature, and after several years of bullying and quarrelling returned to England, leaving the colony in a ferment. It lay in the power of the first royal governor to correct abuses of the past, . strengthen the loyalty of the present, and lay broad plans for the future. But. I4 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Cornbury had no aspirations, beyond the gratification of his selfish lusts. While engaged in attaining his own ends, he sacrificed the hopes of an empire and paved the way for a spirit of resistance, first directed toward the governors of the crown, and then naturally against the crown itself. The government of New Jersey from 1703 until 1776 differed by little from the other royal colonies. The governorship was usually made the royal reward for some favor shown. The incumbent represented in his person, the might, dominion, majesty and power of his Sovereign. Around him was his Council, composed of Jerseymen, favorable to the administration, embracing men of in fluence and wealth. The Council and Governor selected the justices of the Supreme Court, the judges of the county court, Justices of the Peace, the Sheriffs and other minor county officers, to whom commissions were issued under the Great Seal of the Colony. The Governor was also Chancellor and commander-in-chief of the land and naval forces of the colony. The elective franchise was granted to* the people, but was confined to their •choice of representatives to sit in the General Assembly. Property qualifica tions limited the number of voters as well as restrained the list of those who could sit in the lower house. Throughout the period practically embracing seventy-five years of the 18th century, certain conditions occur and reoccur with such frequencey as to have left a permanent impress upon State history. As a general assumption, subject to occasional modification, there was friction between the Governor and his Council upon one side and the House of Assembly upon the other. The Chief Executive was usually a member of the Church of England, which, struggling for general recognition in the Colony, made head largely by reason of royal protection. The members of Council were of that denomination or of the Society of Friends, the two faiths usually holding an alliance, at least, defensive, against the lower house. While the Quakers were not disposed to actively enter the field of colonial politics for elective offices, their conservatism led the crown to select them as its allies, to hinder any popular movement. It was in the activities of general politics that the Calvinistic members of the Assembly were powerful. All through the long quarrels between the Gov ernor and the Assembly, it was East Jerseymen who were most active in the de fense of their rights. The Calvinist had fought long years before, his religious battles; it was now that he must carry on his political warfare. The questions that tended to disturb colonial politics were mainly of an economic character. The ever present agitation concerning a salary list, the refusal of the Assembly to grant monies for the Governors stipend; the demand for a fiat money, the issuance of such paper currency being first allowed by HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. I5 the crown in 1709 as a war measure, and later secured as a matter of right; and efforts made by the House to secure the granting of corporate powers in as sisting the development of small industries, were among the most prominent. But underneath this outward and quite visible spirit of reform, which was but natural, there was an undercurrent of opposition to the policy of the crown. Many of the emigrants, who, earlier were homeless and friendless, had become tenants of the large land owners or had acquired small holdings, but not enough to entitle them to suffrage. Lying as it did, between New York and Phila delphia, both of which cities were growing in importance, New Jersey was crossed and recrossed by a drifting class of adventurers, men who siezed upon an outcry to disturb the public peace, held forth to ill-informed audiences in way side taverns, or encouraged "redemptioners" and other short term slaves to run away from their masters. These elements and the small farmer urged on by the adventurers, were the first to protest against the limitations of the franchise, the severity of the criminal laws, the method of appointing judges and the general static conditions prevalent in the colony. As early asc 1710 there are traces of the sentiment "taxation without representation," in the expressions of opinion by members of the Assembly, while the unpublished records of the Supreme Court show several trials and convictions for treasonable utterances publically made by more than one unfortunate agitator. But while the spirit favoring a wider plan and scope of popular action grew slowly, the crown governed with a strong hand. It brought all elements into patriotic union during the French and Indian war; it drove the pirates from the vicinity of the Bay of New York and the Capes of the Delaware; it erected a general post office and gave New Jersey the charters of what are now Prince ton University and Rutgers College. Ferries were authorized, roads con structed and waste land reclaimed under commission or by acts approved in London. New Jersey was always outwardly loyal to the home government. The Dutch extended their settlements along the Raritan, until they met the Germans of the German Valley, yet both were hearty in support of the government. There had also appeared, early in the colonial period, a small Body of French Hugenots on Monmouth county, who paid but little attention to politics, and they were loyal. New Jersey also received a part of that vast Scotch-Irish emigration which rolled over eastern Pennsylvania, and until the crucial time came, they gave the crown but little concern. Other rapidly passing events after the French and Indian war, with the slow but healthy germination of the ideas underlying the minor circumstances which precipitated the Revolution, so affected much of the conservative element, that New Jersey threw her energies into the common cause 16 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. The Revolution was the triumph of colonial democracy. That the Colonies declared themselves free and independent was an incident of the struggle — an incident of such supreme importance that the act is taken to typify the war itself. The attitude first taken by the colonists was not so much a desire to sever their relations with the crown as to protest against ill-treatment and neglect, just as the Civil War was a protest against the extension of slavery, rather than against the institution. The irresistable forces of secret agitation, of protest and then of open revolt closed the chapter of colonial life. Human thought could then be no more stifled than it can be now. It simply took longer for the fruition of the idea. Men in New Jersey nor elsewhere, did not "rush to arms," the time was simply ripe when the flint locks were taken from the kitchen fire place to carry the mes sages of death. The Revolution came as a natural sequence, the denier resort, to which the colonist turned when all other methods for relief had failed. CHAPTER V. COLONIAL POLITICS. T has long been a matter of general comment that aside from the ancient political divisions of East and West Jersey, there are yet two> Jerseys strongly differentiated in the matter of social customs and) the character of their economic advancement. In the retention of the terms East and West Jersey — or their equivalents, North and South Jer sey, we have a link that closely binds the present to the past. To understand these distinctive lines of development, and to trace the his tory of modern types, it is necessary to understand somewhat of the character of the settlers. Beyond doubt, the dominant influence in New Jersey after 1664, was English, but not English in the broad sense in which the word is. used to-day. England during the early days of the Restoration had not yet: become thoroughly nationalized either in social or in political impulses. The old! county sentiment was strong. Surrey was a long way from Yorkshire, and many a yeoman of the Midlands still spoke the speech, and tilled the soil in the same way as his ancestors had done. Indeed, except during the years of Crom- wellian strife, thousands of men throughout the island never left their native hamlets from the day of their births until their deaths. London, to them, was. as far as Manila would be to a resident of New York, and few of the country folk beside the wealthy gentry, the lawyers and the men of affairs, ever knew about or cared for the pleasures or the pains of city life. The advent of Cromwell and the establishment of the Protectorate, was; marked by a wave of religious enthusia which swept over England and Scot land. It was an age moreover of controversy, and of the establishment of new- forms of religious belief. Calvinism which had gained such a hold in Scotlandl spread rapidly in England where it became modified into several phases. There arose, too, the Society of Friends under the leadership of George Fox, the mem bership ever widening in spite of persecution by Presbyterian, by Independents,. or by the Church of England. We have already seen that the earliest emigrants to New Jersey were mainly of the yeomanry, attracted by the advantages offered in a new land. But later the situation somewhat changed. While those who hoped to benefit themselves by commencing life anew, formed a large percentage of the tcfL 2 l8 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. emigration there was injected into the problem of numerous body of men and women, who found in the dissipations of the Stuart court, the excesses of the gentry and the general lack of religious feeling among the masses, sufficient excuse for leaving both England and Scotland and coming to America. And this body of men and women was composed of Calvinists and Quakers. In our day and generation, it is difficult for us to conceive of the spirit which animated the emigrants. It is easy enough to dismiss the subject by saying they came for an "asylum" or "to escape persecution," but this is not sufficient. There were other motives. Some were moved by an evangelical spirit, wish ing to convert the Indian and to establish their faith in a land beyond the sea. Others came because they were digusted with political chicanery and open athe ism, or at least agnosticism, others dimly saw that there might grow up power ful dependencies of the crown in which a certain religious faith would be domin ant, while a small number were moved by a restlessness, and gave religious persecutions as an excuse for leaving England. So it was that upon the division of 1676 and the organization of East and West Jersey, there came with the pioneers certain emigrants of strong religious feeling, men and women, whose meeting houses were no fanciful creations or architectural concepts, but were as much a part of their lives as their homes. The transfer of the interests of Berkeley and Carteret to the Boards of Pro prietors and their business associates, is a proper point from which to note the divergences in the development of the Jerseys. Partly by chance and partly by reason of certain official relations, West Jersey passed into the hands of those who were leading the Quaker movement in England. Penn and his friends recognized the possibilities of the lower Delaware valley and prepared a policy of extension which soon afterward embraced the States of Pennsylvania and Delaware. East Jersey, upon the other side, was controlled by Calvinistic and particularly Presbyterian influences, as is shown by the composition of her Board of Proprietors. In East Jersey there was a small Quaker minority, but not sufficient to control the conduct of public affairs. The settlement of New ark and the development of Elizabethtown, not to mention the towns of Mon mouth, stand as memorials of the enterprise of men of Calvinistic views, as Salem, Burlington and Trenton, trace their origin to the efforts of the members of the Society of Frien'ds. Thus, properly, we may consider West Jersey as a colony in which the Quaker influence was dominant, while East Jersey was distinctively Calvinistic. The two faiths, as then taught and exemplified, had little in common. From what has come down to us of the dogma of two centuries ago, Calvinism was as intensely practical as Quakerism was spiritual. The one echoed the thunders from Sinai; the other repeated again and again the sermon on the Mount. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. I9 While the Calvinists cried aloud that there should be some who would for ever endure torment, cursed by original sin, the Quakers bent in silent prayer, in the belief that no one, who repented would be lost. One kept the sacred ordinances; the other threw them all aside. The Calvinist too often preached the doctrine of lex-talionis, the Quaker, the doctrine of non-resistance. One had its paid ministry, with glebe and a highly developed organization of its con gregations; the other had its "accepted ministers," who received no pay, and with the elders governed the Society. Among the Calvinists, there was a demo cratic sentiment, naturally engendered by the virility of the faith; among the Quakers a constant tendency toward conservatism, which ultimately tended to weaken the Society, but which was its earliest and greatest source of strength. But neither the religion of the Calvinist nor the Quaker was an outward garb. With all the fanaticism and uplifting of a dogma, there was an intensity and earnestness about both that made their denominational fervor something more than a convenience and a mere outward show. At least, Calvinist and Quaker had one object in common, the stamping upon the individual the full force of their religious teaching. This applied equally to his domestic or to his political affairs, in which latter phase both faiths tended to unite church and State. The geographical position of East and West Jersey, their geological for mation and their climatic conditions are necessarily incidents worthy of con sideration. The settlement of the Eastern province was naturally effected near the mouths of navigable streams, in the hope of abundant water supply for mills and transportation by shallops or other vessels. These streams, arising in the hill country or in the higher lands of Monmouth county emptied their waters into New York Bay. The new towns, quite in accordance with the individualis tic tendencies of the settlers, preserved their own local governments, but there was, nevertheless, a feeling of mutual interest. At the same time, as the more adventurous spirits pushed toward the mountains, they encountered long win ters, a cold and rocky soil, requiring unremitting labor in its subduing, and bringing to the fore the best physical and mental efforts of which the emigrants were capable. But struggle as they might, it ere long became evident that East Jersey was not destined to become a distinctively agricultural community. To give the colony thorough vitality it was necessary that trade be developed and commerce encouraged. What more natural then that Perth Amboy should strive to rival New York, and that the ships of England and the West Indies seek cargoes from the wharves of Elizabethtown, Newark and the smaller towns? In colonial times, the development of a community's commercial life de pended upon its tidal rivers, or upon its seaports. Hence it was that a com- 20 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. mercial spirit was fostered in East Jersey, and through the centuries has come down highly vitalized, to the present. In West Jersey, the situation was different. The vast stretches of interior pine and oak land, and the island beaches of the coast, confined the first settle ments to Salem, Gloucester, Burlington and "Ye ffalles/' or Trenton. In this territory of seventy miles in length, the towns grew slowly- Too far from the sea, to compete for foreign trade, with rivers flowing into the Delaware, slug gish and shallow, the one means of support, agriculture, fell to the lot of the colonist. But West Jersey was most fertile and pleasant to look upon. The low and easily tilled plains which swept eastward and southward from the Dela ware, the short winters and long, hot summers, the supply of timber and the abundance of game, made life less rigorous along the Delaware than it was on the banks of the rivers emptying into New York Bay. In West Jersey, the constant tendency was to develop along the lines at least natural resistance, to use what was present, rather than create for the future, and to drift into a state of existence of which the motto was "laissez faire." There was developed in West Jersey, from the first, a land owning class,. composed mainly of those who had ready money or available credit. The pio neer Quakers "took up" vast tracts of land. As the ownership of land was, at the time, an indication of wealth, the men of the largest acreages were given a prominence which naturally brought with it the best and most profitable of fices. In other words a plantation-owning aristocracy was formed, which was perpetuated by a certain religious tenet. It was the rule of Friends to "marry in meeting," that is the union of a Quaker and a Presbyterian or Episcopalean was not only dicountenanced but was absolutely forbidden, to the degree of so cial ostracism. Thus it was that a wealthy member of the Society, having a daughter, sought to unite her in marriage to some worthy young man of another land-owning family, and join the two estates. The result was that thousands of acres came into the possession of comparatively few families, and a relation ship established which resembled that found in the tide-water district of Virginia. The further result was to stultify ambition. The men became wealthy farmers, and owners of small saw and grist mills, content to secure the luxuries of life from the Philadelphia merchants, and to use up at home the products of their farms. But in East Jersey there was a constant tendency toward separation of large tracts. Small lot owners, each acting for the support of his own family, threw activity into the life of the community. Slave owning, while recognized, was not so common east of the province line as west thereof, because the cost of keeping the negroes in the cold weather was much greater than along the Dela ware, and furthermore, slavery was an natural incident to any plantation owning; policy. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 21 With the towns widely separated as in West Jersey, the county system of government became intensified. The four original counties of West Jersey, Burlington, Salem, Gloucester and Cape May were each powerful factors, as counties, and jealously guarded their rights, liberties and privileges. In East Jersey, the towns became the controlling elements as in New England, traces of which influences, we find in State legislation to this day. The same characteristics which differentiated Massachusetts and Virginia, in the early 1800's, one finds in East and West Jersey. One was the outgrowth of an intense spirit animating the individual, and the creation of a community sentiment, the other the unconscious suppression of the individual, the develop ment of an aristocracy and the distribution and diffusion of functions under a county system of government. In the crucible of Time both have been fused into a homogeneous mass, with many faults to be corrected, yet both have united to give to modern State life certain qualities, which while essentially novel, are nevertheless powerful im shaping thought and action throughout New Jersey. CHAPTER VI. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN COLONIAL LIFE. HE economic conditions of New Jersey, during the colonial period, while resembling those of the other cis-Atlantic dependencies of the Hi | crown, still possess certain characteristics which are distinctive. It " has been noticed that the growth of West Jersey was mainly of an agricultural character, while that of East Jersey was to a large degree commer cial. Yet, as a general proposition, it may be said that agriculture was the main stay of life in both divisions. Thus from the farm sprang the activities of the people of the colony. But the farm was not as we understand the term to-day. Land was made the basis of material wealth. The consolidation of estates in West Jersey threw upon the shoulders of the land owners a burden which some were incapable of bearing. The result was improper and expensive methods of cultivation, which left the realty impoverished and the plantation-owner hopelessly in debt. In East Jersey, owning to the growth of the commercial spirit this tendency was by no means so noticeable, nevertheless the same influence affected the well being of the people of the Eastern division. Average farm life in colonial New Jersey presented many handicaps of which the agriculturist of to-day has no knowledge. In the region south of the Raritan, the houses were built mainly of wood ,were well timbered but ill con structed. More fortunate were the farmers of East and North Jersey who could use stone. But in both cases the residences lacked conveniences. All cooking was done over wood burned in the open fire-places, there were no stoves, no general system of heating, or drainage, no water pipes, no schemes for ven tilation. Light was supplied by candles, the domestic duties performed by slaves or "redemptioners," assisted by the daughters of the farmer, and superin tended by his wife. In the fields, all labor was performed by hand as machin ery was entirely unknown. The hours of labor, for masters and men, were measured by the rising and setting of the sun, while in harvest, the gathering of crops was accomplished during moon-lit nights. The food for every one, masters and servants alike, was coarse and limited in variety. Many of the vegetables and fruits were either not raised or only found upon the tables of the rich. Salted meats, fish and meats — particularly pork — with fresh deer or • HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 23 bear, plenty of rye bread and milk, but little butter, beans, potatoes, turnips, carrots and cabbage were the staple articles of diet. As a luxury, some few families preserved apples and peaches in stone pots, otherwise fruits and vegeta bles were enjoyed only "in season." As a relief from the monotony of such an existence, there were but few amusements. In all the colony there was not a theatre, while dancing and card playing were anathematized by both Quakers and Calvinists. Books were prac tically unknown in many homes and newspapers had but little circulation. For the men, the one resort was the tavern, which was practically their club, where, as in their homes, there was a vast amount of drinking, much gambling, par ticularly in the purchase of lottery tickets, and an occasional horse-race, when the- uniformly bad conditions of the roads permitted. The women, in the few mo ments they could spare from househould drugery, spun, embroidered, drank tea or small beer, and if the weather and highways were favorable, visited among their neighbors. In spite of the agricultural development, and its absorption of much of the activity of colonial life, there was a general recognition of'the vast possibilities, which yet lay hidden in the State. Akin to agriculture, and yet to be accounted a distinctive pursuit, were those industries which were developed from the great wooded tracts of the central and southern part of the State. The forests of pine, oak and cedar furnished fuel for the local, as well as for the Philadelphia and New York markets. The deposits of bog-iron ore in old Monmouth, Burling ton, old Gloucester, Salem and Cumberland counties, and the early establishment of bloomaries and forges, laid in tribute for fuel the thousands of acres of pine with which they were surrounded. A glass works was also established in Salem county. From the sunken cedar swamps along the tide water streams emptying into the Atlantic and the lower Delaware, shingles and boards were secured for domestic use or for the West India trade. Ship-building became a recog nized industry throughout the southern section, and vessels constructed wholly of Jersey timber spread their sails from the Caribbean Sea to Labrador, and even ventured over the ocean. Attempts were made to manufacture pot and pearl ashes in the "Pines," but with little success. In mining, the attention of the settlers was early attracted to the copper de posits in the valleys of the Raritan, Passaic and Hackensack. Not only did the Schuyler mines, on account of their richness, gain prominence during the middle of the century, but it was there that the first stationary steam engine in America was erected. The bog-iron industry in spite of unfavorable legislation grew into respectable proportions, to be later eclipsed by the development of the magnetic ore mines of Morris and Sussex counties. While no coal, available for commercial purposes, has ever been discovered in New Jersey, great excite- 34 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. ment was created in Perth Amboy, early in the century, by the belief that coal existed near the mouth of the Raritan river. This, however, proved to be a high grade of peat. Quarrying was conducted upon the farms, for domestic building purposes, while the early discovery of marl led to the opening of small pits in the southern counties, and thence along the Delaware valley to the ^Cohanzy. To the whaling industry the State owes the settlement of the county of Cape May, and what is now the shore front of Ocean county. Long before the Union •of 1702, whales frequently appeared in the vicinity of Perth Amboy and in Del aware Bay, voluntary associations of fishermen, particularly in East Jersey, were formed for their capture, while the legislatures of both provinces passed acts en couraging the occupation. For many years the southeast shore of Long Island ,had been the home of hardy whalemen, who, finding the fisheries becoming less •profitable, emigrated to Tuckerton and to the Delaware Bay, near Cape May City. From these points until 1725, or even later, they organized whaling -expeditions, nor indeed did the industry die on Long Beach until 1830. From the salt marshes and meadows, extending from the Hackensack to Cape May, and thence to Gloucester, food for cattle was obtained. Along the Delaware, particularly from the Cohanzy to the Assunpink, the marshes, under enabling acts of the legislature, were drained and improved. Upon the island beaches, which protect the shore front of Cape May, Atlantic and Ocean coun ties, the settlers pastured their cattle during the winter, branding each animal. From this stock, which was later neglected, came that peculiar breed known as "wild cattle," a few existing as late as 1885 in the wilds of Seven Mile-or Learn ing's Beach. The smaller industries were by no means neglected. In the southern and eastern part of the State clams were dried for winter use, wild cranberries were gathered, oysters were dredged, while in the northern section there was much fishing in the rivers and hunting in the hills. The result of this phase of activity was to make each man partially pro ficient in several occupations. Thus the Cape May whalers fished in winter and farmed in summer, the Quaker plantation-owner conducted his saw mills and ran his shallops to Philadelphia, the East Jerseyman "went by water" as the expression had it, and worked upon his garden. There was little or no division of labor, each one met and overcame, if he could, the conditions which confronted him. The economic problem, had it not been for the stupid and stultifying policy of the crown, would have been solved peaceably in due time. England looked upon Nevt Jersey, and her other trans-Atlantic colonies, merely as sources of revenue, whence could be drawn money and food. "Crush Competition" was HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 25 the cry of the English and Scottish workingman, and in the process of destroying the economic life of her dependencies, she lost them forever. In New Jersey, by legislation she throttled the bog-iron forges for the benefit of her home la borers; she prohibited the exportation of American woolen goods. She re stricted the sale of wooden staves and hoops, sought to confine the trade in beaver hats, and refused as a crowning exhibition of economic weakness to per mit a free circulation of money. The colony was placed upon the weakest possible economic basis. With a paper currency, which depreciated with every adverse wind that blew, New Jersey relied upon so frail a medium of exchange. There was also a congested circulation of European gold, silver and copper. The minted coin quickly fell into the hands of the merchants and land owners who contracted and expanded the circulating medium, either unintentionally or otherwise. This led to counterfeiting, "sweating" and other like practices, and with the result of constant public executions in the yards of the jails or court houses. To this must be added the infrequency of association. While a pos tal service was established for the colonies, from which New Jersey benefitted, there was great expense in the transmission of letters. The roads were poor, there being no public vehicles running regularly across the State until 1728-29. Communication, largely by shallops, was delayed or cut off during the winter, and pirates infested New York and Delaware Bays to the great detriment of trade along the coast. The legislation passed to thus hamper and destroy economic growth, was copious, but according to Professor John Bach McMaster, may be resolved into four distinct elements. It was required that colonial trade should be carried on in ships built and owned in England or in the Colonies, two-thirds of the crew to consist of Eng lish subjects. Most of the products of the colonies could be sent only to England. Cer tain products could be shipped to any port in the world, but these products were few in number. Inter-colonial commerce was prohibited to the extent, that if a given article which went from one colony to another, was of a kind that might have been •supplied from England, it must either go to England and be trans-shipped to the purchasing colony, or pay an export duty where it was shipped equal to the im port duty it would have to pay in England. All goods forwarded from Europe to America must first be sent to Eng land. To enforce these regulations there grew up in New Jersey a spy-system, which affected every merchant, every vessel owner, and every trader. Naturally there was much violation of the law, although many of the most active smug- 26 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. glers were never brought to justice. The crown officials, collectors of customs, revenue inspectors and the like, were often men who held their offices as re wards for services rendered the home government, and, as they were practically autocrats in their little spheres, they profited accordingly. The moral effect upon the business sense of the community was bad, and the most enterprising smuggler — provided he was successful — was duly admired by the masses, not only for his boldness, but because he had outwitted the crown officers or had purchased their silence. Such were some of the conditions existent in the colony when the Revo lution became an accomplished fact. We have seen that this struggle was largely the natural outgrowth of a mistaken economic policy, that the seeds of discord were very early sown in New Jersey, and that the crown held in check for a long time the tide of opposition. But there is another factor that appears during the colonial period which played a prominent part in stimulating the spir it of opposition. This was a religious movement led by the celebrated evan gelist Whitefield. In his remarkable progress through the colonies, Whitefield was followed in New Jersey by a wave of intense religious enthusiasm. Until he came, in 1740, Quaker, Presbyterian and Episcopalean were distinctively secular, dogmatic and controversal. But under the influence of his preaching, he threatened, for a while, to break away every ancient barrier. The Society of Friends felt his remarkable presence, while even the Church of England men were stirred. But it was among Calvinists that Whitefield mainly taught. The Presbyterian Church, in a most violent controversy, was divided into two fac tions, the "New" and "Old Lights." The "New Lights" were Whitefieldian, more evangelical, more progressive in spirit than their former associates. The two elements carried their disputes to the New York and Philadelphia papers, injected the affair into popular elections, in discussing the personality of can didates, and forced a public hearing for all their differences. The indirect effect of this was to deeply stir the popular mind. Whitefield was a living protest against ultra-conservatism in the church, whether among Quakers, Episco palians or Calvinists, and this was a protest against conservatism in any form. While Whitefield took no active interest in colonial politics, resembling Tennent, Brainerd and Woolman, he urged a higher ideal for the State. He did what so many reformers fail to do, secure results by the means of collateral illustration and indirect appeal. The colonial period now closes with the black cloud of Revolution hanging over the land. New Jersey is destined to be the theatre in which are to be en acted some of the most dramatic incidents of the long war, to suffer from con stant invasion and to triumphantly emerge from the conflict, vested with state hood, takinglier place among the commonwealths of a new nation. CHAPTER VII. THE TIMES THAT TRIED MEN'S SOULS. HE opening of the Revolution found public sentiment in New Jersey unevenly crystalized regarding the desirability of resorting to arms as a redress for grievances. The French war had ended with the acquisition by England of all that territory now embraced in the limits of the United States, lying between the Atlantic and the Mississippi, to gether with Canada. While New Jersey had raised a reasonable number of re cruits for the expedition against Canada, and had taken part in the siege of Ha vana, neither the war itself nor its results, possessed a direct personal interest for the people of the colony. Unlike Pennsylvania, her frontier had not been deluged in blood and strewn with ashes; unlike Massachusetts and New York she had no fear of being swept out of existence should France attempt to re gain her lost power. Her interest in the contest was thus general, rather than particular, and was largely an exhibition of loyalty to the crown. Like the other colonies, she had paid sugar tax and stamp tax, had erected barracks in Trenton, Perth Amboy, Elizabethtown and New Brunswick, Burl ington to support troops necessary to protect the territory acquired during the French war, had appeared in the stamp-act Congress of 1765, and had even rioted in Newark where the "Sons of Liberty" with the cry of "Liberty, Property and No Stamps" were particularly active. Tea, during 1774, was destroyed at Green wich in Cumberland county, and New Jersey delegates appeared in the First Continental Congress and had signed the "Declaration of Rights." Yet there was still no powerful sentiment which drove all else before it and made for open revolt. In general, it may be said that there were three distinct "parties" — if such a term may be used — in New Jersey at the outbreak of the Revolution. The one, the crown party, was led by Governor William Franklin, the illegitimate but talented son of Benjamin Franklin. Associated with him were many of the Episcopalians, a large percentage of the Society of Friends and a number of Calvinists. In other words the distinctively conservative elements, and the non- combatants, were for peace. Another party represented men of several shades of belief, some in favor of the policy of continual protest; others desirous of com promising upon the salient matters affecting the situation, while in 1774-1775 28 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. a small minority were advocating 'absolute independence. These various ele ments were Whigs. This progressive party included a large proportion of the Calvinists of East Jersey, and the Presbyterian settlements in Cape May and Cumberland counties, together with those Quakers who, like Timothy Matlack, of Pennsylvania, himself a Jerseyman born, were dissatisfied with the non-com batant policy of the meetings. There were also Episcopalians, whose busi ness had been injured by the navigation laws, and who sought revenge, together with nearly every one who had Scotch-Irish blood in his veins. Underlying both the conservative and liberal parties, were those who saw in a Revolution a chance to better their fortunes legitimately or illegitimately. Through the progress of the Revolution it will be shown that, under certain conditions the children of chance sided with the Whigs, and then with the Tories, as local conditions might dictate. The natural sympathies -of these creatures of circum stances were with the Whigs, but, while recognized, they were held in check by the remarkable power of the real leader of the Revolutionary movement in New Jersey — William Livingston, first Governor under the Constitution of 1776. As in all Revolutionary movements, the conservative party kept strength by reason of the divided views of the opposition. In spite of the fact that William Franklin had been early arrested and sent beyond the borders of the State, an affair in itself sufficient to precipitate a local crisis, the incident was unattended by any startling situations. Though the leader of the crown party was gone, the legislature dissolved and the State government in the hands of a provisional congress, the Whig party was unable to force such action as was taken in Massachusetts and Virginia. The sentiment favoring independence was by no means general. It is, indeed, a most significant fact that while the Declaration of Independence of the colonies was officially promulugated upon the 4th of July, 1776, the Constitution of New Jersey, passed two days before, provided that the document became null and void, should the matters in differ ence between the State and England be later adjusted. The Constitution was hastily drawn by a committee having strong Whig sympathies, nevertheless they conceded this vital point to the conservative element, at a time, the most cru cial, in the history of the Revolution. The fall of 1776 and the winter of 1776- 1777 drew the final lines of demar cation; drew these lines when the gallows was esteemed the reward for lack of patriotic success. All the differences of opinion among the Whigs became merged into the common demand that the contest for liberty should be waged until the bitter end. Those who had been half-hearted were electrified by the result at Trenton, which one event, aside from its purely military interest did as much to revive the hopes of the colonists as any other success during the en- HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 29 tire war. That small but interesting class of people who had accepted British protection papers, became intensely patriotic after the battles of Trenton and Princeton, while some young men, sacrificing all home ties, left the meetings of the Society of Friends and laid down their lives for their country. The attitude of the Quakers of West Jersey has been open to much adverse comment concerning the part they played in the Revolution. Charges of dis loyalty have been brought against them, with but little foundation if the real state of facts be examined. We have seen that the West Jersey Friends were a conservative people, large land owners, taking but little interest in the "prac tical" politics of the day, preferring rather to work out their policy than to have others work it out for them. From the earliest times they had held close to the doctrine of "non-resistance," and were consequently "non-combatants." This was a part of their cherished faith, too sacred to be disturbed. Furthermore they were in the peaceable possession of lands, from which they might be ousted, should the Revolution be successful. As they were not forward in politics, and had received recognition from the crown, the doctrine of taxation without repre sentation, did not strongly appeal. Not being actively commercial, the stamp duties and the various taxes were not burthensome, particularly as they took the view that such impositions were laid upon them by constituted authority, to which it is necessary for a Christian to submit, without rushing to arms. From its own standpoint, the Society of Friends was. sincere. It possessed a de gree of moral courage, to withstand the pressure brought to bear by the advo cates of liberty. This fact was recognized by the leaders of the patriotic move ment in New Jersey, who were loath to send Quakers to jail, except for treason able practices, after due trial and strict examination into the merits of the case. It is not to be denied that there were members of the Society of Friends who gave aid and comfort to the British, just as there were those who rendered assistance to the patriots, yet in each case it was simply an expression of per sonal zeal, overriding the teachings of the fathers of the faith. As a mass, the Quakers observed a strict neutrality, no matter where their sympathies might lie. Allusion has been made to a class in the community which was Tory or Whig, as the case might be. The same element, typified by the Vicar of Bray, existed in colonial life, and exists to-day. In New Jersey owing to the rapid passing of troops, the frequent "calls to arms," and the panorama of Tory and Whig proclamations there was an excellent opportunity for "shifting" by those who desired to benefit by rapid but profitable changes. The tavern being the public club of colonial and Revolutionary times, it was there that the constant conversions took place. Men could be hired by either party to perform any required service, and well-founded tradition has it that most of these people 30 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. possessed double sets of protection papers. Frequently they were paid by the English government to aid in the distribution of counterfeit paper money, made in imitation of State or colonial issues; or were hired by the Whigs to watch men suspected of harboring crown spies. They followed either army, ready to do the work of the "hanger on," and could only be trusted so long as they were paid. As the war went on and it became more and more evident that the cause of liberty would be successful, this driftwood lodged in the safe harbor of patriotism, and much to the disgust of the best people, became blatant advocates of popular rights. But bad as these turn-coats were, they were naught in comparison with those known as the "Pine Robbers,'* whose depredations in the tide-water regions of Monmouth, Ocean and Burlington counties are yet vividly remembered in local traditions. In the one instance those who served either side for pay were simply adventurers, place hunters and seekers for gold, but in the case of the "Pine Robbers," these outlaws and murderers, also known as "Refugees" and "Associated Loyalists," were actuated by a spirit of such utter depravity that even those who hired them stood in awe of their consummate wickedness. The "Robbers," consisted of guerrilla-bands, generally organized by the crown's mili tary officers in New York City, and largely under the direction of William Franklin. Their main purpose was to steal and murder, wreaking vengeance upon the homes and persons of unprotected Whigs. Hiding by day in the recesses of the "Pines," or amid the dunes of the sea-shore, they rode at night upon missions at which justice and humanity stood aghast. The record of their depredations aroused such a spirit that when one of the band was captured, he was instantly killed, without an attempt at trial. Fagan, probably the most notorious of the "Robbers," was hung from a tree, where, swinging in the wind, the flesh dropped from the bones, and the skeleton remained a warning for all future criminals. In the meantime the aid that the Dutch of the northeastern part of the State gave to the Revolutionary cause must not be forgotten. Like the Quak ers, they had not been active in colonial politics, had possessed themselves of large landed interests, had intermarried, keeping up the customs and traditions of their race, but they were not "non-combatants." In their veins flowed the blood that had swept Spain from the north of Europe; had secured a vast share of the East India trade, and had driven back the cruel waters of the North and Zuyder Seas. Unhampered by non-combatism, slow to anger, but very lions when aroused, the Dutch of New Jersey acted heartily in conjunction with the patriotic movement. True to racial tendencies, it is said that nothing ex cited them more than the recollection of 1664, and the recognition of the fact that New York was in military possession of the British. What of it if the Ameri- HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 3I cans, too, were of English extraction; the point to be considered was that the colonists were fighting for freedom from England's rule, as they themselves had so ineffectually prepared to fight in 1664. The roster of the militia and the Continental line from New Jersey, is an index to nearly every Dutch family name north of the Raritan. The Revolution closed in the glowing fires of patriotism. There were in deed a few Tories who remained undeviating in their adherence to the crown, but they were very few. The confiscation of estates, the authorized and un authorized taking of supplies by the commissaries of both armies, the large and enforced emigrations of Tories to Nova Scotia, the Canadas, West Indies and England, tarring and feathering by Whigs, their capture and confinement as "suspects," left but a handful, who dared not call their opinions their own, and submitted to new conditions, with as much grace as their consciences and tem peraments permitted. These men were undoubtedly animated by motives of sincerity, no matter how wrong they might be in their opinions. They be lieved that the time was not ripe for the colonies to declare themselves free, and saw in the new order of things, little less than anarchy. The remaining por tion of the community was intensely patriotic. Though already divided into conservative and liberal factions, they recognized only, at first, that a long and costly war had been brought to a close, and the ideal for which they had sacri ficed all things had been accomplished. Questions of governmental policy, were, for the hour, forgotten, and even the weak and vacillating Continental Congress, which was either mocked at or held in contempt, received a share of the popular good will. But the people of New Jersey, and of the other colonies as well, soon realized that the public welfare demanded something more than jubilation con cerning the success at Yorktown or the drinking of toasts on the succeeding Fourth of July. The dispersing, of the soldiers, the rehabilitation and develop ment of industries, now free, but which had severely suffered during the war, the readjustment of social and economic relations, as well as those of a govern mental character, demanded the most serious attention during the coming years. In this test which resulted in the growth of a national sentiment, New Jer sey was active, as will later be shown. The purely military movements in New Jersey need a brief consideration in closing the story of the Revolutionary War. CHAPTER VIII. MILITARY MOVEMENTS IN NEW JERSEY. HE transfer of the seat of military operations from Boston to New York in March — April, 1776, and the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia, July, 1776, brought to the attention of the people of New Jersey that the war was something more than mere agitation in New England. While many hesitated, many opposed the policy of commencing hostilities, the swift flight of events nerved the patriots to supreme efforts. Little indeed did Jerseymen realize that within six short months the war for independence would be an intensely personal matter. The movements that led to that sublime exhibition of devotion to a cause — the "Retreat through the Jerseys," may be briefly sketched. Howe, with a British army, in July, 1776, lay on Staten Island, watching Washington who was encamped on Brooklyn Heights. Washington eluded Howe, crossed to New York City and slowly retreated north along the east bank of the Hudson, followed by Howe as far as White Plains. The British during the middle of the month of November, attempted the capture of Fort Lee, the Americans fall ing back to a point near Newark. From White Plains, Washington made a detour, crossed the Hudson and entered New Jersey near Tappan. He thence marched to Hackensack, where he expected to be reinforced with seven thou- sard men under Charles Lee, who had been detached at North Castle in New York State. Lee, however, refused to obey his orders, which, as a modern historian says, "forced Washington to begin his famous retreat across the Jerseys." The horrors of that march have been recited in prose and song. The route lay through Newark, Elizabethtown, New Brunswick, Kingston and Princeton. Constant reverses met every effort that Washington put forth. Not alone was he contending with desertions, but lack of funds, food supply and clothing, only added to the usual discomforts of a winter campaign. The terms of service of militiamen and of the Continental line, were expiring ,and so dark was the outlook that but. few could be induced to reinlist. The hopeless ness of the cause, and the spirit of local disaffection, of which we have already spoken, sapped the enthusiasm of the most enthusiastic volunteer. Behind him lay the British, who assumed the war practically finished, and only waited- an op- HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. J3; portunity to pen up Washington, and in one blow obliterate' the opposition to the crown. With superhuman effort Washington crossed the Delaware at Trenton,. about the first of December, finally locating his camp at Newtown where he per fected his plans for the surprise at Trenton. Recrossing the Delaware, about. nine miles above the town, Washington, who had now been reinforced by Sul livan's command, entered Trenton upon Christmas day, 1776, and won*. that victory which, blasting the hopes of the British ministry, revitalized the pa triotic cause from Massachusetts to Georgia. Fearful of the oncoming host of Cornwallis, who had eight thousand men against his two thousand four hun- - dred, Washington returned to Pennsylvania, and sent his one thousand Hessian and British prisoners to Philadelphia. Upon the 30th of December, he: returned ! to Trenton and occupied a position south of the town on the banks of the Assun pink Creek. Cornwallis kept his forces on the north bank, and after a pre liminary encounter, Washington, on the night of the 2d of January, 1777, moved toward Princeton by an eastern road, and won, on the morning of the 3d, a . substantial victory near the town. This he was unable to follow up, largely owing to the utter exhaustion of his men. Cornwallis, who had been com pletely deceived by Washington's manoeuver fell back to New Brunswick, while Washington encamped during the winter of 1777, at Morristown, whence he departed in May for New York State. The next military event of importance in New Jersey grew out of the occu pation of Philadelphia by Lord Howe, late in September, 1777. Shortly there after Washington went into winter quarters at Valley Forge. The patriots occupied an important position on the Delaware, at Red Bank, which had been . named Fort Mercer. This rude embankment and ditch was garrisoned by four hundred men, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Greene. A party of British troops, with Hessian mercenaries, were directed to dislodge the patriots, but after a severe engagement on the 22d of October, failed to accom plish their purpose. The commander of the British and Hessians, Count Dunop, was killed. The year 1778 is made glorious in the military history of the Stats by the battle of Monmouth Court House. The news of the French alliance, and the coming of the fleet, had scarcely reached Philadelphia ere the evacuation of the city was decided upon. Howe, in Philadelphia, had been succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton, who made speedy preparations to fly to the defense of New York. Crossing the Delaware he began a counter "retreat through the Jer seys." Passing northeast through Camden, Burlington and Monmouth coun ties, he was harrassed by the local militia and hampered by the train of camp followers who had fled from Philadelphia. Washington, leaving Valley Forge,, 34 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. took a route through Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and Hunterdon county, New Jersey, paralleling Clinton's army, the two forces being about thirty miles apart. While near Hopewell, Washington turned to the east and, on the 28th of June, fought the battle in which he was victorious in spite of the traitorous conduct of Lee. Once more Morristown becomes prominent, as it was used in the southern extremity of that line, extending to West Point, and established to confine the British to New York City, where they had gone after the battle of Monmouth Court House. Henceforth, driven from New Jersey and Pennsylvania, unable to secure control of the Hudson River valley, either by the exercise of military prowess, as in the Burgoyne or St. Leger expeditions, or by the use of gold and strategy which drove Arnold into exile, and cost Andre his life, the British transferred their operations to the Southern States, until the fall of Yorktown. The minor military operations in New Jersey were numerous, -and while Trenton, Red Bank and Monmouth, represent those best known, the lesser events are by no means lacking in interest. In the southern portion of the State, Salem county, while the British oc cupied Philadelphia, was the scene of two severe engagements. In March, 1778, a foraging party of about one thousand British troops commanded by Col. Charles Mawhood, occupied Salem City, while a spirited engagement at Quin- ton's Bridge resulted in a practical victory for the ill-drilled but gallant Jersey militiamen. A Tory massacre at Hancock's Bridge was conducted by the "Refugees," many of whom had traded with the British, while Howe occupied Philadelphia. Ihe vicinity of Tuckerton was also the scene of an engagement. To prevent the depredations of the armed vessels of the patriots, seven hundred men and a small fleet was dispatched to Little Egg Harbor during October, 1778. To cut off the expedition, Count Pulaski was dispatched through the "Pines," accompanied by his Legion, while messengers warned the American privateers, who escaped. Ere Pulaski reached the shore, the British had burned the village of Chestnut Neck, committed other depredations, murdered Pulaski's picket guard and escaped to sea. While leaving the harbor, a British sloop of war grounded, and to prevent her from falling into the hands of the patriots, she was set on fire. At Bordentown, in May, 1778, the British burned several houses, and had it not been for the activity of the militia under General Dickinson, would have descended upon Trenton. As it was, shipping upon the river was destroyed, ere the expedition returned to Philadelphia. About a month after the Borden town affair, a detachment of the British troops on the way to Monmouth Court House, entered the village of Crosswicks, and in attempting to cross the creek were met by the militia and Continental troops. In the encounter the patriots HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 35 were partially successful, in that, while unable to check the advance of the Brit ish, their energy and boldness protected Trenton and the nearby territory. In 1776, Burlington City was attacked by light shipping in the river, although no one was injured. The part played by the southern part of the State in the Revolution was necessarily of a secondary nature, but none the less gallant. Every county facing the Delaware or the Atlantic had a naval force, which, while it was not highly organized, was constantly engaged in preying upon British shipping. From Little and Great Egg Harbor, from the inlets of the Cape May coast, from Mau rice River and the Cohanzy, from Salem and the more northern creeks, armed whale-boats, shallops, sloops, yachts, schooners, in fact all varieties of smaller craft, harrassed the enemy. Sometimes the expeditions were successful, on other occasions, the black waters of the sea or bay hid the story of gallantry and of defeat. To recall but a part of those memorable minor engagements, which glorify the annals of the northern and eastern part of the State, would be to review the Revolutionary history of well-nigh every town of importance north of the Raritan. While the affair at Trenton, in general, guaranteed the occupancy of the central part of the State to the patriots, which was confirmed by the battle of Monmouth, Trenton was not in itself the sole criterion of success. Every inch of ground was stubbornly contested; raids from New York were continually planned. Newark, Elizabethtown and the surrounding country was almost laid waste; Amboy, lying so near Staten Island was under tribute, while even distant Sussex and Morris counties were infested with piratical bands of Tories, who, bent upon plunder and murder ranged over the hills and through the valleys. Bergen and the Passaic Valley also suffered, nor were the quiet home steads on the upper waters of the Raritan free from dangers of midnight raids. The major engagements, of which history proudly records the deeds of the patriots, were not those that brought the most suffering and distress to the in habitants of the State. It was the now forgotten skirmish, the raid upon the farms, the assault from ambush, the wayside encounters, that made encarnadine the soil of North Jersey. The constant change in the personel of the military hosts, the vast uncertainty as to whether one's neighbor was a British spy or a patriot, the high strung state of the public mind knowing no rest— this is what made the Revolution so bitterly real to Jerseymen, and to repeat but a little of the incidents of these minor engagements, would be to tell the story of two years of the Revolution. From affairs of war we now turn our attention to affairs of peace, and watch with growing interest the internal development of New Jersey and the relation she occupied to the other new formed States. CHAPTER IX. NEW JERSEY AND THE CONFEDERATION. HEN General Washington, in the Berrien House at Rocky Hilt, during October, 1783, wrote his "Farewell Address" to the armies of the United States, he saw before him a country-side rich and fruitful. The clash of arms, the wild cry of alarm, the shadow of death no longer drove men from the farms of Northern or Central New Jersey; things, in the time of new-born peace, pointed to unexampled prosperity, which would have been realized, had it not been for the weakness of the confederated government, and the internal as well as the external jealousies which existed, were further stimulated. New Jersey, as has been shown, entered the war with an influential minority supporting the crown. During its progress, this conservative element became more reconciled, until at the close of the struggle, only a small number of Tories remained. Previous to the promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, while the Tory element was not sufficiently influential to drive back the forces of armed opposition, it succeeded in securing the passage of a constitution which made but a few changes in the outward form of State government. In spite of the demand for popular rights, the mass of the people received but few privi leges under the Constitution of 1776. The Governor and State officials, includ ing Justices of the Peace and clerks of the courts, field and general militia of ficers, and the mayors and aldermen of cities, were appointed by Joint Meeting. The Council (Senate) and House of Assembly were composed of men having certain qualifications, videlicet — the possession of a certain number of pounds-, proclamation money, the suffrage being restricted to voters at least £50, procla mation money. The Supreme Court underwent no changes. The Governor was also Chancellor, and with his Council forming a Court of Appeals, exercised a degree of power much as his colonial predecessors had done. The office was surrounded with dignity and due regard was paid the person of the execu tive. An illustration, suggestive of the aristocratic feeling of the day may be cited. When, in the early fall of 1776, the Legislature provided for the mak ing of a Great Seal for the State, it was ordered that until the same was deliv ered from the artist and die-maker, the coat-of-anns of His Excellency, Wil liam Livingston, should be used as the Great Seal of New Jersey. In other HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 37 words, while New Jersey, under the pressure of economic considerations and the demand for better government, entered upon the struggle, the ruling senti ment in the State looked forward to no revolution, which would, like the Reign of Terror in France, raze the entire social structure. Nor did manners, cus toms, modes of life and habits undergo a sudden metamorphosis. These char acteristics at the colonial period projected themselves well into the present cen tury, and are by no. means yet obliterated. The government, under the Confederation, was a weak compromise. The Articles of Confederation, originating as a war measure, were prepared shortly after the promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, but it was not until November 17, 1777, that they were submitted to the States for adop tion. New Jersey, partially isolated during the colonial period, had developed a degree of local pride, with which was mixed some jealousy. But in this she was by no means alone. Virginia and Massachusetts had little in common, Connecticut and Pennsylvania had grown upon different lines. There was practically no national spirit. Each colony had attempted to act, or had acted independently and was proud of its own achievement. The Articles of Confederation, born in struggle, began life under the most disadvantageous circumstances. Six states, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vir ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, by reason of their colonial charters, contended that their original grants "from sea to sea" gave them lands from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, (the then western boundary of the United States). To add to this complication, New York had purchased the Indian title to the Ohio valley. New Jersey, whose boundary lines were projected north and south by natural barriers, together with Delaware and Maryland, refused to sign the Articles of Confederation, contending that as England did not own the Mississippi valley until 1763, and as she drew the "proclamation line" which abrogated the "sea to sea" claims, therefore the six states should release to Congress, for the public good, all right, title and interest which they might have in the western country. For over three years the quarrel was continued, the states acquiescing one by one, until Maryland completed the Union on March 2, 1781. The Articles of Confederation provided for a government that was advisory in its nature Without creating executive or judicial departments, with a Legis lature of a single branch, with State representatives which might be recalled at any moment, and with each state allowed only one vote, with nine states neces sary to pass any act, with no power to enforce its own laws, or to levy taxes, it was indeed a "rope of sand." Congress could merely declare war and make peace, establish an army and navy, contract debts, issue money, enter into com mercial treaties and essay the settlement of disputes between or among the 38 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. states. In other words to Congress each state which had declared itself inde pendent, had delegated such powers as it could not exercise individually, re serving to itself the inherent rights of sovereignty which would be particularly beneficial. The jealousies of the states were transferred to Congress. In the secret sessions of that body, the animosities and open outbreaks became so bitter that the honorable office of delegate often went begging among respectable men. When, in 1784, from November ist to December 24th, Congress met in Tren ton, where was defeated the proposition to erect the "Federal City" at or near the town, it was with the greatest difficulty that a quorum of the members could be secured. Even some of the New Jersey members living witrfin a few miles of Trenton were a month late in attendance. The Congress was a butt for ridicule and sarcasm. Its doings were parodied, its acts were treated with con tempt. It became a body of absolute negation. But the two most serious defects that marked the Confederation were the inability of Congress to levy taxes, and its lack of power to regulate trade. Once more we are confronted by the economic questions which, after all, prac tically lie at the base of all human action. With no power to tax, Congress was overwhelmed by the burden of its own debt and the expenses incurred during the Revolution. The moral obligations lay lightly upon the States who refused to listen to the repeated calls for money. Between 1782 and 1786, $6,000,000 was called for, and $1,000,000 was forwarded to the National Treasury. New Jersey had been disposed to contribute her earlier quotas, but the weakness of the central government had reacted upon the Legislature. The crisis was reached when late in 1785 the State absolutely refused to contribute her quota, $166,000, to the treasury of the Confederation; declared that Congress had redressed none of her grievances, and swore that she would assert her independence, sentiments expressed by the Legislature and by the people. The effect of this energetic action by New Jersey led to ex postulation on the part of Congress. Professor McMaster, in his "History of the People of the United States," notes that a committee of Congress in March,, 1786, consulted with the New Jersey Legislature. It is shown how the State was in honor bound to pay her quotas, and that her drastic policy, urging other states to like measures, not only weakened the Confederation in the eyes of the world, but at last would destroy the few vestiges of power the Confederation possessed. Those who looked toward the establishment of a Federal Govern ment, well realized the force of this argument. On the frontier the Indians, incited by the British, were preparing for massacre; at sea American com merce was being assailed by the British and by the Moors. New Jersey HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 39' rescinded her resolution, declared that she did not wish to embarrass Congress, but did not then pay the requisition. But the lack of power to tax the states, was subordinate to inability of Congress to regulate either foreign or inter-state commerce. In colonial days the trade with England was conducted upon a basis of barter, but it was none the less trade. The policy of the crown in stifling manufactures, found the states, at the close of the Revolution, destitute of many important industries. Goods from England were needed, but there was little money to pay for them, or other goods to ship in exchange. English-made products, however, were forwarded to America, and much of the gold and silver in circulation was sent abroad. The result was'a money famine, for what was not sent to England was hoarded at home. It was then that New Jersey resorted to the cure-all for all economic evils— the issuance of tons of paper money and the circulation of debased coppers which have passed into history under the name of "Horse Heads." The policy of New Jersey, so far as paper money was concerned, was the policy of Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The usual arguments favoring soft-money were ad vanced, and the State attempted, in 1786, to meet the demands of its citizens, £130,000 was emitted and taken to New York and Philadelphia to pay debts, which, being refused in the commercial centers, was sent back to the State, where, in spite of its being "legal tender," it soon depreciated in value. The rapid growth of New York City and the fact that her food supplies came largely from New Jersey, led to a dispute between New York and her neighbors ' The farmers of New Jersey had established a large and profitable trade in furnishing products to the markets of the young metropolis. With the sole purpose of preventing the movement of "hard money" from the city toward New Jersey, the Legislature of New York enacted that every small vessel from New Jersey should be entered and cleared from the port of New New York, as foreign vessels were required to do. In retaliation the New Jer sey Legislature laid a tax of £30 per month upon the Sandy Hook light house, then the property of the "corporation of the hated city." New Jersey, during the entire period of the Confederation, occupied a some what interesting status. While the State pride was intense, she nevertheless entered the Confederation, and sustained the central government, until her po sition became intolerable. Antagonized by New York, her industries de pressed, depleted of money, conscious of the inherent instability of the centra government, the sentiment of the State wavered between an entire withdrawal from such an alliance or the formation of the Federal Union of strength suf ficient to protect her rights. Once more the old sentiment became apparent. The conservative element stood firm for something better, something stronger. ,-4o HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. -something more enduring. The Whigs were vacillating, some were for the • independence of each State, with a mere advisory association, others for a con tinuance of the existing state of affairs, others for, they know not what — but everyone hoping for the best, and most of the people demanding a change. A leap in the dark, they said, would be better than the uncertainties of the •twilight in which they were grasping. But the change was soon to come in a manner quite unexpected, and one ' which met the general approbation of the people. CHAPTER X. THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. O the trade convention which assembled in Annapolis in September, 1786, the people of the United States owe their Constitution, which arose, glorified from the very ashes of the Confederation. Recog nizing the utter impotency of Congress, and the failure of the com monwealths to regulate commerce, Virginia had issued a call to the states, that they send delegates to "take into consideration the trade and commerce of the United States." New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and Delaware, re sponded, and after a thorough review of the economic situation, but conscious of the lack of interest displayed by New England, where the anti-Federal spirit ran high, the Annapolis convention recommended Congress to request all the states to send delegates to a new convention. ' This convention was to meet in Philadelphia in May, 1787, at which the entire subject was to be reviewed. But, before Congress called the Convention, New Jersey again displayed her Federal spirit by electing delegates to the Philadelphia conference, as did Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, North Carolina and Georgia. The convention met, according to agreement, Rhode Island alone being unrepresented. Every form of government had its advocates. Those tinc tured by Tory associations advocated a monarchy, others a simple democracy, while the mass of the people Tanged between the two extremes. To even briefly review the work of the Convention, called upon to devise provisions necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of the "Union," assembled as a trade Congress, and adjourning with the presentation of one of the most remarkable documents the world has ever known, would be a task far beyond the plan and scope of the present work. But the attitude taken by New Jersey in the convention, is worthy of mention. The ninth of June, 1787, was a memorable day in the history of the Con vention. In the opinion of an eminent American historian, to which all other constitutional writers have assented, this was the day upon which the "great debate of the session began." Early in the sessions the Virginia delegates had formulated a plan not for a new government, but for a strong consolidated union. The project leaned 42 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. toward centralization, and, as elsewhere digested, provided that each state's suf frage in Congress should be proportioned to the sum of money it paid into the treasury, as quota, or to the number of free inhabitants of its soil; the people should elect members of one branch of Congress, the State Legislatures, the other; the national executive be chosen by the national Legislature; a federal judiciary holding office during good behavior, and a republican form of gov ernment, and right of soil be guaranteed to each State. While New Jersey was in favor of federation, it was claimed by some of her delegates that the boldness of the Virginia plan, with representation upon a basis of population, would work greatly to her advantage. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court David Brearley, was the first New Jersey delegate to speak upon a resolution regarding representation introduced by William Patterson, also of New Jersey. Claiming that each State was sovereign, and entitled to but one vote under the Articles of Confederation, a single course was open, wipe out existing State lines and delineate new ones, to save the nation from despotism. William Patterson urged that the Convention had no power, under its call, to form a "National Legislature." The Convention had no right to destroy State sovereignty. Is the welfare of New Jersey with five votes, he asked, to be submitted in a council to Virginia's sixteen votes? Neither his State nor himself, he said, would submit to despotism nor to tyranny. On the 15th of June, after further debate, Patterson presented the "New Jersey Plan" for a Federal Government. James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, drew the distinction between the New Jersey and Virginia plans in a few pithy sen tences in which he said "Virginia proposes two branches to the Legislature, Jersey one. Virginia would have the legislative power derived from the people, Jersey from the states. Virginia would have a single executive, Jersey more than one." In other words upon the two plans, began that crystalization of sentiment which led to the later formulation of the doctrines of centralization and State Rights. Alexander Hamilton, of New York, defined the Jersey plan as the old articles of Confederation with new patches; it was pork still, with a change of sauce. James Madison, of Virginia, then assailed the Jersey plan, in which he called delegate William Patterson's attention to the fact that as New Jersey had refused to obey a requisition of Congress, she had thereby broken her compact. The Articles of Confederation, Mr. Madison urged, should be sustained by every State. New Jersey and Pennsylvania had set bounds to Delaware, and would New Jersey and the smaller States be safe in the hands of the larger ones? Thus fell the "New Jersey Plan." The considerations of power now acted directly upon the delegates. Mas sachusetts, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina ar rayed themselves upon the side of representation, based upon population or wealth, HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 43- Connecticut, Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey demanded equal suffrage. New York was divided, while New Hampshire and Rhode Island were unrep resented. This induced the first great compromise, suggested by Connecti cut, that in the Senate the states be given an equal vote, with a representa tion, based on population, in the House. The next great question subjected to compromise, was the counting of slaves in ascertaining population. New England and Pennsylvania were free soil; the rest, including- New Jersey, were slave states. The result was that three-fifths of the slaves should be counted in apportioning representation. The remaining compromise that did not vitally affect New Jersey, was the demand of the commercial states that Congress be forbidden to lay export duty. The planting states demanded the right to import slaves. To this the com mercial states were opposed, as five slaves equalled three free men in apportion ing representation. It was agreed that after 1808, no slaves should be im ported, nor should export duties be charged. Upon the 17th of September, 1787, the Convention finished its work and the Constitution was sent to Congress, and by it submitted to the several states for ratification. New Jersey, following the example set by Delaware and Pennsylvania ratified the Constitution upon the 18th of December, 1787, followed by Georgia, Connecticut and Maryland, all of which states adopted it without amendment. And beneath every printed copy of the Constitution of the United States, as upon the original, one finds the names of William Patterson and David Brearley, who were among those who declared that no plan so intensely federal would ever meet with their support or the support of the people of New Jer sey! The news of the final framing of the Constitution was received in the State with general approbation. While it did not suit every one, personal views were set" aside, in the general rejoicing. All recognized that a Union had been formed which would guarantee each state those rights that had not been dele gated to the Federal Government. Disputes with New York were now at an end, and after long years of agitation and disaster, prosperity, so far as govern ment could create that form of human happiness, lay at every man's door. But there were yet questions to be solved in which New Jersey was vitally interested, and which will receive passing consideration. CHAPTER XI. THE RISE OF DEMOCRACY. OT only was the Constitution of the United States favorably received in New Jersey, but the incident of Washington's progress to accept the presidential office, tended to bring the people of the State and the Federal officials into closer harmony. The manner of the choice of presidential electors had been left to the decision of each state. The conservative spirit of New Jersey led to the adoption of a plan whereby, the elec tors were appointed by the Legislature, a plan followed by Connecticut, Dela ware, South Carolina and Georgia, while in the nearby State of Pennsylvania, the matter was lodged with the people. Upon the assembling of the Federal House of Representatives and Senate in New York City, in March — April, 1789, New Jersey with all the other states, cast her ballot for George Wash ington, as first President of the United States. The character of Washington had particularly endeared him to the people of New Jersey. He had been intimately associated with the citizens of the State in the darkest hours of the Revolution, preceding the battle of Trenton, he had turned defeat into victory at Monmouth, he had been for several months in the late summer and fall of 1783 a resident of Rocky Hill, while Congress met at Princeton, he had encamped in Morristown and had been the friend of that unflinching patriot, William Livingston. Thus, when he left Mt. Vernon upon his remarkable tour, which preceded his inauguration as President, the entire population of the State did him honor. Crossing from Pennsylvania to Trenton, a triumphal arch, military salutes, flowers strewn upon his path, and x chorus of matrons and maids, welcomed him upon the afternoon of April 21st, 1789. Passing on to Princeton, where he was met by William Livingston, Washington went to Woodbridge, the route being crowded with farmers, who cheered enthusiastically, thence to Rahway, to Elizabethtown and Elizabeth Port, where like salutations greeted him. From Elizabeth Port to New York, he was taken by naval escort, and was finally inaugurated upon the 30th of April, 1789. Such a demonstration was not only in honor of the one man above all others whom the people adored, but conveyed to him as an official, the respect that the people paid the Presidential office and indirectly the new Federal Government. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY 4S In the meantime, in the joy of the hour, a spirit of discord arose in New Jersey. The Constitution of 1776, a fact equally true of the constitutions of several other States, was hurriedly drawn, largely as a war measure, and was, sadly in need of revision. The conservative element in the community was, largely Federal, as the term was early applied to those who favored a strong;' central government, while those who demanded a "close construction" of the Constitution were first known as anti-Federalists or Republicans— from which party grew the later Democratic organization. In New Jersey the old Tory element was distinctly Federal, toward which the Society of Friends learned in West Jersey. The people of East Jersey tended toward Republicanism, al though the Federal party possessed not a little strength north of the Raritan. But upon the adoption of the Federal Constitution the general sentiment of the State officials was Federalistic, although there was a strong party in the Legis lature which had marked Republican tendencies. The lines, however, were earlier drawn, although no party names were adopted, upon the question of the revision of the State Constitution. Under the organic law of 1776, the ballot was given to "all inhabitants of the State" who were twenty-one years old and owned fifty pounds, proclamation money, clear. In the haste, incident to fram ing the document, sex, race and citizenship were neglected, although it was evi dent that the intent of the framers was to confine the franchise to white males, free born, and not aliens. A heated discussion, which began at the close of the Revolution and culminated in the adoption of the Constitution of 1844, was the result. Tradition has it that before 1807, women, negroes and aliens voted, in which year an act was passed limiting the franchise to free, white males. The Federalists were favorable to such restriction, while the Republicans urged a revision of the entire document. A little pamphlet called "Eumenes," being a collection of a series of newspaper contributions, excited great attention. It demanded a more liberal frame of government for the State. Extending back to the official test oaths required by act of the East Jersey Legislature in the days of William Hid, the Governor of New Jersey was required to be of some Protestant faith. This the Republicans desired abolished, as they did the ap pointment of State officials by Joint Meeting. In other words the Federal sentiment stood for a strict construction of the existent Constitution, with a limitation of the franchise, while the Republicans urged a democratic form of government, and a new document which would ensure such changes. But the demands of the Republicans, as illustrative of the conservative spirit of New Jersey, were refused. While from 1789 to 1799, no less than eight constitutions of the States were made and amended, New Jersey flatly refused to alter her organic law. Before 1800, party feeling in New Jersey ran high. Following the estab- 46 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. lishment of Isaac Collins' Gazette, in Burlington and Trenton, which was largely devoted, during the Revolution, to the dissemination of military information and the stimulation, by means of essays, of a patriotic spirit, there were printed in New Jersey a number of party organs, whose existence was usually short lived. But their careers were none the less full of a wonderful, if misdirected, energy. Whether Federalist or Republican, in picturesque English, bristling with italics and exclamation points, the editors assailed party candidates or one another. Not only was the language used sarcastic and bitter, but sometimse indecent. The Federalists were accused of being in league with English mer chants, of wishing through the establishment of the Society of the Cincinnati to create an order of royalty, to be secretly plotting to set up a king. Upon the other hand the Republicans, who went to the excess of copying the style of address and some of the customs, incident to the French Revolution, were charged with attempting to pull down constituted government and of letting loose "the hell-hounds of anarchy." Bitterly burned the fires of party spirit until the opening of the 19th century, when certain marked changes occurred in the governmental affairs of the State. It is somewhat difficult, owing to the limitations placed upon suffrage and the contradictory claims made in contemporaneous newspapers to ascertain the true spirit of the mass of the people of New Jersey. While every man had an opinion, not even- man had a vote. But it is certain that until 1801, three suc cessive Governors, Livingston, Paterson and Howell were avowed Federalists, chosen by a joint meeting in which a Federalist sentiment must need prevail. Under the county system of elections of members of Council, the distinctively conservative sub-divisions of old West Jersey, largely controlled the upper House and held in check the Republican element which permeated the As sembly. New Jersey furnished her share of troops called upon to suppress the "Whiskey Rebellion" of 1794, a distinctively Republican movement in western Pennsylvania, and gave her unqualified assent to the principle in dispute, namely that to resist, by force, the Federal Constitution and laws made there under, was treason, and that the President had the right to call upon the armed forces of the several States to crush rebellion. The remarkable movements that led to the election of Thomas Jefferson, the quarrel with England resulting from the impressment of sailors, and the naval war directed against the French Directory, the passage of the Alien and Sedition laws, the levying of stamp and direct taxes, the erection of a new navy, the increase in the army, all directly Federalist measures, or the outgrowth of Federalist policy, had their effect upon the people of New Jersey. The retire ment of Washington and his untimely death, deprived the Federal party of a tower of strength, while the death of Hamilton at the hands of Burr, in 1804, HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 47 still further weakened the party. The memorable contest in the House of Representatives, resulting in the election of Jefferson and Burr, as President and Vice-President, was followed in 1801 by the election of Joseph Bloom- field, Republican, or Republican-Democrat, as the party was later called, as Governor of New Jersey. The Republican spirit was rapidly growing in the State, although the Federalists were .still powerful. In 1802, by a super human effort, the joint meeting was tied by the Federalists, but in spite of their endeavors the choice, by the Constitution, fell upon John Lambert, Vice-Pres ident of Council, who was also a Democrat. In 1803, Bloomfield was again elected and served until 1812. The gradual decline of Federalism, which was as slow in New Jersey as in any other State, and the final endorsement of Jef ferson's policy, mark the period between 1800 and the opening of the war with England. Finally, in 1812, it was estimated that the Republican-Democrats had a majority of 2,500 votes throughout the State. CHAPTER XII. THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. HE long struggle preliminary to the second declaration of war with England, upon the 18th of June, 1812, had drawn party lines to their utmost tension. The growing spirit of democracy had been fired by the repeated insults offered the United States, directly or indirectly, by England. There was a feeling that a resort to arms would be again necessary to teach England that the United States had a national spirit, and was no longer a loosely bound Confederation of colonies. There was, also, the under-current running stronger and stronger, bearing men away from the conservative institutions of the past, whether governmental, social, religious or economic. The situation in New Jersey may be expressed by saying that while the Republican-Democrats had been entrenched in power, aided by the national adminstration, the Federal party, in its minority, was still vigorous. Until the close of the legislative session of the winter of 1812, the administration party, hearty advocates of the war, and hating everything and everybody Eng lish, was in control of the political situation in New Jersey. As early as the nth of January, 1812, the Republican-Democratic members of the New Jer sey House of Assembly adopted certain "Resolutions" expressive of the "known feelings and sentiments of the citizens of the State they represent." After a review of the situation, they presented the two following "causes for complaint," which were the real issues of the prospective war between Great Britain and the United States. The first was impressment of native American seamen, forbidding them on board their ships of war, and compelling them to fight against nations with whom the United States was at peace, and even against their own country. The second was depredation committed on American commerce, not contra band of war, resulting in seizures and condemnation. The "flagitious conduct of the rulers of Great Britain" was said to be "too notorious to be denied; too palpable to be susceptible of explanation, and too atrocious for palliation or ex cuse." The resources of the State were pledged to sustain the national gov ernment should war be declared. The resolution was shortly afterward adopted by Council. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 4y But it was upon the following October that the Federal party, by a political manoeuver, borrowed from Massachusetts politicians, came into control of State affairs. The war had already brought disaster to New England, the home of Federalism, and it was designed that New Jersey should be forced into line, not only as a means of securing patronage for Federal State leaders, but for the moral effect of such a victory upon the nation. Thus it was that within a year- New Jersey declared herself for both war and peace. Upon the ioth of November, 1812, the General Assembly adopted a "Dec laration" which characterized the war as "inexpedient, ill-timed and most dan gerously impolitic;" that the national administration was chargeable with un- providently commencing a struggle so wasteful and disastrous; that a French alliance was more dangerous than the war itself; and that an inquiry be made into the causes of the war and peace be concluded. An examination of the Federal (peace) and Democratic (war) vote upon the passage of this latter resolution gives a fair index to the prevalence of the sentiment of the State regarding the struggle. In the Assembly in the Federal column were to be found Bergen, Middlesex, Monmouth, Somerset, Burlington, Gloucester, Cape May, and three out of four of the members of Hunterdon county. In the Democratic column were Essex, Salem, Morris, Sussex and Cumberland, making in all the thirteen counties into which the State was then divided. In Council, the member from Hunterdon voted with the Democrats,. enabling the Federalists to pass the resolution and declare themselves and the people of the State of New Jersey to be "the Friends of Peace." This shifting of the legislative position, particularly when the anti-Federal party had won the sympathies of the voters, did not tend to relieve the bitter ness of political feeling. This was further intensified by the introduction of the system of "Gerrymandering" election districts, which method, later so well known in New Jersey politics, was for the first time used by the Federalists. The "Gerrymander" was said to have been so-called by the editor of the "Columbian Centinel," as a pun upon the name of Elbridge Gerry, Republican- Democratic Governor of Massachusetts. At any rate the scheme of apportion ment sprung from the idea of the old English "pocket borough," and being adapted to meet local conditions by the Massachusetts Anti-Federalists, en abled them to carry the election. The Federalists seized upon the idea, and so utilized the "Gerrymander" that they not only secured control of the Legislature, but elected thereby a Federalist Governor, Aaron Ogden, who served for one year. As delineated by Professor McMaster the situation was developed from the passage of a law in 1807 which provided that the Presidential and Vice-Presi dential electors should be voted for "by the people all over the States," ard 4 , 50 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. not by districts. It was forseen that the Republican-Democrats would win in New Jersey. Six days before the election the Federalists, in power, passed an act providing that the Legislature should choose the electors. In spite of. the Republican-Democratic protests that the spirit of the old law was conso- na'nt with the Constitution, and that its letter had been in part executed in the fil ing of nominations, and their publication by the Secretary of State, the act was passed and the Federal Presidential electors were chosen. Thence it was but a short step to the application of the "Gerrymander" to the choice of members of Congress. New Jersey then voted for her representatives upon a general ticket. To wrest the power from the Republican-Democrats, the Federalists created three districts, each sending two representatives, only one district be ing Republican. This gave the districts unequal population. In the mean time the Peace men had held a convention in Trenton. The close of the war — with its land reverses and its brilliant naval victor ies — was welcomed by the mass of the people of the country. While there was no formal acknowledgment by England that she had forever abandoned her policy of impressment, or commercial interference, the treaty of Ghent placed the matters beyond the range of future discussion between her and the United States. In the war, New Jersey had done her part. True, no action upon land had taken place within her territory, yet the river fronts and coast lines from Bergen to Cape May, and thence to Philadelphia, had been well guarded. The vicinity of Sandy Hook and the shore of Delaware Bay had been the scene of several minor engagements, Cape May had been exposed to attack and par ti s of British sailors had attempted to raid the tide-water section of Monmouth and Cumberland counties. In their desire for peace the Federalists by no means had adopted the policy of non-resistance, but had rendered as effective and as patriotic service as the Democrats — by which name the anti-Federalists were now generally called. Jerseymen had taken part in the ill-starred expeditions on the Canadian frontier; had suffered during the blockade of 1814; had been with Jackson at the victory of New Orleans, and had participated in the ship- duels, where the gallantry and seamanship of the Americans had won the plau dits of the world. In New Jersey, aside from political affiliations, the war was a popular measure. The Peace party, made up of the Conservative Federalists, were un successful in their efforts, while to add to the difficulties of the situation the con servative element in the State had resorted to the obnoxious "Gerrymander." The retaliation on the part of the Democrats was swift. In 1813, control of State affairs passed into the hands of the Democrats, and until 1817 William S. Pennington and Mahlon Dickerson were the Democratic Governors. The close of the war, the success of the party policy of the Democrats, the HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 51 extension of trade, the vast movement of population toward the West, the earliest waves of emigration from Europe and the upbuilding of manufactures, all tended to disturb existing conditions. The Federalist party was slowly but surely dying. The old questions of | foreign policy, which had been the bread of life to Federalism, were settled. With no issue, partially discredited, it had simply outlived its period of usefulness. With its highly unsuccessful pre sentation of the name of Rufus King in the election of 1816, the party ceased to nominate Presidential candidates, and with the inauguration of Monroe in 1817, the "era of good feeling" dawned to last for over a decade. During this period, or until 1829, the Governorship was filled by Isaac H. Williamson, an able man of conservative beliefs, and who was earlier a leader of the Federalist movement, although the constant tendency in New Jersey was toward the growth of Democratic ideas. The political situation of the State during the "era of good feeling," however, bears no interest akin to that which her ecoqomic conditions would naturally excite. We, therefore, turn to the social characteristics which mark New Jersey during the period of which we speak. CHAPTER XIII. THE GROWTH OF METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION. T is a fact but little recognized, that probably the most important result of the war of 1812, to New Jersey, was the fruition of the idea of inter-state communication. The permanent seat of gov ernment having been located at Trenton by 1792, and the city hav ing become thereby the base for the movement of military supplies, it became an important question for the State and the contractors that a suita ble highway be established between the eastern and western portions of New Jersey. It has been shown that the lines of colonial growth in West Jersey were along the Delaware River and Bay, consisting of small, widely separated communities on tributary streams in the midst of large plantations. To the eastward lay the "Pines," which greatly retarded communication with the sea coast. East Jersey was composed of several growing towns, closely associated by connecting roads and by navigable rivers, with a common sub-center at Am boy or a large center in New York City. It has also been stated that this phase of development marked the period lying before the Revolution. A map of New Jersey will show a narrow "waist" of land some thirty miles. in width, between Trenton and the mouth of the Raritan. This "waist," by 1812, had been occupied by farmers, whose small centers were represented by such villages as Maidenhead (Lawrenceville), Cranbury, Princeton and Kings ton. The land had been long settled, well developed, and was easily passable by means of good roads. In the meantime, New York was becoming the commercial metropolis of the United States, her only real rival being Philadelphia, the terminal point of the line of western trade, and the then center of intellectual activity, upon the North American continent. To connect these two cities, to facilitate association) between New England and the South, to nationalize communities that even two wars had failed to properly unite, was the dream of many active spirits in the early days of the century. It was the War of 1812 that largely secured this result. It became evident during the struggle that, with the harbor of New York exposed to the attacks of the enemy, it would be necessary for New Jersey to keep a body of militia employed upon the north shore of Monmouth county, HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 53 particularly in the vicinity of Sandy Hook. To supply these men with arms and ammunition, as well as to facilitate communication, was the desire of the war contractors, and from this desire arose the first projects for constructing a railroad across New Jersey. The primary idea was a good road, possibly the improvement of the Trenton and New Brunswick turnpike, first chartered in 1804. With this end in view the first railroad charter ever granted in the State, and one of the first in the United States, passed the Legislature in 1815. The road was to be constructed between Trenton and New Brunswick, and although it was never built, is indicative of the needs of the time. But to properly understand the conditions underlying this advancement, it is necessary to revert to colonial conditions. As early as 1693, the Legislature of East Jersey provided for the improve ment of the highway leading between Inian's Ferry (New Brunswick) and the Delaware. This road was little more than an Indian trail, and, indeed, so re mained for several years. To the colonial mind, for the purposes of long jour neys, a road was secondary to a river. Speed was subordinated to personal safety and convenience. To reach Philadelphia from New York was almost impossible, except by means of a partial water trip, thus avoiding the crossing of the smaller rivers and the annoyances of being on horseback for three or four days. Thus the traveller set out in sloop or shallop from New York, thence to Amboy or New Brunswick, at the head of tide on the Raritan, where his horse, within a day, in good weather, could convey him to Trenton, the head of tide on the Delaware. There taking a small vessel he went down the Delaware thirty miles to Philadelphia. This route, so early established, practically re- ¦ mained unchanged for a quarter of a century. About 1735, Bordentown came into prominence as the southern terminus of the land route, while the northern end of the voyage was shifted east from New Brunswick to Amboy. While this made the road across New Jersey somewhat longer, it avoided a short, though tedious voyage between Amboy and New Brunswick, and eliminated the delays incident to obstructed navigation, which then, as now, retard vessels. This Amboy-Bordentown road, once established, remained the base of all communication across New Jersey for nearly one hundred and twenty-five years Throughout the purely colonial and Revolutionary periods it was the route of the "stage wagons," nor was it until the period of the Confederation that the coaches from Philadelphia to New York passed across the State by way of ' '^The' erection of the bridge across the Delaware from Trenton to Morris- ville, Pennsylvania, in 1804, tended to divert travel, yet the Bordentown-Amboy route lost but little of its prestige. In the meantime, owing to the movement of population to the western 54 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. frontier, and the demand for cheap and rapid-transit, inventors had been work ing upon the idea of a steam boat. Oliver Evans had shown his steam-scow at Philadelphia. James Rumsey had navigated the waters of the Potomac, while among them all, the most eminent was probably John Fitch, who, experimenting- in a crude way in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, at last succeeded in interesting capital, and in 1786 secured from New Jersey a right to navigate the streams of the State during a period of fourteen years. In the summer of 1786, Fitch and his associate, Voight, placed upon the waters of the Delaware an imperfect but generally satisfactory steam boat that moved at the rate of seven miles per hour. In 1787, in the presence of members of the Federal Convention, and a multitude of people, Fitch navigated the river opposite Philadelphia, and gave to the world abundant proof of the possibilities of his invention. In New Jersey Fitch's steam boat attracted great attention. With Rum sey, Fitch engaged in a controversy regarding the priority of invention, during the time when Fitch had succeeded in establishing a steam boat line from Phil adelphia to Bordentown and Trenton. Stimulated by the experiments made by the pioneers, Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston, after many discouraging trials in France upon the Seine and in America upon the Hudson, secured a monopoly from the State of New York to navigate the waters of Hudson. This resulted in a discussion which threatened to lead to most serious results, even before the "Clermont" was finally plying between New York and Albany. The grant to Livingston had directly affected the interests of John Cox Stevens, who had built in 1806, at Hoboken, the "Phoenix." Mr. Stevens had experimented with the question of steam- navigation, but the provisions of the New York monopoly prevented him, as a citizen of New Jersey, from navigating his boat upon New York waters. He thereupon sent his vessel to Philadelphia, where, with a steam vessel called the "Raritan," the latter plying between New Brunswick and New York, the former between Philadelphia and Bordentown, a route was opened across New Jersey, assisted by the stage line from Bordentown to New Brunswick. The profits of the Raritan trade were absorbed by the Fulton-Livingston Company. During 1810 another commercial war between New Jersey and New York was threatened. During the period of the Confederation, New York had at tempted to tax the boats of New Jersey farmers, and the Legislature of the latter State had retaliated by taxing Sandy Hook light house, then owned by New York City. In 1810 it was proposed that if New York would not permit a New- Jersey steam boat to ply the Hudson, then no Livingston-Fulton monopoly steamer should enter the jurisdiction of New Jersey. This demand was modi fied by the New Jersey Legislature, which passed an act in 181 1, providing that as in 1808 New York had enacted that the boat engine tackel and apparel of all HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 55 unlicensed vessels could be seized, upon the same principle, the owners might "seize any boat belonging to any citizen of New York, found in the waters of New Jersey." But the steam boat industry in spite of the fulminations of the New Jersey Legislature, remained in the grip of the New York monopoly. With injunctions, and by the power of their influence, Livingston and Fulton broke down opposition wherever started. In 1813 Governor Ogden, of New Jersey, established a rival ferry between Elizabethtown and New York, and operated by a boat called the Seahorse. But he was soon driven out of busi ness by the New Yorkers. In the meantime ferries were established between Philadelphia and what is now the City of Camden. The public interest taken in canal projects had early aroused discussion in New Jersey as to the advisability of constructing a canal across the State. Par tially owing to the recommendations of Gallatin, in his plan for internal water ways, and partially stimulated by the activity of the Chesapeak and Delaware Canal Company, the Legislature of New Jersey in 1804, incorporated the New Jersey Navigation Company, to construct a canal from the Delaware to the Raritan. The project failed, owing to various physical and financial difficulties which surrounded the scheme. The matter, owing to the advent of the second war with England and the institution of other costly improvements, lay in obeyance until 1816, when the Legislature passed an act providing for the as certaining of the most eligible route for a canal between the tide waters of the Delaware and the Raritan. Thus in our examination of the question of transportation across New Jer sey, up to and including the second decade of the 19th century, we find that the public sentiment was passing through a formative period, soon, however, to develop into a recognition of the position which New Jersey must sometime occupy in the Union as a transportation center. Elsewhere in the State the canal projects had attracted local attention. In 1800 the Governor by legislative authority was empowered to incorporate a com pany* to shorten the navigation of Salem Creek, while in 1816, Michael Oertly was authorized to cut a canal through Manasquan Beach. Other small water ways were projected and some were completed in due season. The construction of turnpikes throughout the country, particularly the com mencement of the National Pike in 1806, together with the improving of roads connecting the cities, was a stimulus to the growth of a turnpike system in New Jersey. In later colonial and Revolutionary times there were several systems of roads in New Jersey. One reached southward from Cooper's Ferry (Cam den) to Gloucester, Woodbury, Racoon, Penn's Neck, Salem, Greenwich, Co hanzy and thence by Maurice River to Cape May. From Cape May a road 56 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. skirted the shore until it reached the main road leading from Burlington to the vicinity of Tuckerton. From Burlington roads radiated to Moorestown, Mt. Holly and Eayrestown, while the road from Camden parallelled the river from to Bordentown and Trenton. This embraced the main arteries of travel in Southern New Jersey. From Bordentown and Trenton to the Raritan River, the two roads to which allusion has been made were well defined. On the north shore of Mon mouth county, Freehold was connected with Shrewsbury, with Cranbury and Crosswicks with Middletown and New Brunswick. The Raritan valley was a net work of roads, connecting the towns of the Dutch settlement, not only with the villages on the Delaware as far west as Phillipsburg, but with Trenton and the South. From Phillipsburg a great road extended northeast through Oxford to Walpack. Here a branch ran to the tri-stat; line, while a fork extended along the drowned lands to Goshen, New York, and thence to the Hudson. At Ox ford was the western end of a road leading through Hackettstown, Sucassunny and Mendham, to Morristown. From Morristown there were roads to Hack- ensack and to Woodbridge. From what is now Jersey City, a road ran along the Palisades to Haverstraw, and thence north, while another highway extended through Schralenburg and Ringwood. The congested centers north of the Raritan and east of the hill country, including Metuchen, Scotch Plains, Spring field, Elizabethtown, Rahway, Newark and the region now known as Paterson, were thoroughly united. With such a basis, particularly in the growing towns of East Jersey de manding association, the cry for turnpikes was a characteristic feature of the period from 1800 to 1820. The movement was particularly noticeable in Sus sex, Morris and Warren counties, where settlers were town-building in the fer tile and beautiful valleys. Even the progress of the war did not delay the im provements. As illustrative of the extension of roads, among the many char ters granted by the Legislature during this period were those to the following companies in the northwestern part of the State: Morris 1801, Newark and Morris 1811, Hope and Hackettstown 1813, Deckertown and Newton 1814, and Water Gap 181 1. In the vicinity of Newark, were the Belleville Bridge and Turnpike Association 1802, Jersey City and Acquackanonk 1808, Newark and Mt. Pleasant 1806, while the great Bordentown and South Amboy pike was projected in 1816, and the Perth Amboy in 1808. The pikes in some instances rehabitated roads already laid out, or were con structed upon new lines. Their building resulted in the expenditures of large sums of money for labor and materials, and brought to themselves lanes lead ing to the homes of wealthy land owners, as well as subsidiary roads which HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 57 •connected the pikes with numerous small villages. It was, indeed, an era in New Jersey, as elsewhere, when the public mind was turned toward permanent and material improvement. Good roads meant cheaper goods, saving of freights, improved mail facilities, increased circulation of newspapers, accessi bility to schools and churches, in fact, the development of every factor in as sociation. From the problem of transportation, we may now turn to the growth of manufactures in the State of New Jersey, noting some of the causes which led to the development of the present industrial life of the State. CHAPTER XIV. EARLY MANUFACTURES. HE conditions which had influenced the development of commer cial and agricultural prosperity throughout the country, affected New Jersey to a large degree. From 1793 to 1807, the ships of the merchants of Burlington, Salem and Perth Amboy were to be found at every port on the Atlantic coast, a West India trade was developed, while the "Flying Nancy," built of oak and pine, of Burlington, or the "Kate and Mary," constructed by Shrewsbury ship carpenters, sailed proudly into Bristol channel, or into the Thames. In the midst of this prosperity, manufactures were by no means neglected, and were further greatly stimulated by the embargo laid by England, and which lasted for fifteen months. As the embargo was a quietus upon sea-trade, the people of the United States who needed carpets, cloth, china, glass and metalic wares, resolved to make these articles at home. Professor McMaster has pointed out that the "infant industries' were encouraged in several ways. As a preliminary step in New Jersey and in the other states, many com munities resolved to form a "Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Man ufactures," and to buy, use or wear no article of foreign make. To encourage local industry prizes were offered for home-made products. "Exchanges" were established where goods could be sold; corporations were created by the Leg islatures, the factories were promised tax exemptions, and the "hands" free dom from jury and militia duty. Bounties were offered and every measure was adopted by patriotic individuals and by government, to aid in the upbuilding of industries. Already the State of New Jersey had _ seen the benefit of promoting indus tries requiring skilled workmen. Upon the 22d of November, 1791, the Legis lature had authorized the incorporation of the "Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures," had provided for the legal erection of the corporation of Pat erson, and in 1792 had authorized the Governor to subscribe to the capital stock of the company. The motive underlying the erection of this Society, from which the city of Paterson has developed, did not find its inception in the exi gencies of war. Alexander Hamilton, who recognized the needs of the nation, and saw into the economic future as far as any man of his day, realized the pos- HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. S9 sibilities of water-power of the Passaic Falls, and by rare insight located the company in New Jersey. Paterson stood as an object lesson, not only to New Jersey, but to the nation, and in spite of subsequent difficulties became the nucleus around which clustered other, if less important, plans. The action of the citizens of New Jersey led to the formation of several com panies, among them being those chartered to operate at Fairfield 1809, Franklin 1811, Essex and Cedar Grove 1814, and Passaic 1815, while cotton and wool works were authorized in 1814 at Mendham, and 181 5 at Belleville. The glass industry of South Jersey received an impetus, at Port Elizabeth, about 181 1, and in other small towns, while in Bridgeton in 1814, an iron works was erected. Small forges were located throughout the Pines. In North Jersey the introduction of merino sheep, for their wool, the raising and slaughtering of neat cattle for leather, and the early attempts to utilize the iron ore in the counties of Morris and Sussex were characteristic movements. The industries of the day were largely conducted under purely rural con ditions. The entrepreneur, the highly developed industrial specialist, the mi croscopic divisions of labor were yet unknown. Upon the farms were to be found small manufactories, unchartered, practically little co-partnerships, and yet undergoing an evolutionary process. The farmer was still a "jack of all trades," although little by little men with special aptitudes were drifting into their particular "lines." Already the tendency to locate trades in the centers was noticeable. In Trenton, a pottery had been erected during the close of the 18th century, Newark had her workers in leather, the eyes of far-seeing Phil adelphia capitalists had marked Camden as an available location for manufac tories, Salem was engaged in making glass, Paterson had become a town of some importance. Slowly, but surely, the drift toward the future industrial conditions had set in. A young man or two from each small community whose places could readily be taken by others, left the old home. There were few idle farms. All were occupied, except those abandoned on account of being un profitable, or whose owners had caught the spirit of the western movement, and had followed the lines of emigration through Central New York State, or had reached Ohio and Indiana by way, of Philadelphia, Pittsburg and the Ohio River. From our modern standpoint the manufactories were insignificant. A score of workingmen raised the "plant" to a degree of dignity quite unrivaled. No legislation regulating the number of hours constituting a day's work, sanita tion, payment of wages, responsibility of the master as to the use of dangerous machinery, or like matters, had yet been enacted in New Jersey. The common law governing the relations of master and servant, only slightly modified, pre vailed. The superintendent of the works was little different from his men, per- 60 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. haps members of the corporation were among those who worked at the ma chines. The wide world lay before every operative, in which he could rise, by excellence and merit, to the very heights of his chosen occupation. There were no hard and fast lines drawn between country and city life. With no congestion of population, there were no wage workers on the verge of pauperism; no captains of industry possessed of vast and constantly increas ing wealth. Some men, who were of a mobile nature, went from one trade to another, and more or less mastered each one. The tendency, however, was to work out the ultimate possibility of each industry; the active and energetic boy or man having in view the betterment of his social and financial condition. Women were practically unknown in any factory or mill, being kept out by the men and, as a rule, lacked the mobility necessary to change from purely do mestic relations to those of the shop. Such, briefly, were the beginnings of manufacturing in New Jersey. Skilled workmen and day laborers from over-sea had already taken their places in the industrial life of the State, but their numbers were few and they were quickly assimilated. The new-comers were mainly from the British Isles, spoke the English language, and were acquainted with the spirit, if not the letter of our laws. Here and there an emigrant from one of the small independencies now merged into the German empire, could be found. He, too, was soon a part and parcel of the life of the community. As yet, few dreamed of the vast emigration of the Romance, Slavonic and Hebraic peoples, who, later, added so materially to the growth of the cities, and contributed so largely to the sudden change in the industrial conditions in the State. Henceforth the rapid decline of all industries incident to farm life must be noticed. The spinning-wheel and the flax carding machines were soon to be silenced forever, the rumbling carts, to give place to wagons built by men ex perienced in the trade. No longer the farmer made his own hoes and shovels or had his negro men work in leather. His produce, consumed upon his own farm, or in the nearby market town, was, ere long, to be carted to the cities, first by wagons over the new-made pikes, and then by the railroads or steam boats. The young men were becoming restless and looked out upon a horizon wider than the limits of the plantation. The simple domestic existence no longer satisfied the daughters who strove for a higher plane of intellectual de velopment and wished for the costumes and something of the gayer life at the towns. Such alterations in the static life of a vast farming community, the desire for a change, is an important element in the economic history of a State, and cannot be dismissed as a trifle, unworthy of consideration. These ambi tions necessitated the expenditure of money, increased travel, and brought to minds, unaccustomed to vigorous thinking, new impressions. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 61 This industrial activity created many misgivings in conservative minds. Some saw, in the departure of a few young men for the towns, the head waters of a stream destined to drain dry the rural communities. They thought that the expenditure of money for "fashionable follies" would result in a depletion of the circulating medium of the country districts. A cry went up that the peace and harmony of established things was in danger. Upon the other side the broader-minded men recognized that the population centering in the cities must be fed, that the small amounts of money spent in the towns would soon be equal ized by indebtedness of the cities, owing the country for wood and produce. But more than this they realized the interdependence of country-side and town, and that while one could live without the other, neither could attain proper development alone. But mere discussion could not stem the tide. The spirit of dissatisfaction with existent conditions was in the air. The State was not a static community, but must move along the lines of progress, whether such lines were laid in the valleys of least, or over the mountains of greatest resistance. Before discussing the future growth of the State, we may turn aside to re view, briefly, the conditions surrounding the religious life in New Jersey, noting the presence of the older faiths, and marking the advent of certain new phases of religious thought, which deeply affected the well-being of the entire community CHAPTER XV. OLD AND NEW RELIGIOUS FAITHS. HE presence of certain religious faiths in New Jersey, from earliest colonial times until the close of the second war with Eng land, and somewhat of their characteristics, bears directly upon the social conditions of the time. To these brief allusion may be made. Before the English came, the Dutch had established their Reformed Churches and schools, while the Swedes had erected on the banks of the Dela ware their Lutheran houses for worship. With the English came those of varying shades of Calvinistic belief, members of the Society of Friends, a few Ana-Baptists, French Huguenots, and a respectable number of Church of Eng land men. We have'seen that the Calvinists became dominant in East Jersey, the Society of Friends influencing the development of West Jersey, while the Episcopalians gathered strength in Burlington, Trenton, Amboy and along the Monmouth county shore. By 1765, when the members of the various religious faiths had accomplished a process of differentiation, one finds in Smith's "History of the Colony of Nova Caesaria or New Jersey," an interesting tabulation of the distribution of the de nominations throughout the colony. The Society of Friends had in West Jersey twenty-nine meeting houses, •one in Sussex, three in Monmouth, and four in Middlesex. In Essex, Somer set and Bergen counties they had no houses for worship. The Presbyterians in East Jersey, including Hunterdon county, had forty- one churches, with fourteen meeting houses in West Jersey, though their influ ence was largely confined to limited areas in Gloucester, Salem, Cumberland and Cape May counties. The Episcopalians had twelve churches in East Jersey, and nine in West Jersey, being unrepresented in the counties of Somerset, Bergen, Cape May, Morris and Sussex counties. Of the other faiths the Baptists had nineteen meeting houses, evenly dis tributed throughout the province, possessing strength in Monmouth county, but having no congregations in Morris and Bergen. The Seventh Day Baptists had churches in Middlesex and Cumberland, while the Ana-Baptists, sustained a congregation in Morris county, as did the Rogerines. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. . 6^ The low Dutch Church had five meeting houses in Sussex, five in Somer- erset and one in Middlesex, the Dutch Calvinists, two in Essex, seven in Bergen and one in Hunterdon, while the Dutch Lutherans had four congregations in Somerset, Bergen and Salem counties. There was also a congregation of German Presbyterians in Hunterdon county, while in Gloucester there existed a Swedish church and a Moravian mission. There were thus in New Jersey about one hundred and sixty meeting houses, distributed among a dozen denominations. Of these about thirty- three per cent, were in the possession of the Presbyterians, about twenty per cent, in the hands of the Society of Friends; about twelve per cent, under the control of the Baptists, and thirteen per cent, were owned by the Episcopalians. The remainder, about twenty-five per cent, of the one hundred and sixty houses of worship, were largely owned by the low Dutch and the Dutch Calvinists. But there was soon to enter an element which, particularly in the southern section of the State, was destined to grow to remarkable proportions. This was the establishment of the Methodist Episcopal Church, whose early history in the State of New Jersey is the record of triumph over adverse conditions. The opening of the Revolution, when men's minds were stirred with po litical questions, was in no sense a period of religious enthusiasm. The fire of the Whitefield movement had sunk low, the then five great faiths of New Jersey, Presbyterian, Quaker, Episcopalian, Baptist and the Dutch Calvinist, had become static. A precise and rigid theology ruled the day. Among the Calvinists, English and Dutch, all things centered in the minister and his satellites; among the Quakers, in the elders in meeting. All were more or less severe*; with inflexible, moral codes, didactically framed. The religious spirit of the past, which had the merit of being spontaneous and genuine, seemed to be in danger of degenerating into a mere formalism. The mass of the people were still outwardly devout in their observance of the ordinances, forms and ceremonies of their faiths, but there was none the less a lack of fervor or of popular interest. The time, indeed, was ripe-for the spread of agnosticism and infidelity. To combat this influence was the first mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Designed by its founders as a protest against the ritualism and lack of zeal of the Church of England, but not as a separatist movement, Methodism, like the American Revolution, outgrew its earlier plan and scope. Intro duced into America and thence to New Jersey, particularly by Major Webb of the British army, its earlier life was hampered by almost unsurmountable ob stacles. To a degree "institutional" in its aims, the older and more conserva tive faiths regarded the movement, first with apathy, then with intense interest, and finally with well-founded apprehension. In government, the new faith 64 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. was intensely aristocratic with its bishops and presiding elders; in its relation to its adherents it was as intensely democratic. To Methodism there were no distinctions of color, of political affiliation, of age or sex. It reached out to the submerged class and welcomed saint and sinner alike. The Revolution was a severe test for the new faith. Already it had seized hold of some prominent men in the army; while the tendency of many of the enlisted men, free from trammels of home-teaching, was to drift toward the doctrines of Thomas Paine. There was in the army much more agnosticism and infidelity than we are now aware. The Methodists felt it their duty to ac tively combat such irreligion. The period of the Confederation was crucial to the Methodists. The older denominations were repellant and cold, the pub lic indifferent, and even abusive. Stories are yet told of the indignities heaped upon the heads of the itinerant ministers,, and of the fighting and brawling during their meetings. But in spite of the opposition the Society grew in influence and power. It swept through New Jersey south of the Raritan, gathering to itself all kinds and conditions of men. In the sections dominated by the Society of Friends, Methodism grew with the greatest rapidity. Men of position left the meeting of Fox for the meeting of Wesley. It may have been a desire for greater free dom of personal action, and a grasping for a position where there would be less formality. It may have been the desire for a change, a desire animating so many men, the causes for which are too deep for explanation, even if such causes exist. It may have been a yearning for some direct manifestation of the spiritual presence. But whatever the reason, Methodist meeting houses were erected in every town of prominence in West Jersey. Long after the Revolution, the lines of social caste, drawn in the colony, were still clear and distinct. For such lines, the early Methodists cared but little. It was indeed a new thing that the master and servant should either as semble in the same "class meeting," or should pray from the same pew. Women, too, were influential in the active" work of the church; a thing in itself then novel and interesting. The great power of Methodism over its followers was that it was dynamic. The itinerant ministry, composed of men of strong wills and noble ambitions, the system of "Quarterly Meetings" bringing together people who, previously unassociated, met in a fraternal spirit, made Methodism a most active agent in association. Under its influence barriers were broken down, and new fields were open. Every member became an enthusiastic disciple. It was, in short, the ecclesiastical exponent of new democracy, which swept over the southern end of the State and bore before it the most cherished traditions of the more conservative elements in the commvinity. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 65 The Methodist movement in East Jersey was not so successful. True, the ministers attracted some enthusiastic followers, but the strong power of the Calvinistic church, held fast its members. It was not until later that Methodism forged to the front in the region north of the Raritan. From very humble beginnings the Roman Catholics began to increase in. membership during the first quarter of the 19th century. There is indirect evidence that some missionary priests of that faith were in Gloucester county about 1685, and that there were Roman Catholics in Cape May about 1690, among some servants sent thither to further certain plans of Dr. Daniel Coxe. It is also claimed by one of the best informed historians of the Roman Catholic Church in America, John McCormick, of Trenton, that John Tatham, quasi- Governor of West Jersey, and a famous man in the Province before 1700, was. a Roman Catholic. This contention is supported by an indictment found in* Burlington court against a resident of the county for calling Tatham a "Papist," and by the character of Tatham's library, as well as by certain collateral evidence.. During the colonial and Revolutionary periods there were a number of Roman Catholic families in New Jersey, to whom occasional visits were made by missionary priests. It was not until the close of the war of '12 that Roman Catholicism became firmly established in New Jersey, and from that time until the present, its progress has been little short of marvelous. The vast tide of emigrants from Europe, which has reached America and spread over New Jer sey, particularly in the cities, was largely Roman Catholic. Churches have been erected, even in remote villages and hamlets. But in the progress of Ro man Catholicism, its growth has been largely due to the men of marked ability who have been selected by the Papal authority to conduct the affairs of the church within the limits of the State. The period closes with the establishment of a new faith, Methodism, and the gradual growth of an old — Roman Catholicism, awaiting the coming of a new doctrine that aroused in the central part of New Jersey an intense inter est — the advent of the Mormon missionaries and the promulgation of the doc trines of Joseph Smith. From the year 1825, the country plunged into an era of great unrest. Tra ditions, practices and customs, modes of life and of thought were soon to be tested. Wider intellectual concepts, new ideas in governmental and social policies were disseminated, not only in New Jersey, but throughout the Repub lic, and for nearly a quarter of a century the new democracy assailed the strong holds of the old-established conservatism and ultimately modified the tendency of social development of the State. CHAPTER XVI. THE PERIOD OF POLITICAL UNREST. HE quarter of a century from 1820 to 1845, has been characterized by an historian of the United States as the "period of political un rest," an era in which the people of the Republic, striving for a change from old conditions, struggled for new light. It has been seen that certain causes tended to operate toward this end. Previous to this period the steam boat had become an accomplished fact, turn pikes had been built, emigrants had swarmed into the fertile lands of the Mis sissippi valley, canals had been constructed, railroads had been projected, news papers had multiplied, mails were reaching nearly every eastern hamlet, at least twice a week, while manufactures were being fostered in many localities. Anthra cite coal and the consequent development of the iron industry, made the construc tion of labor and time-saving machinery a most important consideration. Pop ulation was congesting in larger centers, emigration from Europe had set in; all progressive men were animated by the industrial spirit. In political life, the intense consideration of the past was giving way to liberalism. The older doctrine of government "for and of the people" embraced a new element "by the people." A more liberal franchise, State officers pop ularly elected, freedom of individual action in nominating conventions, were but a few of the demands. Religious life was broadening, the direct influence of dominant sects was becoming less apparent, people were questioning' dogma. But nowhere was the movement more apparent than in legislation affecting the criminal, defective, dependent and delinquent classes. The insane were sep arated from the criminals, the dependents were removed, to a degree, from penal institutions, the barbarous laws affecting poor debtors were in part repealed. Cruel and unusual punishments were eliminated from the statute books, and a multitude of reforms were urged in every quarter. As a general assumption, it may be said that New Jersey did not adopt many of these reforms as early as some of the other States. To secure a wider extension of popular rights, the amendment of the Constitution of 1776, or a new declaration of organic law was a necessary precedence. To such a course the old conservative spirit was op posed, though gradually weakening under the influence of the new democracy. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 67 But it may be said further that when the State did this work, judged by the standards set in the day and generation, the work was well done. So far as the national political situation was concerned, the Presidential campaign of 1824, found five candidates before the people, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and William H. Crawford. The election, owing to the fact that no one candidate received a majority of the electoral votes, was thrown into the House of Representatives, and the "era of good feeling," came to a close in one of the most bitter party quarrels that ever marked the history of the political institutions of the United States. Jack son was defeated, while Adams assumed the Presidential office. In New Jersey, Jackson was extremely popular, although the administration had a large follow ing among the conservative elements. A battle royal was now waged through out the State, the air was filled with charges and counter-charges; it was but a repetition upon a larger scale of the political conditions which led to the ele vation of Jefferson in the earlier years of the Republic. Nor did the friends of Jackson cease their efforts to secure the final triumph of the "man of the peo ple." In 1828, the campaign of 1824 was repeated, if anything, with a greater display of hatred and vituperation. The political situation was little less than a seething cauldon, under which burned the fiercest fires of agitation and of personal abuse. No candidate's character was safe in the hands of the pamphleteers; encounters, with the use of firearms, were frequent between local leaders of public opinion. From the assault, Jackson rode triumphant to in stitute a policy, which has made him among the most famous of all Americans. With the coming into power of Jackson, the rebellion against conservatism, which had spread throughout the country, became a successful revolution. While it is true that in 1829 the eight electoral votes of New Jersey were given to Adams and Rush, the anti-Jackson or "Administration" candidates, the power thus secured was short lived. The term of Governor Williamson, who repre sented in himself the old Federalist or anti-Jackson influences, immediately ex pired, and the Legislature offered the Governorship to Garret D. Wall, who declined, and then to Peter D. Vroom, who occupied the position until 1832. The nullification imbroglio of 1831, the contention of South Carolina as to the right of secession, and Clay's compromise of 1833, played important parts in the political life of New Jersey. With the growth of manufactures in this State, there had developed a spirit in favor of a protective tariff. Even some of the warmest friends of the administration in New Jersey were in favor of a tariff, in spite of the fact that the Jackson men in the South cried that such a tariff' was "unconstitutional, partial and oppressive." There were also many Jerseymen who were in favor of a system of internal improvements at national expense. The census of 1830 had developed the startling fact that citizens of 68 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. New Jersey owned two thousand two hundred and fifty slaves. This, was more than were owned in all New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indi ana, Michigan and Ohio, In spite of the practice of gradual emancipation in New Jersey, the abolition movement gained some strength from .such a showing, for as early as 1792 an Abolition Society had been organized in the State. In the southern and western portion of the State the Society of Friends had been for several years active in work among the negroes. Some of the members of the Society, whose homes were on or near the banks of the Delaware, were reputed to be prominent in the "Underground Railroad," and the presence of Southern slave-hunters in the towns between Trenton and Cape May, was not an uncommon sight. It must not be understood that the abolition movement was generally supported by the people of New Jersey. It is simply designed to show that agencies which promoted the future history of the movement were active. Party lines in New Jersey,- as elsewhere, were tightly drawn. The State elections in 1832 and 1833, show that the battles of Jackson were not fully won. Two anti-administration Governors were successively elected, Samuel L. South ard and Elias P. Seeley, although in the latter year Peter D. Vroom, a Jackson Democrat, was re-elected as Chief Executive. In 1833 the electoral vote of New Jersey was cast for Jackson and Van Buren for President and Vice- President, respectively, and until 1837, the Democrats remained in undisputed power in the State. That a close relation exists between the action of a political party and the financial institutions of this country is well illustrated in the story of the over throw of the United States Bank. Jackson's refusal to recharter the bank, after his expression of intense opposition, and his withdrawal of the government money therein, placed on deposit, was considered by his adherents, in 1836, the crowning act of his administration. The introduction of the system of distribu tion of political offices in accordance with the doctrine, "To the Victor Belongs the Spoils," had entrenched the administration in power; the death of the aris tocratic bank was the rounding out of the administration's policy. There arose at once a "State bank craze," which resulted in raising the number of State banks between 1832 and 1836, from two hundred and eighty- eight to five hundred and eighty-three. To this total New Jersey was a con tributor, although the vast majority operated in- the south and middle west. From early days New Jersey had been favorably disposed toward such in stitutions. In 1804 the Trenton Banking Company, the Newark Banking and Insurance Company, and the Jersey Bank, were organized. In 1807 the Bank of New Brunswick was incorporated, to be followed by State Banks at Cam den, Elizabeth, Morristown, Newark, New Brunswick and Trenton, all of which HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 69 received their charters in 18 12. In 181 5 banks at Paterson and Mt. Holly were incorporated, while the following year the Cumberland Bank at Bridgeton was authorized to transact business. In the early 20's, throughout the country, corporations for manufacturing and transportation purposes were chartered with banking privileges. In 1822 the Hoboken Banking and Grazing Com pany, and the Salem Steam Mill and Banking Company, in 1824 the Morris Canal and Banking Co., in 1823 the New Jersey Manufacturing and Banking Company, of Hoboken, came into existence. During the third decade of the century the Commercial, of Perth Amboy, (1822), the Franklin, of Jersey City, (1824), the People's, of Paterson, (1824), the Salem Banking Company (1825), the Farmers' and Mechanics', of Rahway, (1826), and the Orange Bank, (1828), were chartered. In 1830 State banks were -organized at Middletown Point and Belvidere, while in 1831 the Mechanics', at Newark, and in- 1832 the Mechanics', at Paterson, received charters. The year 1834 saw new banks in New Brunswick, Trenton, Belleville and Princeton, while in 1837 the legislative flood tide of incorporation brought additional institutions to Newark, Bergen Point, Medford, Elizabeth, Plainfield and Hamburg. The charters of these banks were broad in the extreme; abuses of a most flagrant character required almost immediate investigation on the part of the Legislature, and while the great majority of the institutions were conceived in honesty, yet the spirit of speculation was so far abroad that even the most conservative were under its influence. The subsequent history of the career of State banks is well known. The issuing of the "specie circular," the removal of "hard money" from the East to the West, the distribution of the surplus revenue among the states, and the disastrous effect upon the banks of the country, New Jersey among the rest, were the direct causes of the frightful panic of 1837. Except for the removal of old charters and the occasional incorporation of a bank in a growing com munity, but few institutions of this character were chartered until the period of inflation, immediately succeeding the Civil War. In the chartering of New Jersey's banks one may trace the "cycles of prosperity" which are said to have been so noticeable in the industrial history of the nation. The panic' of 1837 brought disaster to the administration in New Jersey. In that year and in the Presidential election following, the electoral votes of New Jersey were cast for William Henry Harrison for President, while William Pennington, a Whig leader, occupied the Governor's chair from 1837 to" 1843. The Whig party, represented everything anti- Jackson, including the old-line Federalists, advocates of a protective tariff, those who were alarmed by the at titude of the nulliflers, disaffected administration men and many of the anti-Ma sons. 7o HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. We cannot leave this period without glancing at the history of two re markable political organizations which naturally arose during the era of unrest. These organizations were the outgrowth of a social state where the watchword was "Equality." The growth of the anti-Masonic party was due to an incident in the career of William Morgan, a member of the society in Batavia, New York. As usually repeated, the story goes that Morgan suddenly disappeared forever after he had stated that he would publish a book revealing the secrets of the craft. It was alleged that the Masons abducted Morgan. From such charges a party arose which became sufficiently national in its scope to spread from Massa chusetts to Ohio, and as far south as Pennsylvania. In New Jersey the move ment made little headway, owing largely to the power of the Masonic lodges which had been located in the State, not only from Revolutionary, but probably from colonial times. Such strength as the anti-Masonic party possessed in New Jersey, was drawn largely from those who considered the society to be of an aristocratic and exclusive character, a proposition sustained by the am bitious and professional politicians who headed the movement. Like all other organizations which magnify local conditions into circumstances of national importance, the anti-Masonic party passed from the stage, remembered as the organization responsible for the system of holding conventions of delegates for the purpose of nominating Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidates. In 1 83 1 the party thus nominated William Wirt and Thomas Ellmaker, at Balti more. In the Anti-Slavery or Liberty party, was the crystalization of all the abo lition sentiment in the country. From the days of the New Jersey Quaker, John Woolman, of Rancocas, who preached the gospel of emancipation in the middle colonies, there had been agitation concerning the subject of freeing the negroes. New Jersey had adopted the wise policy of gradual emancipation, although the number of slaves within her borders was still large. The Missonri compromise of 1820 had failed to settle the problem, the status of which may be found in the constitution of the American Anti-Slavery Society, formed in Philadelphia in 1833. The constitution, as Professor McMaster shows, declared that each State had the exclusive right to regulate slavery within its borders, that the society will endeavor to persuade Congress to stop the inter-state slave trade, to abolish slavery in the territories and the District of Columbia, and to admit no more slave states into the Union. Instantly there was an effort made by the South to suppress the Society. The abolitionists began a "campaign of education," which the Federal admin istration attempted to suppress by permitting postmasters to remove newspa pers, pamphlets, monographs and other printed documents from the mails. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 7r Mobs attacked abolition meetings, insulted the speakers and destroyed newspa pers, while Congress, from 1836 to 1844, enforced a "gag" rule forbidding any paper relating to slavery or its abolition to be received. In April, 1840, driven to extremes, yet not deviating from a path so rugged and tortuous, the Anti-Slavery men met and nominated a Presidential ticket. In 1844, the new organization was named the "Liberty party." Such were some of the more important features of the "period of political unrest." CHAPTER XVII. THE PERIOD OF SOCIAL UNREST. HE changes which were taking place in the political conditions of -- New. Jersey were merely the outward and visible signs of the vast internal struggle which reached throughout every state in the Re public. The revolutions in the office of Governor of the State were but an expression of the unrest in the popular mind, so far as the Legislature reflected the opinions of the masses. We have seen the gubernatorial office filled by Federalists from 1776 to 1801, a period of twenty-five years; by Repub lican-Democrats from 1801 to 1817, with the exception of 1812-1813, a period of sixteen years, and then by a Federalist until 1829, a period of twelve years. In other words in fifty-three years the office, in its political administration un derwent but three transfers. But in the era of unrest, as exemplified in New Jersev from 1829 to 1845, tne office was held by the Democrats from 1829 to 1832, by the Whigs from 1832 to 1833, by the Democrats from 1833 to 1837, by the Whigs again from 1837 to 1843, by the Democrats from 1843 t0 I844> and lastly by the Whigs after 1845. Thus in a period of sixteen years the office underwent six transfers. But nowhere was the remarkable process of development more apparent than in the social life of the people of New Jersey. Everywhere there were indications of vast activities. True there were many questionable reforms ad vanced, "cranks" with a thousand "isms" came to the surface in the stirring of the waters, together with mountebanks and charlatans, ready to foist upon the public any scheme to bring to themselves gold and notoriety. But these were excresences. The popular movement tended toward the betterment of human conditions, sought blindly at times, but sought none the less honestly. It has been said that the period of social unrest tended toward the betterment of the condition of criminal, defective, dependent and delinquent classes of New Jersey, and that numerous reforms were instituted throughout the State. In the intensity of thought and feeling, every subject of human interest was discussed in the lyceums, public meetings, newspapers and Legislatures. Pamphlets came by the thousands from the presses, inonographs were circulated as never before. Steam printing presses and cheaper postage made the mul- HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 73 tiplication and circulation of printed matter an important factor in the dissemina tion of individual views. Organizations were formed to encourage the propa gation of theories, economic, industrial, religious and philanthropic. The Legis latures were deluged with petitions, and as the law making bodies were less automatic in action than those of the present day, prolonged debates and un expected majorities or minorities resulted. The legislative proceedings of the Assembly and Council of New Jersey during this period, as well as the newspapers, are indices to nearly every move ment of importance. One may elsewhere search in vain for as wide a range of topics as were then under discussion. Every project had its advocates, every reform its promoters, every scheme its plausable advocates. Every man with a theory, in the heat of his new enthusiasm, felt that the welfare of the body politic depended upon his exertions, and that his aim was to proselyte and conquer. But it is true that substantial reforms were needed in the State of New Jersey. The strong hold that the English common law had upon the people ¦of the State, had led in part to a most unfortunate condition regarding the methods of caring for those incapable or unable to care for themselves. From England, the State had inherited the system of public county jails, into which in colonial and Revolutionary times, murderers, poor debtors, the insane, and even the aged people and orphans were thrown. The jail was a Bedlam, ren dered horrible by the intermingling of men and women hardened to vice, to whom rum was allowed if they had money with which to pay the bills. In other words the general| policy was to commit to the jail, every one liable in some way to become a state or county charge. The food in the jails was usually poor and insufficient, and the ventilation and sanitation indescribable. The jails were culture stations for the germs of disease, which not only deci mated the inmates but spread throughout the nearby territory. No one, how ever, was to blame. It was the fault of a system too thoroughly established for the binding conservatism of the time, to alter. Nor was it until the advent of this era of remarkable intellectual activity that any permanent reform was advocated. In New Jersey, the changes came slowly, particularly in matters of a phil anthropic nature. Early in the century benevolent associations were organized in the larger towns, and private charity was dispensed, but little or no effort was made to obtain legislative support. This proposition was too intensely paternalistic even to receive the aid of the most earnest friends of a cen tralized government. If a man was in prison for the commission of an offense, he was simply paying a debt to society; if he was lame or blind, it was his mis fortune that his sins should call for Divine retribution. 74 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. At last there was an awakening and a quickening of the public conscience- People no longer talked of the insane as the "victims of God's wrath," and urged for the good of the unfortunate, as well as for the welfare of society, that he or she be taken from the jail, where his or her howls and cries were met by kicks and rebuffs, and placed in a separate institution. The care of the blind was early brought to the attention of the Legisla ture. In 1821, and again in 1836, acts for the instruction of indigent blind were passed. The scope of these acts was further enlarged in 1843 and 1844. Indigent deaf-mutes were provided with instruction at public expense under an act of 1821, to which amendments were made in 1830 and 1837. But of all the philanthropic reforms of the period none was as far-reaching in its effects as the establishment of the State Lunatic Asylum (State Hospital for the Insane) near Trenton. The attention of the Legislature had been fre quently drawn to the deplorable condition of the insane, and after a long period of agitation, led by Miss Dorothea Dix, provided, in 1845, f°r tne erection of a building suitable for the care and possible cure of these most unfortunate of men and women. It was not, however, until i860 that an act to provide for the maintenance and instruction of indigent, feeble minded children was passed, nor until recent years that for them and for feeble minded women, as well as epi leptics, separate institutions were established in New Jersey. With the location of the State government in Trenton, the need of a State prison soon became apparent. In 1797 the Legislature made provision for such an institution in Trenton, which was shortly thereafter erected, and which con tinued in use until 1837, when the building was converted into an arsenal. The management of the State prison, in the early days was similar to that of the county jails, except labor was compulsory and the use of liquors by prisoners was prohibited. But the prison was inadequate for the increasing population of the State. This fact, together with the augmenting of New Jersey's criminal class by those who, as residents of nearby large cities, sought refuge in the State, necessitated the construction of a new prison. Commenced in 1833, the institution was completed in 1837, and was considered to be a notable illustra tion of the progress then made by architects of public buildings. In its day the New Jersey prison stood quite unrivaled, and when, in 1849, a legislative resolution was passed authorizing the use of steam heat, it was considered that every attention had been paid to the demands of reformers. Previous to 1848 such moral and religious instruction as the prisoners had secured was given by priests, pastors and rectors in Trenton and nearby towns. In that year, how ever, the employment of a permanent moral instructor was authorized by the Legislature. The new prison in New Jersey was regarded as somewhat of an experi- HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 75 ment. A small but influential body of men were fearful that too many crea ture privileges would make the inmates restive, that better fare, heat and light would lead to insurrections, and that the demand of the reformers would- deprive punishment of all its terrors. But the spirit which antagonized brutality and inhumanity won, and the new prison has become old in its service to the State. Turning from the criminal, the defective and delinquent classes, those who were simply dependent, excited the sympathies of the altruistic mind. As early as 1825 the Legislature, under stimulus, passed an act for the protection of children whose parents had abandoned or absented themselves. But what was of wider import was the legislative action of 1851, limiting the hours of child- labor in factories, and preventing the employment of those under ten years of age. In 1845 an orphan asylum had been incorporated near Princeton, at Mt. Lucas, which was soon followed by similar institutions in Elizabeth and Newark. Other than the direct influence exerted by the Legislature in the liberalizing of public sentiment upon philanthropic matters, a wide-spread interest in like reform was apparent in many localities. Betweeen 1830 and 1845 beneficial and benevolent societies, which were the pioneers in struggling with the prob lems of organized' charity, were incorporated for Allowaystown, Burlington, Bordentown, Bridgeton, Camden, Fairfield, Fairton, Mount Holly, Newark, Lower Penn's Neck, Vincentown and generally for the counties of Salem and Cumberland. In 1839 a German Beneficial Society was established in New ark, interesting as showing the rapid growth of a foreign element in the eastern part of the State. To offset the very general use of intoxicating liquor during this same period of social unrest, there grew up in the Eastern states organizations partially secret in their nature, popularly known as "temperance societies." These flourished, particularly in West Jersey, where the Society of Friends for many years had officially declared itself as opposed to the improper use of malt and spirituous liquors. From 1840 to 1845, temperance societies, with beneficial privileges, were incorporated for Bordentown, Camden, Lumberton, Trenton, Upper Penn's Neck and Vincentown. While these temperance and beneficial or ganizations later died from lack of 'interest and from being too constricted in their field of operation, their moral effect was highly stimulating at a time when excessive drinking in public and private was so common as to cause but little adverse comment. Allusion has been made to the introduction of steam printing and the in crease in the number and circulation of newspapers. By 1845 every county in the State, with one or two exceptions, sustained a weekly newspaper. All the larger cities in New Jersey had one or more daily journals. Vast changes. 76 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. had taken place since the days of Isaac Collins. The classification of news had been established, editorial expression was to be found in its proper place, events were being "reported" in the modern use of the term. The electric telegraph was soon to supplant the mails, riders on horseback, and the semaphores operated between Philadelphia and New York. Political news was most gen erally appreciated, that relating to the proceedings of the State Legislature and the Federal Congress occupying much space. Local political affairs were fre quently "treated" by local correspondents, whose language was Usually pic turesque and vehement. Elaborate obituaries, more ornate in fancies than in facts, sentimental poems, exhaustive editorials and town gossip occupied many of the remaining columns not devoted to advertising and to letters addressed "to the editor." Lengthy communications, with familiar nan-de-plumes, were filled with complaints. In the liberal newspapers the cry was "reform" every thing and everybody; in the conservative journals it was the constant expres sion of a fear that everything well-established would be swept away. Change but the names and places and the arguments were but repetitions of those ad vanced from the dawn of the world's history, when the dynamic forces have called "advance," and the static forces have cried "we are satisfied," and then have moved a pace along the line of progress. But the newspapers of New Jersey, except as they reflected the news-gath ering enterprise of the metropolitan papers were much like other journals throughout the country. Except in the use and abuse of editorial expletives, there was but little individuality in the journalism of the day. The setting of artistic type, the employment of descriptive headings, the modern "displaying" of adver tisements were unknown. Nor, indeed, did any change in typographical appear ance come until necessitated by the conditions incident to the Civil War. While the editors would permit unquestioned libels to appear, an intense conservatism ' existed regarding the "make-up" of the newspaper. It was, in short, more of a crime to introduce some startling typographical curiosity, than to accuse an "opposition" politician of murdering his wife and starving his little children. Naturally there grew up in the period more or less sham and pretense and many false ideas of life. Emerging from the close-bounded relationships of earlier days, every novelty attracted. Theatrical performances in the cities of Philadelphia and New York, travelling circuses and itinerant shows in the country towns furnished much of the amusement which the people of the State craved. But there was a coarseness and brutality about many of these exhi bitions which would not now be tolerated. Large public halls in municipal buildings, in which there were drinking and some fighting, were characteristic of the time. While state lotteries had been generally suppressed, there was a large trade in tickets of lotteries drawn in nearby cities. Saloons were slowly HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 77 taking the place of the old-time taverns, and malt liquors were being introduced. as substitutes for those of a spirituous nature. Cock fighting and bare knuckle contests to a finish, were permitted. It was an era of physical encounters as well as of intellectual contests. But such agitation was needed to prepare the way for the Civil War — that sublime struggle, tracable to both ethical and economic sources, which was destined to put to the final test and a final settlement two opposing theories of government, two opposing economic policies. CHAPTER XVIII. TRANSPORTATION AND MANUFACTURES. HE era of unrest was by no means confined in the State of New Jer sey to the advocacy of philanthropic measures. The material progress of the period was most remarkable, embracing the develop ment of railroad systems, the erection of manufactories, the rapid growth of cities, particularly in the metropolitan district adjacent to New York, and the congestion of rural population in the smaller villages, especially the county capitals. While the theoretical and speculative minds were struggling with prob lems, whose ultimate solution was in grave doubt, practical and monied men were realizing the vast possibilities that lay undeveloped within the State. Cer tain existent conditions demanded their immediate attention. With the con struction of the Erie Canal and the improvement of its harbor, New York had become the first city of the continent. Her wharves were lined with ships whose sails were spread in all parts of the globe. Philadelphia, owing to her distance from the sea and the difficulties of river navigation, was slowly but surely becoming an inland town. Furthermore, Philadelphia, in 1845, was composed of a number of independent municipalities, whose rivalries and jeal ousies retarded the city's growth. In a wider sense, while the fires of con tention burned fiercely in New England and the South, no ethical considerations concerning slave holding, nor political discussions as to "strict" or "loose" con struction of the Federal Constitution, were of sufficient potency to interrupt commerce between the two sections. Such of this commerce as passed inland, of necessity, .benefitted New Jersey. Therefor, as a general proposition, New Jersey held the key to the situation, not only as to trade between Philadelphia and New York, but between the South and New England. Every piece of manufactured goods, every pound of country produce, every passenger car ried over land between the lower Hudson and the Delaware, must traverse the State of New Jersey. It has already been shown that the road was open, that a long established and well-tried route lay between the heads of tide water on the Delaware and Raritan Rivers. To connect the two water-ways by means of a canal had been the dream of men of enterprise for 'nearly fifty years. But the introduction of steam and certain other conditions retarded the project, and HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 79 it was not until 1830 that the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company was in corporated. At the same time there came into existence the Camden and Amboy Railroad and Transportation Company, which in 1831 consolidated with the Canal Company, forming a corporation whose influence upon public affairs was of the most direct and engrossing nature. The canal and railroad corporations, popularly known as. the "United Com panies," occupied, at first, an intimate relation to the State. New Jersey sub scribed to the capital stock of the railroad, was represented upon the board of direction, and granted special privileges among which was a prohibition upon any future corporation from constructing a paralleling railroad within three miles of the tracks of the Camden and Amboy. At first in the general enthusiasm due to the incorporation of such a com pany, the monopolistic character of the vested rights attracted but little atten tion. But before 1840, a battle royal began which lasted until the passage of a general railroad corporation act in 1875. An anti-railroad agitation had for some years been encouraged by the proprietors of the stage coach lines, crossing the State. As their business gradually dwindled away, their expiring cry was against "monopoly" and in favor of "popular rights." In advertise ments they urged their former patrons not to trust their lives to the "steam roads," whose engines poured forth ashes and cinders to scar and burn the passengers, and whose "strap" rails curling in air, when loosened, cut their way, as "snake heads," through the floor of coaches. Death and destruction were pictured as the reward of the travellers, who abandoned the stages for the railroad. While this did not deter men of sense, the effect of this special plead ing was elsewhere apparent. The patronage of the stages soon embraced two elements, one, a few conservative men and women who objected to innova tions; the other, the poor who were attracted by cheap rates offered by stage proprietors. Around the taverns where the stages "relayed" or had their ter minus, there was much talk of "anti-monopoly." From the hotels, the oppo sition sentiment spread throughout the country districts and then to the cities. Newspaper letters and pamphlets later attracted the attention of the public, and a large and influential party became arrayed against the railroad. The "Cam den and Amboy," to save from adverse legislative action its chartered rights, upon which vast sums of money had been spent, entered the field of politics. Particularly was this true after the extension of the franchise under the Con stitution of 1844. In the southern part of the State no general election was held without the cry of "railroad interference" was raised, a cry frequently unjustified. For the first time in the history of New Jersey a permanent "lob by," to care for railroad interests, was established in Trenton. Indeed, for a period of ten years preceding the Civil War, people throughout the State were 8o HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. attracted quite as much by the political movements of the railroad company as. they were by the kaleidescope of national events. In all the turmoil, in all the bitterness of the "anti-monopoly" agitation, the Camden and Amboy remained masters of the field. Nor had its. friends and their associates been idle in the extension of a system of transporta tion throughout the State. Under the stimulus of the Camden and Amboy in terests, the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, opening the valley of the river from Trenton northward, was incorporated in 1836. Other branches or "feeders"' to the main stem were incorporated during that year. The Burlington and Mount Holly Railroad and Transportation Company, the Camden and Wood bury Railroad and Transportation Company, the Mount Holly Railroad and Transportation Company, and the Monmouth and Middlesex Agricultural Rail road and Transportation Company were among these adjuncts to the parent corporation. The construction of the Trenton branch of the Camden and Amboy, and a traffic agreement with the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad gave the Camden and Amboy a direct route to Philadelphia. To the cities of the eastern part of the State and New York, the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company, incorporated in 1832, offered an excellent outlet for the Camden and Amboy traffic. While the consolidation and control of minor roads was strengthening the position of the Camden and Amboy in the southern part of New Jersey, sev- eral independent systems were being projected north of the Raritan. Already the traffic between New York and the cities in East Jersey had necessitated the construction of railroads between growing centers. In 1835 the Morris and Essex Railroad was incorporated. In 183 1 the Paterson and Hudson had been chartered, while in 1847, tne Somerville and Easton became an extension of the Elizabethtown and Somerville Railroad, chartered as early as 1831. The development of the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania and the need of tide water depots, not only for coal but for iron, was also a strong incentive toward the construction of these roads. In the meantime ferries were organized uniting New Jersey with available points in Pennsylvania and New York. Steamboats plied between Philadel phia, Salem and Camden, while from New York boats ran to Shrewsbury, Mid- dletown Point, New Brunswick, Elizabeth Port, Newark, Jersey City and Ho boken. In the fever of speculation preceding the panic of 1837, and in the subsequent effort to rehabilitate the prostrated industries, there was marked extension of industrial activity along new lines. Characteristic of the time was the craze for silk worm culture, which culminated in so disastrous a manner. Stimulated by the offer of a State bounty, many residents of New Jersey ventured upon an HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 81 industry which wrecked several fortunes, the silent witnesses whereof are the aged mulberry trees standing on the lawns, of many an old plantation. In 1836,. 1837 and 1839, the Bergen, Burlington, Canton, Elizabethtown, Morris, War ren, Trenton and Salem Silk Companies were incorporated. In 1823, 1833, and' in 1836, glass companies were organized in Columbia and Bridgeton, Dennis- ville and Jersey City. In 1833 a paper company was incorporated at Flan- over, and in 1837 the New Jersey Gum Elastic Company came into being. As. early as 1833 the New York and Bergen Dairy Company received a charter, , and in 1839 the Somerville Pin and Type Company had authorized existence. In 1828 the Trenton Calico Printing Company, in 1837 the Trenton Flax Com pany, and in 1847 tne Trenton Iron Company were organized. The panic of 1837, covering subsequent years, is barren of incorporations,, and it was not before 1845 that the chartering of new companies became a: feature of each legislative session. With the tendency toward centralization of population the cities of East1 Jersey grew with great rapidity. Jersey City and Newark felt the impetus more strongly than did their neighbors. South Amboy and Amboy which had en joyed prosperity as the termini of the Camden and Amboy road, realized that the tendency of travel was to follow the direct "all land route" between Kensing ton and Jersey City, via Trenton, New Brunswick, Elizabeth and Newark, and resigned their former precedence. North and south of Jersey City and upon; the "Heights," houses were erected upon vacant sites, while Newark was push ing back over the level land lying between the Court House Hill and the. Oranges. Camden had assumed importance and rivaled Woodbury, her near est neighbor in activity. Trenton had extended her boundaries, while Eliza beth had already attracted a few men of business from New York, who, as early as 1845, went daily back and forth to their homes. But of all the events characterizing this period in New Jersey, no one, except it be the extension of the Camden and Amboy's sphere of influence, was so far reaching in its con sequences as the adoption of a new constitution for the State in. the year 1844,. mm CHAPTER XIX. THE CONSTITUTION OF 1844. HE powerful sentiment which had animated the hearts and minds of men, tending toward substantial reform, found much in its realization during the year 1844, in the adoption of a new constitution for the State of New Jersey. The declaration of the organic law, which had served its purpose as a war measure in 1776, had failed to meet the needs of the people in after years. There were many faults, it was claimed, that worked greatly to the disadvantage of the people. The democratic spirit of the day demanded extension of the suffrage, untrammeled by property qualifications. The Governor, it was said, should be deprived of his power as Chancellor, a power so easily abused. "The Court of Errors and Appeals is inaccessible to the people, owing to the intermingling of legislative and judicial functions. This should be remedied," was still another contention, while first one and then another objection left but little of the old document worthy of perpetuation. Indeed, even among the conservative element in the State, the friends of the ¦old constitution were but few. Of the twenty-seven thousand votes later cast upon the question of adoption or rejection of the constitution, but three thou sand and five hundred were counted in opposition to any change. In the year 1843, Daniel Haines, a Democrat, was elected Governor, and in his annual message, urged the passage of a law providing for a constitutional •convention. Upon the 23d of February, 1844, the Legislature passed such an act providing that delegates equal in number to the members of the Legislature, should be popularly chosen to sit in a constitutional convention. From the 14th of May until the 29th of June, the convention sat in the Capitol in Tren ton, preparing the document. It was submitted to the people for ratification upon the 13th of August, 1844, and adopted by the majority above stated. In political complexion the convention was evenly divided, and but little partisan ship appeared in the discussions. The new constitution revolutionized some of the old forms of government. The election of Governor was taken from joint meeting, lodged with the people, and the term of office extended from one to three years. He was deprived of the Chancellorship, this office devolving upon a person especially appointed. The Court of Errors and Appeals was no longer composed of members of coun- HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 83 cil (under the new constitution called Senate), but henceforth consisted of the Chancellor, Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court and the so-called "lay" judges. These with numerous minor changes, particularly re garding the powers of the Legislature to appoint municipal and county officers, were instantly recognized as of the highest importance. But in the overthrow of the constitution of 1776, a few of its foundation stories remained under the new superstructure. As in Colonial and Revolutionary days the Governor was vested with the power of appointing the State and county judiciary, as well as many of the State officials, subject to confirmation by the Senate, and also the Prosecutor of the Pleas (District Attorney) of the various counties, and mem bers of various boards. New Jersey has never had an elective judiciary, ex cept Justices of the Peace, nor have the people voted for State officials or for county officers, except Sheriffs, Surrogates (Register of Wills), Coroners and members of the Board of Freeholders (county Commissioners). The strong county sentiment in the central and southern portion of the State prevented the adoption of the plan of Senatorial districts. Under this proposed plan the more populous counties, few in number and lying near New York, would have controlled the Senate. The proposition was defeated, as a like proposition was defeated in the days of the adoption of the Federal Con stitution, when the smaller states fought for Senatorial representation, on a ter ritorial basis. The new constitution secured for the masses the extension of the right of suf frage. Under its provisions every male citizen of the United States of the age of twenty-one years, who shall have been a resident of the State one year, and the county in which he claims his vote, five months, next before election, shall be entitled to vote for all elective officers. Those to whom the right of suf frage is denied are paupers, idiots, insane persons and unpardoned persons convicted of a crime which would exclude him from being a witness, together with those barred by statute, after conviction for bribery. This was, after all, the provision of the widest popular interest. To the mass of the people the or ganization of a tribunal was of as little interest then as now, but the placing of the ballot in their hands, cut the last visible cord which bound them to the conservatism of the years agone. The new constitution was favorably received by the press and the people. Critics, self-constituted, picked flaws in the document, and in the columns of the newspapers marveled at the futility of the human devices. But throughout the State there was an evident feeling of satisfaction that the proper lines of demarcation had been laid, between a too rigid conservatism and a too great liberality. For all practical purposes the constitution of 1776 was abandoned, except so far as its spirit was sustained in preserving an appointive judiciary, in 84 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the manner of selecting State officials, and in designating Senatorial represen tation by counties. The work of the Constitutional Commission of 1844 was first to eliminate and then to create, and the work was well done. The gubernatorial election of 1845, the first under the new constitution re sulted in the election of Charles P. Stratton, a Whig. This was undoubtedly, largely due to the fact that in 1844 the Presidential vote of New Jersey had been cast for Henry Clay, of Kentucky, and Theodore Frelinghuysen, of New Jer sey, the defeated candidate of the Whig party. The nomination of Theodore Frelinghuysen had been made under potent influences. Mr. Frelinghuysen, owing to his ability and his associations and family connections, was relied upon to sustain the Whig cause in the East, par ticularly as the Democratic administration had become unpopular. Owing to the industrial depression in 1837, and its extremely serious consequences, coupled with the restiveness of the people of the State, New Jersey had in the election of 1836, cast her vote for William Henry Harrison and Francis Granger for President and Vice-President of the United States. In local politics those who charged the Democratic administration with the disasters of the hour, se cured, in 1837, a Whig majority on joint ballot, ensuring the selection of Wil liam Pennington as Whig Governor. Nor in 1840, while yet the financial dis tress tugged at the national heart strings, was New Jersey willing to return to the Democratic column. The memorable campaign of 1840, with its 'coon skins, log cabins, cider barrels, vast meetings, songs, rural parades and intense excitement in hamlet and in city, closed in a wild burst of enthusiasm with the election of Harrison and Tyler. New Jersey had flung herself into "Whiggery" and had abandoned the party of Jackson and Van Buren. No better illustration of the then neurotic state of the public mind in New Jersey can be given than the outcome of the campaign of 1840. But a few years had elapsed since the State had been a Jackson stronghold. The agitation for the extension of popular rights, the breaking down of customs and traditions, the conquest of the Old by the New had made Jackson a very political idol in the hearts of the people. But the same power that makes such an idol can break it. An economic crisis which neither the Democratic party, nor any other party, was unable to avert came after a period of speculation. Those who had suffered became iconoclasts. In the place of Jackson or his represen tative, Van Buren, the people raised up Harrison, not because of his popularity or of the policy he represented, but simply because they wanted a change. Right or wrong, such a change could be no worse than the years of depression. and the strangest political contest of the century allied New Jersey, for the time being, to Whig doctrines. In the selection of Frelinghuysen as the Vice-Presidential nominee, with his HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 85 personal popularity and the fact that strenuous efforts were made to keep the State under Whig control, the party managers were successful. While the country turned to Polk and renewed its faith in Democracy, Clay and Freling huysen received the electoral vote of the State, and aided in securing for Charles P. Stratton the office of Governor. Henceforth, for a decade, the social, economic and political conditions of the State were free from any marked or sudden changes. From 1845 to 1855, exceptor the interest in the Mexican war, and the agitation of the Liberty party, there was no violent agitation. With the return of "good times," there was an extended incorporation of new manufacturing enterprises, and increased railroad construction. The building of the Camden and Atlantic Railroad and the development of the West Jersey system, attracted attention to the fertile areas of the southern portion of the State, while isolated portions of the hill country of northern New Jersey were brought into direct communication with New York City. From the forest regions of the upper Delaware, a large rafting trade centered in Bordentown, the oyster interests of Delaware and Bar- negat Bays were stimulated by the demands of the metropolitan market, and the wharves of Hudson county were crowded with steam and sail shipping, both foreign and domestic. Cities prospered, under more liberal provisions in their charters, while the government of townships was vastly improved. But the shadow of an impending conflict hung over the nation and dark ened every man's hopes. Toward unavoidable strife the nation was drifting. Yet there was none who could tell what the result would be, ere the arraying of armed hosts and the clarion of war were soon to call men from their homes to die in unknown graves. H 1 CHAPTER XX. THE IMPENDING CONFLICT. HE attention of the nation was turned toward the West from 1844 to 1850. Commencing with Tyler's secret treaty, with the authori ties of the Texan Republic, which was followed by the Oregon boundary dispute, the annexation of Texas, the war with Mexico, Fremont's expedition and the organization of the Bear State Republic, sustained by a fleet under Commodore Stockton, of New Jersey, events passed in rapid succession. Upon the close of the war with Mexico, in which New Jersey loyally par ticipated, the United States acquired by the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, the territory embraced within the limits of California, New Mexico, Nevada, Ari zona, Utah and parts of Colorado, and Wyoming. In 1827 Mexico had abol ished slavery from this territory, and upon its acquisition the "Free-Soil" party demanded that it be kept inviolate. The pro-slavery element urged that the new land should be "open to slavery and that any slaveholder should be allowed to emigrate with his slaves, and not have them set free." The political topic of the hour became, "Shall or shall not slavery exist in the territory acquired from Mexico?" In the Presidential election of 1848, both the Whigs, who had nominated Taylor and Fillmore, and the Democrats, who had nominated Cass and But ler, refused to express an opinion upon the question of the extension of slavery in the territories. The Democratic policy was dictated by the Southern element of the party, while the Whigs in New Jersey and elsewhere compromised them selves by a refusal to adopt any platform whatever. The non-committal at titude of both the great parties, led to the formation of a new political organiza tion which included Whigs, "Free-soil" Democrats, and those who were mem bers of the old "Liberty" or "Abolition" party. Ex-President Van Buren and Charles F. Adams were the Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidates of this, the "Free-soil" party. In 1847, ex-Governor Haines, a Democrat, had been re-elected Governor. But in 1848 Taylor's Whig plurality for President in the State was three thousand. The strength of the "Free-soil" party in New Jersey may be estimated by the statement that of seventy-eight thousand votes cast, Van Buren received about eight hundred. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 87 A lucid exposition of the true state of feeling North and South is that made by Professor McMaster. Leaders of public opinion in the Southern States, both Whigs and Democrats, sustained the position taken by the Southern mem-. bers of Congress, who under Calhoun's leadership complained: That it was with difficulty slaves could be recaptured when they had made- good their escape to free states; That the constant ^agitation of the Abolitionists tended to cause internal: dissention; And demanded that the territories should be open to slavery. In the North feeling ran equally high. Following the example set by every Northern State, except Iowa, New Jersey resolved, in effect, that Con gress had proven and was in duty bound to prohibit slavery in the territories. In both the Senate and House, in 1847, when this resolution was passed, the- Whigs had large majorities. In 1849, Virginia, who had within her borders nearly four hundred and seventy-five thousand slaves, declared that the "at tempt to enforce the Wilmot Proviso" would rouse the people of that State to "determined resistance at all hazards, and to the last extremity," and further- that the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia would be a direct attack on the institutions of the Southern states. To this declaration, New Jersey, in the same year replied, the Legislature adopting a resolution against the ex tension of slavery into free territories, and condemning slave traffic in the District of Columbia. The unexpected discovery of gold in California during the winter of 1848, and the vast excitement produced in 1849, with the rush of emigration, only added fuel to the flames. California had adopted a "free" constitution and had applied for admission into the Union. As yet the vital question was not concerning the ethics of slave holding; but was largely an economic problem as to the territorial extension of the system. In New Jersey the "Abolition" movement had made only limited headway as the "Free-soil" vote in 1848 con clusively proves. Both Whigs and Democrats in New Jersey were accustomed to slavery, for in 1850 only two Northern states had slaves within their borders. In New Jersey there were still two hundred and thirty-six negroes in bondage, while in Utah twenty-six blacks were owned by their masters. A period of most intense excitement followed the "gold fever." The "compromise" by Clay, the marvelous congressional debate led by Clay, Cal houn, Seward and Webster, the recommendations of the "Committee of Thir teen," and the introduction of the "Omnibus Bill," the District of Columbia slave law, and the "Fugitive slave law," together with the death of President Taylor, served to still further complicate the situation. From these measures- ¦88 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. .arose the doctrine of popular sovereignty and the frequent visits to Northern states of "slave hunters." The year 1850 marks the passage of the "Fugitive Slave Law." It pro vided that United States Commissioners could surrender a colored man or woman to anyone who claimed the negro as a slave; that the negro could not give testimony; "commanded" citizens to aid the "slave hunters" somewhat as a sheriff's posse would search for an escaped murderef, and sought to destroy the "underground railroad" by prescribing fine and punishment for those who harbored runaway slaves or prevented their recapture. The "Fugitive Slave Law" was of direct interest to the people of New Jer sey. Five per cent, of the total population of the State was of negro blood, free or slave. These negroes were largely resident in West Jersey, their homes be ing upon the plantations or in the villages where their ancestors had formerly been slaves. To blacks escaping from the South, crossing Delaware Bay at night, in friendly sloops, shallops or schooners, New Jersey's counties along the bay and upon the lower Delaware, offered an asylum. Nor were some of the plantation owners who were members of the Society of Friends, thought to be adverse in assisting the slaves in their journey to New England and Canada. While recognizing the authority of "fugtive slave law," they were said to place a special construction upon William H. Seward's declaration of the "higher law," and applied the doctrine to the operations of the "underground railroad." Par ties of slaves sailing over Delaware Bay, received aid and comfort in negro settlements, such as Zigtown, in Cape May county, Gouldtown, in Cumberland county, or similar villages further north. Hiding secretly by day in barns, gar rets or kitchens, the fugitives were sent "along the line" at night, until they made good their escape. Following them came occasional parties of "slave hunters," who, with display of arms, brought terror to the hearts of every negro, and hatred to the mind of plantation owner and to the populace. Southern New Jersey lying so near the slave owning commonwealths, and in such close com munication with Delaware and the "eastern shore" of Maryland and Virginia, became aroused from its indifference, as did other portions of the State, a feeling strongly accentuated by an unexpected cause — the publication of Harriet Beech er Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin." From 1850 until 1855 the House and Senate of New Jersey were under the control of the Democrats. In 1850, George F. Fort, and in 1853 Rodman M. Price were elected Democratic Governors of the State, while in 1852 the Democratic electoral vote of New Jersey was cast for Franklin Pierce for Pres ident and William R. King for Vice-President. Hale, the "Free-soil" candi date for Presidency, received but three hundred and fifty votes in New Jersey, his strength lying largely in New England, New York and Ohio. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 89 But the election of Pierce and King by no means settled the question of the extension of slavery. The struggle for Kansas and the success of the pro- slavery men in establishing their policy on the "virgin soil," aroused the North to still greater activity. Everywhere were signs that the resort to arms would be the final appeal. There were indications of the demoralization, if not dissolution, of the great parties. Both Whigs and Democrats had temporized; both feared the fearful consequences of precipitating the conflict. Aside from the loss which the Whigs had sustained in 1852, in the deaths of Clay and Webster, the com promise of 1850, and the execution of the "fugitive slave law" drove away from the party a multitude of its warmest adherents, while the Northern wing of the party deserted the organization upon the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska* bill. Democrats opposed to the extension of slavery policy of the Southern leaders became disaffected and uniting with the some of the dissatisfied Whigs were known as "Anti-Nebraska men." But, while the spirit of protest was abroad, the conservative element of the Whig party, those who had inherited the Federalist sentiments of the past could not affiliate themselves with the Northern Democrats. The Democratic party had assimilated most of the large body of emigrants who swept across the sea. In the North the foreign element had already arisen to a degree of power in the councils of the party, and by enterprise and special aptitude, had obtained partial control of the industrial situation. To the "old line Whigs" this new blood, assertive and energetic, was obnoxious. The specious plea was made that the nations "institutions, liberties and system of government were at the mercy of men from the monarchial countries of Europe." To combat this tide of emigration and its assumed dangerous influences, a party largely composed of Whigs was organized, known as American or Na tive Republicans, or more popularly as "Know Nothings." The fundamental principles of the party were restriction of office holding to native Americans, a residence of twenty-one years in the United States before naturalization, the use of the Bible in schools and the abolition of abuses incident to securing naturalization. An organization had been effected in Louisiana in 1841, the party rose to some degree of power and then declined in influence. In 1852 the movement again appeared in New York City, the entrepot of the mass of emigrants, and as a secret society, with grips, signs and passwords, in two years won in the elections in Massachusetts, New York and Delaware. Southern Whigs also joined the party. In New Jersey in 1855, the Know Nothings succeeded in electing a Sena tor and six members of Assembly; in 1856, four Senators and fifteen members of Assembly; in 1857, three Senators but no members of the lower house, and after that year disappeared from State and national politics. 90 HISTORY 'OF NEW JERSEY. The year 1856* was notable in the political annals of the State. The Re publican party had been organized in 1854 in Wisconsin, and had, in the two short years of its existence, by the use of "fusion" methods, absorbed "Free-soil- ers," Anti-Nebraska Democrats, Whigs, Abolitionists and Native Americans. The new party adopting the name "Republican" forged rapidly to the front in New England and the Mississippi Valley, north of the Ohio. It was, indeed, time for reorganization. Parties with a single policy, the "Free-soilers," Abo litionists and Native Americans, were helplessly in the minority, without hope of national success. The Whigs were becoming moribund. These elements having much in common, were easily united and their very weaknesses proved a source of strength. Ere long the Democratic party was destined to be thus torn asunder. The Republican party entered the national contest upon the 17th of June, 1856, nominating John C. Fremont and William L. Dayton for President and Vice-President. Mr. Dayton was a distinguished Jerseyman of wide experience and unblemished reputation. But not even the name of Dayton proved effica cious. The Whigs had endorsed Fillmore, and neither Fremont nor Fillmore was able to secure the electoral vote of the State. This was cast for James Buchanan, the Democratic candidate for the Presidency, whose plurality was eighteen thousand six hundred. But in the gubernatorial election of 1856, William A. Newell, the Republican candidate, was elected by over two thousand majority. * The few years following 1856, ere the horrors of Civil War sickened the hearts of men, were crowded with incidents. Brooks' assault upon Sumner, Walker's filibustering expedition to Nicaragua, Kansas' two constitutional gov ernments, the Dred Scott decision, the admission of Oregon, the Lincoln- Douglass debates, and the raid by John Brown at Harper's Ferry, were those events toward which public attention was mostly drawn. The Republican party was gaining converts and had secured majorities in the legislatures of many of the Northern states. But in spite of the rising tide the Democrats re tained control of the Joint Meeting of the Legislature of New Jersey in 1856, 1857, 1858, and of the Senate in 1859. In the latter year, by a supreme effort Charles S. Olden was elected Republican Governor, having the narrow majority of one thousand six hundred votes. But in the absorbing influences of political agitation during the period preceding the Civil War, the commercial and industrial activities of the people of the State had by no means been prostrated. The larger cities had rapidly absorbed the population moving from Europe as well as from the rural com munities. The dirt roads, uncurbed and ungraded were supplanted by paved roadways, corporations for supplying water to municipalities were organized, HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 91 « while gas light companies, incorporated between 1850 and i860, were supplying many cities and towns, among them being Atlantic City, Bordentown, Bridge- ton, Burlington, Camden, Elizabeth, Freehold, Jersey City, Millville, Morris town, New Brunswick, Newark, Orange, Paterson, Plainfield, Princeton, Rail way, Salem, Somerville and Trenton. Omnibuses and horse railroads had facilitated the movement of passengers, while the railroads had greatly extended their suburban service. The police, fire and sanitary departments of the larger towns and cities were in process of evolution from embryonic types. In the country, vast changes had taken place. Few were the farms where the "standard of living" had not advanced. The farmer ate his meals in rooms separate from the kitchens, partaking of food prepared upon cook stoves. Car pets covered his bare floors, while one of the recently invented sewing machines appeared in the "sitting-room." Perhaps under his sheds stood a sample of the three thousand harvesters sold in 1850, while along the highways was a line of low telegraph poles connecting Philadelphia and New York. While going to the post office, if it rained, he wore one of the Goodyear "vulcanized" rubber coats, which protected him and his mail, the letters of which were "prepaid," as was indicated by the adhesive stamp upon the envelope. Labor-saving and time-saving -devices, most of which, owing to the near ness of the large cities, early appeared in use in some part of the State, and whether in country or in city, the employment of such devices has indicated the industrial progress of New Jersey. From peace the nation was soon plunged in war, and the part New Jersey took in the fratricidal struggle is worthy of consideration. i^9 S«a«l CHAPTER XXI. THE YEAR i860. jHE advent of the year i860 found no human power able to avert the conflict into which the nation was so soon to be plunged. Tem porizing had but delayed the declaration of hostilities between the North and South; a war was inevitable. Argument, persuasion, threat and compromise had all been tried and found wanting. No futile at tempts to adjust, by congressional action, the differences between the states would avail, for beneath all superficialities lay economic and ethical considera tions, which were by no means the outgrowth of environment, but which were inherited from those generations who lay sleeping in the dust. Outwardly, the extension of slavery in new territories was the cause of the Civil War, but this was by no means the sole cause. The abolition movement had grown with the years, but the policy of absolutely releasing the negro from bondage, had failed to win unqualified support even in New England and in those states of the Mississippi valley where her influence had been pro jected westward. It was argued that if the slave-holding states desired to per petuate their policy, they were at liberty to do so, provided they did not attempt the extension of the plan in commonwealths where the settlers desired "free soil." Ere the war began, ethical considerations as to slave-holding had no prepon derance, and were but agencies that tended toward an end. The South, unquestionably, in the realization of her possibilities had been greatly retarded by the plan of slave ownership. While the North and North west had prospered, the Southern states had failed to develop their mines, clear their forests or mutliply their lines of transportation. Plantation life had led to static social conditions. The census of i860 showed 4,000,000 negro slaves and 8,000,000 free whites between the Rio Grande and the Delaware. In the North there were were but sixty-four slaves, of whom eighteen were in New Jersey, the remainder being in Kansas, Nebraska and Utah. Upon the other hand the white population in the Northern states amounted to 18,800,000, with 226,000 free blacks. The North had learned to dignify labor; the South had relied upon those who were held in bondage. Economic mistakes of a nation, however glaring in the light of subsequent HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 93 events, are usually not wilful. In her advocacy of slave-holding, however mis taken and disastrous the policy may have been, the South was sincere. She claimed the right to keep men in bondage, the right to extend the system, the right to enunciate the doctrine of secession, and it was only by the bitterest les sons that she was shown the errors of her policy. In April, i860, the Democratic party assembled in convention in Charleston. Scarce had the delegates met ere a division occurred between the Northern and Southern representatives. The Northern element was in control of the body, and at once proposed that questions regarding the rights of property arising un der the Federal Constitution in states or territories were judicial, and that the Democratic party pledged itself to abide by and carry out the determination of these questions made or to be made by the Supreme Court of the United States. This proposition was immediately rejected by the extremists of the Southern minority who declared that Congress nor territorial legislatures had power to abolish slavery in the territories, nor to prohibit the introduction of slaves therein, and that the Federal Government must protect slavery wherever "its constitutional authority extends." The die was cast. The extreme Southern wing withdrew from the conven tion, the majority later adjourning to Baltimore. Another convention resulted, and the few Southern men in attendance, with some Northern delegates again withdrew. The so-called "regular" delegates nominated for President and Vice-President, Stephen A. Douglass and Herschel V. Johnson. The Charles ton and Baltimore seceders placed in nomination John C. Breckinridge for President and Joseph Lane for Vice-President. There suddenly arose an organization known as the National Constitutional Union party, which in a convention composed of "old line" Whigs, Native Ameri cans, and disaffected Democrats, nominated John Bell for President and Ed ward Everett for Vice-President. This party declared for the Federal Consti tution, union of the states and enforcement of the. laws, and immediately disin tegrated, resolving itself into its constituent elements, Bell joining the Confed eracy and Everett becoming a Republican leader in Massachusetts. The Republican party met in Chicago in May and placed in nomination Abraham Lincoln for President, and Hannibal Hamlin for Vice-President. The party platform insisted upon free soil for the territories, declared for the admis sion of Kansas as a free state, repudiated the Dred Scott decision, stated that the party had no sympathy with any policy that interfered with slavery in the states, and assented to the Democratic demand that a railroad be built to the Pacific Coast. The election in New Jersey was one of intense excitement. The Senate, in i860 was Democratic. There were thirty Democrats, twenty-eight Republi- 94 • HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. cans and two ¦"Americans" in the House of Assembly. The Governor was Re publican. The Democrats, however, held the State by "Fusion" methods, winning by a majority of four thousand five hundred. Three Douglass elec tors and four Lincoln electors were chosen, while the highest vote cast for a Breckinridge elector was fifty-six thousand. The close of the year found sentiment in New Jersey divided upon questions of public policy. The Republican party in the State, embracing every element ¦of the older, disorganized political associations, together with some Demo crats, leaned toward war. But fhe party did not present an even front. Some of its Whig adherents had themselves been slave owners in New Jersey, while yet practically every other Northern State was "free soil." Others who were largely of the Society of Friends, deprecated the resort to arms, and urged com promises, or gradual abolition. The Democrats embraced many men who were ready to fight and did fight, as the rosters of the New Jersey regiments show, but who, in i860, considered that a solution of the problem was yet prob able. It was believed that Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, "Uncle Tom's Cabin," overestimated the true situation for the securing of dramatic effect. Some, who were inclined to take a philosophical view of the situation, quoted Claiborne's "Life" of General Quitman, published during the year. Herein it was contended that racial hatred having died out in the South, the slave as a permanent fixture, as an hereditary heirloom, and as a human being with an Immortal soul, occupied a relation to his owner approximating that of guardian and ward. Public opinion more powerful than law, would condemn to execu tion and infamy a cruel master, as interest taught the slave-holder it would be wise to cherish what was to be the permanent means of production and profit, while religion exacted the humane and judicious employment of the "talent" committed to the care of the South. There were in the State a small unorganized minority party which openly sympathized with the South. This element was by no means confined to the Democrats, who, as a party, were roundly abused by the opposition press for al leged disloyalty. South Carolina precipitated the crisis by announcing upon the 20th of De cember, i860, that she by her Ordinance of Secession held herself to be a "sov- reign free and independent" nation. The enunciation of this doctrine was un mistakable. The administration, under President Buchanan, had promulgated the political doctrine that while no state had the right to secede, the government, If she did so, was powerless to enforce her return to the union. Even while Anderson had cut the flag staff on Fort Moultrie, and had sought refuge in the precincts of Fort Sumter, the politicians in Congress, led by Senator John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, still cried "Compromise" and "Peace." HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY 95 Not a day passed but a score of tentative plans were urged by Democrats and Republicans alike. Maryland and Ohio had already accepted an amendment to the Federal Constitution, which provided that Congress should have no power to abolish or interfere within any state, with the domestic institutions thereof including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said states. This proposition was not distasteful to President-elect Lincoln, and was quite acceptable to the conservative Republicans as well as to most of the Democrats of New Jersey. The issues that were presented at the opening of the war were clearly de fined. The South contended that Northern voters refused to recognize the domestic institution of slavery, which pre-existed the formation of the Union, — their slave property which was guaranteed by the Federal Constitution. The "personal liberty laws" of some of the free states constituted a cause for separation, while as a broad, and then unwarranted assumption the Southern people believed the election of President Lincoln meant the abolition of slavery. The North held that two republics could not exist upon Federal soil, for if the logical sequence of the doctrine of state sovereignty were recognized, states could secede, until each commonwealth became a republic. The fundamental principle of all democratic forms of government, rule by will of the majority, would thus become a mere fiction, and the power of society become lost. The power of the South lay in the fact that, acting physically upon the de fensive, she was also a unit in sentiment. Into the whirling vortex of Southern enthusiasm, of mistaken, though sincere conviction, were drawn both the apa thetic and luke-warm. While the North vainly essayed compromises, the South was preparing for war, and although well nigh helpless upon the seas, had fitted herself for contest upon the land. Thus the end of the year i860 found the North awakening to the full realiza tion of the gravity of the situation, while the South was ready for action in the most stupendous war since the dawn of the Christian era. 1 CHAPTER XXII. NEW JERSEY AND THE CIVIL WAR. HE inaugural speech of President Lincoln, upon the 4th of March, 1861, was the consensus of conservative opinion in the North. He pledged himself and the party he represented, not to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it existed, that there would be no violence or bloodshed, unless forced upon national authority, and that the power of his office would be used to hold, occupy and possess the property and places belonging to the Federal Government. The supreme moment soon came, when quite as much as a test of the sin cerity of the Presidential policy, as to wantonly commence a fratricidal struggle, General Beauregard, upon the 12th of April, 1861, opened his batteries upon Fort Sumter, one of these Federal '¦places." No human act could now change the course of destiny. The war had indeed commenced, and New Jersey, in spite of differences of opinion as to the wisdom of resort to arms, prepared for the conflict. The first Presidential call for seventy-five thousand men, made on April 15, 1861, gave New Jersey a quota of four regiments of seven hundred and eighty men each, or three thousand one hundred and twenty-three men in all. There were in the State about one hundred thousand men liable for mili tary duty. The response was immediate. Ten thousand men volunteered, many cf them individually, while the banks of the State offered $450,000, to which were added munificent private contributions. In such an outburst of patriotic feeling, it occasioned no surprise upon the 30th of April, when it was learned throughout the State that the quota of New Jersey was complete and readv to march to battle Nor was the defense of the State's frontier neglected. Recognizing the immediate proximity of South and West Jersey to the slave states of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, Governor Olden directed the telegraph line to Cape May be put in working order, prepared for the organization of a maritime guard along the coast, and urged the patrol of the shore by armed vessels. To keep the Delaware River open, and establish communication with Philadelphia, Fort Delaware, near Salem, was re-garrisoned and rehabilitated. To review the part taken by the regiments and batteries raised by the State of New Jersey, would be to chronicle the most important battles of the Civil HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. gT War. Jerseymen made for themselves immortal records, whether they lay in-, unmarked graves beneath the starry skies of the South, or came home victorious beneath the shot-torn and march-stained flags of the regiments.-. But not only upon the field but at home was the spirit of patriotism vig orously stimulated. In the Legislature in 1861, Governor Olden was supported ! not only by the Republicans, but by the Democratic House. A special session of the two houses was called upon the 30th of April. Acts were passed author izing the cities of Newark, Trenton, Jersey City, Rahway, Camden and Borden town to issue bonds, the proceeds of the sales thereof to be devoted to the sup port of families of volunteers A State loan of $2,000,000 was created,' provision was made for new regiments, for river and coast defenses, and for the purchase of arms and military stores. John Y. Foster in his "New Jersey and the Rebel lion," calls attention to the character of the legislation in 1863, both houses being Democratic. In March of that year a resolution was adopted which urged' Congress to appoint commissioners to meet commissioners of the Confederacy "for the purpose of considering whether any, and if any, what plan may be adopted, consistent with the dignity and honor of the National Government, by which the Civil War may be brought to a close." In 1862 the control of the State had passed from the hands of the Republican party, and the Democratic candidate for Governor, Joel Parker, had been elected by the unprecedented' majority of fourteen thousand five hundred and ninety-seven. Some of the disaffection in New Jersey was caused by the stand taken by President Lincoln after the battle of Antietam, which occurred upon September- 17th, 1862. The President had interpreted the logical course of events, and in. accordance with his vow, upon the defeat of Lee, issued the preliminary "eman cipation proclamation" of September 22d, 1862. Its terms provided that if the Confederate states did not return to their allegiance before the rst of January, 1863, all slaves within the Confederate lines should be forever free. The second. proclamation of emancipation followed January ist, 1863. This policy was re ceived in the State of New Jersey with some misgiving as to its wisdom. There were also many citizens of the State who were by no means disloyal, yet who> desired a return of peace. These elements, together with the great popularity of the Democratic candidate, led to the change, and to the adoption of the peace resolution of 1863. The election of Governor Parker, while it indicated a change in the po litical complexion of the State, was not in any way indicative of a feeling of dis loyalty. While opposed to emancipation and arbitrary arrests, as was his Re publican predecessor, Governor Olden, the Democratic incumbent was regarded' by the Federal administration as a staunch friend of the Union. True, he dif fered from much of President Lincoln's policy, yet he considered the preserva-- 7 g8 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. tion of the Union of such supreme importance, that he buried all personal con siderations. During his administration, the many bounty laws, an act increas ing the war loan $1,000,000, and a statute providing for a commission to report as to legislative provision for wounded and disabled Jerseymen received his signature. He was deeply interested in the work of the "United States Sani tary Commission for New Jersey," and gave frequent audiences to the municipal and ecclesiastical committees, which called upon him. In the movement upon Philadelphia, and the North, which was checked by the battle of Gettysburg, Governor Parker, had directed the movements of the New Jersey troops, for the relief of Pennsylvania, ere the regiments of the Keystone state had reached the scene of battle. As the struggle came to a close the country passed through the throes of a Presidential campaign. The attitude of President Lincoln had estranged many Republicans. The extreme wing of the party accused him of lack of severity toward the seceding states, while a portion of the Democrats, urging that the war had been a failure, and desirous of peace, were bitter in their denunciations of the administration. The so-called "war Democrats" and administration Re publicans, whose cry was "The Preservation of the Union, no matter what it costs," united upon Lincoln as a Presidential candidate, and named as Vice- President, Andrew Johnson, a Union Democrat from Tennessee. The extreme Republicans whose platform embraced Congressional reconstruction of the Con federate states, confiscation of land belonging to those who had supported the Southern cause, and the absolute destruction of the principle of slavery, nomi nated John C. Fremont for President, and General John Cochrane for Vice- President. These candidates later withdrew. The Democrats placed in nomination General George B. McClellan, after ward Governor of New Jersey, and George H. Pendleton. While McClellan reversed the platform of his party, which called for "Peace and then Union," he carried the State of New Jersey by a majority of seven thousand three hun dred. Lincoln, however, was successful throughout the country by a majority of four hundred and seven thousand. But the Civil War was now practically ended. The work of reconstruction had already been begun by the President, who, sustained, by the people, had scarcely entered .upon his second term, when his assasination in Washington brought to a sudden termination the continuance of his policy of amnesty. In New Jersey and elsewhere throughout the North, the peace sentiment was gaining ground. "The South was practically crushed; why continue the strug gle?" The question answered itself in the surrender of Lee at Appomatox Court House, and Johnson near Raleigh. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy, was soon captured at Irwinsville, Georgia, and in a few short days HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 99 the Confederacy dissolved like the figment of a dream. The return of peace was most welcome to the citizens of the State. To the few inclined to sympa thize with the South, the collapse of the war was proof of the utter futility of arguments, designed to further secession policy. To the mass of the people the return of peace meant the return of prosperity. While New Jersey had been free from engagements upon her soil, she had none the less given of her treasure and df the lives of her men to sustain the cause of the Union. For four long years her industrial activity had ceased, her energies bent upon measures of war. It was then, with feelings of gratitude that her people rejoiced that a struggle, so long protracted, had ceased forever. The adoption of the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the Constitution of the United States occasioned much debate in the Legislature of the State. In 1870 the House and Senate utterly rejected the fifteenth amend ment, but during the next year ratified it. In the gubernatorial election of 1865 the Republican candidate, Marcus L. Ward, was elected by a small majority, while the control of the House and Senate was obtained by that party. In 1863 and 1864 both Houses had been Democratic. The State of New Jersey was now entering upon a career of unexampled enterprise. Those vast and undefinable forces which make for intellectual ac tivity and material prosperity, and which characterize the termination of great wars, were gathering. Everywhere there were indications of growth, in the chartering of railroads and manufacturing corporations, in the extension of the powers of municipalities, in the dissemination of new ideas and theories concern ing economic relations, and in the zeal with which men applied themselves to the rehabilitation of affairs so long neglected. This period, beginning with the close of the Civil War and extending to the panic of 1873, is of such interest as to warrant especial consideration. CHAPTER XXIII. THE YEARS OF INFLATION. | ROM 1865 to 1873 the industrial life of the State, to a large degree, was formative. While the vast consolidations of capital, so char acteristic of the end of the century, were yet dreams in the minds of men, the conditions which have tended toward the organization of the so-called "trusts," were active. No field of enterprise was neglected by those who sought charters from the Legislature of New Jersey. In those days of special privileges, there was an intense rivalry and enthusiastic exploitation. Thousands of men returning from the war sought for and secured peaceful oc cupation, while the ever increasing torrent of emigration swept over the cities and into the country districts. The province of labor became more and more divided, capital, as represented in individuals', was vastly increased. The war, largely through the operation of government contracts, had made many men wealthy, and with labor seeking employment and capital seeking investment, the corporation, in the modern sense, became a necessity. In the corporation, men avoided the dangers incident to the laws regulating copartnerships, and gave to their enterprises wider scope. The natural tendency was toward excessive speculation. The war, as all wars do, had made men conservative, and then in the outward swing of the pendulum, had carried them to excess. All the old issues had been settled, and those that came to the front were new ones of an economic character, except that of the demand for "general amnesty," for the late secessionists. Money, or rather fiat money, was plentiful, and every project, no matter how chimerical, found supporters both moral and financial. To even name the charters granted by the State of New Jersey from 1865 to 1873, would be a task well nigh impossible. Every daily session of the Legis lature added many to those already allowed. Nor were other states less active than New Jersey. The discovery of the oil fields in Pennsylvania, the perfection of the process for canning and preserving fruits and vegetables, the construction of patent pavements and improvements in locomotives and passenger coaches, the development of the iron and glass interests, the growth of the brick and pottery industry, were but a few of the causes leading to the incorporation of companies in New Jersey and elsewhere. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. IOI Nor were the agricultural interests unaffected by the new corporations. For many years a portion of the State of New Jersey, extending northeast and southwest from the vicinity of Freehold to Salem City, had been sending food supplies to the Philadelphia and New York markets. The natural fertility of the soil had been enhanced by the use of marl, which had been dug by the plan tation owners since colonial times, from "pits" upon their farms. As early as 1863, the West Jersey Mail and Transportation Company had provided a large base of supplies near Woodbury, and in less than ten years, eleven com panies had completed for business in the State. Even the prosaic and neglected cranberry was subjected to capitalistic influence, for within a decade no less than forty-five companies were organized for its development in New Jersey. In 1869 an extreme was reached, when an oyster and stock raising company was formed under one and the same charter. In the incorporation of land and improvement companies, in the erection of markets in the larger cities, in the construction of warehouses, docks and fer ries, and in the extension of building associations, co-operative societies, the activity was intense. Many of these projects were exploited in the best of faith, and it would be as senseless as it would be unjust to charge against this vast body of incorporators, sinister motives. They were over zealous and mis led, capital became diffused through too many barren channels, and labor soon felt the evil effects of a mistaken policy, but the crash came from overproduc tion rather than from wilful and persistent stock-jobbing. In the incorporation of railroads in this period there was a marked tendency throughout the State to bring the smaller towns into direct communication with the great cities. The Camden and Amboy Railroad, by securing control of the stock of minor lines, or by a practical system of absorption, had extended its sphere of influence throughout Central New Jersey. The West Jersey Rail road virtually reached every town of importance in the southern part of the State. Under the influence of direct communication the old towns of Wood- bury7 Salem and Bridgeton had been stimulated, while the remarkable growth of the New England settlement in Vineland attracted much attention to a long neglected portion of the State. In 1869 the Legislature passed an act validating and confirming the lease of the Morris and Essex Railroad to the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, while the New York, Lake Erie and Wes tern, and the Central of New Jersey, became possessed of those interests which, under their care*, have tended so largely to develop the towns and cities in the northern and eastern part of New Jersey. During this period was precipitated the agitation concerning the riparian lands of the State. The merits of the controversy are still open to discussion, but the climax was caused by the acquisition on the part of railroads of valuable 102 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. shore front, mainly in the county of Hudson. With the increase in the volume of transportation the railroad systems which terminated in Jersey City and Ho boken, needed passengers and freight stations, wharves and docks, immediately adjacent to the city of New York. The struggle which resulted, involving the State, the municipalities, private ownership and the corporations is a part of cur rent history, the details of which are still vivid in the minds of the people. Among the projects which attracted the attention of capitalists as early as 1850, was a plan to reach New York from the South, in competition with the Camden and Amboy Railroad. To this end, in 1854, the Legislature chartered the Raritan and Delaware Bay Railroad, and later, under various impulses, and as a consolidation of several more or less independent enterprises, the New Jer sey Southern Railroad was organized. The route lay from Sandy Hook to Bricksburg (now Lakewood), thence through the "Pines" to Vineland, Bridge- ton and Bay Side. Here it was proposed that large steamers should convey freight and passengers to the State of Delaware, thence to the Chesapeake shore of Maryland and thence to Baltimore and the South. From Sandy Hook steam ers were designed to run directly to New York City. The advent of the . Civil War, the counteracting influence of the Camden and Amboy Company, and the physical difficulties surrounding the plan, have been factors which have pre vented its entire realization. The political life of the State during this period from 1865 to 1873, ex perienced some marked changes. In 1865 the Senate was Democratic and the House was tied. In 1866 and 1867, both houses were Republican. In 1868, 1869, 1870, both houses were Democratic, and in 1871, 1872, 1873 DOtn houses were again Republican. In 1868, the Governorship was wrested from the Republi can party by Theodore Randolph, whose successor, in 1871, was the former Gov ernor, Joel Parker, whose great popularity remained unshaken. The Presidential contest of 1868 found the Republicans with General Ulysses S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax as their nominees, and a platform declar ing in favor of a reduction of the national debt, the encouragement of emigra tion, and the use of coin in the payment of bonds. The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour and Francis P. Blair, declared for amnesty, uniform currency and the abolition of the system of land grants to railroads. As in 1864, so in 1868, New Jersey declared herself in favor of the Democratic candidate by a ma jority of two thousand eight hundred and seventy. * The Presidential election of 1872 was disastrous to the Democratic party in the State. With the growth of new ideas, there was the immediate development of new parties— a characteristic of American politics, expressing clearly the idea of association to accomplish a given object. The Civil War had broken down many barriers. Not only extension of slavery, but slavery itself, was a thing HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 103 of the past. The "industructible union of indestructible states" was no longer an assumption, it was a reality. The new problems were national and essentially economic in character. The "Green back" or "Ohio" idea had swept in from the middle West; from 1865 to 1870 National Labor Congresses had met; the restriction of emigration of the Chinese agitated the Pacific Slope, while the ethical question of prohibition of the liquor traffic assumed formidable pro portions. Added to this the Republican and Democratic parties were divided. The death of Lincoln and the failure to carry out his plan of reconstruction upon broad and permanent lines, had produced much bitterness in the South. The schemes adopted by professional politicians had split the RejDublicans in Mis souri, from which arose a new party called the "Liberal Republicans," owing to fts doctrine of more generous consideration for the Southern states. In the national convention of the party in 1872, Horace Greeley, of New York, and B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, were nominated for President and Vice-President, on a platform which for the first time in the politics of the Republic, declared for civil service reform. The Republicans, unaffected by this movement, nomi nated General Grant and Henry Wilson. The Democratic convention then endorsed Greeley and Brown, which led to an irreparable breach in the party, the dissatisfied element withdrawing and: making new nominations. In New Jersey the situation was at first complicated. The endorsement of Greeley, the war editor of the New York "Tribune," an extreme Republican. newspaper, was distasteful to many Democrats, although the "Liberal Republi cans" had attracted a large body of "regular" partisans. The National Labor party, declaring for paper money, an eight hour law, Chinese exclusion and the abolition of land grants to corporations, had nominated Joel Parker for the Vice-Presidency. While he declined the honor, the very use of his name gave the party some local strength. The prohibition movement attracted attention, but little or no support. The Democratic disaffection over the nomination of Greeley reversed the State, and Grant was elected by the remarkable majority of fifteen thousand two hundred, a majority since unequaled, except during the election of President McKinley in 1896. The inauguration of President Grant was amid the mutterings of financial storm,* so far reaching in its consequences that to this day the "Black Friday" of September, 1873, is vividly remembered. Unlike the panics of 1837 and 1857, when there was a shortage of capital, the panic of 1873 was due to other causes. While the spirit of speculation had been rampant in New Jersey, and ten companies had been engaged in exploiting a given industry, when one would have sufficed, the condition of affairs in the State, bad as they were, had • I04 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. no parallel to the rioting with money and credit in the far West. That over stimulation had its necessary reaction was well proved. Three trans-continental j roads had been wholly or partly constructed, with scores of feeders and depen dent lines. In the feverish markets of the United States and in Europe bonds and stocks of these corporations had met with ready sale, in spite of the fact that - none of them could show permanent and respectable earnings within a decade. There were constant defaults in interest, and at last the capitalists, gorged with unremuenrative securities, refused to take more. Devastating fires in Boston and Chicago demanded money for municipal rehabilitation, and to add to the • discontent a contest between the farmers and the common carriers arose. The crash came. County banks, to aid their depositors, withdrew their money from city institutions, which also demanded their loans. Great banking houses fell, : and with them the smaller institutions. Industry was paralyzed, workingmen were thrown out of employment, or at best worked on short hours and low wages. In 1873 and 1874 there were nearly eleven thousand failures, and the - nation learned anew the lesson that he who would dance must needs pay for his pleasure. The effect in the State was disastrous. Railroads, manufactures and the farmers were alike crippled. There were but few who did not feel the disasters which had fallen upon the nation. Municipalities which had engaged in expen sive and often useless improvements were either bankrupt or were closely ap- - preaching that condition. Everywhere were wrecks of fortunes. While the evil was far reaching it was not permanent. Certain changes ¦ occurred which modified social conditions and which are yet influential in the life -of the State. Some of these will be discussed, in brief. CHAPTER XXIV. IN THIS DAY AND GENERATION. HE history of New Jersey during the last quarter of a century is the record of progress. Its details are easily accessible. The men who have taken part in framing the destinies of the State are not only alive, but are active in the administration of public affairs. Those whose life work has been ended have left to the world the record of many good deeds. To discuss policies, while yet in process of formulation, to jump hastily at generalizations, upon insufficient and incomplete data, is creditable neither to an historian nor just to those who are working out plans for the welfare of the State. There are, however, certain striking characteristics which distinguish New Jersey of to-day, and to these a brief allusion may be made. In 1875, the Constitution of the State was amended, and in two particulars the changes are worthy of notice. Under its provisions the Legislature is pro hibited from passing any private, local or special laws, granting to any corpora tion, association or individual the right to lay down railroad tracks. It is further directed that the Legislature shall pass general laws under which corporations shall be organized. The first of these provisions grew out of the long continued opposition to the special charters granted the Camden and Amboy Company, and incidentally to other common carriers. When, in 1872, the Camden and Amboy Company and its dependent lines were leased by the Pennsylvania Railroad, a bitter con test was waged in the Legislature. For several years efforts had been made to secure permission for a charter for an opposition railroad between Philadelphia and New York. The plan had been defeated and it was not until the constitu tional amendment was adopted that the new road, now a part of the Philadelphia and Reading system was built. In response to the provision abolishing special charters for corporations, the Legislature passed, in 1875, a general corporation act which has been since revised, and which has so largely attracted capital to the State Within the period there has been no abatement of that interest which the State has exercised toward its criminals, and its defective, dependent and de linquent wards. The State prison, the hospitals for the insane near Trenton and Io6 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Morristown, the homes for deaf-mutes, for feeble minded women, children and epileptics, with several industrial institutions, have been continued or established. A parole law for prisoners has met the good purposes designed. In the development of her agricultural and horticultural interests, New Jer sey supplies to a large extent the markets of New York and Philadelphia. With diversified soil and varying climatic conditions, her agricultural "seasons" for fruits and vegetables are protracted. The soils of Cape May produce crops similar to those raised in southern Virginia, the period of vegetation embrac ing the same months in the year. The "season" for crops in Sussex county is conditioned upon the same influences affecting western Massachusetts. In other words the flora of the State is both Carolinian and Appalatchian in char acter, the same being true of the fauna. In no other state in the Union is so wide a range noticeable. In mining the mineral deposits of the region north of the Raritan have been developed to a remarkable degree. Every mineral of commercial value, except coal, has been found in more or less abundance, and most of the deposits are commercially available. In fishing, the oyster industry has received the most encouragement, and will, under proper state regulations, become of the greatest value to the citizens of New Jersey. Thus has the State developed from humble beginnings. Broadly, we have noted the settlements of the Dutch and Swedes, have traced the influence of church and state, with the coming of the English, and have glanced at the most salient economic conditions in colonial life. The struggles of New Jersey in the Revolution, the part taken by New Jersey in the Confederation and the rise of democracy have demanded our attention. Following the growth of transpor tation and manufactures, we saw the constitution of 1844, as a direct outcome of the period of political and social unrest. Then came the impending conflict, the Civil War and the period of inflation, until within the memory of the present generation we cease our labors with the adoption of the Constitution of 1875. The history of New Jersey needs no telling, that her loyal sons may be ap prised of her worth. At times hers has been a very struggle for existence, be tween two colonial rivals, bearing the brunt of the Revolutionary struggle in the darkest days of the conflict, and striving for, and at last securing recognition in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. But in the darkest hours she has kept faith with her citizens and with the nation. Her errors, in justice, we may forgive; her successes, in the true pride of love for her noblest and highest impulses, we may delight to honor, so that we may say, in the quaint language of the olden time, "God Save the State." CHAPTER XXV. FROM SANDY HOOK TO CAPE MAY. HILE other phases of the development of the State have been to a large degree evolutionary, the settlement of the New Jersey coast from Sandy Hook to Cape May has been almost spontaneous. From the wind-swept dunes of Cape May, Atlantic and Ocean counties, and from the more fertile shore front of Monmouth county, have arisen towns and cities, whose growth has been little short of marvelous. The change has been wrought within the memory of men now living, who, fifty years ago, knew the coast of New Jersey only as a vast and lonely sweep of tide- washed strand. The shore front of New Jersey presents two striking characteristics. With the long, gaunt finger of Sandy Hook pointing northward into the Atlantic, the coast lies nearly north and south. Immediately south of the Hook, the main land of Monmouth county, fertile to the ocean's edge, faces directly upon the sea, in bluffs fifteen to -twenty-five feet in heighth. The beach is narrow, dipping rapidly. Upon the north bank of Shark River the bluffs become lower, the mainland, however, extending to the water's edge. Passing south, no marked' change is noticed until Bay Head is reached — and there begin the island beaches of South Jersey. At once the character of the coast line changes. Hence to Cape May are a succession of islands of sand, dune-crowned, separated by deep and narrow inlets, often changing in size and in shape and forming buffers for the waves of the Atlantic, which beat upon the gently sloping strand. To their west lie broad low marshes, penetrated by thoroughfares which widen into broad and shallow bays. Still further to the west the mainland, with its forests of oak and pine, dotted with hamlets and villages, forms the barrier of the marshes. Taking the coast of New Jersey at its actual value, in other words judge it by its producing capacity, the beaches are worth no more to-day than they were in colonial times. Previous to 1800, even in most instances, until much later, the beach front and the marshes were useful for but few purposes. The Mon mouth shore was cultivated to the sea, and was early occupied by settlers. The land was fairly productive, but was subjected to the sweep of "northeasters" and the constant action of salt air — injurious to many crops. The islands were 108 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. first purchased by the settlers on the main land, who pastured cattle and sheep on the beaches of Cape May, previous to 1700. Long Beach was the home of whalers, who also kept their cattle on the strand. From the marshes hay, particularly "three square" and "black grass" was scowed or carted to the main land, while from the bays and inlets fish for immediate use and for salting were caught. Game was also abundant. Long Beach, Peeks Beach, Learning's Beach and Five Mile Beach were partially timbered with red cedar, oaks, hol lies, sassafras and gums. This wood was early used for ship building and domestic purposes. From time to time, primitive salt works, operated under solar evaporation processes, were erected on the islands. In colonial and Revo lutionary days there was no permanent population upon the beaches, although cabins built of slabs and roofed with sedge, or "dug-outs" on the leeward of high dunes, afforded shelter. alike to the "Pine robber" or the honest fisherman. The opening of the 19th century found two resorts upon the New Jersey coast — Long Branch and Cape May. These two little communities struggled for prominence for several years, but theirs was a far cry that echoed down the first half century of their existence as "summer resorts." Long Branch was first recognized as a watering place in 1788, when, according to Watson in his "Annals of Philadelphia," Elliston Perot, of that city, as well as others, boarded with an old woman who had charge of the White estate, confiscated during the Revolution. Cape May, or as it was formerly and properly called, Cape Island, came into recognition about 1795, when Philadelphians first began the discussion of its merits. At the outbreak of the second war with England, Cape Island was first advertised, a hotel was erected and visitors came mainly from the Delaware valley— attracted by the beach— undoubtedly the finest in the world. During the first half of the century, or, in fact, until the outbreak of the Civil War, both Long Branch and Cape May enjoyed a monopoly of the sea-shore travel. Naturally Long Branch came more and more under the influence of New York; Cape May was largely dependent upon Philadelphia, Baltimore and the South, and the far Southwest for her patronage. In the hey day of her pros perity, it was no uncommon thing to see a rich planter from Georgia, Alabama, or even from Louisiana, drive his private coach, with negro outriders, through the streets of the conservative, old pilot-town, or for one to meet in the hotels the famous men of the century. Cape May, in spite of its being the most aristocratic resort of America from 1825 to 1850, was, nevertheless, handicapped by reason of inaccessibility. Steam boat and packets from Philadelphia, and stages from Camden, a distance of eighty miles, were the only means of conveyance until 1863, when the Cape May and Millville Railroad united the town with the West Jersey system. Long Branch in the meantime had also developed. Steamers ran directly from New York HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 109 to the north diore of Monmouth county, while stage lines radiated toward every point. But it was not until later that Long Branch, in the prosperous times following the Civil War, reached the zenith of its popularity. Absecon Beach in the county of Atlantic, foresaken by men, was destined to enter the lists as a powerful rival of both Cape May and Long Branch, and to lead the way in the work of town-building upon all the island-beaches. The attention of men of enterprise had been directed toward Absecon Beach as a summer resort as early as 1845. Philadelphia had long since outgrown, rural conditions, population was rapidly congesting, the residential sections were be coming overcrowded, people were then forming a habit so little recognized as a distinctive feature of modern life, but one fraught with importance — that of "tak ing vacations," particularly upon the sea-shore. To Philadelphia, Absecon Beach* was one of the nearest points upon the New Jersey coast, yet there lay between Camden and the new city by the sea, nearly sixty miles of forest, practically an undeveloped region. It required courage to construct railroads a half century since, even between large cities, but it needed faith to build a road from Camden to an uninhabited beach, with no profitable dependent territory intervening. Neither men with faith nor men with money were lacking. The Camden and Atlantic Railroad was completed in 1855, and to-day Atlantic City, whose sum mer population has risen to 150,000, stands unrivaled among the resorts of the world. The close of the Civil War gave rise to a remarkable community near Long Branch. In the wilderness the Rev. Mr. Osborne recognized the possibilities of a summer home for ministers of the Methodist Episcopal Church who desired a temporary residence free from the allurements of fashion or the excitement of life in huge hotels. Ocean Grave came into being about 1870, followed soon by Asbury Park — under the inspiration of ex-Senator Bradley — two cities whose methods of local government have made them distinctive. Other resorts came into existence. Vast sums of money were devoted to the development of places such as Elberon, Como, Belmar, Point Pleasant and Bay Head. Not only was capital from New York invested upon the "upper" coast, but nearly every large city in New Jersey contributed to this end. In the later '70s and the early '80s, the improvement of the island beaches. began. Beach Haven, Brigantine, Longport, Ocean City and Sea Isle City came into being, soon to be followed by Avalon, Anglesea, Wildwood and Holly Beach. The influences exerted extended to the mainland. Near Atlantic City, Somer's Point, whose two hundred years of existence had left it a quiet lit tle town, around which clustered the memories of gallant Richard Somers, be came attractive to visitors, while Tuckerton and Barnegat received new impulses. Further north the Bergen Iron Works had grown into the village of Bricksburg,. „o HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. and thence into the cosmopolitan town of Lakewood, where art has done so much to aid nature. Along the north shore of Monmouth county men of wealth chose the most advantageous spots along the Rumson road, and lined the Lower New York Bay with superb homes from Shrewsbury to Red Bank. To specify the particular motives which have led a vast number of people to leave their permanent homes and live a while by the sea, is well nigh impossible. Undoubtedly the congestion of population in large centers, city heat and the dictates of fashion are of prime importance. The preservation of good health, particularly in the case of children, and a desire for change, so characteristic of the American people, are other considerations. But whatever may be the causes, it is certain that eight lines of steam railroads, a half dozen connecting trolley roads, and a half score steamboat routes lead to towns whose main, if not only reason, for existence is the ability to gratify and satisfy popular desires, the main aims of which are health and pleasure. Beaches, which to-day are sold for as much a square foot as they were once worth a square acre, have been covered with costly buildings, have been con verted into cities. The end is not yet. Even the leveled sand dunes cannot sustain the pressure, and mud from the bays and inlets has been pumped upon the nearby marshes to be converted into building lots. In the growth of New Jersey's sea-shore towns, one reads a story of activity and enterprise, as vast and as real as any development ever undertaken in the middle West. It is a story typical of that energy which has made the close of the century an epoch in the world's history. CHAPTER XXVI. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES. T was during 1662 in the Dutch village of Bergen, lying opposite New Amsterdam, that the first school, of which authentic record exists, was erected within the limits of the State of New Jersey. Of this institution of learning, Engelbert Steenhuysen, church clerk, was master, where from eight o'clock in the morning until eleven in the fore noon, and from one o'clock until four o'clock in the afternoon, he taught read ing, writing and spelling, and even arithmetic when the maturity of the child- mind permitted such an intellectual pursuit. In the fortified town of New Amsterdam, where the activities of the Dutch settlements in New Jersey centered, the Collegiate Church School, in which re ligious was largely intermixed with secular instruction, had been founded as early as 1633. Fourteen years later, bluff, obstinate Director Peter Stuyvesant wrote to Holland asking for a "pious, well qualified and diligent schoolmaster;" while, in 1658, a Latin school in New York, under the administrations of Dr. Curtius and the Rev. Aegidius Luyck, attracted students from far away Vir ginia, from Albany and from the settlements on the Hudson and the Delaware. Nor had the Swedes on the South River neglected educational affairs. In their churches at Tinicum, New Castle, Christina and Wecaco, tradition and record show that the minister was also a school master, or had an assistant who performed such duties, while acting as clerk, reader and comforter of the sick. Such was the custom in Sweden, and as Wickersham points out, this educational policy was undoubtedly transferred to the Zuydt Rivere. The Swedes prac tically abandoned by the home government, were soon left to their own re sources. In the struggle for existence the church-schools became feeble in their influence. With the advent of the English in East Jersey, the school became a part of the life of nearly every town. In 1664, Governor Carteret's charter, granted to Bergen, provided for a church and "free school," supported by a tract of land exempt from taxes or othw charges. Woodbridge, in 1669, in her charter, was empowered to sustain a school from the proceeds of certain land "set apart for education," while in 1676 Newark rejoiced in a well-qualified schoolmaster. In October, 1693, the Legislature of East Jersey enacted a statute which, I 12 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. in view of the fact that "the cultivation of learning and good manners, tends greatly to the good and benefit of mankind," provided for the choice, by the people, of three men to make a rate and establish a school master's salary. Un der this, and a subsequent law, schools became somewhat numerous through out the colony, although but few, if any, records of the institutions are extant. The strong influx of Calvinistic elements into East Jersey, from both Old and New England, brought, to the colony, the church and the school house. The two were inseparable, often to be found in one and the same building, or at least side by side, and earnestly supported by the people of the community. In West Jersey, during the administration of colonial affairs by the So ciety of Friends, the school master was encouraged by the members of the meet^ ings. In 1682, within three years after the actual settlement of the colony, the Assembly in Burlington passed an act whose design was to "encourage learning for the better education of youth." It provided that a valuable tract of land situated in the Delaware, above Burlington, and known as Matinicunk Island, "remain to and for the use of the town of Burlington * * * for the maintaining of a school for the education of youth." The revenues, managed by trustees, derived from a part of this Island, are still devoted to the purpose intended. This is probably the oldest trust fund of an educational character now existing within the limits of the United States. There then dwelt within the colony of West Jersey a certain Thomas Budd, Quaker and author, in 1685, of a rare work entitled in part, "Good Order Es tablished in Pennsylvania and New Jersey in America." In this brochure Budd suggested a plan of education in West Jersey, which, except for the quaint- ness of the language, leads to the suspicion that mayhap some highly extolled educational theories are not exclusively of modern origin. As to compulsory education Budd suggested that provincial legislatures should pass an act requiring all children to attend "the publick school" for seven years. Schools should be provided in all towns and cities, and "persons of known honesty, skill and understanding be yearly chosen by the Governor and General Assembly to teach and instruct boys and girls." The curriculum em braced reading and writing "true English and Latin * * * and fair writ ing, arithmetick and bookkeeping." Nor was manual training neglected. The boys were to be instructed in "some mystery or trade as the making of mathematical instruments, joynery, turnery, the making of clocks and watches, weaving and shoe making." The girls were to be taught "spinning in flax and wool, the knitting of gloves and stocking, sewing and making of all sorts of needle 'work, and^ the making of straw work, as hats, baskets, etc." Budd also recommended seventh clay after noon (Saturday) religious meetings be kept for boys and girls, but with the sexes HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.. ri5 separate and apart, that the "children will be hindered of "running into that ex cess of riot and wickedness that youth is incident to, and they will be a comfort to their tender parents." But in spite of these efforts made to advance the cause of learning, there was a retrograde movement noticeable in both colonies after 1702. The missionaries of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, report that many persons in New Jersey were ignorant, and. while the congregations among the Dutch, as well as the Presbyterians, Baptists, „ Episcopalians and Quakers were zealous in the advocacy and support of schools,,. even these powerful influences failed to create a popular interest. This senti ment was by no means unnatural. Without libraries or newspapers, unstimu lated, suffering in the moil and toil of colonization, the desire for intellectual. improvement was quenched. In the long-ago, when bounties were offered for the heads of wolves, and when deer, in severe winters, came to the barn-stalls'. of the cattle for feed, when the days were given to labor and" the nights were: unilluminated, culture of the mind, except in the matter of daily observation,. must need bide its time. The colonial schools, whether quasi-public, quasi-ecclesiastical or under the control of some wealthy plantation owner or merchant, were crude in archi tecture, ill-ventilated and usually little more than a square log or slab-sided building erected at some convenient point along a country road. The master ruled with an iron hand, and held in contempt all methods of instruction, except those devised by himself. Frequently the teacher knew but little more than*. his scholars. Those who taught did so without any authority from the colonial government, and were usually "itinerants," either from New or Old England,. from Scotland or from Ireland. That there was a demand for school teachers., is shown by frequent advertisements in the contemporary newspapers. Among the "redemptioner" class were to be found a few men announced as qualified to- teach school, and whose "time" was "purchased" by some public spirited man- in the community that the cause of "learning and polite manners" be thereby advanced ! Adventurers swarmed over the province, men who drank, gambled, con tracted runaway marriages, fought duels and otherwise corrupted the morals, of the colony. Many of these set themselves up as teachers, thus securing homes and a stipend. Their flashy manners and glib tongues easily led astray the good sense of the unsophisticated. So potent did the evil become that in. 1758 Governor Bernard was instructed by the home authorities to prohibit any Englishman from teaching school in the province of New Jersey, except the ap plicant show license from 'the Bishop of London. All other persons were re quired to secure the Governor's license— a regulation more honored in the breach than in the observance. This is undoubtedly the first instance in New, 8 u4 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Jersey of an attempt to formulate a policy of public instruction by restric tive action on the part of the general government. Lotteries played an important part in the establishment of schools. The close relationship established between the churches and their schools, led to the use of this method of securing money for the erection of both. Underlying many of the churches of the colony, and nearly all the schools attached thereto, was the authorized lottery. As a readily cited example, under such an impulse, in 1753, a school was erected by lottery upon the lot of the First Presby terian church in the then village of Trenton. The extension of the Dutch influence along the valleys of the Raritan, Passaic and Hackensack, saw school houses erected in most of the villages in which the religion of the Hollanders was dominant. This condition of lack of governmental control existed throughout the period of the Revolution. There was absolutely no uniformity in the system of instruction, nor was there any attempt to secure financial aid from the colony or state. As early as 1783 "An act for the promotion and encouragement of literature" was passed, while in 1794, a statute provided for the incorporation - of trustees, not exceeding seven, who were empowered to organize societies for the advancement of learning. Under this act several academies, some of which are still existent, were organized, while others received special charters. Among these institutions were the academies at Hackensack and Trenton, while later, academies were established in Belleville, Bridgeton, Newark and Pater- .son. The movements that led to the organization of the public school system •of New Jersey, as pointed out in Dr. David Murray's "History of Education in New Jersey," began as early as 1803. In that year there was reprinted in Trenton, an edition of President Jefferson's "Notes," wherein for Virginia, he urged a three-grade system of public schools. Among men in New Jersey to whom Jefferson's arguments appealed with great force, was James Parker, of Perth Amboy, then a man of about thirty years of age. Between 1806 and 1819, Mr. Parker, except for one year, represented Middlesex county in the House of Assembly, and during that period frequently urged the cause of pop ular education. Defeated in his attempt in 1809, owing to the cries of "pa ternalism" and "poverty," he renewed his efforts in 1813. In 181 1 the State, in chartering certain banks, had reserved to itself the right of subscribing to a moiety of the capital stock of those financial institutions. In 1812 it was decided that the State's right should be sold, and from the large sum realized, Mr. Parker urged the appropriation of $50,000 toward the establishment and sup port of free schools. The plan being defeated, Mr. Parker, who, by this time had secured influential friends, re-championed the cause, and upon the 5th of HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. ,,5 February, 1817, there was introduced "An act to create a fund for the support of free schools," which passed the House of Assembly on the nth of that month, and Council upon the following day. The statute was hedged in by a provision, later adopted in the Constitution of 1844, that the school fund was to be sacredly devoted to the purposes intended, and not subject to legislative borrowing, appro priation or use for any other object. In 1820 townships were authorized to raise money for educating poor children. The American Bible and New Jersey Missionary Societies also engaged in an educational propaganda which included the building of schools, the hiring of teachers. These organizations employed an agent to gather statistics concerning illiteracy in the State, and to arouse public sentiment Meetings were held throughout New Jersey, a series of contributions ap peared in the Newark "Sentinel of Freedom," and in the latter part of 1828 a meeting "of tire friends of education" was held in the State Capitol. In a widely circulated report the data for which was secured by Chief Justice Charles Ewing, Canal Commissioner John Neely Simpson, and United States Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen, as well as by local sub-committees, most of the coun ties were treated in detail. From this report it is learned that in 1828, Morris probably enjoyed more than any other county "the advantages and blessings of education." It was a lamentable fact that there were in New Jersey no less than twelve thousand children destitute of instruction, while to remedy the gen eral evil of incompetent instructors, a member of the Essex county sub-commit tee recommended the establishment of a Normal School. The effect of this report was immediate. In 1829 a law establishing a sys tem of common schools was passed, which proving defective was afterward re pealed and supplanted by better legislation. In 1846, during the period of great intellectual activity and advancement, the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction was created; in 1854 teachers' institutes were authorized, while in 1855 the Normal School, after years of agitation, received legislative sanction. By degrees the school system of New Jersey was broadened. At first, confined to but few favored localities, the school houses have at last reached every community. With the vast income derived from the revenues of the riparian lands of the State, sustained by en lightened public sentiment, and encouraged by moral and financial support, the public schools have made the assertion possible that within a quarter of a century illiteracy will be practically unknown in the State of New Jersey. Largely to the influence of the Presbyterian church is honor erne for the organization of the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University. Early in the 18th century,' the evangelical W'illiam Tennent had established in Ne- shaminy, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, a building called partly in derision, and n6 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. wholly in truth, "Log College." Thence departed those who afterward became exemplars in the secular and religious life of the colonies. By 1740, the Calvinists in New Jersey had lost much of their old time fervor. There were, in the Presbyterian Church, two elements divided upon three questions. These points of difference, as recently delineated by the Rev. John DeWitt, of the Princeton Theological Seminary, were upon the value of religious experi ences; of preaching designed immediately to call forth religious confession, and the learning requisite for admission to the ministry. Upon one side stood the "Log College" men, upon the other the conservative element. The contest be came most personal, and was only intensified by the visit of George Whitefield, the revivalist, who vastly stimulated the efforts of the "Log College" or "New Light" partisans, who were evangelistic. The College of New Jersey was one of the results of this separation. In the more liberal view, which opened to the leaders of the Presbyterian move ment in New Jersey, they saw, even dimly, the ultimate need of an institution of a broader character than any then existing outside the limits of New Eng land In 1746 a charter, unfortunately lost, was granted, while a second one was issued under the Great Seal of the colony in 1748. In this connection a copy of a most interesting letter has been furnished by Mr. William R. Weeks, of Newark, showing the status of intellectual life in the colony. It was for this purpose that Governor Jonathan Belcher, of New Jersey, wrote the following let ter to his cousin, Mr. William Belcher, of England: "Sr — This is a fine Climate and a Countrey of great plenty tho' but of Little profit to a Governour. The inhabitants are generally rustick and with out Education. I am therefore attempting the building of a College in the Province for Instructing the youth in the Principles of Religion in good Lit erature and Manners and I have a Reasonable View of bringing it to bear. . "Burlington N. J. "I am Sr "Sept 17, 1747 "Your Friend and Very "humble servant "MR WM BELCHER »j. BELCHER" Thereafter the history of Princeton as the College of New Jersey, and as the University, is but the record of marvelous growth. Established in Eliza bethtown, the college was removed to Newark, and in 1757 to Princeton, where its most historic edifice, "Nassau Hall," named in honor of William III, of England, Prince of that House in Holland, was erected. This building, facing the old campus, was used by the British as their barracks before the battle of Princeton, and was nearly destroyed by fire in 1802. HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 117 Rutgers College, in New Brunswick, like the College of New Jersey, re ceived two charters. One was granted to the institution as Queen's College in 1766, the other in 1770. As in the case of the earlier Presbyterians, the Dutch ministers and congregations, who took part in the movement, were di vided into two parties. Both the Coetus or progressive party, and the Con ference or conservative element, agreed upon the need of an educated ministry. The main part in difference was the advisability of , separating the American churches from those in Holland. As stated by the Rev. David D. Demarest, this involved the problems of ministerial training, licensure and ordination, par ticularly as there were in New Jersey more churches than there were ministers. A battle royal was waged, with the result that it was decided to establish a school in New Jersey. Hackensack and New Brunswick contended for the prize, and the latter city, owing to the amount of her subscriptions, won. Until 1807 the career of the college was beset with difficulties, the institution remaining closed from 1795 until 1807. Thereafter the college prospered, and in 1825 its name was changed to Rutgers, in honor of a liberal benefactor, Colonel Henry Rut- ¦ gers, of New York City. In 1865 the New Jersey State College was established and placed under the direction of the board of trustees of Rutgers College. The year 1856 saw the foundation of Seton Hall College, under the im pulses of the then Bishop of Newark, the Right Reverend James R. Bayley. The institution receives its students largely from the parochial schools of the Roman Catholic church in New Jersey, although Seton Hall is non-sectarian. The College was formally opened in Madison, and. was chartered by the Legis lature in 1861. In the meantime, the growth of the institution necessitated a new site in the Orange' Mountains, convenient to Newark, but the structure was destroyed by fire in 1866. Nothing daunted, the buildings were once more erected, to be again burned, in part, in 1886. The college was again rebuilt, and is now exceedingly prosperous. To that distinguished Jerseyman, Edwin A. Stevens, the State must be ever grateful for the gift of land and money, from which the Stevens Institute of Technology at Hoboken, derives its existence. Created by Mr. Stevens' will, this Institute was chartered by the Legislature in 1870, and has since occupied a place of the highest honor among like institutions throughout the world. The academies and secondary schools of the State have made New Jersey famous as an educational center. Considered by counties, a plan, followed in a recent monograph issued by the United States' Bureau of Education, schools of eminence in Bergen, have been the Bergen Columbia Academy, 1790-1813, Lafayette Academy, 1825-1853, and the Washington Academy, 1769-1871. In Burlington City, as early as 1722, Bishop Talbot urged the establish ment of free school, and it is greatly to the credit of the Episcopalians that ! l8 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. both St. Mary's Hall, a school for girls, founded in 1837, and Burlington Col lege, for boys, chartered in 1846, were under the auspices of that denomination. In Mt. Holly the Lancaster system of teaching was introduced at the old Academy, while at Beverly is the Farnum School, preparatory to the Normal School at Trenton. Cumberland county has at Bridgeton both the West Jersey Academy, opened in 1854, under Presbyterian auspices, and the South Jersey Institute, incorporated in 1866. In 1792 the famous Newark Academy was opened in Essex county, while a number of private institutions are located in the towns nearby. In Hudson county the Hasbrouck Institute, established in 1856, and the Hoboken Academy chartered in i860, are prominent. In Mercer, in the City of Trenton, was located an academy founded in 1781, and continued until 1885. Here are established the Normal School and its adjunct, the Model School. Near the city, in Lawrenceville, is the Lawrenceville School, which is one of the three leading preparatory schools of the United States, and which was magnificently endowed by the trustees of the estate of the late John C. Green. At Hightstown, Peddie Institute is located, under the au spices of the Baptist Church, its endowment being largely the gifts of the late Thomas B. Peddie and Mrs. Peddie, of Newark, and at Pennington is a famous Seminary under the control of the Methodist Episcopal church. Monmouth county has had in Freehold, the Academy, founded in 1831. the Boy's Institute, established in 1847, and the Young Ladies' Seminary, cre ated in 1844, while Morris county has had academies in Morristown and Suc- casunna, beside many private schools. At Somerville, in Somerset county, an academy was founded in 1801, while a similar institution was erected in Bound Brook in 1800. In Warren county are the Blair Presbyterial Academy, at Blairstown, the gift of the late John I. Blair, which school was originally established in 1848, and the Centenary Collegiate Institute of the Methodist Episcopal Church, lo cated at Hackettstown. The Institute was dedicated in 1874. The Theological Seminaries in the State are those of the Reformed Church in America, located at New Brunswick, the Princeton Theological Seminary, the Drew Theological Seminary at Madison, and the German Theological School of Newark. CHAPTER XXVII. THE GREAT SEAL AND A LITTLE WAR. HE Great Seal of the State of New Jersey, the symbol of authority of the commonwealth, has had a history replete with interest. The need of such a seal was recognized in the Constitution of 1776, which provided in its eleventh section that the "Council and As sembly shall have power to make the great seal of this colony, which shall be kept by the Governor, or in his absence by the vice-president of the Council, to be used by them as occasion may require; and it shall be called the great seal of the colony of New Jersey." The first Revolutionary Legislature of New Jersey met in the College of New Jersey at Princeton, upon the 27th day of August, 1776. Upon the 6th day of the following September, Council directed that two of its members meet with a committee of the House of Asesmbly, "in order to form a great seal for the State." The two committees met, but it was not until the 3d of October that they reported the result of their deliberations. It was by them decided, after having "taken the Sentiments of several intelligent Gentlemen thereon," that Francis Hopkinson "should be immediately engaged to employ proper Per sons at Philadelphia to prepare a Silver Seal, which is to be round, of two and a half Inches diameter, and three-eighths of an Inch thick, and that the Arms shall be three Ploughs in an Escutcheon; the Supporters Liberty and Ceres and the Crest a Horse's Head; these words to be engraved in large Letters round the Arms videlicet, "THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF NEW JER SEY." Pierre Eugene Du Simitiere, the artist-archeologist of Philadelphia, was directed by Mr. Hopkinson to design the seal. Du Simitiere had already made the seal of Virginia, and was preparing for artistic execution, the seals of Geor gia and Delaware. From his note book it is learned that he drew the design for the New Jersey seal in India ink, during October, 1776. It is a strange coincidence that neither the Legislature nor Du Simitiere obeyed the strict letter of their respective authorizations. The Council and House committees in their resolution, substituted the word "State" for the con stitutional term "colony," while the erratic French genius of Du Simitiere led •I 20 HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. him to place beneath the crest of the horse's head, an earl's helmet, to introduce mantling, and to insert below the escutcheon "MDCCLXXVI." The great seal was delivered to the State authorities upon the 10th of May, 1777, and after many years of continuous usage is now lodged in the office of the Secretary of State in Trenton. The motto of New Jersey, "Liberty and Prosperity," is unsanctioned by legislative authority, and was first used to describe the supporters. In 1839, the "Great" or "Broad" Seal of the State of New Jersey, obtained national prominence, owing to a "singular strife," engendered upon the as sembling of the 26th Congress. This was the so-called "Broad Seal War," the causes for which, while largely of local interest, were destined to affect, for a time, the course of national legislation. Owing to the panic of 1837, which was then chargeable to the Democratic party in power, the Whigs, in the fall of that year, by a small majority, secured control of the House of Assembly, the Council and the Governorship. The slow return of prosperity in 1838, tended toward the rehabilitation of the Demo cratic party and violent were the efforts made by the Whigs to retain political prestige. The Congressional election of that year found two tickets in the field, the Democratic party, represented by Philemon Dickinson, Peter D. Vroom, Daniel B. Ryall, William R. Cooper, Joseph Kille and Manning Force, the Whigs by John B. Aycrigg, John R. B. Maxwell, William Halstead, Charles C. Stratton, Thomas Jones Yorke and Joseph F. Randolph. The election was held upon the 9th and 10th of October, the voters casting their ballots upon the general ticket system, and not choosing their representatives by separate dis tricts. The returns showed Democratic majorities ranging from one hundred and fifty-nine, that of Mr. Dickinson over Mr. Aycrigg, to sixty, that of Mr. Cooper over Mr. Stratton. One Whig, Mr. Randolph, secured his election over Mr. Force, Democrat, by a majority of one hundred and thirteen. Osten sibly the delegation stood five Democrats to one Whig. The situation imme diately grew complicated, owing to the assertion on the part of the Democrats that the Whig clerks of Cumberland and Middlesex counties had falsi fied the returns. In the case of Cumberland county, it was alleged that the clerk suppressed the result in Millville township, and so tabulated the Deer field township returns as to set "the seal and silence of death" upon the expres sion of popular will. It was claimed that the clerk had thus changed a Demo cratic majority of thirty-seven into a Whig majority of one hundred and sixty- nine. From the county of Middlesex the Whig clerk made no return of the election held in the township of South Amboy, in which the Democratic majority was two hundred and fifty-two. It was also further stated that the Cumberland and Middlesex returns had been "held back," until the result in HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 121 other parts of the State was known. Indignant protests were sent to the Gov ernor and Council, who met to canvas the result upon the 24th of October. The Governor and Council were unmoved by the storm of popular disapproval, refused to recognize a Democratic majority of three hundred and fifty-eight from the townships of Millville and South Amboy, and refused, in fact, to recognize any Congressional election as having been held in those townships. The defense of the Governor and Council to these serious charges rested practically upon a single proposition. It was that in canvassing the Congres sional vote they were merely ministerial 'officers, that returns in legal form had been made from all the counties, that they had no right to go beyond the mere form, and that they could not amend, correct, reject or set aside such returns for any reason, other than informality. Under such conditions the Governor affixed to the certificates of election of the Whig Congressional candidates the "Broad Seal of the State of New Jersey," and immediately the scene of action was transferred to Washington, where, in 1839, the memorable "Broad Seal War'' was bitterly fought. The battle for the organization of the House of Representatives began upon the 2d of December, 1839. The Whig delegates from New Jersey, if ad mitted, would array the House against the existent Democratic administration. Hugh A. Garland, of Virginia, clerk of the previous House, in calling the roll, upon reaching New Jersey, announced that the seats of the delegates were con tested. He also stated his lack of authority to decide the contest, which must be left to an organized House. An animated debate followed, and as Garland refused to put a motion to adjourn, the members left the House. The 3d and 4th of December were spent in useless, not to say violent debate. Upon the 5th John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, essayed the difficult task of adjusting the conflicting interests. He decried the policy of the clerk, Garland, and offered a resolution to the effect that the clerk call the names of those members from New Jersey, to whose certificates the "Great" or "Broad" seal was attached. He added that any member might offer an amendment, and thus bring the question to issue. The question was put by Adams, who was also placed in the chair until final organization should be had. The House then proceeded to the election of R. M. T. Hunter, of Vir ginia, as speaker. After a prolonged struggle Garland was re-elected clerk, and the House, excluding the Whig Congressman from New Jersey, adjourned upon the 24th of December. Thus ended the "Broad Seal War." BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OP NEW JERSEY. ABRAHAM COLES, Widely known as a scholar, poet, philanthropist, physician and surgeon, was born in the old homestead of his family, at Scotch Plains, New Jersey, Decem ber 26, 1813, and died during a visit to California, at the Hoted del Monte, near Monterey, May 3, 1891. He was of Scotch and Dutch descent, his ancestors being among the earliest settlers of New York and New Jersey. His great grandfather, William Coles, had, with his wife, established himself in early colonial days, at Scotch Plains, and there Dr. Coles' grandfather, James Coles, was born in 1744. The latter married, in 1768, Elizabeth Frazee. Their son, Dennis, the father of Dr. Coles, was born at Scotch Plains, in 1778, and died there in 1844. He was a man of general culture, rare integrity and excellent judgment, skilled in mathematics, a lover of polite literature, a printer, a pub lisher, a polished speaker, a member of the State Legislature, and an accom plished writer. Dr. Abraham Coles was educated by his parents until the age of twelve, when he entered the dry goods store of a relative in New York City, with whom he remained five years. Here he acquired a thorough business education, while at the same time devoting his spare time to reading and study. At the age of seventeen he withdrew from this business to accept a position as teacher of Latin and mathematics in the academy of the Rev. Lewis Bond, at Plainfield, New Jersey. Subsequently, for six months, he studied law in the office of Hon. Joseph C. Hornblower, of Newark, and although the law was not to prove his chosen vocation, he, during this time, acquired a taste and solid foundation for legal study, which he never abandoned, and which in after years was invaluable to him in his association with eminent jurists. After reading Blackston's and Kent's Commentaries with care, and in the meantime consulting his natural tastes and inclinations, which drew him strongly toward medicine, he chose the latter, and, after first attending lectures at the University and the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City, he entered Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1835. The following year he opened an office, as physician and surgeon, in Newark, New Jersey. In 1842 he married Caroline Ackerman, daughter of Jonathan C. and 124 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Maria S. Ackerman, of New Brunswick, New Jersey. She died in 1845, leaving one son and one daughter. Dr. Coles soon won a high position in his profession, becoming especially distinguished in surgical cases, to which he was frequently called in consulta tion. In 1848 he went abroad, visiting England and France, and making a special study of their hospitals and schools of medicine. He was in Paris during the stormy days— May and June, 1848— of the dictatorship of General Cavignac and the so-called French republic that followed, and, as correspon dent of the Newark "Daily Advertiser," described the bloody scenes of which he was an eye witness. Returning to Newark, he at once resumed practice. At this time he was regarded as the most accomplished practitioner in Newark, eminent alike for his professional and literary acquirements. In 1853 and 1854 he was again abroad, traveling extensively, studying the continental languages, and adding largely to his store of medical knowledge by contact socially and in consultation with the most eminent physicians and surgeons of Europe. The life, character and celebrity of Dr. Coles, eminent as he was as physician and surgeon, however, are chiefly associated with his literary and scholarly at tainments, his published writings, and particularly his religious hymns and trans lations, which have given him a world-wide reputation. He had, early in his professional career, been a contributor to various periodicals, but it was not until March 17, 1847, that his first translation of the "Dies Irae" appeared in the Newark "Daily Advertiser." This translation attracted the attention and admiration of scholars through out the literary world, who pronounced it the best that had ever been made into English. Harriet Beecher Stowe introduced a portion of it in her Uncle Tom's Cabin, and Henry Ward Beecher had it set to music for his Plymouth Collection of Hymns. In 1859 Dr. Coles published, with some slight alterations, this transla tion, together with twelve other versions which he had made since 1847. This volume, entitled "Dies Irae in Thirteen Original Versions," (sixth edition, 1892), appeared in the Appletons' best style of binding, and contained an introduc tion, history of the hymn, music and photographic illustrations of the Last Judgment, by Michael Angleo, Rubens, Cornelius, and Ary Scheffer. The book met with immediate success. "If not all of equal excellence," said George Ripley, in the New York 'Tribune,' it is hard to decide as to their respective merits, so admirably do they embody the tone and sentiment of the original in vigorous and impressive verse." In 1865 he published his first translation of the passion hymn, "Stabat Mater Dolorosa." Dr. Philip Schaff, alluding to some eighty German and sev eral English translations that had been made up to that time, said: "Dr. Coles has best succeeded in a faithful rendering of the Mater Dolorosa. His ad mirable English version carefully preserves the measure of the original." In 1866 appeared his "Old Gems in New Settings," (third edition, 1891), in which many treasured old Latin hymns, including "Urbs Coclestis Tyon," "De Con- temptu Mundi," "Veni Sancte Spiritus," and "Yeni Creator Spiritus," are faith fully translated. In the following year he published his translation of "Stabat Mater Speciosa," (second edition, 1891). In 1866, at the centennial meeting of the New Jersey State Medical Society, BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. ,25 held in Rutgers College, New Brunswick, Dr. Coles, as president, read his poem, entitled "The Microcosm," which was published with the proceedings of the Society. This poem was subsequently (in 1891) published in a volume contain ing "The Microcosm," (fifth edition, 1891), "National Lyrics and Miscellane ous Poems," together with three additional versions of "Dies Irae." In 1874 he published "The Evangel," (pages 400, second edition, 1891). "The purpose of this volume," said George Ripley in the New York "Tribune," "would be usually regarded as beyond the scope of poetic composition. It aims to reproduce the scenes of the Gospel history in verse, with a strict adherence to the sacred narrative, and no greater degree of imaginative coloring than would serve to present the facts in the most brilliant and impressive light. But the subject is one with which the author cherishes so profound a sympathy,- as in some sense to justify the boldness of the attempt. The Oriental cast of his mind allures him to the haunts of sacred song, and produces a vital communion with the spirit of Hebrew poetry. Had he lived in the days of Isaiah or Jere miah, he might have been one of the bards who sought inspiration at Siloa's brook that flowed fast by the oracle of God." In 1884 the Appletons issued Dr. Coles' poem, "The Light of the World," as a single volume, also bound together with a second edition of "The Evangel," under the general title "The Life and Teachings of our Lord in Verse," being a complete harmonized exposition of the four Gospels, with original notes, etc. Among the many foreign letters received by Dr. Coles, in which reference is made to this work, we find one from the Hon. John Bright, M. P., one from the Right Hon. William E. Gladstone, M. P., written from 10 Downing street, Whitehall, London, and one from Stephen Gladstone, written from Hawarden Rectory, Chester, England. The late Hon. Frederick W Ricord, in his memorial address before the New Jersey Historical Society (May 18, 1892), said: "Dr. Coles was a man who possessed and enjoyed a religion found upon the teachings of the Old and New Testaments. It was a religion which pervaded all the recesses of his heart, which gave a temper to all his thoughts, which entered into all the transactions of his life, — a religion of the soul, a religion of the closet, a religion which he cared not whether the world was cognizant of or not, never seeking to thrust it upon others, or to display it as a beautiful, well-fitting garment. He recognized God as a being to be worshipped, to be loved and to be obeyed; and he accorded to his neighbor the same love that he had for himself. He was, however, a man of strong convictions, and in religious matters those convictions were the result of a thorough investigation by a mind well-equipped, and influenced in its labors only by a desire to find out the truth. So ardent and thorough a stu dent of the Scriptures as he was, reading them in the languages in which they earliest appeared, he was fully able to give a reason for the faith that was in him, which was strictly evangelical." The late Dr. Ezra M. Hunt, and others eminent in their profession were, before graduation, students of medicine in the office of Dr. Coles, who was particular to impress upon the memory of his hearers the danger of prescribing, for use in the nursery, hospital, and in general practice, preparations containing alcohol or opium, affirming that, although they produce effects that differ, they agree in this, that if used habitually, they alike tend, by a law as constant as 126 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. gravity itself, to establish a tyranny compared with which chains, racks, dungeons and whatever else go to make up the material apparatus of the most cruel despotism are as nothing. Dr. Coles was not a prohibitionist in his political sense, but as a Christian, physician, chemist and scientist, he taught and practiced total abstinence. In the light of history, the power, and the consequent responsibility of arresting and preventing the spread of the plague of intemperance would seem to rest, primarily, with the members of the medical, and secondarily, with the members of the clerical profession, inasmuch as without their aid other philanthropists have generally, if not always, failed in their efforts to effect any permanent abate ment of the ravages of the disease, centuries of evidence bearing witness to the fact that argument is of little or no avail with those who can quote their phy sician or pastor as their authority for non-abstinence. In 1888 Dr. Coles put forth a volume of more than three hundred and fifty pages, entitled, "A New Rendering of the Hebrew Psalms into English Verse," with notes, critical, historical and biographical, including an historical sketch of the "French, English and Scotch metrical versions." "Dr. Coles' name on the title page," says the New York "Tribune," "is a sufficient indication of the excel lence and thoroughness of the work done." During his travels abroad, Dr. Coles had been greatly impressed with the private and public parks of Europe, and as early as 1862 inaugurated a unique project of landscape gardening upon seventeen acres of his ancestral farm, at Scotch Plains, New Jersey, converting it into a park of rare beauty, adorned with imported statuary, and every attainable choice variety of tree and shrub It was named "Deerhurst," from its herd of deer. Here he had his country home, built of brick, stone, foreign and native woods, with its library, memorable alike for its architectural beauty, its "easy-chair," its works of art, and as the rendezvous of distinguished guests. Here the Doctor spent the last thirty years of his life, with his son and daughter as constant associates, the latter gracefully presiding over their father's establishment among literary and professional friends. While on a visit with his son and daughter to California, Dr. Coles died suddenly, May 3, 1891, from heart complication, resulting from an attack of la grippe. At the time of his decease his life and works were extensively com mented upon by the press, secular and religious. Appreciatory letters were re ceived by his family from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, England; from the Royal Society, London; from the Academy des Sciences, Paris; from the home of Tennyson, Isle of Wight; from the Executive Mansion, Washing ton, D. C, etc. The funeral services were held in Newark, New Tersey, the private services at the home of his married life, on Market street, 'and the pub lic services in the Peddie Memorial Church, its pastor, Rev. Dr. Wm. W. Bovd, presiding, the Rev. Dr. Philip Schaff, by reason of the serious illness of his son! was prevented from preaching the funeral sermon. An address by Rev! Charles F. Deems, D. D., of New York, was preceded by prayer by the Rev. Dr. Robert Lowry, and the singing of Dr. Coles' hymns, "Ever With Thee," and "All the Days." An address by George Dana Boardman, D. D., was followed by the singing of Dr. Coles' translation of St. Bernard of Clairvaux's hvmn, "Jesus Dulcis Memoria." BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 127 The New Jersey Historical Society attended in a body. James Russell Lowell, in a sympathetic note, one of the last he wrote, said: "I regret very much I cannot share in the sad function of pall-bearer, but my health will not permit it." The pallbearers were: Vice-Chancellor Abram V. Van Fleet, Judge David A Depue, ex-Chancellor Theodore Runyon, Hon. Amzi Dodd, Hon. Thomas N. McCarter, Hon. Cortlandt Parker, Hon. A. Q. Keasbey, Hon. Frederick W. Ricord, Noah Brooks, Alexander H. Ritchie, Spencer Goble, James W. Schoch, William Rankin, Charles Kvte, Edmund C. Stedman, Dr. Ezra M. Hunt, Dr. A. W. Rogers, Dr. S. H. Pennington, Dr. B. L. Dodd, Dr. J .C. Young and Dr. T. H. Tomlinson. His body was laid to rest by the side of that of his wife, in Willow Grove Cemetery, New Brunswick, New Jersey. In addition to his published works, Dr. Coles, at his death, left in manu script, translations of the whole of Bernard Clairvaux's "Address to the Various Members of Christ's Body Hanging on the Cross;" the whole of Hildebert's "Address to the Three Persons of the Most Holy Trinity;" selections from the Greek and Latin classics, and various writings on literary, medical and scientific subjects. The titles of Dr. Coles were: A. M , from Rutgers College; Ph. D., from Lewisburg (now Bucknell) University, Pennsylvania; and LL.D., conferred in 1871, by the College of New Jersey at Princeton. "In the presence of several thousand people an heroic bronze bust of the late Dr. Abraham Coles, by John Quincy Adams Ward, with its valuable and unique pedestal," says the New York "Herald," was formally unveiled in the city of Newark, New Jersey, July 5, 1897. "The base of the bust represents two large folio volumes, bearing the titles of the published works of Dr. Coles. These rest upon the capstone of the pedestal, consisting of a monolith from the Mount of Olives, which, in turn, rests on one from Jerusalem, beneath which are two from Nazareth of Galilee, resting on two stones from Bethlehem of Judea. "The stones are highly polished on three sides, and are very beautiful. This is especially true of the monolith from Solomon's quarry, under Jerusalem, be lieved to be like unto those used in construction of the Temple, and to which Christ's attention was called by one of His disciples, as He went out of the Tem ple on His way to the Mount of Olives, (Mark xiii, 1). The fourth side, or back of each stone'has, for geological reasons, been left rough, as it came from the hands of the Judean or Galilean workmen. "The foundation stone is a huge bowlder of about seven tons weight, brought from Plymouth, Massachusetts, the homeland of the Pilgrim Fathers; combined with this is a portion of one of the monoliths of Cheops, the great pyramid of Egypt. The'memorial is surrounded by monoliths of Quincy, Mas sachusetts, granite, each fourteen feet long, bolted into corner-stone posts, quar ried not far from Mount Tabor, nigh unto Tiberas and the Sea of Galilee. ^ "Cast in solid bronze on the front of the pedestal is a copy of Dr. Coles well known national song of praise, 'The Rock of Ages,' while riveted to Plymouth Rock is a solid bronze tablet containing an oft-repeated extract from a treatise by Dr. Coles, on law and its relation to Christianity. "The stones of Palestine were secured through the agency of the Rev. Fd- win T. Wallace, A. M., our counsul at Jerusalem. 128 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. "The foundation bed is composed of Palestine, Egyptian and Newark broken stone, bound together with Egyptian cement. Imbedded beneath the stones ire a copy of the Bible; a complete list of the passengers of the Mayflower, with a sketch of their lives, from the Boston 'Transcript;' the Declaration of Inde pendence, with the signers thereof; the Constitution of the United States of America; a list of the Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution; the new constitution and list of the members of the New Jersey Historical Society; list of the members of the American Medical Association; all the published works of Dr. Abraham Coles; some water taken from the Dead Sea by Dr. Coles; a stone ornament from Caesar's palace at Rome, and other objects of local, State and national interest. "On the afternoon of July 5th, Mayor Seymour presiding, the exercises in Washington Park were begun," says the Newark "Daily Advertiser," "by the band playing and the large assemblage singing Dr. Coles' national hymn, 'My Native Land,' the music being under the direction of John C. Day, of St. Luke's Methodist Episcopal Church. Letters were received from President and Mrs. McKinley, executive mansion, Washington, D. C; from Vice-Presi dent, Garret A. Hobart, President of the United States Senate; from Governor John W. Griggs, of New Jersey; from Bishop John H. Vincent, Chancellor of Chatauqua University, and from others prominent in political and literary circles." "After prayer by the Rev. Dr. Robert Lowry, the large American flag sur rounding the bronze bust and its pedestal, was unfurled by President William A Gay, of the Board of Education, revealing, amid hearty cheers, the benignant and classical features of the late Dr. Abraham Coles. "Dr. Jonathan Ackerman Coles, the donor, then made the address of presentation: 'In recognition and appreciation,' said Dr. Coles, 'of the bond of fellowship that existed between the people of Newark and my father, the late Dr. Abraham Coles, on account of his active efforts in the promotion of the physical, religious, educational and scientific development of this city, it is with civic pride and pleasure I now present to your honor the bronze and pedestal just unveiled by the President of the Board of Education, — an historic memorial, different and distinctive from that possessed by any other city or nation, and, in editorial language, 'in harmony with the life career of the physician and scholar it commemorates.' " The statue was formally accepted on behalf of the city by Mayor James M. Seymour President William Stainsby accepted the statue on behalf of the Board of Works. Mr. Stainsby was followed by the Rev. A. H. Tuttle, who read a scholarly and very interesting paper reviewing the works of Abraham Coles, "the Physician-Poet." After the benediction by the Rev. Dr. D. J. Yerkes, there was more music. In the words of the New York "Observer," "the whole occasion was a delightful tribute of honor to the memory of a noble man." m /'¦'¦ - ^ """ ^P^^I-tC^— wI^^^&Bb^BBBA9B$BSmsb&£3$& *.|i>9 Iii ^SSflKm.'- mmm 9 :". - -/ : ¦ ¦¦¦¦-:Wi ¦B EbbShbk ^pp^ ^IT- ..,"'¦ - "i^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^fflpllM' iT i Ji^= : . : ¦' • ' sifgsijaSg ^H :' Hsira^ . ^H^ ^9 ll^^^^^^sii§i| — ~~ '-^T TT^-feg jajjMWMUH^w^^w^ 5lr„- - ~."T^ ~t . > ' lIlBBtigllp 1 ' ' ! ¦ ' ^-M ¦ *'r JtMBm " ' ¦^m^tiff^C - ;,- "-;/-"; .: ¦¦ -^HBfijra '''v ' ' *F j#X^ MB M -~mML^\ " " j[^jMffl^Bsesg^BS|M»- KB . BJSHJfflBJSSBBim^fo^ " - -IHt- - A'''' "m^mmiMK/lIm B| BJI^'^^p^'^^i'i'V^ii'f* . >^9B^rarai '*¦ - • fiflfiBfflflwWflfl'^^ J "'¦¦'¦¦'. '#£— Sjtfff ¦Jtjfcf- ¦" J^-Hffijsg i ••- ¦ • -iSflfflMillW^^^r^Py i j " ' -¦ *-;< ABgBX j . f|pi^£'_£'" ¦ ? : HhHhbHEsBI jJr^GS ^S :', ¦ ' Asm B Ril sttH wMk<£flmm ^Es&&&bB8bs3b&m aBiHH Mm?£& ^^^B -:. R / Jr ' Mecroijolnavt ri. uliEluni &.En4rsviii6 Co. HuJMstown.l'T.J V BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 153 founders of the first Temperance Societies in this country, who also was the author of the celebrated ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River, forever prohibiting involuntary ser vitude therein, was a son of Dr. John Dane, as was also the Hon. Joseph Dane, of Maine. John and Francis descended from that branch of the Danes, of France, of whom Peter, born at Paris in 1497, was one. Peter Dane became a professor of Greek in the Royal College, and was an active member of the Council of Trent, a preceptor to the Dauphin, (after Francis II). Was Bishop of Lavan in 1557, a noted author, a speaker of commanding eloquence, renowned for his charity to the poor and the embodiment of unaffected piety. He died in 1557. Mr. John Dane, Jr., has resided in Essex county continuously for more than thirty-five years, and is the owner of considerable valuable property in New Jer sey. He strongly endorses the public park scheme of Essex county as being one of the most important, timely and wise undertakings for the future well-be ing of the eastern part of the State that has ever been attempted. During the winter months he occupies, with his family, his capacious house on Park avenue in the City of Orange, and in the summer, his beautiful park-home "Holly wood," on Orange Mountain, which is said to be one of the most beautiful pri vate parks in that part of the State. The grounds were purchased by him more than twenty years ago, when he at once proceeded to erect buildings thereon and lay out lawns, groves, drives, walks, deer enclosures, lakes, et cetera, with shrubbery and flowers in profusion and variety. These with an extensive area of natural forest, form a home-park of unusual diversity and beauty. Mr. Dane has also a large and valuable law library, and in addition a very choice and extensive home library of general and special literature, consisting in part of Historical, Biographical, Scientific and Religious Works, Travels, Dis coveries, Prehistoric Research, Ancient and Modern Arts in general, and many rare works, aggregating in all several thousand volumes. Three elegant copper plate views of Hollywood accompany this article. He married Miss Francis Whitney, of Augusta, Maine, in i860. His only daughter living, is the wife of Mr. J. E. Whitney, a merchant of Boston, Mas sachusetts, where they reside. His oldest son, Charles Francis, is also a member of the New York bar, where he has practiced for several years; Herbert Evelyn, another son, is at the present time a student in the "New York Law School." Mr. Dane has two other sons, Frederic Willis and Clifford Franklin. HON. AMZI DODD, A distinguished son of New Jersey, late Vice-Chancellor and for ten years a Special Justice of the Court of Errors and Appeals of that Commonwealth, and since 1882, President of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company, of New ark, was born in what is now the township of Montclair, then part of the town ship of Bloomfield, Essex county, New Jersey, on March 2, 1823. Judge Dodd descends from Daniel Dodd (or Dod, as the name was formerly spelled), an i54 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. English Puritan who came to America about 1646, and whose son, also named Daniel, was one of the founders of Newark, being among those of the people of Branford, Conn., who settled there with the Rev. Abraham Pierson, in 1666. The younger Dodd was a very able mathematician, followed surveying as a pro fession, and was honored, in 1692, by being chosen a member of the Colonial General Assembly. The grandfather of the subject of this sketch was General John Dodd, who lived and died in Bloomfield. He was a surveyor, a local magistrate, much sought after and employed as executor, trustee and convey ancer. His son, the late Dr. Joseph Smith Dodd, the father of Amzi, and a graduate of the College of New Jersey (Princeton) in 1813, was for upwards of thirty years a leading practitioner of medicine in Bloomfield, N. J., his native place, where he died, rich in the love and esteem oT his fellow-citizens, on Sep tember 5, 1847. Doctor Dodd's wife, the mother of Amzi, was Maria, daughter of the Rev. Stephen Grover, for fifty years pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Caldwell, N. J., and one of the most beloved and honored divines of his day. Amzi Dodd was the second son of his parents. He was carefully educated at home and at the Bloomfield Academy, and in 1839 was so well advanced in his studies that he found no difficulty in securing admission to the Sophomore class at the College of New Jersey, his father's alma mater. In 1841 had completed the full course and was graduated with the highest honors, being chosen to de liver the Latin salutatory at the commencement in September of that year. Among his classmates who have risen to distinction may be mentioned the Rev. Dr. Theodore Cuyler, the eminent Brooklyn divine; Rev. Dr. Duffield, of Princeton University; Francis P. Blair, late of Missouri; John T. Nixon, United States District Judge; Edward W. Scudder of the New Jersey Supreme Court; Rev. Dr. Potter, of Ohio; Prof. A. Alexander Hodge, Hon. Craig Biddle, and others in legal and ministerial life. During the ensuing four years he was enr gaged in teaching, principally in Virginia, but having the intention of becoming a lawyer, he read law diligently and gave his vacations to acquiring a prac tical insight into its intricacies by attendance and service in the office of Messrs. Miller and Whelpley, prominent lawyers at Morristown, N. J. In January, 1848, he was duly licensed as an attorney and admitted to the New Jersey bar; and shortly afterward became associated in legal business with the Hon. Fred erick T. Frelinghuysen, then an eminent practitioner at the bar, and later Sec retary of State of the United States. In 1850 Mr. Dodd severed this connection to devote himself to the duties of the office of clerk of the Common Council of Newark. For three years he held this position, maintaining his own law offices and attending to such practice as came his way. This finally grew to such volume that he resigned the office named in order the more fully to devote him self to regular professional work. Early connected with corporation and fidu ciary affairs, led him largely into legal departments, calling for judicial, rather than forensic powers. Although occasionally taking part in litigated cases in court, he was far less inclined to jury trials than to arguments to the bench, in which his intellect and also his temperament found far more congenial exercise. Mr. Dodd early developed ability as a public speaker. His first effort of conse quence was a Fourth of July oration, delivered in the First Presbyterian Church at Newark, in 185 1. "His panegyric upon Washington fell from his tongue deep into every heart, and for many a clay the young orator's name was on every BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 155 lip." Later effort about this time, were a literary address at commencement at Princeton, and a discourse before the Essex County Bible Society, of which he was President. Opposed to the extension of slavery to the territories, he was one of that resolute little band of anti-slavery men who raised their voices in loud protest against the movement in its favor, and as a "Free-Soiler" aided in the formation of the Republican party, and became an active champion of its principles. In 1856 he was selected to lead the fight in Essex and Hudson counties, being chosen as the Republican nominee for Congress in the district they constituted; and in this campaign, as well as in that of i860, which re sulted in the election of Lincoln, he won new laurels as an orator. In 1863 he was elected by the Republicans of Essex county to the New Jersey Legislature, but declined a second term. Brilliant, logical and powerful as an orator, he might, had he so willed, have achieved forensic distinction equal to that of his most gifted contemporaries. There was that in his nature, however, which in clined him to the role of counsellor rather than to that of advocate; and while gracefully yielding to the calls made upon him to deliver lectures before lyceums and institutions of learning, and to greet his old classmates at Princeton in an anniversary oration, he gradually relinquished his public oratorical efforts, the more completely to devote himself to the demands of professional work. These demands have been rather upon his judgment as a man of great legal attain ments and professed knowledge of business as conducted in all pursuits of life, than upon his abilities as an advocate, and in the end has given him as large a field of usefulness and have brought him as much distinction and honor as would have been likely to result from the exercise of his oratorical powers. As a faithful attorney, a judicious counsellor, and a master of legal learning, Mr. Dodd became widely known in the State, and took rank with the ablest of his colleagues. It was not surprising therefore, that, when in 1871, the business of the Court of Chancery became so pressing that Chancellor Zabriskie was obliged to ask for the appointment of Vice-Chancellor, Mr. Dodd was selected for the position. Appointed thereto by Governor Randolph, he was immedi ately confirmed and at once entered upon the duties of this judicial office. In the delicate and important work thus assigned to him, he was engaged continu ously until 1875, when he resigned. In 1872 he was nominated by Governor Parker and confirmed by the Senate as one of the Special Justices of the Court of Errors and Appeals, the highest judicial tribunal in the State. In 1878, to ward the close of his term as Justice of the Court, the Governor of the State, Gen. George B. McClellan, wrote him as follows: "State of New Jersey, Executive Department, "Trenton, January 18, 1878. "Hon. Amzi Dodd, Newark. "Dear Sir: Although your term of office as a member of the Court of Appeals does not expire for several weeks, there are reasons which seem to ren der it advisable for me to take measures .to fill the appointment at an early day. I do not care to make a nomination without first ascertaining the wishes of the partv most interested, and I, therefore, write to say to you that it will afford me peculiar satisfaction to be permitted to nominate you as your own successor. Perhaps you will pardon me for saying that I am led to this determination by the 1 56 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. high estimate in which you are held by all who have been thrown in contact with you. Very truly and respectfully your obedient servant, "(Signed) GEORGE B. McCLELLAN." To this flattering and distinguished recognition of his services accompanied by so earnest a suggestion that he accept re-appointment, Judge Dodd returned an affirmative reply, whereupon Governor McClellan made the appointment, sending with his commission the following complimentary letter: "State of New Jersey, Executive Department, "Trenton, February J, 1878. "Hon. Amzi Dodd, Court of Errors and Appeals. "My Dear Sir: — I take great pleasure in forwarding to you the new com mission for the office you now hold. This appointment was made solely in con sequence of your eminent merit and without solicitation from any quarter, and it is very gratifying to me that you have consented to accept it. Very truly your friend, "(Signed) GEO. B. McCLELLAN." In 1881 Judge Dodd was again called to serve the State as Vice-Chancel- lor, taking the office at the request of Chancellor Runyon; but in the following year he resigned this position, and also his seat upon the bench of the Court of Errors and Appeals, being moved to do so by the pressure brought to bear upon him to accept the presidency of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Com pany of Newark — a corporation with which he had been officially connected as mathematician for nearly twenty years. In this office he succeeded his friend, Mr. Lewis C. Grover, who had resigned. In 1875 Judge Dodd was appointed a member of the New Jersey Board of Riparian Commissioners by Governor Bedle, and held that position until April, 1887. In 1876 the Su preme Court of the State appointed him one of the managers of the New Jersey Soldiers' Home. In this service — a gratuitous one — he has continued down to the present day, laboring with zeal and scrupulous fidelity in the interests of these veteran wards of the State. It is a noteworthy circumstance that though of pronounced Republican political views, the several public offices he has held have been by appointments received from Democratic administrations, and, it is to be added, unsolicited on his part. From May, 1871, to February, 1882, as has already appeared, Mr. Dodd was engaged in judicial duties. His opin ions as an equity judge are to be found in the New Jersey Reports, volumes 22 to 34 inclusive; and as a member of the Court of Errors and Appeals, the court of last resort for the review of the Supreme, Chancery, and inferior courts, his opinions are in volumes 36 to 42 inclusive. They are regarded by legal men as possessing superior merit and belonging to the best class of judicial pro ductions. Some of them have become authoritative cases in important ques tions. One of the most notable is that of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company against the National Railroad Company, decided in 1873, ar>d recorded in Vol ume 7, C. E. Gr. 441. The decree of Vice-Chancellor Dodd in this case was supported by a train of argumentation so clear and conclusive that no appeal was taken from it, though great property interests as well as public questions of BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 157 great importance were involved. The result of the injunction issued against the defendant, prohibiting the construction of the proposed road was the pas sage soon after of the general railroad law of the State, in pursuance of the sug gestions in the opinion that such a law was the necessary means for obtaining what the judicial tribunals under existing laws could not assume to supply. In a well-known historical account of New Jersey legislation, this celebrated case is spoken of as follows : "Chancellor Zabriskie was in Europe at the time, and the application for injunction restraining the construction of the new road was made to Amzi Dodd, the Vice-Chancellor, the peer of the Chancellor in legal skill and learn ing. The hearing extended during several months. The Chancery Court rooms, the morning he read his opinion, were crowded to suffocation. The ex citement created by this decision was simply enormous. Coming on the eve of the decisive battle between the two corporations in the halls of the Legis lature, then in session, its importance may be imagined, but its effect can scarcely be described. The A'ice-Chancellor was praised and denounced by turns, com mended for having stamped on a vicious abuse of the State's highest preroga tive, and denounced by the men who had expected to profit by the fraud. His decision helped to give new force to the drift of public sentiment. The peo ple had been impatient of the monopoly that sought to keep every competing line out of the State, and their sympathies had been given to those interested in the new line movement. But the suspicions with which the revelations made during the course of this litigation had covered them, now made them objects of distrust. The only escape from these men on the one side and the legisla tive monopoly on the other was a bill that should open the way for the use of the soil to all roads with wise restrictions; and so an enormous impulse was given to the demand for a free and general railroad enactment." Retiring from judicial life in 1882 to become the President of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company, of which he had been for many years the ad vising mathematician, and one of its directors, Mr. Dodd has since given his at tention to. the large affairs of that great institution. He succeeded as mathe matician the late Joseph P Bradley, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. The love of mathematical studies, common to both, was indulged dur ing many years prior to the Justice's death, in their letters to each other on scientific and literary topics. The fondness of Judge Bradley for studies in most of the departments of knowledge is well known. His letters evince his appre ciation of the like taste and pursuits in Mr. Dodd; whose large collection of books, new and old, relating to science, literature, history and theology, has long made his home the most attractive of places to himself for recreation from professional work, and for the enjoyment of his family and friends. In 1874 he received the degree of LL. D. from his Alma Mater. Judge Dodd's active and useful life has been absolutely free from sensational attempts to arrest pub lic attention and singularly devoid" of ostentation; yet no man in the State is bet ter known, more highly respected, or more popular. Married in 1852 to Miss Jane Frame, a daughter of Mr. William Frame, of Bloomfield, he resided in the City of Newark until the summer of i860, when he removed to his present home in Bloomfield. His domestic life has been a delightful one, and the social position of his family has always been second to none. Of the nine chil- i S8 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. dren of the marriage, three daughters and three sons are living. The eldest, Tulia, is the wife of Rev. H. B. Frissell, D. D , principal of the Hampton {Ya.) Normal and Agricultural Institute, the able successor of General Armstrong, its famous founder. One of the daughters, Caroline, is the wife of Leonard Richards, a New York merchant, and the third, Louise, unmarried, resides with her parents. One of the sons, William S. Dodd, is a lawyer; one, Edward Whelpley, is in business, and the third, Joseph Smith Dodd, is a practicing phy sician. NICHOLAS C. J. ENGLISH, English town, Monmouth county, New Jersey, received its name from James English, who settled there in 1737. ¦ His grandson was James Robinson Eng lish, a business man of Englishtown, and his son, the Rev. James T. Eng lish, the father of Nicholas C. J. English, was a prominent minister in the Pres byterian Church, who removed from that place to Somerset county many years since. The Rev. James T. English was prominent among the clergy of his church, and filled his only appointment for the long period of thirty-five years He was a graduate of Union College of New York, subsequently of the Theological Seminary at Princeton, New Jersey, and was called to Liberty Corner, Somer set count}', New Jersey, — the only pastorate held by him, and one in which he remained till the time of his death. His wife was Mary Elizabeth Jobs, daugh ter of Nicholas C. Jobs, prominent as a justice of the peace, a Member of the Assembly for several terms, and postmaster for his town for nearly fifty years. There were born of this union four sons and one daughter. Of the sons three became lawyers and one a physician, all prominent in their professions. Nicholas C. J. English was born at Liberty Corner, Somerset county, November 4, 1842, and, as his parentage shows, came from old New Jersey stock. He received a good common-school education, and was then so tor- oughly prepared for college at Basking Ridge, New Jersey, as to enter the Sophomore class at Princeton. Basking Ridge was four miles away, but young English went daily from his home to that place, much of the time on foot, until his labors were completed. In 1865 he graduated among the honor men of his class, and immediately afterward commenced the study of the law, under the direction of his brother, James R. English, with whom he was associated in the practice of his profession for twenty-five years. The firm of J. R. & N. English composed of the two brothers, .has clone a very extensive business, the members having a high professional standing among the more important leading business men and great corporations of Eastern New Jersey. As a lawyer Mr. English has an enviable reputation for sterling honesty, and is esteemed as a counsellor in civil, rather than in criminal cases. His practice, in consequence, is largely in the settling of corporation suits, trusts and chancery cases, in which the firm was most reputably known. He cares little for office or political preferment, but has been, however, somewhat prominently identified from time to time with the affairs of the city government, and with various enterprises in Elizabeth. /f-/jjf, ^~^7Ctf/ BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 159 He was one of the directors in the extension of the line of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, is a director of the First National Bank of Elizabeth, is a trustee of the Pingry School, and with the late Hon. James S. Green founded the Elizabeth General Hospital; is also identified with other interests of his city and state. There is no spot on earth more dear to Mr. English than his home. His was a happy union, in 1870, with Miss Ella J. Hall, daughter of William Hall, Esq., of Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Mr. Hall, now in the evening of his days, has been one of the most progressive and successful business men of that city. Two sons were the fruit of this union. One, William H., died before graduating from Princeton College, of which he was a student. The other son, Conover, is now pursuing a course of instruction in the same institution. Mr. English is an elder in the Second Presbyterian Church of Elizabeth, and is actively identified with the interests of that society, giving of his means liber ally for charitable purposes. Mr. English considers himself identified also with the interests of old Somerset county, as he owns the old homestead farm, at Liberty Corner, where he was born and where he spends part of the time each year. This farm has been owned successively by members of the family for five generations. During the Revolution it was the scene of stormy events, and traditions of Indian, French and British soldiers cluster around it. WILLIAM B. QOODSPEED, Was born in Hyannis, Massachusetts, June 15, 1845. His ancestors were among the earliest settlers of Massachusetts, the maternal line (Howlands) com ing over in the Mayflower. In early boyhood he was infatuated with the sea. Having five uncles who were sea captains, he made a trip with one of them, sailing as cabin boy from Boston, but changing his mind regarding a seafaring life when outside of the harbor, he was placed on board of a passing pilot boat bound for New York. His family having moved to Hoboken, New Jersey, at the age of sixteen he went as messenger boy in the First National Bank of Hoboken. He was gradually promoted, until he reached the position of cashier, holding that position from 1883 until the time of his death, — which occurred suddenly from apoplexy, Jan uary 3, 1899. Mr. Goodspeed was the confidential adviser of many widows and orphans, and was of exceptionally sound judgment, on all financial matters. In politics he was a Republican. In East Orange, N. J., September, 1878, he was married to Mary A., daughter of William G. Shepherd and Augusta B. Taylor. Mrs. Goodspeed's grandfather, Benjamin S. Taylor, who was prominent in business and financial circles in Hoboken, New Jersey, was president of the Hoboken Savings Bank and also of the First National Bank, and his son-in-law, William G. Shepherd, the father-in-law of William B. Goodspeed, was also in turn, presi dent of both banks. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Goodspeed were, William Starr, Arthur Baxter, Shepherd, Aline Augusta, and three others who died in infancy. 160 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. In 1893 ^lr- Goodspeed moved to Summit, New Jersey, from East Orange, where he had resided since if RALPH B. GOWDY. The Scotch-Irish race has furnished many distinguished and patriotic citi zens to this country. They are scattered throughout the various states, and are eminent in business as well as in statesmanship, politics and war. Among the successful and highly esteemed business men and citizens of Toms River, Ralph T>. Gowdy maintains an honorable position. Born in Enfield, Conn., in 1832, he is the son of Daniel and Anna (Harper) Gowdy, both of Scotch-Irish ancestry. The Gowdy family settled in Hartford county, Conn., about the year 1700, and were among the earliest settlers there. The paternal grandfather of Captain Gowdy, Daniel Gowdy, owned a large and valuable tract of land, and was a prominent and successful farmer. The famous Hazard Powder Works are located on land originally owned by him. Daniel Gowdy's father, the great grandfather of our subject, was also named Daniel, was a farmer by vocation, a man of wealth, and was the original purchaser of the Gowdy tract of land in Enfield, which is still owned by the descendants. The maternal grandfather of bur subject was William Harper, long familiarly known as Colonel Harper. He was a farmer and a merchant, and an old fashioned progressive and successful business man. Being a public-spirited citizen and a man of affairs, he was hon ored by his fellow citizens with election to positions of public trust. He was also a colonel in the State Militia. A branch of the Harper family emigrated from Connecticut to New York, settling at Harpersfield, the place being named for them, as they were the first settlers. William Flarper married a Miss Bart- let, a member of a very influential family, many of whom were eminent educa tors of their day, of real blue-blooded Presbyterian stock, and several of them prominent ministers of that church. They were men of noted ability, accumu lated considerable wealth, and moved in the highest social circles of their com munity. Daniel Gowdy, father of our subject, married Anna Harper, by whom he had three children. She died in 1853. The children were as follows: Daniel R., deceased, James G , and Ralph B. The father died in 1876, at the age of seventy-six years. Captain Ralph B. Gowdy having received his primary education at the district schools of Enfield, entered the seminary at Norwich, Mass., from which excellent institution he graduated in 1847. F°r f°ur years afterward he was employed as a clerk in the store of C. B. Root & Co , at Greenfield, Mass. He then formed a partnership with his brother, James G, and carried on a store and tinware business in Rhode Island for two years with success. At the ex piration of the above period their store and its contents were entirely destroyed by fire, and the two brothers were left almost penniless. In order to seek for tune in new fields of enterprise Captain Gowdy went to California in 1850, the gold fever being at that time at its height. He remained in California four years, spending two in the gold fields and the other two in San Francisco, where he was engaged in merchandising. Returning East in 1855 ne located in t-t u>, Jt^c BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 16 1 Gloucester county, New Jersey, and engaged in the real estate business for a period of five years, when he removed to Toms River, which place has since been his home and the scene of his activities and labor. In Toms River he pur chased property and engaged in merchandising and in the real estate business, his partners in the former business being a Mr. Read and a Mr. Abbe, the firm name of Gowdy, Read & Abbe. Two years later Captain Gowdy disposed of his interest in this firm and withdrew from the same, and thenceforth devoted his time and energies almost exclusively to the real estate and cranberry busi ness. He was one of the first to develope the cranberry business in Ocean county, and to establish it on a scale of any considerable magni tude. In partnership with his brothers, Daniel R. and James G., he furnished employment to a large number of men, and carried on a business amounting to several hundred thousand dollars per year. While Captain Gowdy is still en gaged in the enterprise, yet it is not on so large a scale as in former years. He still carries on a large real estate business, and has done more to build up and improve the town of Toms River than any other man in Ocean county. In addition to the above business interests, Captain Gowdy has, for several years, been extensively engaged in the carriage business, having the largest carriage repository in the State of New Jersey, located at Red Bank, which is in charge of his son, Fred B. Captain Gowdy is a Republican in politics, takes a great interest in the pub lic affairs of his State and county, and has been honored by his fellow citizens with election to several positions of trust. He was a member of the township Board of Commissioners of Appeals for twenty years. He, however, cares lit tle for political honors or office, being at all times more willing to aid his friends than to accept public honors himself. He is a member of the Masonic order, and of the Presbyterian Church. In 1862 he was commissioned Captain by Governor Olden, and raised a company of one hundred men, which was assigned to the Fourteenth New Jer sey Volunteer Infantry. He was in command of his regiment for more than a year, and participated in many skirmishes and in one of the great battles of the war. He was honorably discharged from the service in October, 1863. In 1854 Captain Gowdy married Susan W. Fankin, the daughter of William C. Fankin, of Gloucester county, New Jersey. She died in 1857. in J862 he mar ried Rebecca M. Barnard, daughter of Captain Charles G. Barnard, of Mas sachusetts. She died in 1893, leaving three children, as follows: Ralph H. Frederic B. and Ray. Captain Gowdy was again married in 1895, to Eleanor W. Stanwood, of Monmouth county, New Jersey. REV. ELIJAH W. STODDARD. D. D., Of Succasunna, is a descendant of Anthony Stoddard, of Boston, who, in 1639, emigrated from London, where the records of the family are traced back to 1490. The tradition is that their ancestor came with his cousin, William the Conqueror, from Normandy, in 1066. The name Stoddard was derived from the 1 1 162 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. office of standard bearer. There were fourteen children in the family of An thony. The eldest son, Solomon, born in 1643, was educated at Harvard Col lege, graduating in 1662. He entered the ministry and was called in 1669 to the church at Northampton, Massachusetts, where he married Mrs. Esther Mather, the widow of his predecessor. They had twelve children. Of these the oldest three were daughters and married ministers. The second, Esther, became the wife of Rev. Timothy Edwards, whose son, Jonathan Edwards, was associated with his grandfather in the pastorate at Northampton, and became well known as a theological writer. The seventh child, Anthony Stoddard, was born August 9, 1678, was graduated at Harvard in 1697, and settled as a minister at Woodbury, Connecticut, where he continued for sixty years. His predecessor had remained there forty years and his successor held the pastorate for fifty years. Eliakim, one of the eleven children of Anthony Stoddard, was born April 3, 1705, married Joanne Curtis in 1729, and resided in Woodbury, Connecticut. John, the eldest son of nine children, born January 26, 1730, was married April 15, 1751, to Mary Atwood and resided in Watertown, Connecti cut. John, the fifth child of nine, born July 1, 1763, married Sarah Wood ward in 1785. Their home was in Watertown, Connecticut, until 1802, when they removed to Coventry, Chenango county, New York. Central New York was then an almost unbroken wilderness, famous for its large pine, hemlock and maple trees. The fathers and sons of these New England families began the work of clearing the forests. John, the third son and fourth child of nine, was born July 15, 1794, and married Merab Parker, in September, 1817. They had seven children. Elijah Woodward Stoddard, the second son, was born April 23, 1820. His first view of life was on a forest farm, and during all his minority the clearing of new land was a part of each day's toil. The log houses and the log school houses were to be seen in all directions. The seats of the school room were slabs of pine logs, with two oaken pins at each end for support. The writing desk was a smooth board fastened against the wall, and the writer turned his back to the school. The pupils usually recited singly, rarely in classes. The blackboard for object teaching was not known. School-going was for three or four months in the winter, and a lady teacher took charge of the small scholars in the summer. Books were few and every child was needed in daily toil. Fondness for study alone could insure success, and Elijah Woodward gave every moment of leisure to the acquisition of knowledge. The Bible was emphatically the book in that Christian household and the lad was taught that "the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom." At the age of twelve he united with the disciples of Him who at that age commenced to teach in the temple. At eighteen such mastery of the ordinary English branches as enabled him "to pass an examination," permitted the beginning of school-teaching. Here was enjoyed a privilege at this day unknown, that of "boarding around." Such a knowledge of parents and teachers was thus gained as cannot be under the present system. Five winters were spent in teaching, the summers passed at home. At twenty-three years of age the decision for the ministry was reached. Norwich and Oxford Academies prepared our subject for Amherst College, ^^^^^^y^^^^ BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. ]63 which he entered in September, 1845. Graduating in June, 1849, lle entered the Union Theological Seminary, of New York, in September of that year, and was graduated in May, 1852. He was delegated by the American Home Mis sionary Society to Momence, Kankakee county, Illinois, and labored there a short time, when the uncongenial climate made it expedient for him to remove to Haw- ley, Pennsylvania. This pastorate continued three years. In November, 1856, .a call was received from the Presbyterian Church of Amenia, New York; in May, i860, a call to the Presbyterian Church of Angelica, New York, and in May, 1864, a call to Succasunna, New Jersey, was accepted. His work here was continued till this date by the favor of God and the kindness of this church. After Mr. Stoddard's first year in the ministry there were but very few and very brief interruptions from illness. The students of the parish, as they have pur sued their Latin, Greek or mathematics, have spent helpful hours in the pastor's study, and gratified his love of teaching. In September, 1880, Maryville College of East Tennessee, conferred upon him the unexpected degree of D. D., while those who know him best feel that it was an honor given where honor was due. His faithful ministrations have given a title to that heart reverence that has no synonym in letters. If we were to note some of the characteristics of the man at work, we would say an in tense love of delving into the depths of a subject, which inspires to thorough research; a willingness to undertake any hard work in the line of duty and fol low it patiently to the end; a practical remembrance of the commission, "Feed my Sheep," a desire to spend and to be spent in service; a faith that overcomes In its every day toils and trials and gives abiding peace; a steadfastness in pur pose that proves the anchorage of hope; a courtesy that illustrates the charity that never faileth; an equipose that will restrain from an impetuous assault on the enemy, but that holds and guards and moves steadily forward. But it is at the end of the race that the victor is crowned; it is at the harvest home that sheaves can be numbered; it is when work is done that the Master, looking on the folded sheep shall say to the shepherd, "Well done, good and faithful ser vant, enter into the joy of thy Lord." CAPTAIN ALBERT M. BRADSHAW. Prominent among the citizens of New Jersey who, by virtue of what they have contributed to the material growth and prosperity of the commonwealth, and by reason of their long and uniformly honorable and successful career, as well as by their own personality, have won meritorious recognition, and are justly entitled to extended mention in any biographical or historical' review of the State, is Captain Albert M. Bradshaw, generally known as the father or -pioneer of Lakewood, N. J. Captain Bradshaw was born in New York City, upon the spot where the New York "Daily World" building now stands. He is the son of John Brad shaw, who was one of the prominent merchants of New York City in his day. John Bradshaw was a Whig in his political views, and all of his political ideas were identical with those that were responsible for the inception of the Repub- 1 64 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY, lican party. He died in 1856, at the age of eighty-three years. His wife, the mother of Captain Bradshaw, was before her marriage, Priscilla Humphrey. She was born in New York City. The subject of this sketch attended the Mechanic Institute School on Chambers street, and a private school in East Broadway, where he was living. His first employment was in the capacity of clerk in a wholesale fruit establish ment kept by Rich and Knowlton. He remained with them four years, and then left to accept a position with James H. Sackett, who was engaged in the clothing business. He left this position at the outbreak of the Civil War, in 1861, and enlisted in Company "B," 8th Regiment, New York Volunteer In fantry, as private (this was the first call for troops). In August, 1862, he was appointed First Lieutenant of the 127th New York Volunteer Infantry under Colonel William Guerney; Stewart L. Woodford was Lieutenant-Colonel of this regiment at the time. July 8th, 1863, he was appointed by President Lin coln Captain and A. Q. M., and was mustered out with this rank in 1865. He then embarked in business, purchasing the store known as the Bergen Iron Works store, at Bricksburg, now Lakewood, New Jersey, and after operating this for two years, he embarked in the real estate and insurance business, in which he has remained ever since. In the building up and development of Lakewood as the leading winter resort of the North, and as one of the most desirable all-the-year-round residence cities in the country, Captain Bradshaw has played a conspicuous part, his activity and success in that direction, as well as his long residence, earning for him the title of "father pioneer" of the community. He has been closely identified with every enterprise of any magnitude that has been projected and carried to a suc cessful termination in Lakewood, in all of which he has. been one of the prime movers and guiding hands. He is a director and secretary of the Lakewood Hotel and Land Association, and one of the promoters of the famous Laurel House at Lakewood; director and secretary of the Forest Hotel Company; di rector and secretary of the Bricksburg Land and Improvement Company, which Company own over eighteen thousand acres of principally pine lands in Ocean county; president of the Lakewood Trust Company, which do a general bank ing business; resident director of the American Refrigerator Transit Company; is a member of Ocean County Hunt and Country Club, and a member of the Golf Club of Lakewood. He is a member of Reno Post, Number 84, G. A. R., and is a mason; has been High Priest, and was Master of Ocean Lodge, Num ber 89, High Priest of Hiram Chapter at Toms River. He at one time was proprietor of the Lakewood "Times" and "Journal," and operated it for a num ber of years, but disposed of it in 1896. It was a weekly publication, and was organized about 1866 as the Bricksburg "Journal." Captain Bradshaw is one of the best known Republicans in the State, and while never a seeker for political preferment, has frequently been elected and chosen to positions of public honor and trust. In 1866 he was appointed Post master of Bricksburg, and also in 1891 of Lakewood. In January, 1899, he was again appointed Postmaster by President McKinley. In 1869 he was elected to the State Legislature. He served two terms in the State Legislature, and for three years was a chosen freeholder of Ocean county, and for seventeen years a Justice of the Peace of the township. He has been a member of the State Re- ¦#Z? ¥" ii, A^KIlltclU-B BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 165 publican Committee since 1892, and was a delegate to the National Republican Convention in 1892, that nominated Benjamin Harrison, and to the National Republican Convention in St. Louis in 1896, that nominated Major William McKinley, and has officiated as a delegate to several state, county and Congres sional conventions. The Captain was married in January, 1863, to Miss Sarah A. McGee, daughter of James R. McGee, of Brooklyn, New York, who was acting assistant constructor in the United States Navy. At the time of his marriage he was, on a furlough for a few days from the army. Both Mr. and Mrs. Bradshaw attend the Episcopal Church at Lakewood, of which Captain Bradshaw has served as trustee and warden. Mrs. Bradshaw is also active in church work. Captain Bradshaw has a wide circle of friends wherever he is known, all of whom esteem him highly for his sterling traits of character, and all of whom are always ready to bear witness to his worth as a citizen, man and friend. As a citizen he is public spirited and progressive; as. a man he is broad and liberal minded in his views, affable and genial, charitable, and a Christian; as a friend he is warm hearted, true and steadfast under any and all circumstances, in sea son and out of season, endearing himself to his friends by his nobility of char acter and his charming personality. HON. DAVID A. DEPUE, LL. D., Traces his ancestry back to one of the earliest families of the country. The name has been variously spelled by writers of early American history; first ap pearing as Depui, then as Depue, and again as Depuis. The family probably preceded William Penn to the Keystone State. Samuel Depue, one of the early progenitors of the family in America, is spoken of, in 1730, by Nicholas Scull, a surveyor, as "the venerable Samuel Depui," and the settlement of Minnesink, on the Delaware, where he lived, was founded before William Penn made his appearance in America. Samuel Depui, when seen by Mr. Scull, was, doubt less, a man between sixty and seventy years of age; but whether he or his pro genitor were among the original settlers of Minnesink is not certain. He had a son named Nicholas, who was born in Minnesink, about the year 1720, and who, when old enough, accompanied his father upon his making trips to Eso- phus— now Kingston, New York. At that place Nicholas Depuis, or "Nicholas Depuis, Esquire," as he was afterwards called, settled for a short time, and then returned to Minnesink, where, in 1787, he was joined by Surveyor Scull, residing in "a spacious store in great plenty and affluence." Mr. Scull speaks of him as "the amiable Nicholas Depuis, Esquire." From notes on Budets' Account of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 1685, we find that "Nicholas Depuy, founder of the family, fled from France to Holland during the persecution of the Huguenots and came to America with his broth ers, Ephraim and Abraham, settling near Kingston, New York." Moses Depui, son of Nicholas, first, was one of the charter members of Rochester, New York, under the grant of Queen Anne, in 1703. He took the oath of allegiance in Ulster county in 1728, his name is given among a "List of 1 66 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Commanding Officers, Miletery and Sivel, old officers and old men." Moses Depuy is also mentioned as a Member of Assembly of Ulster county, 1752. These men were among the early ancestors of Judge Depue, the subject ol this sketch. His great-grandfather, Benjamin Depue, served as a commissary during the War of the Revolution and married Catherine, daughter of Colonel Abraham Van Campen, a judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Sussex county, New Jersey, who held office as colonel in the Colonial Army. Abraham, son of Benjamin Depue, who married Susannah Hoffman, was the grandfather of Judge Depue. Benjamin, son of Abraham, who carried down the name of his grandfather, Benjamin Depue, was the father of the subject of this sketch. Ben jamin Depue resided at Mt. Bethel, at which place he married Elizabeth, daugh ter of Moses Ayres. Mrs. Benjamin Depue was known as a most estimable wo man; to her careful training and influence much of the success of the life of her son, the Judge, is attributable. To those who may not be uninterested in the history of this old family, the following notes are culled from various sources, archives, ancient manuscripts and records of divers kinds. To such we give, in brief, these notes upon the Depuy family, in connection with this sketch of Judge David A. Depue, who is, as already stated, a descendant of Nicholas Depui mentioned in the beginning of this article. Nicholas Depui, who may be called the founder of the family in America, "sailed from Artois, on the ship Ourmerland Church, and reached New York in October, 1662." He applied, in March, 1663, to the city authori ties "for land, seed and six months' provisions." In June, 1665, he was sworn in as "Beer and Weigh-house poster." In 1674 we find him named in a list of "the wealthiest citizens," and he is upon record as "paying tax on six hundred floumes." He lived in what was known as De Markeveth, in the rear of the present Produce Exchange. His wife was Catharine Renard. Nicholas De pth's children were: John, born 1656; Moses, born 1657; Joseph, born 1663; Aaron, born 1664; Magdelene, born 1667; Susannah, born 1669; Nicholas, born 1670; Paulus, born 1675. Nicholas' will was proven July, 1691, and he left his property to his wife and surviving children, John, Moses, Aaron, Susannah and Nicholas, "share and share alike." Some time before his death he had been granted a large tract of land west of the Hudson, to Ulster county; on this land his son Moses set tled, probably, before his father's death. It is said of Moses, son of Nicholas, that "he became the most prominent man in Ulster county." His wife was Marie, or Margaret, Wynkoop. His children were: Moses H, born 1691, married February 14, 1716, to Margaret Schoonmacher; Benjamin, born 1695, married September 3, 1719, to Elizabeth Schoonmacher; Catherine, born 1701, married May 10, 1722, to Benjamin Schoonmacher; Jacobus, born 1703, mar ried August 20, 1725, to Sarah Schoonmacher; Cornelius, baptised 1688. The Schoonmachers were all children of Jacobus Schoonmacher, of Kingston. Nich olas second, probably went to Kingston with his brother Moses. Moses H. Depuy, born February 16, 1761, married in 1780, Margaret Van Gorden, and lived near the Delaware Water Gap. His children were: Eliza beth C, born March 11, 1781, married Ishabod Baldwin; John C, born June 29, 1782, died in prison in Canada, 1812; James C, born July 7, 1784; David C, born June 5, 1786; William C, born December 7, 1790; Navery C , born De- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 167 cember 7, 1790, married Christian Beidleman; Elijah C, born November 14, 1793; Samuel C, born March 14, 1796, married Hannah Rewalt; Benjamin C., born July 16, 1799, married Betsy Smith, of Walfpack, New Jersey; Delilah C, born August 19, 1801. James (3) married Jane DeWitt, December 10, 1809, and went to live near Geneva, New York. Of the genealogical record of the Depue family branch of which the subject of our sketch belongs we give the following table: Nicholas Depui, founder of the family in America, married Catherina Renard; Moses, born 1657, married Marie Wynkoop; Benjamin, born 1695, married Elizabeth Schoonmacher, Sep tember 13, 1719, died 1765; Benjamin, son of the last named, born in Esopus, now Kingston, New York, 1729, married Catherine Van Campen, daughter of Col. Abram Van Campen, and died 181 1; Abraham, born September 28, 1765, married Susannah Hoffman, died October 21, 1851; Benjamin, born September 1, 1796, married Elizabeth Ayres, died June 18, 1884; David Ayres, born Oc tober 27, 1826, married first Mary V. Stuart, and second, Delia A. Slocum. We are indebted to Mrs. L. E. Schoonmacher, of Stone Ridge, New York, H. T. Depuy, of New York City, to the Colonial Archives of Pennsylvania, to the records of the First Dutch Church of Kingston, New York, to the History of Kingston, New York, and that of Sussex county, New Jersey, as well as to Mrs. David Lawrence Gregg, of Salt Lake City, for a transcript from a family Bible in her possession, for the information furnished above. David Ayres Depue, son of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Ayres) Depue, was born at Mount Bethel, Northampton county, Pennsylvania, October 27, 1826. The Ayres family, to which Mrs. Benjamin Depue belonged, is one of antiquity. Originally the name Ayres and Eyres were indentical, their origin is traced to a knight of the time of William the Conqueror. The preparatory education of David A. Depue, the subject of our sketch, was received at the school of Rev. John Vanderveer, D. D., a well known edu cator of his day, in Easton, Pennsylvania. Having attained a thorough aca demic training, Mr. Depue entered the College of New Jersey at Princeton, New Jersey, where he was graduated in 1846. His parents had removed from Penn sylvania to Belvidere, New Jersey, in 1840, their son, therefore, immediately after graduation, commenced the reading of law in that place, entering for that purpose the office of John M. Sherrerd, who, for more than forty years was a leader of the bar of Northern New Jersey. After his admission to the bar Mr. Depue began his professional life in Belvidere, and laid for himself in that place, and during his early days as a prac titioner, the foundation upon which has been built his subsequent success and eminence at the bar and upon the bench. In 1866 he was appointed by Governor Marcus I. Ward Associate Jus tice of the Supreme Court, and shortly afterward removed to Newark, Essex county, New Jersey, which county, together with Union county, was embraced in the circuit to which he was assigned. In 1873, on the expiration of this term, he was reappointed for a second term by Governor Joel Parker. He was again reappointed, in 1880, by Gov ernor George B. McClellan, and, for the fourth and fifth terms, was appointed in 1887, by Governor Green, and, in 1894, by Governor Werts. No comment is necessary upon these successive appointments, for each one 168 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. speaks for itself. The recognition of fitness for one of the highest positions in the gift of the executive, by five governors, covering a period of over thirty years, is a testimonial such as falls to the lot of few men. It is recorded of Judge Depue that "he took to the bench the very highest qualifications for the most responsible office in the system of the State government, and his record as judge has been in harmony with his record as a man and a lawyer." In 1874, together with Chief Justice Beasley and Hon. Cortlandt Parker, Judge Depue was appointed to revise the laws of New Jersey; a work which was com pleted to the great satisfaction of the bench and bar throughout the State. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon Judge Depue in 1874, by Rutgers College, New Jersey, and in 1880, the same degree was given to him by the College of New Jersey, at Princeton. In right accord with the dignity and eminence of his position, the subject of our sketch is known as a man of broad culture and understanding, and as one whose outlook upon men and affairs is without personal bias, without prejudice or favor. Judge Depue married Mary Van Allen, daughter of John Stuart, who was for many years cashier of the Belvidere Bank. Mrs. Depue died in 1859, leav ing one child, Eliza Stuart. In 1862 Judge Depue married Delia Ann, daugh ter of Oliver E. Slocum, of Tollard, Massachusetts. Their children are Sher rerd, Mary Stuart and Francis A. The son, Sherrerd Depue, was born in Warren county, New Jersey, on the first of August, 1864. His life has been spent in greater part in Newark, New Jersey. Having graduated in 1881 at the Newark Academy, he entered Prince ton University, at which he was graduated in 1885. Mr. Depue, having de termined to make the practice of law his life work, became a student in the Co lumbia Law School of New York City, where he was graduated in 1887. The same year he was admitted to practice as counselor-at-law, and in September of 1890 he was appointed Assistant United States District Attorney, in which capacity he served for one year. In 1894 he was appointed City Attorney of Newark, and as such served two years. Mr. Depue is a man of exceptional ability, whose zeal for his profession, devotion to his clients, and known fidelity to all trusts will doubtless bespeak for him new honors in the future. COL. WILLIAM BARBOUR, The well-known Paterson manufacturer, was born in New York City, Septem ber 9, 1857. For nearly his entire life, however, he has lived in Paterson, his parents having removed there in his early childhood. He attended the Pater son public schools, and later the Newark Academy, but at the age of eighteen, having decided to pursue a business career, left his books and obtained employ ment in New York with Howard Sanger & Co., a prominent firm in the whole sale notion trade. After a year with this concern he made a journey abroad for the purposes of study and improvement. He spent considerable time in Germany and France, acquiring an excellent knowledge of the language of those countries. Upon his return home he engaged- actively in business, as an em- 'O £<<>/ m ^Q^^G^.O([M, BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 169 ployee of the Barbour Flax Spinning Company, of Paterson. He has since •devoted his energies uninterruptedly, and very successfully, to manufacturing interests. For the past thirteen years he has been at the head of the large Pat erson establishment of the Barbour Brothers Company. Mr. Barbour is also largely interested and holds responsible official posi tions, in a number of corporations, banking and similar institutions. He was one of the organizers of the Paterson Railroad Company, and is its vice-presi dent. Fie is connected as a director with the First National Bank of Pater son, the Paterson Savings Institution and the National Bank of the Republic •of New York, is president of the Dundee Water and Power Company, the High land Water Company, and the Algonquin Company, of Passaic, and is officially identified with the Citizens' Insurance Company of New York, the American Cotton Oil Company, the Erie Railway Company, the Bergen Short Cut Line and the Goodyear Shoe Machinery Company, a corporation whose machinery has revolutionized shoe manfacture throughout the world. Through his position as president of the Barbour Brothers Company, he is at the head also of the firm of William Barbour & Sons, Limited, of Lisborn Island, a house founded In 1784, which is the oldest linen thread establishment in existence. From boyhood Mr. Barbour has always been a strong believer in the prin ciples of the Republican party, and, taking an active interest in promoting its success, he has become one of its most prominent and representative members in the State of New Jersey. He was one of the State delegates to the Minne apolis convention which nominated President Harrison for a second term. On this occasion he formed the cordial acquaintance of the Honorable William McKinley, who also was in attendance at the convention as a delegate — an ac quaintance which has since been strengthened to warm personal friendship. In 1896, in the national convention at Saint Louis, which placed McKinley in nomination for the Presidential office, Mr. Barbour again represented New Jer sey as a delegate. For the period of one year he held the honorable position of treasurer of the Republican National Committee, being succeeded in the office by Mr. Cornelius N. Bliss. He was a delegate to the State convention which nominated John W. Griggs for Governor of New Jersey, and was appointed by Governor Griggs a member of his staff. This appointment he resigned upon the elevation of Governor Griggs to the Attorney-Generalship of the United States. He is a member of the Union League Club, the Republican Club of New York, and the Merchants' Club of New York. Mr. Barbour was married, in 1884, to Adelaide, daughter of John H. Sprague, of New York City. They have four children, Thomas, Robert, Wil liam W.', and Fritz Krupp. The youngest is named for the famous German gunmaker, who is an intimate friend of Mr. Barbour's. WILLIAM RAYMOND WEEKS, Lawyer was born at Newark, New Jersey, August 4, 1848, son of John Randel .and Mary Frances (Adriance) Weeks. His first ancestor in America, George 170 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Weeks, came to Massachusetts from Devonshire, England, in 1637, with his wife Jane, sister of Roger Clap. He is descended from the landed gentry of England, the name being originally de Wyke or de la Wyke. The original coat of arms of the family was an ermine shield, with three battle axes sable, and the crest was an arm (in armor) embowed, holding a battle axe gules or red. Eben ezer Weeks, great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a private sol dier in the Revolutionary War. His grandfather, Rev. William Raymond Weeks, D. D., was pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Plattsburgh, New York, (1811-14), and chaplain to American troops in the war of 1812. His father, John Randel Weeks, was for many years a director of real estate, counsel for the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company, of Newark, served seven years as a volunteer fireman, and was prominent as a Free Mason, and had an antipathy to litigation, believing most of it useless. He is descended on his mother's. side, from Adriaen Reyerse, founder of the Adriance family in America, son of Reyer Elbertse, of Utrecht, Holland, who came from Amsterdam in 1646, and from Sarah Jorise Rapalje, the first white girl born in the New Netherlands. Five of the ancestors of Mr. Weeks were soldiers and patriots in the Revolu tionary War, one being an officer of artillery. William Raymond Weeks at- attended the public grammar and high schools, and was graduated at the New ark Academy in 1865, of which he is now a trustee. During the Civil War he- was in the New Jersey militia, and a member of the Union League. He studied law with his father, was admitted, to practice law in New Jersey, November, 1870, as an attorney, and February, 1876, as a counsellor, and in New York, in. March, 1895, and in West Virginia in November, 1897, and he is admitted to practice in the United States courts. He was one of the counsel for Joseph A. Blair, who was acquitted in 1879, of the charge of murdering his coachman,. John Armstrong. In 1883 he organized a volunteer fire department at Bloom field, New Jersey, where he then lived, served the following year as a member of the Legislative Committee of the New Jersey State Firemen's Association, became its first State counsel in 1884, and held the office four years, drafting and remodeling the State fire laws. He compiled and published a compendium of these laws with a series of forms. In 1889 he successfully defended the stone cutters in an equity suit to compel them to admit "harvesters" to their union. He has given special attention to the study of corporation law, in general, and the specific statutes of the states, and has organized many business, manufac- turning and mining corporations. The late Edwin Lister, president of Lister's Agricultural Chemical Works, at Newark, New Jersey, whose controlling in terest in the works is valued at nearly $1,000,000, appointed Mr. Weeks his sole executor and life trustee of his interest in that corporation, of which he has since become president. He has charge of many other large estates. He devotes much of his leisure hours to the study and writing of history. He has been a member of the American Bar Association since 1879, ar>d is a member of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, Lawyers' Club, Twilight Club, Dunlap Society, Society of American Authors, American Numismatic and Arch aeological Society of New York, American Historical Association, New Jersey Historical Society, Sons of American Revolution, Society of the War of 1812, Order of the Founders and Patriots of America, of which he is Attorney-Gen eral, and Revolutionary Memorial Society of New Jersey. He is historian of BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 171 of the Newark Academy Alumni, and is the author of a "History of the New ark, (N. J.), Academy." He published a "History of the American Numismatic and Archaeological Society of New York," of which society he was, for several years, the historiographer. He is preparing a "Bibliography of New Jersey;" a "History of the Colonial Schools and Schoolmasters of New Jersey ;" a mon ograph on "The Jerseys in America, their Nomenclature and Cartography prior to 1700," and a History of the First Endowment of the College of New Jersey, now known as Princeton University. He read a paper before the New Jersey Society of the Order of the Founders and Patriots of America, on "New Jersey's Influence upon her Surroundings," and has prepared a paper on "The Manhattans," to controvert the idea of New York island being the original and only Manhattan. Mr. Weeks was married at Newark, New Jersey, August 4, 1869, to Irene, daughter of Andrew and Margaret Williams (Whitlock) Le Massena, a great-granddaughter of Andre Massena, prince of Essling, one of Napoleon's marshals, by whom he has two daughters. HON. THOMAS B. PEDDIE Was a Scotchman by birth and Edinburgh was his native place. Here, too, were his parents born, people in moderate circumstances, intelligent, industrious and intensely religious. Under their influence and early instructions, habits of industry and self-reliance were easily formed ; and moreover in him was cultivated a profound reverence for everything that is essential to an honorable and pious life. His early mental acquisitions were only such as could be obtained in schools of no very high grade, but they were quite sufficient for the ordinary demands of a business life, and they were gradually augmented by reading and contact with his fellows as he increased in years. Great was his fondness for reading books of travel and for the accounts of foreign lands given in the newspapers of the day. To the knowledge of America, thus acquired, he attributed his de sire to cross the ocean and ultimately to make his permanent home in the United States. The means by which to accomplish this long journey, and to return, if advisable, were saved from his youthful earnings. It was in 1833 that he found that great inducements were offered to manufacturers, and to all interested in mechanical pursuits. Satisfied that this was the place in which he could ad vantageously settle, he offered his services, with no other commendation than his vigorous arms and his honest manly ways. With no difficulty he obtained a position in the great saddlery establishment of Smith & Wright, the latter be coming subsequently a Senator of the United States. Here he remained two years, when, believing himself sufficiently acquainted with the business methods of the land of his adoption, he determined to build up an establishment of his own. It was in a small way that he began the manufacture of trunks and car pet bags, but success so far exceeded his expectations that he was obliged to in crease his manufacturing facilities and to take a business partner to aid him in his labors. This was in 1846, and the gentleman with whom he became asso ciated was Mr. John Morrison, who, in this connection, became known as one 1 72 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of Newark's most estimable business men. The partnership continued until 1 86 1, when Mr. Morrison died. To Mr. Peddie this was a severe loss, and he was at once constrained to give undivided attention to his immense establish ment. Fortunately, among his principal assistants was Mr. George B. Jen- kinson, whose familiarity with every department of the complicated works re lieved Mr. Peddie gradually of much of his labor, and finally resulted in a part nership between them under the firm name of T. B. Peddie & Co. Under this name the business was conducted until the death of its founder. Although Mr. Peddie's time and attention were largely devoted to his con stantly growing establishment, he failed in nothing that was due from him as a good and patriotic citizen. Inthemoneyedinstitutions of the city his business interests led him, of course, to take an active and prominent part, and in many of them he was an influential director. But, also, where personal interests did not influence him, he was equally earnest and active. He was among the leaders of also every important movement, aiding with his advice as well as by means of. his purse. Of the Board of Trade of the City of Newark he was a useful and efficient member, at one time its president, and at all times a warm participant in its proceedings. Mr. Peddie took a deep interest not only in local affairs but in everything affecting the welfare of the State and nation. He was a staunch Republican, and an enthusiastic advocate of the principles and measures of that political party. He was in no wise an office-seeker, but because of his sterling honesty and popularity he was called upon to occupy various public positions of honor and responsibility. During the War of the Rebellion in 1863 and 1864 he was a member of the State General Assembly, and in that capacity gave valuable support to the general government. In 1866 he became Mayor of the city, and for four years served in that office with great credit to himself and advantage to the city. In 1876 he represented the Sixth Congressional District of New Jer sey in the Forty-fifth Congress, but on the expiration of his term of office de clined a further nomination. Mr. Peddie was a great lover of youth, and he had implicit confidence in the possibilities of the boy. He believed that had the boy a clear head and a true heart success was surely his. For that reason Mr. Peddie devoted a great deal of time to the study and care of the boys and girls who were not being prop erly brought up in the city, and it was his mind that conceived the idea of the Newark City Home, believing that in such an institution the waifs of the com munity would receive that moral training and physical instruction which would fit them for the battle of life. The institution, which was one of the pets of his life, has proven one of the most successful, if not the most successful, of its kind in the country, and to Mr. Peddie is due more than to any other person, its great success. He was one of the originators of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, believing that it was a bounden duty to see that no child was abused, even by parents or guardians. He thought that the young should be taught to save, and in order to afford them the best facility possible for the keeping of their savings, he was one of the originators and the first president of the Secu rity Savings Bank, which has become a successful financial institution. In nothing concerning the public welfare did Mr. Peddie take more interest TONZO SAUVAGE BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 173 than in the subject of education. It was for his services in this direction that his name was given to the Peddie Institute, a flourishing academy in Hightstown, New Jersey. He was one of the early founders of the Newark Technical School, an institution for which that city is mainly indebted to its Board of Trade, by which body the first steps were taken for its establishment, with Mr. Peddie as chairman of the committee having charge of the enterprise. Of all benevolent enterprises he was a liberal supporter, ever ready to advance them by contributing of his means as well as by his personal services The last work of Mr. Peddie's life, and what is now his monument, is the magnificent house of worship erected through his munificence on the principal thoroughfare of the City of Newark. It is built of gray granite, in the Byzan tine style of architecture and capable of seating three thousand worshipers. It is called the "Peddie Memorial," and was Mr. Peddie's gift to the congregation with which he connected himself, when, as a youth, he came to Newark, and in which he continued to worship throughout his long and useful life. Mr. Peddie died February 16th, 1889. TONOZO LLWYFO SAUVAGE, Son of James and Mary Eleanor Sauvage and grandson of Llew Llwyfo, one of the most noted poets of Wales, was born in Rhvl, North Wales, March 26, 1874. His classical education was secured in the famous St. Paul's School, London, Eng, which was founded by Dean Colet in 1509. While attending this school he was elected by open competition to a Foundation Scholarship, which honor was awarded to him upon a competitive examination in Latin, Greek, French and Mathematics. Mr. Sauvage's musical talent was manifested early in life. This talent he iriherited, no doubt, from his gifted father and grandfather, yet it is un doubtedly his love for music and close application to the development of the genius with which he was endowed, that has secured for him a reputation which surpasses in many instances the records of older men in his chosen profes sion. His remarkable ability won for him the senior prize for piano forte play ing at the National Eisteddfod, in Wrexham, Wales, in 1888. In 1890 Mr. Sauvage came from London to the United States, and in 1893 received the degree of Associate of American College of Musicians. An interesting incident in Mr. Sauvage's musical career was that which occurred in Chicago during the World's Fair, when, upon the examination for the degree of Associate of American College of Musicians he gave a piano forte recital before an audi ence of representative musicians. So great was their delight and so genuine their appreciation of his ability that with spontaneous enthusiasm they tendered him the degree of Fellowship. This honor justly stands to his credit, although his musical brothers had to decide that it would be technically incorrect to grant a higher degree than that for which he was a contestant. In l894 Mr Sauvage accepted the position of organist of the Peddie Me morial Church, Newark, New Jersey, which charge he still holds. _ On the 20th of April, 1898, Mr. Sauvage was united in marriage to Miss 1 74 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Elsie D. Peddie, daughter of the late Hon. Thomas B. Peddie, mention of whom proceeds this article. Mr. and Mrs. Sauvage occupy a prominent position in society, both in the gracious hospitalities of their beautiful home and their inter est in good works. RT. REV. WINAND M. WIGGER, D. D., The beloved Bishop of Newark, was born December 9, 1841, and his prepara tory studies were pursued at St. Francis Xavier's College, New York. He studied theology in the College Brignole-Sale, Genoa, Italy, and was ordained a priest in 1865. On the 17th of August of the same year he left Genoa for America, and while crossing the ocean on his way home cholera broke out among the passengers on the steamship Atlanta, on which he had embarked, and there it was that the young priest first publicly exercised the functions of the sacred ministry with which he had so recently been invested. His attentions to the sick and dying were unceasing, and on his arrival at New York he vol unteered, with remarkable heroism, to remain in the pest ship until every ves tige of the dreaded disease had disappeared. For two weks he faithfully kept his post, consoling the dying and closing the eyes of the dead until the self-im posed task was fully performed. On arriving at Newark Bishop Bayley attached him to the Cathedral, where for four years he gave edification as a pious, zealous and faithful priest. His zeal never flagged, and his devotion to the sick and afflicted never wearied, for the lesson he learned in the plague ship was never afterward forgotten. In 1869 Father Wigger was appointed to the church in Madison, whose pastorate had been left vacant by the death of the talented and popular Father D'Arcy. At the time when St. John's Church in Orange was in its worst phase of financial embarrassment, Bishop Corrigan looked about him for a priest who, by pru dence, piety, zeal and administrative ability, might be in every way fitted to in spire confidence in the people and retrieve the fortunes of the overburdened church. Dr. Wigger was his choice, and without hesitation the present Bishop of Newark obeyed the voice of his superior and gave up his comparatively easy mission for the discouraging and almost despaired-of charge of St. John's. In less than six months he paid off eleven thousand dollars of the debt, but, be lieving the task to be a hopeless one, he asked to be relieved, and was made pastor of Summit, in February, 1874. In June, 1876, Dr. Wigger was again transferred to Madison, where he re mained in the quiet discharge of his duties, respected and loved by all, until called to the holy office which he now fills. He was consecrated by his predeces sor, Archbishop Corrigan, assisted by Bishop Loughlin and Bishop McQuaid, in the Cathedral of Newark, October 18, 1881. For a short time thereafter he remained in his beloved old Madison, but he soon became convinced of the necessity of making his abode where his priests could have more easy access to him, and in consequence moved to Newark. In April, 1883, he took up his res idence at Seton Hall, in order to be better able to give his immediate super vision to the college and ecclesiastical seminary. ISAAC ROMAINE BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 175 Since his elevation to the episcopacy Dr. Wigger has been an indefatigable worker. Pastoral visitations, administering confirmation, assisting in the neighboring dioceses and dispensing charity, — these are the daily occupations of the Bishop of Newark; and it is chiefly in this last, his great sympathy for the suffering portion of humanity, that the key to the true character of the man can be found. While he is frugal in the extreme in whatever concerns him self, he is lavish beyond measure wherever charity stretches out her appealing hand. The orphanages and hospitals of the diocese have in him a kind father and a generous patron, and every work of charity organized for the good of the poor, the neglected and afflicted has his unqualified approval and support. One of his latest works is the establishment of an industrial school for boys at Arling ton. Here neglected and wayward boys are received, educated and taught trades, so that in after life they may be able to earn for themselves an honest livelihood. The chief pastor of the Diocese of Newark is indeed a father to his people. ISAAC ROMAINE Was born in the city of Bergen (now part of Jersey City), May 4, 1840. He is a lineal descendant of (1) Klass Jansen Romeyn, who came from Holland in 1653, and eventually settled in Hackensack, New Jersey, where his son, (2) Al bert was born in 1686, and where the latter's son (3) Nicholaas was born in December, 171 1. The next in descent, (4), Albert Romein, son of Nicholaas, was born in Schraalenburgh, New Jersey, February 11, 1752, and had a son (5) Roelef A., who was born July 24th, 1774. John R. Romine, (6) son of Roelef A. Romein, was born in Bergen county, New Jersey, May 8th, 1806, and married Ann, daughter of John Zabriskie, of Old Bergen (now Hudson) county. They were the parents of the subject of this sketch. Isaac prepared for col lege at the Columbia district school, which numbered among its teachers Hon. Charles H. Voorhis and Hon. L. A. Brigham, afterward members of Congress. He graduated from Rutgers College, New Brunswick, in the class of 1859, a class noted for the many able and prominent men who were members of it. Mr. Romaine began the study of law in the office of Hon. A. O. Zabriskie, af terward Chancellor of New Jersey, and was admitted to the bar of New Jersey at the November term, 1862, and as a counselor at the November term, 1865. From 1865 to 1867 he was Corporation Counsel of the city of Bergen, now a part of Jersey City. He was elected Alderman of that city in 1869, and was president of the Board in 1869 and 1870, at which time the city of Bergen was consolidated with Jersey City. He was a member of the Jersey City Board of Education from 1880 to 1885, and in 1883 was appointed a member of the Board of Finance and Taxation of Jersey City, but owing to legal complications was not seated until a few days before the expiration of the term for which he was appointed He was elected to the Legislature of 1885, representing the Fifth Assembly District of Jersey City, where he served as a member of the Commit tees on Claims and Revolutionary Pensions and Stationery, and on Joint Com mittees on Passed Bills. He is a master and examiner and Special Master in i76 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Chancery of New Jersey, a Supreme Court Commissioner of the State of New Jersey, and was Commissioner of the Circuit Court of the United States for the district of New Jersey, until July ist, 1897, when the office expired by legal limitation, when he was appointed a Commissioner of the District Court of the United States for the district of New Jersey. He has his office in the Weldon Building, where he carries on an extensive legal practice. Mr. Romaine is a member of the Jersey City, Carteret and Union League Clubs, of the Holland Society of New York, and was vice-president of that society from Hudson county for the years 1897-98, and is also a member of a number of other social, civil and political organizations. And has been president since 1886 of the Star Mutual Building and Loan Association of Jersey City. HON. JOHN T. DUNN Was born in the Parish of Templemore, county Tipperary, Ireland, June 4th, 1838, and six years later landed in America. Excellent authority states that "the name of Dunn can be traced to that of Thor,-the God of Thunder," as its remote and legendary origin, but his personal history is certainly not unlike the romances of old. Motherless, bound in early youth to a farmer, denied even the little schooling promised by his indenture, neglected, ill used, over worked, what wonder that a boy of his spirit should run away, trusting to begin for him self a new and independent life? So our young John did, at eleven, and shortly after shipped as cabin boy on a West Indian trader. Two years later he found employment as a bobbin boy in a factory in Gloucester City, New Jersey, from whence he went to Frankford, Pennsylvania, to serve his time as a painter. Dur ing his first two months in the paint shop he learned his letters, and at once the idea of a broader life entered his youthful mind, and with energy he applied every spare moment to books and study. Surprising as it sounds, this man was his own educator, and so successful was he that in 1882 he was admitted to one of the learned professions, as a member of the bar of New Jersey. When, in 1861, President Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand troops, Mr. Dunn raised a company at his own expense, but before his commission was granted the call was filled and Dunn's men (almost in a body) joined the Second New York Heavy Artillery. While living in Paterson, New Jersey, Mr. Dunn served as School Commissioner for two years. In 1870 he moved to Elizabeth where, for four years, he was in the Common Council. Four times consecutively he was elected to the Legislature, and for one term was Speaker of that body. He was sent to the Fifty-third Congress from the Elizabeth, New Jersey, district, in 1892, where he served on the Committees of Labor and Expenditures of Public Buildings, and as chairman of the Sub-committee of the latter. From 1887 to 1891, Mr. Dunn operated a foundry and machine shop, and, at the same time, at- etnded to his practice at the bar. For three years he was interested, during the winters, in locating and reclaiming lands in Texas and Missouri, for, in ad dition to his other avocations, Mr. Dunn has successfully carried on the land business since 1882. JOHN T. DUNN I A Struck gngravvr BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 177 JOHN A. WHITAKER. To indulge in the prolix encomium of a life which was eminently one of sub jective modesty would be palpably incongruous, even though the record of good accomplished, of kindly deeds performed, and of high relative precedence at tained, might seem to justify the utterance of glowing eulogy. He, to whom this memoir is dedicated, was a man who "stood four-square to every wind that blows," who was possessed of marked ability, and who was vitally instinct with the deeper human sympathies; and yet who, during his long and useful life avoided everything that partook of the nature of display or notoriety, — and in this spirit would the biographer wish to have his utterances construed. John Adams Whitaker was born in Sussex county, New Jersey, July 1, 1818. The progenitors of the Whitaker family in America were three brothers, who came from England and settled on the Hudson River, near where the city of Newburg now stands. Each one of the brothers married and reared families. Through long years the Whitakers have figured prominently in the affairs of New Jersey. According to old records Richard Whitaker purchased a lot in Salem, New Jersey, April 25, 1676. Again the records state that at a session of the New Jersey provincial council, held December 7, 1748, the speaker laid before the house the deposition of Jonathan Whitaker, who it thereby appeared was a justice of the peace in the county of Somerset, and lived on lands belong ing to the heirs of William Penn. In the previous year, October 30, a petition was laid before the council which had been sworn to before John Whitaker, but whether the first name was an abbreviation of Jonathan, or whether they were different persons it is not known. Peter Whitaker is mentioned in the Mini- sink records, 1792-3, and Richard Whitaker, in 181 3, lived in Unionville. The last named was the grandfather of our subject, and was a successful agriculturist. He married Elizabeth Forgerson, and they became the parents of eleven chil dren: Samuel, father of our subject; Jacob, Aaron, Richard, John, Halsey, Lewis, Mary, who became the wife of Dr. Austin, of Unionville; Mill)-, wife of Benjamin Haynes, of Unionville; Charlotte, second wife of Benjamin Flaynes, and Fanny, who became the second wife of Dr. Austin. Descendants of Jacob reside in Oswego, New York; a son of Richard, in West Town, New York, and daughters of John in Goshen and Middletown, New York; while Lewis lived and died in Wantage, Sussex county, where his descendants are still located. Samuel Whitaker, the father of John A. Whitaker, was born in Unionville, New York, June 22, 1796, and received such educational advantages as the schools of his day afforded. The early members of the Whitaker family de voted their energies to farming, but Samuel Whitaker, when a young man, turned his attention to mercantile business. In 1835 he came to Deckertown, where he was recognized as a leading merchant for a considerable period, carry ing on operations along that line until within a few years of his death, which occurred October 20, 1871. Although a man of plain habits and retiring dis position, he was possessed of remarkable energy and force of character, and took an active part in promoting all interests for the welfare of the community. He was one of the founders of the Farmers' National Bank, served as a director thereof for many years, and no man was more active in promoting the project 12 178 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. which brought the Midland Railroad to Deckertown. He subscribed liberally to that work and devoted time and energy toward the accomplishment. He served as collector of Sussex county for seven years, and had the unqualified confidence and respect of all who knew him. He gave his political support to the democ racy, and in religious belief was a Presbyterian, holding membership in the church of that denomination in Deckertown. He married Margaret, a daughter of John E. and Jane Adams, of Deckertown, and by this union were born three children: John A., Richard, who was born March 24, 1820, and died August 31, 1845; and Zillah M., who was born June 16, 1822. She became the wife of Jacob E. Hornbeck. John A. Whitaker was reared in the Empire State, and in 1833 was sent to Deckertown to the school just established by William Rankin, — the only pupil that Mr. Rankin had upon the opening day of school. This educational in stitution, however, attained a wide reputation in later years. Upon the conclu sion of his studies he secured a situation as clerk in a store in Newburg, New York, where he remained for some time. He next went to Buffalo, but not find ing a business opening there that suited him, he came to Deckertown, and as sisted his father in the latter's mercantile establishment. Subsequently he en gaged in business on his own account in New York City, but not meeting the success which he had anticipated, he returned to Deckertown and again associ ated in business with his father, who was also serving as postmaster. In 1850 he succeeded his father as postmaster of Deckertown, by appointment of Zacn- ary Taylor, and later engaged in business in this place on his own account. On the first of January, 1857, he was appointed to the position of cashier of the Farmers' National Bank, of which his father was one of the directors. He filled that position with marked fidelity until the death of the president, Jonathan Whitaker, when, on the 13th of January, 1874, he was chosen to the presidency, a position which he filled with marked capability until his death, his connection with the bank covering more than forty-one years. His business career was one of marked success, owing to his energy, resolute purpose, fidelity to duty and keen discrimination. He possessed marked executive force and keen sagacity, which qualities made him one of the prosperous citizens of Sussex county. In 1846 Mr. Whitaker was united in marriage to Miss Mary A., daughter of John and Amanda (Sayre) Holbert, of Chemung, Chemung county, New York. Four daughters were born to them: Isbell, wife of Theodore F. Mar- garum, of Deckertown; Amanda H. wife of Captain Theodore F. Northrup, of New York City; Marie Alice, wife of Charles Tyler, of New York City, and Josephine, wife of John Bennett, who is engaged in the banking business in Horseheads, _New York. The father of this family was a faithful member of the Presbyterian Church. He died May 22, 1898, and probably no better esti mate of his character can be given than is shadowed forth in the following letter received by Mrs. Whitaker. It read: "Dear Mrs. Whitaker — Providence was indeed merciful and gracious in sparing him so long to his loved ones and to the community. We sometimes mour.i that the influence of a promising career is cut short by death; not so with him. In the fullness of his life and at the completion of his work he was sum moned to his reward His community was fortunate in his life and presence; BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 179 no other occupied such a position of responsibility ; no other in any community every discharged responsibility with greater credit and honor. He would have been a picked man anywhere. When' trusted men have proven unfaithful there have always been whisperings which ought to have put the community on guard; but who ever heard a whisper against him? "In times of doubt and distrust even a good man may suffer, but no mat ter how perilous the times or what the cause for anxiety, no one doubted that he and all the trusts confided to him were safe. What an object lesson to the community and to all who knew him! His gentle outgoing and incoming are gone forever, but you cannot think of him without a sense of the essential quali ties of honesty, industry and sobriety which thoroughly imbued him. Such as he cannot have lived in that little community for four-score years without having left his impress upon it, and his impress can be nothing but a benediction. It is hard to realize that I can remember him when he was only forty years old; but in my childhood he was my ideal man, and as the many years have gone by and other associations have undoubtedly had their influen.ee upon me, he has always stood out as a conspicuous man, — such a one as a devoted father would safely and proudly point to as an example for his son." John A. Whitaker reached the eightieth milestone on his life's journey. His career was one of activity, of honesty, of uprightness. Through his efforts the material, social, educational and moral interests of Deckertown were pro moted and the community owes to him a debt of gratitude. At length the end came and the burdens of life were exchanged for the victor's crown. "Night fell, and a hand as from the darkness touched him, and he slept." The following resolutions were passed by the board of directors of the Farm ers' National Bank of Deckertown, June 6, 1898: Whereas, Almighty God has removed from us our venerable and esteemed friend, Mr. John A. Whitaker, who was at the time of his death president of the Farmers' National Bank of Deckertown; therefore, be it Resolved, That in the death of Mr. John A. Whitaker the bank has lost a worthy an dable president, one who presided successfully over the great trust many years, and gave the whole of his study, time and attention to building up and making the bank strong and safe; That in his official capacity he showed a character that only true financiers possess, being courageous, not afraid to speak for what he thought was right, and for the best interests of the corporation he represented, even in the face of the strongest opposition; That his honesty never was questioned, and his sterling qualities and excel lent habits, together with his firmness, balanced with good sense and wisdom, made him a valuable officer and great strength to a banking institution; That during his term of office and under his management the bank flour ished; surplus accumulated, deposits and discounts increased until the capital stock sold for more than double its par value; 180 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. That he was not selfish, close or narrow, but was manly, generous, magnan imous and noble, and had a broad and elevated mind and deep intellect; That he was one of the best of citizens, patriotic, having the interests and welfare of his country at heart, and always on the side of progress and advance ment for good; That he was a kind, obliging and accommodating neighbor and a friend to the poor, ever ready to help in the time of need, and sympathize in the time of trouble and affliction; That in his death our loss is his gain; that we believe he died a Christian and is being rewarded by his God in the home above the skies; and, be it further Resolved, That the directors of the bank extend their sympathies to the family of the said deceased, and that these resolutions be recorded in the minutes of the bank, and that a copy thereof be sent to his family. CHARLES A. WILSON, A. WATSON SLOCKBOWER, Committee on Resolutions. HENRY J. YATES, The sixteenth Mayor of the City of Newark, New Jersey, since it received its charter in 1836, has been justly characterized as a business man of the best school, methodical in all his ways, conservative in his views, rigidly upright in all his dealings, and the master of every detail of his business, and representing "the finest type of American citizenship." This noteworthy man was the son of Thomas Yates, a manufacturer, who, in the early part of the nineteenth century, came from Sheffield, England, to New York City, where he settled and married Hephzibah Thacker, an English lady of more than ordinary culture. From this marriage sprang Henry J. Yates, who was born in New York, December 7, 1819. At an early age he was placed at school, and until his fifteenth year continued to pursue his studies under both public and private instruction in his native city. That he made good use of his opportunities for an education is well attested by his success in positions which required considerable mental culture as well as business experience. In 1834, at the age of fifteen, he came to Newark, New Jersey, where he entered the great hat manufacturing establishment of William Rankin & Co., and there remained throughout his minority. With that enterprising spirit which characterized his whole life, he went into business for himself in his twen ty-fourth year, forming a copartnership in the manufacture of hats with Mr. Philetus W. Vail, under the firm name of Vail & Yates. This enterprise proved to be very successful, and the firm continued its existence until 1857, when it was dissolved. Not long afterward Mr. Yates associated himself with Mr. John Wharton, and later with Mr. William D. Yocum, and the same line of manufac ture was connected, under the name of Yates, Wharton & Co., suffering no other change until the admission to partnership of Mr. Charles A. Wharton and Rob ert Clark, Jr. On the retirement of Mr. Yocum, the firm name remained the same. New Jersey Hi ~m a at Jruhhcm-'tCj Va BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 181 At the time of Mr. Yates' death the establishment was one of the most prosperous and extensive of its kind in the land. Although one of the most modest and unobtrusive of men, Mr. Yates, by reason of his unquestioned integrity, his thorough knowledge of business, and his excellent judgment in all matters involving the social welfare, could not fail to be constantly called upon when an individual combining in himself so many rare qualifications was in demand. It is not, therefore, strange that financial institutions and business corporations, as well as political organizations, should have coveted his advice and the influence of his name. Of the board of direc tors of the Newark City National Bank he was a member from January, 1875, to the day of his death. The Firemen's Insurance Company, of Newark, also numbered him for many years among its directors. He was one of the organ izers and active managers of the Prudential Insurance Company of Newark. In October, 1875, he was elected one of the Board of Directors of that Company; in February, 1878, he was elected a member of the Finance Committee and treasurer. In all three capacities he continued to serve until his death. In recognition of his ability, valuable services and fidelity three medals were awarded and and presented to him by that Company, for five, ten and fifteen years services respectively. Had he survived but two or three months a medal for twenty years services would have been presented to him by that Company in recognition of his devotion to the duties of the offices which he had so well discharged. The high appreciation in which he was held by these institutions is expressed in the resolutions and memorial records called forth by his death. To the sum of his many excellent qualities, says one of these records, "he added a gentlemanly bearing and a kindly consideration in his personal intercourse that commanded the respect and won the affection of his colleagues," and, continued this record, he was "one who, by his public spirit and warm interest in all that concerned the public welfare, has inspired universal confidence, and been the recipient of unsought but well-deserved municipal honors." Says another of these rec ords: He was "a friend and associate who during his career worthily occupied many positions of financial and civic trust, and by his high character, unblem ished integrity, and dignified presence commanded the esteem of his fellows." Again we read of him: He was "one who performed every duty or trust con fided to him with fidelity and with honor to himself, at all times true to himself, and always respectful and courteous in his intercourse with his fellow men." While Mr. Yates was far from being a noisy politician or a "hidebound par tisan," he was, nevertheless, an earnest member of the Republican party from its very organization. A resolution adopted a few days after his death at a meeting of the Republican County Committee of Essex county begins thus: "In the death of the Honorable Henry J. Yates the Republican party and the Re publican County Committee have lost a staunch and consistent friend." He was in no wise an office-seeker, and the few public positions which he held were thrust upon him, notwithstanding his strong objections to holding them. Thus, in 1874 and 1875, he represented the Fourth Ward of the City of Newark in its Common Council, and during a period of four years, beginning in 1876, he was Mayor of that city. In the latter capacity he showed great sagacity and ability on several occasions, especially during the labor riots in July, 1877. That he was largely instrumental in sparing Newark bloodshed and destruction of prop- 182 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. erty, which were at that time visited upon so many other cities, is fully attested to by the newspapers of that day, which speak in loftiest praise of the firmness, the bravery, and the excellent judgment that marked all his actions. In 1842 Mr. Yates was married to Miss Sarah A. Condit, daughter of Moses W. Condit, of Bloomfield, New Jersey, who still survives him. Since that event Newark continued to be his residence, and it may be added that, to him, his home was always the most delightful spot on earth. In the quiet of his own fireside he always sought relief from the cares of business and the burdens of public office. Rarely and only as a matter of duty did he ever exchange these pleas ures for those so continually offered to men in high positions. In this much loved home, surrounded by those dearest to his heart, he died November 24, 1893. ROBERT F. ORAM Was born in the Parish Breage, county Cornwall, England, October 28, 1824. He was the youngest son of Thomas Oram and Lovidie Ford, both natives of Cornwall, and was grandson of Thomas Oram, a native of Bulwer Hampton, England. His mother, Lovidie, was a daughter of Francis Ford, born in Corn wall, England. His father was an assayer of tin, following the profession until his death. It was in assisting his father by running an engine that his intimate knowledge of mining commenced, he being closely identified with the lead and zinc indus tries of the vicinity. The first sixteen years of his life, Mr. Oram lived in the country of his birth, and until thirteen years of age attended private school. Upon the death of his father and mother, which occurred respectively in 1842 and 1844, he determined to seek his furtune in a new land. In 1845, taking passage on the sailing vessel "Roger Sherman," after a voyage of forty-six days he landed at the port of New York. Upon his arrival at New York he at once set out for Pottsville, Pennsylvania, in the Schuylkill mining regions, where, in con nection with his brother, Thomas, he was soon engaged in the mining and ship ping of coal to Philadelphia. The industry was then in its infancy, and the first coal breaker ever erected in this country was put up at Minesville, a point near by. In 1848 Mr. Oram and his brother Thomas were engaged to go to Dover, Morris county, New Jer sey, and take charge of the "Swedes Mine." This property was owned by John Stanton, William Green, Jr., and Lyman Dunnison, and with these gentlemen and the succeeding owners of the property, Mr. Oram was singularly fortunate and happy in his connections, receiving from them marked appreciation of his mining ability, and their heartiest co-operation. The "Swedes Mine," originally owned by Col. Jackson, of Rockaway, was sold to these gentlemen in 1847. In the early part of 1848 the "Mt. Pleasant Mine" was purchased by them and placed in charge of Mr. Oram. In 1849 the partners purchased the Burrell Farm, on which was located the "Orchard Mine," and since, the works of the Port Oram Furnace Company, and the vil lage of Port Oram. The following year the "Mellon Mine" at Mine Hill, and *" JLe^rza JFnbli'sIiino Co Chicaua.Jll '. ^Z^t^i^ BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 183 the "Beach Glen Mine," beyond Rockaway, were purchased, and all their prop erties for upwards of thirty years were managed and operated solely by Mr. Oram. The properties, however, passed through various ownerships. In 1852 they were sold to Dudley B. Feller and James Brown, a brother in the family of Brown Bros., the bankers of New York. Soon after Mr. James Cooper Lord, a son-in-law of Mr. Brown held an interest, and the firm of Fuller, Lord and Co. continued until 1875. ln ^78 Mr. Oram purchased the property on which now stands the borough of Port Oram, so called from being a ship ping port on the Morris Canal. The following year the building of the town was commenced by the erection of four dwelling houses, and the opening of the Port Oram store with a general stock of merchandise, followed in i860. This enterprise, inaugurated by Mr. Oram, in connection with John Hill and William G. Lathrop, of Boonton, was a year later continued under the firm name of Oram, Hance & Company. This firm name was continued even after the death of the last two partners, which occurred prior to that of Mr. Oram, and during all the periods of partnership the business was conducted under Mr. Oram's guid ing hand, and he was practically the manager of its varied interests. The firm gained an enviable record for credit, and stood extremely high in the business world. In 1892 the other partners having died, the firm was dissolved and the business was assumed by Air. Oram and Robert E. Oram, Jr., under the firm name of Robert F Oram & Co., with the latter, Robert F Oram, Jr., as man ager. The business has now grown to the extent of operating a general store, a drug store, a hardware store, plumbing shop and lumber and coal yards. Mr. Oram was also a stockholder in several banks, among them the First National of Morristown, the National Union of Dover, the North Ward Bank of Newark, and the Traders' National of Scranton, Pennsylvania. In the first named he was a director almost from its incorporation until his death. Besides his exclusive real estate and other interests in Port Oram, he was a large real estate owner in Dover, where also is his homestead, a fine place of about one hundred and twenty acres, which he himself laid out and improved. Mr. Oram was for a number of years a trustee of the Presbyterian church of Dover, his family church, and a trustee of the Orchard Street Cemetery As sociation. In politics he was independent, never held or sought office, and was outspoken in his views of men and measures. In May, 1847, *^r- Oram was married to Hannah, daughter and youngest child of Isaac and Hannah Williams, of Merthyr Tydvil, Wales. Airs. Oram was a lady of rare Christian virtues. Reared in the atmosphere of a devout and God-fearing piety, she brought to her family, to the church and to the society in which she moved a grace, charm and earnestness of character equally esteemed and cherished by the community and the church. To her Christian abilities she added the keenest sense of wifely duties and alike in early struggles and later prosperity was the unfailing help-mate. She died at Dover, September 30, 1896. Mr. Oram survived her death for three years, gradually declining in health, dy ing at Lakewood, New Jersey, March 21, 1899. Of nine children born to Mr. and Mrs. Oram, four survived the death of their parents: Thomas W., Robert F., Jr., Mrs. Charles A Pierce, of Dover, and Mrs. Frank A. Phillips, of Scranton, Pennsylvania. Possessed of sturdy frame, a strong will and an indomitable energy, yet 1 84 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. without family prestige or pecuniary advantages as helps to make his way among strangers, Mr. Oram's talents and energy were equal to the battle of life. Win ning the esteem and confidence of his employers, then of his business associates and of the community, by his careful and wise judgment in business matters, his frugality, prudence and integrity, he amassed an ample fortune, and still more enduring, gave to the world the example of a noble and worthy character. NOAH FARWELL BLANCHARD. By the death of an honorable and upright citizen the community sustains an irreparable loss, and is deprived of the presence of one of whom it had come to look upon as a benefactor and a friend. Death often removes from our midst those who we can ill afford to spare, whose places it is difficult to fill, whose life and actions have been all that is exemplary of the true and thereby worthy citizen, and whose career, both business and social serves as a model to the young and as rejunevation to the aged. Such a career sheds a brightness and a lus tre around everything in which it comes in contact. It creates by its usefulness and general benevolence a memory whose perpetuation does not depend upon brick and stone, but upon the spontaneous and free-will offering of a grateful and enlightened people. By the death of Noah F. Blanchard, which occurred on May ii, 1881, the City of Newark lost one of its prominent and enterprising citizens. He was a native of Nashua, New Hampshire, where he was born January 27, 1822; his father, Squire Blanchard, was a soldier in the War of 1812, and was a highly respected farmer of Nashua. His mother, before her marriage was Rachel Searles, she was of English extraction, her ancestors emigrating to this country several generations before she was born. Nine children were born to her, four sons and five daughters, all of them reached the age of maturity, except one daughter, who died in infancy. The rest, under her tender guidance, were reared to observe the teachings of Christ, and to be studious, energetic and hon orable men and women. Whether it was early training or a natural capacity that was responsible for Noah F. Blanchard's success in life is a matter of no consequence for his exemplary business career, fully demonstrates that he im proved every opportunity and that from the age of fifteen years, when he first left the farm and was apprentice to the leather trade, he took up the responsibilities of life with a will and determination that must ultimately result in success. More than once he was forced to experience a severe set back to his hopes and as pirations by the discontinuance of business and dishonesty of those whom he trusted, and in this manner he suffered what was to him at that time great finan cial loss. Yet he did not lose the pluck and determination to reach the goal of success. Mr. Blanchard never had the advantages of a collegiate education; his only school was a country school where he attended during the winter term, prior to his fifteenth year. Notwithstanding the lack of educational training in his youth his many business affiliations and general commercial connections in af ter years, stamps him as having been a man who had gained that practical knowl- Keitr Jersey Historical Publishing Co. _ d. Struck IncjTCit/c BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 185 edge of application so essential to a successful life. He remained in the employ of the firm, with whom he served his apprenticeship, until he was twenty-one years old, at which time the firm discontinued business and young Blanchard was compelled to find employment elsewhere. He succeeded in getting employ ment at Wilmington, Massachusetts, and having become a skilled and proficient workman, he remained in this place for about three years, or until 1853, when he came to Newark to visit his brother, David O. Blanchard, and was induced to locate and enter the employ of Theodore P. Howell & Company, who had decided to embark into the japanning of leather. In this employ, his thorough knowledge of the trade was so apparent to the firm that he was made general superintendent, and later was taken into the concern as a partner. In i860 Mr. Blanchard withdrew from the firm and established himself in the same line of business, conducting it alone for two years, when his brother, David O., joined him in partnership, under the firm name of Noah F. Blanchard & Brother. At the outbreak of the Civil War the United States government awarded to Mr. Blanchard a contract for supplying knapsacks, haversacks and other leather equipments for the federal troops, and he was kept busy night and day with a force of three hundred hands, in order to supply the demand that his contract called for. In 1869 Mr. P Van Zandt Lane, of New York, was admitted as a partner, the firm name became Blanchard Brother & Lane. The establishment became one of the largest and best known manufactories of patent and enamel leather in the United States. Among the many enterprises that Mr. Blanchard assisted and became in terested in, may be mentioned the Prudential Life Insurance Company, of which he was president at the time of his death. The magnificent structure on Broad street, its home, is a credit to Newark as well as the gentlemen who were in strumental in its organization. Death's hand intervened before Mr. Blanchard was able to see the fulfillment of the confidence he always entertained for the Prudential Life Insurance Company's success, and no better can we illustrate his confidence in this establishment than to quote from an interview with the present president of the Prudential, Mr. Dryden. In reference to Mr. Blanchard Mr. Dryden says: "In the early days of the company when its struggle for existence was a hard one, while others were sceptical, his faith never faltered. He maintained the utmost confidence in the company's future as a means of protection to the families of the great indus trial classes. In all of his business dealings he observed to the fullest extent fairness, and was always concerned that the rights and interests of others with whom he dealt, should be considered. He was genial in his personal traits of character, approachable at all times and made one feel that he was a true friend. He was large hearted as well as broad minded, he was popular with all who had ¦dealings with him and inspired a feeling of implicit confidence in all with whom he was brought in contact." Mr. Blanchard was highly esteemed by his fellow citizens. In social and religious matters he took an active part, and was always of the number who la bor for good order as well as spiritual and intellectual improvements. He was a member of the Trinity M. E. church, and was for twenty-five years president of the board of trustees. He was president of the Law and Order Association of Newark at the time it made so determined and active campaign against Sab- 186 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. bath desecration in 1879, and he was named as a candidate of the association for Mayor of Newark. This nomination, however, he refused to accept. He was a true and ardent Mason, a member of Newark Lodge, No. 7; Union Chapter, No. 7; Damascus Commandery, K. T., No. 5. In politics Mr. Blanch ard was a staunch Republican. He was a member of the Newark Board of Trade and a member of the board of directors of the Merchants Fire Insurance Company. In 1873 he was instrumental in organizing the Newark Industrial Institute, formed for the purpose of placing on exhibition the varied industries of the city, which resulted largely in promoting these industries. Mr. Blanchard was united in marriage, July 25, 1844, to Miss Emiline C. Powers, the daughter of Jesse Powers, a native of Caledonia county, Vermont, who died when Mrs. Blanchard was yet in her infancy, and her mother subse quently married a gentleman by the name of Moses Wood. Consequently Mrs. Blanchard assumed her stepfather's name, and was known during her maidenhood as Emiline C. Wood. Eight children have blessed the union of our subject, and his wife, five sons and three daughters, as follows: Emma Cath arine, married Isaac H. Searles; Theodore Charles Edwin, married Fannie E. Wilson; Leon Noah Farwell, married (1) Lavin Roberts, (2) Annie Barry; Frederick Clinton, married Mary E. Dickinson; William Washington, married Hattie E, Dickinson; Lillie Letitia, married James H. Hart; Milton Elvin, mar ried Julia T. Mercer; Effe May, married Julian H. Walter. Mr. Blanchard's career illustrates most forcibly what can be accomplished by steady application, industry, integrity and sobriety. He carved his own way unaided and alone. He started in life as a poor boy and he succeeded, while thousands who are better equipped at the outset have dropped by the wayside. He was a self-made man in the fullest sense of the often misused term, and the biographies of such men as he should serve as an inspiration to the young, as they show what hard work, intelligence and temperance can accomplish if strictlv observed. HENRY ADDISON MANDEVILLE, M. D., Only son of Rev. Giles Henry and Rachel (Jacobus) Mandeville, was born in the parsonage at Newburgh, New York, December 16, 1858. He came with his parents to New York City at the age of nine years. His preparatory education was received mostly under his father's tuition. He was a close student and re markably precocious. He entered New York University at the age of thirteen, one of the youngest students who ever matriculated at that institution. He completed the usual course at the age of seventeen. During the latter part, however, he took up a line of special studies, preparatory to taking a medical course. He entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Citv, from which he was graduated immediately on attaining his majority. After 'a few weeks' rest he entered upon the important course of medical experience, covering two years, in the Presbyterian Hospital, New York. He subsequently became associated in practice with Dr. Thomas H. Burchard, of New York Lirj. His special abilities as a practitioner were soon manifest, and he rapidly ' £%S ^C/^r^S WILLIAM 8. ENDERS BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 187 rose in favor with the profession, and achieved distinction in his chosen line. Dr. Mandeville's connection with South Orange began on September 17, 1887, when he married Mrs. Jennie J. Morgan (nee Rice), and from that period to the present he has devoted his time, his talents and his energies to the moral, intellectual and physical development of this locality. Progressive, earnest, public spirited, he has left no stone unturned to make the village of South Orange the most attractive to suburban residents of any place in the country. He was elected a member of the village board of trustees in 1893. Fie was elected trus tee of the school in 1891, and after serving for three years, was re-elected in 1894. Many improvements have been made during this period, and Dr. Mandeville has endeared himself to the people by his straightforward, manly course, and his efforts to promote the best interests of the whole community, without fear or favor, Like his father, he has been a most earnest advocate of, as well as an earnest worker in, the cause of education, and believes in giving the poor, as well as the rich, the best educational advantages, by increasing the facilities of the free school system. He has held various positions in connection with the schools of South Orange, and when the Board of Education for the township was estab lished, by act of the Legislature, in 1894, he was elected its first president. This is the strongest possible evidence of the confidence the people have in him and his methods. As a member of the board of trustees of the First Presbyterian church, Dr. Mandeville has been earnest in his support of its temporal affairs and loyal to the pastor in the latter's advancement of its spiritual interests. Dr. Mandeville is whole-souled and liberal in his support of every enterprise which tends to better the condition of his fellow men, whether religious, social or benevolent. He is a member of the Orange Club, Essex Country Club, one of the governors of the South Orange Field Club, also of the Orange Riding Club. He still attends to his professional duties to a limited extent, and keeps up his old New York connections. He is attending surgeon to the Colored Hospital, New York City. He is a member of the New York Pathological Society, New York Academy of Medicine, Hospital Graduate Society, Man hattan Surgical Society, Psi Upsilon Club, New York Club, New York Athletic Club, and Wool Club. WILLIAM B. ENDERS, Son of William and Anna Bloomfield Luke, was born in Rahway, New_ Jersey, January 14, 1827. The ancestors of Mr. Enders were among the earliest set tlers of that part of the State in which Rahway is situated. To the pioneer work done by them, and their immediate descendants, much of the prosperity of that section is ascribed. The maternal grandfather of William Barton Enders was Captain Robert Luke of the War of 181 2. Rahway has, for generations, been noted as a centre of the carnage-making industry, and its workmanship in this line has a wide reputation. Mr. William Enders, father of the subject of our sketch, was among the first and best known carriage manufacturers of the place. i88 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. His son, William Barton Enders, having attained his education in the com mon schools of Rahway, was placed with James M. Quinby, of Newark, New Jersey, one of the first carriage makers of that city, or, as may be more truly said, one of the first of his day in the county. After acquiring a thorough knowledge of his trade, Mr. Enders entered into partnership with John T. Leverich, in 1852, in the business of carriage making; the partnership continued until September 29th, 1884, a period of thirty- two years, during which time the firm established and held a reputation second to none in the State, for the excellent work turned out' by its various depart ments. It was, a realized ambition of the firm to put nothing upon the market but the verv highest grade of work possible. In so doing the best material only was used in every branch of manufactory, the finest workmen were employed, and the personal supervision of the gentlemen of the firm was given to each part of the work. It is a matter, therefore, of no surprise, that the work of the firm took the rank belonging to it, that its custom department received patronage from the most fastidious buyers in New Jersey and other states, and the firm name became identical with honest dealing and first class work. A well-known specialty of Mr. Enders' establishment was that of light coach and carriage making, in which the firm excelled; many coaches and carriages of this kind made by it, have since become models for other manufacturers. Two years after Mr. Enders and Mr. Leverich had formed the partnership, a great calamity befell the young firm; their manufactory was, in 1854, com pletely destroyed by fire, and practically everything was lost, save the fine rep utation, which, even then, in its earliest day was a belonging of the firm. Noth ing daunted, business was at once again commenced, the ability and the credit already established enabling the firm to resume business, notwithstanding the critical position in which it found itself. It was always a matter of honest pride to Mr. Enders and Mr. Leverich that, whatever the financial conditions of the business world, whatever the stress and pressure of the time, in its effect upon all branches of industry, during the thirty-two years of the existence of their firm, it never met with failure, and was always able to meet its liabilities with full one hundred cents to the dollar. This fact is, indeed, one of which any business man may well be proud. While not taking part in politics, in the active sense of the word. Mr. Enders is known as a man interested in the good management of every department of his country's government. He is a Republican, and as such is loyal to the highest interests of his party. In church relations Mr. Enders has long been connected with the First Reformed church of Newark; he was a warm personal friend of its second pastor, the Rev. James Scott, D. D., by whom he was married, January 8, 1851, to Miss Joanna M. Sutphen, of Newark, New Jersey. Mrs. Enders died in September of 1891. Two daughters are living of Mr. and Mrs. Enders, Addie M., and Joanna A' Enders. Since his retirement from business, Mr Enders has continued to live in New ark, to which city, as one of its large manufacturers, he is justly considered to have added his share towards the reputation which it holds, at home and abroad, as one of the largest manufacturing cities of the world. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. REV. LOUIS SHREVE OSBORNE, 189 Son of Henry Osborne, of Salem, Massachusetts, and Louisa Shreve Osborne, his wife, of Saco, Maine, was born in the historic town, which was also his fath er's birthplace. The ancestors of Henry Osborne came to America in its early days as a colonial possession, and were, as the name indicates, of English stock. The names Osborne, Osborn, Osbernus, Osbern, etc., are, also, variation of a very ancient baptismal name; several persons bearing it are found in Domesday REV. LOUIS S. OSBORNE. book, as tenants in chief of different counties. By Ferguson it is traced to the Norse, where it is interpreted as "the divine bear," which significance was with the Norsemen of old of much import and surrounded with legends of prowess and divine origin. The name, as is well known, has been borne by the earliest and most distinguished families of old England. The legends associated with it are too numerous for quotation in this place, however interesting they may be. Of the name of Shreve it may be mentioned that all authorities agree that it is identical with the old English "Shreeve or Shrieve," meaning Sheriff, and was 190 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. borne by a family descending from one of the earliest holders of that honorable office. Louis Shreve Osborne, the subject of our sketch, as a lad, received his early education in the private, grammar and high schools of his native town. Upon the completion of his preparatory studies he entered Harvard University, and was graduated in the class of 1873. He then became a student in the Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal church, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he continued until the completion of his divinity course, in 1876. In that same year he received an appointment as a missionary, and began his clerical life in Xenia, Ohio, leaving that place two years later to become rector of Grace church, Sandusky, Ohio. Mr. Osborne remained in Sandusky until 1884, in which year he accepted the office of rector of Trinity church, Chicago, Illinois, where he continued until called to Newark, New Jersey, in 1890. The history of his connection with old Trinity church in this city, is too well known to need review. The stand taken by Mr. Osborne in his pastoral relations with his parish, and in the diocese to which he belonged, has ever been that of the zealous servant of God, staunch in belief, steady of purpose, wide in his sympathies, without prejudice in administration; in word and deed taking counsel of his own con science he is a power in the church, and among those who may not be its ad herents alone. He is a preacher of great energy and force, and a thinker whose range is not circumscribed by any mere man's dictation; because of this he is both loved and honored by those of his own communion and others. He has published many sermons, lectures and essays, with occasional poems and other jugative articles, and as an office bearer has been connected with many representative bodies in his chruch. He was deputy to the general convention, American Church Congress, etc. While transacting the duties of these and other important offices, his services were constantly marked with the stamp of the resolute and God-fearing man. SAMUEL HAYES PENNINGTON, Whose name we are pleased to place at the head of this article, was born in New ark, New Jersey, October 16, 1806, and died at his residence in Newark, New Jersey, March 14, 1900. He descended from ancestors noted for their sterling worth and their patriotism, some members of the family having figured in the Revolutionary War. Dr.. Pennington had excellent educational advantages. A graduate of New ark Academy, he entered Princeton College in 1823, and received therefrom, in 1825, the degree of A. B , and in 1828 that of A. M. In the latter year he commenced the study of medicine in the office of his maternal uncle, Dr. Samuel Hayes, and subsequently attended lectures under the Rutgers medical faculty of Geneva College, among the names of whom we find those of the distinguished Dr. David Hosack, Dr. Valentine Mott, Dr. John Griscom and Dr. John W. Francis. In 1829 he received the degree of M. D., and soon after be gan practice with his uncle at Newark, and in 1839 succeeded to his uncle's practice. His great activity, knowledge and skill and excellent judgment, to- £"¦¦¦?- HI J3J£LXirPM BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. IgI gether with his success as a practitioner, made him prominent in his profession and brought to him a very extensive consulting practice. For this and other reasons, after more than thirty years of arduous labor, he began by degrees to release himself from the more burdensome duties of his profession, confining his practice within a very limited circle. A man of learning himself, he naturally and cordially seconded every effort to advance the cause of education, and his election and re-election as a member of the public school board of Newark, New Jersey, — for a period of seventeen years, seven of which he was president of the board, — is some evidence of the earnestness of his labors in behalf of the interests of his native city. To the Newark Academy, from which he graduated, he always exhibited great devo tion, becoming a member of its board of trustees as early as 1833, and from 1854 was president of that board. In 1856 he was chosen a trustee of Princeton College, and soon thereafter a trustee of the Theological Seminary in the same place. He resigned the office of the Theological Seminary about three years ago, but remained a trustee of the University, and after the death of Chancellor Green became president of the board of the Theological Seminary. While in the active practice of his profession he was prominent and useful in the Medical Society of Essex county, and in 1848 was elected president of the State Medical Society. That his professional reputation was not confined to his native state, is shown by the fact that he was elected an honorary member of the Connecticut Medical Society; and in 1898 the New Jersey Medical Society made him an hon orary member of that body; also was a corresponding member of the Medical Society of Munich, and of the Royal Botanical Society of Ratisbon. In the year 1895 he received from his alma mater, the College of New Jersey, the hon orary degree of LL. D. As a writer, Dr. Pennington was graceful and vigorous. His productions are not voluminous; nevertheless he has made many and valuable contributions to medical science, and is the author of numerous addresses and papers on the subject of education and essays on kindred topics. More than forty years ago he took an active part in the establishment of the Newark City National Bank of which he was president until he died. The Doctor was a member of the New Jersey Historical Society, to which he has rendered much aid, and of the Society was president for several years, re signing that position in 1897. JAMES G. BARNET. If, as has been written by one of the bards, "true history is biography," it follows that to chronicle the deeds and achievements of the successful and rep resentative citizens of a community or state is but to write the history of that community or state, and the biographer becomes the true historian. Thus it will be seen that the importance of making permanent record of the lives of men who have contributed to the material growth and prosperity of a community and its religious, educational and benevolent institutions, can not be over esti mated. New Jersey has many citizens worthy of the distinction of receiving 1 92 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. extended notice in the pages of any volume devoted to the history of the State, and among all of them stands conspicuously the late James G. Barnet, of New ark, who, by reason of a long and useful life, by his sterling worth as a citizen, his activity in commercial, religious and philanthropic circles, his lovable traits of character, and the good he accomplished for his fellow-men and the com munity, won the admiration, esteem and love of all who knew him, and left as a heritage to posterity an example worthy of emulation. James G. Barnet was a native of the State of New Jersey, having been born at Mendham, Morris county, on September 9, 1817. His father was David Barnet, who was born at Dundee, Scotland, on September 17, 1769, and was married on May 6, 1795, to Mary Gordon, a cousin to Lord Byron. The great- great-great-grandfather of our subject was Thomas Barnette, who fled from France when the edict of Nantes against the Huguenots was revoked by Louis XVI. Thus it will be seen that Mr. Barnet sprung from ancestors of note and character, and that the ruggedness of character which marked his long and useful life was inherent; native and inwrought in the very fibres of the man. When Mr. Barnet was three years of age his father removed to Newark, New Jersey. Upon arriving at the age of nine years, his father died, after which he returned to Mendham, and attended a boarding school, and subsequently returned to- Newark and entered the school of Nathan Hedges, which was one of the well-known institutions of learning of early Newark, and here finished his text-book schooling, laying the foundation of an education that broadened and ripened in practical knowledge as he advanced in years, for, though a busy man all through his life, Mr. Barnet loved books and found time to enjoy them. It may be said of him that he was a student all his life, studying carefully men and affairs, and the great questions of religion and philanthropy, and constantly adding to his fund of general information. Arriving at the age suitable for the selection of a trade or avocation, Mr. Barnet was apprenticed to the carpenter trade. This trade, however, did not seem to offer or afford sufficient attractions to the young man and on completing his apprenticeship and coming of age, he left it and never worked at carpentering again. His next employment was with his brother-in-law, James Turnbull, who made him superintendent of one of the departments of his carriage factory in Newark. The following year, 1839, how ever, Mr. Barnet went South, and in Columbia, the capital city of South Carolina, made his first important business venture by establishing himself in the clothing business, where he continued for ten years with unvarying success, building up a large and lucrative business. During this time he was married, and his two eldest sons were born in Columbia. In 1849 Air. Barnet formed a co-partner ship with his brother-in-law, Mr. Anderson, and leaving that gentleman in charge of the business in Columbia, he returned to Newark in order to direct the manu facture of the goods sold by the Southern house. Subsequently he disposed of his interest in the above business, and in 185 1 purchased Day's Express, a transportation business operating between Newark and New York, to which he added a light express for quick delivery between the two cities, and this busi ness he continued successfully until 1855, when he disposed of it and engaged in the manufacture of trunks as a member of the firm of Woodruff, Barnet & Co., which firm succeeded the old one of H. N. Peters & Co., and in turn was succeeded by James G. Barnet & Co. This business was continued until 1862, BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. i93 when he engaged in the manufacture of gig saddles and harness. In 1867 he engaged in the manufacture of varnish as a member of the firm of Murphy & Co., the firm at that time consisting of William H. and Franklin Murphy and himself. This business grew rapidh- and assumed great proportions. Branches were established at the important trade centres in the United States and in Europe, and the firm became one of the largest and leading ones in that line in the entire country. When the firm was incorporated Mr. Barnet was made vice-president, a position he held until the time of his death. For over thirty years he was connected with the Murphy Varnish Company, during which period he gave to the business the larger part of his time, and to his sound judg ment, splendid business talents and executive ability was due in a large measure the great success of the enterprise. Mr. Barnet was also largely interested in other business enterprises, among which was the Second National Bank of New ark, of which he was a director from the time of its organization until his death. He was also one of the charter members and vice-president of the Ocean Beach Association, of Belmar, New Jersey. Notwithstanding the fact that the business interests of Mr. Barnet were large and varied, and demanded constant attention, he found time to fully dis charge the duties and obligations incumbent upon him as a good citizen. He- not only took an interest in the affairs of his city and state, as well as the country at large, but also participated in local politics and accepted official positions at different times, thus rendering the city valuable service. He was a member of the Republican party from its organization, and during that party's early days was its candidate for Mayor of Newark, but was defeated by the late General Theodore Runyon, the Democratic candidate, that party being at that time in the majority. For eleven years, from 1852 to 1863, Mr. Barnet served with credit as a member of the Board of Aldermen of Newark, and was also a member of the first Tax Commission of the city, his associates on that board being James N. Wheeler, John MacGregor, Horace Poineer and Nathaniel C. Ball. In religious and philanthropic matters Mr. Barnet was very active, and it was in this field, probably more than in any other, that he found the^ real pleas ures of his active life. He contributed generously of his time and means to ad vance the cause of Christianity, and to promote, build up and maintain the be nevolent and charitable institutions of the community. He was an active and lead ing member of the Central M. E. church of Newark, from its organization in 1850 until his death, and as one of the builders of the church contributed liberally to its erection and support. For many years he was president of its board of trustees. In this church a tablet has been erected to the memory of Mr. Barnet. The tablet is of white marble, framed in Mexican onyx, set in the wall at the head of the east aisle, and bears the following inscription: i94 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. JAMES G. BARNET. September 9, 1817 — July 21, 1898. President of the Board of Trustees, and a Member of the same for more than twenty-five years. FAITHFUL ADMINISTRATOR. A GOOD MAN. Regard the upright, for the end of that man is peace. He was also a trustee of St. John's African M. E. Church, and with two asso ciates carried that church along for a number of years financially. He did as much for St. James' African M. E. Church. A few years ago he, in connection with Mr. William H. Murphy, built and presented to the Newark Conference the Summerfield church, of Newark, and in association with the late Enoch Bolles, he carried to completion the Centenary chapel of that city. He was director in the Hospital for the Relief of Women and Children, and of the Old Ladies' Home, both *of Newark. In an unofficial way, otherwise than above mentioned, Mr. Barnet exercised his benevolence and generosity towards Chris tian and charitable institutions, while his private contributions to the poor and needy were commensurate with his purse. On May 16, 1842, Mr. Barnet was united in marriage with Mary W. Hendrickson, who was the daughter of James G. and Hannah Hendrickson, both of whom were descendants of Revolutionary ancestors of Monmouth county, New Jersey. The death of Mr. Barnet occurred at his summer home it, Belmar, New Jersey, on July 21, 1898, while that of his wife occurred on April 13, 1894. Their surviving children are as follows: David H, born at Columbia, South Carolina, William H., born at Columbia, South Carolina, and James G., Jr., born at Newark, New Jersey. Mr. Barnet was in every sense a representative citizen, a term too often mis used and abused, but when applied to him was peculiarly appropriate. He was endowed with ability far beyond the ordinary, and used that ability to the very best purpose. His characteristics were of the kind that endeared him to all with whom he came in contact, either in a commercial or social way. He was up right, thrifty, enterprising and progressive. A successful business man, he <££.?- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 195 accomplished much, yet always in an honest, conscientious, commercial spirit, and never at the cost of others. This trait of his character was well known and fully appreciated, and it is a fact worthy of mention that his advice was fre quently sought by business competitors and, as he always endeavored to advise them for their benefit, the advice so eagerly sought and freely given, was often followed to the good of those who consulted him. He always exerted great in fluence over his friends and business associates without in the least seeking to do so, it being due rather to their great faith in him and their demands upon him for helpful advice, and often assistance, that gave him this power, which he exercised so conscientiously. Mr. Barnet did much for Newark and her en terprises and institutions, and lived to receive his reward in witnessing the fruits of his own labors. He was a conservative man in business affairs, a trait which no doubt contributed largely to his success, and gained for him prestige in the commercial world. Logical in his reasoning and deductions, firm in his con victions, and possessing the courage of his convictions, he was at once a safe counsellor, a valuable business associate, a firm friend, and a generous com petitor. Of foes he had none, for those who knew him never harbored unkind ' thoughts of him. A good citizen, a true Christian philanthropist, a liberal bene factor, and an honest man. What more needs be written of him. A local pa per, in speaking editorially of the death of Mr. Barnet, closed its articles with the following observation which speaks volumes: "The world is better because he has lived in it." HON. GROVER CLEVELAND, The twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States, was born in Caldwell, Essex county, New Jersey, March 18, 1837. His earliest American ancestor was Moses Cleveland who emigrated from England in 1635, and set tled in Woburn, Massachusetts, where he died in 1701. The father of the sub ject of this sketch was Richard Falley Cleveland, who was a native of Nor wich, Connecticut, and who married in 1829, Ann Neal, daughter of a merchant of Baltimore. The father was graduated from Yale College in 1824, and five years afterward was ordained a Presbyterian minister. When licensed to preach he was a school teacher in Baltimore. In 1834 he received a call to become the pastor of the Presbyterian church at Caldwell, New Jersey, to succeed the Rev. Stephen Grover, who, by reason of his advanced age, was no longer able to per form the duties of pastor. It was in this New Jersey hamlet that the subject of our sketch was born, and it was in honor of his father's beloved predecessor that he was named Stephen Grover Cleveland. The first name was early drop ped, and he has since been known as Grover Cleveland. In 1840 he moved with his family to Fayetteville, Onondaga county, N. Y., where he received his early education, and where, until the death of his father, in 1853, he continued to re side, with the exception of one year, when he was at school in Clinton, Oneida county, New York. Soon after the death of his father he joined his elder broth er, William, then a teacher in the New York Institution for the Blind in New York City. Here he remained one year, when he went to Holland Patent, in 1 96 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Oneida county, the residence of his mother, where he remained until May, 1855. Resolved to seek his fortune in the West, he left the home of his mother, and stopping in the City of Buffalo, New York, he found employment as a clerk with a law firm in that city, where he began the study of Blackstone, and received four dollars a week for his services as a copyist. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar, but remained with the firm that first employed him during the following three years, at a salary at no time exceeding one thousand dollars a year. In January, 1863, he was appointed Assistant District Attorney of Erie county, an office which he held for three years with such success that in 1865 he received the nomination of his party for District Attorney for the county, but at the polls he was defeated by a small majority. With great success he continued the practice of his profession until 1870, when he was elected Sheriff of Erie county. At the expiration of his term of office as Sheriff, he resumed his practice at the bar, attaining high rank as a lawyer and becoming noted for his abilities as an advocate and counselor. In 1881 Mr. Cleveland received from the Democratic party of Buffalo-, New York, the nomination for Mayor of that city, and was. elected by a very large majority. In January of the following year he entered upon the duties of the office, and soon became known as the "Veto Mayor" on account of his fearless use of the prerogative in checking extravagance in pub- • lie expenditures. It is estimated that in this way he saved the city nearly a million dollars during the first six months of his administration. So ably did he discharge the duties of his office that he won the highest encomiums from the press and the people, irrespective of party. On the twenty-second day of Sep tember, 1882, Mr. Cleveland received from the Democratic State Convention held at Syracuse, the nomination for Governor in opposition to Charles J. Folger, at that time Secretary of the United States Treasury, nominated for the same office three days before by the Republican State Convention at Saratoga. While in the canvass which took place on this occasion, the Democratic party was en tirely united, it was not so in the Republican ranks, many of the party believing that in the nomination of Mr. Folger, fraud had, to some extent, been practiced, though the character of the Republican candidate, and indeed of both candidates was unimpeachable. On the ist of January, 1883, Mr. Cleveland entered upon his duties as Governor quietly and without parade. The utmost simplicity prevailed in the Executive Mansion as well as in the Executive Chamber. The Governor was accessible to all alike, and his management of the affairs of State upon the same essential lines that governed his action while Mayor of the City of Buffalo. In November, 1884, the election for President and Vice-President of the United States took place, as it does in every bissextal year. On this occa sion there were four candidates in the field, viz: Grover Cleveland, of New York, Democratic; James G. Blaine, of Maine, Republican; Benjamin F. But ler, of Massachusetts, Labor and Greenback, and John P. St. John, of Kansas, Prohibition. Mr. Cleveland triumphed in the Electoral College by a majority of thirty-seven, and on the 6th of January, 1885, he resigned the governorship of the State of New York. On the 2d of March following, he proceeded to 1 m " Z^hjVWamableJM BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 197 to the White House, where, from a temporary platform, he reviewed the in augural procession, numbering more than one hundred thousand men. After the inauguration of the President, his sister, Miss Rose Elizabeth Cleveland be came mistress of the White House. She was a highly educated woman, and the author of a volume of lectures and essays published under the title of "George Eliot's Poetry and Other Stories." She also published in 1886, "The Long Run," a novel. President Cleveland married, in the White House, on June 2, 1886, Frances Folsom, daughter of his deceased friend and partner, Oscar Fol- som, of the Buffalo bar. Several months prior to the close of President Cleve land's term of office, the work of selecting his successor in office begun. As early as in the month of May, 1888, demonstrations were made in this direction, and before the end of June four candidates were named by as many different po litical parties. The two most prominent of these candidates were General Ben jamin Harrison, the candidate of the Republican party, and Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate. The election, which was held in November fol lowing, resulted in the defeat of Mr. Cleveland, and the choice, by the Electoral College of General Harrison, by a majority of sixty-five. On the 4th of March, 1889. Mr. Cleveland retired from the presidential office and removed to the City of New York, where he resumed the practice of his profession as a member of the law firm of Stetson, Tracy & McVeagh. In the next presidential campaign, which took place in 1892, Mr. Cleveland and General Harrison were again nom inated for the high office which each had already filled for a single term. The national election was on the 8th of November, 1892, and its result was equally •amazing to both political parties. Mr. Cleveland was elected by an almost un precedented majority of the electoral vote, while the Democrats secured con trol of both branches of Congress for the first time in thirty-one years, carrying twenty-eight out of the forty-four states of the Union. Mr. Cleveland was in augurated for the second time on March 4th, 1893, and served to the end of his term, March 4th, 1897. After welcoming to the White House, and performing his part at the inauguration of his successor in office, Mr. Cleveland sought rest for a few days on the coast of North Carolina. He remained here until the 17th of March, when he set out for his new home in Princeton, New Jersey, where at an early hour on the morning of the 18th he was welcomed by Mrs. Cleve land and his three little daughters: Ruth, born in New York City, October 3, 1891; Esther, born in Washington, September 9, 1893, and Marion, born in Buzzard's Bay, Massachusetts, July 7, 1895. JOHN F. DRYDEN— PRESIDENT OF THE PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA. No man in America is more justly entitled to be called self-made than John F. Dryden, President of the Prudential Life Insurance Company of America. Mr. Dryden has not only achieved a great personal success in the way of advanc ing his fortunes materially, securing affluence and an exalted place in the esti mation of his fellow men, being best liked where he is best known, but m the annals of business bearing upon American sociological evolution he has won for 198 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. himself enduring fame as a great contributor to the welfare of the American people, particularly the industrial masses. He accomplished in America what Sir Henry Harben (who received Knighthood at the hands of the Queen at the recent Jubilee) accomplished in England — broke down the old barriers of the classes, which monopolized for the rich and well-to-do the benefits and blessings of life insurance, and made it possible for the humblest toiler and wage-earner in the land to enjoy the same life insurance privileges and protection propor tioned to his means. John F. Dryden is, in a word, not only the chief creator of the wonderfully successful company whose splendid home office is in Newark, New Jersey, and whose branch offices are spread all over the Union, but he is the originator of the system of life insurance in America known as industrial, which now embraces eight millions of people and which has been the main factor in increasing the regularly insured in this country from three-quarters of a million in 1875 to fully ten millions in 1898. Industrial insurance had no existence in America until 1875. F°r twenty years before that it had been in successful operation in England, but those who had given the subject any thought believed that such a system could not be ar ranged so that it could be successfully applied in this country owing to the dif ferences existing between our conditions and our population generally as com pared with those in England. One American alone thought otherwise. He be lieved a plan could be devised that would succeed here. To think out and pre pare such a plan was the task he set himself. After years of study and prepara tion, the task was accomplished, and, what is of infinitely more importance, the plan was put in successful operation in Newark. This was in the fall of 1875. The man was John F. Dryden. Mr. Dryden was born near Farmingham, Maine, August 7, 1839. His parents, who were of the farming class and of English yeomanry stock that emi grated to New England not many years subsequent to the landing of the Pil grims at Plymouth Rock, designed him for a career at the bar, the analytical and logical bent of his mind suggesting this as the most suitable field for his life- work. In 1861 he entered Yale College. Excessive devotion to study greatly impaired his health, however, and, just as he was about to graduate, with every prospect of high honors, he was forced to leave the University and search for physical recuperation. Abandoning the idea of pursuing the law as a profes sion, he became interested in life insurance, and made an exhaustive study of its principles, closely examining everything that he could obtain in print on the sub ject. A reference to industrial insurance as operated in England in a report to the Massachusetts Legislature by the late Elizur Wright, an acknowledged authority on insurance, attracted Mr. Dryden's attention. Mr. Wright doubted if such a system could be successfully operated in America. This it was that set Mr. Dryden thinking, with the result stated already. In 1873 he went to Newark, New Jersey, then, as now, a great centre of all sorts of manufactures. Being without capital himself, he interested a number of men of means, mostly large employers of labors, in his plan. With their co-operation he procured a charter from the New Jersey Legislature, and, after two years preparatory and purely experimental work with an organization known as "The Widows and Orphans Friendly Society," on October 13, 1875, began the real work of estab lishing industrial insurance in America. On that date, in a manner the extreme BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 199 of modesty, Mr. Dryden and his associates threw open the doors of "The Pruden tial Insurance Company of America." From the first, the concern was a suc cess. It spread out and prospered steadily, and in every direction. So marked was its progress, and so thorough its demonstration of the practicability of op erating life insurance for the masses, that other companies arose and resolved to try their fortunes in the same field of labor. In 1879 the Prudential extended its lines be)rond New Jersey, and began its astonishingly successful march east and west, and now its representatives cover every centre of population from the Canadian border north to Colorado in the west and Florida in the south. With scarcely sufficient capital at the beginning to meet the most carefully adminis tered running expenses, but with typical American energy unbounded, and a de gree of faith in the feasibility and success of the system adopted that was simply sublime, the pioneer industrial company has pressed on, from triumph to tri umph, until now it stands acknowledged as one of the first institutions of its kind in the world, its dealings being with millions of people and its trans actions being with millions of money. Its last annual statement shows that it has nearly 3,000,000 of policies in force, that it has more than $23,000,000 of assets, that it has an excess of $15,500,000 annual income, that it has paid policy-holders, altogether, over $31,000,000, and that it has out standing risks amounting to $350,000,000. In 1886 the Prudential began to operate ordinary life insurance also, its success here being secondary only to its success in industrial insurance. It has about fifty-five thousand ordinary policies in force, representing risks amounting to about $60,000,000, and already it has paid out in ordinary claims about $1,- 300,000. To have, through the genius of his irresistible energy, his indomitable per severance, and his splendid courage, created the marvellously successful insti tution described, to have conceived and formulated upon a practical basis the system of American industrial insurance now in operation all over the land, and to have blazed the way for its wondrous success — these are the achievements that constitute the life work of John F. Dryden. In politics Mr. Dryden has been a life-long Republican, a consistent, un swerving and devoted member and worker in the ranks of the party of Fremont and Lincoln and Greeley and Grant and Garfield. But while he has from the first been a close and interested observer of public affairs, local, state and na tional, and has been ever ready to fulfill all his duties as a party man, and has fulfilled them, he has never been a seeker after political honors and preferment, choosing rather that others should be the recipients of the rewards of fidelity to party. Only once has Mr. Dryden been prevailed upon to accept political dis tinction, and it was at the last' Presidential election, when he ran for and was elected Presidential Elector-at-Large on the Republican ticket, receiving the unprecedented majority, in a state usually Democratic, of eighty-seven thousand six hundred and ninetv-two. 200 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. HOWARD P. FROTHINGHAM. Few of our countrymen have attained success, destinction and wealth at such an early age, even when aided by influence and gifted by early advantage in boyhood. But Mr. Frothingham owes everything to his natural abilities, namely his acute perceptive powers, his absolute integrity and his unremitting energy. It may be said that a boyhood of necessary toil comprehends the his tory of the early life of our men of action and does not debar success; but there are few other known instances where a young man by sheer force of character has deserved and attained such an influential position as that now occupied in the business world by Mr. Frothingham. An, authority on finance, the natural and proper representative of our wealthiest banking corporations on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange, with millions of money at his disposal every day, he never yet has proved unequal to the grave responsibilities cast upon him by the high and powerful position he has reached. His varied duties call for the strictest economy of time, yet he is no slave to his success, nor has he been spoiled by prosperity nor soured by selfishness. Of an exceedingly generous disposition, he exercises in his interest for the wel fare of others, the same judgment in the use of his efforts and his money that have so well built up his own fortunes. His play would be work indeed to an inferior mind, and the borough of Mt. Arlington and the New Jersey Fish and Game Commission owe their success and value largely to his expenditure of time and labor for them, which a weaker man would be forced to use in recu peration and rest from his daily toil. If from his past we may predict his future, we may reasonably assume, be cause he does not dazzle or flash, but casts a bright and steady light, that his career will be no comet flight, but a beacon to illumine and to cheer, to guide and to encourage his fellow-men. THEODORE FRELINGHUYSEN Was born in Franklin, Somerset county, New Jersey, March 28th, 1787; died in New Brunswick, New Jersey, April 12th, 1861. He was the son of General Frederick Frelinghuysen, a gallant officer of the Continental Army, and a grand son of Rev. John Frelinghuysen, a minister of the Reformed Dutch church, who came to America from Holland in 1720. He was educated at the College of New Jersey, Princeton, and was graduated from that institution with high honors in 1804. Immediately after leaving college, Mr. Frelinghuysen began the study of law in the office of Richard Stockton at Princeton, and in 1808 was admitted to the bar as an attorney at law. In 181 1 he became a counselor, and in 1817 received the dignified title of sergeant at law. In 1809 Mr. Frelinghuysen removed to Newark, New Jersey, and was mar ried to Miss Charlotte, daughter of Archibald Mercer, Esq. Here he became so successful in his chosen profession that, in 1817, when only thirty years of age, he was appointed Attorney-General of the State, which important office he held for many years. In 1829 he was chosen a it* mber of ¦ J:'Sti ajtm»l?ri,i,.;„,, Z A. s/mch- Sc BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 201 the United States Senate, in which body he achieved great distinction. Mr. Frelinghuysen, in the mean time, refused a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court of his native state. In 1836 he accepted, at the hands of his fellow cit izens, the position of Mayor, he being the second to hold that office. In 1839 he was unanimously chosen Chancellor of the University of New York, and while in the occupancy of this office, was in May, 1844, nominated by the Whig National Convention at Baltimore, for the Vice-Presidency of the United States, on the same ticket as Henry Clay. He continued in the dis charge of his duties as Chancellor of the University until 1850, when he accepted the presidency of Rutgers College, and in the same year was formally in ducted into that office, continuing in it until the day of his death. Mr. Freling huysen was an earnest advocate of th claims of organized Christian benevolence, and it is said of him that no American layman was ever associated with so many great religious and charitable national organizations. He was president of no less than three of these during some period of their existence, while his name may be found on the list of officers of all the rest, with scarcely an exception. For sixteen years he was president of the American Board of Commissioners for foreign missions. From April, 1846, till his death he was president of the American Bible Society; vice-president of the American Sunday-school Union, and for many years vice-president of the American Colonization Society. In the work of all these institutions he took an active part. His remains were buried in the ground of the First Reformed Dutch church, in New Brunswick, New Jersey. FREDERICK T. FRELINGHUYSEN, Son of General Frederick's third son, Frederick, lawyer, born in Millstone, Au gust 4th, 1817, died in Newark, May 20, 1885, was but three years of age when his father died, and was at once adopted by his uncle, Theodore. He was graduated at Rutgers in 1836; studied law with his uncle, Theodore, at New ark, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. In this year his uncle was called to the chancellorship of the University of New York, and the young attorney succeeded to his practice. He was chosen City Attorney in 1849, ar>d hi the following year was also elected City Counsel. Not long afterwards he became the retained counsel of the New Jersey Central Railroad Company and became generally known throughout the State. His name was mentioned as a candidate for Attorney-General of New Jersey in 1857, and in 1861 was appointed to that office. In this same year Mr. Frelinghuysen was a member of the Peace Con gress in Washington, where he was a conspicuous figure. On the expiration of his term as Attorney-General, in 1866, he was reappointed by Governor Marcus L. Ward, but in the same year was appointed by the Governor to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Wright. He took his seat in the Senate in December, 1866, and was elected in the winter of 1867 to fill the unexpired term of Mr. Wright, which would end on March 4th, 1869. He now resigned the office of Attorney-General to occupy one which, it is said, had long been the summit of his ambition. At the expiration of his 202 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. term in 1869, the majority of the Legislature was opposed to him in politics, and as a matter of course, his re-election was impossible. In 1870, President Grant nominated him as Minister to England, and the nomination was promptly confirmed by the Senate without the usual reference to the committee. Mr. Frelinghuysen, however, declined the appointment. On July 25th, 1 87 1, he was again elected United States Senator for the full term of six years. In 1877, a majority of the Legislature being again Democratic, he was suc ceeded by John R. McPherson. On December 12th, 1881, President Arthur invited Mr. Frelinghuysen to a seat in the Cabinet as Secretary of State. Surrendering his seat to his successor in the Cabinet on March 4, 1885, he went at once to his home in Newark, New Jersey, where on his arrival he found himself too ill to receive the citizens and friends who had filled his house to wel come him. For many weeks he lay in a lethargic condition which continued until the end. He was a close student of the Bible, and an active member of that branch of the church in which so many of his forefathers had been bright and shining lights. He was president of the American Bible Society, and for thirty-four years a trustee of Rutgers College. Many of his speeches were never written until after they been delivered; but he never spoke as he once told a writer, without engraving on his memory in their exact order, every word he was about to utter; and so tenacious was that memory that, whenever he deemed it important to com mit anything to writing, the manuscript was for him thereafter a useless paper. FRANCIS A. GILE, M. D., Son of Alfred Augustus Gile, and Mary Lucinda Kern, his wife, was born at Franklin Falls, New Hampshire, July" 19th, 1845. The family of Gile or Guild, as it is differently spelled, is of English and Scotch origin. The bearers of that name appear among the earliest settlers of the Massachusetts colony of whom Samuel Guild, of Hoverhill, Massachusetts, who belongs to the history of that place as early as 1637, is an ancestor of the subject of our sketch The mother of Dr. Gile, was a descendent of an old Dutch family, the Kerns, whose immediate ancestors settled in Hamburg, Pennsylvania. The early education of Dr. Gile was received in the common schools of his native state, after leaving which he became a pupil in the New Hampshire Con ference Seminary, of Tilton, New Hampshire. The War of the Rebellion began, while the youth was yet a school boy, and we find him, leaving his education, before it received its after classical and scien tific completion, that he might enter the service of his country. Entering, at the age of seventeen, he became a member of the 16th New Hampshire Volun teers, and served under General Banks, in the Department of the Gulf. During this time of service, he took part in the following engagements and expeditions: the Red River expedition of 1863, and Port Fludson; in the same year, where on March 14th, at midnight, he witnessed the passing of Admiral Farrigut's flag- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 203 ship, Hartford, followed by the U. S. warship Mississippi, with (Admiral) George Dewey on board. The Mississippi at that time took fire, her magazine exploded, destroying the vessel. Grand Gulf, Brasier City and Fort Burton, at Bute La Rose, on the Atchafalaya River. William A. Gile, a brother of the Doctor's, (afterwards a well-known lawyer of Worcester, and a prominent member of the Massachusetts Legislature) was his companion in the army. At the close of the war the young man returned to those literary and scien tific pursuits which had been interrupted by the response of his heart to the demand, it recognized the protection of the honor and safety of his land. While the early bent of his mind may have been towards a professional life, there is little doubt but that the experience of his years in the midst of suffering and death, may have influenced him in the choice of the practice of medicine as a life work. To this end he enteerd the Homeopathic Medical College of New York, and after graduation began the practice of medicine in that city, which he continued, later, in the State of New Jersey, particularly in the City of Orange. His name was soon prominr-t among his professional brothers, and he was called upon to serve as president of the New Jersey State Homeopathic Medical Society, and was treasurer of the same for several years. In 1886 he was elected councilman, and, in 1893, was made coroner of Essex county, New Jer sey. Dr. Gile is a Mason. He married, July 9, 1879, Annie Cattell, daughter of the late Rev. Alexander Gilmore, whose record as a chaplain in the army for fifty years, an influential member of the Methodist Conference of New Jersey, made him a man of note in the history of Methodism, and a power in that church. JOHN K. GORE, Son of George Witherden Gore and Mary Lewis Kinsey, his wife, was born in Newark, New Jersey, February 3, 1864. The ancestors of Mr. Gore, upon his father's side, were English. His paternal grandfather was Israel Gore, M. D., whose wife was Mary Witherden, both of Margate, England. A curious coin cidence respecting the surnames of Gore and Witherden, connects them both, at a remote period, with property holdings. Early authorities claim that when surnames were first used in England the family of Gore took its name from a piece of property called Gore, the Witherdens from a manor in Ticehurst, county Sussex. Be this as it may, both families are of remote origin. The Kinseys, from whom John Kinsey Gore is descended upon his mother's side, were people prominent in Revolutionary history. Some authorities claim that Kinsey, county York, England, derived its name from the Kinseys, for which claim there ap pears reasonable grounds. Other authorities give the name a Welsh origin. Joel and Nancy Kinsey, of Newark, New Jersey, were the grandparents of the subject of our sketch. Mr. Gore received his early education in his native city, where he attended both public and private schools. It is upon record that the boy was one of the youngest pupils ever admitted to the Newark public high school, where also his record was that of a student. In 1883 Mr. Gore was graduated at Columbia .204 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. in the honor class. From the date of his graduation, in 1883, to 1892, Mr. Gore was engaged in New York City, as preparatory school teacher, vice-prin cipal and manager. In 1892 he entered the employ of the Prudential Insurance Company of America, located in Newark, New Jersey. His rise, through various positions in this great and world-known institutions, was rapid. Entered as a clerk in 1892, the following year he was given a place as mathematician; two years later he became assistant actuary, and in 1897 accepted the important official position tendered to him, of actuary of the company. From 1895 to 1897 he was school commissioner. Honors and responsibilities of this kind do not often come to a man so early in his life history, and it is but due to Mr. Gore to say that to his peculiar fitness for this position, and for each preceding one, — a fitness that his associates recognized, and could not pass by, — to his fidelity, his application and thorough equipment, his business success is undoubtedly owing. Mr. Gore is interested in the best advance of his fellow-man; he' is a believer in and a promoter of education. He has served his native city upon its Board of Education, and in athletic affairs he has held prominent positions, as he ap preciates the wise development of physical powers. As an early member and organizer of the Riverside Athletic Club of Newark, New Jersey, and its presi dent from 1890 to 1895, this association owes much of its success, financially and otherwise, to him. It is well, when, amid the pressure and responsibility of business care, a man does take time for human interest, and systematically gives to his fellows some thing of himself, socially, intellectually and spiritually. This thought of others seems to have characterized Mr. Gore's life from his boyhood. • In the little. club, or society for study and mental improvement, in the larger interests of young manhood, and when burdened later with the graver responsibility of life work, the same thought of family and friend, of the best good of others, both pri vate and public, has marked his life, and, drawing him to his brother man in hu man interest, has been, perhaps, the true secret of his power. In public life he has not sought office, and in accepting positions, it has been rather oppor tunity than office for which he has cared. In politics Mr. Gore is a Republican. He is a member of various literary and other clubs and societies, as the Essex Club, and the New England Society of Orange, the American Mathematical Society and the Actuarial Society of America, the last two of New York City. Mr. Gore married, February 16, 1898, Jeannette Amelia Littell, daughter ¦of the late John M. Littell, of Newark, New Jersey. JAMES R. HAY, Son of Philip Cortlandt Hay, D. D., was born in Geneva, New York, March 10th, 1844. The map of Normandy shows many localities called La Haie; from one of these, in early Norman times, if not actually before the Conquest, the Hay family, ancient in England and Scotland, in those days, undoubtedly came. The name was then written DeHaia and DeLaHay. King Henry First gave to BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 205, Robert de Haia the Lordship of Halnaker, county Sussex, at the close of the twelfth century. From William deHay descended Hay, Marquis of Tweed Dale and Hay, Earl of Errol, hereditary Lord High Constable of Scotland. These are well authenticated facts, and from these Hays the American family of Hay descends. The grandfather of the subject of this sketch was Col. Samuel Hay, who, having equipped a company of men from his own employ in his blast furnaces. at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, joined the Colonial Army, January 9th, 1776, as cap- JAMES R. HAY. tain of the 6th Pennsylvania Battalion. In 1778, Col. Hay was promoted to- the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and transferred to the 10th Regiment, Penn sylvania Line. In recognition of his bravery, in leading the attack at Stony Point, July 16th, 1779, as Acting Colonel, General Washington presented the gallant officer with a pair of pistols. Colonel Hay will be always honored as a charter member of the Society of Cincinnati, he was captain of the Silver Grays of Newark, a company made up of retired officers of the Revolutionary Army. That he was a man interested in literary matters, as well as a patriot, is evinced by the fact that he belonged to the first board of trustees of the New ark Academy. 206 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. James Richards Hay is, upon his mother's side, a grandson of Silas Condit, who is well known as first president of the Newark Banking Company, which office he held for twenty years, and also as a prominent figure in politics from 1831 to 1844, during which time he served in the United States Legislature as Congressman and member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1844. It may be said, without robbing Mr. Hay of his own credit, that, with such an ancestry he could scarcely help being himself a man of affairs. At the close of his educational life Mr. Hay began business with the well- known firm of Cary, Howard & Sanger, of New York, remaining with them six years. In 1863 he organized the firm of Hay & Spratt, in Chicago; which firm has the credit of being the first to import druggists' sundries direct from English and French manufacturers. Having disposed of his Chicago busi ness, Mr. Hay came to New Jersey, and invested in lands in Nutley, where his talent, in real estate and other matters, soon made him a leader in building opera tions and a man of importance to his fellow townsmen. In 1875, with his broth er Silas Condit Hay, he organized the Franklin Loan & Improvement Company, and purchased a large tract of land, upon which is located the principal railroad station in Nutley. In 1889, Mr. Hay organized the Nutley Water Company, and, until in 1895, when the plant was purchased by the township of Franklin, he supplied the village with water from springs upon his own place. In all that pertains to the best interests of Nutley Mr. Hay's name has for years been fore most, and to him the village is largely indebted for its upbuilding and improve ment. While Mr. Hay's business, as having charge of the real estate of one of the largest and most active estates in New York City, calls him to that city chiefly, he is keenly interested in the advance of Nutley in temporal, religious and edu cational matters. Since 1873, Mr. Hay has been well known in connection with Grace Episcopal church, of which, for the past ten years, he has been a warden. In 1878 he married Sarah A., daughter of Richard Kingsland, a prominent ctitzen of Acquackanonk, New Jersey, and a man of famous Holland descent. The four children of Mr. and Mrs. Hay are all living: Philip Kingsland, Elizabeth Condit, Richard Kingsland, and Sarah M. CHARLES K. CANNON, Ex-Corporation Attorney of Hoboken, New Jersey, and Supreme Court Com missioner and Master in Chancery, was born in Bordentown, New Jersey, No vember 12, 1846, the son of Colonel Garrett S. Cannon and Hannah Kinsey. His father was a lawyer of eminence, and for fifteen years the Prosecutor of the Pleas for Burlington county. His mother was the daughter of Charles Kinsey, a prominent lawyer of Burlington, and his maternal grandfather, James Kinsey, was Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1789 to 1803. Mr. Cannon, having prepared for college in the preparatory department of Burlington College, founded by George Washington Doane, a former Bishop of New Jersey, and in Saint Mary's Academy, under the tuition of William Cross- well Doane, the present Bishop of Albany, New York, and a son of Bishop CHARLES K. CANNON BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 207 George Washington Doane, entered Yale College in his seventeenth year, and was graduated, cum laude, in the class of 1867. Both from ancestral prestige and from special endowment Mr. Cannon, upon leaving college, chose the law, and entering as a student in his father's office at Bordentown, he devoted the year succeeding his graduation to careful and thorough study. In the fall of 1868 he entered the law school of Columbia College, New York City, and was graduated with the degree of LL. B. in May, 1870; was admitted to the New York bar in June of the same year, and in the following November was licensed as an attorney of the State of New Jersey. He at once located in Hoboken, where he has since been engaged in active practice. In 1873 Mr. Cannon was licensed as a counselor. In 1877 he was elected Corporation Attorney for the City of Hoboken, holding the position with marked industry and fidelity for one year. Though early established in a large private practice, Mr. Cannon has, in recent years, devoted himself more especially to references and has had many important cases entrusted to his judicial determi nation. He at present holds the responsible offices of Supreme Court Com missioner and Special Master in Chancery. Mr. Cannon is a director in the First National Bank of Hoboken; is vice- president of the Columbia Club, the leading social organization of the city; and is a vestryman and treasurer in Trinity church, Hoboken. In April, 1880, he was married to Agnes Russell, daughter of Samuel Her bert, old residents of Hoboken. Two children were born to them: Garret S. in 1881, and Agnes H. in 1883. Mrs. Cannon died March 22, 1897. Mr. Cannon has a marked individuality, and combines independence of thought and a characteristic self-reliance with a most kindly appreciation of all that is meritorious in his fellow-men. GEORGE G. SMITH, The foremost dry goods merchant of Lakewood, New Jersey, and State Senator from Ocean county, was born in Clinton, Worcester county, Massachusetts, January 5, 1854. His father, George Prescott Smith, was a native of New Hampshire, as was also his mother, Susan Merrlil Greeley, through whom Senator Smith is related to the late Horace Greeley, and from whom he gets his middle name At thirteen years of age he came to Lakewood, New Jersey, attended Peddie Institute at Hightstown, for a time, taking also a course at Eastman's Business College, Poughkeepsie, New York, from which he was graduated in 1870. Two years thereafter, he spent learning the practical part of the dry goods business, at his old home in Clinton, Massachusetts. In 1872 he engaged in the dry goods business in Lakewood. He was successful from the start, his enter prise and business tact rapidly advancing his business interests. At the pres ent time Senator Smith is at the head of the largest dry goods establishment in Ocean county, and one of the largest in that section of the State. The business block, rebuilt by him several years ago, contained three of the leading stores of the town, besides his own and the Park View House. 208 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW-JERSEY. For many years, Senator Smith has taken an active interest in politics, act ing with the Republican party. He was elected to the State Assembly in 1884, and in 1885, by the largest majority ever received for that office in Ocean county. During his first year in the Assembly he was chairman of the com mittee on Deaf and Dumb Asylum, a member of the committee on Fisheries, and of Commerce and Navigation. In 1886 he was chairman of the committee of Riparian Rights, Education, and a member of the committees on Industrial Schools and Fisheries. In 1892 he was elected to the Senate by a majority surpassing that given to any candidate for that office, up to that time, over the most popular opponent the Democratic party had ever nominated. In 1898 he was re-elected to the Senate by a still larger majority — one thousand three hun dred and forty-nine — the largest majority ever given for any candidate in Ocean county. Mr. Smith is at present a member of the board of trustees and chairman of the Property Committee of Peddie Institute; vice-president of the Lakewood Trust Company; president of the Lakewood Gas Company, and president of the Republican Club of Lakewood. His church connections are with the First Bap tist church of Lakewood. Air. Smith was married in early life to Carrie Amelia, daughter of Theodore Stevens, of New York. They have two children: George Vivian, and Lilian Martina. HERBERT GRAY TORREY, Metallurgist and United States Government Assayer in Chief for the last twenty- five years, was born in New York City, October 12, 1839, the son of Dr. John Torrey, Botanist of Columbia College, and Eliza Shaw. From William Torrey, born in Somersetshire, England, and his brother James, who immigrated to Massachusetts in 1632, all the Torreys in the United States are descended. Herbert Gray Torrey was graduated from the college of the City of New York in i860, and immediately upon graduation was made Assistant Assayer in the United States Assay Office. Upon the death of his father, Dr. John Torrey, in 1873, ne was made Assayer-in-Chief, an office which he holds to the present day. In the meantime Mr. Torrey's other connections have been varied and important. For a considerable time he was associated with his father in the private firm of Torrey & Son, and upon the death of his father the firm was changed to Torrey & Eaton, conducting an important business as metallurgists and mining experts. During the Civil War, in 1863, he served as volunteer nurse under sanitary commission, volunteering with other young men of the period. Mr. Torrey has travelled extensively over the United States, Canada and Central America, examining mines and mining properties. On one occasion with his wife, who always accompanied him, he organized and established a church in the mining town of Pitkin, Colorado, from which three churches have since been built. He established the first district school at Stirling, N. J., and HERBERT G. TORREY BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 209 was president of the board of trustees -for several years. Mr. Torrey has also served by appointment of the Academy of Science as government expert of tex tile fabrics. As ex-officio statuary member of the Assay Commission appointed by the President of the United States annually, to meet at the mint in Phila delphia and examine the fineness and weight of the coins reserved by the several mints for this purpose, and to each of whom upon the completion of their ex amination a special medal struck at the mint, and appropriate for the occasion, is given, Mr. Torrey holds an unbroken line of twenty-five medals. He is a member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, also of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and of the hereditary order of the New York State Society of Cincinnati, is an elder in the Presbyterian church, and a member of Franklin Institute of Philadelphia. In April, 1868, Mr. Torrey was married to Louise, daughter of John G. Snow, U. S. A., and of New York City, who on her mother's side is descended from Isaac Alston, a soldier of the Revolution, who served under Washington, and on her father's side from Ephraim Snow, an original member of Washing ton's Order of Cincinnati Society. They have had issue, two children, sons, John Gray and R. Guyot, both dead, named respectively for Professor Asa Gray, the famous botanist of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and for Professor Arnold Guyot, of Princeton College. The elder son, Gray, was born at Palisades, New York, in 1869, died at "Hilltop," Stirling, New Jersey, May 27, 1898. The youngest, Guyot, born in New York City, May 16, 1879, died at "Hilltop" July 17, 1893. Mr. and Mrs. Torrey reside in New York City during the winter, but still have a summer residence at "Hilltop," Stirling, New Jersey. JOHN G. TRUSDELL, Born in Vernon, Sussex county, New Jersey, May 22, 1831, is the son of Jesse and Christiana Jane Trusdell, and a grandson of Stephen Trusdell, who served nearly the whole period of the Revolutionary War, and died upwards of one hundred years of age. Jesse, a farmer was born July 13, 1804, always lived in Sussex county, and died April 9, 1894. John G. attended the district schools of his native county, and also studied under the private tutelage of Rev. J. M. Barlow, editor of the Sussex county "Home Journal," at Deckertown, New Jersey. He began teaching school in the winter of 1845, but meanwhile continued his studies and also continued teaching until 1849, wnen he engaged in mercantile business in New York City. He was also connected with other enterprises there and in Essex county, New Jersey, until he entered the law of fice of the late Hon. Charles L. C. Gifford, of Newark. He was admitted to the bar at Trenton, in February, 1872, and immediately formed a partnership with his legal preceptor under the style of Gifford & Trusdell, which continued until Mr. Gifford's death. At the February term, 1875, Mr. Trusdell was ad mitted at Trenton as counselor. Mr. Trusdell was elected State Senator from Essex county in 1863, and u 210 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. served as such during the sessions of 1864, 1865 and 1866. He has been a manager of the Dime Savings Institution of Newark, ever since that concern was chartered, and on April 1, 1891, was appointed by the Governor judge of the First District Court of that city for five years. He is also Special Mas ter in Chancery. As attorney and counselor he has had a large general practice in all the law and equity courts of this state and United States District Court of New Jersey, and throughout a long and eventful career has stood in the front rank of his profession. He has been prominently connected with politics, and from i860 to 1876 wrote many political articles for newspapers, etc. Mr. Trusdell's brother, Bernard H, two years younger, was licensed and practiced law in this State in 1857, but removed to Illinois and followed his pro fession there until 1890, when he retired. Another brother, Abram K. Trusdell, ten years his junior, read law with Bernard in Illinois, was admitted there and and for many years has been engaged in active practice in Dixon, Illinois. He has three other brothers, Samuel G, a tea and coffee merchant in New York City; Warren N., dealer in commercial paper, stocks, bonds and general securi ties in Newark, New Jersey, and George R., a dentist, practicing his profession at Hancock, New York. He has five sisters: Christiana J., widow of Harrison DeKay, living at Denver, Colorado,; Mary E., wife of James T. Wisner; Lu cretia, widow of George Brink; Amanda H., wife of John Saver, all those living at Warwick, Orange county, New York, and Florence S., wife of William De- Graw, living at Homestead, Hudson county, New Jersey. The subject of this sketch being the eldest, and Florence S. the youngest, forty-six years old, and be side these two brothers and one sister died in infancy. ALEXANDER HAMILTON WALLIS, Although not a native of the State of New Jersey, is descended from those who have made that State for many years their home. His grandfather, Joseph Wallis, became a resident of New Jersey in the last century, having settled in that part of Passaic county, which was then included within the boundaries of Essex. He was instrumental in organizing the first Masonic Lodge in the City of Paterson, of which he became the first Master.' The father of the subject of this sketch, John Wallis, although a native of the City of New York, be came in early life a resident of New Jersey, and about the year 1800 became the editor and proprietor of the "New Jersey Advertiser and Gazette," a newspaper then published in the City of Newark. He removed to the City of New York about the year 1808, where his son, Alexander Hamilton Wallis, was born June 26, 1 8 19. This son received his education in private schools in the City of New York, and then entered his father's office, who was a practicing lawyer in that city. Admitted to the bar of New York in 1840, he continued the successful practice of his profession in that city until his death; at first associated with his father as J & A. H. Wallis, then with the late George Bradshaw as Wallis & Bradshaw; then with Frederick A. Coe as Coe & Wallis, afterwards associ ating with them Luther R. Marsh, Esq., as Marsh, Coe & Wallis, and after the BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 211 death of Mr. Coe, associated with Mr. Marsh, William F. Shepard and James T. B. Collins, under the firm name of Marsh & Wallis. Mr. Wallis early entered the militia of his native state, becoming a member of the 8th Company of the 27th Regiment, the original designation of the well- known 7th Regiment. He was chosen and commissioned as Second Lieuten ant of that Company, and with his regiment was engaged in putting down the Astor Place riot. He resigned his commission when he ceased to be dent of the State of New York. a resi- ALEXANDER HAMILTON WALLIS. In May, 1846, Mr. Wallis removed to Jersey City, where he continued: to reside until his death, July 22d, 1879. Shortly after he had become a resident of Jersey City, he was chosen a member of its board of aldermen, and as chair man of the committee having in charge the obtaining of a water supply- for Jer sey City, was largely instrumental in inaugurating and constructing the water works of that city. He was also chairman of the committee for organizing the public school system of Jersey City, and in that position organized the present public school system of the city. He was several times nominated for the of fice of Mayor upon the Democratic ticket, but owing to the city, in those days, 212 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. being overwhelmingly Whig politically, was never elected. Very shortly after he became a resident of New Jersey, he became actively interested in the Society of Odd Fellows, joined Iroquois Lodge, I. O. O. F., in Jersey City, became its presiding officer, and, afterwards, Grand Master of the State. Mr. Wallis, al though in his early life a Democrat, had always belonged to the "Free Soil" wing of that party, and, when the slavery agitation in the fifties had clearly drawn the line between the friends of slavery and its opponents, which resulted in the formation of the Republican party, he became an enthusiastic, active and lead ing member of that party. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, he took. a lively interest in the cause of the Union, and devoted his time and means to the success of the Union cause, and the enlistment and forwarding of troops from the State, and, in conjunction with the late Benjamin G. Clarke, of Jersey City, and George A Halsey, of Newark, was largely instrumental in creating and sus taining a strong public sentiment in the northeastern part of the State in favor of the Union cause. In the dark days of the rebellion, a society was organized known as the Union League, of which Mr. Wallis was made first president, con tinuing in that office during the existence of the society. In the year 1865 he was nominated and confirmed as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Fifth District of New Jersey, which office he held for some years, part of the time exercising general jurisdiction over all the surrounding territory of the states of New York and New Jersey, which resulted in breaking up the illicit distilleries then so common in that section, and in forcing many of the worst offenders against the law out of the business, and, in some cases, out of the country. Through his efforts unlawful distilling was for the time being brought to an end. In the year 1871 he was again appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the same district, which office he filled for two years. In the year 1864 he became one of the organizers of the First National Bank of Jersey City, and a member of its board of directors, and in 1872 was elected its president, which office he filled until his death. About the year 1864 he organized the Childrens' Frknds Society of Jersey City, an institution created to care for, maintain and educate poor and friendless children. He became the first president of this in stitution, and continued in this office until his death. On December 22, 1841, our subject was united in marriage to Elizabeth Geib. Their issue was as fol lows: Hamilton, Margaret Elizabeth, William T., Mary Augusta, and Sophie Geib Wallis. HAMILTON WALLIS. The immediate progenitors of Hamilton Wallis, a brief outline of whose life follows, were Alexander H. Wallis and Elizabeth (Geib) Wallis, his wife. Mrs. Wallis was a descendant, upon her father's side, of John Geib, first builder of church organs in the United States, who was a man of some note in New York City in 1795, and who is buried in St. Paul's churchyard of that citv. Upon her mother's side Mrs. Wallis was a descendant of Thomas Lawrence, of Fish- kill, New York. Hamilton Wallis was born in New York City, Nov. 25, 1842, and reecived BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 2I3 his early education in Hasbrouck Institute, Jersey City. He also for a time attended the public school in that city. At the close of his academic studies he entered Yale University, and was graduated in the class of 1863. Having decided upon a legal education, he became a student in Co lumbia Law School, from which he was graduated in 1865. Following his ad mission to the bar, he began the practice of law. After his early residence in New York, and one of some years in Jersey City, Mr. Wallis removed to East Orange, New Jersey, where, since 1880, he has resided. HAMILTON WALLIS. He is well-known in social, professional and financial circles, he is a director of the First National Bank of Jersey City, and of the People's Gas Light Com pany of the same place. He is also a director of the Hudson County Gas Light Company, the Savings Investment and Trust Company, of East Orange. In addition (o these offices of trust and importance Mr. Wallis is president of the Jersey City Gas Light Company. It is needless to speak of the standing of a man who has been called to accept so many, and such various positions, by those who know him best. He is, as these multiplied trusts and honors truly prove, a man of vigorous mind, sound 2i4 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. principles, and great executive ability. He is well known in social life and in church work. His name is found upon the rolls of the Down Town Associa tion of New York City, the Lake Hopatcong Club, and the Carteret Club, of Jersey City. Fraternally he is a Mason, and held the office of Grand Master of Masons in New Jersey from 1879 to 1880. Mr. Wallis married, October 13, 1868, Alice, daughter of Nathaniel Wal dron, of Stonington, Conn., and Emeline (Graham) Waldron, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Their children are, Emeline Wallis, Alexander Hamilton Wallis, Nathaniel Waldron Wallis and Clinton Geib Wallis. FRANK E. BAKER, M. D. Frank E. (2) Baker, son of Christopher Baker and Mary L. Coddington Baker, was born in Orange, Essex county, New Jersey, June 5, 1856. His parents were both born iu New Jersey, and for thirty-five years were residents of Orange, which place lias had the honor to send forth many sons and daugh ters whose lives have added fame to the spot of his nativity. Without question many of the foremost men of their day, in New Jersey, can trace their ancestry back to Orange. The subject of our sketch received in Orange a good educa tion in boyhood, and in later years having chosen as his calling in life, the medical profession, he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons (Medical Depart ment) of Columbia College, New York City, where he was graduated with honor in 1882. After graduation he continued to reside in his native place, until Au gust of 1895, at which time he accepted the position tendered him of superinten dent of the Newark City Hospital. In that important position his services were always for the highest good of the institution, and the best welfare of its in mates. Dr. Baker has always taken an active interest in the affairs of the day. He is well known in political life and is a charter member of the County Republi can Society. For three years he was in the Internal Revenue service. It is unnecessary to say that to every position he holds, or has held, he has brought able service and conscientious interest, and has, therefore, won for himself praise and distinction by his faithful work in his various positions. In his church connection Dr. Baker is a Methodist. If, because of his professional and political duties, he has not given his name to the many social and other societies and clubs, to which his many associates belong, it is not that he is opposed to their bodies, or is lacking in social interests and fraternal feel ings. He waits, perhaps, until the pressure of life is not so great, giving in the meantime such attention and service as he can to the Masonic Order of which he is a member. Dr. Baker married Mary E. Whiting, daughter of Edwin B. and Louisa (Dobbs) Whiting, who were born in Connecticut. Of the name of Baker, it may be said that it appears both in the English and Scottish biographical authorities, in both of which it is, also, traced to a very early period in the history of sur-names. The same is true of the name of BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. !I5 FRANK E. BAKER, M. D. Dobbs and of Whiting. While these are interesting facts and not to be disre garded, it is the glory of any name, whether of remote or recent origin, that its present and undivided bearer makes it one of honor, won by himself, rather than of honor inherited. The record of Dr. Frank E. Baker is open to his fellow-men, and to his honor they read it. WILLIAM H. B. BRYAN Was born July 31st, 1854, at Mays Landing, New Jersey. His father, grand father and great-grandfather were associated with the history of the town of Pemberton, New Jersey, in which place his great-grandfather settled in 1770, and where his grandfather and father were born. The Rev. James R. Bryan, father of the subject of our sketch, a clergyman well known and popular throughout the State, could not, by reason of his profession, lead the quieter life of his immediate ancestors, but, as a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church, was called from place to place; his son had, therefore, large opportunity for the study of man, .2 1 6 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. through these frequent changes of residence and surroundings. Mr. Bryan received his early education in the public schools of Jersey City and Newark, attending later the Schooley's Mountain Seminary. His mind turned towards mercantile pursuits, and, in 1870, he entered the wholesale dry goods house of H. B. Claflin & Co., where, for two years he remained as assistant bookkeeper, when he accepted a position in the National Park Bank of New York City. For almost eighteen years Mr. Bryan remained with this institution, leaving it only to take the position of cashier of the People's Bank of East Orange, New Jer sey, to which he was called when that corporation was organized. In June of 1892 he was called to the United States Bank in New York, of which he became WILLIAM H. B. BRYAN. teller. Later he was greatly interested in the formation of the East Orange National Bank, and was actively instrumental in its organization, this interest, together with his well known reputation as a financier, caused the directors of the newly-established bank to feel that the position of cashier could be placed in no other hands as judiciously as in those of Mr. Bryan, who accepted the honor and trust thus confided to him, which he has since held. During this period the bank has met with wonderful success, in spite of the fact that these years cover one of the worst financial periods through which the coun try has ever passed. The institution has accumulated a large surplus, built a magnificent banking house at a cost of sixty thousand dollars, and has made itselt felt as a power m the financial world. No small part of this success is clue to the fidelity and ability of Mr. Brvan. A spotless record, covering a 5,r^f,«- /3/s, C^^^yT^f^^ Missing Page Missing Page 218 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Dr. Swift he was prepared for entrance to the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he received his degree in 1848. It was impossible for Dr. Wagner at once, to establish himself in the pursuit of his profession, owing to the fact that his father, Mr. Frederick Wagner, to whose extensive stone quarries we have already alluded, was beginning to feel the need of the as sistance of his son in the superintendence of the continually enlarging opera tions of the quarries and in the management of their correspondingly increased financial affairs. Duty and affection alike, led the young physician to aban don, for at least a time, his chosen profession. It is true, indeed, that he was often obliged to render dual labor in his new field of occupation, and add to that of business and financial manager of an ex tensive concern, that of physician and helper, to the many ill and suffering, both among the workmen of the quarries and in their families. Thus he became the "beloved physician" to scores of his men, who always found in him the kind em ployer and the tender friend. Without money and without price he attended, for many years, to the ill and injured. This ministry to the relief of suffering, these hours of devotion given by Dr. Wagner to scientific and literary research, were undoubtedly of greater satisfaction to a man of his taste and inclination than could be attention to business pursuits alone. His was the happy faculty of attending strictly to the detail of whatsoever avocation had claim upon him, for the time being. He was, not only a man of polished external, but of truest, nat ural refinement, a man of culture, a lover of nature, of art, and above all, a lover of all that was highest and best in the serving of God and humanity. Although in disposition, retiring rather than otherwise, Dr. Wagner was a true friend, a kind and courteous neighbor, and a good citizen. Never desiring political pref erment, he was yet always interested in the best good of the community, and the highest welfare of the county and his fellow man. He was a steadfast be liever in education, and all that tended to the uplifting of humanity. A year after the death of his father, Dr. Wagner, withdrawing from the Easton and Northamp ton county interests, went to New York City, intending to make mercantile invest ments in that city. While considering the subject before making other per manent arrangement, his name was sought in partnership in a leading house, of which he became at once a member of the firm. Dr. Wagner retired in 1889 from active business in the firm of Reynolds & Wagner, although he continued to hold through life a financial interest in the house which so long bore his name. Dr. Wagner married Elizabeth, daughter of Josiah Callon and Susan Haines (Price), who was a direct descendant of John Ogden through her grand mother Abigail (Ogden) Price. The ancestors of Mrs. Wagner were among the first settlers of Elizabethtown in 1665. Their names can be found in the early colonial records of Long Island in 1639, and later as Original Proprietors of the Hamptons in 1648. The Ogdens, Prices and Haines, from whom Mrs. Wagner is descended, are known as among the heroes of the Revolution, and the men who gave to the State much of its early strength and importance as its history shows. Dr. and Mrs. Wagner had one child, Ida Bell, who married James Suydam Polhemus, son of Rev. Abraham Polhemus, D. D., deceased, a clergyman of distinction in the Reformed Church of America. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 219 The children of Mr. and Mrs. James Suydam Polhemus are Louise Eliza beth and Frederick Suydam. HON. JOHN B. VREELAND. The Vreelands in America are descendants from four brothers who came from Holland and settled here very early in the history of our republic. The name was formerly spelled Vreelandt, but the t has been eliminated for many years. George W. Vreeland, the father of our subject, was born in Passaic county, New Jersey, on the 22d of February, 1820, and was reared in farming pursuits, but subsequently moved to Newark, and there engaged in mercantile business until May, 1868, when he went to Morristown and continued in the same line of enterprise. The latter part of his life has been spent in retirement, and now at the venerable age of seventy-nine years, he is enjoying the respect of a wide circle of acquaintances. He married Miss Sarah M. Smith, who was a na tive of Passaic county, her ancestors, who were of English origin, having set tled in Orange county, New York. She departed this life in Newark, at the age of thirty-nine, leaving three children, Mary E., who married James O. Hal- sey; Isaac S. and John B. Mr. Vreeland again married, his second union be ing to Miss Harriet N. Faitoute. John Beam A^reeland was born in the City of Newark, New Jersey, on the 30th of December, 1852, and there received a fair education in the public schools. When he attained the age of fifteen years his parents moved to Morristown, and young Vreeland became associated with his father in business, and remained with him until nineteen years old, when his early-acquired fondness for books and study, led him to take up the reading of law, and so closely did he apply himself that he was admitted to the bar at the November (1875) term of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, and in the June term of 1879 he was made a counselor-at- law. From November, 1875, to July, 1876, he was deputy county clerk for his county, resigning that position in order to form a partnership with E. A. Quayle, with whom he was associated in the practice of law until 1879, since which time he has pursued his calling alone, and he has attained a distinct prestige as a legal practitioner. He has risen to his present prominence in the profession by rea son of a high order of ability, through honesty and fidelity to the interests of his clients, and a zeal and earnestness of purpose that could admit of but one logical result— success. A close student of human nature and possessed of keen per ceptive powers, and keeping well informed on all the leading issues of the day, he has acquired a thorough knowledge of the law as well as distinction as an attorney, and possesses an inexhaustible fund of information on general subjects as well. In the early part of the year 1898 he was appointed by the acting Gov ernor of the State, Hon. Foster M. Voorhees, to the office of president judge of the several courts of Morris county, for a term of five years, dating from April, 1898. ... Mr. Vreeland has always been active as a supporter of the Republican party, and before Morristown became a separate political body from that of the township, he served for three years as township clerk. In 1895 his party nomi- -220 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. nated him for the office of State Senator, to which he was elected by a plurality of fifteen hundred and twenty-six votes, and as Morris county is considered a close county from a political standpoint, the plurality received by Senator Vree land was the most conclusive evidence of his popularity. While in the Senate he introduced the bill known as "the school teachers' retirement-fund bill," which became a law in 1896, besides which he introduced many others, but the one mentioned was considered the most important, and was generally accepted as one of great value and merit. During the last two years of his service in the Senate he served on several committees, the more important being that on the Revision of Laws, and he was also chairman of the joint committee on State Hospitals for the Insane. Senator Vreeland is held in high esteem by his fellow citizens, and possessed of a laudable disposition to render the most good possible, he is capable of giving valuable service in any position to which he may aspire, and thus return the good will and warm regard of his constituents. Senator Vreeland is a deacon in the South Street Presbyterian church of Morristown, of which he is a liberal supporter, and in many other ways he has given evidence of his deep interest and concern in the moral, political and edu cational advancement of his community. The first marriage of Senator Vreeland was solemnized in 1878, when Ida A. Piotrowski became his wife. She was summoned to her eternal rest in 1896, leaving two daughters, Eda A. and Vera E. The Senator afterward mar ried Miss Ida King Smith, his present wife. WILLIAM B. KINNEY. None can deny that there is all of wisdom in the statement of Sumner, that "The true grandeur of nations is in those qualities which constitute the true greatness of the individual." Each state presents with pride her sons as her jewels. She has nursed among her children those who have become illustrious m religion, in law, in oratory, in statesmanship and in intimate associations with the great productive industries of the world. The subject of this memoir stood ¦distinctly forth as one of the representative men of New Jersey, and in his life time the people of his state, recognizing his merit, rejoiced in his advancement and in the honors he attained, and since his death they have cherished his mem ory. It is an important public duty to honor and perpetuate, as far as possible, the memory of an eminent citizen,— one who by his blameless and honorable life and distinguished career reflected credit not only upon his city and state, but also upon the whole nation. Through such memorials as these at hand, the individ ual and the character of his services are kept in remembrance, and the import ance of those services acknowledged. His example, in whatever field his work may have been done, thus stands as an object lesson to those who come after him, and long after all recollection of his personality shall have faded from the- minds of men, the less perishable record mav tell the story of his life and com mend his example for imitation. A native son of the State of New Jersey, William B. Kinney was born at BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 22 1 Speedwell, Morris county, on the 4th of September, 1799, his lineage being of illustrious order on either side. His ancestors were numbered among the early settlers of the State, gave loyal and patriotic representatives to the Continental army in the great struggle for independence, and have contributed in each gen eration men prominent in public affairs and distinguished in the various paths of life. The 'ather of the subject of this memoir was a son of Sir Thomas Kinney, an English baronet, upon whom was conferred the order of knighthood by reason of his scientific attainments and high scholarship. He was particularly con spicuous for his researches in the science of mineralogy, and prior to the Rev olution he visited the United States for the purpose of examining the mineral re sources of the State of New Jersey. This visit led to his taking up his per manent abode here. He located in Morris county, within whose limits the present county of Sussex was then included, and finding there a fruitful field for operation in his line, he made it his home. He eventually received from the crown the appointment as High Sheriff, retaining this incumbency until the Revolution, when he espoused the cause of the colonies and renounced his alleg iance to the crown. The mother of William B. Kinney was Hannah, the daugh ter of Dr. William Burnet, who descended from distinguished Scotch ancestry, and graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1749. The Doctor, from whom Mr. Kinney received his Christian name, was prominently identified with the history of New Jersey and held rank as one of the distinguished physicians of Newark, was chairman of the Committee of Safety, a member of the Continental Congress and Surgeon-General in the army of the Revolution till the close of the war. Imbued with the most stalwart patriotism, the ancestors of our subject, in both the paternal and maternal lines, did valiant service for the colonies in the- War of the Revolution, and that loyalty has ever since been an inherent charac teristic. The father, Abraham Kinney, was an officer in the Revolutionary army, and an active participant in the War of 1812, holding official commission. His only brother, Thomas T. Kinney, Sr., was a lawyer of great ability. He was Surrogate of Essex county and a member of the Legislature in 1817. While yet a boy William B. Kinney came into personal touch with the duties of the loyal son of the Republic, having done service as a bearer of dis patches during the progress of the War of 1812, and, as it was the wish of his honored father that he should become permanently identified with the military forces of the nation, he was admitted as a cadet at West Point. Circumstances, however, withdrew him from a field of endeavor in which he would have un doubtedly attained a measure of distinction, but which would not, in all prob ability, have enabled him to realize his full potentiality, or the plentitude of pow er which made him so useful a member of society and so important a factor in the public affairs of the nation. His father died soon after the son's admission to West Point, and his mother, a woman of great force of character, and of marked discernment, believing that his talents as an orator and writer,— even then strongly manifest — would insure him greater success and wider scope of action in some other field of endeavor, withdrew him from the military academy and placed him in the care of Mr. Whelply, author of "The Triangle," and father of the late Chief Justice Whelply. Under this able preceptor he made rapid progress, and subsequently became a pupil of that eminent classical scholar,. 222 : BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Rev. John Ford, D. D., the founder of the old Bloomfield Academy, a collegiate institution of high reputation in its day. He subsequently entered upon the study of law in his brother's office, and later continued his work in this line with Mr. Hornblower (his cousin by marriage), who was subsequently Chief Justice of the State. With a distinct predilection for literary and metaphysical study and re search, it was but a natural sequence that Mr. Kinney should ultimately withdraw from the legal field and turn his attention to the sphere where he realized that his maximum powers for accomplishment lay. In the latter part of the year 1820, he assumed the editorial charge of the New Jersey "Eagle," a weekly paper published in the City of Newark, and this position he retained until 1825, when he went to New York for the purpose of continuing his favorite studies. In the national metropolis he was very prominently identified with the establishment of the Mercantile Library, of which he was chosen librarian. Incidentally he be came very closely associated with the Harper Brothers, who had but recently given inception to that publishing business which has grown to be one of the most magnificent in the world. He figured as their friend and confidential ad viser, and they had very frequent recourse to his able judgment and discriminat ing taste in selecting books for publication. A mind of peculiar receptivity, broad scope and strong analytical and logical power was his, and about this time he became deeply interested in the theological and psychical discussions of the day, and the intensity of his nature was such that he gave himself so closely to study that his health was undermined, rendering it necessary for him to abate temporarily, his unceasing application. With a view to recuperating his ener gies, and with, undoubtedly, an inclination to resume his labors in the editorial field, which once entered ever allures, he returned to Newark, and, in 1833, was prevailed upon to assume the management of the "Daily Advertiser," which was the first, and at that time the only daily paper in the State. With this he consolidated the "Sentinel of Freedom," a weekly paper which had been estab lished in 1796, and continuously published through the long intervening term of years. It has been said that to this journal Mr. Kinney "gave a literary tone so high that his criticisms had more influence on the opinions of literary men than those of any other journalist of the time." He had so distinguished himself in the field of journalism and belles lettres that in 1836 the honorary degree of Mas ter of Arts was conferred upon him by the College of New Jersey, at Princeton, and in 1840 he was elected a trustee of that institution. Within the same year he was honored in being elected a presidential delegate to the national conven tion at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, which nominated General William H. Harri son for the chief executive office, but he declined to attend. In 1844 he was again chosen as a delegate-at-large, as associate of the late Chancellor Green, to the Whig convention, at Baltimore, and on this occasion he so employed his persuasive eloquence and masterly intellectuality as to be largely instrumental in securing the nomination of his friend, the honored statesman and illustrious son of New Jersey, the late Theodore Frelinghuysen, as candidate for Vice-Pres- dent with Mr. Clay. While undoubtedly he was not without that honorable am bition which is so powerful and useful an incentive to activity in public affairs, he regarded the pursuits of private life as abundantly worthy of his best efforts, and he was ever ready to subordinate personal ambition to public good, and BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 223 sought rather the benefit of others than personal aggrandizement. He was in no sense a seeker for public preferment, but such a man could scarcely avoid the summons to positions of public trust and responsibility. In 1843 ne vel7 re~ luctantly accepted the nomination for Congress from the Whig convention of the fifth district of New Jersey, having been finally prevailed upon to believe that fealty and political duty demanded his acceptance. At the ensuing election the Democrats effected a fusion with the Independent Whig faction, and after a very spirited contest the candidate of the latter was victorious at the polls. Still further honors were to be tendered to Mr. Kinney. In 185 1 he was ap pointed United States minister to Sardina, and on the eve of his departure to assume his new diplomatic office he was tendered a farewell banquet which was an event of distinguished order, the leading men of all political parties partici pating and doing honor to one whose ability and sterling manhood could not but appeal to them. Chief Justice Hornblower presided, and among the speakers were Rev. Dr. S. I. Prime, of New York, and many others distinguished in church and state. As touching his official service we cannot, perhaps, do bet ter at this juncture than to quote from a sketch of his life published in the His tory of Essex and Hudson counties, New Jeresy, in 1884: "His reception at Turin, the capital of Sardina, was warm, and he soon be came a favorite in the court circle, which was just then engaged in settling the details of a constitutional government. Count Cavour and other master minds of that kingdom, were in constant consultation with Mr. Kinney in reference to the practical working of our Republican system, and his influence was strongly apparent in the establishment of the liberal institutions of Italy. He also ren dered signal services to the government of Great Britain in transacting some important diplomatic business for which Mr. Kinney received a handsome official acknowledgment in a special dispatch from Lord Palmerston. "Through Mr. Kinney's instrumentality while in Turin, the Waldenses re ceived great encouragement and sustaining aid. But the most important, per haps, of Mr. Kinney's services to his country was in connection with Kossuth, the Hungarian exile, then at Constantinople. The government of the United States had offered to transport him to America in a national ship, detached from the Mediterranean squadron at Spezzia, which was in the Sardinian dominions and subject to Mr. Kinney's supervision. He was thus enabled to give prompt instructions to the commander and information to his own government of the objects of the distinguished fugitive. Mr. Webster, at that time Secretary of State, being forewarned by Mr. Kinney's correspondence, thwarted Kossuth's philanthropic but impracticable efforts to enlist the United States in a foreign complication. "Upon the expiration of his term of office the Sardinian ministry offered to unite in a request to the United States government to allow him to remain in Turin, but he -preferred to remove to Florence, where he could join the society of the Brownings, the Trollopes, Hiram Powers and other distinguished men, who were his warm personal friends. During his residence in the latter city he became interested in the romantic history of the Medici family, and the new information concerning them which his position enabled him to acquire, induced him to begin a historical work on the subject which promised to be of great im portance, but which he never completed." 224 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. The War of the Rebellion was about drawing to a close at the time when Mr. Kinnev returned with his family to his home in New Jersey, where he thence forth lived in practical retirement until the hour when death' released the silver cord of life and the mortal essence of a truly noble man was merged into im mortality. His latter days were attended with severe suffering, which he bore with unflinching fortitude, sustained by that faith which makes faithful even to the end. His death occurred on the 21st of October, 1880, and the com munity was called upon to mourn the loss of a helpful friend, the state of one of her most eminent citizens, and the nation of an honored statesman and true patriot. Mr. Kinney was twice married. His first wife was Mary Chandler, of Eliz abeth, New Jersey, who died in 1841, leaving one son, Thomas T. Kinney, to whom individual reference is made in the following pages and to whom the pro prietorship of the "Daily Advertiser" was transferred some years before the death of his father. Mr. Kinney's second marriage was to the only surviving sister of the late Flon. William E Dodge, of New York, and they became the parents of two daughters, one of whom became the wife of William I. Kip, son of Bishop Kip, of California; and the other of Nelson S. Easton, of New York. The one attribute which most perfectly, perhaps, expresses the character of the honored subject of this memoir was his faithfulness. He was faithful to every interest committed to his charge, faithful in all the relations of life. What soever his hand found to do he did with all his might, and with a deep sense of conscientious obligation. THOMAS T. KINNEY. In this age of colossal enterprise and marked intellectual energy, the prom inent and successful men are those whose abilities, persistence and courage lead them into large undertakings and to assume the responsibilities and labors of leaders in their respective vocations. Success is methodical and consecutive, and however much we may indulge in fantastic theorizing as to its elements and causation in any isolated instance, yet in the light of sober investigation we find it to be but the result of the determined application of one's abilities and pow ers along the rigidly defined line of labor. America owes much of her progress and advancement to a position foremost among the nations of the world, to her newspapers and in no line has the incidental broadening out of the sphere of usefulness been more marked than in this same line of journalism. In the news paper field have been enlisted men of broad mental grasp, cosmopolitan ideas and notable business sagacity. -Prominent among the men who have given the State of New Jersey prestige in this direction must be placed Thomas T. Kinney, the subject of this review. His identification with the "art preservative of all arts" is one of both inheritance and personal predilection; and though he had prepared himself for a profession of a different order, his natural vehicle of ex pression has ever been the pen, and the versatility of his faculties sought the most natural outlet in journalism. Thomas T. Kinney, the only son of William B. and Mary (Chandler) Kin- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 225 ney, the former of whom is the subject of the memoir just preceding, was born in the City of Newark. Doubly fortified by the environments of a home of dis tinct culture and refinement, his preliminary educational training began in the old Newark Academy, which was located on the site of the present fine government building, corner of Broad and Academy streets. He thereafter continued his classical studies under that able preceptor, Rev. William R. Weeks, D. D., and under such direction prepared himself for matriculation in the College of New Jersey, at Princeton, at which institution he graduated in 1841. The faculty then included the scholarly president, the late Dr. Carnahan, and such other distinguished educators as Drs. James W. Alexander, Albert B. Dod and Joseph Henry, all of whom have passed away. Mr. Kinney early manifested a pen chant for natural science, and his earnestness and devotion to this line of study and investigation attracted to him the attention of Professor Joseph Henry, who- selected him for his assistant through his senior year, — the intimacy thus formed. having its aftermath in a friendship which continued inviolate until the death. of the Professor. Mr. Kinney eventually received from his alma mater the de gree of Master of Arts, while in the interim he had taken up the study of law in the office of Hon. Joseph P. Bradley, late associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. He was admitted to the bar in 1844, but never entered upon the active practice of the profession for which he had thus fitted himself. In the year 1851 the father of our subject was appointed United States Min ister to Sardinia, and upon the son devolvel the cares and responsibilities of managing the private and business affairs of the former. He thus came forth with into that field of labor in which he has won both distinction and success, — that of journalism. When Mr. Kinney became the managerial head of the Newark "Daily Advertiser," the telegraphic service was practically in its infancy. The mail and railway service was crude and inadequate, and local facilities circumscribed. In those days he watched every department of his paper with a scrutiny that never relaxed, introducing improved machinery and business methods, expanding the province of his paper and making it na tional in tone while local in color. He was prominently concerned in the in auguration of that system of news gathering which gave inception to that com prehensive and effective vehicle of transferring information from all parts of the globe, the Associated Press. He eventually became the sole editor and proprietor of the Newark "Daily Advertiser." The pages of his paper from the beginning expressed his individuality, and through his well-trained assistants, who subordinated themselves in both thought and expression, to his dictates, the paper presented daily the ultimate of intellectual and literary force. In the qualities of simplicity without vulgarity, force without excitement, precision with out rigidity, the editorial page of the "Advertiser" was a model. Though almost perforce identified intimately with the local, finan cial, industrial and political movements of the time, Mr. Kinney never consented to accept any political office, having twice declined offers from the national administrations to two important foreign missions. He was one of the projectors of the Newark Board of Trade, and was its delegate to the conven tion which organized the National Board in Philadelphia. He was one of the organizers of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, has main- 15 226 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. tained a deep interest in its work, and was its president for a long term of years. He is also a member of the State Boards of Geology and Agriculture; of the latter he was president from 1878 to 1882. When the Legislature auth orized the conversion of the Soldiers' Children's Home at Trenton, into an asy lum for indigent deaf and dumb children, he was appointed one of its original trustees, and so remained till the institution was placed under the board of education. A stalwart Republican in his political proclivities, Mr. Kinney has labored zealously for the cause. In i860 he was a delegate to the national convention at Chicago, and was one of the most uncompromising and indefatigable advo cates of nominating Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, his influence in that ever memorable convention being unmistakable. Mr. Kinney is identified with various financial industrial and social enterprises of importance. Among these is the Fidelity Trust Company, of which he long served as president. He is president of the National State Bank, and of the City Ice Company, a director of the Electric Light and Power Company, the Stevens & Condit Transportation Company and the Navesink Park Company, on Sandy Hook Bay. He is also a member of the Board of East Jersey Proprietors, a life member of the New Jer sey Historical Society and a hereditary member of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of New Jersey. During his journalistic career Mr. Kinney maintained a close personal su pervision over the fine newspaper property which he controlled for so long a term of years. It has been well said of him, as touching his attitude toward the "Advertiser," that "He was not only its proprietor, but its chief editor, scrutiniz ing everything of importance that appeared in its columns, and by his directions, as well as by his pen, maintaining the high character which it previously pos sessed while under the control of his distinguished father." In 1892 he made an extended tour abroad, and in the following year retired from the arduous duties of journalism and has since been able to indulge his proclivities for the liberal arts, literature and science, — of which last he has ever been a devotee. A man of strong and distinct individuality and broad in tellectuality, Mr. Kinney has fully upheld the untarnished escutcheon so honored by his noble father, one of New Jersey's distinguished sons. FREDERICK NISHWITZ. The gratitude of the agricultural world is certainly due this gentleman, who has given to the farming industry some of the most useful inventions that have ever promoted its interests. As the result of his persevering efforts and in ac cord with the spirit of progress of the present age, he has attained a pre-eminent position as an inventor that has excited the admiration of the entire country, nor is his fame limited by the confines of America. Deep thought, earnest study, careful investigation and wide research and experiment have enabled him to bring forth many useful devices that have largely revolutionized the work of the farm. Discouragement met him on every side, attempts were made to take The Lewis HiMishi r.-. Oo, Chicago. fu^y-z&w? BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 227 his inventions from him, but in the face of great difficulties he has persevered, and to-day, in one of New Jersey's beautiful homes, located at Millington, he is en joying the fruit of his former toil, surrounded by the comforts and luxuries brought to him by the wealth that has resulted from his own labors. Mr. Nishwitz is a native of Germany, and in 1840, when eleven years of age, came with his parents to America, locating on Long Hill, in Passaic township, Morris county, where the father, Peter Nishwitz, made his home until his death in 1872. He followed farming and was a very industrious and energetic man, of sound judgment and sterling worth. His political support was given the democracy. His wife was called to her final rest in 1865. They were the parents of five children, Dorothy, deceased wife of Charles Hoffman, Catherine, deceased wife of William Wurster and mother of F. W. Wurster, who was Mayor of Brooklyn; when it became a part of "Greater" New York; Frederick, Jacob, who has also departed this life, and Margaret, wife of J. H. Schmidt, of Madi son, New Jersey. The early boyhood of him whose name introduces this review was spent on his father's farm, and in the summer months he assisted in the cultivation of the fields and the harvesting of crops, while in the winter season he familiarized him self with the English branches taught in the public schools. During this time he gave thoughtful attention to the working of the machinery used in the opera tion of the farm. It was soon seen that his tastes and talent lay in the direction of mechanics, and when fifteen years of age he was apprenticed for a six-years- term to John Hubbs, a manufacturer of agricultural implements in New York. He displayed such aptness in mastering the duties assigned to him, and so rapidly acquired a knowledge of the workings of machinery, that when nineteen years of age — two years before the expiration of his apprenticeship — he was ad mitted to a partnership in the business, and the following year his employer sold out to him. He conducted this industry with good success for a number of years, manufacturing several kinds of agricultural implements, but sold out in 1870. In the meantime he had begun his important work of invention and entered upon a career that has brought him wealth and renown, and at the same time has been of lasting benefit to those who devote their energies to agricultural pursuits. In 1853 he invented a harvester, and from that time until 1880 he took out many patents on improvements for reapers and mowers. The present style of two- wheeled reapers was originated by him and was sold to Walter A. Wood. In 1858 he invented the first disk harrow, and later made many improvements on this. He met with much difficulty and great discouragement in placing this on the market, and it was not until 1866 that it really came into popular favor, when its merits were called to the public attention by the agricultural reports of the United States, and by Mr. Robinson of the New York "Tribune," who recog nized its superior worth and encouraged Mr. Nishwitz to persevere, assuring him that success would ultimately crown his efforts. This prediction proved correct, and the disk harrow is now used almost exclusively in the West. Dur ing all this time Mr. Nishwitz carried on his manufacturing business, but in 1870 he disposed of it, and having acquired a handsome competence came to Milling- ton, where he purchased a large tract of land and erected a beautiful summer home. !j 228 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. He has had to contest his right to many of his patents in the courts, unscru pulous men attempting to take them from him, but he triumphed over his adver saries and has reaped the golden reward of his labors. He sold many of his patents at a good profit and determined to retire from active business, but indolence and idleness are utterly foreign to his nature, and after locating in Millington he began to think of new fields toward which he might direct his energies. Ac cordingly he brought out and patented the Acme harrow, which he had invented in 1879, and is now extensively engaged in its manufacture, having a large plant in Millington, which furnishes employment to one hundred and twenty-five men. This harrow is known throughout the world, one hundred and twenty- five thousand having been sold. The entire sales are under the supervision of D. H. Nash, a very prominent and capable business man, and Mr. Nishwitz has little of the active management of the business. He has also invented hay forks and many other useful implements, and his inventions are used extensively throughout the West, where they have been of great practical benefit to the far mer as time and labor-saving machines, thereby enabling the farmer to handle and cultivate more land, and in consequence raise greater crops, which materially advances his profits. In connection with his other interests Mr. Nishwitz is a heavy stockholder in, and a member of the directorate of the National Iron Bank of Morristown. In his political views Mr. Nishwitz is a Republican and takes an active interest in the success and welfare of the party. Socially he is a Master Mason, and is a valued member of the Washington Association of Morris county. He is a public spirited and progressive citizen, and his labors have resulted in the benefit of his adopted country, he having done much to improve the roads and advance educational facilities in his locality. He gives a generous support to all measures for the public 'good, and his worth to the Stale is widely acknowl edged. Mr. Nishwitz has been twice married. He first wedded Miss Doris Wenzel, of Brooklyn, and to them were born two daughters; Mrs. Wilhelmina Taff, of Millington, and Emma, wife of Roderick Byington, of Newark, New Jersey. The mother of these children having passed away, Mr. Nishwitz was again married, his second union being with Miss Cornelia R. Baker, of Amherst, Massachusetts. One daughter Doretta, graces this union. Mr. Nishwitz and his family attend the Presbyterian church. Since 1873 ne 'las made his home in Millington, and his magnificent country residence occupies one of the most beautiful building sites in the State, commanding a splendid view of the Passaic Valley, its hills and glenns, forests and plains. MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES SCOTT NEGLEY, A soldier of the war with Mexico, a Major-General of volunteers in the war of the Rebellion, later a representative in Congress from the Twenty-second Dis trict of Pennsylvania, and now engaged in extensive enterprises in New York, was born December 22, 1826, in East Liberty, Allegheny county, Pennsylvania. Flis ancestors were Swiss, and were pioneers in the Allegheny Valley, having MAJOR GENERAL U S. VOLUNTEERS Jfc Jersey SMorieal PuUiMni/ Co. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 229 settled near the old French Fort Duquesne, and were participants in the events connected with the French and Indian War, better known as the Seven Year's War. He was educated in the public schools of his district and at the Western University; but before his graduation, when war was declared with Mexico, he enlisted in his nineteenth year, as a private in the Duquesne Grays, which* or ganization became a part of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. His family in voked the aid of the law to detain him as a minor, but, persevering in his deter mination, he left with his company and participated in the siege and capture of Vera Cruz, and in the battle of Cerro Gordo, La Perote and Las Vegas, and in the siege of Puebla, besides taking part in other engagements of the campaign, remaining with the victorious army until the America flag floated over the citadel of the Mexican capital, notwithstanding that he received while at Puebla an order from the Secretary of War for his honorable discharge. Returning home he became engaged extensively in manufacturing pursuits, •devoting his leisure hours to horticulture, attaining distinction in this field. He took a deep interest in military matters, and was chosen Brigadier-General of the Eighteenth Division of the State Militia by an unanimous vote. Foreseeing the civil conflict General Negley, as early as December, i860, made formal offer of an organized brigade to the Governor of the State. But it was not until the first call was made for troops by the President, on April 17, 1861, that authority was given him, after having been summoned to Harrisburg by the Governor, to recruit and organize the volunteers. He was mustered in as a Brigadier- General of volunteers April 19, 1861, and placed in command of the State en campment at Lancaster, where he performed the duties involved upon him with promptness, efficiency and fidelity, speedily raising and organizing more troops than the Government would receive. He was chosen by General Patterson to lead one of his brigade in the Shenandoah campaign in the early part of that year, and took part in the various councils of war held by that commander. If the movement proposed by Generals Negley and Newton at one of these coun cils of war had been carried out, it would have ensured the success of our armies at Bull Run by holding Johnson's forces at Winchester. He was prominent in the engagement of Falling Waters, Virginia. Upon the termination of the three months' service General Negley was for a time placed in command of the volunteer camp at Harrisburg, and later rejoined General Sherman's command at Louisville, Kentucky, with his brigade. Sub sequent to the capture of Nashville his brigade became part of General McCook's •division, under the command of General Buell. When the latter marched to Pittsburg, General Negley was placed in command at Columbia, Tennessee, ren dering valuable service in keeping open the lines of communication, and holding the enemy in check. Learning that the enemy were rapidly organizing a large force of both cavalry and infantry in Sequache Valley for the purpose of attack ing General Mitchell at Huntsville, also to destroy his communications, General Negley, taking one of his own brigades and another from General Mitchell's command, moved rapidly over the mountains, surprised and defeated General Adams' comffland in Sweden's Cove, and drove the enemy across the Tennessee River, and shelled the City of Chattanooga, which he could have held if the rein forcements he asked for had been furnished. When Buell pursued Bragg into Kentucky, General Negley relieved General Thomas at Nashville. Here he was 230 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. obliged to tax his best resources to prevent the city from falling into the hands of the enemy ; but he succeeded, and held the garrison until the morning of the 20th of October, when the victorious legions of Rosecrans came to his relief. Under General Rosecrans, who had succeeded General Buell, General Neg ley became quite prominent in the operations of the army in the campaign in Tennessee. He distinguished himself and was singularly successful in Middle and Eastern Tennessee, where he was engaged in actions at Santa Fe, Rogers- ville and Florence. He led the forces against Morgan's command at Shelbyville and General Adams' at Sweeden's Cove, and at the battle of Lavergne, October 7, T862, he was in command, and defeated the confederates under Generals Rich ard H. Anderson and Napoleon B. Forrest. At the battle of Stone River in front of Murfreesboro, which began on the very last day of the year 1862, he was in command of the Eighth Division of the Fourteenth Army Corps. He performed heroic and invaluable services through out that memorable conflict, driving Breckinridge from his intrenchments and insuring final success to the Union arms. As an evidence of his gallantry upon this occasion, we cannot do better than quote the following from an account of the battle in Bates' "Martial Deeds of Pennsylvania." "Early in the morning of the 31st of December, 1862, General Rosecrans met the rebel army under General Bragg in front of Murfreesboro at Stone River. General McCook, with the divisions of Generals Johnson, Davis and Sheridan, held the right of the Union line, General Thomas, with the divisions of General Negley and Rousseau, the latter in reserve, held the centre, and Gen eral Crittendon, with the divisions of Generals Palmer, Wood and Van Cleve, held the Union left. With massed columns the rebel general attacked the Union right just at the moment that General Rosecrans was about to attack from the Union left. The latter's right wing was crushed and driven before help could reach it. General Negley stood next with his splendid division, and made a stubborn fight. A writer in the 'Rebellion Record' says: 'Pushing out to the cedar forest, where this gallant division was struggling against great odds, General Sheridan was met bringing out his division in superb order. During all this time General Negley's command was holding its line, though fearfully outnumbered. When the right broke the latter pushed in ahead of the right wing and was driving the enemy. His troops sustained one of the fiercest as saults of the day, and the enemy was severely punished. On the afternoon of the following day the fighting was renewed on the Union left upon the other side of the river, and the foe was again driving the centre. At this juncture General Negley's division, supported by that of Davis and St. Clair Morton's pioneer battalion, was immediately pushed forward to retrieve the disaster. A sanguinary conflict ensued, perhaps the most bitter of the whole battle. Both sides massed their batteries, and piled them with desperate energy. The infantry of either side displayed great valor, but Negley's unconquerable Eighth Division resolved to win. The fury of the conflict now threatened mutual annihilation; but both brigades charged simultaneously and drove the enemy under Breck inridge from their intrenchments, capturing a battery and the flag of the Twenty- sixth Tennessee.' " A correspondent in describing the assault on Friday afternoon, wrote as follow? : BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 231 "It was a trying situation for Negley's men. Hugging close to the ground they lay, eight regiments and remnants saved out of Wednesday's fight, viz: Stanley's brigade, the Eighteenth and Sixty-Ninth Ohio, Eleventh Michigan, and the Nineteenth Illinois (the 'Bloody Nineteenth'); Miller's Brigade, the Seventy-Eighth Pennsylvania, Thirty-Seventh Indiana, Seventy-Fourth Ohio, Par son Moody's 'Boys,' and the Twenty-First Ohio (Neibling's 'Twenty-Onesters'). Before their eyes, coming down the slope, the foe was driving the beaten left in confusion, and with great loss. The disorganized troops plunging into the stream came on, stepping over the men of Negley's line, and on to the rear. The Twenty-First Ohio lay directly abreast of the ford in the most trying position. But not a man flinched, either from the shot now pouring down the slope upon them or from the disorganizing influence of the routed troops. But they eagerly awaited the order to charge. It came, but not until the victorious enemy had reached the opposite bank, some getting even into the water. Such perished in the murderous fire Negley suddenly opened, for from a point below I saw several rebel bodies floating. Following the volley, Negley's whole line sprang over the bank into the stream and fell upon the foe. Nothing could have withstood that onset. The rebels first halted, then staggered, then slowly settled back, and,, as Negley's men gained the other side, they sullenly shrank back up the slope, but most stubbornly resisting every step. I went to the spot the other day where the commander of this brave division was much of that afternoon. It was not only under the rebel Napoleon guns, but was where the wave of Vancleve's broken ranks struck against the high bank, flying across. I was making my way to the massed artillery on the hill when I first saw him. He was attempting to rally these men I shall never forget his anxious, earnest face, nor his cheer ing words. 'Fall in, men,' he would say. 'Do you not see that my men have stopped the enemy? Fall in here, and we shall shortly win a glorious victory.' " For valor and gallantry displayed in this signal victory, General Negley was promoted to the rank of Major-General of Volunteers. General Rosecrans, in his personal recommendation for this promotion, referred to General Negley in the following words : "Brigadier-General James S. Negley has commanded a division nearly a year, always maintaining strict discipline and keeping his command in excel lent condition. As commander of the post at Nashville, he fortified and pro tected the city in a most judicious manner. While cut off from communication, without support from our forces in Kentucky and surrounded by a diligent enemy, he subsisted upon their country and made successful sorties upon them, at one time routing a large force at Lavergne, Tennessee. At the battle of Stone River he fought his troops obstinately, and handled them with consum mate skill, winning a high reputation for courage and generalship, and con tributing largely to the success of our arms." In planning the Georgia campaign which followed he was consulted, and his views were largely adopted. He led the advance at Lookout Mountain, and drove the enemy from their position, and most skillfully saved General Thomas' corps from an overwhelming defeat at Davis' Cross Roads. He rendered con spicuous and gallant service in the first day's battle of Chicamauga. On Sun day, when ordered to take charge of the artillery massed in front of the line of battle, he showed great coolness and energy in defending and saving upwards 232 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of fifty pieces from capture. When Generals Rosecrans, McCook and Critten- don left the field, General Negley reorganized the scattered troops at Ross- ville, and formed a much-needed reserve for General Thomas and assisted in covering the retreat to Chattanooga. The following excerpts from a description of the battle written at the time for the Cincinnati "Gazette" by Captain Bickham, of General Rosecrans' staff, are interesting and show the important part taken by General Negley in the battle: "Negley was in the thick darkness with his noble Eighth Division beating back the relentless tide. Johnson appeared, too, with the remnant of his com mand. Rosseau was sent into the fiery cauldron to extricate his struggling division comrade * * * "The lines had been broken at every point on the right. The centre under Negley, struggling fiercely, must be swallowed up; the left and all would be gone unless the destroying tide could be stayed. No one could do it save he, though all were fighting manfully. * * * "Negley, unprotected on his right, was fighting an overwhelming enemy on three sides of him, and he was holding them stubbornly. Rosseau was re ceding * * * "The division lost heavily. The regiments composing it robed themselves with honor. When Negley came out the enemy followed him fiercely, but he turned at bay, and with Rosseau, gave them a bitter repulse. * * * When the glorious Eighth Division retired from the forest, its ammunition was ex hausted, a third of its original force was 'hors du combat' and most of the ar tillery horses were killed. Every inch of ground over which it retreated was strewn with the dead and mangled. Like Sheridan's division it waded through fire without breaking, and the men marched proudly among their companions in arms to take a new position." * * * The following from the "Annals of the Army of the Cumberland," describes General Negley as follows : "In person General Negley is a little above the medium height, stoutly built, with a healthy, florid complexion and pleasing countenance. His man ners are genial and courteous. He is devoid of that ceremonious punctilo which measures friendship by rank and worth by position. Among his men he is very popular, both because of his affability and bravery. Mild and determined, gen erous and just, he was recognised throughout the army as a strict disciplinarian and a correct administrative officer." Soon afterwards General Negley resigned his commission, took leave of his command, and returned to Pennsylvania, but he was by no means an inac tive or disinterested spectator of the struggle for the preservation of the Union; for he was continually exerting himself in assisting the cause. He took an ac tive part in politics, and in 1868 was nominated and elected by the Republicans of the Twenty-second District to the Forty-first Congress by a majority of nearly five thousand votes, was re-elected to the Forty-second Congress by a handsome majority, and again to the Forty-third Congress by a majority of about seven thousand. At the convention of his party, held in 1874, he was rominated by acclamation, and was duly elected at the polls and served through out the term of the Forty-fourth Congress. At the end of this term he retired BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 233 from Congress until the Forty-ninth Congress, to which he was again elected by his constitutents. General Negley conceived the idea of creating a deep-water harbor at Pittsburgh, and obtained the first appropriation for the purpose. He also earnestly supported measures for the improvement of the Ohio and other wes tern rivers. He was for fifteen years an active and influential member of the Board of Managers of the National Home for Volunteers, two of which were established through his efforts. He was at the same time President of the Na tional Union League of America, a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, Scott Legion, Masonic fraternity, National Board of Steam Navigation Shipping League, etc., holding official positions in each. Latterly he has been prom inently identified with railway and other enterprises in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Vir ginia, West Virginia and North Carolina. He has been twice married. His first wife was a Miss Kate DeLosey, niece of Commodore Van Vorhees, of New Jersey. His second wife was Miss Grace Ashton, of Philadelphia, who with three daughters constitutes his family. His home in Plainfield, New Jersey, is noted for its collection of rare fruits, shrubbery and flowers. Many of the varieties were personally selected in Europe. WILLIAM WALTER PHELPS Was born in New York City, August 24th ,1839. His father, John Jay Phelps, one of the leading merchants of the city, accumulated a large fortune, having been prominently identified with many of the important enterprises of his day. He was the projector and virtual founder of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Wes tern Railroad Company, and held the office of president for many years. William Walter, his distinguished son, received his collegiate education at Yale College from which institution he was graduated with high honors in i860. Following this he pursued a special line of study for a short time in Europe, subsequently taking a leading place in the class of 1863, in the Colum bia Law School, where he was graduated as valedictorian. Immediately after being admitted to the bar, Mr. Phelps opened offices in New York and was rapidly building up a large practice when the death of his father, occuring in 1868, changed all his future plans of life. The settlement and care of a large estate now demanded his attention, compelling him to aban don his profession and devote his entire time to private interests. Recognizing his abilities, Governor Fenton had, prior to this, tendered him the appointment to the bench of the Sixth- Judicial District of New York City. The estate upon which he resided is situated near Englewood, and com prises about twenty-nine hundred acres of land. In the midst of this stood a residence of palatial proportions, filled with treasures collected during extensive travels in foreign lands. (This residence was burned April 1, 1888). Soon after his removal to Bergen county, Mr. Phelps began to take an in terest in the success of the Republican party. In 1872 he was elected to Congress, representing the Fifth Congressional 234 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. District of New Jersey. Forceful and vigorous in oratory, ready in debate, and ever the courteous gentleman, he attracted attention and made an immediate and marked impression. He was made a member of the committee on Banking and Commerce, one of the leading committees in the House. His statesmanlike abilities were quickly recognized by Speaker Blaine, who appointed the young New Jersey congressman upon several special committees of the highest importance, where he acquitted himself with such fairness and good judgment as to elicit the approval of prominent men and the newspapers of all parties. It was at this time that a warm friendship and close personal intimacy sprang up between Mr. Phelps and Mr. Blaine, which was life-lasting. Mr. Phelps was renominated for Congress in 1874, which was a Democratic tidal wave year, and although he ran six hundred votes ahead of his ticket, the Democratic candidate was elected by a plurality of seven. He declined to be come a candidate again in 1878, his private business demanding his whole at tention. In 1880 he was a delegate-at-large from the State of New Jersey to the National Republican convention at Chicago, where he worked herocially for the nomination of James G. Blaine for President, but with characteristic graceful ness he accepted the inevitable, and at once threw his influence and hearty sup port toward the election of Mr. Garfield. His health giving away during this campaign, he was ordered abroad by his physicians and sailed in October. In the spring of 1881, while still abroad, he received the appointment of Minister to Austria from the new administration. This he accepted, but resigned the position after the death of Mr. Garfield a few months later. He, however, remained in his position at the Court of Vienna for another year before being relieved by a successor. On returning to this country in 1882, he found his party ready to again nominate him for a seat in the National House of Representatives. He was elected by a handsome plurality, and was re-elected in 1884, and again in 1886, each time by an increased majority. He positively declined a renomination for Congress in 1888, and at the Re publican National Convention that year his name was presented as a candidate for the Vice-Presidency, and he received a vote next to that of Mr. Morton, of New York, the successful candidate. Mr. Phelps had no sooner closed his congressional career in March, 1889, than he was appointed by President Harrison, one of the Commissioners to rep resent the United States at the International Congress on the Samoan question which met at Berlin in the coming April. Here Mr. Phelps and his American associates as well as some of the leading diplomats of Europe, had to measure swords with Bismark and his talented son Herbert. It was all agreed on all sides that American interests had been splendidly guarded in this conference. Mr. Phelps arrived in this country with the treaty in June. The examinations of the treaty proved so satisfactory to our government that in two weeks after Mr. Phelps' return, he was nominated by the President to be Minister to Germany, Mr. Harrison remarking at the time that it was a re ward of merit. His nomination was promptly confirmed by the Senate which was then in session. Mr. Phelps filled the Berlin Mission until superseded BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 235 in the summer of 1893 by ex-Chancellor Theodore Runyon, the appointee of President Cleveland. The mutual regard which had grown up between the American Commission and Prince Bismark during the Samoan Conference proved of much assistance to Mr. Phelps when he went back as Minister, and it enabled him to perform important services to the United States which his pre decessor had failed to secure, especially in the removal of the embargo on Ameri can pork products. Before Mr. Phelps left Berlin, he received an appointment from Governor Werts to be a special judge of the Court of Errors and Appeals of the State of New Jersey. Mr. Phelps accepted the honor, and the choice of so distinguished a man to serve on the court was warmly applauded throughout New Jersey. Mr. Phelps took a keen interest in the work of the court, but the pulmonary disease with which he had been for years afflicted began to make rapid progress early in the spring of 1894. Governor Werts had named him as one of the Commissioners provided for by a joint resolution of the Legislature to revise the constitution of the State. Mr. Phelps looked forward with great interest to the work of this body, which was to hold its first session the latter part of June, but it was fated that he should never meet his distinguished associates of that Commission, for on the seventeenth day of June he finally succumbed to that disease which had always made him physically frail and his life from child hood somewhat of a burden. While always the possessor of ample wealth, Mr. Phelps was most demo cratic in his manners. His hospitality was proverbial, and his house was in every sense of the word made a home to all his guests. His popularity with his neighbors and the people of Bergen county, was demonstrated on many oc casions. He was the kindest of employers, his large contribuations to private charities and his generous gifts to the needy were without ostentation. His financial standing and his character for probity were of the highest. He made notable pecuniary sacrifices to save the credit of others. His business interests were extensive, and he was an influential member of the directories of many companies and institutions. While a positive party man, early in his public career he established a char acter for political independence and liberality which gained him a public respect that he never lost. He was a fluent talker, and as an orator he was natural and concise, discard ing the ornate, and speaking in the choicest diction directly to the point. His wit was ever bright, keen and fresh. In Congress he did not speak often, but he was among the few in the House who were always listened to. Soon after concluding his collegiate course Mr. Phelps was married to a daughter of Joseph E. Sheffield, the founder of the Sheffield Scientific School of New Haven. Of this marriage there is one daughter, the wife of Dr. Franz Von Rottenburg, a German scholar and statesman; and two sons, Captain John Jay Phelps, of Bergen county, and Colonel Sheffield Phelps, editor of the Jersey City "Journal." .236 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. DAVID OAKES. Mr. Oakes was descended from English stock, his grandfather, John Oakes, having been a resident of Ellastone Mills, Staffordshire, England. The latter had two sons, David and Thomas, of whom Thomas emigrated to America in 1802, and pursued his vocation, that of consulting engineer and millwright, hav ing acted in the former capacity for the Philadelphia Board of Water Works, and later been made Superintendent of the Schuylkill Navigation Company. He married Rachel Kingsland, whose children were David, Joseph, Sarah, John and Mary. Mr. Oakes, in connection with his duties as an official of the Schuyl kill Canal, removed to Reading, where his death occurred in 1823. His son David was born January 13, 1809, in that portion of Bloomfield now known as Franklin township, where he lived until nearly two years of age, when his par ents removed to the present site of Bloomfield, and he, until the age of seven teen, pursued his studies at the school adjacent to his home. In 1826 he re moved to Orange, New Jersey, for the purpose of acquiring the trade of a fin isher of woolen goods. Soon after completing his apprenticeship he located in the village of Bloomfield, and at once erected a frame building in which, having equipped it with the necessary machinery and stock, he began the manufacture of woolen goods. After a successful business had been established the struc ture was, in 1836, destroyed by fire. The enterprise of Mr. Oakes was mani fested in the immediate erection of a new building, which was devoted to the exclusive manufacture of flannels and yarn. Again in 1842 the products of the mill were varied, tweeds becoming the staple article, which, by their super ior quality, gained a wide reputation. The mills were enlarged in 1849, an^ m i860 the first brick building erected, which was followed by various additions in 1873 and again in 1879, 1880 and 1882 respectively, Mr. Oakes' son Thomas having succeeded him as general manager. Mr. Oakes was married to Abigail H., daughter of Simeon Baldwin, of Bloomfield. Their children are Sarah (Mrs. Cornelius Van Lieu), deceased; George A., deceased, and Thomas. Mr. Oakes continued in active business during his lifetime, having established a reputataion not less as a master in his special department of industry than for integrity and uprightness in all com mercial transactions. In politics he was early a Whig, later a Republican, and anti-slavery in his proclivities. In i860 and 1861 he was a member of the State Legislature, and filled at various times the important offices connected with his county and township. He was a director of the National Newark Banking Company, and a member of the board of managers of the Howard Savings Institution. For years he was one of the board of trustees of the Bloomfield Presbyterian church, and was a member of this church at the time of his death, which occurred July 26, 1878. WILLARD P. VOORHEES. _ It is somewhat unusual at the present day to find a lawyer of ability and distinction who has confined his efforts and ambitions solely to the practice of his chosen profession. Few men are strong enough to withstand the tempting ¦¦pi ¦'AAA' ¦¦:-.¦¦¦¦¦ A BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 237 and seductive offerings of the siren politics. The love of office and power has been the ignus fatuus that has lured thousand of bright and capable lawyers, away from the dull plodding routine of the law workshop to seek the plaudits of the multitude, and chase the empty and evanescent, yet glittering and charm ing bubble of political preferment, and thus neglected the possibilities that were within their grasp in strictly professional lines, until they were drawn deeper and deeper into the vortex of the political maelstrom, to the neglect of their own and their clients' interests, and only too frequently their only reward has been the doubtful honor of having "also ran." Mr. Voorhees has kept aloof from politics, or other side issue entanglements, with the result that he stands to-day, while yet a comparatively young man. one of the leaders of the New Jersey bar. He is the son of Abraham and Jane (Jarvis) Voorhees, and was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, July 28, 1851. He was prepared for college at the Rutgers College Grammar School, and under private instruction from Professor Gustavus Fischer, a noted educator. He then entered Rutgers College, and graduated in the full classical course, class of 1871. He then became a law student in the office of Judge Wood- bridge Strong, of New Brunswick, and was admitted to the bar in November,, 1874, and three years later was admitted as counsellor. He was of an independent turn of mind, and had sufficient self-reliance and confidence in his own equipment and ability to undertake to fight his way to suc cess without any bolstering or outside aid, so he hung out his shingle as a can didate for legal business without any alliance or partnership with any other firm or attorney, and has, from the beginning of his career to the present time, never had a partner. That this course, while unusual, was well justified, is demonstrated by the success that has attended his efforts, and by the enviable rank he has attained as a successful and able lawyer. His field has been chiefly in equity and probate cases, and corporation law. He is the counsel for the New Brunswick Rubber Company (now an integer of the United States Rubber Company) the Norfolk and New Brunswick Hosiery Company, the Kilbourne Knitting Machine Company, and has, from the inauguration of the enterprise, been counsel for the Brunswick Traction Company. He, in conjunction with his junior associate, Mr. Frederick Weigel, obtained all their franchises for them, and has conducted all their litigation. He was one of the counsel for the estate of the late Christopher Meyer, the rubber magnate, in a contest involving between seven and eight millions of dol lars. In 1883 he was appointed, by the Chancellor, receiver of the green houses and immense orchid collection of George Suchm, the famous orchid grower and collector of South Amboy, New Jersey. The proceeds of this sale amounted to over $36,000. Possibly it was his connection with this matter that developed in him the latent love of flowers which he possessed. At any rate, the growing of flowers, and particularly roses, has since been a sort of fad with him, and his private green houses have become locally famous for the production of rare and beautiful roses. As a sort of side light on his versatility, it may be mentioned that he has been organist of the First Presbyterian church for more than thirty years. He began playing the organ in church when only fifteen years of age, and during his college course, was the college organist. He has personally supervised 238 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the building of two church organs in his native city of New Brunswick. The first was burned in September, 1888, when the First Presbyterian church was destroyed, and the one that he had constructed to replace it is one of the most artistic and valuable instruments in the State. He has been treasurer of the church twenty-three years. In his entire career Mr. Voorhees has been cnadi- date for but one political office, that of County Clerk. In this contest he was defeated, and the slight insight into political methods which this experience gave him has been amply sufficient to satisfy any cravings he might have had in this di rection. He married, March 15th, 1877, Sarah Rutgers Neilson, daughter of Theo dore Neilson, of New Brunswick. They have no children living. JOHN L. SEflPLE, A prominent young lawyer of Camden, New Jersey, having an office at No. 312 Market street, was born October 11, 1859, in Mount Holly, New Jersey, son of John and Elizabeth (Little) Semple, through whom he has inherited some of the noblest qualities of the English and Scotch people. His grandfather, Samuel Semple, who came from Scotland to take charge of the thread mills at Smithfield, New Jersey, afterward established at Mount Holly the Semple Thread Mills, which were conducted by himself and three sons. This firm was known throughout the United States, and for nearly half a century did a large business, and employed about five hundred hands. Samuel Semple died when eighty-two years of age. John Semple, whose birth occurred in Glasgow, Scotland, was brought up in the business of manufacturing thread, and was a member of the firm. He re tired from active business in 1876, and has since lived in Mount Holly. He is a director of the Mount Holly Gas Company and the bank of Mount Holly, and one of the best known men in Burlington county. His wife, Elizabeth, is a daughter of John Little and was born in Paisley, Scotland, of English and Scotch ancestry. Her father, who was a civil engineer, died in Scotland. Mr. and Mrs John Semple are the parents of seven children, of whom three are liv ing, namely: Samuel W., John L. and Margaret. Samuel W. Semple, for merly the editor and proprietor of the Camden "Democrat," after selling this paper, became private secretary, successively, to Speakers O'Connor and Stoney, of the New Jersey House of Representatives, then of the State Board of Genea logical Survey, and now is a member of the Common Council of Burlington, where he has made his home of late years. He married Rebecca Lippincott, a sister of ex-Postmaster Lippincott, one of the leading citizens of Burlington, and well known throughout the State. His father, John Semple, is a member of the Episcopal church, and one of its most liberal supporters. After attending for some time a private school in Mount Holly, John L. Semple graduated in due course at Nazareth, Pennsylvania, and then for a year studied at a classical academy in Philadelphia. After this he was prepared to enter Princeton College by a private tutor, but his father instead was persuaded to place him in the office of Frederick H. Voorhees, a celebrated lawyer. He JOHN L. SEMPLE BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 239 was admitted to the bar in 1880, within a month after attaining his majority, after which he remained with Mr. Voorhees one year. Then he opened an office in Camden and engaged in general practice. He was admitted as a counsellor at the February term 1885, and to practice in the United States Supreme Court in February, 1895. In 1894 he was unexpectedly brought into prominence, when assigned, as defendant's counsel, by Judge Garrison of the Supreme Court in the celebrated case of George Morris. In a period of three years, of the four teen murder cases in which he conducted the defense, thirteen ended in a verdict of acquittal for his clients. One of the latter, that of Charles Jordan, is perhaps, the shortest homicide case in criminal annals. The evidence, summing up of counsel, charge of the trial Judge, and the verdict of the jury, consuming less than two hours. Mr. Semple made his reputation as a remarkably clever criminal lawyer in his successful defense of over a dozen homicide cases, and it was owing to this success, and his knowledge of criminal law, that he was associated with former Governor Pattison, of Pennsylvania, in the recent cases of Bredell and Taylor, the engravers in the noted counterfeit plot, in which the Secretary of the United States Treasury was compelled to withdraw the entire series of one hun dred dollars, Monroe notes. The scheme was unearthed in Philadelphia by the Secret Service officials and proved a great sensation, as it was regarded as one of the greatest attempts ever made to flood the country with counterfeit money. But Mr. Semple's name will ever be associated with the Lambert homicide case, as that is the one that brought him most fame and made his name known all over the country, and gave him a world wide reputation. He persistently carried the latter case through all the State courts and twice to the United States Supreme Court unaided, but in such a manner that he received the commenda tion of the court, where it was regarded as the most successful attempt ever made to evade the verdict of a jury. Shortly after having been admitted to the bar he was a candidate for the office of Prosecutor of Pleas of Burlington county. About this time he was chosen a delegate to the Democratic State Convention. Since which time he has eschewed active participation in politics, giving his entire attention to his extensive practice. He is a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and an attendant of the Episcopal Church. JACOB RINGLE, Born in Renish, Bavaria, July 25, 1835, left school at nine years of age and found employment in a cotton factory, where he remained until 1846, when he immi grated to America. In 1849 ne secured employment in roofing and iron work in New York. He continued in the employment, working in various parts of the United States, until i860, in which year he located in Jersey City, started in the roofing business for himself, and commenced manufacturing tinware as soon as he had accumulated sufficient capital to start. His business gradually de veloped until it assumed large proportions, and its present specialty is orna mental sheet-iron work. 240 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. When he commenced the manufacture of steel metal work he employed but a single man and a boy, he now employs a hundred and ninety men, and his goods are shipped all over the United States and to foreign countries, — Eng land, Ireland, Scotland, the West India Islands, South America, etc. The the atre in Caracas, Venezuela, is built of this metal, also the market house Port- a-peck. The works are located, under the firm name of Jacob Ringle & Son, at 83 and 85 Newark avenue, and 470 and 472 Jersey City, and is one of the largest concerns in the country engaged in the manufacture of sheet metal work for buildings, and has unsurpassed facilities. Their work done for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Central Park, New York City, is conceded to be among the finest work ever executed in this country. Other work includes many of the principal public and private buildings throughout the country. Mr. Ringles is a Republican in politics and has held important official posi tions in Jersey City. In 1879, '80 and '81 he was a member of the Board of Aldermen, has served for five years as President of the Sinking Fund Commis sion, and is now a member of the Board' of Finance. By his first marriage, in 1858, five children were born to him, two only of whom survive. By a second marriage in 1870, six children were born to him, all of whom but one are living. Of his sons, George, Valentine and Abram L. are in partnership with him in the business, which was incorporated in 1893 under the laws of New Jersey with a capital of eighty-five thousand dollars. j6hn h. polhemus. Fortunate is the man who has back of him an ancestry honorable and dis tinguished, and in this particular our subject is especially blessed. In the his tory of the Netherlands, the family name figures conspicuously in connection with the affairs of state, and its representatives bore an important part in many of the public events, which are mentioned in the annals of the country. The family name was originally Polheem, but the Latin terminus "us" was affixed as a mark of eminence, according to a custom more or less observed in early days among men of learning and distinction. Anciently some members of the family enjoyed celebrity in the cities of Antwerp and Ghent, and in the former Eleazer Polhemus, a learned jurist, held the office of Burgomaster in 1310. Johannes Theodorus Polhemus, a minister of the Reformed church of Hol land, was the progenitor of all the families of the name in America. On his ar rival in this counrty he accepted a call from the church in Flatbush, where he labored from 1654 to 1665. He was afterwards pastor of a church in Brook lyn, until his death, which occurred June 9th, 1676. He married Catherine Van Werven, and their children were Theodorus, Daniel, Elizabeth^ Adrianna, Mar garet and Anna, of this family, Daniel Polhemus was captain of the troops of Kings county, and served as supervisor of Flatbush in 1705, he was afterwards County Judge, and was a most important factor in the public life of his locality. His sister Anna married Cornelius Barent Van Wvck, who came to the New Netherlands in 1650, from the town of Wyck, Holland, whose marriage took place in 1660, at Flatbush, Kings county, New York. Robert A., now Mayor BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 241 of New York, and his brother, formerly Judge Augustus Van Wyck are descen dants on the maternal side. All the American Van Wycks are descendants of this couple. The family of Daniel Polhemus included the following named: Cornelius, Daniel, Hendrick and Jacob. Cornelius settled at Haverstraw, Hen- drick at Harlingen, Somerset county, New Jersey, Daniel in New York and Jacob in Hempstead, Long Island. All left families. Hendrick settled (date unknown) on a large tract of land extending from Harlingen to the Millstone River, and on this he built a log house. He was succeeded on the homestead by his son Hendrick, Hendrick by his son Daniel, the father of Henry Polhemus, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, for some time the pastor of the churches of Harlingen and Neshanic, who died in 1813. Major John Polhemus, who was born in New Jersey in 1738, served in the French and Indian wars and rose to the rank of Major in the War of the Revolution, his death occurred in 1833. John H. Polhemus was born in New Jersey and married Helen Van Middlesworth, also a native of this State. They removed to Battle Creek, Michigan, where the immediate subject of this review (John H. Polhemus) was born on the nth of April, 1856, the mother died in Battle Creek and the father soon afterward went to Bushnell, Illinois, where, with his family, he resided about four years, after which he returned, locating in Somerset county, New Jersey. The son John H, was then a lad of nine years, making his home for several years with his sister, Mrs. Isaac Cortelyou, of Six Mile Run, (now Franklin Park), attending district school dur ing the winter and assisting on the farm, spring, summer and fall months, he completed his education in an elocutionary college in Middlebush. Among others attending at that time was T DeWitt Talmage, Jr., (now deceased) son of the eminent divine. In 1876 he came to Morris county, locating in Whippany, where he secured a clerkship. Soon afterward, however, he became proprietor of a gen eral store, and he has since continued operations in this line with gratifying suc cess. He has studied closely the public taste, carried a large and well-selected stock, fitted to meet the popular demand, this combined with his courteous treat ment of his customers and his reliable business methods has secured him a liberal patronage. His father died at Hanover, N. J., April 6, 1885, leaving three daugh ters, Mary (the eldest) wife of Isaac Cortelyou, residing at Franklin Park, New Jersey; Jennie M., (unmarried) whose home is in Jersey City, and Lida B., wife of Paymaster Harry E. Jewett, United States Navy, (nephew of Benjamin F. Tracy), now at Manila, while his wife, with their only child, Harry P., are located (temporarily) at Hong Kong Mr. Polhemus was married on the 21st of Apirl, 1880, the lady of his choice being Miss Fannelia Beach Mclntyre, daughter of Thomas Mclntyre, Esq., one of the pioneer settlers of Mount Vernon, New York. To them have been born nine children: Minnie Fannelia, born March 11, 1881; John Howard, born August 27th, 1882; William Alexander, born December 6th, 1883; Helen Van Middlesworth, born October 15th, 1885; Laura Elizabeth, born April 28th, 1887; Jennie Mabel, born November 26th, 1888; Hazel Jewett, born August 5th, 1891; Edna Gordon, born November 20th, 1894, and Dorothy Gladys, born April 2d, 1898. Mr. Polhemus is a Republican in political connections, having served as postmaster of Whippany under President Harrison. He is one of the direc- 16 ¦¦*M 242 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. tors, (at one time president) of the Whiponong Hall Association, he is a member of the North Jersey Council, No. 1181, Royal Arcanum, also Hanover Coun cil, No. 250, Jr. O. U. A. M., and its auxiliary, the "Daughters of Liberty," Excelsior Council, No. 90. WILLIAM AND ISAAC LANE. Isaac Lane, who has been conspicuously identified with the business in terests of Franklin, for over half a century, was born in his home city on the 5th of March, 1830, and is a son of William and Jane (Pier) Lane. His mother was born January 20, 1807. William Lane was also born in Caldwell township, September 10, 1804, and was a son of Henry Lane. He followed the occupation of carpenter until his death, which occurred February 19, 1890, at the venerable age of eighty-six years. His first wife died in the same year, when eighty-three years old. The children born to this worthy couple were: George Lane, of Newark; Maria, widow of W. R. Congar; Isaac, our subject; Esther, Sarah and Caroline, the three latter being deceased. Isaac Lane obtained but little literary education, his parents being in meager circumstances, — a fact that compelled him early in life to seek employment, thereby gaining that self-reliance and business acumen that characterized his subsequent career. His first situation was with the firm of Bush & Campbell, a predecessor of Lane & Lockward, and here he worked as a stripper, earning twenty-five cents a hundred pounds. He continued with this firm and its suc cessors, becoming thoroughly acquainted with the tobacco business in all its departments, and eventually, in 1866, acquiring an interest as a partner. (This tobacco factory has been in operation ever since 1806). His devotion to this one line of industry has not permitted him to share his time with other enterprises, which fact is sufficient to account for the sure, gradual growth and financial prosperity of the present establishment of Lane & Lockward. Mr. Lane was united on January 28, 1851, to Emma, daughter of Cornelius Gould. Her death occurred in 1869, and in 1871 our subject married Susan, daughter of Moses Kinsey. No children were born by either marriage. In fraternal relations Mr. Lane is a Master Mason. LEWIS G. LOCKWARD Was born July 14, 1839, at Caldwell, New Jersey, the son of Dr. John T. and Charlotte (Personette) Lockward. Dr. Lockward was born in New York City in 1808, graduated at the Maryland State Medical College in 1833, and in 1835 located at Caldwell, where he followed his profession until his death, which occurred in 1843. He was a skillful physician and surgeon and had an exten sive practice. His wife was a daughter of Abram Personette, of Caldwell, whose family was of Huguenot descent. Lewis G. acquired his education in the schools of Caldwell and vicinity. WILLIAM LANE ISAAC LANE Ou£s7rn-arr 7*s ^ £.<£. -A ~> BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 243 In 1867 he engaged in the manufacture of tobacco and cigars at Caldwell, as a member of the firm of Campbell, Lane & Company. He withdrew from the business in 1874, but returned in 1879, and is still engaged in it, the present style of the firm being Lane & Lockward. The business, which is a large and profitable one, has been carried on continuously at the present location since 1806; it extends through Northern and Central New Jersey, and the adjoin ing sections of New York and Pennsylvania, and the firm enjoys a most enviable reputation in the trade. Mr. Lockward takes an active interest in local affairs and in the public schools. He has been prominently identified with the Democratic party and honored with a number of offices, which he has filled with a fidelity that has won him a high commendation. He was a member of the township committee of Caldwell (before the township of Verona and the borough of Caldwell were set off from it) in 1872, and again in 1886, collector 1877-79, and member of the Board of Freeholders of Essex county 1874-76. He was also elected the first Mayor of the borough of Caldwell, February 9, 1892, and filled that position until May, 1894, declining a re-election. For sixteen years, from 1882 to 1898, he has been a member of the Board of Education of Caldwell, and for the past nine years has been its president. He was president of the Caldwell Building and Loan Association 1891-3. Mr. Lockward is a leading member of the Masonic fraternity, having been elected a member of Caldwell Lodge, No. 59, F. & A. M., February 6, 1863; he served as Junior Warden in 1864 and filled the position of Worshipful Mas ter in 1865, 1867, 1878, 1879 and 1890. He joined Union Chapter, No. 7, R. A. M., of Newark, October 8, 1866; Damascus Commandery, K. T., of Newark, September 1, 1870, and the Masonic Veterans' Association of New Jersey, Jan uary 2, 1891. On the 5th of October, 1871, Mr. Lockward was married to Miss Anna M., daughter of Zenas C. and Mary (Harrison) Crane. The Crane and Harrison families are among the oldest in this part of New Jersey. They came originally from Connecticut and located in Newark and vicinity in 1666, purchasing their lands from the Indians. Mr. and Mrs. Lockward have had three children, namely: Lewis Gibson was born August 7, 1872, and died December 28, 1875; Robert Crane, born June 19, 1874, and Lynn Grover, born June 15, 1878. They are members of the Caldwell Presbyterian church and prominent in religious and social matters. Mr. Lockward has been president of the church board of trus tees. He is a gentleman of refined tastes and culture, public spirited, liberal and popular with his many friends and associates, whose confidence he enjoys to a marked degree. HON. JOSEPH DORSETT BEDLE. Governor Bedle was born at Middletown Point, (Matawan) county of Monmouth, in this State, January 5, 1831. He was of English descent, and his ancestors were among the early settlers of the State. His father was Thomas 244 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. I. Bedle, a merchant, and his mother, Hannah Dorsett, whose family came to Monmouth county from Bermuda over a century and a half ago. The chief part of his earlv education was obtained at the academy at Middletown Point, which was famous in that section of the state. He read law five years, a longer period than usual, the most of which time was spent in the office of the late Hon. William L. Dayton, at Trenton, New Jersey, but during that time he at tended the law schooi at Balston, Spa., New York, one winter, and also pursued his studies a short time with Hon. Henry S. Little, in his native town. While engaged in the study of law he devoted much of his time in acquiring knowledge of a historical and literary character, particularly connected with the profes sion of the law. He was admitted to practice by the Supreme Court of New Jersey, June, 1853, and immediately settled in Middletown Point, where he soon acquired an excellent practice and reputation, his industry and ability being early mark ed. In the spring of 1855, he moved to Freehold, the county seat of Mon mouth county, where he immediately took high rank as a sound and skillful lawyer and advocate. His closeness of study and professional application were prominent traits in his character, and his advance at the bar was so rapid that in March, 1865, while only thirty-four years of age, he was nominated by Gover nor Parker, and confirmed by the Senate as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State to succeed Hon. Elias B. D. Ogden, one of New Jersey's distinguished judges, who had lately died. The circuits of Judge Ogden were in the northern part of the State, em bracing the counties of Hudson, Bergen and Passaic, and to these Judge Bedle succeeded. The business of these circuits was heavy, and a change of resi dence for convenience, became necessary. For that reason he moved to Jersey City, where he resided until his death. The judicial career of Judge Bedle covered about ten years, during which time, in the Supreme Court and the Court of Errors and Appeals and at the circuits, he gained a high reputation for a most faithful, intelligent and just administration of the duties of his office. He had strong common sense, a clear knowledge of the law, a fearless integ rity, and in the trial of jury cases his judicial qualities were pre-eminent. His prominence upon the bench and satisfactory performance of his duties natur ally drew the attention of the public towards him, and in such a way that while he was upon a second term, having been reappointed judge, there grew up a strong disposition to elect him Governor. The county was then very much depressed, and the times were hard, and there was a tendency in the minds of the people to select an executive who had been out of the arena of politics. Al though Judge Bedle had always been a Democrat, yet no partisanship had been shown on the bench, and he was looked upon as able to satisfy their demands. The Democratic convention nominated him for Governor in the fall of 1874, and he was elected by the large majority of thirteen thousand two hundred and thirty- three, over a very popular competitor. Previous to his nomination he publicly announced, in answer to a letter addressed to him upon the subject, that he was not a candidate, and although if nominated would not decline, yet he would take no part in the campaign, but would continue to perform the duties of his office as usual, making no personal effort whatever for his election, and that if the people determined he should serve them as Governor, he would then resign his BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 245 office of judge and obey their will. He strictly carried out his purpose with out swerving, and was elected to the office of Governor untrammeled and with out any entanglements. No person could have entered upon the office of Governor with more in dependence then he did. He was inaugurated January 19, 1875, and served the constitutional term of three years. A writer in a biography of the Gov ernor says: "Most unmistakably was he called to his honorable post by the popular voice, whose expectations were in no sense disappointed. His admin istration from the first was marked by ability, prudence and a patriotism in spired by an earnest desire for the public welfare. By his statesmanlike views and noble aims he firmly intrenched himself in the respect and regard of the com munity." He took an active part in behalf of the State in promoting the suc cess of the great centennial in Philadelphia in 1876, and much of the honor of the State in that exhibition was due to him. During his term occurred the famous riots of 1877. His management at that time, both of the civil and military power of the State, showed a judgment and prudence of the highest type, and resulted in the complete preservation of the peace of the State and the opening of the great lines of travel therein. As Governor he was always a foe to ex travagance and fraud, and his administration was wise and pure and economical. Upon his retirement from office in January, 1878, he resumed in Jersey City, the practice of law, and from that time on was actively ene^ag-ed therein. At the close of his term as Governor he declined to return to the bench, although then offered a reappointment, preferring to pursue his profession while in health and vigor, and in the full maturity of middle age. His success as a practitioner justified his conclusion, and no lawyer in the State had more important mat ters in his hands then he, in all branches of the law. It has been said of him: "As a judge on the bench, as a Governor of the State, in his practice at the bar, and in his deportment as a citizen, the weight of exalted character was always conspicuous on his side of the scales." The same writer also says: "Judge Bedle is an instance of a man who, at a com paratively early age, achieves the highest honors of his State, apparently without having passed through any of the highways and byways of the politician. Such instances in these days are so rare that they must be set down as exceptional in the history of politics in this or any other country. His progress to the high positions he has occupied has been quiet, dignified, and, we may say, almost noiseless. We at no time find him pushing himself into any of the high places he has occupied. A most worthy example surely, and one which we gen erally have to seek for in the passed and better times of the republic." From the time of his return to the bar until his death, he was constantly engaged in the conduct of the heaviest causes pending during that time in the State, notably among which may be mentioned those of the arbitration between the State and the Morris and Essex Railroad Company, the litigation between the New Jersey Junction and the National Docks Railway Company, and the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and the proceedings for contempt against the late Governor Price, all of which created much interest, and in all of which he was eminently successful. With the exception of giving advice and making occasional addresses during important campaigns, and the memorable struggle which resulted in the defeat of the late Governor Abbett for the position of 246 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. United States Senator in 1887, in which he was a most potent, and it may safely be said the controlling factor, he took little part in politics during that time. He entered into that fight openly and with all the energy that he pos sessed. After his retirement from the Governorship he was three times offered po sitions on the bench, all of which he felt constrained to refuse. The President of the United States made several tempting offers to him, among which were the Russian and Australian missions, but these he declined, and passed the resi due of his days in private life. During the last year of his life he accepted a position on the Constitutional Commission, which was his last public service. That commission concluded its labors only a few weeks before his death. Judge Bedle's manners were affable and kind, yet he was a man of strong decision of character and unflagging business energy. None knew him but to love him; all respected him. During the last summer he was conscious of illness, but attributed it to overwork, and for that reason took his annual vacation in July, a month earlier than usual, but without preceptible benefit. On his return he sought medical advice, and for the first time the fact was de veloped that he was suffering from an aggravated case of stone in the bladder. He at once put himself under the care of the most eminent physicians obtainable, but too late. He died on October 21st, 1894, in the prime of life, in the midst of his usefulness. His accomplished wife, Althea A. Randolph, daughter of the late Judge Bennington F. Randolph, and five children survive him. They are Bennington R. Bedle, at present consul to Sheffield, England, Joseph D. Bedle and Thomas F. Bedle, who, with Flavel McGee, Esq., were his law partners; Althea R. Rusch, wife of Adolph Rusch, of New York City, and Randolph Bedle. For a number of years he was a ruling elder of the First Presbyterian church of Jersey City, which office he held at the time of his death. As such he was elected a delegate to the Presbyterian General Assembly at Washington, where the famous trial of Dr. Briggs for heresy was held, but pressing engage ments prevented him from accepting that appointment. In the business world he was hardly less prominent than in his profession. At the time of his death he was a member of the directories of a number of prominent corporations. It may safely be said that no man at the bar of the State has ever had the respect of his brethren or the affections of his people to a greater extent than he. He was a man much loved for his hearty, genial ways, which were but the natural expression of a heart that was full of love for his fellow men. His tenacity of purpose and his devotion to any cause he espoused, knew no bounds save those of honor. GEORGE BEASTELL JENKINSON Was born August 18th, 1828, in the ancient town of Arklow, sea-port and market town of the county of Wicklow, Ireland. This town, situated about fifty miles GEORGE B. JENKINSON BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 247 from the metropolis of Dublin, was among the strongholds of Protestantism dur ing the days of religious and political turmoil which marked the Cromwellian period. This the ruins of the ancient castle of the Ormondis, demolished in 1869, still attest, although the last trace of the once famous Monastery, founded by Fitz Walter, another historic land mark, has long since passed away. En vironment and ancestry cannot fail in their effect upon man's life. Born of Protestant ancestors, who had, in earlier generations witnessed, and undoubtedly taken part in the struggle for religious and political freedom during these troub lous times, we may well suppose the subject of this sketch, in some measure, in herited the strength of character, earnestness of purpose and sterling integrity, which marked the life of his ancestors. Incident to the financial embarrass ments of 1846 and '47, Mr. Jenkinson came, when in his nineteenth year, with his parents, to America. The family reached Montreal in March of 1847, and the young man who had received a common school education at home, at once set himself about preparing for a business life, to which end he spent three years in a trunk factory, for the purpose of learning the trade. In this day, when the work of every industry is lightened by modern invention and appliance, we do not, perhaps, realize the drudgery and the patience necessary for the equipment of the skilled worker of fifty years ago. Having acquired a thorough knowl edge of his trade, Mr. Jenkinson sought an opening where this knowledge would be of the greatest advantage. To this end locating himself in Newark, New Jersey, he at once entered into business relations with the firm of Peddie & Morrison, which firm was, perhaps, then better known throughout the country than any other. A stranger to his employers, to whom his manly bearing and pleasing address were taken as credentials, he soon became known and valued, and rapidly worked his way through the various departments of the large concern, until in 1872, he became a full partner in the business undertaking, to whose interests he had been unwaveringly faithful, and with which he was connected, from his entrance into business in 1850, until his death in 1896. Mr. Jenkin son identified himself closely with the interests of the city of his chosen abode, yet, although he was frequently urged to accept public office he preferred the life of a quiet citizen to that of an official, in city or state. Without his knowl edge or consent he was, in 1875, appointed by the Common Council, to fill a vacancy in the Board of Education* As one interested in the young, and as a firm believer in public schools, he consented to hold the office, with which he was entrusted. At the expiration of the term of his appointment he became the choice of the people, for the position which he held for many years. He was greatly interested in the founding of the Technical School, and was, from its establishment, a liberal contributor to it. In 1878 he was sent, by Governor McClellan to France, as one of the Commissioners for the State of New Jersey to the Paris Exhibition, to look after the interests of the manufactories of that state. Mr. Jenkinson was a member of the Board of Trade of the City of New ark, from its organization, in 1868, and its president for the years 1879 and 1880. He belonged, also, to the Board of Managers of the State Asylum for the Insane, was a prominent member of the State Agricultural Society, and a director of the Peoples' Life Insurance Company. He was, also, president of the Newark Electric Light and Power Company. In all of these positions of trust he served faithfully, in wisdom and honor. In politics Mr. Jenkinson was an unswerving 248 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Republican; in his church relations a member of the High Street Presbyterian church. He was a man of liberality, simple in taste, and unaffected by pros perity, a true friend and a pleasant companion. He was a member of St. John's Lodge of Free Masons, and of the Republican Club. Of social organiza tions he belonged to the Essex Club, and the Orange Country Club. Mr. Jenkinson married, on June 12, 1850, in Montreal, Jane, second daughter of the late Nathaniel Stringer and Jane Steacy his wife. Three sons and five daughters are living of the family of Mr. and Mrs. Jenkinson. His eldest son, Richard C, has been chosen to fill many of the positions of trust and responsibility formerly occupied by his honored father. Of the other sons, George B. is head and Henry Lang treasurer of the firm of T. B. Peddie & Co., with which their father was so long connected. Mr. Jen kinson will be remembered as an honest man, a good citizen, just and kindly in his relations with his fellow men, and faithful in his duties to his Creator. WILLIAM RANKIN WARD Was the son of Dr. Isaac Moreau Ward and Mary Rankin, daughter of Wil liam Rankin, of Newark, New Jersey. His father, Dr. Ward, a native of Bloom field, New Jersey, was graduated from Yale College in 1825, and received his degree of M. D. in 1829. Soon after he established himself as a practitioner in Newark, but in 1841 removed to Albany, New York, and in Albany, Novem ber 5th, 1843, his son William Rankin was born. William R. Ward received his early education at the school of Dr. David Pierson, of Elizabeth, and later pursued his studies at New Haven. While Dr. I. M. Ward, his father, resided in Albany he became acquainted with the well-known horticulturist, John Wil son, and much interested in the study of horticulture, and several years after, the failure of his health obliged him to rest from the labors of his profession, he purchased a tract of land lying between Newark and Elizabeth, at Lyons Farms, where he planted extensive orchards, and cultivated small fruits. His son, William, with the enthusiasm and energy that characterized him, entered into these pursuits, and followed them with an untiring zeal, an unflagging interest, and an increasing delight, year after year, in the studies connected with the calling which he had chosen. About thirty years ago Mr. Ward purchased his "Home" place where he also conducted his horticultural labors, and where he resided until his death. During these years he held many offices of trust, and confidence in him was never misplaced. For many years he served upon the local Board of Education, for nearly a score of years was a member of the town ship committee of Clinton, and for three successive terms a member of the Board of Chosen Freeholders of Essex county. The New Jersey Horticultural So ciety was organized in the college building at New Brunswick, August 17th, 1875, with thirty-five members. William R. Ward was one of this number, and for several years served as president or secretary of this Society. He was also a member of the State Board of Agriculture, serving for two successive terms as vice-president, and was treasurer of the board at the time of his death. In June, 1892, at a joint conference of the State Board of Agriculture and Hor- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 249 ticultural Society, he was selected to take charge of New Jersey's horticultural exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition. To this work he gave his char acteristic energy, and the results of his labors were eminently successful. In 1885, the Governor appointed him a member of the Board of Visitors of the State Experiment Station and State Agricultural College. In this connection he became intimately associated with Prof. George H. Cook, and at his decease in 1889, succeeded him as secretary of the board, which position he held the WILLIAM RANKIN WARD remainder of his life. With the Presbyterian church at Lyons Farms he was actively connected. For thirty-four years a trustee and Sabbath-school worker, as teacher or superintendent, and for many^ years an elder. In every position of trust he was discreet, faithful and earnest. To the poor and sick he ex tended heartfelt sympathy, and a helping hand, and in every way gave expression to the purpose of his life, which was to benefit the community where he resided nearly fifty years. In 1868, William Rankin Ward was married to Mary R., daughter of Henry Meeker, of Waverly, New Jersey. The ancestors of Henry Meeker in this country are traced back to William Meeker who was registered at New Haven, Connecticut, in 1644, and who, with his sons Joseph 250 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. and Benjamin, are recorded among the associates who purchased the site of the town of Elizabeth from the Indians at that date, 1644. Henry Meeker's grand father, Obadiah Meeker, served through the Revolutionary War as a captain of cavalry, and was a brave soldier and zealous patriot. The record of Mr. Ward's life is written upon the hearts of those he loved, and those for whom he labored. "Let no man live for himself," was his motto, and in all his efforts to benefit his fellow men he was zealous, efficient and persevering. "Spent, my work is done," he said, and January 3d, 1897, after a long and painful illness, borne with unmurmuring Christian courage, he peacefully fell asleep. His only surviving child is his son, Dr. William Rankin Ward, of Lyons Farms, New Jersey. JOSEPH BEERS WARD Was born July 22d, 1833, in the City of Newark. He was the oldest son of the late Dr. Isaac M. Ward, then a young physician, and his wife Mary Ogden, JOSEPH BEERS WARD. ISAAC N. QUIMBY BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 251 daughter of William Rankin. His father had been in Newark about two years, coming from Bloomfield, his native town, where he had been associated in the practice of medicine with an uncle, Dr. E. D. Ward. The family had been early settlers in Bloomfield, and always active in enterprises which advanced morality and religion. The grandfather, Joseph Smith Ward, was married to* Lucy Dodd, a pious kind-hearted woman, who, with her husband, endeavored to bring up their children to be good citizens. The birth inheritance of Dr. Joseph B. Ward lost nothing on his mother's side. The sturdy Scotch stock of William Rankin was hers, and was expressed in her long life of vigorous thought and de cided action. As the interests of the father's professional career called for change of residence, Joseph was educated in private schools in Newark, Bloom field, Albany, and later in Oberlin, Ohio, and Brown University, succeeded by a musical education in Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1857. For a term of years he practiced medicine in Brooklyn and Newark, and for a time held a professor's chair in the Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri, located in St. Louis. During the Civil War he was Assistant Surgeon of the nth Regiment of New York. Since his retirement from practice Dr. Ward has given his attention to agricultural and horticultural pursuits*. For many years, in connection with his late brother William, he carried on an extensive fruit industry. He has been chairman of the executive committee of the State Horticultural Society, and for the last two years its president, and vice-president of the State Tuber culosis Commission, and one of the executive committee of the State Board of Agriculture. By his voice and pen he has tried to educate and stimulate his brother farm ers of the State, to a higher estimate of their noble calling. His influence has also been felt at his own home. For many years he has been a school trustee, and has looked after the education of the young, while as a church trustee and Sabbath-school teacher he has also borne his part. ISAAC N. QUIMBY, M. D., Born in Bernardsville, New Jersey, in 1831, died in Jersey City, New Jersey, in 1898, was the son of Rachel Stout and Nicholas Emmons Quimby. His father, who served in the War of 1812, was a farmer, and great-grandson of Judge Em mons, a judge in the Supreme Court of New Jersey. His mother was from an old New Jersey family. Both his grandparents were patriotic soldiers in the Revolutionary War. Dr. Quimby lost both parents in early life. He commenced work on a farm, later learned the trade of a miller, and at nineteen years of age went to Zanesville, Ohio, where, becoming interested in medicine, he determined to be a physician. Taking a preparatory course at Chester Collegiate Institute, New Jersey, in which he ranked high as a student he, in 1856, entered the University Medical College of New York, and was graduated second in his class, with a special certificate of honor in 1859. 252 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. At the breaking out of the Civil War, Dr. Quimby entered the army as a volunteer surgeon; served in the swamps of the Chickahominy, in the seven- days' battle, and "change of base" to the James River, and the retreat to Har rison's Landing; was at Antietam and remained with his division until after the battles of the Wilderness, when, compelled by illness, he returned home, and, upon recovery, resumed the practice of medicine, in which he continued up to his •death. In 1866-68, Dr. Quimby was lecturer in the spring course of the University Medical College, New York, and also assistant to Professor A. C. Post in his surgical clinic at the same institution. He was the originator of the Hudson county, now Christ's Hospital, in 1868, and was surgeon to the same until 1873; he was also one of the attending surgeons of the City Hospital, Jersey City. Dr. Quimby was a member of the American Medical Association, and of its judicial council; one of the founders and the first chairman of the section of Medical Jurisprudence of that association; was a member of the Hudson County District Medical Society; of the American Public Health Association; of the Medico-Legal Society of New York; of the New York Society of Jurisprudence and State Medicine; of the Mississippi Valley Medical Association; honorary member of the Gynecological Society of Boston; of the British Medical Associa tion; of the American Association for the Cure of Inebriety, and vice-president of this association at the time of his death. He was a delegate from the Ameri can Medical Association to the International Medical Congress,. London, 1881, and again in 1884, in Copenhagen, and in 1894 at Rome, Italy. He was a mem ber of the first Pan-American Medical Congress, which met at Washington, D. C, in September, 1893. Dr. Quimby devised several important improvements in surgical operations; ¦detailing his methods in various publications in the transactions of the American Medical Association, Vols. XIX, XXI, XXXI, notably, "A New Mode of Treat ment of Congenital Talipes;" "A New Method of Amputation of the Ankle- joint;" "A Case of Compound Fracture of the Tibia and Fibula," and "The Criminal Use of Chloroform." His address before the World's Temperance Congress at Chicago, in 1893, was in pursuance of his life-long interest in and advocacy of temperance. He was one of the founders of the American Medical Temperance Association, of which he was vice-president. His paper on the "Pathological Action of Alcohol in Health and Disease," read before the New Jersey Temperance Alliance, was printed by that Society in a large pamphlet edition and circulated throughout the State. So strong and influential was his advocacy of temperance that he was nom inated for Governor by the Prohibitionists of New Jersey, but declined the honor. Dr. Quimby was twice married; in 1863 to Helen Stark, daughter of the late Thomas McKie, a retired merchant of New York City. Her death oc curred in 1868, leaving one child, Alfred Charles Post Quimby. A second marriage in 1875 was to Frances H, daughter of the late James Fleming, of Jersey City. One son, Isaac Newton Quimby, Jr., was the issue of this mar riage. /h-^y<^^L^^j^. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 253. FREDERICK GORDON BURNHAM, A resident of Morristown, New Jersey, and a prominent attorney of Newark, is the only living son of Gordon and Marcia (Condict) Burnham, and is a descen dant on his father's side from ancestors who settled at Ipswich, Massa chusetts, about 1635. His maternal great-great-grandfather, Jonathan Dick inson, who married a grand-daughter of Melyn, the patroon of Staten Island, was the founder and first president of Princeton College. The Condicts were among the first settlers of Morris county, New Jersey, and large land owners there, buying from the Indians. The old Condict homestead, now known as the Burnham place, is occupied by Mrs. Byron Sherman, sister of Mr. Burnham. His maternal grandfather was Judge Silas Condict, of Morris county, who was distinguished through a long life for sterling integrity and great financial ability, and whose father, Col. Ebenezer Condict, was a commissioned officer in the Revolutionary army, and died while encamped at Morristown. His paternal great-grandfather was a soldier in the French and Indian wars. On his mother's side he is also descended, in a direct line, from John Alden of the Pilgrim Fathers. His father, Gordon Burnham, was for many years a large wholesale mer chant in New York City, but removed his family in 1840 to Morristown, New Jersey, and died on the homestead in August, 1881, his mother soon following,. dying in 1884. Of the three children of Mr. Gordon Burnham, one died in in fancy, the other two, Mrs. Byron Sherman and Frederick G. Burnham, reside in Morristown. Mr. Burnham was born in New York City, June 29, 1831, prepared for college at the Morristown Academy in 1847, entered the Fresh man class of New York University and graduated as A. B. in 1851. His alma mater conferred the degree of A. M. upon him in 1854. He was president of the various organizations in his class after he reached his senior year, was a thorough student and active in all debates and literary matters. In 1851 he began his legal studies in the office of Barney, Humphrey & Butler, then one of the largest and foremost law firms in New York City, and in 1853-54 attended Harvard Law School. He was admitted to the New York bar as an attorney and counsellor in 1853, and the next year entered upon active practice in that city, where he conducted a large and successful business until 1864, when his health failing, he was obliged to seek relief in travel. In 1858 he became a partner of John Van Buren, formerly Attorney-General of New York, and one of the most prominent barristers and orators in that state. The firm of Van Buren & Burnham remained in active business until the latter's retirement from it, owing to severe illness in 1864. Mr. Burnham traveled for four years, and having fully regained his health was admitted as an attorney in New Jersey in February, 1868. The same year he settled in Morristown, where he has since resided, and was appointed one of the counsel of the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York for New Jersey. In 1880 he became the sole counsel for that corporation in New Jersey, which position he has since held. On assuming these duties he removed his office to Newark, in order to get closer to the courts. He was admitted to the: bar as counsellor in 1871. 254 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Mr. Burnham has largely confined his attention to the numerous legal ques tions arising from the complex business affairs of the corporation of which he has been counsel for so long a time. For many years he has been the general counsel of the Board of Church Erection of the Presbyterian church for the United States, and in this capacity has examined and passed upon every land title in which that body has been interested. For fifteen years past he has also been the vice-president of the board. These and similar connections have long made him prominent in the Presbyterian circles of New Jersey. He has also been for many years the counsel for a large number of charitable and religious organizations, for which he has successfully conducted many important will cases. In 1886 he founded what at one time was called the Burnham Industrial Farm, near Canaan, Columbia county, New York, but is now known as the Berkshire Industrial Farm, and donated a property of 600 acres with appro priate buildings for the purposes of that institution. This charity has received many substantial marks of Mr. Burnham's fostering care and abiding interest. He was for several years its president. In politics Mr. Burnham has always been an active and a staunch Republi can, but has never accepted public office. For several years he was chair man of the Morris County Republican Committee. During the War of the Rebellion he received the appointment as aide, with the rank of Major, on the staff of Governor Morgan, of New York, but was obliged to resign on account of ill health. Mr. Burnham was married April 20, 1859, to Miss Catherine L. Hil liard, daughter of Judge Francis Hilliard, a prominent jurist and writer of legal treaties, of Roxbury, Massachusetts. They have one daughter, Anna W. SAMUEL AUSTIN BESSON, Ex-Corporation Counsel of Hoboken, and member of the law firm of Besson, Stevens & Lewis, belongs to one of the oldest families in New Jersey, and one of the best; the Huguenots of the name who settled in the State so far back as 1730, being of that industrious and religious nature so characteristic of the French "Reformers," who comprised among their members and sects much of the highest elements in the French nation; and who, after many long years of internecine strife with their religious opponents, left France for the western world and peopled our shores from New England to Florida with desirable emi- igrant pioneers. Many of the descendants of the first Huguenot settlers in New Jersey re moved to other parts, — going to New York and becoming prominent in the professional and business world of the metropolis. The ancestors of Samuel A. Besson so divided, but his father continued on or near the old homestead, where members of the family still have their home, and are among the well- known and well-to-do citizens of Hunterdon county. Going back to early times, his great-great-grandfather on the paternal side was Francois Besson, one of the first settlers of Hunterdon county. His son John, was an ensign in the Revolutionary army under Washington. He served through the war, was BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 255 honorably discharged and died on the ancestral homestead at an advanced age. His son John married Rachel Traut, of Amwell township, Hunterdon county. Soon after this marriage they settled on a farm in Alexandria township, where they reared a family of twelve children — seven sons and five daughters. Four of the sons, John, Jacob, Jeremiah and Theodore, left home at an early age, and making the City of New York their residence, engaged in mercantile pursuits. The remaining three, Samuel, George and William, were farmers, and remained in their native town. William, in the year 1835' married Margaret A., daughter of Godfrey and Elizabeth Case. To this union were born nine children, four of whom died in infancy. The death of a daughter, Hannah, occurred after a short illness in September, 1868. The mother, Margaret A., died at nearly SAMUEL AUSTIN BESSON. the same time. Both were buried on the same day in the church yard at Mount Pleasant. William Besson remained active and vigorous at the age of eighty- six years, still residing on the farm at Everettstown, Hunterdon county, which he purchased in the year 185 1, until his death, which occurred in January, 1894. His two daughters living— Mary Elizabeth and Catherine Frances— reside at Frenchtown, New Jersey, which latter place was founded by one, Paul Prevost, who had been a fiscal officer of the French King. His two sons are John C. and Samuel Austin, lawyers of Hoboken, New Jersey. The foregoing family history is taken from a sketch of the late John C. Besson (in Everets & Peck's History of Hudson and Essex Counties), who was a noted lawyer and a brother of the subject of this sketch. He was Corporation Attorney of Hoboken for six terms, during which the city was a party in many important suits. He was also the author of a law book of precedents, for prac- 256 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. tice in his native State; besides being counsel for the Hoboken Land & Im provement Company, the First National Bank of Hoboken, the North Hudson County Railway Company, and other interests. Mr. S. A. Besson was partner with the deceased and continues in his prac tice as one of the counsel of the Hoboken Land & Improvement Company, and with other important clientage. After his preliminary schooling young Bes son began his higher studies at Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1872, and graduated in 1876. After leaving college he taught school at Phil lipsburg, New Jersey, until March, 1877, when he came to Hoboken and began the study of law in the office of his elder brother; he subsequently continued his preparatory studies in the office of S. C. T. Dodd, the Standard Oil Com- JOHX* C. BESSON. pany's attorney. Two of Air. Besson's college classmates were attending the law department of Columbia College at this time and Mr. Besson studied with them in a sort of "night school" arrangement that practically amounted to a course in the famous college. The ambition and steadfastness of purpose evinced in this course of study shows that our subject has true American grit. He was admitted to the bar of New Jersey as an attorney in the summer of 1879, Chief Justice Beasley then presiding over the Supreme Court of New Jersey, and Governor George B. McClellan signed his commission or license. He began to take an active interest in politics, and in 1882 was appointed Corporation At torney of Hoboken, as a Republican, in which respect he differed from his broth er John C, a liberal Democrat, with whom he formed a law partnership in 1883, having been admitted as counsellor at law during the year previous. In October, 1886, Air. Besson was appointed Special Master in Chancery BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 257 by Chancellor McGill. He has been counsel in a number of important cases, among which the cases of Ingelregtsen's Administratrix vs. The Nord Deutscher Lloyd Steamship Co., an accident case, and some cases which concerned the most delicate questions of domestic life, and enabled him to display great learn ing, skill and ability in conducting cases in these departments of the law, in which he succeeded in bringing to the attention of the courts a number of novel points of law, which, in some instances, caused a complete reversal of the opinions of the judges and won his clients substantial victories. Socially and politically Mr. Besson is a member of Columbia Club, Ho boken, the foremost social organization, of which he was one of the two original! founders, and one of the first trustees. He is an enthusiastic wheelman, and one of the Board of Governors of the Castle Point Cyclers and one of the Executive Committee of the Hudson County Good Roads Associa tion. Hs is an active Republican in politics, and a member of the Hudson* County Republican Committee, also of the city and ward committees. He is, also a member of Euclid Lodge, F. & A. M., and furthermore is a ruling elder in the First Presbyterian church of Hoboken, which speaks much of itself for the character and good deeds of this subject, who is one of the most kindly of men, and resembles his deceased brother, who had many friends to mourn his; death. The law firm of Besson, Stevens & Lewis, is one of the first and most im portant in Hudson county. On the 10th day of November, 1881, Mr. Besson was happily married to Miss Arabella Roseberry, the estimable daughter of Joseph M. Roseberry, now deceased, late of Belvidere, New Jersey. They are the parents of two children, named respectively Henrietta Besson and John Harlan Besson. With whatever concerns the legal, social and moral welfare of Hoboken, Mr. Besson is in hearty sympathy; and his citizenship and personal deportment are in every way exemplary and worthy of -emulation. HON. WILLIAM D. DALY, A distinguished lawyer by profession and a member of Congress from the Seventh Congressional District of New Jersey, was born in Jersey City on June 4, 185 1, and has lived in Hudson county all his life. He is a self-made man in the truest sense of that term. In his boyhood he attended public school No. 1 of Jersey City, and at the age of fourteen years began an apprenticeship at the trade of iron moulder with Uzal Cory, whose foundry was at the foot of Green street in Jersey City. He continued at the trade until his nineteenth year, work ing in the Erie Foundry and the Blackmore Foundry on Railroad avenue. Al though he mastered his trade and became an expert moulder, young Daly always had in view a professional career, the legal profession being the height of his desire, was his one absorbing ambition of attainment. When the great Erie Railroad strike occurred in 1870, he obeyed the command of the Iron Moulders' 17 258 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Union and struck with the others of his craft. This step on his part was a providential one for it threw him out of employment, and in time he began to look for an opening where his youthful hope, so long deferred, might have a chance of fulfillment. He obtained a place in the office of S. R Ransom, Esq., a well-known lawyer of Jersey City, whose partner was Honorable John A. Blair, now County Judge of Hudson county. These two gentlemen were able preceptors for the young iron moulder, and the interest they took in him, to gether with the eagerness he displayed to advance himself and gain him a thor ough knowledge of law, advanced him so rapidly that in May, 1871, he was ad mitted as an attorney, and in June, 1874, as counsellor. Mr. Daly made rapid progress in his practice, and it was not many years before his success placed him in the front ranks of the leading members of the Hudson county bar. Par ticularly has he been successful in the defense of criminal cases, having handled more important trials in this line of practice than any other one* attorney in Hud son county, and the success thus won has distinguished him as one of, if not the most successful criminal lawyer at the bar of New Jersey. He has been council for the Hudson County Liquor Dealers' Association for years. Mr. Daly has been identified with the Democratic party all his life, and has cast his vote for every, candidate of his party for President since and including the national campaign of 1872. He has been active on the stump for years, and has done valued work for his party. He has frequently been honored with election to important offices, in all of which he has distinguished himself. He was the Democratic leader of the House of the New Jersey Assembly in 1891. He has been a member of the New Jersey State Senate six years, five of which he was the recognized leader of his party in that body, and during five of which he was a member of the Judiciary Committee. And at the time of the revision of the Criminal Code, the crime and criminal procedure act passed through his hands while in the hands of the committee, all the details of the bill having been left to him by the committee. In 1891 he was appointed Dis trict Judge of Hoboken by Governor Abbett, which position' he resigned on January 1, 1893, to take his seat in the State Senate. During the Cleveland ad ministration he was appointed Assistant United States District Attorney. In 1899 he was elected to the National Congress, in which body he is prominent on the Democratic side, and is a member of the Committee of Merchant Marine and Fisheries. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of St. Louis in 1888, and again to the Chicago Convention in 1896, where he sup ported Air. Bryan, believing that he best represented the interests of the Dem ocratic party and the people. Mr. Daly has been prominently mentioned as the Democratic nominee for Governor of New Jersey, and a very large part of the organization have urged him to accept the nomination for several years. Mr. Daly is a member of the Rising .Star Lodge, No. 109, F. & A. M., and also holds membership in Scotish Right Masonry, having attained the thirty- second degree. A writer, well acquainted with Congressman Daly, gives the following sum mary of him in a recent sketch of his career: "With his first introduction to life as a law-maker, he made it patent to all who devote time and attention to matters legislative, that he possessed attributes of character that peculiarly fitted him for the place. He had not been a member of the House of Assembly two -':: BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 259 hours before the newspaper correspondents, who are the first to weigh a legis lator's merits and demerits, had classed the man from Hoboken as among the best orators and debators on the floor. Time, and a short time at that, but served to justify convictions. Mr. Daly's quickness to perceive the motive be hind an action, his ever ready tongue and his powers of repartee, made him a valuable advocate of a measure, and at the same time a dangerous man to have in opposition. His genialty and happy nature were always in evidence and even those who felt the shafts of his irony during debate, evinced strong feel ings of personal friendship for him. When he entered the broader field of the Senate, Mr. Daly still retained his cheery disposition, continued to be the cham pion of the people, as against corporations, and stood even firmer than ever as the friend of the wage-earner. He has espoused the cause of the working- man at every turn, resolutely fought monopolies, and could always be found in the breach to meet any attack on his party. His experience in the House has given him such an insight into the ways of law-makers, that he was almost thor oughly equipped for the duties that confronted him as a member of the highest branch of the State Legislature. He had learned much and had profited ac cordingly. Senator Daly's five-year record in the upper House is known to all Jerseymen. No man ever lived who could boast of a more honorable one. His career began auspiciously, and was soon marked by that splendor born of brilliancy and undaunted courage. This is but a slight general review of the man. Congressman Daly always refers with modest pride to his early strug gles, and his associations with workingmen, as much as his love for those who earn their bread by the sweat of their brow, are accountable for the deep interest he has always manifested in the welfare of those who obtain a livelihood through the medium of manual labor. So well known is his record in this regard that to review it would be like repeating an oft-told story. The qualities that make Congressman Daly such a potent factor in legislative halls are many. His versatility is almost marvelous. Humor, pathos, satire and rock-bed argu ments are his to command. His ability to ridicule hypocrisy and expose cant and false pretenses, was long ago demonstrated. The incisive words, the pene trating intonations and the inexhaustible fund of facts that he seems to have always on hand, have caused him to be admired, feared or respected, as the case may be." DR. LIVINGSTON SPRAKER HINCKLEY, Medical Superintendent of the Essex County, New Jersey, system of Hospitals for the Insane, was born at Albany, New York, on August 28, 1855. He comes of most distinguished lineage on both his father's and his mother's side. His father, Dr. John Warren Hinckley, who for thirty years practiced medicine at Albany, was the son of John Hinckley, who married Eunice Warren, a grand daughter of General Joseph Warren, the Revolutionary patriot and martyr hero, who gave his life for American liberty at Bunker Hill. The Hinckley family dates back to Samuel Hinckley, of Tenterden, county of Kent, England, who emigrated to the colonies in 1639 in the good ship "Hercules," of Sandwich, 260 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. and settled first at Scituate and next at Barnstable, Massachusetts. His son, Thomas, rose to be Deputy, (1645) Magistrate at Plymouth (1658-80) and Governor from 1681 to 1692. In his history of Cape Cod the Rev. Frank Freeman pays a handsome tribute to the exalted character and worth of Gov ernor Hinckley. Dr. Hinckley's mother was Maria Schuyler, who was born at Sacketts Har bor, New York, on April 19, 1819, and was a direct descendant of John Schuyler, the father of the famous Revolutionary soldier and patriot, General Philip Schuyler, and was a lady of rare culture, refinement and decision of character. She married Dr. John Hinckley in July, 1838. She was the mother of six chil dren, two of whom died in infancy, and two others lived to achieve eminence, one in music and the other, the subject of this sketch, in the medical profession. Mrs. Hinckley died at the residence of her son, Dr. Hinckley, in Newark, on March 6, 1889. Both Dr. Hinckley and his sister, Isabella, inherited musical talent from their father, Dr. John, who was an accomplished player of the flute. To do anything like justice to the career of Isabella, who shone in the musical heav ens a generation ago, alike with the brilliancy and the evanescence of a meteor, would require pages of this work. At the age of fourteen she charmed the congregations of two churches in Albany with her exquisite voice, which was an exceedingly beautiful soprano. After a course of vocal training under the di rection of Dr. George William Warren, the accomplished organist of St. Thom as' church, New York, she went to Florence, Italy, in 1857, and there studied under the famous teacher, Romani. She was accompanied to Italy by her mother, and her infant brother, Livingston, who yet lacked two months of being two years old, so that the first words he lisped were in the soft and beautiful Italian tongue. In Florence the Hinckleys remained three years. In 1859 Isabella won the hearts of the musical public of Florence by a performance be fore the Societie Philharmonique. Soon after she appeared in Norma at the Grand Opera House in Amsterdam, and captivated the cultured burghers of the famous Dutch capital by her finished and most artistic performance of the prin cipal role in Bellini's magnificent masterpiece. She next appeared in Brussels and Frankfort, adding fresh laurels to her wreath. Returning to the United States, on January 26, 1861, she made her American debut at the Academy of Music, appearing in Lucia di Lammermoor, supported by Brignoli and Susini, the famous basso, whom she shortly afterwards married. Her triumph in the metropolis of the New World was most complete, and she was hailed as "The Jenny Lind of America." In Boston, Philadelphia and the cities of the West she repeated her brilliant New York success, her repertory including La Juive, Le Prophete, Don Giovanni, Lucretia Borgia, etc., and several oratories. Be fore the expiration of a year after her marriage to Augustine Susini, who had been a captain in the Italian army, serving with distinction in the Italian-Austro campaign of 1859, the extraordinarily gifted American prima donna died. Thus was ended most untimely and abruptly a career that gave sure promise of re flecting the very highest credit upon the lyric stage and upon the divine art in America. Upon the return of Mrs. Hinckley, then recently widowed, and her children from Italy they made their home for a time in Jersey City, and subsequently BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 261 in New York. After a brief term in a private school Livingston was placed in the York Street Public School of the first named city, and when the family removed to New York, in the Thirteenth Street Grammar School. The cir cumstances of the family being at this time rather straitened, owing to the death of the elder Hinckley and the large expense of Isabella's education, young Livingston was obliged at a very early age to lean upon himself, and in his seventeenth year he entered mercantile life. His ambition, however, was to follow in the footsteps of his father and enter the medical profession. To that end he devoted all the time his exacting regular duties allowed to preparatory studies in the line of his ambition. Happily his zeal and enthusiasm won for him the active friendship of Dr. James L. Perry, of New York, who became both his benefactor and his preceptor. In 1874, after a year's course in the Bellevue Medical College, he matriculated. In 1878 he attained the object for which he had toiled so bravely and so persistently — his graduation. Indicative of the special branch of study destined to be his life work, his thesis was Puerperal Insanity. In April, 1878, Dr. Hinckley was appointed a junior assistant physician at the Blackwell's Island Lunatic Asylum, where there were about one thousand three hundred patients, all females. His devotion to his duties, no less than his steadily growing talents and skill, marked him for speedy advancement, and within a year and a half he was chosen senior assistant and soon after assistant superintendent under Dr. A. E. Macdonald. In 1881 he resigned his position at Blackwell's Island in order to take charge of a private hospital for all sorts of diseases, physical and mental, in East 39th street. Subsequently he took charge and conducted most successfully a sanitarium at Avon Springs, New York. This was in 1883. Learning that the authorities of Essex county, New Jrsey, desired a physician qualified to take charge of the county asylum for the insane, a position exactly in line with his desire, that of devoting himself entirely to the treatment of nervous and mental diseases, he applied for and secured the place. During the fifteen years Dr. Hinckley has been charged with the entire su pervision and direction, lay and medical, of the Essex County Hospital for the Insane, the institution has made wonderful improvement along all the lines that go to make an efficient and well-appointed hospital for the care of the mentally diseased. Indeed, high authorities on the subject have described it as the model county hospital of the United States. In addition to the main hospital in New ark, there has recently been erected at Overbrook, an ideal location in the country, ten miles distant, a splendidly equipped hospital structure, where are accommodated about half as many patients as are in the parent hospital, about one thousand in all. Such has been the efficiency, wisdom and excellence of Dr. Hinckley's ad ministration that no matter which party has been in power neither the lust of patronage nor the reckless greed and selfishness of political partisanship has attempted to interfere with him or his management. The credit of establishing the first County Hospital Training School for Nurses belongs to Dr. Hinckley. The school thus established also ranks as the second of its kind ever established in the United States in connection with Hospitals for the Insane. 262 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. In spite of his arduous duties involved in the constant care of more than one thousand more or less deranged and helpless people, Dr. Hinckley has kept himself abreast of the most advanced thought and practice in the treatment of the insane and of the sick and debilitated generally. Besides, he has prepared a number of papers for publication on subjects relating to his work; has been prominent in medical circles and associations of his city and state; was presi dent of the Newark, New Jersey, Medical and Surgical Societies in 1898; was president of the West End Club of Newark for the years 1897-98, resigning be cause of his increased hospital responsibilities; is a member of the American Medico-Psychological Association, the American Medical Society, the Prac titioners' Club, and is affiliated with St. John's Lodge, No. 1, A. F. and M., State of New Jersey. He has been frequently called in the courts to give testimony as an expert on diseases of the brain, the bench and bar regarding him as a most sincere and conscientious witness, one not to be swerved or badgered from his position. Like his deceased highly-gifted sister, Isabella, Dr. Hinckley is also* endowed with marked musical talent, which finds expression in clever composition and in vocal, piano and violin performances that are a source of delight to his large circle of private friends. In 1890 Dr. Hinckley married Barbara Halber, and has issue one son, Liv ingston S. Hinckley, Jr. The Doctor holds an honorable discharge from the National Guard of New York, having served his allotted time from 1874 to 1881, as a member of the Twenty-second Regiment. Among the notable institutions under the control of the County Board of Freeholders are the Essex County Hospitals for the Insane, the Home In stitution on South Orange avenue and the Branch Hospital at Verona, New Jersey. The Essex County Hospital for the Insane began its existence in buildings erected for the purpose, now used as the old City Hospital, in 1872. The only state asylum at that time was the original one at Trenton, New Jersey. In 1 87 1 the Board was notified that few if any more patients could be re ceived on account of its over-crowded state. The second state asylum was in course of erection at Morris Plains, but could not be opened for patients at Trenton in three or four years thereafter. The county was then maintaining one hundred and ten patients at Trenton, and the problem of meeting with the demands of the gradually increasing number of the insane in the county was one which perplexed the Board to a degree that caused them to make the attempt to gain access to the asylum of neighboring states, even so far away as Vermont, but were disappointed in every instance. The Committee on Lunacy of the Board in 187 1 were Davis J. Confield, William M. Freeman, William Gorman, Melancthon Smith and William Cad mus. At a meeting of the Board held in January, 1872, this committee had before them a full report of their efforts and failures to find accommodations for the insane and urged prompt action in meeting with this serious condition of affairs. At the February meeting they recommended the erection of suitable pa- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 263 w x 'j: MX r. cc2 ow > r o pi z > 264 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. villions on the property, covering about two acres, bounded by Camden, Fair mont and Bank streets, and the appropriation of $15,600 was made by the board for this purpose. These pavillions were opened for patients in August. Fifteen patients were transferred from Trenton and nineteen from the New ark Alms House, who had been temporarily sheltered there. This primitive nucleus of the excellent hospitals for the insane, the county now maintains, was first officered by resident warden and matron and visiting physician; these positions were filled by the selection of Major John Leonard, his wife and Dr. J. A. Cross, of Newark. In 1873 tne number of patients had increased to sixty; at the close of the final year of 1875, there were one hundred and eleven; 1876, one hundred and fifty; 1877, one hundred and sixty; overcrowded. In 1879 a Committee on Site for a proposed new asylum was appointed, consisting of E. S. Renwick, J. D. Ponier, James Peck, D. S. Smith, John V. Diefenthaeler and Elias O. Doremus. The committee reported favorably on the present site of nine acres on South Orange avenue, and the preliminary wings of this great edifice were erected, and opened for the reception of patients November 9th, 1884, and over three hun dred patients were transferred to the new building. Owing to certain disclosures in the management of the asylum during the year, an investigation was made by the Grand Jury, of which Dr. Leslie D. Ward was foreman. The result of this investigation was a presentment urging a change from a management conducted by the layity, to one under an experi enced professional man. This was acted on by a resolution of the Board of Freeholders, on motion of James E. Howell, who spoke at length on the ad vantages of such an inovation in county asylums, at the September meeting. in 1884. This was freely discussed and found favor among the majority of the Board ¦during the October meeting. On November 15 the Board had before them three candidates for the office of Superintendent of the Essex County Asylum for the Insane, and on the third ballot Dr. L. S. Hinckley was elected. He came recommended by letters from eminent men in this field of work, such as A. E. MacDonald, present Superinten dent of the Manhattan State Hospital, under whom he served, and the eminent Neurologist, Dr. Allan McLain Hamilton. Dr. Hinckley came fully equipped with the progressive ideas of the age, and at the age of twenty-nine years assumed the Superintendency. His service for fifteen years has been marked by vast improvement in the management of the insane. He has won the confidence of the successive boards under whom he has served and has guided the matter of building as the neces sities warranted. A wing was added in 1885, and another in 1891, completing the original plan of the building. In 1890 the Board changed the name of the asylum to hospital, in accord ance with modern ideas. In 1896, at the close of the year, there were six hundred and eighty-seven patients, and the institution was greatly overcrowded. The Committee on County Hospitals, composed of Thomas McGowan, director; Thomas H. Rip ley, C. A. Heilman, Henry S. Reinhardt, Thomas Atchinson and Dr. D. E. Eng- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 265 lish, recommended the acquisition of property for the building of a hospital for the insane on the most approved modern methods. After a careful inquiry into the accommodations of the hospitals of New York State, the Superintendent was instructed to outline a plan. In the mean time the director, Thomas Mc- Gowan, and members of the Committee on Public Buildings, of which C. W. Heilman, of Newark, was chairman, secured the site of one hundred and eighty- three acres at Verona. The outlines of the plans were submitted by the Superintendent of about ten competing architects. In 1879 a number of plans incognito were further passed upon by an expert architect in hospital construction of international fame, and the plan adopted fell to the guidance of Architect Edward A. Wurth, of Newark. The building now completed forms but one-twelfth of the ground plan of the prospective construction, and is one of the most modern buildings of its class in the United States, unique and original in its arrangement, and a monu ment to those who figured as advisory in its erection. The Branch Hospital now holds two hundred and fifty patients, with a ca pacity of about three hundred patients of the dormitory class ; wings will be ex tended as necessity requires. The present officership consists of the Superin tendent, Dr. Henry McCormick; resident physician, Dr. Robert Chapman. At the home institution, Dr. Robert Bolton is first assistant physician, Dr. Wil liam H. Hicks assistant physician and pathologist. At the close of this sketch, the county, out of a population of about three hundred and thirty-five thousand, maintains about nine hundred patients. The reputation of these hospitals, under the management of the present Superintendent, has extended far and wide, and they are conceded by authorities on the subject as being the model county hospitals for the insane in the United States. HENRY HEYWARD ISHAM Was born in Brooklyn, New York, October 12th, 1847, of old New England stock. His father Ralph Henry Isham, was born in Colchester, Connecticut; his mother, Ann Heyward Trumbull, though a Jersey woman by birth, was a great-granddaughter of Jonathan Trumbull, the famous war Governor of Con necticut, whose name holds so important a place in our country's history. Mr. Isham can also claim, as an immediate ancestor, Thomas Gibbons, who, with Aaron Ogden and Jonathan Dayton, was prominent in the earlier part of this cen tury, in Elizabeth (then known at Elizabeth Town), where their names were asso ciated with the history and upbuilding of the place, with its ferry, its steamboat and all of its best interests. Like his great-grandfather, Thomas Gibbons, the subject of this sketch has closely identified himself with the business and landed interests of Elizabeth, where he has particularly devoted himself to the locating and building of manufactories. Mr. Isham has been instrumental, — probably more so than any other one man — in bringing into the City of Elizabeth large manufactories, whereby city interests have advanced in all departments. Among 266 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. important manufactories, located by him, we mention the Singer Sewing Ma chine Company, employing four thousand hands; the AH Brown Manu factory five hundred hands; the Brooklyn & New York Railway Supply Com pany, four hundred hands; the Ball and Wood Engine Company over two hundred hands; Yates & Co., carpets and rugs, one hundred hands, and the Moore Brothers Company, iron founders and machinists, about two hundred. Many smaller concerns might also be named. HENRY HEYWARD ISHAM. As trustee of the Trumbull property, Mr. Isham has fully understood and embraced the advantages given by the natural superiority of its location, and, while working for the highest interest of the estate, he has most truly benefited the whole community. Although affairs connected with real estate are those in which he is principally occupied, Mr. Isham has given time and attention to other matters. He was one of the incorporators of the Citizen's Bank of Elizabeth, and has, from its formation, been one of its Board of Directors; he was one of the incorporating directors, (and practically the builder), of the street railway known as "the Green Line," also one of the incorporators and president of the Moore Brothers Company, Iron Founders and Machinists. He was for BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 267 three years president of the State Agricultural Society, and is now one of its vice-presidents. Notwithstanding his many business interests, and the calls made upon him by the trusts reposed in his hands, Air. Isham has found time to devote to the affairs of his city's welfare, in its department work, and its social interests, as evinced by his active service upon its Board of Trade, and as a founder of its Town and Country Club. WELLINGTON SWIFT, Who is connected with the building interests of Paterson, N. J., was born in Ul ster county, New York, January 7, 1835. His father, Theodore V. W. Swift, born in Putnam county, New York, in 1806, died January, 1882, removed to Ulster county in 1827, where he followed the trade of carpenter and bridge builder, erecting many of the most important bridge structures of the county. His grandfather built the first court house erected in Monticello, Sullivan county, New York. His mother, Marie Bradley, born in Ulster county, New York, in 1807, died in 1861, and was of Holland antecedents. Air.- Swift attended only common school, concluded his educational career at the age of twenty and engaged in farming. Subsequently he worked at carpentering, and later became interested in building, in pursuance of which he came to Paterson, New Jersey, where he formed a connection with the Watson Manufacturing Company. In 1872 he commenced taking contracts in moving buildings, a business which he has since successfully followed. Mr. Swift has been prominent in Democratic politics, and has represented his party in the Board of Aldermen from the Second Ward of Paterson, and for several years was a Park Commissioner. In early life he married Catherine, daughter of Wygant Edwards of Orange county, New York. They have three children, Erma, Eva and Herbert. EDWARD GYRE BURGESS. From a historic family on both sides is descended this gentleman. The name of Burgess or Burges, as appears from ancient documents, was formerly De Burgess, afterward Burches, and subsequently Burgess. From the French derivation of the name it is probable that the English ancestor came from Nor mandy with William the Conqueror, and was among those to whom lands were appropriated for military services rendered. Eleven persons of this name are mentioned by Burke as having received coats of arms in recognition of dis tinguished service. Those born by Charles Montoliere Burges, of Beaufort county, Sussex, were: Arms-Per fesse argent and ermine a fesse azure fretty or, a bordure of the third bezantee, on a canton gules a bend of the first, charged with a baten of Knight Marshall ppr. Crest— A camel's head ppr. erased gules. The American ancestor of the New York branch of this family was Edward E. Burgess, who came from England to this country in 1760, and settled in Wa- 268 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. tervliet, now Bethlehem, in Albany county. Leonard Burgess, a great-uncle of our subject, was for many years a prominent manufacturer of jewelry, in Al bany, and another uncle, Daniel Hewson was a prominent resident of Auburn and a neighbor and warm personal friend of William H. Seward. Edward G. Burgess, Sr., the father of our subject, was a successful merchant in Albany for a number of years. He removed to Jersey City in 1840 and was one of the originators of the system of floating elevators, which has revolutionized the grain business in the country and enabled those engaged in the grain trade to handle millions of bushels in the same time that thousands were handled under the old system. He with others owned the first grain ele vator and established the new system as early as 1848, although they met great opposition in this enterprise. He is on the roll of honor of the Produce Ex change, having volunteered his services during the riot of 1836. He married Mary Tanner Wands, daughter of James Wands and granddaughter of John Wands, of the township of New Scotland, formerly Bethlehem, Albany county, New York, who came from Glasgow, Scotland, about 1750. He and his broth er Ebenezer were the only persons of that name who ever settled in this coun try. In the history of New Scotland, it is stated that "from 1750 to 1775 there was a large emigration of a sturdy, industrious class from Scotland,, Ireland, England, etc., possessing an intelligence which inspired them with courage to promote the wellbeing of each other, and by their influence to give to the re formed religion an example worthy of Christianity." Among the names prominently mentioned in this connection is that of John Wands. He was a thrifty Scotchman and an industrious farmer. At the outbreak of the French and Indian war he shouldered his "flintlock" and fought the wily savages— the allies of the French— with that courage and de termination which distinguished the hardy Scotch pioneer. A powder horn, artistically inscribed with designs of Fort Stanwix and other fortifications, is now in the possession of E. G Burgess, his great-grandson, and is evidently a record of his achievements. He was stationed for a time in a stone church in the vil lage of Schoharie, which was then used as a fortification and which is still stand ing. During the war of the Revolution he was known as Ensign John Wands, being ensign of the First Regiment of Albany Militia, commanded by Colonel Henry Quackenbush. In the War of 1812 the family was represented by Peter, Joseph and James W. Wands, who volunteered their services and fought in de fense of their country. John Wands was evidently a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity and one of the organizers of the lodge in his locality. The history of New Scotland states that as early as 1794 a Masonic Lodge was in existence there. Among the few names of the members given are John Cloud and James Wands and eight others. It is further stated that "James Wands, second, was a teacher previous to 1794." James B. Wands was supervisor of the town in 1832 and again m 1837. Another account states that "Dr. Wands from New Scotland, practiced in the township of Guelderland about eight years and then removed to Cohoes." Thomas D. Wands, the grand-uncle of Mr. Burgess, was supervisor of his district in Albany for many years. He was a stove manu- f wer/n Tt*, a "ear neiShbor and friend of Thurlow Weed. The families ¦of Wands and Burgess were both prominent in Albany county, and held many BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 269. offices of trust both before and after the Revolution. William E. Burgess, a. cousin of Edward G., is especially mentioned in the annals of the town for the part he took in the Mexican war. Another cousin, Ebenezer E. Wands, who now occupies the old homestead of his great-grandfather, had the following sons. in the Civil War: James E , Robert J., Thomas, Alexander H. and Oliver. Edward G. Burgess, whose name introduces this review, was born in Albany,. New York, but in his early childhood removed with his parents to Jersey City. He was educated in the public schools there and subsequently entered the ser vice of the Grain Elevating Company, of which his father was the leading spirit, being president of the Company at the time of his death, in 1872. The son succeeded to that office in 1873, and conducted the affairs of the enterprise with success until 1881, when he became associated with Annan & Company, of which he has since been president. He was one of the board of managers of the New York Produce Exchange, elected to serve from May, 1892, to May,. 1894, and is also one of the managers of the New York Produce Exchange Building and Loan Association. Mr. Burgess is a man of excellent business and executive ability, and is a leader in the grain trade in this part of the State. His honorable business meth ods, his enterprise and his industry have brought to him rich success, which he well merits. A community depends upon commercial activity; its welfare is due to this, and the promoters of legitimate and extensive business enterprises. may well be termed its benefactors. For more than twenty years Mr. Burgess has been prominently connected with the business affairs of Montclair, and dur ing that time he has seen the place grow from a small suburban village to a city of nearly twelve thousand inhabitants. As a public spirited citizen he has. done his share toward promoting public improvement and physical and edu cational development. He was one of the founders of the McVicker Military Institute, which has already attained high rank as a private educational insti tution for boys, fitting them for the practical duties of life, as well as preparing them for college. Mr. Burgess assisted in organizing the Montclair Bank, which has done so much for the business interests of the township, and is still one of its directors. With the social organization of the town he is also connected, be ing one of the founders of the Montclair Club and the Montclair Athletic Club, and a member of the Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, by virtue of his descent from John Wands. He is also a trustee of St. Luke's church. Mr. Burgess was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth M. Atkins, daughter - of Charles H. Atkins, of Jersey City, and a descendant of a family of great an tiquity and prominence in England and Ireland. Burke, in his "Landed Gen try," says: "Sir Jonathan Atkins, knight of Givendale, county York, Governor of Guernsey, born in 1603, died at the age of ninety-three years, leaving by his first wife, Mary second, daughter of Sir William Howard, of Havoert Castle,.. Cumberland, and sister of Sir Charles Howard, first Earl of Carlisle, three sons. One of these settled in Ireland about 1640 and founded that branch of the fam ily. The other remained in England." Mr. and Mrs. Burgess became the parents of three children, Charles E., Edward G., Jr., and Herbert R. The- first home of the family in Montclair was in Chestnut street, where they resided' for about ten years. In 1883 Mr. Burgess purchased the property on the moun- 270 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. tain slope fronting Mountain avenue, near Gates avenue. On this he erected a large and substantial brick villa of the English Gothic style _ of architecture. Its broad verandas and spacious rooms give to it an oriental appearance and an air of comfort and restfulness, while its picturesque surroundings, with its beautiful shade trees, spacious lawn and magnificent view, all combine to make it a model home and delightful retreat. JOHN H. ELY, One of the leading architects in Newark, was born in New Hope, Pennsyl vania, on the 13th of June, 185 1. The Elys in this country are descendants of three ancestors: Nathaniel Ely, who settled in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1628 or 1630; Richard, who located at Lynne, Connecticut, in 1660, and Joshua, who established a home in Trenton, New Jersey, in 1685. The last named is the ancestor of the Elys in Essex county, New Jersey. The fact that three of the name came to this country in early colonial days, his given rise to the traditional theory of three brothers, but investigation does not warrant this conclusion; for Richard came from the extreme south of Eng land, Joshua from a district north of the center, and fifty-five years elapsed be tween their respective emigrations. Joshua Ely came from Dunham, Nottingham, England, in 1635, and pur chased four hundred acres of land in what was then called Burlington county, New Jersey. The lot on which the State House in Trenton now stands ad- joints his tract on the south. He arrived in this country with his wife and three sons, Joshua, George and John, the last named being born on the voy age. Three other children were born in this country: Hugh, Elizabeth and Sarah. The mother died in 1698, and the father afterward married Rachel Lee, by whom he had two children, Benjamin and Ruth, twins. Joshua Ely died in 1702. No account of the descendants of his eldest son Joshua, is obtainable. George is the ancestor of the subject of this review. John, the third son has numerous descendants now living in Southern New Jersey, and some of the descendants of Hugh, the fourth son are living in this section of the State and some in Maryland. Joshua Ely, the eldest son of George and Jane (Pettit) Ely, was born March 16, 1704, and married Elizabeth Bell. Both were members of the Society of Friends, to which Mrs. Jane Ely also belonged, and Joshua became an approved minister of that Society. He took* up his residence in Salisbury township, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in 1737, reared seven children and died in 1783. His son John, who was born Alay 28, 1738, married Sarah Simcock and after her death wedded Margaret Richards. By the first union there were five chil dren, the second of whom, Asher Ely, was born July. 11, 1768, and married Eleanor Holcombe, by whom he had nine children. The eldest child of that family was John H. Ely, who was born March 6, 1792, married Elizabeth Pown- all, and after her death wedded Elizabeth Kipel. Five children were born of the second marriage, the second of whom was Matthias Cowell Ely, the father of the subject of this review. He was engaged BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 271 in the lumber business in Pennsylvania from 1852 until i860, when he turned his attention to farming, which he followed in different places in New Jersey. The last twenty years of his life were spent as superintendent of construction of the Morris Plains Asylum, and he died in 1895, while filling that position. He married Kizziah Stackhouse, and to them were born the following named: John H, Amy A., Lewis C, Kizziah, wife of ex-Senator Ashley, of Wakefield, Massachusetts; Matthias C, editor of the Newark "Daily Advertiser," Rebecca C, wife of Joseph R. Harring, of Morris Plains, New Jersey, and Sadie G. John H. Ely was liberally educated in the schools of New Jersey, and when he attained his majority he left home and fitted himself for his life work by the study of architecture He came to Newark fifteen years ago, and since has de voted his attention to architectural designing and construction. He and his son Wilson C, designed the Newark City Hospital, the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, and other buildings of importance, and is an expert in his line, commanding a liberal patronage, and winning high commendation by his skill and proficiency. In the competition for the Newark City Library, there were thirty-eight sets of plans offered by some of the best architects of Newark, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago and other cities, in which competition, when the selections were made and classified, Messrs. Elys stood second in point of merit. Air. Ely has been very prominent in the municipal affairs of Newark, and has been a leader in thought and action, earnestly laboring for all interests that will advance the welfare and prosperity of the locality. In 1891 he was elected on the Democratic ticket a member of the City Council, and in 1894 was re elected. On the organization of that body in 1895, he was unanimously elected president and as such used his official power to promote many cases of material benefit to the city. He served on all the important committees of the Council and lent his influence to the work of progress, improvement and reform. He al so served for two years as trustee of the City Home. He is noted for his activity in advocating and promoting the building of the City Hospital, in passing an ordinance regulating the construction of buildings, fought the redistricting of the city in the courts, but was defeated, and tested in the courts the law empowering the Mayor to appoint councilmen to fill vacancies and won his point. At the end of his official term as Alderman, he retired from politics, but has been repeatedly requested by his friends to accept the nomination for the Assembly from his county, and for Mayor of the City of Newark, and- other offices, but has invari ably declined on the grounds that he wished to devote his whole time to his business. Mr. Ely was married in Cranberry Neck, Alercer county, New Jersey, in 1871, to Miss Lydia Helen, daughter of Dr. Ezekiel Wilson, whose father, the Rev. Peter Wilson, was on the circuit embracing Hightstown, Hamilton Square and Trenton early in this century. The Doctor's second wife was Hannah Bergen, a sister of Judge Bergen, of Dutch Neck, Mercer county, Pennsylvania. To Mr. and Mrs. Ely have been born a son and daughter, Wilson C, his fath er's partner in business, who was married to Miss Grace R. Chamberlain, of Jamesburgh, New Jersey, on June 2d, 1897, and Ida May, who was married to Dr. E. D. Bemiss, of Newark, in February of 1898. Mr. Ely is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, having attained his thirty- second degree in the Order, and is also a member of Mecca Temple, of the Mys- 272 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. tic Shrine in New York, and the Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias orders. In social and business circles he is highly esteemed for that sterling worth which everywhere commands respect, and his public and private life are alike above reproach. HON. EDWARD HOOS, Mavor of Jersey City, was born in Neuwied on the Rhine, Germany, August 31st, 1850. His father was a manufacturer of writing paper for the German govern ment, his ancestors having held exclusive rights since 1735. He received a liberal education in the schools of his native town, and at the completion of the same served an apprenticeship in a large general supply house. Coming to America at the age of nineteen he settled in New York, where he found employment in an upholstering establishment and became an adept upholsterer. In 1872 he left New York and settled in Jersey City, pur chasing the furniture and upholstery business of Mullins & Schultz, at 133 Pa- vonia avenue. This business was conducted by him in partnership with Mr. Henry Lampe for one year. Retiring from the firm he entered the upholstery department of John Mullins with whom he remained till 1877. Leaving Mr. Mullins he formed a partnership with John Sheehan which was shortly given up, Mr. Sheehan retiring. He then formed a partnership with Mr. Adam Schulz, establishing the large and well-known furniture and carpet house of Hoos & Schulz, 71 and 73 Newark avenue, with branches in Hoboken and Bayonne. This business, due to Mr. Hoos' untiring energy and perseverance was suc cessfully conducted by him till he was elected Mayor in 1897 when the duties of his office requiring his entire time and attention compelled him to retire entirely from business. Mr. Hoos at the very outset of his career took a keen interest in political affairs, especially anything pertaining to the city's welfare, but it was not till 1885 that he entered the political arena as a contestant. In that year he was elected a member of the Board of Chosen Freeholders from the old Third Dis trict as an Independent Democrat. This district was at that time strongly Republican. In 1886 he was nominated for the Assembly, running against Col. S. D. Dickinson, who defeated him by a very small margin, where the normal Republican majority was previously placed at nine hundred. In 1889 he was elected to the Board of Aldermen, in which Board he held the chairmanship of all the important committees. In 1891 Mayor Cleveland appointed him a member of the Board of Appeals from which he almost immediately resigned in order not to embarass the incoming Republican Mayor. In 1894 Mr. Hoos was appointed by Mayor Wanser a director of the Board of Education from his ward to fill an unexpired term, and was reappointed for a full term the following year. In 1895 he was elected Assemblyman, and was an important factor among the Democratic minority at that time. The year 1897 found Mr. Hoos to be the Democratic choice for Mayor. The previous Mayor had held office for a term of five years and the Republican Legislature on the eve of the spring BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 273 election passed what was known as the "McArthur Act" or "Term Extender." This act contemplated the extension of the term till the following January and abolished spring elections in Jersey City. After the Democrats had made their nominations the right to proceed to an election was denied. Mr. Hoos con tested this through his counsel, Mr. Allan L. McDermott, and the Supreme Court decided that the "McArthur Act" was unconstitutional and ordered the election to go on. The election resulted in electing Mr. Hoos as Mayor by a majority of three thousand two hundred and forty-three over J. Herbert Potts. his Republican opponent. Not satisfied with the Supreme Court's decision, Mr. Wanser, the Republican Mayor acting on the advice of his counsel, gave up his office under protest and proceedings were started anew to oust Mayor Hoos. The question finally came before the Court of Errors and Appeals, which court sustained Alayor Hoos and forever settled the question of the unconsti tutionality of the partisan "McArthur Act." During his first term Mayor Hoos endeared himself to the people by his fearless stand and constant vigilance in behalf of the people's rights. He brought about and successfully maintained before the courts a contract for a new and pure water supply. No matter was too trivial for him to give his time and attention to. In 1899 he was triumphantly re-elected by a majority of seven thousand over Edward M. Watson, the Republican candidate. Mayor Hoos is a member of many prominent social, business and political associations. He is also > prominent in Masonic circles, having held some of the highest offices in that order. JOHN ANDERSON MILLER Was born at Newark, New Jersey, December 30, 1850, and is of English and Welsh extraction, his ancestors on his father's side coming from England, and on his mother's side from Wales. Mr. Miller was graduated from Rutgers College in the class of 1871. On graduating he took the second prize for mathematical thesis. He graduated from Columbia Law School in 1874 with degree of L. L. B , was admitted to the bar in New York and New Jersey, and commenced practice in Newark, New Jersey, where he has always resided. He has built up an important prac tice, and from April, 1888, to April, 1891, was Judge of the First District Court of Newark. From 1888 to 1899, he also held the position of Lieutenant-Col onel and Judge-Advocate on Division Staff. He is a member of Zeta Psi, College Fraternity, of the Essex Club and Lawyers' Club, Newark, the Re form Club, New York, and is a member of the Dutch Reformed church. In April, 1885, he was married to Augusta R. Neumann. They have one son, John A. Miller, born September 20, 1895, at Newark, New Jersey. 18 274 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. DAVID WADE OLIVER Will long be remembered for his determined efforts while Mayor, and in the face of opposition and indifference in almost every quarter, to develope the City of Bayonne and reconstruct and beautify its thoroughfares. This work was the more creditable in view of the fact that he himself is not a native of the city, but a Western man who selected it as a place of residence after retiring from ac tive business. Mr. Oliver is of Scotch-Irish descent. His great-grandfather emigrated from Ireland in the early half of the eighteenth century, fifty years or more prior to the Revolution, and settled in Massachusetts. Alexander Oliver, the grandfather of Mr. Oliver, was born in Massachusetts and became proprietor of a mill for spinning cotton in that State, and was so engaged until the war with England. He was a man of middle age with several children, when the Revolution took place, and served as an officer in the patriot army throughout the war. At its close he became a pioneer in what was then the far West, locating at Marietta, Ohio, with his wife and ten children, where he was one of the first settlers. He had married Mary Warner, of Vermont, a descendant of the old English fam ily, and their eleventh child was David, the father of the subject of this sketch. David was born in the town of Marietta, in 1792; studied medicine and practiced successfully as a physician for many years in the City of Cincinnati. In the War of 1812 David Oliver was a captain under General William Henry Harrison, at the battle of Tippecanoe. He married Mary Wade, daughter of David Everett Wade, who, like his own father served through the Revolutionary War and became afterwards a Western pioneer. Mr. Wade was one of the founders of Cincinnati, his log cabin being one of the three first built on the present site of the city. David Wade Oliver, was one of the children of David and Mary (Wade) Oliver. Born in Cincinnati on the 19th of December, 1819, he lived in that city and attended the public schools until twelve years of age. His father re tired from the practice of medicine in 1832, however, and removed to a farm in Warren county, Ohio. From this time until he reached the age of twenty, the boy pursued the arduous but healthful duties of the farm during the summer, spring and autumn season, and attended a neighboring school in the winter months. At the end of this period he secured a clerkship in a store and con tinued in it for eighteen months. Thence removing to Cincinnati he was pres ently engaged in the manufacture of alcohol, which he successfully prosecuted for several years, varying it by also branching off into the grocery trade. The latter business he followed exclusively from i860 to 1865, and in the latter year retired from active business and coming East made the City of Bayonne his res idence. Mr. Oliver acquired considerable real estate in Bayonne, and before be coming Mayor was the leader of a movement to right angle the streets of the city. He then set himself to the task of improving his adopted city, but dis covered it to be a well nigh thankless project. His Western enterprise and energy found almost no response. It was realized that the streets were largely crooked, cut up, unimproved and unsightly, but the task of transforming them was considered so herculean that no one but a visionary would dream of under- DAVID W. OLIVER BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 275 taking it. Mr. Oliver had a survey made and drew up a map of the needed changes indicated; while, as a result of his persistent agitation he was first elected Councilman in 1872, and served seven years, and in 1883 Mayor of Bayonne for two terms. While he was not fully supported in effecting the radical changes he desired, he nevertheless accomplished improvements of great importance. The principle streets and avenues in Bayonne proper were largely straightened out and new ones added. These changes almost immediately had their effect in enhancing the real estate values, and the property holders probably have no greater regret to-day than that they did not encourage their public spirited Mayor to prosecute the work further. In 1887 Mr. Oliver purchased the Armstrong estate in Jersey City, and now resides in the Armstrong mansion at 588 Garfield avenue, overlooking all New York Bay. In 1853 Mr. Oliver was married to Mary A., daughter of Dr. John P. Harri son, of Cincinnati. She died March 31, 1899. Two children, a son, Alexander Lancelot, and a daughter, Mary Warner, were born to Mr. and Mrs. Oliver. Mr. Oliver is a member of the Presbyterian church and a Democrat in his political sympathies. He has never been in any sense an aspirant for political honors, and the local offices in which he served in Bayonne were merely accidental, and accepted as the means to and toward the improvements which he coveted for the city. In 1887 Mr. Oliver was appointed commissioner to adjust taxes and assess ments in the City of Bayonne, under the Martin Act of the New Jersey Legis lature, passed in 1886, and still holds that office. MOSES TAYLOR PYNE, A. M., Of New York City and Princeton, New Jersey, was born in New York City, December 21, 1855, and is the son of Percy Rivington and Albertina 'Shelton (Taylor) Pyne. He is of English descent. He entered Princeton University and was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the class of 'yj, and also received the degree of Master of Arts from that University in 1880. Mean while he entered the Law School of Columbia University and received his Bachelor of Laws degree in 1879, and also received practical training in the law offices of Evarts, Southmayd & Choate. Fie was appointed general counsel for the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railway Company in 1881, and con tinued in that office for ten years, meanwhile becoming very active in numerous business, benevolent and educational interests. He is a prominent and influen tial member of the Board of Trustees of Princeton University and has rendered conspicuous service as the chairman of the Finance Committee of Princeton University. He has also become one of the Managers of St. Luke's Hospital of New York City, and is a trustee of St. Paul's school, Concord, New Hampshire, and also of the Lawrenceville school, Lawrenceville, New Jersey. He has always been a prominent member of the Princeton Alumni Association, and in 1898 was elected president of the Princeton Club of New York. He is also vice-president of the Princeton Inn Company, and vice-president of the Young 276 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Alen's Christian Association of New York City. He is especially noted for his untiring efforts in behalf of his alma mater. In addition to his numerous educational, benevolent and social interests, Mr. Pyne is president of the Cavuga & Susquehanna Railway Company, and a director in the following companies and corporations: The Harvey Steel Company, New Jersey Zinc Company, Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, Lackawanna Iron & Steel Company, New York, Lackawanna & Western Railway Company, the National City Bank of New York, the Farmers' Loan & Trust Company, the Consolidated Gas Com pany, of New York City, Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Com pany, the United Railroads of New Jersey, Alorris & Essex Railway Company, Syracuse, Binghamton & New York Railway Company, Passaic & Delaware Railway Company, and the Valley Railroad Company. He takes a great in terest in the public affairs of Princeton and vicinity, and is chairman of Prince ton township. Besides the Princeton Club of New York, of which he is presi dent, he is a member of the University Club, the University Athletic Club, the Metropolitan, the Century, the Grolier, the Downtown, and the Riding clubs of New York, the Country Club of Westchester county, the Tuxedo, the St. Nich olas Society, and the Nassau, Ivy, Tiger Inn, and Cap and Gown clubs at Prince- town, where he has taken up his residence at "Drumthwacket," formerly the residence of ex-Governor Olden. Mr. Pyne was married June 2, 1880, to Margaretta, daughter of the late General Robert S. Stockton, of New Jersey, they have three children: Percy Rivington, second, Robert Stockton, and M. Taylor Pyne, Jr. WILLIAM MINDRED JOHNSON, State Senator from Bergen county, New Jersey, son of Hon. Whitfield S., and Ellen (Green) Johnson, was born in Newton, Sussex county, New Jersey, De cember 2, 1847, and received his preparatory education in the Newton Collegiate Institute and the State Alodel School at Trenton. He was graduated from Princeton College in 1867, read law with Hon. Edward W. Scudder, of Tren ton, until the latter's appointment to the bench, and afterward with G. D. W. Vroom of the same city, and was admitted to the bar there as an attorney in Tune, 1870, and as counselor in June, 1873. He is also a Special Master and Ex aminer in Chancery. Mr. Johnson practiced his profession in Trenton as a member of the firm of Kingman & Johnson until 1874, when he removed to Hackensack, Bergen county where he has since resided. He has been eminently successful at the bar and is recognized as one of the ablest lawyers in his part of the State. For many years he has been an active Republican, serving as a member of the Re publican State Committee, and in 1888, as a delegate to the National Republican Convention In 1895 he was elected to the State Senate from Bergen county or a term of three years. He has taken an active part in legislation, being the leader of the party for two legislative sessions, serving as chairman on the judiciary Committee, and also as chairman of the Committee on Appropriation. He was re-elected m 1898 for another term of three years. He is also prom- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 277 inently connected with a number of business and manufacturing enterprises, being a director in the Hackensack Bank, president of the Hackensack Trust Company, and various other corporations. He has been a member of the Hackensack Board of Education and for several years was a member of the Hackensack Improvement Commission. He is a trustee of the New Jersey Historical Society, and is connected with various benevolent and religious as sociations. October 22, 1872, Mr. Johnson married Marie E., daughter of William White, of Trenton, New Jersey, and they have two sons, George White and William Kempton, who are living, their eldest son, Walter Whitfield, having died March 16, 1891, at the age of sixteen. HON. WILLIAM SICKLES BANTA, Of Hackensack, N. J., is a lineal descendant of Epke Jacob Banta, who was born in Harlingen, West Friesland, Holland, and who sailed from Amsterdam in the ship "De Trouw," for America, February 13, 1659. He settled in what is now Bergen county, New Jersey, and became one of the judges of the Oyer and Terminer in 1679. Ian (John) Banta, one of the direct descendants, located at Pascack, in Washington township, about 1750, and died there, being suc ceeded by his eldest son, Hendrick Banta, who was born May 27, 1749. 'The latter died February 15, 1803, leaving about five hundred acres of land in Ber gen county which was divided among the five sons. He also had three daughters His son, Henry H. Banta, born at Pascack, September 30, 1784, was a shoemaker by trade, but spent his active life as a farmer and merchant. In 1832 he re moved to Hackensack, and, with his brother Teunis, carried on a general mer cantile business until his death in February, 1849. He was postmaster of Hack ensack for several years, ranked as Adjutant in the State militia, was a justice of the peace, and by appointment served as a lay judge of the Court of Com mon Pleas of Bergen county from 1829 to 1834, and 1838 to 1848. He mar ried Jane, daughter of William Sickles, of Rockland county, New York, who died in 1870, aged seventy-six. She was descended from Zacharias Sickles, who came originally from Vienna, Austria, to Holland, and thence to Curacoa, one of the West India Islands, where he met Governor Peter Stuyvesant, with whom he came to New York, and thence in 1655, to Albany. Zacharias Sickles is re garded as the common ancestor of the Sickles family in America. Judge Henry Banta had three children: Margaret (deceased), William S. and Jane (Airs. John De Peyster Stagg), of Hackensack. William S. Banta was born in Pascack, Bergen county, December 12, 1824. He was educated in the public schools and at the private classical school of Rev. John S. Mabon in Hackensack, and was graduated from Rutgers College in 1844. He read law with Hon. A. O. Zabriskie, of Hackensack, and was ad mitted to the bar of New Jersey as an attorney in October, 1847, and as a coun selor in April, 1851. He subsequently became a Special Alaster in Chancery and a Supreme Court Commissioner. In the spring of 1848 he opened an office in Hackensack where he continued in successful practice until his retirement 278 ' BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. from the more active duties of the profession in 1868. During this period of twenty years he established a wide reputation as an able and painstaking lawyer. He was Prosecutor of the Pleas of Bergen county from i860 to 1868, when he resigned. In 1872 he was appointed law judge of the county of Bergen to fill the unexpired term of Judge Green, and on April 1, 1873, he was appointed for a full term of five years. In 1879 Governor McClellan appointed him as sociate judge of the same court, and he served in that capacity until the expira tion of his term in 1884. Judge Banta, on leaving the bench, retired from .the active duties of his pro fession and has since devoted his time largely to the care of his private interests. He is widely recognized for his sound judgment, strict integrity, and knowledge of the law. In educational matters he has been especially prominent. He was school superintendent of New Barbadoes, Bergen county, under the old law, and afterward was appointed, with Rev. Albert Amerman, one of the Board of Ex aminers for teachers of public schools by the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders, a position he held for several years. In 1862 Governor Olden ap pointed him commissioner of the draft for the county of Bergen, in accord ance with orders of the general government, and in this capacity he carried out in a highly creditable manner the provisions of the order by making an enroll ment of all persons in the county liable to military duty. Within a month of the time appointed for the draft several companies volunteered, thus filling the quota required for Bergen county. This was a part of the machinery of the State inaugurated and set in motion by Governor Olden, who was pre-eminently the war Governor of New Jersey, and who more than any other man established that system which it was impossible to reverse, and which ranked the State among the first in the Union during the entire Rebellion. Judge Banta was also deputy internal revenue collector for the county of Bergen during a part of the war period. He has been a member of the Hackensack Improvement Commission, and was for several years president of the Hackensack Gas Light Company, and for a long time was secretary of the old Bergen County Mutual Insurance Company. On May 30, 1850, Judge Banta married Sarah, daughter of John and Caty Ann (Hopper) Zabriskie, of Hohokus, New Jersey, who died in 1853, leaving a son, who died in infancy. In May, 1861, he married her sister, Adelia, who died in 1869. March 16, 1876, he was married to Jane Anne, daughter of Abraham H. and Maria (Anderson) Berry, of Hackensack, and a lineal descendant of John Berry, one of the original patentees of Bergen county. FREDERICK W. LEONARD, Of Newark, one of the well-known members of the New Jersey bar, and at present (1900) holding the position of referee in bankruptcy, was born in the City of Newark, on April 3, 1840, and is the son of the late Theodore and Fran ces E. (Kearny) Leonard. The father of our subject was for many years a prominent citizen of Newark, to which city he removed from Philadelphia in He was a native of the Quaker city, and was of the family of Leonard FREDERICK W. LEONARD BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 279 which came from Bavaria and settled in Pennsylvania during the eighteenth cen tury. Theodore Leonard removed to Newark in 1838, and for years was engaged as a manufacturer in the tobacco line. He was a member of the Democratic party and was very active in local politics, holding various offices. At one time he was quite prominent in State militia affairs. He died in Newark in 1886. His wife was born in Newark in 1822, and is the daughter of James Kearny, who was a cousin to the father of the late General Kearny. Her mother was a Ballard, of the old Essex County family of that name. Mrs. Leonard is still living, and resides in East Orange. Eight children were born to Mr. and Airs. Leonard, seven sons and one daughter, all of whom, with the exception of one son who died in infancy, are still living, and of whom Fred erick W. is the eldest. With the exception of only a few years, all of the life of our subject has been spent in his native city. He early displayed a spirit of independence and self-reliance, and a disposition to throw off restraint and make his own way in life. He attended the public schools for a time, but to one of his nature the school room was irksome and he soon left it, and subsequently educated him self by hard study, pursued according to his own ideas and inclinations. His first occupation was that of carrying papers, following which he became a clerk in a shoe store, and later was engaged in the manufacture of cigars with his father. At the age of eighteen he became Assistant City Clerk of Newark, under Enos M. Leonard (no relation of his), which position he held until the latter part of the year 1864. It was during this period that he determined to devote his future to the legal profession, and so efficient was he in the discharge of his duties in the City Clerk's Office that he found time to study law, which he did with William B. Guile, Jr., as a preceptor. Upon leaving the Clerk's Office he entered the office of Mr. Guile and continued his legal studies until July, 1865, when he was admitted to the bar. In 1866 he entered the law office of the late General Theodore Runyon, as managing clerk, and at the end of two years became a partner with the General in the law firm of Runyon & Leonard. This was indeed a compliment to our subject and a fitting recognition of his ability and promise in the profession, by one who was himself a master. For at that time General Runyon was conceded to be one of the ablest attorneys in New Jersey, and was enjoying probably the most extensive general practice in Newark, if not in the entire State, while our subject was but a young man, with his future before him and his spurs yet to win. That the senior member of the firm did not make a mistake in the chosing of a junior, or had cause to regret his choice, was evidenced by the continuance of the partnership of Runyon & Leonard for over ten years, or until the General was appointed Chancellor of New Jersey and abandoned the practice, and by the warm friendship which ex isted between the two until the General's death. Upon the withdrawal of General Runyon from the firm and practice, our subject succeeded to the business, and formed a partnership with Joseph Court, under the firm name of Leonard & Coult. Two years later, however, this firm was dissolved, and our subiect became a member of the firm of Abeel & Leon ard, the senior member beir>p- the late Col G. N. Abeel, which partnership con tinued for one year. Following this he practiced alone for several years, and then went to New York City to become one of the counsels for several railroad 28o BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. corporations. Ill health compelled him to abandon his business in New_ York in 1894, and he returned to Newark and resumed general practice, at which he continued until July 19, 1898, when he was appointed by the United. States Dis trict Court to the important position of referee in bankruptcy. This office was recently created by an act of Congress, and our subject is the first to hold the same in this district. Mr. Leonard is a member of the Democratic party and in early life was very prominent in politics and public life, and was one of the local managers of his party. He has, however, always been averse to holding office, and with but one exception has never accepted the nomination for any elective office. This was in 1864, when he was placed on the ticket as candidate for School Com missioner in the Second Ward of Newark, a Republican stronghold at that day, and was elected, defeating the late Judge Ricord, who was one of the best known men in the city and exceptionally prominent in school and educational matters. He served one term and declined a renomination. While a member of the Board he served as chairman of the Committee on High School, and as a member of the Committee on Teachers. Mr. Leonard is regarded as a lawyer of more than ordinary ability and at tainment, and one peculiarly adapted for his calling, possessing as he does in an eminent degree all those qualities which are necessary to succeed in the legal pro fession. He has a logical and well-trained mind, is painstaking and methodical, and is as familiar with the New Jersey practice as any man at the bar. He is quick and keen in perception, and has the faculty of grasping readily all the details and in tricacies of a case. He is a close student, an untiring and systematic worker, and is not only an all round, able and conscieutious practitioner, but is regarded as one of the best equity lawyers of the State. It is said of him that since his appointment as referee in bankruptcy he has become very proficient in bank ruptcy matters, and enjoys the distinction of being not only one of the ablest referees in New Jersey, but of the United States. Subsequent to his appoint ment he organized the office, prepared forms adapted for local use, assisted in compiling the rules regulating and governing the practice, and has prepared all necessary books and papers for transactions of business, in all of which he has manifested his usual ability and industry. Personally Mr. Leonard is a most agreeable and courteous gentleman. He has strong characteristics, and is a man of decided views and convictions, yet is not dogmatic, or arbitrary. He is warm-hearted, loyal in his friendships, and always ready and willing to make sacrifices when called upon to do so by those who have claim upon his freindship. He has a wide circle of friends, all of whom admire and esteem him for his sterling worth. Mr. Leonard is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, and of the Newark Athletic Club, the Jeffersonian Club of Newark, and of the Manhattan and the Democratic Clubs of New York City. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. EUGENE JOBS, M. D., 281 Son of Nicholas Conover Jobs and Margaret, daughter of John Peter Castner, was born at Liberty Corner, Somerset county, New Jersey, February 23d, 1821,' died May 22d, 1875. Somerset county, New jersey, as is well known, was settled largely by Hollanders, who naturally located in and about New Amsterdam; of such early settlers were the ancestors of Eugene Jobs, upon both paternal and EUGENE JOBS, M. D. maternal sides. The name of John Peter Castner stands among those who bore arms for his country's liberty during the Revolutionary War. The early education of Dr. Jobs was that of the schools of his native place; later he went to Manalapan, Monmouth county, N. J., where, under the preceptorship of J. Smith English, M. D., he prepared for college, having chosen the practice of medicine as his intended profession. Undoubtedly association with a man of the ability and power of Dr. English was ever a benefit to his students. The subject of our sketch worked earnestly and well during his preparatory term, entered the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1844, was graduated with honor. Shortly after receiving his degree he began his life work in Springfield, Union 282 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. county, New Jersey. What is the life of a country practitioner? Certainly not one of ease, not one of choice of service; less so fifty years ago than to-day. Dr. Jobs was called upon by a wide territory, the hardships were many, the responsi bilities great, the rich and the poor alike his care. His faithfulness, his suc cess need no mention. This man who felt the responsibilities of holding — under God — the issues of life and death in his hands, gave little thought to worldly honors or emoluments. To the best interests of the government of his vil lage, township and county he was faithful, serving each as occasion called. To his church he was equally devoted, as officer and member. At home, as citizen, physician, friend, the story of this life was that of highest purpose quietly and loyally fulfilled. Dr. Jobs was a member of the Springfield Presbyterian church, of the Medical societies of both Union and Essex counties, and of the State Medical Society. While his choice of practice was in Springfield, and its environs, he was not unknown in the adjacent cities, where he was called fre quently, both for practice and consultation. Dr. Jobs married, October 28th, 1846, Mary Lum, daughter of Thomas Caruthers Allen, who was a son of John Allen, an officer of the War of 1812. The children of Doctor and Mrs. Jobs were, Margaret Anna, married James McClinton Morrow, October, 1873; "died October, 1882; Thomas Allen, married Annie Laughton Osborn, July, 1877; Nicholas Conover, married Marietta Miller, November, 1878; died' 1889, and Mary K, unmarried. EDWARD LIVINGSTON PRICE. There is, perhaps, no citizen of Essex county more closely entitled to definite representation in this compilation than is he whose name initiates this paragraph, —the elements making this representation peculiarly compatible being determined not through one source but several. His lineage traces back through the past to touch intimately the ancestral honors of those who were prominent in the set tlement of the New World, conspicuous in colonial annals, stalwart patriots when the struggling colonies strove to throw off the unjust yoke imposed by the British throne; those whose names are illustrious on the pages of civil and" mili tary history through many successive generations, and in whose deeds and lives a sterling worth reposed. He, of whom this brief review is written, has gained distinctive prestige as a man of affairs, and has shown that it was his to inherit the truest patriotism and to manifest it by valorous deeds when the cataclysm of civil war deluged the country with blood; and all these are points which call tor recognition m any work purporting to touch upon the history of Essex county and her citizens. As early as 1700 the ancestors of Colonel Edward Livingston Price in the agnatic me settled in what is now Sussex county, New Jersey. His father was the late Judge Francis Price, of Weehawken, Hudson county, New Jersey. His mother was a representative of the Hart family, one of whose members, John Hart, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. rih,!^^',^' the immediate sub-'ect of this sketch, was born in the Cit} of New York, December 25, 1844. At the early age of sixteen he laid aside fD^-c^, The Lewis Puthshinq Co Chicago III BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 283 his school books and tendered his services for the defense of the Union, joining the United States army in April, 1862, as Second Lieutenant of Company E, Seventy-Fourth Regiment of New York Volunteers. He was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant, and for gallant conduct at the siege of Yorktown. was appointed by Major-General Joseph Hooker to a position on his staff as ordnance officer of the division of the Third Army Corps. As such he served all through the Peninsular campaign, at the termination of which he was promoted to the position of Alajor of his old regiment, which he commanded through the sub sequent battles of Bristow, Second Bull Run and Chantilly. Still further mili tary honors awaited him, for his valor and meritorious conduct won him the colonelcy of the One Hundred and Forty-fifth Regiment of New York Volun teers, his commission bearing date December 18, 1862, at which time he was not yet eighteen years of age. His brilliant military record is one of which he may well be proud, and it is to such men that the country owed her salvation in the dark days of civil war. When hostilities had ceased and the country no longer needed the support of her loyal sons on the field of batcle, Colonel Price returned to his home and be gan his preparation for a life work. Predilection led him to the profession of the law as affording him the best field for the exercise of his peculiar talents and for the greatest advancement. He studied under the direction of Joseph P. Bradley, who later won distinction as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and zealously and earnestly applied himself to the mas tery of the science of jurisprudence. In 1866 young men from all parts of New Jer sey assembled at Trenton to take the examinations which would test their fitness for admission to the bar, and on the list of applicants for that year were Garret A. Hobart, late Vice-President of the United States; Andrew Kirkpatrick, now a judge of the United States District Court; Colonel E. L. Price and others who have gained enviable distinction at the bar and in the field of politics. Admitted to the bar as an attorney at law, Colonel Price at once located in Newark and began practice. His success was marked and immediate. He soon rose to prominence and for over thirty years has maintained high rank among the ablest representatives of the profession in the State. With a strong power of analysis, a mind at once receptive and retentive, he quickly grasps 'all the points in a case and never loses sight of any assailable point in an opponent's argument. He has been connected with much of the important litigation in Eastern New Jersey since his admission to the bar, and has a large and distinc tive clientele. Colonel Price began his political career very early in life. He was not yet twenty-one years of age when, in 1865, he was elected to the lower branch of the State Legislature, but before he took his seat in the General Assembly he had attained his majority. In 1867 he was re-elected, and as a legislator he met the most sanguine hopes of his many friends and rendered a service which gave abundant evidence of his unusual ability in legislative affairs. He is the author of many measures now found upon the statute books of the State, including the law creating the Board of Street and Water Commissioners of Newark and Jer sey City, and which made a wonderful and much needed change in that branch of the municipal government in large cities. The law has stood the tests of the courts and thus far its provisions stand unchanged by a single adverse de- 284 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. cision. His broad knowledge of constitutional law made his services especially valuable, and he was regarded as one of the ablest members of the House. For many years Colonel Price has been an active worker and effective speaker on behalf of the Democratic party. He has been a member of the Essex County Democratic Committee for many years, and served as its chairman most of the time. He is especially effective as an organizer, and has led his party through many campaigns to victory. He is now chairman of the Democratic State Com mittee and as such commands the confidence and respect of his associates. In the Newark municipal campaign of 1896, he took a very active part in securing the election of Hon. James M. Seymour to the Mayoralty, and it was a fitting and deserving reward that he was appointed to the important position •of Corporation Counsel in 1896, and reappointed to the same position by Mayor Seymour after his re-election in April, 1898, and since his first appointment Col onel Price has acceptably served in that capacity; and his work has given abun dant evidence of the wisdom of Mayor Seymour in calling him to the office. He has rendered many written and verbal opinions relating to the city affairs which have met with the full approval of the courts and lawyers, and has the commenda tion of almost the entire bar. Few successful and accomplished politicians are also thorough masters of the law and possessed of good legal minds; but Colonel Price is credited with not only being a lawyer of both abundant learning and acumen, but also a politician of rare power and discrimination. He is pos sessed of a commanding and pleasing personal appearance, and always manifests courtesy and respect for those with whom he is brought in contact, whether they^ be high or humble, rich or poor. Easy of approach, possessed of a charitable and sympathetic nature and endowed with the distinctive characteris tics of a gentleman, it is not a matter of wonder that Colonel Price enjoys the respect, esteem and full confidence of his fellow citizens. DAVID STOUT MANNERS, Mayor of Jersey City for five consecutive terms, from 1852, was born in East Amwell, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, January 12, 1808. A remote ancestor was Anthony Manners, of Yorkshire, England, whose son, John, born in 1678, emigrated to America about 1700, and settled in New Jersey. He married Rebecca Stout, of Middletown, the granddaughter of Richard and Penelope (Van Princess) Stout, lived at Upper Freehold, and afterwards moved to Amwell, where he died in 1770. He was also descended from an ancestry honorably mentioned m the annals of the Revolution. His grandfather, Captain John Schenck, was a gallant and intrepid officer and bore a conspicuous part in the struggles preceding as well as in the battles of Monmouth and Princeton His father, Captain. David Manners, was an officer in the War of 1812; won honor able mention m several important engagements, was a man of imporatnce in civil lite, and a member of the New Jersey Legislature. The early years of David S. Manners were spent on his father's farm as an aid to his father, who, besides the cultivation of the farm was also employed in surveying large tracts of land in various parts of the State. The knowledge BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 285, gained as assistant to his father, and by attendance at the village school during the winter months, completed his early educational opportunities. In 1840* he left his native place and entered the mercantile world as a wholesale grocer in New York City, meeting with marked success. In 1844 he came to Jersey City, which then had a population of about seven thousand, and invested in real estate. After repeated services as director he was elected in 1854, president of the New Amsterdam Fire Insurance Company, then a leading company of New York City, and remained at its head until 1871. He held many business trusts and was connected with a large number of corporations. In 1848 he was chosen a member of the Aldermanic Council of Jersey City, became chairman of its Committee on Finance; subsequently the president of the Common Council and by virtue of this office a member of the Board of Water Commissioners, whose duty it was to procure for the city its first public water supply. This was accomplished in 1854. Previously, in 1852, by a nomination of the Citizens' party, he had been elected Mayor of the city. The office of Mayor of Jersey City was extended to him for five successive terms, from 1852 to 1857. As Mayor it has been said of him that "he never hesitated to interpose the execu tive veto against any measure which his far-seeing wisdom deemed hasty or im prudent, and it was this that attached to him through life the familiar title of 'Old Veto.' " He died August 19, 1884. As a citizen and neighbor, Mr. Manners was greatly respected. In his private life he was a conspicuous figure, genial, full of humor and possessing a fund of witty anecdote. In 1843 Mr. Manners was married to Deborah Philips Johnes, daughter of David Johnes and granddaughter of Major David Johnes, whose ancestor,, Edward Johnes, the son of Richard Johnes, of Dinder, Somersetshire, England, came to Charlestown (Boston), Massachusetts, with Winthrop, in 1630, and died' there in 1659. Mrs. Manners died in 1876, leaving surviving children, Vir ginia, Marie Louise, Helen, Blanche, Sheridan, Edwin and Clarence. EDWIN MANNERS, M. A., LL. B., Counsellor at law, son of the preceding, was born in Jersey City, New Jersey,,. March 6, 1855. From the Hasbrouck Institute of Jersey City, and the Mt. Pleasant Mili tary Academy, Sing Sing, New York, he entered Princeton University, from which he was graduated in 1877, receiving in course the degree of A. M. From the Columbia Law School he was graduated in 1879. While in the Institute and. Academy he edited the students' periodicals, and at Princeton was one of the editors of the Nassau Literary Magazine. While attending his law course he also practically read law in the offices of Collins & Corbin, Jersey City. He was admitted to the bar as an attorney in 1880, and as counsellor in 1883. Open ing an office in Jersey City, where he has continuously resided, he has taken a prominent position at the bar. The management of his private business in terests, however, has occupied much of his time. He is a member of the Bar Association of Hudson county, Palma and Uni- 286 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. versify Clubs of Jersey City, the Princeton Club of New York City, of the Sons of the American Revolution, of the Jersey City Board of Trade, and of other associations. He is a stockholder and director in several corporations, and has held a number of trust positions in connection with his profession and business affairs. He owns and controls considerable real estate, including a farm at Harlingen, New Jersey, where his summers, for the most part, are spent. He is a member of the Episcopal church, and although affiliated with the Democratic party, he holds independent political views. Mr. Manners shows marked interest in civic affairs, is possessed of pronounced scholarly tastes and literary attainments, and has written in both prose and verse. He is unmarried. JAMES AUGUSTUS WEBB. Mr. Webb was born in the town of Norwich, Chenanga county, New York, February 3, 1830, a son of Augustus Van Horn and Phebe Baker Webb, of New York City. He resides in Madison, Morris county, New Jersey, and is actively engaged in business in New York City, where he has attained success along the tried lines of honorable effort, indefatigable energy and perseverence. RICHARD C. WASHBURN, President of the Hudson County National Bank since 1889, was born in North- castle, Westchester county, New York, October, 1831. He is a son of Benja min Washburn and Elizabeth Vail, and was reared until fourteen years of age in the employ of his father, who was a tanner and currier and manufacturer of shoes. At this period — 1845 — ne found employment in a brick yard at Haverstraw, where he remained until 1851, when, associated with his brother Uriah, he com menced the manufacture of brick at Gassy Point, New York. He has continued in the business ever since, with plants at Glasco, Ulster county, New York, and at Jersey City, this State. Since establishing his plant in Jersey City for the sale of brick and mason material, in 1864, Mr. Washburn has been prominently identified with the po litical history of the State. In the fall of 1873, he was elected to the State Legis lature as a Republican, serving two years, and was afterwards appointed by Governor Bedle Commissioner of Public Works for Jersey City in the year 1877. Mr. Washburn's large business interests early made him an influential fac tor in banking circles. In 1874 he was made a director in the Hudson County National Bank, and in 1889 became and has since remained its president. He is also a director in the Colonial Life Insurance Company, and vice-president of the Provident Savings Bank. He is a Republican in politics, and a member of the Union League Club in Jersey City. In 1856 Mr. Washburn was married to Amelia, daughter of John Spring- sted, of Haverstraw, New York. She died in 1864. By this marriage one son, BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 287 Uriah, is now living, and is associated with his father in the brick business. A second wife, Agnes Bartram, of Danbury, Connecticut, died in Alay, 1893. Of the three children, Lewis, Robert and Neil, issue of this marriage, Lewis and Neil survive. On March 2, 1899, Mn Washburn was married to Jemuma H. Holden, of Jersey City. Mr. Washburn's residence is at Jersey City, New Jersey, with a summer home at Sangertus, New York. MAJOR PETER F. ROGERS. Among the soldier element of New Jersey, few men are better or more favor ably known than Major Peter F. Rogers, who for more than twenty years has held the important post of superintendent of the New Jersey Home for Disabled Soldiers at Kearney. A gallant soldier himself, he has, by his administration of the affairs of this responsible position, endeared himself to all old soldiers and their friends, and won the praise of the public in general. Major Rogers is a native of Scotland, having been born at Glasgow, on October 20, 1836. His father was Peter Jones Rogers, a native of London, England, and his mother was Elizabeth McEwen, a native of Paisley, Scotland. The parents were married in Glasgow, and came to the United States in 1843, their family at that time consisting of one son and two daughters. The fam ily first located in New York, but after two years time came to Newark, where the mother died in 1849. Subsequently the father went West with the Union colony, which, under Mr. Meeker, established the town of Greeley, in Colora do, and at which place he died, in 1887. Major Rogers, when a boy, attended the public schools of New York and Newark, securing a fair English education. At about the age of fourteen years he left school, and was apprenticed to the trade of silver-plating, at which he worked until he was in his nineteenth year. He then went to railroading — as fireman on a locomotive engine on the Morris & Essex Railroad. He continued at railroading until 1858, part of which time was put in on pioneer railroads in what was then the West, and many exciting and interesting experiences he had while thus engaged. Leaving the railroad, he located in Morristown, return ing to the silver-plating trade, and subsequently removed to Somerville, con tinuing at his trade in that place. In April, 1861, he recruited a company of volunteers for the army, of which he was commissioned captain. This com pany was mustered into the service of the Government the same month, and the following month became Company G, of the Third New Jersey Regiment. While at the front, and about two months after the first battle of Bull Run, Major Rogers fell ill and was sent to Fairfax Hospital, from whence he was dis charged, on October 28, and returned to Newark. His illness incapacitated him for service until the spring of 1862. In August of that year, he again en listed and was commissioned Second Lieutenant of Company K, Twenty-sixth New Jersey Regiment. Subsequently he was promoted to First Lieutenant of his company, and in February, 1863, was commissioned captain of the same, and participated in the engagements of Burnside and Hooker campaign on the 288 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Rapahannac River. The Twenty-sixth Regiment was mustered out of service on June 27, 1863, so our subject returned to Newark. He was not satisfied to remain at home inactive while his country was in peril, and he again recruited a company and enlisted, the company being assigned to the Thirty-ninth New Jersey Regi ment as Company E, he being commissioned captain of the same, and continued at the head of this company until the regiment was mustered out, in June, 1865. The company saw hard fighting at the front, and its captain was brevetted Alajor for gallant and meritorious conduct upon the field of battle, this service being rendered at the siege of Petersburg, Virginia, where he led the column in the assault upon the enemy's works. After the close of the war, Alajor Rogers retired to his home in Newark, where he has since resided In 1867 he became a member of the Newark police force, being appointed a lieutenant. Subsequently he was promoted to a cap taincy, and served in that capacity until a change in the politics of the city com pelled his retirement from the force. Following this he was appointed City Street Commissioner of Newark, and subsequently returned to the police force and was appointed Chief of Police, a position which he filled with credit for a period of two years. On October 31, 1878, Major Rogers was appointed superintendent of the New Jersey Home for Disabled Soldiers, and has had charge of that institution continually until the present time. Major Rogers is a member of Marcus L. Ward Post, No. 88, G. A. R., and of St. Paul's Lodge, K. of P., No. 29. In i860 Major Rogers was united in marriage, in Newark, to Nancy Os born Ball, who was born in Hanover, Morris county, New Jersey, and is the daughter of Alexander and Charlotte Ball. To this union four children have been born, as follows: Frank Morris, Virginia, Charlotte E. and Aimie. Major Rogers has a wide circle of friends in the State, all of whom esteem him highly for his sterling traits of character. He is a man of broad and liberal views, kind of heart and genial disposition. His executive ability has been tested in the various public positions he has occupied, and has been found all that could be desired; especially in the discharge of his duties as superinten dent of the Soldiers Home has he given universal satisfaction to all concerned, and demonstrates, beyond a doubt, that he is the right man in the right place, and that his selection was a happy one on the part of the authorities CHARLES BALDWIN THURSTON Has for more than a quarter of a century been one of the most widely known and popular residents of Jersey City. He was born in New York City, April 2d, 1832. He came of colonial stock, his grandfather, Rev. Peter Thurston, of London, England, having accepted a call to New York in 1767. Peter Kipps Thurston, the father of Charles B., was a well known piano-forte manu facturer in New York. He died while his son was quite young, and Charles B. made his home with his uncle, Justice David W. Baldwin, in Newark, New Jer sey. In that city he attended the school of William Walton, and subsequently spent two years in the academy at Chatham, New Jersey, under the instruction of &Mc& BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 289 Professor Forgus, completing his education at the private school of Nathan Hedges, a well known educator of Newark. Soon after graduation he went with John Medcraft, a manufacturing jeweler of Newark, New Jersey, to learn that business, but it being distasteful to him he abandoned it and became a medical student with his cousin, Dr. Dennis E. Smith, in Brooklyn. While there he became acquainted with Dr. George Wood, a well known and highly esteemed dentist, and being often in his laboratory, he decided to give up medicine and apply himself to the study of dental surgery. He entered the office of Dr. John Hassell, a dentist of good repute, who had a good practice in Newark. After completing his studies, he practiced for himself, and soon established an enviable reputation as a practitioner. Close application to business brought a failure of health, and he gave up his practice to associate himself with an uncle in the paint and varnish business; but this was not an agreeable occupation for him, and early in 1865 he went via. Panama to California and Nevada, to look after some mining interests. He returned via. Nicaragua, in 1867, and accepted the agency of several large insurance companies. He had control of the insur ance of several railroad companies, among which was the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company. At the time that this company was leased to* the Pennsylvania Railroad Company he became associated with the late A. L. Den nis in looking after the general interests of the Pennsylvania Railroad Com pany in New Jersey and New York, and was made a director in a number of railroad companies controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. As spe cial agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, his relations have been of a close and confidential character. In 1872 he, was elected secretary and trustee of the associates of the Jersey Company, which position he still holds. In 1882; he was elected president of the Jersey City and Bergen Railroad Company. At that time, and for many years, this company had been operating the Jersey City street railway system in an unsatisfactory and unprofitable manner. Under Mr. Thurston's management the road was rebuilt and restocked. The same success which had followed his efforts in his private business resulted from his management of the railroad and when it was sold to the present company, the stock brought an average of 400. On April 14, 1859, Air. Thurston married Lida, a daughter of the late James J. Armour, of New York; she is still living. They have no children. Mr. Thurston is a Thirty-second Degree Scottish Rite Mason,- and a member of the New Jersey Consistory. He was made a Mason in Eureka Lodge, No. 39, F A. M., in Newark, in 1858, and served several years as secretary. He affiliated with Bergen Lodge, No. 47, in Jersey City, and be came Master of the Lodge in 1879. He was elected High Priest of Union Chapter, No. 7, R. A. M., of Newark, in 1864, and is representative of the Grand Chapter of Nevada in the Grand Chapter of New Jersey, and representa tive of the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin in the Grand Lodge of New Jersey. He is chairman of the Grand Lodge Committee on Jurisdiction of Lodges; also a member of the Masonic Veterans of New York. He is a member of the Carteret Club in Jersey City, of the Lawyer's Club of New York, and a member of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In June, 1888, he was appointed by the late Manning M. Knapp, then a justice of the Supreme Court, as one of the Hudson County Park Commissioners, and was elected president of the board. 19 290 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. which position he retained as long as the board was in existence. He is now one of the Commissioners of Adjustment, having been appointed by Judge Werts in 1892, to succeed William Muirheid, deceased, and is one of the three commissioners from the State of New Jersey associated with three from the State of New York, for the preservation of the Palisades of the Hudson. He is president of the Fayetteville Water Light and Power Company of North Caro lina; president of the Port Richmond and Bergen Point Ferry Company; president of the Millstone and New Brunswick Railroad Company, and is a di rector or trustee in a large number of corporations, and is receiver for several companies. EDWARD WESTON. This distinguished inventor and electrician was born at Brynn Castle, near the town of Oswestry, Shropshire, England, on May 9, 1850. His parents were moderately well-to-do people and owned a good but not very large farm. His father was a man of quite remarkable mechanical skill and possessed of consid erable originality. He was particularly skillful in the use of tools and well known as a man who could do excellent work in wood, metals or other ma terials. Indeed, his father was a mechanical genius of a rather high order, but lacked persistence and force of character. His mother, however, was a woman <-'£ great force of character and unusual business ability and tact When young Weston was about seven years old his grandfather died, and a bitter dispute arose between his father's brother and his father in regard to the division of the estate, and long and expensive litigation ensued, which finally re sulted unfavorably to his father. Shortly after the termination of the suit the family decided to move out of Shropshire, and later settled in the thriving mining, me tallurgical and industrial town of Wolverhampton, in Staffordshire. What appeared to be the father's misfortune proved to be the boy's good fortune; for the removal from Shropshire to Staffordshire resulted in bringing the boy into contact with the intense activity of a busy manufacturing, mining and me tallurgical center, with the result that in a short time his impressionable but keenly logical mind became much interested in the processes and operations con nected with the numerous mining metallurgical, chemical and mechanical in dustries carried on in that section of the country ; and no detail connected there with appeared to escape his attention, nor was he satisfied until he knew the reason for every operation and comprehended the principles involved. His studious character and inquiring mind soon attracted general attention, and he quickly became acquainted with a number of the most prominent manufacturers and scientific men in that neighborhood and was always welcome to their establishments. Young Weston was recognized at once as being very different from other boys. His spare time was sedulously given to keen observation, close study and to experimental and constructive work, and much of the latter was characterized by excellent and marked originality. His primary education was obtained at the schools of the Established Church, but later he received careful training under the care of a very able man T.f-//is Pul Cq Chicag- L.A Struck, EnsiAver BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 291 of the name of Lucas. At a later period he attended the St. Peter's Collegiate In stitute and while there was under the care of Mr. Henry Orton, B. A., who was an enthusiastic teacher, and a man of varied scientific attainments. Mr. Or- ton's example and teaching greatly stimulated young Weston's desire for scien tific knowledge, thus giving increased impetus to his strong mental inclinations. The boy was always fascinated by machinery of all kinds and took great pleasure in studying the motions and functions of the respective parts, and was never satisfied until he had fully mastered the underlying principles and mode of operations of any machine he saw. He became apt in the use of tools and constructed excellent model steam-engines and other appliances. When about nine years old he obtained a copy of Smee's "Elements of Electro Metallurgy," and at once became interested in the elctro disposition of metals, devoting much time to the experimental study of the subject. In this way a great many new chemical facts and theories were brought to his at tention, and chemistry and electro-chemistry became of great and really ab sorbing interest to him. He soon took up the special study of chemistry with great ardor and fitted up a room in his father's house as a laboratory, and much of his spare time was spent in most earnest work in that direction. His early experiments and study of electro-metallurgy naturally made him desirous of ob taining a further knowledge of the wonderful force which so quietly brought about such remarkable phenomena as the separation of metals from their salts in solutions, and he began a special course in electricity, and constructed with his own hands the various machines and apparatus necessary for an experi mental investigation of the laws governing its generation and action. His first efforts were in that branch known as static electricity, and he constructed the various forms of frictional machines then employed for transforming mechanical energy into electrical energy. He soon acquired a very full knowledge of all the phenomena of static electricity and of the then prevalent theories to account for its production and the phenomena of its action. Later he took up in the same thorough manner the study of dynamic elec tricity. In this branch of work his mechanical skill, ingenuity and originality became more apparent and he' constructed most of the then known forms of ap paratus needed for illustrating the production and mode of action of this subtile force. He constructed and studied the various forms of primary batteries, electric motors, electric bells, induction coils, electric clocks, telegraph instru ments and small magneto-electric generators. He was an indefatigable worker, a most industrious man and earnest student and absorbed information on every subject very rapidly. To produce the insulated wire necessary for making the various electro-magnetic apparatus needed, he designed and built a very simple and efficient wire-covering machine. Any difficulties encountered always stimulated him to greater effort, and he always made it a rule to accomplish everything he undertook. To ' illustrate with what persistence and perseverance he would pursue a subject, the following may be instanced: His first voltaic battery consisted of two cells, the negative elements of which were a pair of old copper scale pans, and the positive elements consisted of thin sheet zinc, such as is commonly used for making zinc utensils. He was somewhat disappointed at the smallness of the spark obtained from these cells and the rapidity with which their activity decreased. After constructing 2y2 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. other and better forms of copper-zinc batteries and becoming more fully aware of their defects, he was anxious to construct the more advanced type of two fluid cells, known as the Grove or Bunsen. The Grove form was out of the question, on account of the high cost of platinum, and the Bunsen form seemed to be beyond his reach on account of the difficulty of obtaining properly shaped carbons in those early days. But young Weston resolved to make the carbons himself. His first step was to visit the gas works in search of a suitable mass of the most dense form of artificial carbon known, which is formed as a trouble some lining on the interior surfaces of the retorts in which the coal for making illuminating gas is subjected to destructive distillation. He found what he re quired and took it home in triumph, but on attempting to saw out a suitable shaped piece he found it so extremely hard that he was reluctantly compelled to abandon that method, and set to work to chip out from the abdurate mate rial pieces of carbon of the required shape and size, and after some failures and days of patient labor, he finally secured two fairly well shaped pieces. Porous cells were fortunately more easily obtainable, and these he secured from the chief operator of one of the telegraph companies in town. Zinc plates of the proper thickness were obtained from a zinc-working establishment. Some home-made contacts, or terminals, and some glass jars completed the mechanical parts of the battery. After securing the necessary acids and cleaning and amalgamating the zinc plates, the two cells were set up and young Weston felt amply repaid for the labor and time expended, by the possession of a battery which enabled him to melt wires, explode gun powder and perform most of the then known electrical experiments in a quite satisfactory way. Armed with this quite powerful battery, his experiments and studies were carried on with much greater ease and vigor than before, and he proceeded to construct the more usual forms of apparatus employed for exhibiting and studying the phe nomena and laws of dynamic electricity. He also constructed and operated a small telegraph line, in which the wires were insulated from their wooden sup ports by glass insulators made from necks of vials. About this time steam propulsion on common roads was again attracting attention, and one of the principle difficulties appeared to be that of the cutting of and consequent serious injury to the surface of the roads by the propelling wheels. Young Weston suggested that this could be entirely overcome by the use of sufficiently thick, wide rubber tires which he claimed would roll and pack the material of the surfaces of the roadway, thus improving rather than injuring it. Owing to the expensive nature of the experiments, young Weston could not undertake them personally, and no one then appeared to believe .that the rubber tire would accomplish the results predicted by him. We are now in a position to judge of the value of the suggestion, for the bicycle and other wide rubber-tired vehicles tend to improve the road by rolling and packing in the manner he claimed Before young Weston was quite sixteen years of age he had acqiured such an intimate knowledge of the then known facts concerning the generation and action of electricity, and had constructed such a large quantity of apparatus that he was induced to deliver a public lecture on the subject, which attracted much attention and made him quite well known in the district in which he lived. Later on the question of a suitable profession for the young man began to BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 293 receive serious consideration, and from the different views of his parents and him self, it was evident that it was not going to be an easy matter to select a line of work which would meet with the approval of all. The boy had a strong liking for some profession which would permit him to use to the best advantage such scientific knowledge and mechanical skill as he had acquired, and to give full scope to the inventive faculty and capacity for original scientific investigation which he felt certain he possessed. He had a strong preference for something akin to mechanical engineering, in which he thought he saw ample scope for the full play of his powers, and for the continuance of his beloved studies. In this and kindred lines he felt certain of brilliant success, and felt assured that he could be of more use to his fellow men in some line of work in which the useful applications of science were most marked, than he could in other fields of labor. But his parents positively disliked to see him take up a line of work which savored so much of the dirt and grease of the machine shop. While the matter was under consideration a prominent dentist named Owen, who was well acquainted with the family, and who had noticed the boy's me chanical genius and skill, considered it would be a wise thing for him to learn dental surgery, thinking that he would there find abundant scope for his abilities. With this idea in view, young Weston was placed in his care, but it was soon discovered that the young man's tastes lay in quite another direction, and that he very much disliked the business. His parents now desired him to take up the study of medicine, and conformably thereto made an arrangement with Drs. Edward H. and J. M. Coleman, both men of distinguished ability in their calling, and both possessing considerable taste for science. Under their care the young man pursued his medical studies, his taste for scientific knowledge thereby nat urally being fostered. The system of medical education in England was then rather different from what it is in this country. In addition to attending lec tures it was necessary, in order to graduate in England as a fully fledged medi cal practitioner, to be associated for the space of at least three years with some duly qualified practitioner in regular service. Usually these two requirements were met during the same period of time, the student, while attending lectures, etc., giving part of his time to attending to minor surgical cases and other gen eral work, as an assistant to some regular practitioner. In young Weston's case it soon became evident that he would never follow medicine as a profession, since most of his spare hours were still devoted to* his favorite studies, and be cause the drudgery of the profession and the uncertainty still lingering about its results were equally distasteful to him. Medicine is pre-eminetly an art, and will not, because of the complexity of the phenomena with which it deals, attain the dignity of an exact science for many years yet to come. The apparent want of stability on young Weston's part led to considerable trouble with his parents; they never seemed to have completely understood the boy's powers, or they would certainly not have endeavored to force him into a profession he evidently disliked. After giving three years of his time to medi- calstudies,andfinding little sympathy with any with whom he was brought in con tact, he determined to cut loose from his home and strike out for himself. This he considered he could do better by leaving England entirely. He, therefore, packed up his things, and left for this country some time in the month of May, 1870. 294 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. He arrived in America with comparatively little money, some few books and some of his favorite apparatus, and a few letters of recommendation. Armed with these letters, he started for some of the institutions of learning in and around New York, and applied for a situation, among others to Professor Chandler, of Columbia College. Chandler treated him with great considera tion, but could not give him anything to do. He gave him letters to a number of concerns in New York, which concerns Weston next visited, but without receiving the least encouragement. After several months of fruitless effort he began to fully realize the difficulties attendant upon beginning life anew in a strange country, but he did not become discouraged. After about a year of fruitless effort he secured a position at a very small salary with a small firm of man ufacturing chemists in New York, which position he retained until a better one was offered him by the American Nickle Plating Company, a company which was engaged in trying to establish the nickle plating industry on a commercial basis. Nickle plating was then a novelty, and in the experimental stage, and the pro cess was most uncertain, and good work was more the result of good luck than intelligent action, and the methods employed were of the crudest character. The young man had at last found a place which would serve to prove whether the confidence in himself (which led him to the daring, and apparently foolish move of leaving home, friends and brilliant prospects) was well placed or misplaced. Luckily young Weston found that in the nickle plating enter prise there was much need for a man of his calibre; and his skill, knowledge and ingenuity were soon brought into play to overcome the then really serious difficulties encountered in carrying on the operations and trying to lay a founda tion of a new industrial art. It was not long before he had effected such im provements as to attract the attention of the executive officers of the company, who quickly began to detect in the modest and quiet man elements of sterling worth and ability of a very high order, and he soon was looked upon as an oracle to be consulted on all matters connected with the technical side of business. In about a year he revolutionized the technical branch of the business and invented new processes for treating and preparing the work preparatory to plating, which greatly reduced the cost, removed all uncertainty in regard to the quality of the resulting work, and improved the quality and beauty of finish to an extent which has never since been excelled. In fact nearly every detail of the practical processes of nickle plating as now practiced was either entirely worked out by Weston or so greatly improved as to forever bear the impress of his mind. In the early stages of the business much loss and annoyance was caused by the strong tendency of the nickle coating to "strip" or peel off the surface of the plated articles, and in the case of some metals and alloys it seemed to be prac tically impossible to secure firm adhesion of the nickle deposit to the underlying metal. Mr. Weston made strenuous efforts to discover the causes of these failures, and to devise processes of treatment of the work which would insure perfect adhesion of the deposit to any metal or alloy which it was desired to plate. By radically changing the methods of preparing work, and modifying the treatment according to the chemical nature of the metal or alloy to be plated, he succeeded in reducing the cause of all failures to secure firm adhesion to the simple one of carelessness on the part of the employes. Prior to the time of Mr. Weston's labors, the successful nickle plating of large or intricate pieces was BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 295 an exception, and failure the rule. When the deposit peeled from the surface of an article, it was practically impossible to replate that particular spot in a manner which could insure satisfaction; and to replate the entire article was the only proper course to pursue. To do this, however, it was necessary to remove every vestige of the original nickle plating, and to repolish the surface of the article. The removal of this defective nickle coating was one of great labor and expense, because it was then only possible to remove it by mechanical means, such as grinding or other methods of abrading. With intricate or delicate work, this was practically impossible, on account of the very high cost, and this was equally true of the larger articles, so that it was frequently cheaper to pay the manufacturer of the article the full amount of its value, rather than attempt to free its surface from the defective coating and refinish and replate it. Mr. Weston changed all this by devising a most ingenious chemical means of completely dissolving the nickle coating without injuriously effecting the surface of the underlying metal. It then became a simple matter to repolish and replate the article. We will endeavor to explain the process. Nickle is very slowly acted upon and dissolved by sulphuric acid. Hydrochloric acid acts upon it and dissolves it more readily, and nitric acid attacks it very vigorously and dissolves it very rapidly. To attempt to dissolve the nickle coating by the action of sulphuric acid would result in failure from two causes; first, be cause the process would be very slow and, therefore, impracticable, and second because in most cases, the sulphuric acid would attack the metal of which the article was composed with such vigor as to seriously injure or destroy it before the whole of the nickle coating could be removed. The same is true in re gard to the hydrochloric (muriatic) acid. Nitric acid is practically useless for such purposes, because it attacks most of the metals from which articles to be nickle plated are made, with even greater vigor than it attacks nickle; conse quently it would ruin the article before the nickle coating was removed. But Mr. Weston's successful plan involved the use of nitric acid, and the controlling of, or so regulating its action as to make it impossible for the nitric acid to injure or even sensibly effect the surface of the inferior metal of which the article was composed. This was accomplished by using a combination of nitric and sul phuric acid in such proportions as would result in the formation of a coating of anhydrous or partly anhydrous salts of the inferior metals, which salts acted as an effective protective coating against possible further action of the acid on the metal of the article, but which, nevertheless, permitted the nitric acid to act upon and remove the nickle coating. In this way it was found perfectly possible to remove easily and completely nickle deposits from even such easily oxidizable positive metals as zinc and iron or steel, without injury to the article. This process of chemical stripping is in use throughout the world, and but few of its users know who invented it. With a little care in mixing the acids in proper proportions, it may be used to strip the nickle coating from the most intricate and delicate articles without the slightest injury thereto. Mr. Weston has made many other improvements and quite important dis coveries in electro-desposition, but we cannot deal with them in this brief general review of this work. Let it suffice to add that he soon became recognized in this country as an authority in everything pertaining to the art of electro-plating and electro-metallurgy in general, and that to him more than to any other man is 296 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. clue the honor of founding the vast nickle plating industry of this country and the world. If at that period of his life he had recognized the importance of patenting his inventions and discoveries, he would have received a princely income from them. After having brought the nickle plating art to such a condition that it be came merely a matter of routine working according to his plans in order to se cure perfect results, he began, in the year 1872, a rigid study and experimental investigation of the dynamo-electric machine, primarily with the intention of producing a moderately efficient, simple and low-cost machine, adapted to re place the initially cheap but costily to maintain, and quite irregular source of electricity, primary batteries. In December, 1872, he formed a partnership with a Mr. Harris, of New York, for the purpose of carrying on a general electro-plating business in the City of New York, and he continued in this business until about July, 1875. During these years he still pursued his studies on dynamo-electric machines, and built and put into practical use quite a number of such machines. In one of the very first of these machines, which was put to practical use quite early in 1873, he employed the method of field regulation which is now so generally used; namely, a variable, manually controllable resistance coil in the field cir cuit of the machine. In 1873 he made a number of experiments in electric arc lighting with currents obtained from dynamo-electric machines of his own design and con struction, and it was then that he prepared the first copper-coated carbon for arc-lighting purposes; which form of carbons has since been so extensively used throughout the world. He devoted much time to a most careful study and experimental investigation of the elements affecting the efficiency of dynamo- electric machines and carefully investigated the various sources and causes of loss in said machines. In regard to the sources of loss, he arrived at the con clusion that the most serious one of all was the production of currents in the masses of metal not included in the working inductive circuits. In other words Air. Weston's investigations led him to fully recognize the fact that all types of magneto-electric and dynamo-electric machines had two major electrical cir cuits. One of these circuits may be called the "useful circuit," and it includes the inductive conductor, which is the seat of transformation of the whole of that portion of the mechanical energy delivered to the machine, of which more or less is finally available for useful work, the other circuit being constituted of the masses of iron and other metals composing the armature, pole piece and other parts of the machine subject to changes of condition of magnetic flux. The latter named circuit, or more properly group of circuits, constituted in most machines a series of short completely closed conductors, in which comparatively small potential differences were set up; but, since the resistance of these circuits was necessarily very low, the strength of current flowing in them was simply enormous, and the energy value of such currents was consequently very large. It is manifest, therefore, that the total mechanical energy delivered to such machines was also divided into two major portions, corresponding to these two major electrical circuits; one portion of the mechanical energy being trans formed into electrical energy by the inductive conductor, available for useful BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 297 work in the circuit exterior to the machine to a greater or lesser extent, accord ing to the conditions of demand. The other portion of the mechanical energy delivered to the machine was also transformed into electrical energy, but only in such places as to render it unavailable for useful work. This latter named portion of the electrical energy was directly transformed into heat in the various parts of the machine in which the useless currents were induced. Mr. Weston found by quite careful investigations that, other things being alike, the efficiency of a machine, as a transformer of mechanical into electrical energy, was quite accurately expressed by the ratio of the electrical energy rep resented in these two major electrical circuits. The circuit including the inductive conductor may very properly be called the "working" or the "useful circuit" and the other circuit or circuits may be called the "dissipating or wasteful cir cuit;" since all the energy appearing in such circuit or circuits, is dissipated or wasted as heat. By a series of neat but quite simple experiments he determined, with suf ficient accuracy for all practical work, the loss in the several parts of different forms of machines, and fully established the fact that the place where the prin cipal loss took place was (in most machines) in the iron core of the armature and other masses of metal attached thereto, but not including the inductive conduc tor. He also found that there was considerable loss in the field-magnet pole- pieces. These investigations also brought out the important fact that the ca pacity of a given machine to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy available for useful work was seriously restricted by the production of these wasteful currents in the masses of metal in the armature or other parts of the machine. The effect of this serious restriction of the capacity of transformation was to greatly limit the electrical output of the machine per pound of metal em ployed, and therefore to add greatly to the first cost of the machines. The cost of electrical energy, per unit, was greatly affected by this large loss of energy in the form of useless currents produced in the various masses of metal in the machine, and also by the enhanced first cost of the machines, owing to this resulting very limited capacity per unit of weight. To eliminate these losses, Mr. Weston made those parts of the machines which were subject to change in condition of magnetic flux discontinuous in the direction . in which the currents tended to flow. In other words, he split up the masses of iron and other metals in the armature and other parts of the machines in such a manner as to make it impossible for currents to be in duced in such parts; and he thereby entirely prevented the enormous waste of energy in these parts, and consequently greatly increased the efficiency and also the transforming and useful output capacity of the dynamo-electric machine. The splitting up of the iron masses was made in a direction such as not to sensibly interfere with the magnetic flux; the iron being continuous in the di rection of flux but discontinuous in a direction at right angles thereto. The splitting up of the iron core of the armature for the purpose named was done by Mr. Weston in the early part of 1873; but he was too poor and too much occupied in making a living to attempt to carry it out on a large scale until some years later. He built a large machine embodying this feature, which ma chine was put into successful operation in July, 1874. The result of Air. Wes ton's early studies and investigations on dynamo-electric machines led him to the 298 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. following general conclusions: First: To secure the most efficient possible dynamo-electric machine, it is absolutely essential to design and construct the machine so as to completely avoid closed conducting circuits in any part of the machine which is subject to a change in the condition of magnetic flux, or which moves in the magnetic field, except the circuit constituting the inductive con ductor. Second: Other things being equal, that machine will be the most efficient in which the electro-motive force is greatest per unit length of inductive conductor. Third : That the electro-motive force per unit length of inductive con ductor is dependent upon and is proportional to its velocity. Fourth: That the electro-motive force per unit length of inductive conductor is also dependent upon and is directly proportioned to the strength of the magnetic field in which said inductive conductor is moved. Fifth : That by rigidly complying with the conditions named in the" first clause, and either increasing the velocity of the inductive conductor or increasing the strength of the magnetic field in which the conductor is moved, or both, the efficiency of the machine could be increased, and its capacity of transformation also increased. Sixth: That within quite wide limits the efficiency of dynamo-electric machines is dependent of the rela tive amounts of iron and copper used in them, but if light portable machines are required, it is necessary to use a relatively large proportion of copper to iron, whereas if weight is no objection, less copper and more iron can be used with marked advantage as to first cost. It is unquestionable that Mr. Weston was the first man to make a careful study of the sources of loss in such machines, but he was also the first to get a clear conception of the relative amount of loss in different parts of the machines and to devise means of avoiding such loss, and that he was also the first one to build machines having an efficiency of conversation of ninety-five per cent, and a working or net commercial efficiency very closely approaching that. To Mr. Weston is, therefore, due the honor of having made the dynamo- electric machine for the transformation of one form of energy into another. HENRY LATIMER JANEWAY, Born in Philadelphia in 1824, is the son of Rev. Jacob Jones Janeway, D. D., and Martha Gray Leiper. He is in the fourth generation from ancestor Wm. Janeway, born in London, England, who was stationed at New York in 1696, an officer on board his Brittanic Majesty's ship, Richmond. While stationed there he purchased, in 1698, of William Merritt, Mayor of New York, an estate which was situated in the present sixth ward of New York City. He married Mrs. DeMier, nee Agnes DeKay. Returning to England in 1699, after settling his affairs there and again returning to New York, he was entrusted by the Crown with the charter of the Trinity church; was appointed a vestryman by the Crown ; was on the Building Committee in erecting the first church, and he and his wife are buried in Trinity church yard. His only son, Jacob, born April 1, 1707, the great-grandfather of Henry L., with his wife Sarah, daughter of George and Catherine Hoagland, of New York, moved to Somerset county, New Jersey, and settled at Middlebrook, and BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 299 owned the mill and store there. He died in March, 1746, and lies buried in the Piscataway Episcopal church yard. His surviving son, George, the grand father of Henry L., born in Somerset county in 1741, was educated in Somer ville, New Jersey, and when he attained his majority went to New York to recover the estate belonging to his ancestor, William Janeway. After many law suits he succeeded in recovering the property, married Effie Ten Eyck, and resided in New York until the British took possession of the city. Being a captain in the Twenty-second Regiment, New York Militia, and having taken an active part in the Revolutionary struggle, the British drove him and his fam ily out of New York, took possession of his residence, and painted the letter "R" (Rebel) on the front door. He removed his family to New Brunswick, New Jersey, where he resided for a period in the "Old Mansion" called "Buccleugh," now belonging to the heirs of the late Colonel Warren Scott. He returned to New York with General Washington when he took possession of the city on the evacuation of the British army, and resided there until his death in 1826. Jacob Jones Janeway, father of Henry L., and a son of the preceding, born November 20, 1774, was graduated from Columbia College, New York, studied for the ministry under the Rev. John H. Livingston, and was called to the Sec ond Presbyterian church in Philadelphia. He remained in that charge thirty years, was subsequently a professor in Alleghany City Theological Seminary, was one year settled pastor of the First Reformed Dutch church of New Bruns wick, and two years settled pastor of the Market street Reformed Dutch church of New York City. In 1834 he was appointed vice-president of Rutgers Col lege, New Brunswick, where he resided until his death, June 27, 1858. Henry L. Janeway's mother, Martha Gray, was a daughter of Thomas Leiper, of Philadelphia, First Sergeant Philadelphia City Troop, who partici pated in many battles of the Revolution. Two of his brothers, Thomas L. Jane way, D. D., and John L. Janeway, D. D., the former deceased, were distinguished clergymen; George J. Janeway, M. D., also deceased, was an eminent phy sician. Henry L. Janeway was graduated from Rutgers College, New Brunswick, in 1844, and received the honorary degree of A. M. in 1847. Upon leaving col lege he chose a business career, engaging in manufacturing, which he followed successfully during his entire business life, having retired therefrom during the lasf. few years. In 1862 Mr. Janeway was elected trustee for Rutgers College. He was a member of the Board of Education for twenty-two years, and president of the same for seven years. In 1876 he was appointed by Governor Bedle a member of the Centennial Commission of New Jersey. He has been trustee of the First Presbyterian church for thirty-five years, and president of the Board of Trustees for the last seven years. He is now first vice-president of the New Jersey So ciety of the Sons of the American Revolution; a Fellow of the American Geo graphical Society of New York, a member of the Society of the Institute of Civics in New York, and a member of the New Jersey Historical Society; of the Board of Trade of New Brunswick; and also a member of the Washington Association of Morristown, New Jersey. He has been a Mason since 1848. In 1848 he was married to Catharine A., daughter of Rev. Gustavus Abeel, D- D., and granddaughter of Abraham Van Nest of New York. They have 3oo BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. three children — Mrs. Katharine Weston, Henry L., Jr., a manufacturer of New Brunswick, and Helen Hamilton. JOHN AND EDWARD H. RADEL. Within the last generation electricity has played so important a part in the manufacturing, commercial and industrial world, that those prominently identi fied with its development, will always be regarded as historical characters. As an electric street railway manager, Mr. Edward H. Radel ranks, perhaps, as prominent as any man in the State of New Jersey. He was born of German parentage in the City of Newark, June 30th, 1866, and is a son of John and Alary (Bruckner) Radel, the latter being a daugh ter of Joseph and Alary Bruckner, of Newark. John Radel was born in Ba varia, Germany, November 22d, 1822, and emigrated to the United States in 1845. He landed in Newark, New Jersey, with the sum total of twenty-five cents as the cash capital with which to begin life in the New World. He was possessed, however, of the qualities of industry, perseverence and business capacity, as his subsequent career emphatically proved. He obtained his first employment in a bakery, saved his earnings, and when he had sufficient capital embarked in the coal business and later on in the grocery trade, in both of which pursuits he was remarkably successful. In 1875, ne purchased the Newark and South Orange Street Railway from Eugene Kelly, the well-known New York banker and operated the railroad on his own account until 1893, when he sold it to a corporation organized for its purchase, and of which Elias Ward was elected president. A large portion of the bonds issued by this corporation were paid to Mr. Radel as part of the purchase price of the property. The lat ter years of his life were spent in retirement in the enjoyment of an ample com petence. His family consisted of three daughters and two sons, namely: Mary, now Mrs. John F. McDonough; Blondina, now Mrs. John Sanders; Andrew, president of the Bridgeport Traction Company, and a director and vice-president of the Brunswick Traction Company; Agnes, now Mrs. John Mc- Kenna, and Edward H. Edward H. Radel received his preliminary education at St. Mary's Cath olic School at Newark. He afterwards attended St. Benedict's College and the New Jersey Business College of Newark. While in attendance at the latter institution, Air. Radel became financially interested in the Newark and South Orange Railway Company, of which his brother Andrew was superintendent, and upon his graduation from College became its treasurer, which position he retained until 1893, when the road was sold by his father, as above stated. Prior to this, however, in May, 1891, he was elected secretary and treasur er of the Brunswick Tranction Company, and secretary and treasurer of the New Brunswick City Railway Company, as well as general manager of both corpora tions. The Brunswick Traction Company, the New Brunswick Citv Railway Company, and the New York & Philadelphia Traction Company are now being operated under one management. On Alay the 6th, 1895, they purchased the franchise of the New Brunswick City Railway Company, then operating only ¦s» iiiPfc a ^-^^ that of shiftboss, the latter being at that time considered a position of great importance. Yet the duties of the position fell far short of his capabilities, and his promotion to the office of superintendent of the mine followed soon afterwards. This promotion oc curred in 1853, before young Richards had attained his majority, and was a most fitting acknowledgement of the remarkable industry, energy and ability displayed by him during his two years connection with the company. Not long after becoming superintendent Mr. Richards was made manager of all the Glendon Iron Company's interests in New Jersey, a position he filled with con summate skill and credit for a period of forty years. But even the duties of this most important position were performed by him with perfect ease, his capacity for executive ability not being taxed to anywhere near its limits. He learned his busienss from the foundation upwards; he started at the lowest round of the ladder, and as he progressed upward, being of an observing mind and naturally practical, he not only learned all that was to be learned, but his inventive genius conceived various methods for improvement. From time to time, after his appointment as manager, Mr. Richards identified himself with numerous other business ventures. When it was found that machinery was necessary in the operation of the mines he organized a company to build such machinery, and the Morris County Machine and Iron Company came into existence, with Mr. Richards as President of the company. The Dover Lumber Company followed as the next enterprise organized by Mr. Richards, of which he was also Presi dent. His next move on the chess-board of industry was the organization of the Dover Iron Company for the purpose of working up, in part, the product of the mines under his management. The organization of branch railroads for the transportation of ores etc., and of a bank, and many other concerns followed in rapid succession, and it was not a great while until Mr. Richards' interests became diversified to an almost incredible degree, with ramifications in almost every county in Northern New Jersey, and he became recognized as one of the magnates of the commercial, industrial and financial world. As an evidence of the magnitude of his operations and the important individual part he played in them, it may be stated that he occupied all the following positions at one time: President of the Dover Iron Company; President of the Dover and Rockaway Railroad Company; President of the Alorris County Machine and Iron Com pany; President of the Ogden Mine Railroad Company; President of the BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 3n Hibernia Mine Railroad Company; President of the Hibernia Underground Railroad Company; President of the National Union Bank of Dover; President of the Dover Lumber Company; President of the Dover Printing Company; and President of the George Richards Company, controlling four of the largest stores in Dover. Mr. Richards is a director in the following corporations: Delaware and Bound Brook Railroad Company; East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad Company; Cranberry Iron and Coal Com pany; Chester Iron Company; E. J. Ross Manufacturing Company, silk manu facturers of Port Oram; American Sheet Steel Iron Company, and Lincoln Lithia Water Company of North Carolina. Mr. Richards has taken an active interest in public matters for many years, and has figured conspicuously in this direction on several occasions, rendering great aid and valuable service to the State at times when the exigency required the services of a level-headed business man of untiring energy and indomitable will. In 1871 he was appointed State Director of the united railroads of New Jersey, the duties of which office required him to supervise the vast amount of trilst funds of the State invested in those securities. During his term of office the important question of the lease of these roads to the Pennsylvania Railroad arose, and Mr. Richards' position in the controversy, as State Director, though at first decided adversely by Chancellor Zabriskie, was subsequently approved by the court of appeals. The point taken by him was that under a somewhat blind act of the Legislature, passed, however, for the purpose, it was not lawful for the old companies to make the lease. The final decision rendered further legis lation necessary. Mr. Richards labored earnestly against the efforts of the monopoly and its adherents, and not only compassed their defeat, but went much further, and the general railroad law now on the statute books, one of the most beneficent laws ever enacted by the New Jersey Legislature, stands as a monument to the unremitting aggressiveness and excellent generalship dis played by him in the great fight of the people against that erstwhile dominant monopoly, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Mr. Richards' political affiliations are strongly with the Republican party, and he is a member of the Republican State Committee from Morris County. In 1872 he was appointed Master in Chancery by Chancellor Abraham Zab riskie; in 1873, he was made Notary Public by Governor Joel Parker, and in 1891 Governor Leon Abbett appointed him a member of the Board of Alanagers of the State Lunatic Asylums, and, although he was the only republican on the board, his colleagues accorded to him the honor of being elected vice-presi dent of the body. In 1894 the board was legislated out of office for the purpose of instituting a non-partisan organization, and Mr. Richards was the only member of the old board who was honored with re-appointment by Governor Werts, he officiating under the new regime as President. In 1899 he was re-appointed by Governor Voorhees for another term of five years. He was appointed a member of the State Board of Geological Survey. He served as Mayor of Dover for eight terms of two years each. He is a life member of the Wash ington Association of Morristown, and his interest in agricultural matters led him to become a member of the State Agricultural Society. The marriage of Mr. Richards was solemized in i860, when he was united in matrimony to Miss Ann Elizabeth McCarty, of Morris County, daug'-'-r 312 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of John Morris and Sally Ann (Hoagland) McCarty, and to this union one son, George Richards, Jr., was born, who is connected with one of his father's numer ous mercantile enterprises. Mrs. Richards was born October 2d, 1829, and died March 4th, 1899. For over a quarter of a century Air. Richards has been an important factor in the industrial, manufacturing and commercial circles of at least four states, and his name is indelibly stamped amongst the most prominent, most enter prising and most successful men of New Jersey. He has been a public bene factor in more ways than one, for while he acquired his own fortune, he con tributed to the growth, development and expansion of the whole state. And such has been his business methods, that his name is unsullied and his repu tation without a blot. As a citizen none are more highly respected; as a man of business, none enjoys a greater degree of universal confidence. Personally he is affable, courteous, genial and warm hearted, yet rugged in his characteris tics, being strong in his likes and dislikes. While not posing as a philanthropist, he has always been most charitable, giving freely, in an unostentatious manner, of his abundant means. No charitable or benevolent institution has ever ap pealed in vain to his generosity, and the recipients of his bounty are legion in numbers. A well-rounded, well-balanced, strong and masterful man; such is the concensus of opinion of those who know George Richards. JONATHAN WILLIAM ROBERTS. Among the earnest men whose depth of character and strict adherence to principle excite the admiration of his contemporaries, Mr. Roberts is prominent. He is a man of distinguished ability, and his character is one which is above a shadow of reproach. Many responsible trusts have been placed in his hands and the utmost fidelity has marked their full and complete discharge. Widely known and respected by all who have any knowledge of his honorable and useful career, the history of Morris County would be incomplete without extended mention of Jonathan W. Roberts, who has for more than thirty years resided at his ideal country home, known as Glenbrook, at Morris Plains, New Jersey. Mr. Roberts was born in Hartford County, Connecticut, on the ist of September, 1821, a son of William Martin and Maria (McMillans) Roberts, both paretns being of Scotish-Irish descent. Their ancestors came to America in col onial days, and in the war of the Revolution both families were represented by valiant soldiers who were mustered among the brave "Green Mountain Boys." The subject of this review spent his childhood and early manhood in the state of his nativity. In 1842, when about twenty-One years of age, he went to New York City, where he secured a clerkship in the wholesale dry goods store of Amos R. Eno. Later he became a member of the firm, organized under the name of Eno, Mahoney & Company, and five years later the firm name was changed to Eno, Roberts & Company. Further changes caused the assump tion of the firm name of J. W. Roberts & Company. Mr. Roberts continued in the business until 1866, when failing health caused his retirement. In the mean- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 313 time, notwithstanding the heavy losses sustained in consequence of the Civil War, he had by well directed effort, keen sagacity, close application, remarkable execu tive ability and unfaltering determination, acquired a competence, which has since enabled him to live retired, unharassed by the cares of an arduous business. He became connected with the South street Presbyterian church of Mor ristown, in 1867; soon after he was made an elder, and later superintendent of the Sunday School, President of the Board of Trustees, and chairman of the Building Commiattee for the erection of the beautiful new church, completed and finished largely through his efforts, without leaving a dollar of debt. He was one of the founders of the Young Men's Christian Association in Alorris- town, was at three different times its president, and as chairman of its building committee edected the handsome new building on South street, principally from his own designs and without creating a debt, as Mr. Roberts has made it a rule of his life to discourage and disapprove of any improvements, public or private, which cannot be paid for when completed. For some years Air. Roberts was president of the Alorristown Institution for Savings. He accepted the office at a critical period of its history, and saved it from great loss, if not failure, by his energy and business methods. In 1884 he was elected a trustee and made chairman of the executive committee of the Washington Association of New Jersey, and in 1887 was elected its president, which office he still (1898) holds, and by his untiring efforts has increased the membership four-fold, has more than doubled its domain; paid off its large debt, and personally secured a large part of its valuable collections of relics, always keeping the association free from the humiliation of indebtedness. He has also been vice-president, chairman of the Executive Committee, and, under the new organization, is now one of the most valuable members of the Board of Trustees of the New Jersey Historical Society, and has freely given time, effort and means to its aid. Mr. Roberts is an earnest Republican, has been a member of the Republi can State Committee and often a delegate to conventions, but he has steadily refused all inducements to nominations for political office. Whatever public service Mr. Roberts has undertaken has always been a success, and when he has done his work he gladly retires from office and gives place to others. Since his retirement from business, Mr. Roberts has taken a very active part in public interests and has been especially zealous in the support of all mat ters pertaining to the general good. He is a man of broad humanitarian prin ciples, of general impulses and noble deeds, and his upright and well-spent life commended him to the regard of all with whom he has been brought in contact. Mr. Roberts was married at the age of twenty-eight to Miss Mary King, who was eighteen, a daughter of Hezekiah King, a retired gentleman, residing on the banks of the Delaware River, at Bristol, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Rob erts was very lovely in form and features, winsome and graceful in manner, of bright intelligence and charming in disposition and Christian character. She was a delightful companion in her home and on the extensive journeys made with her husband in this country and in Europe, during the forty-four years of happy married life, which was terminated by her death in 1894. _ Airs. Roberts was one of the three honorary members of the Washington Association, 3i4 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. and was the donor of the large number of autograph letters at the Washington Headquarters, Morristown, known as the "Roberts Collection." JEREMIAH EVARTS TRACY, Son of Ebenezer Carter Tracy and Martha Sherman Evarts, was born in Wind sor, Vermont, January 31, 1835. He is of an old New England family, being sixth in lineal descent from Stephen Tracy, who came, in the ship "Ann," from England to Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1623. Mr. Tracy's father was the founder, editor and publisher of the Vermont "Chronicle," a religious newspaper of extensive influence throughout the State, which he conducted for more than thirty years, and until his death, May 15, 1862. His mother died April 10, 1889. Mr. Tracy is one of eight children, three of whom have died, one in infancy, and another, Martha Day, at the age of nineteen. The third, William Carter, was an officer in the Union Army, and was killed in the War of the Rebellion. He has living one sister,. Anna, wife of Rev. George P. Byington, a clergyman settled in Vermont, and three brothers, Roger Sherman, a physician, now registrar of records of the department of health in New York City; John Jay, a lawyer in Tennessee, and Charles Walker, who is in business in Portland, Oregon. Jeremiah Evarts Tracy received his academic education in his native State, Vermont. At an early age he began the study of law in the office of his uncle, William M. Evarts, in the City of New York, and continuing his studies in New Haven, Connecticut, he received from Yale College the degree of LL.B., in 1857, having previously, in 1856, been admitted to the bar in New York, a few days after attaining his majority. Upon leaving New Haven he became an assistant in the office of his uncle, William M. Evarts, in New York, and June 1, 1859, was admitted to partnership with him in the practice' of law. This partnership with Mr. Evarts and others has ever since continued, — the present business firm being known as Evarts, Choate & Beaman, and consisting of William M. Evarts, Joseph H. Choate, Charles C. Beaman, J. Evarts Tracy, Treaswell Cleveland, Prescott Hall Butler and Allen W. Evarts. Mr. Tracy was married September 30, 1863, to Aliss Martha Sherman Greene, and has nine children, — Emily Baldwin, Howard Crosby, a lawyer, practicing in New York City; Evarts, an architect in New York City; Mary Ev arts, Margaret Louisa, Robert Storer, who has recently been graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, and is now an assistant on the surgical side in the New York Hospital; Edith Hastings, Martha, now a student in Bryn Mawr College, and William Evarts, now a student in Yale College. In 1874 Mr. Tracy removed his residence from New York to Plainfield, New Jersey, which has since been his home. While continuing the practice of law in the City of New York, he has not failed to manifest interest in the affairs of Plainfield. He has served at different times as a member and as president of the Common Council of the city, and has been for many years one of the -&*? ^£-^ I>t0S!*m& tS.jBr- A/-> rKhU- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 337 Jersey, on Alarch 4th, 1804, and removed to Harrison township, Hudson county, where he purchased a farm and became largely interested in the cattle business, and where he also conducted a hotel, which was a noted stopping place for Western drovers. His son, Hiram W. Davis, father of our subject was born on February 8th, 1829, in Hope township, Warren county, New Jersey. After the removal of the family to Hudson County, Hiram W. continued his education in the schools of the neighborhood. As he grew older he assisted his father in various business enterprises. His father had invested much of his surplus earnings in land, all of which was inherited by his son, who became a man of large affairs, and gained distinction as a promoter in street railways and real estate. In 1873 be disposed of much of his land to the East Newark Land Company, reserving certain lands in East Newark, and three acres in Harrison, now the family residence and occupied by his widow and children. On November 25th, 185 1, he married Miss Emma L. the daughter of David Sandford, of Hudson county. Mrs. Davis is descended from Captain William Sandford, who came from the Baradoes, West Indies, and resided in Newark in 1675, and was a member of the Council during the years 1681-82- 84. Hiram W. Davis' death occurred on August 22d, 1876. He was a member of the old Whig party, but later became a Democrat. Throughout his life he was always actively engaged in the field of politics. The office of free holder was held by him for successive terms during important periods, and the County of Hudson was greatly indebted to him for many and vaulable services rendered by him. He was influential in obtaining a free bridge between his own county and Essex County and as a member of the building committee, appointed by the Board of Freeholders, for the erection of the Hudson county Penitentiary, he took an active and prominent part in the prosecution and com pletion of that work. He was one of the incorporators of the East Newark Gaslight Company, and Horse Railway Company, and efficient in other public enterprises that required both executive ability and public spirit. He possessed a genial nature, was benevolent without ostentation, and enjoyed the esteem and confidence of the public. William J. Davis, son of Hiram W. Davis, was born in Harrison, where he resides at present, on Nov. 9, 1858. He was educated at Hackettstown Seminary and at Yale College. Upon graduating from college, he entered the office of Hon. William Brinkerhoff as a student, and was subsequently admitted to practice at the bar of New Jersey. He has practiced in Harrison continuously since. At the present time he is a director in and connected with several of the trolley lines of Essex and Hudson Counties, and is counsel for a number of manufacturing corporations. Mr. Davis is president of the Martin Act Com missioners of the towns of Harrison and Kearney, and is also a member of the Sinking Fund Commissioners. He has never sought any elective office, al though a number of times solicited by friends to run for the Assembly. He has always taken a great interest in local and State politics, and has attended the last five Republican National Conventions. During National campaigns he has been at the head of the organization in West Hudson county, generally mustered together from a thousand to fifteen hundred. He is also president of the East Newark Gas Light Company, the Hudson Electric Light Company, 22 338 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. and is counsel for the Harrison and Kearney Building and Loan Association. He is a member of the Union League and Harrison and Kearney Campaign Clubs. He is also one of the commissioners appointed by Governor Voor hees to consider the advisability of consolidating all of the towns and cities in Hudson County into one large municipality. WILLIAM PIERSON, JR., M. D., Eldest son of Dr. William and Margaret (Hillyer) Pierson, was born in Orange, November 20th, 1830. He inherited his love of the profession from his worthy ancestors, and began, early in life, a course of study especially adapted to the work. He received a thorough preparatory course and was graduated at the medical department of the New York University, in 1852, afterwards re ceived the honorary degree of A. M. from Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey. He returned at once to his native town, where he commenced the practice of his profession and soon distinguished himself in surgery — a branch in which he was especially interested, and to which he designed to give the greatest attention. He inherited the many estimable qualities of mind and heart, as well as the eminent professional skill which distinguished his worthy ancestors. While taking no part in politics, he is public-spirited and enter prising, and has the welfare of his native town as much at heart as did either of his ancestors. He has been so entirely absorbed in the work of his profes sion as to be unable to give any attention to public matters, save in the cause of education, to which he has given much attention. He was the first presi dent of the Board of Education and served for twelve consecutive years in this position. During this period, large appropriations were made for public schools and there was a greater advancement in educational matters than in any previous period in the history of the Oranges. Dr. Pierson, although never himself to any extent a beneficiary of the public school system has always been an earnest advocate for the higher education of the masses, and has ac complished much in this direction for his native city. As a director, he assis ted for many years in the management of the affairs of the Orange Bank. His reputation as a physician and surgeon is not confined to the Oranges, but he is well-known throughout the State. He is a member of the New Jersey Medical Society, and has served as its secretary since 1866. He is a member of the Essex county District Medical Society, the New Jersey Academy of Medicine, and the Orange Mountain Medical Society, some of which he was chiefly instrumental in organizing, and has been president of all. He is attending surgeon at the Orange Memorial Hospital, consulting surgeon of St. Mary's Hospital, Morristown, St. Barnabai Hospital, Newark, attending surgeon and medical director of St. Michael's Hospital, Newark. During the Civil War he was sur geon of the Board of Enrollment of the fourth congressional district, of New Jersey, and volunteer surgeon on the Governor's staff. He was several times a .signed to duty on the battlefield, where he rendered important service. Dr. Pierson possesses the same genial, kindly nature, characteristic of all M-£^^y O^-^L^/^^^y^ BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 339 his ancestors, and is much beloved by those, who for years have benefited by his professional advice and attention. Dr. Pierson is justly proud of his ancestors on both sides, who have achieved distinction in every generation. His great-grandfather, Lieutenant Abraham Riker, served in the Continental Army before the signing of the declaration of independence, and the doctor has the original commission, dated at Philadelphia, June 20th, 1775, signed by John Hancock. Dr. Pierson married Miss Isabel F. Adams, daughter of B. F. Adams, of Chicago, son of Benjamin (2), born 1763; son of Benjamin (1), born 1728; son of Thomas (2,) son of Thomas (1), son of William Adams, the ancestor, born in England, 1594, came to America 1628, settled in Ipswick. The children of Dr. Pierson are Margaret and Louisa. HENRY DICKSON, A prominent contractor and builder of Newark, New Jersey, belongs to that class of progressive, enterprising citizens to whom is attributable the upbuilding and consequent prosperity of a community. One cannot study far into the history of this section of New Jersey without meeting with the imprint of his labors in conspicuous connection with the architectural development of New ark. Mr. Dickson was born in Newark, New Jersey, June 27th, 1853. His pre liminary education was acquired at the public schools of his native city, which he attended until the age of sixteen, at which time he left to learn the trade of architect and builder. He had formed a desire to connect himself with this line of business, and his success has proved that the vocation he adopted was well selected. For five years he devoted his most earnest energies to mastering the details of the business, and by the time he became twenty-one years of age he had so thoroughly acquired all knowledge of the business that he was then recognized as thoroughly proficient to assume the manage ment of a business for himself. During the period that he was following the trade he devoted his leisure time to the study of mechanical drawing, and while he never had a tutor, he was able, from various works he secured, to thoroughly familiarize himself with every branch of the building and contract business. In 1871, he entered the employ of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Rail road Company taking charge of some of their construction work. His con nection with this railroad company was brought about, not so much from the compensation he derived, as it was to thoroughly familiarize himself with bridge building and constructing work. He remained in their employ until t88o. From the time that he established himself in business in Newark, his business has been large. This is phenomenal, from the fact that he entered into competition with older firms in his line, yet, during the time that he had con nected himself with the craft, he had so far established a reputation that he was generally well known, and his reputation as an efficient and qualified builder had been thoroughly established. Few, if any, have acquired the handling of 340 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. larger or more important contracts, and he is at present building the new li brary for Newark, located in Washington street. His thorough knowledge in the building trade has, at different times, at tracted the attention of the State Legislature and Governor, and he has been appointed to examine and advise with regard to the plans of construction for various public buildings, notably: relative to a change in the plans of the State Reformatory at Rahway, New Jersey, the plans and specifications for which sub mitted by Mr. Dickson have been accepted and highly commended. He was also appointed by the Legislature, one of the commissioners to supervise the erection of the new wings to the State Prison, at Trenton, New Jersey. Mr. Dickson's work has not been confined to New Jersey alone, as in the past he has handled large contracts for the erection of ware-houses and public buildings in New York City and Brooklyn, but at this time his business has assumed such proportions that he accepts only contracts for New Jersey. As a man of sound judgment and business ability, Mr. Dickson has given his attention to other corporations with which he is connected. He is presi dent of the Compressed Steel Company of New Jersey, and was, for several years, president of the Master Mason's Association, and a prominent member of the Builders' and Traders' Exchange. Fraternally he is a Free Mason, and a member of the Knights of Honor. Politically he is a Republican, and has been a liberal contributor to the "Grand Old Party." He is president of the Northern Republican Club, and a member of the North End Club. Fre quently he has been solicited by his friends to accept office, but has always refused to accept political preferment, using as an excuse, his business interests would not permit him to do so. Mr. Dickson is married and resides with his family in Newark, New Jersey. WILLIAM O. KUEBLER. Labor, honorable and well directed has long since been granted its proper place in the plan of the world, and it is the busy man who is the leader in all affairs. His fidelity to the duties by which his business is carried on is that whereby he is judged of his fellow men, and the verdict is reached in accord ance with his accomplished purposes. In this respect Mr. Kuebler has won the commendation and respect of all with whom he has come in contact. He has led a busy and a useful life, and by his own efforts has worked his way steadily upward. An errand boy in the beginning of his career, he has risen step by step to responsible positions in the commercial world, and is now honored with an important civic office, that of County Clerk of Essex county. Mr. Kuebler was born in New York and is a son of Paul Kuebler a jeweler, who came to this country in 1848, locating in New York City. In the Ameri can metropolis he was united in marriage to Miss Pauline Bracher, also a native of Germany, and in 1863 removed with his family to Essex county, where he spent his remaining days, his death occurring in 1886, at the age of fifty-nine years. In his family were nine children, seven sons and two daughters, and of this number seven are now living. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 34I William O. Kuebler, the second in order of birth, first opened his eyes to the light of day in New York City, December 4, 1859, and at the age of three years was brought by his parents to Essex county. He attended the German- American school on Green street, Newark, also the public schools of this city, but was compelled to lay aside his text-books at the age of fourteen years in order to assist in the support of the younger members of the family. This has always been one of his life's duties, and nobly has he performed it. He first secured a situation as errand boy in a furniture store, where he remained for about a year, when he entered the employ of F. W. Rodeman, a druggist on Ferry street, continuing there as an apprentice for one year. He next accepted a junior clerkship in the employ of Ernest Dreher on Broad street, with whom he remained for five years, during which time he also attended the New York School of Pharmacy, and after a course therein he received his diploma from the New Jersey State Board of Pharmacy in 1877. After the completion of his college course he entered the employ of John L. Kinsey, in Broad street, Newark, and after working there for a year and a half he was offered a position in the employ of David Al. Stiger & Company, of 58 Barkley street, New York City. He remained with the latter house for five years, at the expiration of which period he became interested in the wholesale drug business of William M. Townley, of Newark, and assumed the management of the business, which he conducted for three years, when he withdrew, forming a business connection with the firm of Lehn & Fink, of New York City. He took charge of the New Jersey wholesale department as salesman and remained at that place for more than two years, next accepting a position as traveling salesman for Pier Broth ers, wholesale druggists, who offered him an increased salary. His territory was the entire United States, and during his three years' connection with that house he traveled extensively over the country, gaining that knowledge, experi ence and culture which only travel can bring, as well as doing effective service in the interest of his employers. For some years Mr. Kuebler has taken a deep interest in political affai's, and has always been a stanch Republican, laboring earnestly for the success and growth of his party. During the presidential campaign of 1884, he was elected Brigadier-General, commanding the Third Brigade, comprised of sixteen uni formed companies. Since that time he has been actively interested in every campaign, and his labors have not been without results beneficial to the party. In the spring of 1895 he was elected Alderman in a strong Democratic ward, which he carried by one hundred and forty-eight votes, when the usual Demo cratic majority was about four hundred. He was the only Alderman elected on the Republican ticket in the Sixth Ward since its present limits were established. In the spring of 1897 he was renominated for the office, as a result of his capable discharge of the duties in the first term, but at the time he was away on a busi ness trip and could not return in time to qualify. In the fall of 1897 he was elected County Clerk of Essex county, carrying the county by six thousand seven hundred votes, and the city by over three thousand, receiving a majority in twelve out of the fifteen wards of Newark. This fact well indicates his personal popularity and the high regard reposed in him by his fellow townsmen. He numbers many friends in Democratic as well as Republican ranks, for his sterling qualities are such as everywhere command respect. 342 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Mr. Kuebler was married in Newark in 1882, to Miss Minnetta Homann, and to them were born five children, of whom three are now living. Socially Mr. Kuebler is connected with various civic societies, holding membership in Kane Lodge, No. 55, F. & A. M.; Granite Lodge, K. of P.; the Royal Arcanum, a number of Republican clubs, and of the New Jersey College of Pharmacy he is now trustee. He carries forward to successful completion whatever he undertakes, for untiring perseverance and honorable effort are his chief charac teristics. He is broad-minded, generous, kindly and charitable, and Newark. numbers him among her valued citizens. ROWLAND COX Is a native of Philadelphia, where he was born July 9, 1842. In the fall of 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry Volunteers, and served with that regiment, and upon detached duty for about a year. Then he was appointed Assistant Adjutant-General, with the rank of Captain, and as signed to duty at the headquarters of the Seventeenth Army Corps, serving upon the staff of Major-General McPherson, and at a later date upon the staff of Major-General Frank P. Blair. Captain Cox's military duties had interrupted his college course at Princeton, but he received his diploma with the class of '64, and two years later was admitted to the bar. Since his admission he has been actively engaged in the practice of his profession, and has been identified with many of the most important cases re lating to unfair competition, trade-marks and copyrights that have been tried in this country. Among the cases in which he has appeared for the com plainant, and in which injunctions have been granted, may be mentioned the following: Sawyer v. Horn, (1 Fed. Rep. 24); Anheuser-Busch Brewing As sociation v. Piza, (24 lb. 149); Menendez v. Holt, (128 U. S. 514), a leading case in the Supreme Court of the United States; Celluloid Man. Co. v. Cellonite Man. Co., (32 Fed. Rep. 94), an important case decided by Justice Bradley; Enoch Morgan's Sons Co., v. Wendover, (43 Fed. Rep. 420); Black v. Henry G. Allen Co., (42 Fed. Rep. 618, 56 Fed. Rep. 764), known as the "Britannica Cases," in which the reproduction of the copyrighted articles which constitute a part of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica" was restrained; Falk v. Gast Litho graphing Co., (48 Fed. Rep. 262), an important copyright case decided by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; Untermeyer v. Freund, a case decided by the same court, in which the law of design patents was expounded; Clark Thread Co. v. Armitage, (74 Fed. Rep. 936), a case re lating to unfair competition in same court; N. K. Fairbank Co. v. R. W. Bell Man. Co., {yy Fed. Rep. 896), also in the same court, in which the decree of the court below was reversed, and what was in some aspects a new rule was an nounced; Walter Baker & Co., Limited v. Sanders, also in the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in which the use by the defen dant of his own name was effectually regulated. Mention should also be made of the case of Johnson & Johnson v. Bauer & Black, decided by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, and Raymond v. Royal ROWLAND COX ANGUS SINCLAIR BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 343 Baking Powder Co., decided by the same court, in which injunctions were granted to protect the reputation of the complainants. In all of these cases, and many others, Mr. Cox has represented the complainant, and has contended successfully for the broadest possible recognition and application of the maxims of equity. ANGUS SINCLAIR, Whose portrait is herein shown is one of the most distinguished mechanical engineers in the world, and is a famous writer on railroad and engineering sub jects. He is a native of Scotland, and received in that country a good engineer ing education. He came to America in 1874, and engaged in railroad work of different kinds, the longest period of one occupation having been that of running a locomotive for seven years. While running an engine on a short railroad in Iowa he attended the chemistry classes of the Iowa State University, and learned sufficient about the chemistry of engineering to lead to his being appointed chemist for the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railway. He was for several years engine-house foreman for that Company. While engaged in railroad work Mr. Sinclair began contributing articles to the technical press, and he soon acquired so much reputation as a clear headed writer on subjects difficult to explain readily, that he began receiving offers from publishers to join their staff. He finally accepted an offer from the "American Machinist" of New York, and was for several years one of its editors. Having more affinity for railroad engineering than any other, he accepted the position of chief editor of a railroad paper. Latterly he bought one for himself, and is now editor and proprietor of "Locomotive Engineering," the most popu lar railroad paper in the world. Mr. Sinclair is author of several works, one of them, "Locomotive Engine Running," having gone through twenty-two editions in fifteen years, each edi tion being one thousand He is regarded as an authority on the combustion of fuels. Certain pamphlets relating to combustion and firing have passed the one hundred thousand mark in sales. Mr. Sinclair was, for ten years, secre tary of the American Railway Master Mechanics Association, which took him into close relationship with railway officials, who consulted with him frequently about the selection of men for master mechanics. It is believed that more men have obtained appointments as railroad mechanical officials from the good offices of Mr. Sinclair than from the efforts of any other man. He lives on Beech street, East Orange; is a member of Hope Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, is a member of several engineering societies, and a variety of clubs, including the Lawyers' Club, of New York. JAMES H. ALEXANDER Is a descendant of one of the oldest of Scotland's families. James H. Alex ander came to the United States from his birthplace, Toronto, Canada. 344 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. His ancestors represented both England and Scotland. His father, James Alex-. ander, coming from Edinburgh, and his mother being the representative of an old English family. Air. Alexander was born September 19, 1839 Having completed his aca demic education, he entered Knox College, from which he was graduated with honor. With a determination to seek his fortunes in the United States he came to Elizabeth, New Jersey, where he became connected with the Standard Oil Com- JAMES H. ALEXANDER. pany, and, being a man of ability, integrity and great force of character, he was called upon by the company to accept the important office of the second vice- president of this company, which position he accepted, giving to it the best of his wisdom and business ability. Mr. Alexander was recognized by his associates as a man especially fitted for the successful management of financial affairs; we therefore, find him filling the honorable positions of director of the First National Bank of Elizabeth, and that of director of the Mechanics' Trust Bank of Bergen Point, New Jersey. As a man interested in charitable work and educational advance, he served with great faithfulness upon the board of directors of the Elizabeth Hospital. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 345 Mr. Alexander is also connected with several of the prominent clubs of Elizabeth, and is well known in the works of public and private charity in that city. He belongs to the Alethodist Episcopal Church, and takes a great interest in all which contribute to its advancement. Mr. Alexander married Aliss Elizabeth Thompson, of Pennsylvania. Their children are Howard T., Alexander, James L., and Earle Alexander. Of the many who have crossed our borders from the Canadian possessions, no man has come to us bringing a better name, or doing better work in his chosen home than James H. Alexander. GEORGE H. BABCOCK, The distinguished inventor and philanthropist, was born at Unadilla Forks, a hamlet near Otsego, New York, June 17, 1832. He was the second child of Asher Al. and Alary E. (Stillman) Babcock, of the old Puritanic stock of Rhode Island. The father was a well-known inventor and mechanic of his time, the pin-wheel motion in plaid looms being among the number of his many inge nious and successful mechanisms. The mother also was descended from a family of mechanics, her father, Ethan Stillman, having been distinguished as constructor of ordnance for the government in the War of 1812, and his brother, William Stillman, as a lock-maker and clock manufacturer, and the inventor of a pioneer unpickable bank lock, long before the days of Chubb and Hobbs. George H. Babcock spent most of his boyhood in the villages of Homer and Scott, both in Cortland county, New York. When he was twelve years old the family moved to Westerly, Rhode Island, where George received a fair edu cation, subsequently spending a year in the Institute at Deruyter, New York. In Westerly he met Stephen Wilcox, afterward a famous inventor, but at that time a capable mechanic of the village. About this time young Babcock, be ing in feeble health and threatened with consumption, took up the new art of daguerreotyping. Through the healing influence of the fumes of iodine, used in developing the plates, he recovered his health, as he believed, and enjoyed a remarkable amount of physical vigor during the remainder of his long and active career. Photography never lost its fascination with him, and he con tinued to practice the art as an amateur, and was a successful and distinguished photographer to the time of his death. In 185 1, when but nineteen years of age, he established the first printing office in that section of the country, and began the publication of the "Literary Echo." The paper continued its existence as the "Westerly Weekly," but, in 1854, he sold his interest in it to resume the art of daguerroeotyping. In that year he, in conjunction with his father, invented the polychromatic printing press. By this invention a sheet could be printed in three colors at once. This machine was placed in the hands of C. Potter, Jr., of Westerly, Rhode Island, to manufacture and sell, and after all expenses were paid the profits were to be divided equally. This contract, which was entered into on the first day of January, 1855, was what started Mr Potter in the printing press business. He 346 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. exhibited this press at the fair of the American Institute, in October, 1855, and obtained a silver medal for it. After about one year's trial with this machine Mr. Potter found that the press, while it did mechanically all that was promised of it, was so far ahead of the times that it did not prove a financial success, and Mr. Potter, by mutual agreement, gave the invention back into the hands of the inventors, who pursued the business for several years longer, losing heavily in the end. A year or two later Mr. Babcock invented and patented a very unique and useful foot-power job press, which he placed in the hands of Mr. Potter, on the same terms as the former. This press in his hands became a success from the start, and many of them were sold, but after several years its success was arrested by a competing builder, who claimed that in some of its features it was an in fringement of his, and threatened Mr. Potter and all his customers with suits for infringement. As Mr. Potter had not the money to carry on expensive patent suits, and the other man had, the business became badly embarrassed, and, finally, sales nearly ceased. The contract was, therefore, terminated. This ended the printing press business with Mr. Babcock. The father and son next resumed temporary control of the "Echo," issuing it as the "Narragansett Weekly," but about one year afterward they sold their interest in the paper, and in i860 Mr. Babcock removed to Brooklyn, N. Y., and spent three years in the office of Thomas D. Stetson, who was a prominent patent solicitor with a large practice. He was so proficient in mechanical matters that the authorities of Cooper Union engaged him to instruct a class in mechanical drawing, and his evenings were accordingly devoted to Cooper Union, greatly to the advantage of himself as well as of his pupils. In i860 his reputation as a draughtsman and inventor led to his employment by the Mystic Iron Works, at Mystic, Connecticut, whose shops were taking part in the construction of war vessels for the United States government. Soon afterward his services as chief draughtsman were secured by the Hope Iron Works, of Providence, Rhode Island. For these two establishments he designed the machinery for a number of steam vessels belonging to the merchant marine and the federal navy. Dur ing this period he improved the Shrapnel shell, employed during the war in en gagements at close quarters. In this field of work Mr. Babcock gradually drew near the inventions which were destined to bring him fame and fortune. In 1876 he and his friend Wilcox, formed the firm of Babcock & Wilcox, and took out a patent for a steam boiler. Their boiler was so designed that nothing like a real explosion could occur. They also produced a steam engine, and in 1868, moved to New York City to push this branch of their business to better advantage. Arrangements were made by them for the building of their engines by the Hope Iron Works, of Providence; Morton, Poole & Company, of Wil mington, Delaware; Poole & Hunt, of Baltimore, and the C. & G. Cooper & Company, of Mount Vernon, Ohio. This engine possessed some singularly in teresting and ingenious elements of novelty and utility. Babcock & Wilcox incorporated the New York Safety Steam Power Com pany in 1868, to build their engines and boilers, and the industry was conducted successfully until the expiration of the Corliss patents, when their engine was withdrawn from the market. Their most famous invention was the Babcock & Wilcox safety or sectional BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 347 tubular steam-boiler, based on an earlier invention of Mr. Wilcox, in 1856, and so constructed that explosion would not be dangerous. Mr. Babcock so de signed the boiler, however, that anything like a real explosion would not occur at all. Establishments of great magnitude were erected at Elizabeth, New Jer sey, and at Glasgow, Scotland, for the extensive introduction of this boiler. For over a quarter of a century the firm successfully extended its market in the face of competition, and the introduction of this boiler and others of its class have thus saved to the world lives and property of inestimable value. Through the operations of this commercial and business arrangement the parties acquired both wealth and fame. Of his wealth Mr. Babcock made a worthy use; for many years he gave time and thought and money to the promotion of the interest of the Seventh-Day Baptists, the religious body with which he identified himself, and the advance ment of the cause of education, especially on its practical and technical side. He made magnificent gifts for educational, missionary and religious purposes, and was the corresponding secretary for the American Sabbath Tract Society, wliich position he held for nearly twelve years. During the years of 1874-85, he was a superintendent of a Sabbath-school in Plainfield, and made his work famous. His love of Bible study, his black board illustrations, and the growth and pros perity of the school in consequence during the time of his incumbency, were often and favorably commented upon by the keen observers of the press. He was president of the board of trustees of Alfred University, to which he gave large sums, both during his life-time and by bequests and was a non-resident lecturer of Cornell University from 1885 to 1893, in the Sibley College courses in mechanical engineering. His most important papers — mainly on the scien tific principles involved in the generation and use of steam power, and on the best methods of boiler construction — were prepared for the last named courses. His last engagement, abrogated by his death, was for a lecture in the spring of 1894. His papers were always well planned, thorough, full of facts and useful knowledge, and polished in expression. His delivery was quiet but impressive, and he held an audience, whether of college students or business men, interested to the end, however long the address. Mr. Babcock was a charter member, and at one time president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and was made a life member early in the history of the Society. In 1870 Mr. Babcock located in Plainfield, New Jersey. He was president of the Board of Education of Plainfield, and was also a director of the public library of that city and a trustee of Alfred University, and by persistent efforts promoted the growth of both. He did much to improve the city by the erection of fine buildings and through other enterprises. One block of buildings con structed by him is considered the finest architecturally between New York and Philadelphia. His activity and influence in the church in which he was a life-long member, were equally marked and effective, and it owes much to his energy, his ever lively interest and his personal liberality. Mr. Babcock was a man of cul ture, and of broad and varied reading. He was devout and honorable, kindly, af fectionate and thoughtful for others, was a loving husband and kind father. In every relation in life he manifested admirable qualities. Mr. Babcock was married September 28, 1852, to Lucy Adelia Stillman, of Westerly, Rhode Island, who died May 20, 1861; September 25, 1862, he was 348 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. married to Harriet Mandane Clark, of Plainfield, New Jersey. She died March 5, 1881. His third marriage took place February 14, 1883, when he was united to Eliza Lua Clark, of Scott, New York, who died, March 21, 1893, he was married to Eugenia Louise Lewis, of Ashaway, Rhode Island. His children were Georgie Luason Babcock, born January 7, '1885, and Herman Edgar Bab cock, who was born July 9, 1886, and who died August 6, 1886. His wife and the one son survive him. EDWARD SANDERSON BLACK, The well-known lawyer, is a son of ex-Alderman Joseph Black, who was born In 1804, in the City of Newark, at Elm Cottage, which was the old family homestead, and which was located on the northeast corner of Elm and Mulberry streets. The elder Black died in 1887, at the advanced age of eighty-three years. He was noted for his strict integrity, and for his love of antiquities, in the shape of old books and curios. In 1855 he was elected the first Alderman from the old Ninth Ward. He chose the site of the Chestnut Street Public School, and purchased the same for the city. His remains lie in the beautiful Mt. Pleas ant Cemetery of this city, where a handsome monument has been erected to his memory by his two sons, Edward S. and William H. Black. James Black, the father of Joseph, and grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a Scotch pioneer, who married a Miss Hardenbroeck, a member of the celebrated Knickerbocker family of that name, which is mentioned in Wash ington Irving's "Knickerbocker History of New York." Joseph Black mar ried Miss Hannah R. Sanderson, a daughter of the late Hon. Edward Sanderson, of Elizabeth, who was at one time Mayor of that place, and editor of the Eliza beth "Journal." The Sandersons were an old New England family . Edward S. Black, the subject of this sketch, was born at Elm Cottage, on March 6, 1856, his father being an Alderman of the city at that time. Every old resident of the city is familiar with the joke which the city fathers had over the advent. Air. Black was educated in the public schools of this city, the Peddie Insti tute at Hightstown, and then entered the law office of Judge J. Franklin Fort, of this city. He also attended the Columbia Law School, in New York, from which he graduated in the class of 1879, with high honors, and received the degree of Bachelor of Laws. In February of the same year he was ad mitted to the bar of this State as an attorney at law and solicitor in chancery,' and was shortly afterwards appointed master in chancery by Chancellor Run yon, and a few years later was admitted as a counsellor at law! Upon being admitted to the bar, Mr. Black opened an office in Newark, and it was not long before his ability and perseverance attracted attention. He seemed to do a good business from the start, which has steadily increased from year to year, so that he is now regarded as one of the largest general practitioners of the Essex county bar. After the second failure of the Newark Savings Institution, Mr. Black was retained as counsel by the German depositors to look after their interests, which he faithfully did for about two years, and for which he made EDWARD S. BLACK BIOGRAPHICAL FIISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 349. no charge. It was largely due to his efforts that $100,000 was obtained from the directors to help make up the deficiency. Air. Black endeared himself in the hearts of his clients in this matter, and he cherishes among his choicest treasures a gold watch, chain and locket, presented to him by the depositors. The watch bears the following inscription: "Presented to E. S. Black, Esq., by the depositors of Newark Savings Institution, Christmas, '86." The argument made by Air. Black in the contempt case in the Court of Chancery against President Dodd and the directors, was considered a great effort, for which he received universal praise. Mr. Black has not particularly sought for criminal practice, but he has been counsel in a number of important cases of that kind, in which he has been very successful. He represented Eddie Coates in the celebrated Maggie Albrecht murder case, and his faith in his client's innocence, when the press and general public almost unanimously be lieved him guilty, had very much to do in leading to the apprehension and . punishment of the Italian who committed the deed. Mr. Black's practice, as above indicated, is of a general nature, and there is scarcely any branch of law in which he is not proficient, but the line in which he has achieved the greatest success is probably that of divorce cases. It is something almost remarkable, and yet it is a fact, that of the numerous cases of this nature which have passed through his hands, Mr. Black has never lost but one, and in that case he repre sented the defendant in a case where the evidence was strongly against his cli ent. But even in this case, he distinguished himself by such argument as to call forth the public commendation of the court, and the statement from the court stenographer, who was present, that it was the finest argument in a di- -vorce case to which he had ever listened. Mr. Black's distinguished traits as a lawyer are, an indomitable will, a capacity for hard work, complete absorption in whatever he undertakes, and a perfect devotion to his client's interest. He is, however, not only devoted to law, but has a strong love for literature, which is shown by the large and hand some library of 2,500 volumes, which he has gathered together at his comfort able home, on Monmouth street. Here may be found the works of the lead ing minds the world has produced, in every department of thought, and they are not there for show, but give evidence that their owner is in the habit of frequently consulting them. Theology, law, medicine, poetry, science, biog raphy, history, art and fiction are all represented on the shelves of this well selected library. He inherited his love of books from his father, who was pas sionately fond of them, and who, during the last few years of his life, did noth ing else but visit old book stores hunting for rare and choice works. Joseph Black was a member of the New Jersey Historical Society, whose shelves con tain many valuable books and pamphlets presented by him, and his son Edward is a member of the same society. The latter has written editorials, news paper articles, and poems, and has delivered numerous lectures and addresses on politics, religion, and other general subjects, and has taken part in debates, and always to the pleasure and improvement of those who have either read or listened. The "'Evening Star", a poem, was composed by the subject of our sketch when he was sixteen years of age, and was published in the New York "Ledger." He has also translated some beautiful verses from the German,. notably, "The Veiled Image at Sais." 35o BIOGRAPHICAL HlSlORY OF NEW JERSEY. During the past two years Mr. Black's poetical productions have been nu merous, and of a high order of merit. Probably his best known poem is "The Land of Is-to-be," which was dedicated to Rev. S. Edward Young, a former pastor of Mr. Black, and which has had a very large sale, eight editions having already been published. It was received with universal delight, not only in this community, but in other parts of the country. Commendations have been expressed by such persons as President McKinley, President Seth Low, of Columbia University, President Butts, of Drew Theological Seminary, Rev, Dr. R. S. MacArthur, Rev. Dr. J. L. Campbell, Miss Mary B. Sleight, poetess and novelist, of Sag Harbor, L. I., Rev. Dr. Ferd C. Iglehart, Prof. John R. Sweney, Rev. Dr. Lyman, Whitney Allen, Rev. Dr. Charles T. Haley, Rev. Dr. Daniel H. Martin, Rev. S. Edward Young, Hon. R. Wayne Parker, and hundreds of others, besides various newspapers, including the New York Tri bune, New York Herald, Newark Evening News, and Newark Daily Adverti ser. Professor Sweney was so favorably impressed with it as to write a tune for it. The hymn and tune appear in "Songs of Love and Praise, No. 5," edited by Professor Sweney, and published early in 1898. Some of the other poetical productions of Mr. Black, which have appeared in New York and New ark papers, are: "Visions of Heaven," "Eternal Joys," "God's Dwelling Place," "True Success," "Truest Joy," "At the Cross," "Song of Welcome to New Pastor," "A Sunday School Rally Song," "Christmas," "Welcome to the First Regiment," "The Last Muster of the Maine Crew," "Love's Fru ition," "Evening," "Unfading Beauty," "To a Young Lady on the Eve of Marriage," "Restoration," "Thanksgiving Hymn," "Ode to the Holy Spirit," "Children's Hymn," "The Truest Friend," "Prayer," "The Sabbath Bells," "The love of Jesus," "The Realm of Thought," "The Shadow of the Rock," "Christmas Carol," "Life's Heroes," "Live to do Good," "One Day," "Not Lost," "Nature's Solace," "The Name of Jesus," and "Life's Queen." All of the above possess merit, but probably the best one is "At the Cross," which combines fine religious sentiment and great poetic beauty. It was dedicated by consent to the famous evangelist, the late Mr. Dwight L. Moody. Poetical genius of a high order also appears in "Ode to the Holy Spirit," "The Realm of Thought," "Nature's Solace," "and "Life's Queen." LIFE'S QUEEN. There glitters on her brow no royal diadem, She rules no transitory empire of a day; Yet earth's great ones are proud to touch her garment's hem, And noblest natures gladly own her gentle sway. Her source of power lies far beyond the narrow scope Of earth's horizon, in a purer atmosphere; Her trusting heart beats high with elevated hope — Her cordial smile dispenses gladness far and near. Possessed of genial tact by none misunderstood, Her willing feet on mercy's errands oft are bent; BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 351 She ever finds her chiefest wealth in others' good— In serving others, time and substance both are spent. She often seeks the lonely widow's humble cot With needed gifts, in meek and unobtrusive way; Her soothing hand upon the fevered forehead hot Is cooling like a fountain on a sultry day. She stretches helping hands to struggling ones who fall, Sad hearts rejoice beneath the greetings of her smile; She has a gracious look and friendly word for all, And scatters fruitful germs of kindness all the while. The little children flock around her in their play, And weary, run into her open arms of love; She's soft and patient with the aged on life's way, And manifests e'en here the life of heaven above. With babbling brooks and singing birds she loves to muse, A world of meaning she discovers in each flower; Exalted works of master minds she doth peruse, In holy thoughts and deeds consists her queenly power. Endowed with lofty intellect and gentle mind, She is possessed withal of warm and tender heart. She's noble, loving, frank, forgiving and refined — O queenly Soul! thou hast fulfilled the better part. —EDWARD S. BLACK. Although he has never held political office, Mr Black has always been a devoted Republican, ever willing to help his party in any honorable way. In the Garfield campaign of 1880, he organized, and was made president of the First Presidential Voters' Association, and through his persevering efforts, at the close of the campaign, there were 1,100 members enrolled. The large Re publican majority in Essex county that year was said to have been largely due to Mr. Black's influence and work. For three years he was Republican leader of the old Thirteenth Ward, and president of the Executive Committee, and his ability as an organizer was shown by the fact that during his leader ship, every nominee of the Republican party in the ward was elected. Mr. Black also efficiently represented the same ward on the Republican city and county committees. He never ran for office but once, which was in the mem orable Howey campaign in 1886, when he received the nomination for Assembly in the Thirteenth Ward, which at that time constituted an assembly district. He was defeated, but ran so well as to come within 184 votes of election, while Mr. Howey lost the district for Governor by over 500. In 1894, Mr. Black was prominently mentioned for Congress, but withdrew his name before the delegates were elected. Mr. Black was recently a prominent candidate for Prosecutor of the Pleas 352 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of Essex county, to succeed Hon. Elvin W. Crane, and while he was not suc cessful in making the position, the energy, the fairness and good judgment dis played by him in the contest, and the high moral plane on which his candidacy was conducted, won for him the respect and confidence of all who admire courage in public life. The contest was the most notable one the county has ever known, and attracted the attention of the entire State. Major Carl Lentz, who for years had been an efficient Republican worker, had the support of . nearly all the leading Republican politicians of the county and State, and at the time that Air. Black became a candidate, it was considered certain that the Major would make the position. Air. Black and his friends, however, went quietly and energetically to work, and on the eighteenth of January, 1899, a bombshell, that almost paralyzed Mr. Black's opponents, appeared in the New ark papers. It was a petition signed by 133 Essex county ministers The fourteen cities and townships of the county, anl thirteen different religious bodies, were represented on the petition. From this time on, Major Lentz and Mr. Black were regarded as the leading candidates, and the contest waged hotter than ever. It was universally conceded that Mr. Black had broken all records, in regard to petitions, and it was frequently remarked that there was not another man in the county who could have obtained such support. Later it was discovered that Mr. Black also had the support of 101 members of the Essex county bar. Mr. Black's energetic candidacy stirred up the friends and opponents of Major Lentz to renewed efforts, and the contest grew so spirited that the Governor finally decided to appoint a new man, which he did by nomin ating Chandler W. Riker, Esq., a lawyer in every way fitted for the place. Mr. Black accepted his defeat in a christian spirit, and when informed by a newspaper man, that the contest was over, and that the Governor had decided to appoint Air. Riker, he said: "The County of Essex is to be congratulated on the choice made by the Governor. Mr. Riker is an able lawyer, a thorough conscientious man and a friend of mine, and nothing outside of my own suc cess could afford me any higher gratification." The Newark Daily Advertiser made the following editorial comment on the noble spirit manifested by Air. Black in his defeat: — "True magnanimity is exhibited in the comment of the Hon. Edward S. Black upon the appointment by the Governor of Chandler W. Riker to be Prosecutor in Essex * * * Considering that the Hon. Edward S. Black had been a candidate, that he had an extraordinary list of names attached to a petition to the Governor to appoint him, Ji- ** the comment by the Hon. Edward S. Black reveals a magnanim ity of spirit which is found in few men in this selfish world." Gov. Voorhees also wrote a letter to Mr. Black, thanking him for the considerate way in which he had conducted his candidacy, and the generous manner in which he had ac cepted the Governor's decision. Mr. Black is a consistent member of the Central Presbyterian church, where he is very active in the Sunday-school, and is regular in attendance at all the Sunday and week-day services, at the latter of which he always takes part. Years ago he served for seven or eight years as superintendent of two mission Sunday-schools of Newark, which position he filled with marked success. On retiring from the superintendency of these schools? he was presented by the officers and teachers of school with neatly engrossed resolutions, handsomely \i ^4,AA^ BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 353 framed, expressive of the appreciation of his services by his co-workers. These testimonals are highly treasured by their possessor. Air. Black also takes great interest in charitable work, and has shown him self a true friend of all worthy causes, taking a special interest in the Home for the Friendless, situated on the corner of South Orange avenue and Bergen street, Newark, to the Sunday School of which, he, as well as his excellent wife, are frequent visitors, and where they are both greatly beloved by the scholars. On December 14th, 1881, Air. Black was married in the High street Presby terian church, of Newark, to Evelyn T. Lambert, daughter of the late Charles Lambert, of Morristown. Airs. Black is highly connected, both on her pater nal and maternal sides, and has a large circle of friends, by all of whom she is greatly respected and beloved. She at present holds the position of superin tendent of the primary department of the Central Presbyterian Sunday-school, in which position her services are highly appreciated. Two children have been born of their marriage, a daughter, who died in infancy, and a son, who is a promising boy of seventeen years. DANIEL A. HEALD, Youngest child of Amos and Lydia (Edwards) Heald, was born at Chester, Ver mont, Alay 4th, 1818. He is one of the few connecting links with the Revo lutionary period, having heard from the lips of his father and grandfather the thrilling stories of the Revolution, and he still has in his possession the sword carried by his grandfather as deputy sheriff of Concord. As a boy he atten ded the common school, and remained on the farm until he was sixteen years of age. He was then prepared for college at Kimberly Union Academy, Meri- dan, New Hampshire, and was graduated at Yale College in 1841. During his senior year he read law with Judge Dugget, and afterward with Judge Washburn, whose daughter he married, and whose son, Peter T., afterward became Governor of Vermont. Mr. Heald was admitted to the bar of his native state in May, 1843. Early in life he adopted as his motto: "The temple of honor has no room for those who throng her portals without forcing her gates and leaving traces of their stay within her walls." Air. Heald continued the practice of his profession from 1846 to 1854, and for a portion of the time he was cashier of the bank at Black River. He took an active part in politics, being identified with the Whig party in 1850, he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature of Vermont, and in 1854, represented his district in the State Senate. In 1856 he practiced law for a short time in Galena, Illinois, during the residence of Ulysses Grant, later general and President of the United States. He was admitted to the bar of Galena about the same time as Rawlins, who afterwards became Secretary of War. Soon after Mr. Heald began the practice of law in his native town, he ac cepted the agency of the Aetna and other Hartford insurance companies; during the thirteen years that he remained in his native state, he acquired a marked reputation as a lawyer and underwriter. In 1856, the Home Insurance Com- 23 354 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. pany cf New York invited him to become their general agent in that city. In April, 1868, after twelve years of faithful service as general agent, he was elceted Second Vice-president; in April, 1883, vice-president, and in 1888 he succeeded Charles J. Martin (deceased) as president. When he entered the service of this' company its capital was five hundred thousand dollars, and its assets eight hundred and seventy two thousand eight hundred and twenty-three dol lars; in 1890 the capital had increased to three million dollars and the assets to nine million dollars. Air. Heald has been prominent in the New York Board of Underwritrs for many years, and the existence of the National Board of Fire Underwriters is due mainly to his efforts, having been established on account of the fierce competition for business and the extraordinary cutting of rates in 1866. In September, 1880, Air. Heald delivered an address before the Fire Underwriters' Association of the Northwest on "Fire Underwriting as a Profession," setting forth the evils that had crept into the system and the danger that threatened the companies in consequence. His treatment of the subject evinced deep thought, and the thorough knowledge which can be ac quired only by long experience. Another speech delivered in New York, July, 1886, on the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the organization of the National Board, is said to be the most masterful representation of fire-insurance history and suggestions of which there is any record. His address before the same board at the twenty- fourth annual meeting, Alay 8th, 1890, contained a clear and comprehensive statement of the condition of fire-insurance throughout the United States, illustrated by carefully prepared tables, showing the aggregate business done in the several states from i860 to 1880, and a comparison of' the mode of busi ness and results of American companies with those of foreign companies. As -in insurance expert, Mr. Heald has few rivals, his legal training having enabled him to meet and overcome difficulties that would otherwise have been insur mountable. He is a rapid thinker, and a careful, painstaking and very methodi cal worker. "His services to the profession of underwriting, gratuitously Ten derer, " says an observing writer, "have justified the assertion that has been made, that no other fire underwriter of late years has done so much to uplift the profession, or advance of the real interests of fire insurance than he. Mr. Heald's connection with the Oranges, and more especially with Llewel lyn Park, began in 1857, two years after Llewellyn S. Haskell conceived the idea of utilizing this beautiful tract of mountainous country as a park, and he has been identified with its growth and the various improvements that have been made almost from the beginning. He is the sole survivor of the original projectors of this enterprise; he has been secretary of the Board of Proprietors since 1858, and has been largely instrumental in carrying out Mr. Haskell's plan of keeping it as a park for private residences. Over four miles of macadamized roads have been made under his immediate supervision. Mr. Heald was one of the nine original members of the New England Society, of Orange, and has been one of the most active in promoting its objects. He was twice elected its president, the first time receiving a larger number of votes than George B. AlcClellan, who was running against him for the office. He was one of the origi nal members of the Orange Valley Congregational church, and served six years as a member of the board of trustees. He has been identified with the Orange BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 3S5 Memorial Hospital since its organization; was for fifteen years president of the advisory board, and has been treasurer of the endowment fund since it was es tablished. Mr. Heald married, in 1843, Sarah Elizabeth Washburn, daughter of Judge Reuben Washburn, and a sister of Governor Peter T. Washburn, of Vermont. This family is traced back in an unbroken line to Edward III. Judge Wash burn was a direct descendant of John Washburn, secretary of the Massachu setts Bay Colony, and was previously its secretary in England. Judge Reuben Washburn, the father of Air. Heald's wife, married Hannah Blainy Thatcher, daughter of Rev. Thomas Cushing Thatcher, who was the son of Rev Peter Thatcher, of Brattle street church, Boston, during the war of the Revolution. He was the son of Oxenbridge Thatcher, an eminent lawyer of Boston, and an intimate friend of John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Paul Revere and others; distinguished as an orator of rare ability, mentioned by Bancroft as the "silver- tongued orator." Oxenbridge Thatcher was the son of Rev. Peter Thatcher, of Milton, who married Theodora Oxenbridge, a daughter of Rev. John Oxen bridge, pastor of the First church in Boston, who came to Boston from the north of England, about 1635. Rev. Peter Thatcher was the son of Thomas Thatcher, son of Rev. Peter Thatcher, rector of St. Edmund's church, Salisbury, England, who died in 1614. Five children were the issue of the marriage of Mr. Heald with Aliss Washburn, one of whom died in infancy. Mary Eliza, married A. Al. Burtis, of Orange; John Oxenbridge; Charles Arthur, died at Yale College during his senior year, aged twenty-two; and Alice Washburn, who married Professor George L. Alanning, of Stevens Institute. HON. ABEL I. SMITH, Of Hoboken, is a worthy descendant of ancestors who figured prominently in the early history of New Jersey, and who from their first settlement were active in local affairs and in the development of their respective communities. In 1732, Abel Smith, one of his forefathers, settled on a large tract of land at Se- caucus, which was then included with Hoboken, in old Bergen county. This land formerly belonged to the celebrated William Pinhore and was conveyed by deed to Abel Smith, October 24th, 1732; it has ever since been owned and occupied by a member of the family. Judge Smith's great-grandfather, Daniel Smith (son of Abel), served with honor in the Revolutionary War as a member of Colonel Oliver Spencer's Cavalry regiment in the Continental army, an or ganization noted for its efficiency and bravery. The judge's grandfather was John Smith, whose son Abel I. Smith, Sr., was a private in the War of 1812 and held many positions of trust and honor in both Bergen and Hudson coun ties. He was one of the most prominent and best known citizens of the county until his death in 1865, and was one of the first persons honored by Robert Stevens with a pass for life over the Hoboken ferry. The original pass, in the handwriting of Mr. Stevens, is now in the possession of the family, and reads: "Abel I. Smith and- his wife, if he gets one." Judge Smith, son of Abel I., Sr., was born in Secaucus, Hudson county, 356 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. New Jersey, on June 12th, 1843, and received his early education in the public schools of his native place. He was for eight years under the tutorship of Rev. William V. V. Mabon, later a professor in the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, and in 1862, was graduated from Rutgers College. After graduating he commenced the study of law in the office of J. Dickerson Miller, of Jersey City, where he remained four years. He was admitted to the bar of New Jer sey as an attorney in June, 1866, and as a counselor in June, 1873, and in the for- HON. ABEL I. SMITH. mer year began active practice in the Town of Union, Hudson county. In 1868 he opened an office in Hoboken, where he has ever since followed his profession, having since 1885, John S. Alabon, a son of his early tutor, as a partner. As a Republican, Judge Smith has always taken an active interest in poli tics, and for many years has been one of the leaders of that party in his native county. ^ In 1869 he was elected to the Legislature from the then eighth assem bly district of Hudson county, comprising North Bergen, West Hoboken, Wee- hawken, and the township of Union, being the first Republican chosen from that district, and the only Republican member from the county in the Legislature of BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 357 1870. At the close of his term he refused to stand for re-election, although he was reasonably sure of winning. In 1888, he was appionted judge of the district court of Hoboken, under Governor Green's administration, and filled that office with dignity and credit until 1891. Of the many cases decided by him, few were taken to the higher courts for review, and all but two of these were affirmed Judge Smith's more than a quarter of a century's connection with Hobo ken, and his life-long residence in Hudson county, make the welfare and pros perity of these communities of great interest to him. He is one of the ablest members of the Hudson county bar, and being devoted to his profession has justly obtained a wide reputation as a lawyer and jurist. He has confined his practice almost entirely to civil suits in the Court of Chancery and the Circuit, Supreme, and Orphans' Courts and in the Court of Errors and Appeals. In 1894 he was admitted to the bar of the United States Circuit and District Courts of New Jersey. He was counsel for the county of Hudson in the im portant matter of the crossing of the new county road by the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, and also for three of the most prominent improvements in Hudson county, namely, the "Bull's Ferry Road," the "Bergen Line Road" and the "Bergen Wood Road." For ten years he was counsel for the township of North Bergen in Hudson county; for the last three years counsel for the Jersey City, Hoboken and Rutherford Electric Railway Company; and for three years president of the Hudson county branch of the State Charities Aid Association, and a member of the Committee on Laws of the State As sociation. At his home, Judge Smith has a large and valuable collection of continen tal money, and many rare old coins, a number of which have been in the pos session of his family since its settlement in America. His collection includes many gold pieces of various countries, dating from 1632 to 1800, and a number of continental coins which were recently exhumed at or near the site of the old family homestead at Secaucus. He also has a large and valuable library, one book especially noteworthy. This is an old family bible containing the date of the birth of Alary Bailey, one of his ancestors, in St. Philip's Parish, Bristol, England, in 1653. Judge Smith was married December 7th, 1870, to Miss Laura Howell, daughter of Martin A. Howell, a leading citizen of New Brunswick, New Jer sey, and well known throughout the State, being a director in many large cor porations, such as the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company, the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company. JOHN J. TOFFEY Is the son of the late George A. and Mary D. Toffey. He was born at Paw ling, Dutchess county, New York, June ist, 1844. His parents removed to Hudson City in 1854, and his family has been prominent in business, social and political circles ever since. He was graduated at the New York City Col lege, and at the age of eighteen he enlisted in Company C, Twenty-first New 358 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Jersey Volunteers. He served in this regiment during the nine months for which it was enlisted, and participated in all the engagements in which it took part. After being mustered out of the service he was commissioned as first lieutenant of Company G, Thirty-third Regiment, New Jersey Volunteers, and while serving this regiment was severely wounded at the battle of Missionary Ridge, Tennessee, November 23d, 1863. The wound disabled him for further service in the field. He was commissioned by President Lincoln as a lieu tenant in the Veteran Reserve Corps, and performed duty in and around Wash ington until June, 1866, when he was honorably discharged from the service. On his return to civil life, he engaged in the live stock and beef business with his father and brothers, and took charge of exporting dressed beef to Europe, his firm being the first to engage in that business. In 1874 he was elected a member of the Jersey City Board of Aldermen and served two years. In 1875, he was elected a member of assembly from the fifth Hudson district, and was re-elected in 1876. In 1878 he was elected Sheriff of Hudson county by a majority of 4,000, although the normal Demo cratic majority was 5,000. In 1885, he was elected State Treasurer of New Jer sey and served six years, having been re-elected in 1888. In 1891 he was succeeded by Hon. George R. Gray, the Legislature of that year being Demo cratic in both houses. On March 9th, 1891, the following resolution was unanimously adopted in both houses: "Whereas, the retiring State Treasurer, Hon. John J. Toffey, has dis charged the duties of his office in a manner honorable to himself and greatly to the benefit and advantage of the State, "Resolved (the House of Assembly concurring), That we hereby express our recognition and appreciation of the services of our retiring treasurer, and con gratulate him upon the excellent record he has made for himself and the State." In 1893 he was elected Sheriff of Hudson county by a majority of over 6,000. In 1867 he organized Company D, Fourth Regiment New Jersey Rifle Corps, which subsequently became a part of the Fourth Regiment, National Guard. He was elected Major of the new regiment, and promoted to lieuten ant-colonel. He resigned in 1876. In 1870 he was married to Miss Mary E. Sip, granddaughter of Colonel Garret Sip, and great-granddaughter of Peter Sip, one of Hudson county's first judges. They have had four sons, three of whom survive. He is a mem ber of Van Houten Post, G. A. R., and Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. He is a Past Master of Bergen Lodge, F. and A. M.; a member of Mount Vernon Chapter, R. A. M.; Hugh dePayens Commandery, K. T., and the New Jersey Consistor of Scotish Rite. He is a member of the Union League, Palma, Carteret and Jersey City Clubs. File No. 408829. War Department. Office of the Secretary. Washington, D. C, August 17, 1897. Sir:— You are hereby notified that by direction of the President, and under A ¦¦¦.A-.. ¦.'¦¦¦'. ¦ * . IV: AAA :.-::¦ aa,;,:.- v-aa;-*' liSl»:,**-A: '»AI*««=A"AA;,' SlfiillftlfeA, „ ^ \: " V^^rifl ^ ^P^ : „¦ ¦¦ .'¦' A|-f ¦ ¦ ¦ , ^N||||pp;-':' ¦ -:".^-A- l||||§jM ¦-. /.- -: .¦ ¦¦ ¦. ... ¦ ¦ ^^f^^^^^^ Mw Jersey Mistorical Publishing Co BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 3S9 the Act of Congress, approved Alarch 3, 1863, providing for the presentation of medals of honor to such officers, — non-commissioned officers and privates as most distinguished themselves in action, a Congressional Aledal of Honor has this day been presented to you for Alost Distinguished Gallantry In Action, the following being a statement of the particular service, viz: "At Chattanooga, Tennessee, November 23, 1863, this officer, then First Lieutenant of the Thirty-third New Jersey Volunteers, having been ordered to be excused from duty on account of sickness, refused to absent himself, went to the front in command of the advance storming party, and with conspicuous gallantry participated in the assault of Missionary Ridge. This officer was here wounded and permanently disabled for active duty." This medal will be forwarded to you by registered mail, as soon as it shall have been engraved. Very respectfully, R. A. ALGER, Secretary of War. Lieut. John J. Toffey, Jersey City, N. J. Mr. Toffey is the second of his family to receive the thanks of Congress, his brother, Daniel Toffey, having been on the Monitor when she fought the Merrimac, for which conspicuous conduct he received the thanks of Admiral John L. Worden, who was then commander of the Monitor, and is an uncle of Mr. Toffey. John J. Toffey, Jr., is Second Lieutenant, Regular Army, 16th U. S. In fantry. In July, 1898, he was appointed by President McKinley, and has been ordered "to Manila. HENRY W. MERRIAM. Everywhere in our land are found men who have worked their own way from humble and lowly beginnings to places of leadership in the commerce, the great productive industries, and the management of the veins and arteries of the traffic and exchanges of the country. That the plenitude of safety is seldom attained in the affairs of life is to be considered as a most grateful and beneficial deprivation, for where ambition is satisfied and every ultimate aim realized, if such is possible, there must follow individual apathy. Effort will cease, ac complishment be prostrate and creative talent waste its energies in surplus in activity. The men who have pushed forward the wheels of progress are those to whom satiety lay ever in the future, and they have labored continuously and have not failed to find in each transition stage an incentive for further effort. This truth is aptly illustrated in the life of Mr. Merriam, who has by his well- directed effort and laudable ambition worked his way steadily upward. He stands as the leader of the manufacturing interests of Sussex county, and in Newton he is numbered among those prominent citizens whom to know is to esteem and honor. 360 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. The life record of Mr. Merriam, therefore, cannot fail to prove of general interest. He was born on the 20th of June, 1828, and is the son of Eiisha J. and Lucy R. (Lane) Merriam, of Merriam Hill, Mason, New Hampshire. The foundation of his education was laid in the common schools of North Brook- field and Worcester, Alassachusetts, and his studies were completed in Appleton Academy, New Ipswich, New Hampshire. When he was sixteen years of age his parents removed to Plymouth, Massachusetts, while he went to Worcester, same state, where he resided until attaining his majority, when he located in New York City. He started upon his business career with little capital, but quick to note and utilize an opportunity he was soon on the upward road to prosperity, and his advancement has been steady and rapid. For a decade, from 1851 until 1861, he was engaged in the boot and shoe jobbing business in New York City, being associated with J. T. Patton and John J. Lane. This enterprise was attended with success, but owing to conditions brought about by the war the firm was dissolved, and Mr. Merriam soon afterward commenced the manufacture of shoes for the army, selling this product in large quantities to the government throughout the period of the struggle between the North and the South. After the close of the war Mr. Merriam discontinued the manufacture of men's shoes, changing the product of his factory to ladies', misses' and children's shoes exclusively, for some time producing annually more than half a million pairs, which were distributed by jobbers in New York and other large cities. His business had grown to such large proportions and had became so successful, that in 1873 be was prompted to move his plant to Newton, where he could be relieved of some of the oppressive conditions exacted by labor organizations. Up to that time there had been no manufacturing concerns of magnitude in Newton, but when Mr. Merriam's factory, which was fully equipped with ma chinery of the most approved kind, came into operation, it opened up a new era, not only for Newton, but for the whole of Sussex county, and to-day the Mer riam Shoe Factory is not only a matter of pride to the citizens, but is also an active promoter of the general prosperity, furnishing employment to a large force of workmen and thus enabling them to maintain homes of their own. That Air. Merriam is ever just to his employes and considerate to their interests, in shown by the fact that no trouble has ever occurred in the factory in the nature of a strike or other serious disturbance, and he enjoys the highest esteem and confidence of the operatives. His kindness and generosity to them is many times manifested. An instance of this is noted in 1892, on his sixty-fourth birthday, when he distributed a thousand dollars among them as a testi monial of his appreciation of their faithful performance of duty. Since that time he has made two other distributions to his employees, one of sixty-five hun dred dollars, the other of two thousand dollars. Air. Merriam is a man of resourceful business ability, and his efforts have by no means been confined to one line of enterprise. ' His sound judgment and executive ability make him a valued acquisition to the executive force of any concern, for he carries forward to successful completion whatever he un dertakes. He is treasurer of the H. W. Merriam Shoe Company Building & Loan Association; president and treasurer of the H. W. Alerriam Shoe Com pany, and a director and one of the Executive Committee of the Merchants' Na- CAPT. AMBROSE M. MATTHEWS. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 361 tional Bank, of which he was also made vice-president in June, 1898. He was executor of the estate of his brother, Samuel L. Alerriam, and guardian for his children. He was also appointed executor of the estate of his mother, and of the estate of Mrs. John J. Lane, and guardian of her children. His integrity in all business affairs is above question, and every trust reposed in him is faith fully performed. On the 16th of June, 1859, Air. Alerriam was united in marriage to Miss Frances P. Cnlliver, daughter of George F. and Alary (Bush) Culliver, of North Brookfield, Alassachusetts, who traced her ancestry back to Lord Howe. Her death occurred on the 16th of December, 1897. Air. Merriam is a member of the Presbyterian church and has been a very generous contributor to its support. He donated ten thousand dollars toward the remodelling of the house of worship, and was largely instrumental in securing the erection of the elegant Presbyterian chapel. He was also chairman of the Board of Trus tees of the church for a number of years, and has ever been active in advancing the cause of Christianity and upright living among his fellow men. The cause of education has also found in him a warm friend, and he has done much toward promoting the interest of , the public schools, not only in Newton, but also in the surrounding country. His hand is ever ready to follow the promptings of his generous heart, and his charity purse is large, though his giving is ever of the most unostentatious character. His home is a palatial one, occupying an emi nence in the midst of extensive grounds and commanding a beautiful view of Newton and the surrounding country. A magnificent conservatory and all the arts of the landscape gardener add to the beauty and attractiveness of the scene and the place is numbered among the most charming homes of New Jersey. Air. Alerriam is a man of fine personal appearance, courteous in man ner, affable and genial in disposition, and at all times his deportment bespeaks the character of the true gentleman. CAPTAIN AMBROSE MEEKER MATTHEWS. The great Civil War that swept over our land like a mighty cyclone, carry ing death and destruction in its course, and bringing sorrow and desolation into thousands of homes, was not without its blessings. It established on a firmer basis the great principles of civil and religious liberty, for which our forefathers fought and died. It developed in their descendants those strong personal traits — that intense love of liberty, unselfish patriotism, and individual heroism, without which life would not be worth living. It aroused the dormant ener gies of the individual, and afforded him the opportunity for the development of hereditary traits, of which he was apparently unconscious. Without this op portunity General Grant would still have been living in Galena, with no higher aspirations than to become its Mayor, that he might improve the condition of its streets. The development of the hereditary traits of Captain Matthews, for which his ancestors, who were among the founders as well as the defenders of the Re public, were conspicuous, is due in a great measure to the events connected 362 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. with the Civil War. The discipline incident to army life, the personal courage, self-reliance and unselfish devotion to the cause he espoused, were among the personal traits developed that led subsequently to his successful business career and inspired confidence in his fellow citizens, who were not unmindful of the debt of gratitude they owed him for his faithful service to his country in her hour of need. On Saturday, the 13th of April, 1861, the first gun was fired which proclaimed to the world the secession of the Southern from the Northern states, and the obliteration of nine stars from the flag of the Union. On Sunday thereafter a Proclamation of President Lincoln summoned the militia of the Re public to the number of seventy-five thousand to assemble and execute its in sulted laws. In response thereto Ambrose M. Matthews, on the 10th of May following, entered the ranks of the Union Army as a private, rose to the rank of captain, and served continuously from the first important battle of the war to the sur render of the entire Confederate Army under Lee and Johnson. The im portant service he rendered included the campaigns and battles of the Army of the Potomac from First Bull Run to October, 1863; the campaign of Gen eral Grant, which held fast to Tennessee, and in four great battles completely de feated the rebel Generals Bragg and Longstreet; the campaign which, from Chattanooga to Atlanta, after many battles, all of which were victorious, cap tured Atlanta; Sherman's campaign from Atlanta to the Sea, and capture of Savannah, Georgia; the campaign through the Carolinas, which virtually cap tured Charleston, South Carolina; the final campaign of General Sherman, which, after Lee's surrender, compelled the surrender of General Johnson and all armed foes of the Federal Government. Captain Matthews had the honor to belong to the First New Jersey Bri gade, which was the First Brigade of the First Division, First Corps of the Army of the Potomac, for fifteen months, and it was commanded by General Phil Kearney; in the Richmond campaign of McClellan it became the First Brigade, First Division of the Sixth Corps, and so continued until the close of the war. He also had. the honor to belong to a brigade composed of the Sec ond Massachusetts, Third Wisconsin, Twenty-seventh Indiana, Thirteenth New Jersey, One Hundred and Seventh and One Hundred and Fiftieth New York, First Division, Twelfth Corps, and commanded successively by Generals George H. Gordon, Thomas H. Ruger, Silas Colgrove and others. It is a matter of record that these two brigades had no superior in the great armies to which they belonged. The commands named served in the historic Army of the Potomac until after the battle of Gettysburg, and then the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps consolidated with the Twentieth Corps and joined the Army of the Cumber land, and formed a part of the great army of General Sherman, comprising the Army of the Tennessee and the Army of the Ohio, and afterwards, as the Army of Georgia and of Tennessee, marched through Georgia and the Caro linas, and finally, by way of Richmond, over the battlefields of Virginia to the National Capitol at Washington. It is a noteworthy fact that Captain Matthews was one of the few officers who, at the close of the war, declined to make application for a brevet in excess of the commission he held, the reasons for which are apparent. While in active service a brevet rank is an honor justly appreciated by those who have won dis- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 363 tinction on the battle field. At the close of the war, however, it became an empty honor, and could be had for the asking, and, although it was conferred on many deserving ones for "gallant and meritorious service," it is well known that many worthy officers declined to ask for that which they knew they were justly entitled. If others deserved it they knew that they were equally de serving, hence they never received it except when granted by act of Congress, in recognition of distinguished service rather than as a matter of favor or in fluence. Such officers resent only the implied superior claim of the brevets to a distinction greater than their own, while, as a fact, they take issue with and ever maintain that it is unjust to the great majority. Among those who, with Matthews, held to this view was Captain E. D. Pierson, of Orange, a noble and gallant officer, "who never knew a day that was not a day of faithful perform ance of duty," and he, too, for the reasons above named, declined to apply for a brevet. A retrospective view of the events connected with Captain Matthew's mili tary career, shows "what might have been." When President Lincoln called for one hundred thousand volunteers to serve for three years, a company was organized in Orange in the' course of a few days, which it was expected would be attached to either the First, Second or Third Regiments of the First New Jersey Brigade, but as each regiment had received its full quota, this company was not accepted. It was commanded by Captain Owen Murphy, a generous hearted Irishman, who had seen several years service as captain of the Colum bia O'Brien Rifles, a local military company, and had maintained its organiza tion until it was accepted in July, 1861, as one of the companies of the Seventy- first New York Regiment, Excelsior Brigade, raised by Daniel E. Sickles, commanding the Third Corps of the Army of the Potomac. In this company young Matthews was offered the position of First Lieutenant. He modestly declined the honor, however, for, as he said, "having had no military training he might make a poor private, but he could not hope to be a good officer." The offer was several times renewed, up to the month of May, 1862, but invariably declined for the reason stated. Every regiment connected with the Excelsior Brigade made a brilliant record, and none more so than the Seventy-first. What might have been the record of Private Matthews had he been influenced by motives of personal ambition, instead of modestly refusing because of his unfitness for the position, it is difficult to conjecture. It simply shows the spirit of unselfish, devoted patriotism which animated the young men who filled the ranks of the armies of the Potomac, the Cumberland, and of the Ten nessee — steadfast, faithfully, undaunted, never discouraged, and never acknowl edging defeat, and which, at last, forced the armies of Lee into the last ditch of Appomattox, and compelled the surrender of Johnson in North Carolina, where Captain Matthews was then serving with the army of General Sherman. A service of four years in the army, always at the front, and a participant in most of the great battles, furnishes many incidents of a personal nature, which would be interesting to note, but which the limited space in a work of this character forbids. A single incident, however, serves to illustrate the character of the men who composed our armies — men who counted no sacrifice too great that they might preserve and transmit to their posterity the liberties for which their ancestors had fought and bled. At the battle of Antietam 364 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. young Matthews, then Second Lieutenant, of Company E, carried his sword as an officer; he also carried a musket, with the use of which he was more familiar. The regiment was sent to patch up the lines, and was soon driven in disorder from the field. With four others, young Matthews, followed closely by the enemy, bore off a wounded comrade from the field while under fire, and reaching a battery limbering up to leave, asked them to stay and deliver their fire at the advancing troops of the enemy, which they did and repulsed them. Afterwards, at the Dunkard Church, where the battle line was again broken, Captain Matthews saved the colors of his regiment from being cap tured by forcing the brave Sergeant, who bore them, to leave the field, when, as he believed, all had retreated and, almost surrounded, he rapidly moved off to the left, and leaving the woods came in front of a rebel battalion, who were marching to take the broken lines in flank, and thus effect their capture. As Captain Matthews came in front of the attacking force of the enemy, he dropped on one knee, took deliberate aim at the color bearer and fired, raising the dust just in front, and left just as quickly as possible. The act was witnessed by Sebastian Duncan, afterwards First Lieutenant, who, in describing the in cident, stated that he "saw Captain Matthews at Antietam bidding defiance to the whole Confederate host." Captain Matthews was born in Orange, New Jersey, September 21, 1836. His ancestors on both sides were not only among the founders of Orange, but were defenders of their country in the War of the Revolution. William Mat thews, his great-grandfather, was in Captain Cornelius Williamson's Company, Second Regiment, Essex; discharged September 13th, 1777; wounds received at Second River, from which he died. Simeon Harrison, the great-great grandfather of Captain Matthews, on his father's side, was a descendant of Richard Harrison, and the immediate ancestor of the late Caleb Harrison, and his son Simeon Harrison, known to many of the generation now comprising our oldest inhabitants. Captain Alatthew's mother, Elima Meeker, (still liv ing, 1899), is the daughter of Abraham P. Meeker, whose father, Thomas, served in the French and Indian War, with Wolfe, at the battle of Quebec, and in the War of the Revolution from the beginning to its close. The Meekers came ¦orginally from Connecticut and settled in the Passaic Valley. Captain Alatthews was educated at the schools of Alonzo Brackett and Rev. Peter Stocking, of his native town, and was afterwards employed in his father's hat factory, one of the manufactories for which the City of Orange is famous. At the age of eighteen he became a member of the firm of John H. Matthews & Co., and continued until the breaking out of the war, when his in terests and business connections were kept up by the firm until his return from the war. He then resumed his active connection with John H. Matthews, his father, in the hat business. The following year he started in the coal business with James and Charles Gardiner, under the name of Gardiner & Matthews. He subsequently bought out his partners' interests, and has since carried it on _m connection with other business affairs. He has been identified with various business organizations for many years past. He assisted in organizing t.ie Second National Bank of Orange, in 1892, and became its president, and has been president of the Orange Board of Trade and other organizations. In public and business affairs of Orange, Captain Matthews is one of the BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 365 leaders in and promoters of all great enterprises. Of other military organiza tions, he is prominently identified with the Society of the Sixth and Twelfth Army Corps, the Kearney Brigade Association, the Society of the Army of the Potomac, the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, etc. He is also a member of the New York Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, of the Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, Corinthian Lodge, F. & A. Al., New England Society of Orange, Essex County Riding Club, etc. The photograph from which the accompanying engraving of Captain Mat thews was made, was taken at Washington, D. C, in 1861, and considering Captain Matthews' important military services is deemed the most historic and appropriate likeness of him that could appear in our pages. HON. CHARLES ARTHUR REED, State Senator, of Plainfield, and one of the leading members of the bar of both Somerset and Union counties, is a son of Hugh B. and Annie E. (Thompson) Reed, and was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, December 4, 1857. In 1866 the family removed to New Jersey, settling first in Newark and subsequently on a farm in the County of Somerset. Mr. Reed received his preparatory education at a grammar school in New Brunswick and completed his studies at Rutgers College in the class of 1878, but did not graduate. He read law with Judge John D. Bartine, of Somerville, and at Columbia Law School, and was admit ted to the bar of this State as an attorney in June, 1882, and to the bar of Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, as attorney and counselor in 1883. He then tried and passed the civil service examination with a view to acquiring prac tical experience in patent law, but instead, in January, 1884, accepted a po sition in the war department at Washington, District of Columbia. In July fol lowing he resigned and was appointed special examiner of pensions in the Department of the Interior, in which capacity he served one year. In 1885 Air. Reed began the active practice of law as a partner of Hon. Alvah A. Clark, of Somerville, and very soon won a reputation as an able ad vocate This partnership was dissolved in the fall of 1887, and since then he has successfully practiced his profession in Plainfield, residing in the borough o- North Plainfield, which he has served as corporation counsel for the past ten years. He was admitted to the New Jersey bar as counselor in Febru ary, 1888, and in the fall of 1894, formed with William A. Coddington, the present firm of Reed & Coddington. Though one of the younger members of the Union county bar, Mr. Reed has for several years been one of its recog nized leaders. He has had a large general practice in all the courts of the State, and among the many noteworthy cases with which he has been con nected as counsel may be mentioned the celebrated Job Alale will case, the Hyde vs. French trial, the Sarah Al. Lattimer will case, and the case of Har per er al. vs. Mountain Water Company. He has also been for some time an active and prominent Republican, and in 1890, received his party's nomina tion for State Senator. In 1895, he was elected to the New Jersey Assem- 366 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. bly and served with great credit during the session of 1896, being chairman of the committees on Boroughs and Borough Commissions and on Incidental Expenses. The latter committee distinguished itself by keeping the inciden tal expense account lower than ever before or since in the history of the State. In November, 1896, he was elected State Senator from Somerset coun ty for the term of three years and during the session of 1897, was chairman of the Senate Committee on Boroughs and Borough Commissions, which re vised the borough laws of the State, and was president of the Senate during the session of 1899. In all these capacities Senator Reed has borne a conspicuous part, espous ing the cause of right and justice, and winning the approbation of all classes of citizens, irrespective of party. At home he is universally esteemed as an enterprising, public-spirited and progressive citizen, and is president of the Park Club, the leading social organization of North Plainfield. Air. Reed was married on the 4th of October, 1887, to Aliss Katherine L. Clark, daughter of his former law partner, Hon. Alvah A. Clark, of Somerville. LEBBEUS BALDWIN MILLER Was born in Union township, Union county, New Jersey, August 2d, 1833. Mr. Miller is a descendant of Andrew Miller, one of the first settlers of that portion of Morris county, New Jersey, which is now the borough of Aladison. He is a son of the late Josiah Miller, a native of Madison, and Hannah Ward, daughter of Silas Ward of Union county, and is a grandson of Joseph Miller, also of Madison, who served in the New Jersey Continental Line, during the Revolutionary War. He received a good English education in the private school of Mr. James G. Nuttman in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and at the age of sixteen, was apprenticed in the establishment of Messrs. E. & S. D. Gould, of Newark, New Jersey, builders of light machinery. In the acquisition of this trade he exhibited so much aptness that before the expiration of his ap prenticeship he was placed in charge of the shop as foreman. In 1861, he accepted employment with the Manhattan Firearms Company of Newark, and in the latter part of the same year was made superintendent of their branch shops on Bridge street, Newark. In this position he remained until January, 1863, when he was engaged by Messrs. I. M. Singer & Company to design and supervise the construction and use of special automatic tools for the production of interchangeable parts for "Singer" sewing machines. While introducing this system, he was made by the Singer Manufacturing Company (successors to I. M. Singer & Company) assistant superintendent, and, January ist, 1869, was appointed general superintendent of the Singer Works in New York (since removed to Elizabeth, New Jersey) and still holds this position. In 1883, Mr. Miller was elected a member of the American Society of Mechani cal Engineers, and from 1893 to 1896 was one of its managers. Mr. Miller has resided during all his life within twenty miles of his native place in Union township, and, since 1870, has been a resident of the City of Elizabeth. While 'never prominent in public positions, he has quietly rendered such services to BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 367 the community as could be expected from a good citizen. He is an elder in the First Presbyterian church of Elizabeth; a director in the First National Bank; a manager in the Union County Savings Bank; a trustee of the Evergreen Cemeteryof Elizabeth; and has been president of the Elizabeth General Hos pital and Dispensary since its organization in 1879, with the exception of the years 1890, 1891 and 1892. Mr. Miller was married Alay 7th, 1857, to Martha Frances Cowlishaw of English parentage, who died November 13th, 1884. To them were born David LEKIiKUS B. MILLER. Magie, Arabella Halsey, Henry Jaques, Anna Good, and Herbert Stanley. David Magie Miller, a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, was a practicing physician of Elizabeth. He was married September 17th, 1890 to Julia H. Carmichael, of Elizabeth, and died Decem ber 3d, 1895. Henry Jaques Aliller, a graduate of Stevens Institute of_ Tech nology, of Hoboken, New Jersey, is a mechanical engineer and solicitor of patents, and is at present engaged in the Patent Department of the Singer Manufacturing Company, at the Elizabeth works. He was married April 23d, 1890, to Hannah N. Freeland of New Rochelle, New York. Herbert 368 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Stanley Aliller, a graduate of the Alassachusetts Institute of Technology, in the Electrical Course, is secretary of the Diehl Alanufacturing Company, whose works are located at Elizabeth, New Jersey, and is one of its electrical engi neers. JOHN F. KEHOE, The gentleman whose portrait accompanies this article is a well known and highly respected citizen of Newark, New Jersey. He was born in what is known as the Montgomery district of Belleville, Essex county, and is the son of Peter Kehoe who came from Ireland and whose occupation was that of copper refiner. He died in 1867. His wife, whose maiden name was Eliza beth Doyle, is still living. Young Kehoe attended the common schools until the age of seventeen years, when he left to take a position as clerk in a store. His association with the well known firm 'of Lister's Agricultural Chemical Company dates from 1867, when he entered their employ as messenger boy, and from that humble beginning he has risen to be at this time, general manager and director of the company. This long association with a concern that has assumed such gigantic proportions in their line, bespeaks for Mr. Kehoe a life of close ap plication to details concerning business and faithfulness of purpose that can only be exhibited by one whose honesty, sagacity and intelligence is beyond question. AA. Kehoe is also director in the American Agricultural Chemical Com pany, the Liebig Manufacturing Company, North Jersey Railway Company, United Electric Company, and People's Light and Power Company. CHARLES E. BREEDEN. The name borne by the subject of this review is one which, though not at the present time largely represented in a numerical way, has been long and honorably identified with the annals of American history. The original Ameri can progenitor, as determined by practically well authenticated records, was Thomas Breeden, who evidently became a resident of New England in the early colonial epoch. In Palfrey's History of New England, specific refer ence is made to one Captain Thomas Breeden, of whom it is recorded that he, about the year 1650, bore back to England information in regard to certain regicides whom he had seen in Boston. In various other historic records, reference is made to persons of that name. Savage speaks of Thomas Bree den, Deputy Governor of Nova Scotia, under Sir Thomas Temple, in the time of Cromwell; also James Breeden, who married, in 1657, Hannah, the daughter of Joseph Ruck, or Rock, Esq., of Boston. In the New England Genealogical and Historical Register mention is made of John Burgess, or Burge, who, in his will, mentions his grandchildren, Thomas, John and Eliza- JOHN F. KEHOE 0 r r2*. C^€-. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 369 bcth Breeden. From such information as was available, one of the latter-day representatives of the family has deduced the following data, which is suffici ently exact: Captain Thomas Breeden, born about 1614, in England, by depu tation, of Nova Scotia; married, about 1635, Elizabeth Roberts, in England. He became a merchant in Boston prior to 1657. His son, James, born about 1636, married Hannah Ruck, or Rock, as above noted, and also became a merchant in Boston. Tracing back the genealogy, the English branches have been a people of no little distinction, and within later years there were Breedens, or Breedons, of Bere Court, Berkshire, England. Captain Thomas and James are the only ones mentioned as having come to America. Charles Edwin Breeden, the immediate subject of this review, is a retired merchant of the national metropolis, and now maintains his home in that beautiful suburban district, Glen Ridge, Essex county, New Jersey, being recognized as one of the representative and public-spirited citizens of the place. A native of the City of Boston, Alassachusetts, he was born on the 16th of June, 1842, being the son of Abner H. and Deborah (French) Breeden. His paternal grandfather, Abner Breeden, resided in Winchester, Massachu setts, and devoted his attention to farming. The father of our subject was a prominent business man of Boston, and held a position of distinctive preced ence in the commercial world. He became a prominent merchant in New York City, where he dealt extensively in rubber boots, as well as general lines of boots and shoes. He was a man of unswerving integrity, and his business career stood in evidence of the sterling principles by which his whole life was dominated. At his death, which occurred when Charles E. was but ten years of age, Abner H. Breeden left a handsome estate. Deborah (French) Breeden, mother of our subject, was born in the old Bay State, being the daughter of E. French, who rendered active service in the Continental army during the War of the Revolution. She was reared and educated in Massachusetts, and her death occurred in Winchester, Massachusetts. Charles E. Breeden was accorded excellent educational advantages in his youth, his discipline in the line having been principally secured in the Russell School, at New Haven, Connecticut, in which institution he continued his studies during an interval of five years, after which he took a special course of study in the French language, under the direction of a private tutor. His busi ness career had its initiation when he became a clerk in the establishment of his uncle, William H. Breeden, of the firm of Breeden & Southwick, dealers in rubber boots and shoes, in New York. Thoroughly loyal and patriotic by inheritance and by personal conviction, Mr. Breeden was ready to render service to his country when it was menaced by armed rebellion. At the outbreak of the late war he was a member of Company D, Seventh Regiment, New York, and when the first call was made for seventy-five thousand men, went with his regiment into the service, the regiment being ordered to Washington, D. C, in defense of the capital. After the expiration of his term of service, Mr. Breeden returned to New York and again entered the employ of his uncle, the late William H. Breeden, who had succeeded to the business established by the father of our subject. He retired from his New York commercial associations about 1871, since which 24 370 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. time he has devoted his time and attention principally to his realty and finan cial interests. He owns a considerable amount of valuable property in Glen Ridge, having a number of fine houses which he rents, while his own home is one of the most attractive in this section, notable for its beautiful resident places. Mr. Breeden is a prominent member of the Congregational church, of which he is a trustee, according to its specific and collateral work a liberal support. In the year 1870, was solemized the marriage of Mr. Breeden to Miss Mary E. Hall, a daughter of Harrison Hall, a prominent New York merchant, and president of the Atlantic Savings Bank of that city. Of this union three children have been born: Ora, wife of Arthur S. Roberts, of Montclair, New Jersey, and Emilie and William Harrison, who still remain at the parental home. > ALBERT FREY, M. D., Was born in Newark, New Jersey, on the 24th of June, 1863, and is the son of Albert and Josephine (Kipp) Frey, the former of whom was a native of Carlsruhe, Baden, Germany, where he was born in 1818. He was a merchant in the old country, and was one of the loyal citizens during the Revolution in 1848. The family is of royal birth, the great-grandfather being one of the founders of Carlsruhe. The father of our subject came to the United States in 1849, locating in New York, where he accepted a position with the well known firm of Lord & Taylor, with which he remained until 185 1, when he removed to Newark and became associated with Edward Balbach & Son, in their gold and silver smelting and refining works (now the Balbach Smelting and Refining Company) and there continued until his death, in 1873. The success of the above firm was largely due to the energy and ability of Mr. Frey. He was a member of the Masonic fraternity in Newark Lodge, num ber seven, and a devout adherent of the Lutheran church. His wife was also a native of Carlsruhe and survived him until September 4th, 1890. They were the parents of the following five children: Josephine, now the wife of Francis B. Chcdsey, of New York City; Louise, who married Martin Rilke, of Germany; Ida, the widow of C. W. Sundmacher, of Germany; Katie, the widow of W. H. Erb, of Newark; and our subject. Dr. Frey received his early education in a private German school on Green street, at which he was graduated in 1873. and then went to Germany and attended the gymnasium of Carlsruhe, a scientific college, where he pursued his studies for the following three years, at the end of which time he went to Muenchen-Gladbach, and there entered the gymnasium, graduating at the same in 1880. Returning to America he entered Phillips Academy, at Andover, Massachusetts, at which he was graduated in 1881, and in that year entered Yale College, but finished only the course of the freshman class. In 1882 he attended both the College of Pharmacy and the College of Physi cians and Surgeons of New York City, pursuing his studies at the latter insti tution until 1884, when he once more visited Germany and entered the Uni- ALBERT FREY, M.D. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 3;i versity of Bonn, remaining there about a year. Upon his return to this country in 1885, he became associated with Professor William H. Porter, of the Post- Graduate Aledical School in New York City, taking charge of the pathologi cal laboratory and assisting the professor in conducting post-mortem examin ations in the city department of Bellevue Hospital, and at the same time he attended the College of Physicians and Surgeons, at which he was graduated in 1888. He remained a year longer with Professor Porter, adding to his technical knowledge by assuming charge of one of the first bacteriological laboratories in New York. In 1889, Dr. Frey located in Newark, New Jersey, and there entered upon the active practice of his profession, gaining the distinction of being the first physician in New Jersey to use antitoxin for the cure of diphtheria, and he has given much of his attention to the diseases of children. He is also greatly interested in surgery and devotes a. large portion of his time to developing his knowledge in that important branch of medicine. The doctor is a member of the National, State and Essex District Medical Societies, and was secretary of the defunct Newark Medical Association. He is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, his membership being in Newark Lodge, No. 7, F. & A. Al., Union Chapter, No. 7, R. A. M., and Kane Council No. 3, R. & S. M. In his re ligious faith he is a Lutheran, and a member of the Society of Chosen Friends, and he is a member of the German Liederkranz of New York, the Arion and German singing societies of Newark, the Order of the Red Cross, and the Knights and Ladies of the Golden Star. He also holds the responsible position of medical examiner for the Washington Life Insurance Company of New Jer sey and is Commissioner of Public Schools of the Sixth Ward in Newark. The marriage of Dr. Frey was solemnized on the 10th of December, 1884, when he was united to Miss Louise Jung, a native of Germany, and the fol lowing three children were born to them: Irmengard Elfriede Josephine, who died of scarlet fever at the age of three years and seven months; Ottmar Wedekind Rudolph, and Millie. The doctor's domestic associations are of the most pleasant nature, and he and his good wife enjoy the esteem and warm re gard of a large circle of friends. BENJAMIN T. KISSAM, Born in Beekman street, New York City, February, 17th, 1819, is descended from English antecedents. His ancestors settled originally on the North shore of Long Island in 1644, establishing a family name that became promin ent in colonial life, and that has held an important place in business and pro fessional life in subsequent times. His father, Joseph Kissam, was born in Huntington, Long Island, and was one of the firm of Tredwell, Kissam & Company, dealers in hardware. Benjamin T. Kissam, designed for the law, attended first a preparatory school at Nazareth, Pennsylvania, subsequently at Oxford Academy, New York State, was graduated in 1838 from Columbia College. New York, and in July 1841, was admitted to the New York bar. He has there mH-nained a 372 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. successful practice. In October, 1876, he removed to Bergen Point, New Jer sey, but continued to practice law in New York. In middle life Mr. Kissman married Florence, daughter of Dr. James B. and Henrietta Coleman, of Trenton, New, Jersey, by whom he has two sons, Coleman E. and Bayard T. The former, Coleman E , is a resident of West Orange, New Jersey, and connected with the law firm of Lord, Day & Lord, New York City. Airs. Coleman was a sister of Chief Justice Beasley. ALBRIDGE C. SMITH. Among the sons of Sussex county who have attained distinction in pro fessional circles in the metropolis of America is Albridge C. Smith, counselor at law, of New York, residing at Orange, New Jersey. He was born in Andover, New Jersey, on the 9th of January, 1850, and traces his ancestry back to England, whence members of the family, in colonial days, came to the New World. The great-grandfather, Peter Smith, was born in Readington, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, and during the War of the Revolution valiantly aided in the struggle for independence, his bravery and meritorious conduct on the field of battle winning him promotion to the rank of first lieutenant. Various representatives of the family have been prominent in public life and have averted a wide influence in matters of public moment. The grand father of our subject, Isaac B. Smith was a well known lawyer, whose ability gained him prominence at the bar. He was born in Warren county, and throughout his life resided in that locality. Jehiel T. Smith, father of our subject, was born in Marksboro,, Warren county, and in 1847, at the age of twenty years, came to Sussex county, locating in Andover, where he embarked in business as a wheelwright. Subsequently he established a drug store, the first one in the town, and conducted operations along that line for some years, after which he sold out and engaged in general merchandising, conducting his store until 1880, when he sold his stock and removed to Newark, where he lived retired until his death. He was quite successful in his business ventures, and his thorough reliability gained him the confidence and high regard of all with whom he came in contact. For many years he was an elder in the Presbyterian church and one of its most faithful members. He also held membership with the Masonic fraternity of Newton, with which lodge his family has been connected for a hundred years, his father having served as secretary of the same. As a citizen he was public- spirited and loyal, giving a zealous support to many measures for the public good and contributing materially to the growth, upbuilding and development of Andover. He died in 1887. The maiden name of the mother of our sub ject was Catherine Stine, and she was a native of Warren county, and died in 1858. Fortunate is the man who has back of him an ancestry honorable and distinguished, and happy is he whose lines of life are cast in harmony there with. In person, in character and in talents, Mr. Smith is a worthy scion of his race, and by his successful career has added new lustre to the family (9 V r ^A/^c^^lA^^ A&. / New Jersey Historical Publishing Ca BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 373 record. In the common schools he acquired his preliminary education, and in the Newton Collegiate Institute prepared for college with the intention of entering Princeton, but afterward abandoned that plan. He took up the study of law in the office and under the direction of John Linn, formerly of Newton, but at that time a member of the bar of New York City, finishing his clerkship with J. H. Neighbour, of Dover, and after thorough preparation he was ad mitted to the bar of New Jersey in June, 1871. He practiced in Dover, New Jersey, for some years as a member of the firm of Neighbour & Smith, which was one of the oldest law firms of the state, and in 1884, he was admitted to the New York bar and removed to the metropolis, where he has since remained. In October of that year he organized the firm of Smith & White, which con tinued until May ist, 1898, and at the same time he maintained his relationship with the old firm in Dover until. April, 1886. May ist, 1899, the firm of Frayer, Smith, White & Leaman was organized. Mr. Smith was connected with much of the most important litigation in the courts of Morris county, including the trial of several murder cases, and his ability in the handling of evidence, his force in argument, and his comprehen sive knowledge of law won him splendid success. He now devotes his ener gies more exclusively to civil practice, and is attorney for some very large corporations. He is well versed in the various branches of jurisprudence and throws himself easily and naturally into the argument. There is no straining after effect, but a precision and clearness in his statement, an acuteness and strength in his logic which bespeaks a mind well trained in the severest school of investigation, and to which the closest reasoning is habitual and easy. On the 27th of October, 1875, Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Miss Florence M., daughter of Judge Freeman Wood, of Dover, a very prominent citizen and political leader of Morris county. They have three children: Ray mond W., who is now a senior in Princeton College; Alice C, and A. C, Jr. The parents are active members in the Presbyterian church, and Mr. Smith has served as elder in the Third Presbyterian church of Newark, also of the churches of his denomination in Dover and East Orange, during his residence in those places. He was also City Clerk and a member of the Common Council of Dover and yet maintains a deep interest in the welfare, upbuilding and advance ment of Sussex county. He is a member of the Washington Headquarters Association, of Morristown, of the Wednesday Club, of Newark, and the Colonial Club, of New York, and is very prominent and popular in social, professional and club circles. CAMILLUS GEORGE KIDDER, Youngest child of Camillus and Sarah Thompson (Herrick) Kidder, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 6th, 1850. He prepared for college at Philips' Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire, and graduated from Harvard College in the class of 1872. He was a good scholar, and took high rank in his class. After graduation he taught private pupils for about a year, and read law. In the autumn of 1873, he entered the Harvard Law School, where he received 374 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the degree of LL. B., cum laude. He then became managing clerk in the law office of Emott, Burnett and Hammond, New York City, and subsequently junior partner of the firm. In 1879, the firm name was changed to Emott, Hammond and Kidder. Upon the death of his late senior partner, James Emott, he started in the practice of law upon his own account. In 1891, he formed a copartnership with John S. Melcher, under the firm name of Kidder and Melcher, and this firm now enjoys a successful practice. Mr. Kidder has been a resident of Orange since 1882, and has made many warm friends. Public-spirited and progressive, he has not only advocated, but has been active in promoting public improvements and in various movements for civil reform. He has served as a member of the Board of School Commissioners for Orange, where his advice and counsel were deemed useful. He is a working member of All Saints' Episcopal church and has been a member of its vestry. He has served the New England Society of Orange, as secretary and in other capaci ties. He was one of the original stockholders of the Orange Athletic Club and is a member of the South Orange Field Club. He organized the Essex County Electric Company, since absorbed by the Newark Electric Light and Power Company, and was for many years a director and the counsel of the former corporation. He is a member of various literary and other societies in New York and elsewhere, among which are the New England Society, of New York, New York Historical and Genealogical Society, New York Reform Club, Harvard, Church and University Clubs, of New York, Phi Beta Kappa Alumni Association, New York Civil Service Reform Association, Philips' Exeter Academy Association, and the Bunker Hill Association, of Boston, Massachusetts. Mr. Kidder married, December 3d, 1881, Matilda Cushman Faber, daughter of Gustavus William and Angelica Cushman Faber, of New York. Their children are Jerome Faber, Lois Faber and George Herrick Faber. J. HENRY BACHELLER, A member of the Newark Board of Aldermen, representing the Ninth Ward, and also Assemblyman from Essex county, is one of the enterprising and thorough-going young business men in the City of Newark. J. Henry Bachellor was born in Newark, New Jersey, February ist, 1869, and is the son of John C. Bacheller, also a native of Newark, and by occupation a manufacturer. Joseph Newhall Bacheller, the grandfather of our subject, was of Alassachusetts birth, and a descendant of the Rev. Stephen Bacheller, a noted divine of the old Bay State. The Bacheller family is one that was for a number of generations identified with New England, and the "family tree" includes the names of many men who have figured prominently in their day, among whom may be mentioned John G. Whittier and Daniel Webster. The mother of Mr. J. Henry Bacheller was before her marriage Miss Hattie A. Par- cells. She is a native of Newark and a daughter of Henry A. Parcells, one of the old settlers of this city and of Huguenot descent; and the Parcells family, like the Bachellers, are related to numerous and influential people, BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 375 among their relatives being the Lyons family, of Lyons Farm, and the Cranes, of Newark. Mrs. Bacheller is a niece of the late George D. G Moore, who was for two terms surrogate of Essex county. The subject of our sketch was reared and educated in his native city, and after completing his studies in the Newark high schools entered the employ of the New York Life Insurance Company, with which he was connected for six years. Following that, he turned his attention to the real estate business and he is now engaged in looking after large property interests belonging to an estate. Mr. Bacheller's popularity as an enterprising citizen of his native town was evident in 1897, by his election to its Board of Aldermen to represent the Ninth Ward; re-elected to the Board of Aldermen for another term in 1897; is the Republican leader in the Board and on Finance, Public Building, Poor and Alms and Legislative Committees; president of Garfield Club, and on the Board of Governors of Newark Athletic Club; elected as a member of the General Assembly from Essex county on November 7th, 1899, by the next to the highest vote on the Republican ticket. April 30th, 1895, Mr. Bacheller wedded Miss Edith Smith, of Newark, daughter of the late Israel P. Smith, of Newark. They have two children, Muriel and Adele. ABRAHAM C. B. HAVENS, Born in Burrsville, Ocean county, New Jersey, March 28th, 1841, is the second son and fourth child of Abraham Osborn Havens, born at present Osbornville, Ocean county, New Jersey, December 18th, 1801, died October 16th, 1854, and Ann Davison born in Hopeville, Monmouth county, New Jersey April 28th, 1803, died April 24th, 1882. His early Dutch progenitor was William Havens, who settled at Portsmouth, Rhode Island, in 1639, and whose descendants migrated first to Long Island, thence to Monmouth county, New Jersey about 1760, and soon after John, his great-grandfather, settled at Kettle Creek, (now Osbornville) Ocean county, where he left a will dated 1778, devising legacies to his sons Moses and Jesse, soldiers of the Revolution, "if they ever return to claim it." A maternal grandfather of his father, Abram Osborn, was a lieutenant of the Revolution and long a colonel in the old New Jersey Militia. His ancestors on his mother's side date back for several gener ations and include relatives of General James Cox, of Revolutionary fame, and of Hon. Samuel S. Cox, prominent as a Member of Congress from New York State. Mr. Havens' father was both farmer and country merchant, and from 1835, to the time of his death in 1854, a Baptist minister. He held many impor tant civic trusts, was school trustee, township clerk, commissioner of deeds, and in 1854 Member of the State Assembly. For many years he was lieuten ant and captain of the New Jersey Militia. He helped to build two Baptist churches, 1825 and 1835, and in his will devised a lot and five hundred dollars for another which was erected in 1856-7. Mr. Havens received but meagre educational opportunities, and those at 376 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. common school, being compelled to assume charge of his mother's farm upon his father's death in his fourteenth year. Remaining on the farm until i860, for eight years thereafter he engaged with his brother in mercantile business. In the meantime, by private study and self culture he has sought to make up for the deficiencies of his early educational opportunities, and with such suc cess that from 1864, he became a prominent factor in promoting the educational interests of his native town and county. From 1868 to 1888, he was engaged chiefly in the profession of teaching. In 1872, he received a "first grade" teacher's certificate, and he has always been an earnest supporter of high grade public schools. Mr. Havens' official life has been continuous since 1864. From 1864 to 1886, he was school trustee and district clerk of Burrsville, New Jersey; from 1866 to 1871, township clerk of Brick township; from 1872 to 1889, he was a member of the Ocean- county Board of Teachers' Examiners; in 1875 and 1876, he was calender clerk of the New Jersey State Senate; from 1875 to 1879, he was collector of taxes of Brick township. In 1880, he was elected State Senator from Ocean county, serving for three years; and from 1884 to 1887, served as a member of the Board of Chosen Freeholders of Ocean county. During 1888, he served as engrossing clerk of the State Senate. He also was the same year elected county clerk of Ocean county by a majority of 440. In 1893, he had no opposition for the office, and in 1898 his majority for the same office was 1414. From 1880 to 1896, he was Ocean county member of the Second District Republican Congressional Committee. In 1894, he was elected a member of the Dover township Board of Education, his term will ex pire in 1901. Air. Havens is member and vice-president of the board of directors of the Dover Alutual Loan and Building Association, and a member and secretary of the board of -directors of the Toms River Water Company. In religious persuasion, Mr. Havens is a thorough-going Baptist, as have been his ancestors both paternal and maternal, for many generations back. Largely through his efforts and contributions a handsome new Baptist church was erected at Toms River, New Jersey, his present place of residence, in 1894, of the board of trustees of which Mr. Havens is now a member and the secre tary, having transferred his membership from the Orient Baptist church of Burrsville, into the fellowship of which he was baptized in 1865. In 1864, Mr. Havens married Augusta Mills, daughter of Benjamin Hance Fielder, of Monmouth county. They have seven children: Charles Sumner, a graduate of Princeton, and professor of classics and German in the New York Military Academy; Henry Clay, Princeton '92 and professor of Greek and French at Lawrenceville, New Jersey; Will Burtis, a law student; Benja min Fielder, a searcher in the United States District Court, Trenton, New Jersey; John G. W., a student at Wesleyan University; Edgar Herbert, a student at Princeton, and Mabel Eliza. HON. JAMES S. ERWIN BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 377 HON. JAMES S. ERWIN. Among the members of the New Jersey bar who have won success, honor and distinction, is James S. Erwin, Prosecutor of the Pleas of Hudson county. Mr. Erwin is a native of Jersey City, where he was born on September 5th, 1857, the son of Matthew and Caroline Erwin. He attended public schools Nos. 1 and 3 of Jersey City, then took a scientific course at Cooper Union, New York City, and finished his education under private tutors. He studied law in the office of Washington B. Williams, in Jersey City, and was admitted to the bar as an attorney in February 1881, and as counselor three years later. Since his admission he has been in active practice, and has met with uniform success. In December, 1893, Mr. Erwin was appointed Corporation Attorney of Jersey City by the Board of Finance, succeeding Spencer Weart in that office. At the same time William Brinkerhoff was appointed Corporation Counsel in place of William D. Edwards. Mayor Wanser, however, disapproved of these appointments and a bill was passed by the subsequent Legislature which ended the terms of Messrs. Erwin and Brinkerhoff. The Mayor thereupon re-ap pointed Mr. Weart in place of Mr. Erwin, and Judge John A. Blair, in place of Mr. Brinkerhoff. The appointment of Mr. Erwin, was subsequently de clared legal by the court and he obtained judgment against the city for the salary during the time he performed the duties of the office. In April, 1896, Mr. Erwin was appointed Judge of the Second District Court of Jersey City to succeed the late Robert B. Seymour, and was holding that position at the time of his appointment by Governor Griggs as Prosecutor of the Pleas in January, 1898, and he received a second appointment at the hands of Gover nor Voorhees upon the resignation of Charles H. Winfield. The fact that Judge Erwin had two first class competitors for the office of Prosecutor, speaks much for his selection and reflects credit not only upon his preceptor, W. B. Williams, Esq., so well and so favorably known by all, but upon his own conduct and industry since he was admitted to the bar. The Jersey City "Evening Journal" in its issue of January 12th, 1898, had the fol lowing editorial under the title of "The Nominations": "The nominations submitted to the Senate yesterday by Governor Griggs are all satisfactory. For this county the main interest centered in the Prose cutor, and three names were suggested. Either would have been satisfactory, because of the reputation of the men and their standing at the bar. The man chosen by the Governor is James S. Erwin, now Judge of the Second District Court of this city. Mr. Erwin was born in this city and has lived his life here in view of everybody. It has been a life of hard work and continued ad vancement without a blot. Judge Erwin has had a legal experience dating from student days in the office of W. B. Williams, and admission to the bar seventeen years ago, and he will be a hard worker in the new position to which he has been called. His past record is a guarantee that the days of corruption in the Prosecutor's office will cease." In the same issue of the "Journal," and somewhat reminiscently under the title of "The New Prosecutor," the following appeared: "Those who have known and watched the career of Judge, now Prosecutor, 378 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. James S. Erwin, from his boyhood, and who know how creditable that career has been to him, will most heartily congratulate him on securing one of the most coveted prizes of the legal profession. From the day the scared boy fled from a vengeful pressman in the old Journal' office, then on Green street, whose countenance he had accidentally decorated with an ink roller, a circum stance which possibly made a prosperous lawyer instead of a newspaper man, as poor as the rest of the profession, his course has been rewarded with the success and growth in public esteem, which industry and integrity, merit and are sure to command. Overcoming, as he has done, by hard work and steady perseverance, the obstacle placed in his path by narrow circumstances, and a deficient schooling, the success which James S. Erwin has achieved, should be an inspiration and encouragement to every poor but ambitious youth. No ¦one would more positively disclaim any talent, except for hard work, than Prosecutor Erwin, and we confidently anticipate for him the same success in his new and responsible position which he has achieved in the past." Air. Erwin has always been a Republican, and in 1890 was elected to the Assembly. He has been prominent in reform measures, and in 1890 he figured conspicuously in the discussion and measures which resulted in the "Bal lot Reform Law," of that session. During the State campaign he took an ac tive part in supporting Governor Griggs and Governor Voorhees. It was owing to Mr. Erwin's efforts as counsel for the citizens in the removal pro ceeding before Mayor Wanser that the conduct of the old Street and Water Board was thoroughly exposed. Mr. Erwin also took a prominent part in the political movement which resulted in the election of Mayor Wanser, president of the Board of Aldermen, Reuben Simpson, and of John J .Toffey as Sheriff of Hudson county. During the years of 1894 and 1895, Judge Erwin edited the "Criminal Law Magazine and Reporter," published by F. D. Linn & Co., of Jersey City. He also served a term as president of the Bar Association of Hudson county. He was one of the commission of three, the other two members being Hon. William I. Lewis, of Paterson, and Hon. Edward S. Atwater, of Elizabeth, selected by Governor Griggs to codify the laws relating to the District Courts, and with Hon. J. Frank Fort, of Newark, and Hon. Frederick C. Marsh, of Elizabeth, Mr. Erwin composed the commission selected by the same Governor to codify the laws relating to Crimes and Criminal Procedure. The work of these com missions was subsequently adopted in the revision of the laws of 1898. Judge Erwin is a member of the Union League Club, the Minkakwa Club and other social organizations, also a member of Bay View Lodge, No. 146, F. & A. M. He was married, in 1882, to Miss Martha Robinson, daughter of Col. G. P. Robinson. Mrs. Erwin is a helpmate to her husband in the true sense of the term, and is always solicitous of her husband's progress, in which she has been a great aid in social and intellectual endeavor. In private life Judge Erwin is most genial, thoroughly enjoying the society of his family and friends and in spare moments indulges in general reading of the best literature. the success which has come to Judge Erwin in life has been won by close application to his profession and by industry and integrity. That he deserves this success is cheerfully attested by his brother members of the bar, all of whom hold him in the highest esteem. As a lawyer he has wbn his way BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 379 from the bottom, building his reputation slowly but surely until at the preesnt he stands among the foremost attorneys of a bar noted for its bril liant and successful members. As an official he has a record for courage, integrity, ability and fairness. His incumbency of the office of Prose cutor has been marked by uniform success, and has given universal satisfaction to both the public and the bench and bar. While he has been active and firm in the prosecution of criminals, yet he has been impartial and discriminating, and has endeavored to mete out only justice. CARROL PHILLIPS BASSETT, Son of Caroline Phillips and Allen Lee Bassett, was born February 27, 1863, at Brooklyn, New York. He was graduated from the Newark Academy, and in 1879 entered Lafayette College, from which institution he was graduated as valedictorian in 1883, with the degree of C. E. He pursued post-graduate study, receiving the degree of E. M. in 1884, and after study in Europe, his alma mater conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in 1888. He is a member of the Phi Delta Theta College Fraternity, and has been active in its executive work, having filled various offices of its general council, in cluding the presidency in 1887-9. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa; a life member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, a member of the Phil adelphia Engineers' Club, and of the New England Water Works Association. In social life he is a member of the Essex County Country Club, Essex Club, Highland Club, the Baltus Roll Golf Club, the Lakewood Golf Club and the University Club of New York City. In the exercise of his profession as civil engineer he has designed and con structed water works, sewerage systems and sewage purification plants in many towns in Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware. He was president of the New Jersey Sanitary Association, 1892-3, and is the author of "The Conservation of Streams," "Inland Sewage Disposal," and other technical papers. He is a regular lecturer on hydraulics and sanitation at the University of New York and at Lafayette College, and is retained as consulting engineer by several water companies. He is largely interested in and director of the following corporations : The Mountain Water Company, the Clinton Water Company, the West Orange Water Company, the Essex-Union Water and Light Company, and Lakewood Water, Light and Power Company; also the State Mutual Building & Loan Association and the First National Bank of Summit. Mr. Bassett resides at "Norcote," Summit, New Jersey. FRANCIS MORGAN McDONOUGH, Recorder of Hoboken, and widely known as a police official and magistrate, is a native of New York City. Few men's lives have been more varied in 38o BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. experience than Recorder McDonough's, and few have, at the same time, been more active and useful. The little autobiography written out by the Recorder is so concise and well worded that it is given in full, and better narrates his adventuresome ca reer than paraphrasing therefrom could possibly do: I was born in New York, August 9th, 1824. Aly father was James Mc- Donough, of County Sligo, Ireland, and my mother was Besse Lane Mc- Donough, of Rosscommon. They had seven children, named as follows: FRANCIS M. M'DON'OUGII. Patrick H, John F., Alarie, Michael H, Bessie L., James, Francis Morgan. My family moved to Hoboken in 1822 — lived in Hoboken in summer and in New York in winter; father and mother died when I was three years old. In the year of my birth the family moved to New York earlier than usual. Hav ing moved back to Hoboken in the spring of 1825, we continued to live there for many years. I went to pay school, there being no public schools estab lished in this place until about 1847 or 8; therefore, I had no public school education. At the age of eleven or twelve I left home to make my own living. I went to New York and commenced to sell the "Sun" paper. While on West street one day a man approached me and asked me how I would like to go BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 38i with him on a schooner as cook. I knew nothing about cooking, but would like to go; he said the crew would teach me, and so they did in a few days. In a few weeks I was complete. I was to get five dollars a month; was well pleased and captain and crew liked me. It was the schooner "Express," Captain Parker, of New London. I was with him several months until mother found me out, for I left home on "French leave." She took me home and got all my wages; that broke my heart. I was dissatisfied at home; went to school for awhile, when I ran away again and shipped as cabin boy on the brig "Kentucky" of New York, Captain Willis, of Baltimore, in command. Went on a voyage to Cadiz, Spain, thence to Gibralter, Milo, Alalta, thence to Smyrna, and returned to New York. A brother found me, took me from the vessel to Trenton, New Jersey, where I went to school to John Skinner for two quarters. He left and went to De troit as orderly for Captain O'Brien, whom he served with in the Florida war. Captain O'Brien was afterwards in the Mexican war and commanded the cele brated O'Brien battery with much distinction. I left Trenton in the winter, walking from there to New Brunswick, and from there to New York by boat of the Camden and Amboy Transportation Company. I then shipped as cook on the schooner "Daniel Webster," Captain- Ben. Lawrence; subsequently on the "Joshua R. Sands," Captain E. Wainwright; "Philip DePeyster," Cap tain Rilley Parker; "Kate Baker," Captain John Collins. In 1840 I took a trip "out West," in Cortland county, New York state, as a farmer's boy with John White. I left him and went on a farm with John Emerson, a farmer and drover in the same county; was with him about a year, when I came back to New York and went coasting again between here and Virginia and North Carolina. Subsequently went ferrying at Hoboken as deck hand and fireman. At the age of nineteen, by command of Commodore John A. Stevens, I was promoted to captain temporarily. In the fall of 1844 I shipped on the packet "Diadem," Captain Berry, for New Orleans, worked there along shore loading cotton for a while and then shipped on the United States Revenue Cutter "Woodberry," Captain, or as he was known as "Bully Foster." After serving my time, one year less two months, I went steamboating on the Mississippi River. On the breaking out of the Mexican War, with many other young men of my age, about twenty-two, I enlisted in three months volunteers, Company F, Captain John Sewell, under command of Major General Zach. Taylor, who was so well beloved by his soldiers that it was no wonder he whipped the "greasers" five to one. We had reached Carmago; our time, three months, having expired, we were sent back to New Orleans. I re-enlisted then and there was under the command of Captain Gray. At Carmago I and several others were taken sick and sent back. I was not in any battle — but several skirmishes — while on the outer picket lines. After returning to New Orleans I lay sick for about two months hovering between life and death with Mexican fever. Finally re covered and went back to work driving dray and then returned home and went to work on the Hoboken ferry ; was deck hand and was again promoted to cap tain, and continued as such for several years. I then concluded I could make a good living ashore and bought horse, cart and wagon, and did the carting of coal and lumber for Tompkins & Brush. In 185 1 I shipped as fireman in the favorite old coastwise steamer "Cres- 382 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. cent City," running from New York to New Orleans, Havana, Kingston and Shagress, near Greytown, Central America. I made two round voyages, which completed my seafaring education as an able seaman above and below decks. In '52 and '3, I was elected constable in Hoboken, and continued as such for several years. In 1855 I was appointed by the City Council Captain of Police, which I held until 1861. On the call for seventy-five thousand volunteers I recruited a company, but not being in commission at that time, could not get my papers as captain from Governor Olden and threw it up. The government haying taken two of our ferryboats — the "Hoboken" and "Chancellor Livings ton," I was selected to go with Captain Havens as mate in January, 1862. We went to Fortress Monroe, where we were selected to run a cable from there to Cherrystone to connect with Washington While engaged in it we were caught in a gale and cast away on Cape Henry. Lost everything but our lives. I came home and was elected constable that spring in the Second Ward on the "People's Independent ticket." Along in the summer Captain W. W. Shippen, then superintendent of the ferry and estate of the Stevens brothers, sent me to Virginia with a crew of my own selection to take command of the "Chancellor Livingston," which I did at Harrison's Landing; and as a wel come, it was the night the fleet, was fired upon and the second fight at Malvern Hill. I continued in command of her until the government got through with her; then I brought her home and delivered the boat to the Hoboken Ferry Company, when I was mustered out of service. A short stay at home when I went to Alexandria, Virginia, at the request of Alajor John J. Hoff, formerly of Hexamers' famous battery, in command, of the Soldiers' Rest. I was by him selected as superintendent, at which post I remained until the close of the war, after which I remained in the Commissary Department at that place for about two years. I then engaged with Colonel John Fitz, of Newton, New Jersey, and Captain John W. Bradford, in the timber business, which did not prove a success. I then purchased a small stern-wheel steamer of about one hundred tons burden. I traded, or rather freighted with her on the Potomac, James and Elizabeth Rivers, also on the Delaware River, finally returning to New York. Freights dull and running behind paying engineer and hands, I was about bankrupt. I went to Alexandria, Virginia, for the mortgagor, gave him the boat and lost my investment and became dead broke. I then went to work for the New Jersey Ice Company, of which W. W. Shipman was president, and subsequently I returned to the Hoboken Ferry Company as night watch man and night superintendent at the ferry. In 1874, Fred Klennen, formerly secretary of the Hoboken Bank for Sav ings, absconded with about $140,000. He had gone to England, as I found out after some months of search and inquiry. From my knowledge of him and his habits I was selected by the Board of Police Commissioners and W. W. Shippen to go to London and hunt him up. I spent about two months in London and its surroundings, and finally located him at Dover, England, where he was stopping. There I captured him as he was about to land from the steamer just in from Calais, France. I took him to London, where he was com mitted by Sir Robert Henry, Court of Queens Bench, Bow street. Then I got extradition papers and brought him safely back with bonds, money and notes to the amount of about $6,000. He was subsequently tried and con- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 383. victed and sentenced to ten years in State prison, which he served in full. In 1876 my friends without my solicitation placed me in the canvass for recorder, and have stuck to me ever since. How much I deserved the honor I must leave to those who have generously given me their support for so many years,. and if I have succeeded in doing my duty and pleasing my friends, that is all the honor that one so humble as myself will require. The foregoing is but a brief recital of bare facts. It is but additional fact to add that Recorder' McDonough has filled the position with conspicuous ability and tact; his varied police experiences and his knowledge of the world and men, equipping him -for efficiency in his position. Few police magistrates have a wiser or more comprehensive way of dealing with offenders, the older and more famous criminals being known to him for many a long year. It may be added that reference to the Recorder's war spirit, as shown in his raising a company, occurs in the following taken from an editorial: "The War Com menced," which appeared in the "Hoboken Standard" of April 20, 1861 : "We hear of two volunteer companies being organized, one under the superinten dence of Mr. Francis M. McDonough, our present Chief of Police. From our knowledge of the gentleman we are confident that he has the courage and ability to command. * * * A number have already signed their names to the roll." It should be added that the Recorder omitted mention in the memoran dum of his exploits as a life saver, while engaged with the ferry company. In cidental reference to the subject in conversation led the writer to request a statement of the facts, which Mr. McDonough gave from memory as follows:. "In 1847, at the foot of Hammond street, New York, I was with Captain Sil- lick on the old "Pioneer" as pilot, running in summer from Elysian Fields to Nineteenth street, to Hammond street, then Christopher street. A boy fell over the string piece at Hammond street; I dove for him and brought him up. I next saved a team which drove off the bridge at Hoboken late at night. I backed the boat, jumped overboard and cut them out of the harness, and swung them around to "Atlantic Garden," where they walked ashore. The next was a boy about fourteen, who fell overboard from the bridge at Christo pher street. I was captain at the time and backed the boat and jumped over board and saved him. One day at Hoboken, while I was Captain of Police, the safety chain of the old fashioned bridge broke and let quite a crowd into the water. I took off my uniform and jumped in and brought out five. I also* saved two men in 1849, while captain in the Canal street slip, they fell off the boat, as there were no guards in those days and people would get under the bar and sometimes be crowded off." Recorder McDonough is the oldest resident of Hoboken now living, except Mr. Frank Stevens, son of the late James A. Stevens, who is eightv-five years 'of age, and "Uncle Peter," the faithful and worthy colored servant of the Stevens family, of whom tradition saith, "he's nigh to a hundred." Recorder McDonough is a member of the Scotish Rite (thirty-second degree); Mecca Shrine, of New York, No. 1103, Knights of Pythias, Hoboken Lodge, No. 35, F. & A. M.; Pilgrim Commandry, No. 16, K. T.; the Quartette Club, and is president of the Union Athletic Club. He retains to a remarkable degree the vigor of health and the unimpaired constitution that has enabled him to> 384 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. accomplish so much physically and mentally and still remain in his prime. He has many friends far and near, and enjoys the well-merited respect and friend ship of all good citizens in Hoboken and Hudson county. He is one of the self-made Americans, whose experiences and achievements are possible in no other country, and whose "footprints on the sands of time" afford encourage ment to all those that have their way to make unaided in the battle of life. In December of 1852, Mr. McDonough married Miss Harriet, the eldest daughter of Captain Samuel R. Fredericks, a military man and noted rifle sharp shooter, living in Hoboken, who belonged to a club of sharp-shooters in New York. They were the parents of four children — three girls and one boy. All died in infancy or youth; the eldest, Malvena, a girl of sixteen, passing away from the results of a severe cold taken while at a school near Montreal, Can ada. The wife died in 1862, and this eldest child in 1874. In 1864 Mr. Mc Donough married his second wife, Mrs. Harriet Wainwright Higgins. A daughter was born of this union — Hattie Virginia, who married Frederick E. Ludwig, of Alexandria, Virginia, where they now reside. IRVING SMITH, The gentleman whose name introduces this sketch, was born in Brooklyn, New York, November 27th, 1859. He is the son of Ira and Anna Wyckoff (Hayes) Smith. Ira Smith was born in New York City. His ancestors for several generations were born in the upper part of the State. His wife, who before her marriage was Anna Wyckoff Hayes, is the daughter of Captain William Henry Hayes, the adopted son of Commodore Decatur, and fought with him during the War of 1812. Captain Hayes was lost at sea in the Clip per Ship "Rainbow," going to China in 1848. Mr. Smith's mother is of old Dutch Quaker stock, who were among the first settlers of New Jersey, her great-grandfather being one of General Washington's Aides in the battle of Monmouth. Mr. Irving Smith attended school in Brooklyn until the age of fifteen, when he was sent to Celle, Germany, where he remained at school for two years, after which his first experience in the industrial world was brought about by his entering a silk manufacturing concern in Lyons, France. The practical knowledge and general experience he secured during his early youth in the Old World, laid the foundation for the successful business career he has since followed, and each change he has made in a business way has been one of ad vancement and progress. After remaining in Europe for three years he returned to his native coun try, and in 1878, entered the employment of the American Waltham Watch Company in their New York office. In 1886 he was elected a director of the company and placed in charge of their sales office in Boston. In 1887 he became a partner in a wholesale jewelry house in Boston, and remained thus connected until 1892, when he left Boston to associate himself with the Cres cent Watch Case Company in Newark, of which concern he is now treasurer IRVING SMITH MAURICE A. ROGERS BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 385 and general manager. He is also treasurer of the Eastham Cranberry Com pany of Massachusetts. Mr. Smith is a gentleman of pleasing personality and is held in high esteem by his many friends. Fraternally he is a member of Hope Lodge, F. & A. M., Royal Arch Chap ter and the Improved Order of Red Alen. Socially he is a member of the Essex County Country Club, Orange Club, Reform Club of New York City, Crescent Athletic Club, of Brooklyn, New York, and is a member of the Improvement Society of East Orange, the New England Society of Orange and the Newark Board of Trade. While Mr. Smith was a resident of Brooklyn he enlisted in Company "E" of the Twenty-third Regiment, N. G., S. N. Y., and served five years in that organization. This regiment has for many years been considered the lead ing military organization of Brooklyn. It enlists its members from the wealthiest and first families and has always been held in the hearts of Brook- lynites in the same esteem that the people of Manhattan Island have entertained and exhibited for the Seventh Regiment of New York. On March 1, 1883, Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Aliss Harriet M. Cobb, whose ancestors were natives of Kentucky. Their union has been blessed with three children: Irma, born in New York City, Harriet Mar- garite, born in Newton, Massachusetts, and Irving, Jr., born in East Orange. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are members of the First Unitarian church of Essex county, New Jersey. Mr. Smith serves as treasurer and trustee. HON. MAURICE A. ROGERS, Of the firm of T. A. Rogers & Son, the well known oyster planters, was born July 3, 1858, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, son of Thomas A. and Alary (Barnes) Rogers. His grandfather, Alexander Rogers, was a native of Lewis county, New York, where he followed farming for a time, and subsequently resided in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where he erected the first stone house in 1839. Grandfather Rogers 'last years were spent in Vergennes, Michigan, where he passed away at the age of seventy years. Thomas A. Rogers, worked for some years as a cook on an oyster boat. In time he became the captain, and, in 1864, he engaged in the business of oyster planting, which occupation he has continued to follow. He makes his home in Camden, where he came from Philadelphia, in 1868. His wife, Mary A., daughter of Spencer Barnes, of Philadelphia, has been a faithful companion to her husband, and a wise mother to her children. Mr. and Mrs. Rogers have been the parents of ten children, seven of whom are now living. Maurice A. Rogers, the eldest child of his parents, was about ten years old when he came to Camden. When a school boy of eleven years, he aided in making his living by delivering milk in the morning. He was next em ployed by heating rivets on revenue cutters, and then in the store house of 25 386 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Smith & Harris, with whom he remained one year. For twelve years, dating from 1873, be was a clerk in his father's office, at the end of which time he be came a member of the firm. Messrs. Rogers & Son are reputed to be the largest individual oyster planters on Delaware Bay. Their office and ware house is at three hundred and twenty-six South Delaware avenue, and three hundred and twenty-five South Water street, Philadelphia, and they have another place of business at Alaurice River, New Jersey. In September, 1880, Air. Rogers married Miss Ella V. Bradshaw, a native of Camden, daughter of William Al. Bradshaw, and a niece of ex-Mayor Brad shaw. Their children are (Alaurice Sumner), Gertrude B., and Clarence H. In 1882 Air. Rogers was elected a member of the Board of Education. He was re-elected in 1884, and served until 1886. Beginning March 5, 1883, he was a member of the City Council for nine years. In both the City Council and Board of Education, he served in the capacity of president. He was elected State Senator, in 1890, and in 1893, and served as president of the Senate throughout the year 1894. He is connected with a number of fraternal organ izations, including New Jersey Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows; Ionic Lodge, No. 94, F. & A. Al., of which he is past master; Siloam Chapter, Royal Arch Masons; Excelsior Consistory; Lincoln Council, No. 1; Junior Order of United American Mechanics, and is vice-councilor of the State Council of New Jersey; Witherspoon Circle B. (H. F.) U, and Leni Lenape Tribe of the Improved Order of Red Alen. In religious views he is a Uni tarian, and is courteous and kindly in manner. Mr. Rogers has many friends. The quality which has brought him the measure of success he now enjoys will undoubtedly carry him to a still wider field of action. JAMES MADISON DRAKE, Journalist and soldier, was born in Somerset county, New Jersey, Alarch 25, 1837. At the age of six years he was placed in his father's printing office in Elizabeth, New Jersey. At the age of twelve he was a rapid and correct com positor. When about fifteen years old he held a position upon a morning newspaper in Trenton, New Jersey, being noted for his skill and diligence. The year following he began the publication of "The Alercer Standard," a lit erary paper, and later on he started "The Evening Express," which was con tinued by an association of journeymen printers. In 1857 he was also a re porter on the "State Gazette" of Trenton. He issued "The Wide-Awake," a campaign sheet in i860. At the age of twenty-one he was elected an Al derman of the City of Trenton, and was re-elected at the expiration of his term. In 1859 he organized the American Hose Company, No. 2, and served as its foreman until the fall of Fort Sumter. The "American" was always a highly efficient and prosperous organization. In April, 1861, he organized the first company of United States volunteers which was raised in New Jersey for the three months' service, but refused its command, going with its regiment, the Third New Jersey Afilitia, to Washington, District of Columbia, as color bearer, with the rank of ensign. When Gen. Runvon's New Jersey brigade BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 387 crossed the Long Bridge into Virginia, on the night of Alay 24, 1861, the Third Regiment led the advance towards Alexandria, and as Drake stepped on the bridge, he unfurled his colors, and so carried them until near daybreak, when word was received that Colonel Ellsworth, of the New York Ellsworth Zou aves had landed at Alexandria, and had been killed. The subject of this sketch has therefore the distinction of having unfurled the first Federal flag on Confederate soil. When the three months' campaign was ended, Drake J. MADISON DRAKE. resumed the printing business, but soon enlisted in the Ninth New Jersey Vol unteers, with which regiment he remained until the war closed, save for the time he passed in Confederate prisons. He was wounded in an engagement at Winton, North Carolina, in 1863. The Army of the James landed at Ber muda Hundred, Virginia, May 5, 1864, and on the following morning, com menced its march toward Petersburg, Captain Drake having command ot the skirmish line. In the sanguinary battle of Drewery's Bluff, which followed on the 16th, Drake and most of his company (D) were captured. ^Twa.s subsequently confined at Libbv Prison, Richmond, Virginia, at Danville, North Carolina, at Macon, at Savannah, Georgia, and at Charleston, South Carolina, 388 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. October 6, 1864, while on a train of cars intransitu from Charleston to Colum bia, South Carolina, Drake and three brother officers — Captain Harry H. Dodd, Eighth New Jersey Volunteers, Captain J. E. Lewis, Eleventh Connecticut Volunteers, and Capt. Alfred Grant, Nineteenth Wisconsin Volunteers, leaped from the car which confined them, and which was guarded by seven armed Con federates, and after many hardships and a fatiguing tramp through South Caro lina and North Carolina, (the Applachian range being crossed in a blinding snow storm) and East Tennessee, he succeeded in reaching the Federal lines at Knoxville, Tennessee, a distance of one thousand miles, forty-seven days being consumed in the trip. Captain Drake, while a prisoner of war, made repeated attempts to escape. At Alacon, Georgia, he assisted in digging one of the five tunnels, and at Savannah he worked many nights under the earth hoping to regain freedom. His tramp through the Carolinas and across East Ten nessee to Knoxville, was considered a remarkable journey. On the recom mendation of Gen. Grant, Captain Drake was presented with a congressional medal "for distinguished gallantry during the war," which was accompanied with a complimentary letter from the Secretary of War. When mustered out Captain Drake settled at Elizabeth, New Jersey, and began the publication of "The Daily Alonitor." In 1889, he started "The Sunday Leader," and in Au gust of the same year began the issue of "The Daily Leader." He has written the "History of the Ninth New Jersey Volunteers ;" "Fast and Loose in Dix ie," and "Across the Continent." In the year 1866 Captain Drake organized the Veteran Zouaves, every one of whom had stood the fiery ordeal of many battles. They soon revived the military spirit among the young men of Eliza beth, and a regiment — the Third — was formed, Captain Drake being elected Colonel. He commanded the regiment for five years, when the Legislature passed a special act, authorizing the Governor to confer upon him the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. In 1878 he reorganized the Veteran Zouaves, and the company aroused such interest in various sections of the Union that it was invited to visit almost every part of the country, receiving ovations in the principal cities. In 1886, General Drake took his Zouaves across the continent to San Francisco, being absent from home one month, and four years later he took the command on a three weeks' tour of the South, New Orleans being the objective point. While at Charleston, South Carolina, as the guests of that city, the Zouaves were conveyed on a steamer to Fort Sumter, and entertained at a banquet upon the ramparts of that historic pile. As a disciplinarian and drill master, General Drake possesses qualities of a high order. CORNELIUS CHRISTIE, Whose name introduces this review is the son of David and Anna (Brinkerhoff) Christie, both natives of Bergen county, New Jersey. David Christie was born December 1, 1789, at Schraalenburg, Bergen county, and his wife, Anna Brink erhoff, was born in that section of Bergen county now called Ridgefield Park, formerly Old Hackensack, Alay 12, 1797. Their marriage occurred Alarch 12, 1814, after which he removed with his bride to New York City, where he CORNELIUS CHRISTIE BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 389 prospered in business until 1835, wdien he returned to New Jersey and purchased a farm at what was then English Neighborhood (now Leonia) Bergen county, at which place he resided until his death, which occurred April 8, 1848. His wife died February 27, 1883. To them were born fifteen children, only two of whom now survive. Our subject was born at English Neighborhood, Bergen county, December 6, 1835. As a youth he read law in the office of Alercer Beasley at Trenton, and Abraham O. Zabriskie at Jersey City. He graduated from Yale College with the class of 1855, and was also a student at the Harvard Law School. He was admitted to practice in New Jersey in i860, where he has been in continu ous practice, except for an interval between the years 1870 and 1876, when he published the "New Jersey Citizen," an independent weekly Democratic news paper, at Hackensack, New Jersey. He served as a member of the Assembly in 1867 and 1868, as Mayor of Leonia since its incorporation as a borough, in 1894, having been twice re elected without opposition, and has held various other offices of trust. He is connected with the Presbyterian church and is a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Society, Yale Chapter. In his political views he is an independent Democrat. WILLIAM OGDEN HEADLEY Was born in Headleyville, New Jersey, six miles west of Newark, March 12, 1815. He died in 1875 in his sixtieth year. His father was Daniel Head- ley. He was the only child of his father's second marriage. His mother, Joanna Headley, died when he was only two years old. He had three broth ers and four sisters, the children of his father's first marriage, a brother the child of his mother's first marriage, and a sister, the child of his father's third marriage. In this large household, William distinguished himself in his youth for his affectionate and fraternal amiability. His youth and boyhood were noted for traits of industry and diligence in religious and educational discipline, which yielded the best qualities of his maturer years. "The child was the father of the man." His physique was large and well-proportioned and noble. To this, his farm culture and the mechanical employment of his boyhood, — he was engaged in the manufacture of mast hoops and hanks for sailors and ships, — contributed. His industrial education began when he was entrusted at an early age with the disposal of these hoops and hanks in the New York market. His competence for such a work, when a mere boy, presaged his after success in the higher avenues of commerce. At the age of sixteen, in 183 1, he entered upon a carpenter's apprentice ship. His college was a sash and blind factory. He studiously aspired to ex cel in quantity and quality of work. The years, when he was a journeyman, were marked by athleticism, industry, skill, conciliation, uniform kindness and success. Then, and always in his later career, his dealings were "on the square." At the age of twenty-two, in 1837, he became foreman of a sash and blind factory in Brooklyn, New York. His deeper religious life dates from this period. 390 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. At the age of twenty-four, in the autumn of 1839, he was married to Miss Maria S. Pierson. Their home was blessed by five children, three sons and two daughters, two of whom died in childhood. When he was married he came back to live in Newark. On the day of his marriage his money capital was only one hundred and twenty-six dollars. To this cash investment must be added his skill and industry and integrity, which were by this time already recognized in business circles. He formed a partnership with Frederick Calla way in a sash and blind factory which continued for nineteen years in undis turbed harmony, — in unmarred confidence, — and with uniform profit. At the age of forty-three, in 1858, Mr. Headley purchased a farm near Plainfield, New Jersey, and removed with his family to occupy it. The part nership in sashes and blinds was dissolved by mutual consent, in order that Mr. Headley might be free to devote himself to the interests of his farm. He re mained in Plainfield only two years, returning to Newark with his family at the age of forty-five, in i860, to engage in the manufacture of trunks and valises. He had no mechanical training for this business, but he was not slow in ac quiring the mastery of it. At first reverses threatened. The commencement of the war involved the manufacturing interests of the whole country in em barrassment. But the tide was stemmed. The cable of his virtues as a busi ness man, a citizen and a Christian did not give or slip. Friends rallied to his support until the threatened calamity was past. His business developed within a few years into large proportions and gave employment to hundreds of em ployees. Mr. Headley was always just before he was generous in his business relations. But his generosity is proverbial and a matter of tradition to-day (February, 1900) in this town. In this vocation he associated his only sur viving son with himself as a partner, and continued its pursuit until the day he died. He left behind him a valuable estate as a legacy to his heirs. He united with the Central Presbyterian church of Newark, June 23, 1840, by certificate from the Second Presbyterian church of BrocHyn, New York. His connection with this fellowship was uninterrupted for thirty-five years and was characterized by deep piety, sagacious counsel, discreet and unflinching fidelity. His gifts were exercised for many years in the offices of ruling elder and of superintendent of the Sabbath School. No layman has left a more abiding impression upon the American Presbyterianism of this section and cen tury than William Ogden Headley. ALBERT OGDEN HEADLEY Was born in Newark, New Jersey, October 21, 1840. He was the eldest son of William Ogden Headley, in a family of five children. His mother was Maria Smith Pierson. He was educated at the Newark Academy, from which he was graduated in his eighteenth year, 1858. He became connected with the clothing firm of Gaothwaite, Lewis & Company. He remained in that firm only a short time and then became associated as partner, in business with his father, who was the founder of the trunk and valise manufacturing firm of William O. Headley & Son, in i860 At his father's death in 1875, Mr. ,1P &£t ^a2^ BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 391 3 o c/iO **i H ffl W a > o f H •< > zo > sow -w o o s >> SOso 2 392 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Headley, at the age of thirty-five, became the head of the firm. At the age of fifty-three, in 1893, he absorbed the Edgar Farmer & Co. trunk business and was made the president of the syndicate. He bought out the Lagowitz fac tory in Harrison, New Jersey, where the large business interests were pos sessed. Air. Headley was progressive in his temperment and aggressive in his business methods. Under his enterprising management and oversight, the trunk manufacture steadily increased in volume and prosperity. Many of his distinguished father's sterling traits of character and fine achievements in com merce were repeated and intensified in him. He was a member of the Board of Trade and a director in the Second Na tional Bank. He was a stanch Republican in politics. His citizenship was intelligent. His views of financial and economical policy were broad and trustworthy. He was an influential member for many years of the Central Presbyterian church, and the wise and liberal president of its Board of Trustees. He married Miss Mary Arnold, of Clifton Springs, Saratoga county, New York. Mrs. Headley died at Shelter Island, New York, on July 7, 1897. They had three children, Mary Arnold, Albert Ogden and Jane Elizabeth. He died December 21st, 1898, at his home, 760 High street, Newark, New Jersey, in his fifty-eighth year. ALBERT D. BROWN. Ex-Judge Albert D. Brown was born in Woodbridge, Middlesex county, New Jersey, October 29, 1829. He is a descendant of Scotch Presbyterians that emigrated to this country in the latter part of the sixteenth century, and settled in Woodbridge, where he has resided all his life. His paternal grand father, Furman Brown, was born at Woodbridge, he was a farmer and died in October, 1826. David Brown, the father of our subject, was born in May, 1796, and died June 12, 1845. He attended the public school at Woodbridge and afterwards attended the academy at that place. When he arrived at age he engaged in farming on land inherited from his father. He was a member of the old Whig party, and took considerable interest in politics, but never aspired to any office. Julia A. Brown, his mother, was a daughter of Colonel Benjamin A. Brown, of Scotch descent, a prominent citizen of Woodbridge, and a soldier of the Revo lution. He died in 1838. David and Julia A. Brown were united in marriage in August, 1819. Four children were born to them, Christiana, Rebecca, Euphemia and Albert D. Brown. The subject of this sketch in his early life attended the common school at Woodbridge, and afterward attended the academy of Thomas H. Morris at that place. The death of his father occurred when he was sixteen years of age. He at once took possession of his father's farm, also engaged in various other kinds of business. He is the possessor of considerable property in and around Woodbridge and devotes most of his time to its care. He is a Republican in politics. Although he cannot be termed a politician, ALBERT D. BROWN BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 393 yet he takes an active interest in all political questions. He has been prom inently identified with his party for many years. During the Civil War he held the office of inspector. For a number of years he was president of the Town Committee, the governing body of the town. He was treasurer of the township in i860, member of the Township Committee for a number of years, was twice nominated for member of the Legislature, but was defeated by a small margin, receiving many more votes than his party. He was judge of Aliddlesex county court from 1873 to 1878. He is a trustee of the Barren Library, a director in the Rahway Mutual Fire Insurance Com pany, president of the Union Loan and Savings Company of Rahway, vice- president of the Dime Savings Bank of Woodbridge and a director in the First National Bank of Perth Amboy. He is an attendant of the Presbyterian church. In October, 1863, Mr. Brown married Caroline V., only daughter of the late William W. Alawbey, of England, a leading business man of the town of Woodbridge. Her mother was Caroline Robertson, a daughter of William Robertson, of New Providence, New Jersey. Six children have blessed this union, all born at Woodbridge, New Jersey, as follows: David A., who is largely interested in the clay mining business at and near Woodbridge, William Mawbey, an attorney at Newark, who married Minnie B. Hallock, of Newark, New Jersey, October 12, 1892; Charles R., engaged in the insurance business at Newark and Woodbridge; George H., proprietor of a general country store in Woodbridge, who married Lizzie Gardner, of Woodbridge, July 5th, 1899; Arthur C, a graduate of Princeton College, engaged in business in the City of New York, and Frederick V., a bookkeeper, now traveling in the West for the benefit of his health. DAVID C. ENGLISH, M. D., One of the ablest and most distinguished physicians of New Jersey. David C. English, M. D., was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, March 2, 1842. The family have been prominent in the State since its earliest settlement, and the present Dr. English is the third in a direct line on the paternal side who have been distinguished in medical circles. His grandfather was Dr. James English, a commissioned surgeon in the army during the War of the Revolution, while his father, Dr. David C. English was also a prominent physician. The early education of Dr. English was obtained in the schools of his native town, and in 1868 he was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Co lumbia College) New York City. After graduation he returned to New Bruns wick and established himself in practice and has risen to an eminent place in the profession. In a work of this character it is not necessary to enter into elaborate detail, but a brief enumeration of a few of the many positions of official trust and honor that have been held by Dr. English may serve as a basis upon which a just estimate can be formed of the esteem and respect in which he is held by the members of the medical profession. He has been treasurer of the Middlesex 394 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. County Medical Society since 1876, and is an ex-president of that organiza tion. He is a member of the State Aledical Society and was on the Standing Committee for four years, serving three years of that time as chairman. In 1894 he was elected third vice-president, and in 1897, at the one hundred and thirty-first annual meeting, was elected president of the Medical Society of New Jersey. He is now one of the Fellows in that Society. He is a member and secretary of the staff of the Wells Alemorial Hospital at New Brunswick. He is vice-president of the New Jersey State Micropscopical Society, and is also a member of the New Brunswick Historical Society. Notwithstanding his arduous and continuous labors in the active practice of his chosen profession, and in the discharge of the duties incident to and ne cessitated by the numerous official positions he has held, he has been equally prominent and active in religious matters'. In 1871, and again in 1881, he was president of the New Jersey State Y. M. C. A. conventions. From 1870 to 1894, inclusive, he was continuously a member of the State Executive Com mittee, and for ten years was president of the New Brunswick Y. M. C. A. He has been an elder, in the First Presbyterian church of New Brunswick since 1873, and has twice been elected by the Presbytery of New Brunswick a com missioner to the General Assembly of the church. Dr. English is an active, earnest, zealous man and throughout his life has labored for the advancement of his profession, and through the religious organ izations with which he is connected, for the uplifting and betterment of his fellow men. As a medical man he is recognized by the profession as being one of the foremost practitioners in the State, while in the circle of his immediate ac quaintanceship and among his friends and neighbors, he is respected and es teemed for his uniform courtesy and kindness, the purity of his moral character ai*d his earnest devotion under all circumstances to what he considers justice and right. He married, in 1870 Aliss Susan C. Blake, daughter of Hon. Harrison Blake, formerly of Maine. They have one son, Grenfill H. B. English, who re sides in New Brunswick. The only political or civil office he has held was that of Alderman of his ward in 1867 and 1868. EDWARD F. ALLING, A prominent resident of East Orange, New Jersey, is a native of the State. He attended the common schools until the age of sixteen years. His first employ ment was in that busy section of New York City known as "Wall street," and in this vicinity he is now operating as a stock broker. Air. Ailing is vice-president of the People's Bank, and treasurer of the Savings Investment & Trust Company, both of East Orange. He is a member of the Brick Presbyterian Church and fraternally he is a Mason. Socially he is a member of the Essex Club, of New Jersey, Essex County Country Club and Riding Club. Politically he is a Republican. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 39S EDWARD A. WALTON Was born in New York City on May 9, 1836, and his early youth was passed in the towns of Norwalk, Connecticut, and Williamsburgh, Long Island. His business career began on his fourteenth birthday, when he entered the employ ment of the Citizens' Insurance Company in its Williamsburg office. After ten years of clerkship he was, in i860, appointed secretary of the Citizens'. In 1881 he was promoted to the vice-presidency of the company, and in April, 1886, was elected president, completing forty-eight years of service on May 9, 1898. He is the last but one of the signers of the first reports made to the Insurance Department in i860. While secretary of the Citizens, in 1878, he was elected president of the New York Board of Fire Underwriters, and was re-elected in 1879, and he served at various times on several of its standing committees. At the annual meeting of the National Board of Fire Underwriters in May, 1894, Mr. Walton was elected president of that organization, having served for several years as chairman of its Finance Committee, and was re-elected to that office in May, 1895, serving for two years as president of the as sociation. He is a resident of Ridgewood, New Jersey, is a director of the Manhattan Life Insurance Company, and of the National Citizens' Bank of New York; trustee of the Manhattan Savings Institution, treasurer of the Long Branch Water Supply Company, director of the Ridgewood Electric Light Company, vice-president of the Ridgewood Hall and Park Association, and a member of the Union League and Insurance Clubs of New York, and of the Ridgewood Club, and president of the Monmouth Beach Country Club. The Citizens' Insurance Company of New York, with which Mr. Walton has been so long connected, was organized in 1836, and has always stood well in the community and with its competitors, and the fact that both Mr. James M. McLean, its former president, and Mr. Walton have been elected twice to the presidency of the New York Board of Fire Underwriters, and to the Na tional Board of Fire Underwriters is an evidence that the company and its ¦officers have secured the good will of their business associates. Mr. Walton, in addition to his various other interests, has been largely ¦engaged in real estate, and was mainly instrumental in the founding and growth of two important colonies; namely, that of Ridgewood, Bergen county, New Jersey,- where he has been a resident for the past thirty-eight years; and of the unique settlement on the Jersey coast known as Alonmouth Beach, of which he was one of the founders in 1871, and of which he has been a continual sum mer resident for the last twenty-eight years. Mr. Walton is the only surviving resident of the original settlers of Monmouth Beach, and has always given a great deal of attention to the interests of that colony, as well as to those of his "winter home at Ridgewood. His face is familiar to the travelers on the old Sandy Hook route, as he has a room on the well known steamer "Monmouth," where are frequently to be met some of the best known men in finacial, com mercial and political circles Mr. Walton has always been a friend of the younger men in the insurance "business. Many now holding prominent positions are indebted to him for 396 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. kindly help and encouragement in their earlier days, and those who hold him in the highest esteem are those who know him most intimately. Air. Walton has been identified with every movement made during the past thirty years looking to the improvement of the business of fire under writing, and he is frequently chosen arbitrator in disputes between companies. With Air. Walton as an arbitrator, or as a member of a committee having in charge important questions, all parties in interest give him their full confidence. They know that he gives to the consideration of such questions not only his ripe experience as a successful fire underwriter, but they also know that his action will be controlled by equity, strict integrity and sound sense, for he is the personification of these qualities. Air. Walton has always taken an active interest in national politics. In 1868 he was a delegate to the Chicago Convention which nominated Grant and Colfax, and in 1872 he was Republican elector from New Jersey, voting for U. S. Grant and Henry Wilson. At the close of the war, and during the years '66, '68 and '70, he was active in the old Fourth Congressional District in New Jersey, being chairman of the Congressional Committee for two terms, and was also treasurer of the Bergen County Executive Committee, and prominent in the movement that made that county a Republican county, as well as the district a Republican district. He has, however, for the past few years abstained from active participation in politics, although always interested in the general results. ELLES R. CARHUFF. The precise origin of the surname of the family, to whom the subject of our sketch belongs, is one difficult, if not almost impossible, to determine with cer tainty. In common with other names, which bear the prefix of "Car" or "Carr," its antiquity is judged by that prefix, which in Anglo-Saxon of a re mote period, signified "a rock," or "elevation where castles stood," whence the authorities draw the inference that the Carhuff family belonged to the baronial, or lords of the Manor Class, and were originally of the military and commanding order. These traditions, concerning Old World families, are interesting and, undoubtedly, contain more of truth than fiction, however in more prosaic days we may regard them. Elles R. Carhuff, a sketch of whose life follows, was born at Dingman's Ferry, Pike county, Pennsylvania, Alay 25th, 1827, and died in Newark, New Jersey, October ist, 1897 He was the son of Elles R. and Eleanor (Van Sco- der) Carhuff. In passing we note that the name of Elles, or Ellis, in British, is derived, according to the authority of Hals, "from a well known regal name of Anglo-Saxon times." Mr. Carhuff received his early education in the schools of his native place, and, while yet a young man, came to Newark, New Jersey, where he learned ReeevearPenterS ^^^ aSS°dating himse!f' for that Purpose, with the late Ezra Having perfected himself in the details of his chosen avocation, Mr. Carhuff soon after, entered business for himself, and was not long in acquiring a repu- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 397 tation, which brought his services into demand, for the erection of many of the most important buildings, public and private, of Newark. Among such we note the residence of the late Cornelius Walsh; known, at the time of its erection, as the most imposing private residence in the city, the Chestnut street school house, one of the first of the large and modern structures built, for educational purposes, in Newark, and the South Park Presbyterian church, erected under the personal supervision of Mr. Carhuff. ELLES R. CARHUEE. While, by inclination and training, Mr. Carhuff was primarily interested in buildings and architectural affairs, generally, he was a man of scientific mind and fond of experiment and investigation. From following this scientific bent of mind he became, ultimately, the discoverer of an entirely new process for the making of prussiate of potash. In 1859 he entered the business of the manu facturing of prussiate of potash, and several years later associating with himself as partner in the industry, Josiah F Dodd (now deceased), he built the large and well known plant on Chestnut street in this city. As the inventor of the new process, already alluded to, and as one of the larger manufacturers of prussi ate of potash, Mr. Carhuff, in course of time, bought out Mr. Dodd's interest 398 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. in the business, and organized a corporation, known as the E. R. Carhuff & Son Co., of which company he became president, retaining that position during the remainder of his life. While Air. Carhuff will be remembered, not alone as a man, an inventor and manufacturer, and while memorials of him stand in many parts of our city, in the buildings erected by him, he will be, perhaps, best known by his record in connection with the city fire department. The fire department of Newark has always been known as one of the best in existence, both in its early days, under the old volunteer system, and later, when it had availed itself of all that makes the modern method of dealing with the dreaded enemy, fire, one of the most wonderful and powerful adjuncts to civilization in the world. All honor should be given to those whose lines are identified \\ ith the noble work of protecting the lives and property of others from the destroying element. In connection with this department, Mr. Carhuff had, and will continue to have, more than a merely local reputation . In 1854 he belonged to the hook and ladder company, under the old volunteer department; in recognition of his faithful services he was called from one official position to another. In 1866 he was appointed assistant chief engineer, the following year he received the appointment of chief engineer, to which office he was, after serving three years, again reappointed in 1871, and continued to hold office, by reappointment, until 1876, when, by reason of a change of politics, he and many other city officials were followed by those of another party. During Mr. Carhuff's time of service in connection with the Newark Fire Department, many notable fires occurred, whose prompt arresting may be largely attributed, not alone to the superb con dition of the department, under its incomparable chief, but to the personal in- . fluence and heroic example of Mr. Carhuff himself. Among large fires, whose injury to life and property was reduced to a minimum under Air. Carhuff's ad ministration, may be cited those of the Soldiers' Hospital, foot of Centre street, the Rubber Works on Warren and High streets, W. O. Headley's trunk factory, the large malt house of Ballantine & Co., and the Aloore & Sealy hat factory. Of advance movements in fire department affairs, Mr. Carhuff was always a leader, to his instrumentality the city is chiefly indebted for its present very perfect fire alarm telegraph system. To his efforts, as chairman of the com mittee for collecting the funds for building the Fireman's Monument, and erecting the beautiful fence about the firemen's lot in Alt. Pleasant Cemetery, the department is also indebtd mainly. That Mr. Carhuff's services were apprciated by his brothers of the Fire Department, no better proof could be given than that shown by the profound sorrow with which his loss was regarded. In politics Mr. Carhuff was an ardent and stanch Republican; of the many offices, in the gift of his party, held by him, may be mentioned that of Chosen Freeholder, where he held positions as chairman of the Finance Com mittee and also as chairman of the Lunacy Committee. While in this last office the Hospital for the Insane, situated on South Orange avenue, was erected. To his wisdom and actions, in connection with the erection of this great institution the community owes much. Mr. Carhuff was, for many years, a director in the Mt. Pleasant Cemetery OLIVER S. CARTER BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 399. Company, and for some time, president of that body; he was, also, a, member of the Board of Trade of the City of Newark. In church matters he was much interested, being one of the original members, and a founder of St. Paul's M. E. church, to which church, in all its interests, he was greatly devoted throughout life. In December of 185 1, Air. Carhuff married Sarah M. Conger, of Newark, New Jersey. The Conger family of America is another of the Old World families whose sons came to the new land at an early period in its colonial history, bringing with them, in addition to the sturdy virtues of their ancestors,. that love of freedom which characterized our first settlers, and has been handed down to their sons and daughters. Airs. Carhuff survives her husband, and three children ar» living of their family of five. Willard W., born Alarch 20th, 1853, now a resident of Chicago; Fred P., born May 27th, 1862, and Emma G, who married Lewis G. Dawson. Five grandchildren are also living. Mr. Carhuff's death was, undoubtedly, hastened, if not caused, by an ac cident; he was thrown from his carriage, and received injuries which, together with the shock to his constitution resulting therefrom, left him in so precarious a condition that he was physically unable to rally from a subsequent stroke of" apoplexy, notwithstanding the best efforts and devotion of family and friends, and all that professional attention and skill could devise or perform. It has been said, very truly, of Air. Carhuff, that "he was one against whom no word of evil could be spoken." He was a man of uprightness and strict integrity and singularly straightforward in word and action. He honored his, God and loved devotedly his family, country, church and fellow men. In every position he worked only for 'the highest good of his party, his city, county and state, never, under any circumstances, sacrificing principle to self-interest. He was a man of broad views, kind heart and generous nature, and was greatly interested in public improvement of all kinds. Although not given to display,. Mr. Carhuff was a true lover of the beautiful, in art and nature. He was loved and respected in life as they only can be respected and loved who place above everything else the doing of that which is true and just; his memory will live as. one who "feared God and kept His commandments." OLIVER S. CARTER, A prominent resident of West Orange, New Jersey, and one of the leaders of finance in New York City, where he is president of the National Bank of the Republic, was born in New Hartford, Connecticut, and is the son of Hernias and Hannah (Booth) Carter. Hermas Carter was a native of Berlin, Connec ticut, and was born in 1780, he died in 1858. His wife, Hannah Booth was. also born in Berlin, Connecticut, in 1780, and died in 1863. Both parents were of English descent. The father was a mechanic. Oliver S. Carter left school when he was fifteen years of age and took a position as clerk in a store in Hartford. He came to New York City on March 1, 1845, and took a position as the youngest clerk in a wholesale grocery house, at a salary of one hundred and fifty dollars per year. On January 1, 1854,. 400 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. he was taken into partnership in this firm, which became that of Whitlock, Kel logg & Carter. By the death of the senior partner, Air. Caittr was at the head of the firm, which, on January I, i860, became that of Carter & Hawleys. In this line of business Air. Carter continued until January 1, 1895. In 1856 he was elected a director in the North American Fire Insurance Company, and in i860 a director in the Home Fire Insurance Company of New York, and at about the same time was elected a director in both the World Life Insurance Companies of New York and Chicago. In 1874 he was elected a director in the National Bank of the Republic of New York, and was made honorary vice- president of that institution when Henry W. Cannon left it to accept the presi dency of the Chase National Bank. At the death of Hon. John J. Knox in February, 1892, Air. Carter accepted the presidency of the National Bank of the Republic, which position he now holds. Mr. Carter is a member of the Chamber of Commerce of New York City, of the Union League and Down Town Clubs, of the Academy of Fine Arts, of the New England Society of Orange, and of the Essex County Country Club. In politics he is a Republican. In 1854 Air. Carter was married to Elizabeth Hyde, daughter of John H. Coley, of New Haven, Connecticut, by whom he has five daughters and one son, the latter died in infancy. The mother of these children died in 1880, and in 1887, Mr. Carter married Aliss Isis Yterbide Potter, of Trenton, New Jersey. From 1854 until the spring of i860 Air. Carter resided in Brooklyn, New York, at the latter time removing to Orange, New Jersey, under advice of his physician. In 1878 he removed to his present residence in West Orange. JOHN WAHL QUEEN Was born at Alount Pleasant, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, February 20, 1862, his parents being John W. and Livera (Apgar) Queen. Mr. Queen was graduated from the State Model School at Trenton, New Jersey, in 1883, and from Princeton College in 1887, receiving from the latter institution the degree of Ph. D. in 1889. His legal education was obtained in the New York Law School and in the office of Collins & Corbin, of Jersey City. He was admitted to the New Jersey bar as an attorney in November, 1893, and as a counselor in February, 1898. He served as a member of the New Jersey Legislature in the House of Assembly during the session of 1895 and 1896, and was leader of the Democratic minority in that body. He introduced the equal taxation bill, which resulted in the appointment by Governor Griggs of a com mission to investigate the taxation of railroad property. This fight made Mr. Queen one of the leaders of his party in the state, and won for him a wide. and favorable reputation. A bill which was recommended by this commis sion was introduced at the next session of the Legislature, and became a law. It returned to Hudson county upwards of a quarter of a million of dollars of taxes annually, which had previously been paid by the railroads to the State. In January, 1897, Air. Queen formed a copartnership for the practice of law with George G. Tennant, Esq., of Jersey City, under the firm name of BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 401 iMtew !r V^§J| dti 9^* Wr-'' - ¦•¦¦m. mm f ^m ¦;.mjm^ '¦" JOHN \V. QUEEN. Queen & Tennant, and in May, 1898, he was appointed by Mayor Hoos to the office of City Attorney of Jersey City for a term of two years. He is a mem ber of the Princeton Club of New York, the Palma Club of Jersey City, the Jersey City Board of Trade and the University Club of Hudson county. He was married December 14, 1898, to Rebecca Bird, daughter of Edwin H. and Susie (Bird) Whitfield, of New York. FRED. WESLEY WENTWORTH. Although not a Jerseyman by birth, Architect Fred Wesley Wentworth is closely identified with all progressive and artistic building interests of his adopted state, and many magnificent structures stand as living epitomes of his professional skill and artistic genius. Mr. Wentworth dates his paternal ancestry back to the Norman conquest, when according to the "Doomsday Book," compiled under the direction of "Wil liam the Conqueror" for taxation purposes, Reginald de Wynterwade, was in possession of the lordship of Wentworth in the Wopentake of Stafford, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. The "Magna Britannica" published about the year 1800 refers to the place as follows: 26 402 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. / "The family of Wentworth hath long flourished in this place. They have been of the degree of knights for six hundred years, and were settled in this country four hundred years before that, in all likelihood, in this town. As. it is the ancient and chief seat of the noble family, so, from hence, all others- of this name are descended, as appears by a pedigree preserved here." Records show an unbroken lineage of twenty-eight generations of elder William Wentworth, who emigrated from England and settled in Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1638, and from him he is descended in line as follows: William 1, Ephriam 2, Ephriam 3, Ephriam 4, Jonathan 5, Stephen 6, William 7, Fred 8. Air. Wentworth is the son of William Trickey and Lucinda Phipps (Mac- Donald) Wentworth, who were married on November 12th, 1856, at Biddeford,. Maine. His father was born at Hiram, Oxford county, Maine, April 11, 1832. When a young man he came to Dover and soon became the proprietor of the "Long Hill Farm," where he still resides and carries on a successful farming and dairy business. He has been identified with many progressive enterprises,. and has always been prominent in local political circles, having served as Select man, School Commissioner, Councilman, Alderman, and has twice represented. his city in the State Legislature. His mother is a daughter of Frederick Southgate, and Susan (Abbott) MacDonald, and was born on the 13th day of January, 1829, at Chatham, New Hampshire. Air. MacDonald was a leading citizen of the above named town, a. Justice of the Peace, Select-man and for many years Town Clerk, and was a de scendant of the old and honorable Scotch Clan MacDonald. Mrs. Went- ' worth is a woman of exceptional ability and has always been actively interested. in social and philanthropic undertakings. Mr. Wentworth, as above chronicled, was born of sturdy New England parentage at Boxoboro, Massachusetts, on the 22d of August, 1864, where his parents were temporariy located while his father wes engaged in the lumbering of ship timebr. Within a year, they returned to their home in Dover, New Hampshire, where he spent his early childhood and youth. His early education was gathered in a country school. Later he attended the Grammer School in Dover, and advanced in 1879 to the High School in the same city where he fitted for college, graduating in 1883. In the fall of that year he entered the Chandlee Scientific Department of Dartsmouth College and graduated with honors in the class of '87. Al though a close student he took a prominent part in social and musical circles,. and has the honor of being one of the founders and promoters of the "Casque & Gauntlet" Senior Society, now the strongest and most popular college fra ternity. Mr. Wentworth showed a great aptitude for mathematics, science and art, and immediately after graduation started in New York City to get a practical. knowledge of his chosen profession. The next six years were spent in the offices of several of the best metropolitan architects, preparatory to starting on his professional career, which dates from the 12th day of October, 1893, when he opened an office in the Paterson National Bank Building, Paterson, New Jersey, where he has since been located. Almost immediately he was com missioned to erect the Passaic Hospital buildings which were successfully com- FRED. W. WENTWORTH THOMAS J. TAYLOR BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 4o3 pleted the following year. Important commissions followed in close succes sion until today Mr. Wentworth has the largest and best equipped office in the State. On August 23d, 1897, Mr. Wentworth was chosen to represent the United States Government as Superintendent of Construction of the Federal building, just completed in Paterson, one of the finest structures in the State, which stands a monument to his practical skill. Among the commissions successfully completed by Air. Wentworth are: The Peoples Bank and Trust Company's building; the Young Men's Christian Association building in Passaic; the New York and New Jersey Telephone Exchange; "Essex House" the residence of Hon. John W. Griggs, Attorney-General; residences of Mr. James Hinchliffe, Air. Al. H. Ellenbogen and Mr. James Simpson in Paterson; the palatial residence of Mr. Kimball C. Atwood at Oradell, New Jersey; the fine residences of General Bird W. Spencer in Passaic, and of Quartermaster General, Richard A. Donnelly at Spring Lake. Air. Wentworth has also served the State. All the buildings on the grounds of the New Jersey State camp having been erected from his plans and under his superintendence. Air. Wentworth is a Republican in politics, a Universalist in religion, and a prominent club man, being a member of the New Jersey State Rifle Associ ation; the Hamilton Club; the North Jersey Country Club, and Tourist Club of Paterson; the Acquackanonk Club of Passaic, and the New Jersey Society of Architects. Mr. Wentworth was married on the 9th day of May, 1893, to- Miss Florence Agnes Maria Hurlburt, daughter of DeWitt Clinton, and Fan nie P. (Torrey) Hurlburt of Georgia, Vermont. They have no children. THOMAS JOHNSTON TAYLOR. To the subject of this review has come the attainment of a distinguished position in connection with an industry that is of his own conception and ranks with other great industries of the metropolis. His efforts have been so discerningly directed along well defined lines, that he seems to have realized the full measure of his posibilities for accomplishment. This is a truly suc cessful life. He maintains his business headquarters at 404 Broadway, New York City, while his residence is in Orange, that beautiful section of New Jer- sty where wealth and culture abound. Mr. Taylor was born in New York City, January 21st, 1858. He at tended the public school until his thirteenth year. His first employment was- with the fancy goods importing house of H. & Al. Kayser & Company. In this position he remained with them or their successor from 1871 until i88or at which time they retired from business. He then accepted a position to represent the importing fancy goods and jewelry firm of Cohen & Company, which was at that time the leading house in their line between Philadelphia and New Orleans. He remained with them until January, 1886, when he embarked in the jewelry business for himself, but in 1889, he took up the fancy goods importing and manufacturing of genuine tortoise shell orna- 4o4 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. ments for the hair. In these lines he has prospered, although for the first few years it was a struggle, but his keen foresight and honorable methods of transacting business enabled him to accomplish the desired end that he sought. While Air. Taylor was a resident of New York City, he enlisted in Company E, Seventh Regiment, National Guard, State of New York, in September, 1877, and remained in this regiment until 1889, when he received his discharge. Socially he is a member of the Orange Club. Fraternally he is a member of Bethel Lodge, F. & A. M. of New York. Politically he gives his sup port to the Republican party on national issues, but in local affairs his views are independent. Air. Taylor was united in marriage on November 3d, 1880, to Miss Ella Garner, daughter of Powhattan Monroe and Mary Adaline (Bence) Garner They have one daughter Luella, who was born in New York August 21st, 1881. Airs. Taylor is considered a most amiable lady by all that know her and the gracious hospitality of her home is extended to their many friends. S. C. G. WATKINS, D. D. S. This is an age of progress, and America is the exponent of the spirit of the age. In the beginning of the past century our country was in its infancy, and history shows no parallel of its growth and achievements. ' No other country has made as great advancement in the lines of science and mechanical invention, and the superiority of her inventions has been widely recognized, awakening the admiration of the world. In this steady growth and development which have characterized the age, the science of dentistry has kept pace with the general progress, and in that direction Dr. Watkins stands among the foremost. He has been a leader in thought and action in the world of den tistry, and his investigation, experiments and comprehensive understanding have enabled him to bring before the scientific world many valuable truths in relation to the profession, and successfully put them to the practical test in the operating room. The old lines of usage he has broken down, and in broader fields of usefulness and practice he has led a large following. Dr. Samuel Charles Goldsmith Watkins is a native of Ontario, Canada, his birth having occurred in Ashgrove,.Halton county, on the 27th of March, 1853. He is a son of Dr. Charles W. and Harriet (Beckwith) Watkins. The an cestral history of the family shows that the Watkins, lived first in Wales, afterward in England, and subsequently founded the Irish branch of the family. They were people of prominence and left the impress of their individuality upon every age. The family represents in the female line the ancient and distin guished house of Vaughan, of Golden Grove, the ancestor being Hugh Vaughan, Esquire, -Kidwelly, gentleman usher to King Henry VII, in 1497. A descendant of the English branch of the Watkins family accompanied Cromwell to Ireland as a member of his military staff, and for military services rendered was assigned lands in county Monahan, where Humphrey Wat kins, the great-great grandfather of Dr. Watkins, was born and where he lived to attain the remarkable age of one hundred and four years. From the f^^z^A^p J BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 405 county mentioned, Samuel Watkins, the great-grandfather of the Doctor re moved to county Kings, where he died at the age of ninety-six years. His son, Samuel Watkins, who died at the age of eighty-nine years and six months, was likekise a native of the Emerald Isle, whence in 18 19 he emigrated to America to accept a government position. Fie had indorsements and let ters of introduction from the Earl of Ross to the Duke of Richmond who was at that time stationed at Quebec. Soon after his arrival, through the in fluence of the Duke of Richmond, he received a grant of the largest tract of land ever given to one man, on condition of his settling at Little York, now Toronto, Ontario. He thus became the founder of the Canadian branch of the Watkins family. The Samuel Watkins above referred to distinguished himself as a colonel in the Irish rebellion of 1790, and also in the supression of what is known as the McKenzie rebellion of 1835, in Canada. For his services he was awarded a colonelcy in the Canadian forces. His son, Charles W. Watkins, father of the Doctor, took a prominent part in resisting the Fenian raid into Canada, in 1866. He married Harriet, daughter of George Beckwith, who was a lieu tenant in King George's private regiment and body guard, being a resident of Yorkshire, England, and living to the venerable age of ninety-eight years and six months. He was a grandson of Lord George Beckwith, a colonel in the British army. This very ancient family originally bore the name of MaJbie or jMalbysse, being lineally descended, from the marriage ''temp," Henry III, of Hercules de Malbie, grandson of Sir Sinion (Simon?) de Mal- bie, lord of Cawton, in Craven, with Beckwith, one of the daughters of Sir William Brice, lord of Skilton Castle in Cleveland, a noble Norman knight, ancestor of the Bruces of Scotland. A family legend dating from the time of Cromwell (1649) states that dur ing the vigorous fight between the Protestants and Catholics in which the former were victorious, a Catholic priest was sheltered and secreted by one of the ladies of the family in this line of Watkins descent. On the day following the Catholics routed the Protestants and drove them over the banks of the river Ban. The plucky woman referred to drew near to the priest, and extending her hand in token of salutation, immediately grasped the hand of the priest and dragged him into the river, both perishing together. Dr. Samuel C. G. Watkins spent his early life amid the surroundings of the farm, and acquired his elementary education in the common schools of the neighborhood. When fourteen years of age he accompanied his parents on their removal to Detroit, Michigan, and two years later he went to Boston, where, having determined to make the practice of dentistry his life work, he entered the office of a well known practitioner, who carefully directed his studies. He obtained a fair start in life, but suffered an almost irreparable loss by being burned out in the great fire in Boston in 1872. All his material possessions were gone, but there still remained to him a resolute spirit and unlimited perseverance, and he at once set to work to retrieve his lost posses sions. He began life anew, spending all his spare time in attending lectures in the Boston Dental College, wherein he was graduated with honor in the class of 1875. The following year Dr. Watkins established an office in Montclair and 406 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. soon acquired an extensive practice among the best class of residents. He has a finely appointed office, fitted up with the most modern appliances known to the science, and in every way he has kept progress with the improvement that is continually being made in the methods of dentistry. He has ever been a close student of the profession, and is an original thinker whose in vestigations have resulted in practical benefit. He has made contributions to the dental literature of the country which are valuable, especially concern ing the treatment of children's teeth and the use of amalgam in filling. He is the inventer of a sectional head-rest for dental chairs, which bears his name, and is so much appreciated by the profession that it has caused a complete revolution in head-rests, and he has also made other valuable contributions for facilitating the work of his profession. His inventions include trimming, finishing and amalgam instruments, which likewise bear his name; also a machine for making tapering screws, while the Watkins tooth-brush is recog nized for its absolute superiority. He has also devised a dental record-book, whose system of entries is simple and effective, which is well thought of by the profession. He has received many honors from his professional associates and is accorded the position of one of the foremost representatives of the science of dentistry in the east. In 1886, he was unanimously elected president of the Alumni Association of the Boston Dental College. The same year he was elected president of the Central Dental Association of Northern New Jersey, of which he was one of the founders in 1880, and has been chairman of the executive committee for many years. In 1889, he was made president of the New Jersey State Dental Society, and has also been a member of the executive committee for a number of years. He is a member of the First District Dental Society of New York, and of the Odontological Society of New York. In 1879, he became a member of the American Dental Association. In 1891, he was made second vice-president of that society, and was re-elected in 1892 and 1893. The following year, at Old Point Comfort, he wrs elected first vice-president, and in 1895, was acting president. He was a member of the clinic committee of the World's Columbian Dental Congress; also chairman of the state committee of New Jersey, and it was in his office that the first steps toward the Columbian congress were taken, and he presided at the first meeting held in New York City, in April, 1890. He is a member of the National Dental Association, also an honorary member of the New England Dental Association and the Southern Dental Association. He has filled the chair of lecturer on operative dentistry in the New York Dental School of the University of the State of New York. Wholly absorbed in the duties of his profession, Dr. Watkins has had but little time to devote to local affairs. However, he took an active interest in the organization of the fire department; was a charter member of Hook and Ladder Company No 1, and is now on the list of exempt firemen, having served for nine years in that capacity. He is a director in the Montclair Savings Bank, and a member of the executive committee of the Love Ale- morial Library Association, but outside of these business connections his time has been mostly devoted to his chosen vocation In Alay, 1878, the doctor married Aliss Alary Yarrington Doremus, rhJTr Jusu^ isyf- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 407 daughter of Philip Doremus, one of the most prominent citizens of Montclair. By this marriage there are three children, namely: Philip Doremus, Anne Yarrington and Lawrence Beckwith. In 1879, the doctor erected a residence on Fullerton avenue, which was destroyed in 1885. Soon afterward, how ever, he rebuilt on the same location. His office is in the lower story of his residence, and is adorned with a large collection of curios, in which he takes great pride and delight Socially he Was one of the charter members of the Montclair Club and one of the early members of the Athletic Club, and for several years a director in the Montclair Glee Club; also a member of the board of trustees of the Trin ity Presbyterian church. A gentleman of intellectual endowments, of culture and high personal worth, he has gained distinction in professional circles and won the high esteem of all with whom he has been brought in contact. JOHN W. RUSSERT, Of New Brunswick, New Jersey, born in Manheim, Germany, October 20th, 1849, is the son of John B. Russert, who was a prominent brewer in Man heim, Germany. John W. Russert attended school until fourteen years of age. He then began his apprenticeship in his father's establishment. Here he acquired that practical knowledge of the business which has proved so important a factor in his subsequent career. In 1868, at nineteen years of age he came to America, seeking a broader field for the employment of his energy and industry. Upon reaching America, he first located in Keokuk, Iowa, there finding employment. Subsequently he traveled extensively throughout the west, and was associated with various ¦brewing establishments. In 1875, be returned to Germany for a brief period. For a number of years Mr. Russert was associated with the Empire Brewery, of New York. From 1887 to 1896, he operated successfully a brewery at La Porte, Indiana. In May, 1898, he purchased the Rock Spring Brewery, of New Brunswick, New Jersey, which he now operates. The products of his establishment have a wide and growing reputation, and his business is rapidly increasing. The same year he erected a factory in New Brunswick for the manufacture of artificial ice upon a large scale, and equipped with every modern facility for manufacture. Mir. Russert is a member of the Brew Master's Association, of New York. He is also a member of the Elks, and is a Democrat in politics. In the year 1875, during his return to his native land, Mr. Russert married Miss Bertha Schero, a native of Manheim. They have had seven children,. four of whom are living, Marie, Otto, Bruno and Bertha. 408 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. COL. JOSEPH W. AND WILLIAM F. ALLEN. William F. Allen, manager of the National Railway Publication Company, a well known resident of South Orange, was born at Bordentown, N. J., and is the son of the late Colonel Joseph Warner Allen, a distinguished citizen of New Jersey, who was prominent in political, military and railroad circles of the State, and who at the time of his death was Colonel of the Ninth Regiment of New Jersey Volunteers. Colonel Allen was born near Bristol, Pennsylvania, on July 22d, 1811, and came of an old Pennsylvania family that settled in that state as early as 1681. He was a civil engineer by profession and distinguished himself in that line. His first service in engineering was a rodman on the construction of the old Delaware Division Canal. He was engaged on the construction of the Camden and Amboy railway at Bordentown, New Jersey, where he was married, and where he made his permanent residence. Subse quently he was engaged on the construction of the Grand Gulf and Port Gib son railroad in Mississippi, the Baltimore and Ohio railroad in Virginia, the Paterson and Ramapo and the Flushing (Long Island) railroads, as well as on numerous other public works, among which were the Dundee Water Power and Land Improvement Company, of Passaic, N. J., and the Hoboken Land and Improvement Company. The completion of the Bergen tunnel, now occupied by the Erie railway, was entrusted to his charge as chief engineer. Of an active and earnest, yet conservative and exceedingly well balanced temperament, Colonel Allen was naturally prominent in the politics of his State, and was twice elected to represent Burlington county, in the State Senate, and was the recognized leader of the Whig party in that body. His name was a num ber of times prominently mentioned in connection with the office of Governor and of United States Senator. The high esteem in which he was held by prominent men of all parties was evinced by the action of the State Legis lature at the time of his death. His body, and that of Surgeon Weller, was laid in state at the State House in Trenton, and all expenses attendant upon the return of his body from Hatteras, and of the miilitary funeral which followed, were borne by the State government. Colonel Allen was appointed Deputy Quartermaster General of New Jersey with the rank 01 Lieutenant-Colonel by Governor Charles Stratton, a position of honor, but without duties until Fort Sumter was fired on. From that time his best energies were devoted to the interests of his country. He rendered able and efficient service as an aid of Governor Olden in equipping the three months men and also all the regiments of three years men enlisted previous to the formation of the Ninth Regiment. The movement which culminated in the formation of the Ninth Regiment was the result of an application made to Governor Olden to recruit a company for the regiment known as "Berdan's Sharp Shooters."' Governor Olden asked Colonel Allen's advice as to the practicability of raising such a company. Colonel Allen stated that a regiment of riflemen could be readily raised, and the Governor immediately offered to obtain authority to recruit the regiment providing Colonel Allen would take command, to which the lat ter promptly agreed. Recruiting was at once commenced, and from that time Colonel Allen devoted himself to the care of the regiment in the effort to make it m all respects the best one that had left the State. How well he was COL. JOSEPH W. ALLEN WILLIAM F. ALLEN BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 409 seconded in this by his officers, and how well these efforts succeeded, the subse quent history of the regiment testifies. The regiment at first -consisted of twelve companies of one hundred men each, corresponding with the organization ¦ recently adopted in the armies of the United States. (It may be mentioned that the sword which Colonel Allen carried was presented to him by Governor Olden as a token of his personal re gard and esteem). Colonel Allen was drowned off Hatteras Inlet, on January 15th, 1862, while on the "Burnside Expedition." A remarkable evidence of the lasting nature of the impression which he made upon the regiment is evinced by the fact that in 1864, after two years had passed, during which time many stirring events had been experienced, a noble monument was erected over his grave in Christ church yard at Bordentown, New Jersey, by the officers and men of the regiment. The monument is fifteen feet and six inches in height, the base being of Pennsylvania marble, and the shaft of white Italian marble. There are appropriate carvings in relief of flags, muskets, shield, and Masonic emblems, with crossed swords and an ivy and oak wreath. The inscriptions are as follows: "Joseph W. Allen, Colonel Ninth Regiment New Jersey 'Volunteers, drowned at Hatteras, North Carolina, January fifteenth, 1862, in the fifty-first year of his age." "This monument is erected by the officers and men of the Ninth Regiment, New Jersey Volunteers as a tribute of grateful respect to the memory of their first commander, who, while faithfully serving his country in the darkest hour of her peril, even to the sacrifice of his life, endeared himself to the hearts of his whole command." Colonel Allen was an exemplary citizen, a self-sacrificing patriot, a devoted husband and a loving father. Of fine physical proportions and manly bear ing, his personal characteristics secured the confidence and respect of all who knew him. Colonel Allen was united in marriage at Bordentown, New Jersey, on November 27th, 1833, to Sarah Burns Norcross, who was born at Bordentown on April 5th, 181 5, and came from an old New Jersey family on the paternal side, and on the maternal side from Nova Scotia, New York and New Jersey. Her death occured on March 30th, 1882. The following children were born to Colonel Allen and wife: Berthea B., Allen Young, William Norcross, Joseph W. Jr., William F. and Edwin S. William F. Allen was educated at the Model School at Bordentown, New Jersey, and the Protestant Episcopal Academy at Philadelphia, Penn sylvania. On account of the death of his father, he left school when only sixteen years of age, and in May, 1862, he went to work as a rodman on the engineering coi«ps of the Camden and Amboy Railway. In 1863 he be came assistant engineer on the survey and construction of a branch from Jamesburgh to Monmouth Junction, New Jersey. During 1864-65, he was on the survey and construction of the Long Branch and Sea Shore railroad, and in June, 1866, he had charge of the party on the survey and construction of the Pemberton and Hightstown railroad, and subsequently was assistant engineer on the survey and construction of the Camden and Burlington coun ties railroad. From February, 1868 to October, 1872, he was resident engi- 410 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. neer in charge of maintenance of way of the West Jersey railroad. He also had charge of the track of the Cape May and Millville and Salem railways; in 1870, he completed the Swedesboro railroad, and took charge of its track; was chief engineer on the first survey of the Woodstown and Swedesboro railroad; he surveyed and laid out the town site of Wenonah, New Jersey, making a survey there for water power; he made a survey for a branch from the West Jersey railroad to May's Landing, New Jersey; he made surveys for and rebuilt three miles of heavy work on the main line. In October, 1872, Mr. Allen was appointed assistant editor of the "Official Railway Guide," and in June, 1873, he was appointed editor and business manager of its publishers, the National Railway Publication Company. In April, 1875, Mr. Allen was elected secretary of the "General Time Con vention," and in October, 1877, was elected secretary of the "Southern Railway Time Convention." These were united in 1886, and he was elected secretary of the organization, the name of which was changed in 1891, to that of "The American Railway Association." The system of standard time now in use in this country in the practicable shape in which it was adopted in November, 1883, was devised by and proposed to the railway companies by Mr. Allen. He was appointed a committee of one on the subject by the General Time Conven tion in October, 1881, and to him was assigned the duty of securing its adoption. His first report was made in April, 1883, and his final report was presented in April 1884. The official history of his services in this connection is recorded in the recently published reprint of the "Proceedings of the American Railway As sociation," covering, with its "Supplement," the period from 1872 to 1893, *n" elusive. This system of standard time, based upon Greenwich Meridian time, has since been adopted on the continent of Europe, and is now in- use in Holland, Belgium, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austro-Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, Roumania and Turkey. It is also in use in Japan, Australia and the Argentine Republic. On the Suggestion of Mr. Allen it was intro duced in 1899 by the United States Government in Puerto Rico and the Philip pine Islands, and for military purposes in Cuba. Mr. Allen was appointed by President Arthur one of five delegates, on the part of the United States, to the International Meridian conference held in Washington in October, 1884. The other American delegates were Rear Admiral C. R. P. Rodgers, Commander (now Rear Admiral,) W. T. Sampson, Professor Cleveland Abbe and Mr. L. M. Rutherford. At this conference, which was attended by the delegates of twenty-five nations, the meridian of Greenwich was adopted as the International Prime Aleridian and Standard of Time Reckoning. In 1895, Mr. Allen was one of eight delegates of the American Railway Association at the International Railway Congress in London, England, where representatives from the railways of. thirty-six nations were in attendance. He was also appointed a delegate to the sixth session .of the same congress at Paris, France, September, 1900. Air. Allen is president of the Knickerbocker Guide Company, treasurer of the American Railway Supply Company, secretary of the American Railway Association, vice-president of the Railway Equipment and Publication Com pany, and vice-president of the New York Transfer Company. He is also con- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 41 1 nected with the American Railway Guide Company, the Mantua Land and Im provement Company, the Gamewell Fire Alarm Telegraph Company, the Man hattan Fire Alarm Company, and other corporations. Mr. Allen is a member of the American Metrological Society, the Ameri can Society of Civil Engineers, the American Academy of Political and Social Science, the American Statistical Association, the American Geographical So ciety, the American Association for the advancement of Science, the American Economic Association and is an honorary member of "Die K. K. Geographische Gesellschaft," of Vienna, Austria. He is also a charter member of the Ameri can Railway Guild and of the Transportation, Lawyers, and Underwriters Clubs, and is vice-president of the South Orange Field Club, president of the Meadow Land Society of South Orange and a member of the New England Society of Orange and the Republican Club of East Orange. He is a mem ber and one of the vestry of the church of the Holy Communion, Protestant Episcopal, and of the Masonic fraternity. Mr. Allen has been ¦ quite prominent and active in local affairs of South Orange, and has served one term as a member of the Board of Assessment, and one term as a member of the Board of Trustees of that village. Mr. Allen married Caroline Perry Yorke, who was born at Salem, New Jersey, andjs the daughter of Thomas Jones and Margaret Johnson (Sinnick- son) Yorke, natives of Salem, New Jersey. To Mr. and Mrs. Allen have, been born the following children: Yorke, Frederick Warner, Eugene Yorke, born in Camden, New Jersey, and John Sinnickson, born in South Orange, New Jersey. JAMES T. BALL, Son of Horace W. and Elizabeth Ball was born in Newark, New Jersey, July 14th, 1846. The ancestors of Mr. Ball came to this country in 1665, and may be counted among the earlier settlers of the new land, Mr. Thomas Ball, from whom the family is descended, having set foot in America but a generation later than the Pilgrim Fathers. We find the Balls among the first inhabitants of New ark, in fact Edward Ball, of Branford, Connecticut, was a signer of 'the original papers of the town, and a holder of office in its earliest days. Mr. Ball, the subject of our sketch, was a pupil in the best private schools of Newark, but owing to the condition of health which forbade continued application to study, he was withdrawn from school, at an early age and sent abroad for change of climate and a hoped for restoration to health. Having spent a long period in travel, and with relatives in England, he returned to his native land greatly benefitted by his enforced absence. Having decided upon a mercantile life, Mr. Ball pave the best of his time and ability to the building up of a well managed and successful business house; entering the clothing business, he soon found himself one of the most promi nent manufacturers and dealers in Newark, New Jersey .which city is said to do "the largest manufacturing clothing business in the world." That this 412 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. may be said, is due to men like Mr. Ball, who have brought to this industry honesty, sagacity, skill and enterprise. Such men are blessings to any com munity, and while unquestionably, and rightly so, the first thought of such men is for the best interest of their families and of themselves, it is impossible for any man to build up and maintain a large business interest, managed with honesty and in public spirit, and not profit the community where it is located. When business acumen promotes competition the better it is for the individual purchaser, and for the trade, both local and otherwise. Of a firm so managed IAMES T. BALL. (of which Mr. James Marshall was the honored senior partner) Mr. Ball was a member, beginning his business career at nineteen years of age, he gave to his large establishment his personal attention for over thirty years. A man of his word he put no article upon the market for which he was not personally responsible, and he was as well known, outside of his city, as a leader in his business, as he was so known at his own office door. Mr. Ball was a man of social instincts, a genial companion, loved by friends and associates; he commanded a wide social influence and was a popular mem ber of the leading clubs of his own and other cities. He belonged to the Essex JOSEPH COLYER BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 4,3 and Republican clubs, to the Essex County Club and to the New York Knick erbocker and Chelsea clubs, he was a member of St John's Lodge. Mr. Ball was a member and a vestryman of Trinity Episcopal church. In church matters, as in public affairs, being always, in the highest sense, inter ested, he served faithfully his church, his city, state and country as duty called. At the last Presidential election he was a member of the Electoral College and gave his vote for Air. AIcKinley. In 1868 Air. Ball married Alary F.*Bunn. Their children now living are M. Isabel and Frederick W Air. Ball married, second, Mary Elizabeth, daugh ter of George B. Jenkinson, of Newark, New Jersey. Air. Ball was a member of the Board of Trade of the City of Newark, and was interested in various financial institutions in his native city. Born of an ancient family, whose first representative came, as already stated, to Newark, in its earliest day, and who was town attorney, surveyor and later high sheriff of Essex, when that office was newly established, James B. Ball bore with honor the old name, and with fidelity worked for the best interest of the city of his forefathers. JOSEPH COLYER, Prominently connected with the business interests of Newark, New Jersey, for more than half a century, was born in Fairfield, New Jersey, April 28, 181 5, the son of Joseph Colyer and Elizabeth Parrett. His parents were both natives of New Jersey as were also his ancestors on his mother's side. Reared on his father's farm, Mr. Colyer knew in his early youth only the rigors of an exacting farm life, and received but a limited common school education. His father dying in 1831, when Joseph was but sixteen years of age, threw the youth upon his own resources, and the year following he removed to Newark, where he apprenticed himself to learn the blacksmith's trade. Hav ing mastered the trade he worked as a journeyman until he was twenty-five. During this period Air. Coyler had acquired not only marked mechanical ability but an ambition to rise in a business of his own. He, therefore, in 1840, at twenty-five, started in the business of carriage building — a business for which his previous training and his constructive talent had peculiarly fitted him. The business at that time established in Newark, and continued for the past fifty- nine years with uninterrupted success, has grown to the present widely known firm of J. Colyer & Co., maker* nf l jtto Jersey Historical futlislnnq Co. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 4t9 then removed to his present home at Basking Ridge. Air. and Airs. Childs and family are members of the Basking Ridge Presbyterian church. Samuel S. Childs, of BernardsviUe, New Jersey, and one of the founders and president of the Childs Unique Dairy Lunch Company, of New York City, was born at Basking Ridge, New Jersey, and is the son of William and Eliza beth (Kline) Childs. He was reared on his father's farm and attended first the common schools, then the Morristown, (New Jersey), High School, and the State Alodel School at Trenton, New Jersey. He entered the United States Military School at West Point, by competitive examination, and spent one year as a cadet. He went West to Dakota for six months, and was joined later by his brother William, Jr., and after their return East he spent two years with his brother and founded what is now the Childs Unique Dairy Lunch Company, as mentioned in detail below. William Childs, Jr., vice-president and General Manager of the Childs Unique Dairy Lunch Company, of New York City, and a prominent resident of BernardsviUe, New Jersey, was born at Basking Ridge, New Jersey, and is the son of William and Elizabeth (Kline) Childs. . He was reared on his father's farm, and attended the common schools until he was seventeen years of age. After leaving home he went to the Dakota Wheat Fields, in order to learn if there was any future for him in that section of the country. He remained in Dakota for three months, working on a farm in order to earn money with which to pay board and traveling ex penses, and then decided to return East, as the prospects did not appear invit ing enough for him to locate in the West. Upon his .return East he worked for a time as shipping clerk for a business house in the city. Later on an op portunity presented itself for him to purchase a retail business, which he did, and after conducting it for two years and improving it, he sold the same, and then taught school for a while, until he was offered a position in a business house in New York City. In 1889 he formed a partnership with his brother, Samuel S., for the purpose of operating lunch rooms in New York City, opening the first store on a very small capital, which had been accumulated by the two brothers. In nine years time they had eleven stores in operation, with an in vestment of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, all of which had been realized from the business. The business so remarkably built up and developed was used for forming the Childs Unique Dairy Lunch Company, which is the largest business of its kind in the world. Mr. Childs is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, and of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Childs married Mary Agnes O'Neil, who was born in New York City, and is the daughter of Matthew and Annie (White) O'Neil both natives of Ireland. COL. MASON WHITING TYLER Was born June 17, 1840, in Amherst, Massachusetts, and is the son of Profes sor William S. Tyler, who occupied the chair of Greek in Amherst College for sixty years. , 420 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. The earliest American ancestors of the Tyler family came to this country in 1640, when they settled in Andover, Massachusetts. The mother of the subject of this sketch was a descendant of Governor Bradford of the Mayflower, and of Major-General John Alason, who commanded the expedition against the Pequot Indians in the war in which the tribe was exterminated. She is also a descendant of Rev. Jonathan Edwards, president of Princeton College and greatest of American theologians. On the father's side the Tylers are descended from Rev. Thomas Thacher, who was the first pastor of the "Old South Church," Boston. Hon. Jeremiah Mason was a cousin of Colonel Tyler's grandfather, and Aaron Burr was a cousin of his grandmother, on his mother's side. His mother is a descendant of Governor John Ogden, of Elizabeth, New Jersey; she is still living at the advanced age of seventy-seven years. His ancestors on both sides were con spicuous in the history of the country from the earliest times. Colonel Tyler was graduated from Amherst in the class of 1862, and imme diately entered the army, enlisting in July in Company F, Thirty-seventh Regi ment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. This company was raised by him self and thereof he was made Second Lieutenant. From that office he gradu ally rose, until he had held every command up to that of Colonel' His regi ment belonged to the Sixth Corps in the Army of the Potomac; he was with Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, and took part in all the engagements of his regiment until the latter part of Alarch, 1865, when he was disabled by wounds. Colonel Tyler was wounded several times. In the battle of Win chester his chin was pierced with a piece of shell, and when at Fort Stedman before Petersburg, in March, 1865, he was wounded in the knee, causing his first absence from the reigiment. He participated in thirty battles in all. His regiment was among the "three hundred fighting regiments of the war," and lost in its list of those who were killed or died of wounds twelve and seven-tenths per cent, of its entire number. At the close of the war Colonel Tyler entered Columbia College Law School, and later the office of Evarts, Southmayd & Choate, of New York. He was in this office two years as managing clerk, gaining a thorough knowledge of the profession. In 1869 he formed a partnership with General H. F. Tre- main, which practically still exists; General Tremain, as counsel, is connected with the present firm of Tyler & Durand, whose offices are in New York. This firm was engaged in many highly important cases, such as the Alarie Garrison case, and the famous hat-material suit, which involved millions of dollars; the A. T. Stewart kid glove cases-, the cases involving the rights of sugar importers to exemption from duties by reason of favored nation clauses in treaties, etc. Colonel Tyler is a director in the Rossendale, Reddaway Belting and Hose Company, of Newark, New Jersey, and a director in the Columbus and Hock ing Coal and Iron Company. He also was president at one time of the Cum berland Coal and Iron Company. He is a member of the Union County Club, and Lawyers' Club, and Psi Upsilon Club of New York. Colonel Tyler was married in December, 1869, to Miss Eliza M. Schroeder, daughter of Rev. Dr. John F. Schroeder, formerly rector of Trinity church, New York. Mrs. Tyler's mother was a daughter of Hon. Elijah Broadman, United States Senator from Connecticut. They have two sons, William Sey- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 421 mour and Cornelius Broadman. The family are members of the Holy Cross church. Colonel Tyler has resided in Plainfield since 1871. He has a fine residence in one wing of which he has his library, which contains a large col lection of rare and valuable works. Colonel Tyler has served his city in two important offices, — one as mem ber of Common Council, two terms; the other as member of the Board of Education, five years. He is a member of the Winfield Scott Post, G. A. R., of Plainfield, and of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, New York Com mandery. He is also a member of the Society of Alay Flower Descendants, and of the Society of Colonial Wars. He started the movement for a public library in Plainfield, has always been a member of the board, and is its presi dent. Colonel Tyler was one of the early trustees of the Muhlenberg Hospital, serving as such several years. He was president of the Music Hall Association when the Stillman Alusic Hall was erected. He is a member of the Advisory Committee of the Children's Home, is also a member of the Town Improvement Association, and president of the Organized Aid Association of Plainfield, and a member of the New Jersey Historical Society. In all movements in behalf of public impfovment he has been prominent. He was president of the Plainfield branch of the anti-race track association. He has drafted many of the city bills for presentation to the Legislature. NICHOLAS JACOBUS DEMAREST, Son of Daniel and Sarah (Jacobus) Demarest, was born in Newark, New Jersey, August 28th, 1833, and died in Newark, January, 1895. The family from which Nicholas J. Demarest was descended, represented one of very old Huguenot stock, whose first representative in America was David Des Alarest, who came to this country with his three sons, in 1663, and in common with many of the gentry of their time, settled on Staten Island. Daniel Demarest, the father of the subject of this sketch, lived in Parsippany, New Jersey, one of the old settlements of Morris county, but, shortly after his mar riage in 1827, he came to Newark, where, as already stated, his son, Nicholas, was born. The boy received the best educational advantages, being a pupil of the Newark Academy, at that time situated upon the site of the present post office. After leaving the Academy further opportunities for study were given to the young man in Bloomfield and at Eatontown, New Jersey. Having graduated, Mr. Demarest entered into business with his father. Possessed of fine talent for the development of his chosen industry, Mr. Dema rest soon had the satisfaction of knowing that the saddlery and harness establish ment, in which he was interested, was fast becoming, as it ultimately was, one of the largest manufacturing concerns in the United States. Nor was the patronage which he received limited to his own country, he made and held a reputation for his goods, which brought then a market in other lands. Mr. Demarest became interested in the affairs, financial and social, of the city where he first began his commercial life, and never, after moving to Newark, 422 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. in early manhood, left that city, except as upon occasions, for business pur poses or for seasons of rest and recreation. Mr. Demarest represented the First Ward in the Common Council in 1864-5, and took always a warm interest in the best good of the city. He was for several years one of the directors of the Manufacturers' Bank, as he was, also, for a long term of years, a member of the American Agricultural Society. He had the honor of being an original member of the Prudential Insurance Company of America, one of the foremost institutions of the world. NICHOLAS J. DEMAREST. Mr. Demarest was a promoter of the North End Club and gave to the club the name which it holds. He was a member, and, for many years, secretary of the Gentlemen's Driving Club at Waverly. The Church of Holland, or, as it is now called, "The Reformed Church," was that of the early ancestors of the Jacobus family, and' also has among its membership many of Huguenot blood. To this church Air. Demarest be longed for many years, attending, from its establishment, the North Reformed Church of Newark. After changing his residence to the upper part of the city, he attended the Park Presbyterian church. Mr. Demarest will be remembered as a man of talent, and one devoted to his family, and the various undertakings BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 423 to which he gave time and thought. A thorough and capable business man, a man of social instinct and a kind friend. In 1855 Mr. Demarest married Ellen J., daughter of John DeGray Mer- -selis, and Catherine (Garritise) Merselis. Mrs. Alerselis was of Passaic, New Jersey, and belonged to a family who represented very large landed interests in that part of the country, she, together with her three sisters, owning not only the site now occupied by Passaic, but nearly all of the surrounding land, in- •cluding Paterson Falls and Garret Mountain. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Demarest are: Catherine, born 1856; Sarah J., who died in childhood, and Daniel, born 1861, who married in 1889, Jessie McGregor, daughter of John McGregor. Daniel, died December ist, 1897, leaving a widow and three children. McGregor, aged seven years; Daniel Douglass, aged five years, and Helen, aged three years. Mr. Demarest continued in active connection with his business from the time of entering it until his death. The business was carried on by his son Daniel, after the death of Mr. Demarest, and. under his charge continued the reputation given to it by its ¦founder. Owing to the failing health of Mr. Daniel Demarest it became neces sary for him to withdraw from business life, and for that reason the good will and interest of the concern was sold out in 1897. HARRY G. RUNKLE. Daniel and Elizabeth (Richey) Runkle, the parents of Harry Godley, were -natives of Warren county, New Jersey. They are of German origin, their an cestors having emigrated to the United States at an early period in its history. The ancestors of Mr. Runkle's mother were among the early settlers of Warren county, where they remained for several generations. Daniel Runkle, the father, was a prominent business man. He was presi dent of the Warren Foundry at Phillipsburg, was president of the People's Gas Light Company, of Paterson, New Jersey; also a director in the Hacken sack Water Company, and a director in the Phillipsburg National Bank. His home was in Asbury until his death, in 1890. Air. Runkle's mother is still living. He has one brother living in Orange, New Jersey. Mr. Runkle was born in 1858, and was reared in his native place, Asbury, Warren county, New Jersey, where in early youth he attended school, and sub sequently was graduated from Charlier Institute, New York City. In 1877 he entered the office of the Gas Company in Jersey City, where he remained two years. He then went to Paterson, New Jersey, as treasurer of the People's Gas Light Company. Garret A. Hobart, the late vice-president of the United States, was the president of this company. Air. Runkle subsequently removed to Paterson, where he lived three years. In 1883 he removed to^ Plainfield, where he has since resided. He was made treasurer of the Plainfield Gas Light Company, and sometime later Mr. E. R. Pope and Mr. Runkle formed another corporation, called the Plainfield Gas and Electric Company, which 424 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. purchased the electric light plant and leased the gas company's work. He is now president of this company. Air. Runkle is a director of the City National Bank and Dime Savings Bank, and also a director in the Water Company. He is treasurer of the Union County Club, of which he was one of the organizers and the first president. Mr. Runkle was married, in 1880, to Aliss Jennie F. Rondolph, of Easton, Pennsylvania, a niece of the late Governor Randolph. They have two children, Daniel and Alary Gray. In politics Air. Runkle is a Republican; he is a member of the Crescent Avenue Presbyterian church. GEORGE ALFRED SQUIRE, Son of Samuel S. and Eliza A. Jones, his wife, was born in New York City, Sep tember 29th, 1844, and received his education in the common schools of that city and Brooklyn. In early manhood he felt the call of patriotism, and served in the war as a member of Company I, of the celebrated Twenty-third Regiment of New York. Mr. Squire entered the employ of the Singer Manufacturing Company, where he remained for thirty-three years, since retiring from that concern, in 1892, he has been engaged in the lubricating oil business. While, for the past twenty years, Mr. Squire has given much attention to the affairs of the city of his present residence, Elizabeth, New Jersey, he has also been a resident, at other times, of Brooklyn and Bayonne City, New Jersey, and in early life, of New York City, as already stated. When in Bayonne Mr.Squire was unanimously nominated for the office of Mayor, but declined. Mr. Squire has been honored by election to the Board of Education and the City Council of Elizabeth, in both of which offices his record is well known and honorable. In November, 1897, Mr. Squire was elected, on the Re publican ticket, to the Legislature of New Jersey, thus being again called upon to represent his party in a new and larger field of usefulness and power. In benevolent and church work Air. Squire has taken much interest, and given both thought and time, as well as practical service, to the calls of each. In his church relations, Mr. Squire is a member of St. John's Episcopal church, of Elizabeth. In the Masonic Orders Mr. Squire holds a very prominent place,. being a member of Washington Lodge, No. 33, F. & A. M.; Washington Chap ter, No. 16, R. A. M., and St. John's Commandery, K. T., No. 9, all of Eliza beth. He is also serving St. John's Commandery as its eminent commander, and is also a member and officer in the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite Bodies of Jersey City, a Noble of Alecca Temple, and for two official terms was Exalted Ruler of Elizabeth Lodge, No. 289, of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. In public and private life Mr. Squire has always shown himself a man keenly alive to the best interests of his party and his fellow men, and as one anxious, at all times, to further the well-being of his city and state. In social life he has been sought, as a member of various bodies and or- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 425 ganizations, and to those which he has joined,, the Elizabeth Athletic Club and the Suburban Club, he has given most efficient service. The surname of Squire is one ancient and honorable in the records of Great Britain, and belongs to families of importance in England and Scotland, from whom the Squires of this country are descendants The family of Air. Squires' mother was among the early settlers of Staten Island, and bore a prominent place in the history of the wars of 1776 and 1812. GEORGE A. SQUIRE. In 1863, Mr. Squire married Miss Emma J. Schultz, daughter of James B. Schultz, of Brooklyn, New York. Mr. Schultz came of Revolutionary stock. His family settled in the vicinity of Fort Montgomery, New York, and during the Revolution did noble service for their country's liberty. The ancestors of Mrs. Squire, a family of Huguenot origin, settled on Long Island, and also, during the Revolutionary War, took active part in the cause of freedom. Ihe children of Mr. and Mrs. George A. Squire are: Ethel Summerfield, born in Brooklyn, New York, November 24th, 1873, and Grace Eugenia, born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, October 9th, 1877. 426 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. HENRY BARRETT CROSBY. The Crosby family in this country are of English descent, the name being traceable as far back as the year 1204, the sixth in reign of King John. The etymology of the word is "town of the cross," the termination "by" in English towns being a Danish form of "burgh," or "borough." The towns so called are found in great numbers where the Danes formed their settlements, principally along the sea coasts of the north of England. It was common with the North men to erect a cross where the settlement was made. The original ancestor of the family in the United States was Simon Crosby, who emigrated to this country in 1635, and settled in Massachusetts. Watson Crosby, father of the subject of this sketch, was born at Cape Cod, November 7, 1776. His mother was left a widow with seven small children, ¦of whom he was the eldest. Having lost her husband and son at sea, she dreaded the effect of its fascination upon her boys, as it offered the only means of support on those barren shores. She, therefore, removed with her family to Battleboro, Vermont, where she bought a few acres of land and made her home, and where Watson grew up and lived until some years after his marriage. On November 4, 1804, he married Desire Bangs, daughter of Deacon Joseph Bangs, of Hawley, Massachusetts, a representative of an old New England family, whose ancestors can be traced back to the historic "Mayflower." Their children were: Olive, Ruth, Abigail, Miranda, Joseph B., Henry B., Jeremiah M., Charles H, and Frances Crosby. Mr. Crosby was engaged in farming, and in the manufacture of shoes. He was a plain, hard working man, per forming his duties faithfully, and achieved the reputation of an upright, honor able citizen. He accumulated only a moderate competency, but lived to see all his children grow to manhood and womanhood, and enter into useful and honorable positions in the world. He died September 24, 1859, at the advanced age of eighty-three. Henry Barrett Crosby, the subject of this sketch, was born in Battleboro, Vermont, April 13, 1815, where he spent his earliest years and attended the district school. The family being large and their circumstances moderate, his advantages for education were limited. He was early impressed with the necessity of earning his own living, and at ten years of age worked on the ad joining farm of Deacon Russel Hayes, grandfather of ex-President Hayes, at tending school, only in winter. About 1827 the family moved to Springfield where young Crosby worked in a cotton factory at Chicopee Falls, near that city, for about two years. He then entered the employ of Ames Brothers, of Springfield, with the view of learning the business of paper making, which at that time was carried on extensively by hand; but the introduction of machinery for that purpose put a stop to his continuing at that trade. The family returning to Battleboro, he was thrown entirely upon his own resources, and went to work upon a farm in the outskirts of Springfield, receiv ing fifteen dollars a month for his services. A farm life was unsuited to his mechanical taste, and in the autumn he went to Woonsocket Falls, Rhode Is land, where he worked in Cook & Grant's machine shop. It was common at that time for apprentices to spend three years learning a trade, but young Crosby was unwilling to take so much time before being entitled to wages, and &ng 'tbyA.H.B.itchis BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 427 as especial favor made arrangements to work six months for his board. Hosea Ballou, manufacturer of looms in the same village, employed him the following eight months at one dollar per day. At the expiration of this time he returned to Chicopee Falls, and worked in a machine shop at making flyers for spinning frames for one year. In June, 1834, he returned to his old home at Battleboro', where he attended the academy for six months, and completed his limited education. Before leaving home again he purchased his minority of his father for two hundred and twenty dollars, gave his note for the amount, and in due time paid it with interest. He next went to Ware, Massachusetts, where he worked in the machine shop of the Hampshire Manufacturnig Company which was under the superintendence of Pliny Lawton, Mr. Crosby and George Hitchcock, taking a contract to build flyers for the company's new cotton mill. Here he remained three years. In May, 1836, Mr. Crosby felt a desire to visit the "West." He crossed over to Albany, New York, by stage and reached Utica by way of the Erie Canal, remaining only long enough, however, to pay current expenses. Returning, he was taken very ill with fever at West Troy, which detained him for several weeks, reducing his strength and his resources to the lowest ebb. When sufficiently recovered he went down the river to Poughkeepsie, where his first work was the building of two engines designed for driving spikes in constructing a Southern railroad. This was in the win ter of 1836-37, when the business capacity of the country had been expanded to the utmost and the final collapse was well nigh at hand. The business he was engaged in especially felt the reaction, and in the spring he determined to re turn to Springfield, among old acquaintances. On board the steamer, near Hartford, he met his old friend, Superintendent Lawton, who persuaded Mr. ' Crosby to accompany him to Paterson, New Jersey, to engage in the manufac ture of revolving guns and pistols, first introduced by Colt's patent about that time. This seeming accident proved to be the turning point in his life, and Pater son became his permanent residence. He arrived there on April 23d, 1837, and on the 26th, began to work under Mr. Samuel Colt in the old Gun Mill, and took a contract for making portions of the lock work. He performed his work to the entire satisfaction of his employer, and even accompanied Mr. Colt to Washington, and other places for the purpose of having his gun tested and accepted by the United States Government, but owing to the failure of the enterprise, he was compelled to seek other employment. Being broken in health he spent one summer in Cape May, New Jersey, and in 1842, returned to Paterson with restored health. He determined to start a small grocery business temporarily. He reasoned that as there were no remnants of tea and sugar or getting out of fashion of groceries, he could sell out at any time, and when the prosperity of business would permit it he could return to his former occupation. Taking the few hundred dollars he had saved, he purchased his stock, and opened a store on Main street near Broadway, on May 6th, 1843. His knowledge of trade was limited, and he employed Air. Lewis L. .Conklin, father of ex-Postmaster Conklin of Paterson, to assist him. Notwithstanding the gloomy prophecies of his friends, who predicted failure unless he should add the sale of liquors to that of groceries, Mr. Crosby achieved success from the beginning in his new enterprise, and in two years was .compelled to seek 428 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. more commodious quarters, which he obtained in the old Van Blarcom property, corner of Broadway and Main streets. He has made extensive alterations at that place, and continued in trade there for a period of ten years. At the expiration of that time he purchased, of David Roe, the Alain street portion of his present store, and subsequently bought the property directly in the rear, and facing on Washington street, where he established his wholesale de partment. He carried on one of the largest wholesale and retail grocery en terprises in the State, and was recognized by all as "facile princeps" among the dealers in groceries of the City of Paterson. In 1867, he took into' partner ship his son, J. Henry Crosby, the firm being known as H. B. Crosby & Son. Air. Crosby did the largest mercantile business in the city or county for more than thirty-five years, and at no time was a note of his protested, a check dis honored, or did he fail to meet a payment the hour it was due, and during all the panics of those years he never paid less than one hundred cents on the dollar to meet all his obligations. Mr. Crosby gave up active business April 2d, 1888, the firm of Crosby, Ackerman and Van Gieson taking the business, and since that time it can truthfully be said that he has devoted his life to the public good. The information for this sketch has been taken mostly from a large scrap- book belonging to the family. The newspaper clippings running through years speaks of Air. Crosby as being at the front in nearly all public undertakings. He is called the "father of the Paterson Park system." Property for public parks was bought by the board of Aldermen March 19th, 1888, mostly through the efforts of Mr. Crosby, and he was appointed on the first commission, and for several years has been president of the Board of Park Commissioners. He was active in the formation of Cedar Lawn Cemetery, and was Grand Marshal during the dedication ceremonies, in 1867. He has been its president since 1876. March 16th, 1882, he was elected vice-president of the Paterson Savings Institution and has held the office up to the present time. He has been one of the largest stockholders and a director of the First National Bank of Pater son since its orginization. He was one of the organizers of the Paterson Board of Trade and is still a member. He is also one of the oldest members of the New York Produce Exchange and has belonged for several years to the Cham ber of Commerce of the State of New York. In 1853 he built his present fine residence on the corner of Broadway and Paterson streets. His ideas of architecture were so far ahead of those prevail ing at the time, that his present residence seems as if it had been built of late years. Mr. Crosby was married February 27th, 1840, to Pauline F., youngest daughter of Thomas W. Hathorn, of Paterson, who died January 27th, 1872, leaving four children. Her grandfather was General Hathorn, a warm patriot of Revolutionary times. He was an officer on General Washington's staff, and a member of the first American Congress. Their children were Josephine A., born January 8th, 1842, and married June 14th, 1865, Samuel A. Allen, a wool manufacturer, now deceased. Airs. Allen died December 31st, 1896, leaving four children. Pauline, who married Alexander Murray, of Little Falls; Alaude, Henry Crosby Allen, an attorney in Paterson, and Samuel Mor- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW- JERSEY. 429 gan Allen, who married Katherine Orr, of Newburgh, New York, April 19th, 1899. John Henry Crosby, born September 23d, 1844, married Mary H. Crowell, daughter of Hon. Joseph T. Crowell, of Rahway, New Jersey, on September 5th, 1866. They have three children, all living; Henry C, Lillian and Joseph A. Annie Louise was born July 14th, 1847, and married Isaac Newton, Feb ruary 9th, 1870. They have four children, all living in Paterson; Josephine C, -George H, Walter R., who married Alary Senior, of Paterson, New Jersey, June, 1898, and Henry Crosby married Virginia A. Nelson of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November ist, 1899. Isabelle, the youngest, was born July 4th, 1 85 1, and died April 2d, 1897, having been most of her life an invalid. Mr." Crosby was again married to Harriet E. Rogers, of Cornwall, Connecti cut, a descendant of good old Puritan stock, on her father's side from Rev. John Rogers "direct, and from well known Huguenot stock on her mother's side. Their children are Henry Barrett Crosby, Jr., born September 8th, 1876, now taking an architectural course in Columbia University, in New York, and Florence Lyon, born January 19th, 1876, now living at home. Mr. Crosby was brought up in good old New England Congregationalism, but he identified himself in Paterson, with the Baptist church, and was a large contributor to, and active in the formation of the First Baptist church, and when it was dedicated, January 31st, i860, he rented pew 91, which he has occupied ever since, or nearly forty years. At the age of eighty-four Mr. Crosby enjoys good health for one so ad vanced in years, and daily, excepting in extremely bad weather, takes his walks or carriage rides. He loves to go over the past with his friends and visitors. Among the acts of his public life was that of being a delegate to the convention in Chicago that nominated Abraham Lincoln, and it hasJbeen one of the proudest events of his life that he cast his vote for "old Abe," as he was then known. After so many years of great activity, Mr. Crosby lays down the burdens of business and public cares, so far as he can, and intends the remainder of his days shall be given to the enjoyment of home, family and friends. We can truthfully say that few men can look back over a long life, and see so much done, and so little to regret, as can the subject of this sketch. ELMER W. DEMAREST. Elmer Wilson Demarest, LL. B., member of the Assembly, 1896-97, and a well known lawyer of Jersey City and Bayonne, was born in Eastwood, Bergen county, New Jersey, May 15th, 1870. He is the son of Abram J. and Eliza Wilson Demarest. On his father's side he is descended from the original French Huguenot stock who arrived in America in about 1636, and settled in New York, but later removed to New Jersey. Mr. Demarest had the usual juvenile advantages afforded by the public schools of Bergen county, and subsequently attended Rutgers Pre paratory School, New Brunswick, from which he graduated in 1887. He next 43° BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. attended Columbia College, New York, and received the degree of LL. B. in 1892. After graduating from Columbia he began the profession of law with De Witt Van Buskirk, Esquire, of Bayonne, and continued with him from January to September ist, 1889; and from that date until February ist, 1892, he continued his studies and post graduate practice with Horace Roberson, Esquire, of the same place, both leading men in their profession at Bayonne and in the county. After this preliminary reading and preparation, Air. Dema rest attended the Columbia Law School, New York, and graduated therefrom ELMER W. DEMAREST. in June, 1892, after a course of study extending from September, 1889. In February, 1892, he was admitted to the bar of New Jersey, as an attorney by the Supreme Court, and in June, 1895, he was admitted as a counselor. Politically, Mr. Demarest early identified himself with the Republican party and became a member of the Bergen county Executive Committee in 1892-93. He has been a member and vice-president of the Hudson county Republican Committee since 1895. Recognizing his thorough knowledge of the law, and his fitness for legislative reasoning and discussion, the Republican party nominated Mr. Demarest for the House of Assembly at a convention BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 431 held in October, 1896. He was elected by 3,942 majority and has abundantly filled the expectations of his friends and the public by his able and consistent course in the Legislature. Indeed, he exemplifies the doctrine recently pro mulgated by Governor Griggs and others, that legislators should have special training before they are elected to represent the people in making laws; and as the Republican party has long been in minority of the whole vote of Hudson county, it is well that its representatives in the Legislature should be especially qualified for critical discussions and revision of the numerous bills always flood ing the ways of every session. The special session of the Legislature in 1897, was marked by the con sideration of the Judiciary Amendment, espoused and championed by Hon. Fos ter M. Voorhees, of the Senate (now Governor) and by Mr. Demarest in the Assembly. When this comprehensive measure came up in the House, Mr. Demarest in an impromptu speech of over an hour, distinguished himself by his lucid discussion of the theme involved and showed the advantages and resources of his legal acumen before referred to. The "Evening Journal," in one of its issues containing the debate said in head lines: "A Gallant Attempt Alade to Save the Judiciary Amendment in Which Demarest Distinguished himself, but. the Lobby was too Strong and There Will be No Change In the Judicial Sys tem." In reply to the resolution, that the special session should not be open to "new legislation", and that other, if any such legislation should be enter tained, should take precedence over the Judiciary resolution, Mr. Demarest (and we have room but for a few quotations), gave reasons of uncommon cogency and wide application to the contrary. A reflective mind, with a well stored memory is evidenced in the following, which also shows that good- judgment of words and their economical use so important in legislative de bate: ("Evening Journal" Report). " Clerk Parker read part of it when the. Speaker's gavel fell and the reso lution was declared out of order. "Demarest then renewed his motion for the adoption of his resolution in cluding the Voorhees amendment. There was no opposition, and Clerk Parker finished reading it from where Assistant Clerk Lyons had been shut off. This took some time, and when it had been read Demarest moved a suspension of the- rules to place the resolution on final passage. "This brought Gledhill to his feet with a point of order. He claimed that inasmuch as the Legislature of 1897 had already rejected this amendment, it could only be acted upon as new matter, and would have to be acted upon by a succeeding Legislature. " The chair ruled that the point of order was not well taken. "Gledhill persisted and read from Cushing's manual to sustain his posi tion. He claimed that the sine die adjournment had disposed of all pending- legislation, and it could not now be revived. "Demarest in reply said: "T do not believe that any legislative code can limit or interfere with the State Constitution, and it is our guide. Any action taken at the former session was taken on a concurrent resolution, and this is not a concurrent reso lution, but a simple House resolution, new and distinct from previous propo sitions. Article nine of the constitution provides that any specific amendment 432 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. may be proposed at a session of the Legislature, and after being agreed to shall be advertised and shall then be submitted to the next Legislature thereafter chosen. So far as these amendments are concerned this is the Next Legis lature. We are still the Legislature of 1897. The constitution does not provide that a concurrent resolution shall be agreed to, but the proposed amend ment. The two houses may vote on any proposition separately, and if a major ity of the members of each House agree, the proposition will be accepted by the Legislature. This is not a bill, it is a proposition to submit a proposed amendment of the constitution to a vote of the people. There is no guide for doing this except that provided in the constitution, and there is no rule, no law, to prevent the Legislature from doing it.' "Gledhill still raised his point of order, and Thorne of Mercer said the Voorhees amendment was rejected on March 29th, and a motion to reconsider was lost on March 30th, therefore it could net be reconsidered now. "The chair ruled him out cf order, and Demarest renewed his motion, for a vote on his resolutions. "The speaker put the motion and stopped for any remarks that might be made. "Demarest rose again and said: " 'The Republican party, by wise legislation, obtained a place in the hearts of the people and was given charge of the lawmaking power. I do not mean to go into the details, but I wish to call attention to the fact that in 1895 the people elected a Republican majority in the Legislature by a popular majority of twenty-eight thousand — elected the members to do something. The people were satisfied, and sent this Legislature here by a majority of eighty-six thous and. The Legislature elected in 1895 passed these amendments in the winter of 1896, and they were duly advertised according to law. The people were satisfied and again elected a Republican Legislature by an unprecedented major ity. This was an indorsement of the amendments. The people want to have a chance to vote on them. The bar is more nearly united on this plan for re forming the courts than upon any other. We have had two plans proposed. One was considered in the Johnson amendments, which have failed, and the other is embraced in these amendments. I prefer the. Johnson plan, but a ma jority of the members of the bar has agreed that this is the best plan, and the bar is the body most directly interested in the proposed change. * * * We are go ing to put the people to the expense of a special election, and we are asked to keep back from them the most important amendment. It is true that many law yers are satisfied with the existing system, but there are more who are not satis fied, and we should listen to the majority. By passing this resolution we will not amend the constitution. We will not take away anything the people now have, we will sacrifice no right; we simply give the people a referendum. As a matter of practical politics, as a matter of duty to the public, we should pass this resolution." When the writer first read the above consensus of fundamental law as ap plied to the Legislature, and saved the paper containing it, he had no thought that the speaker was hardly in his twenty-sixth year, or that it was his first term in the arduous work of lawmaking. As a reference, alone, the remarks C. LINCOLN DeWITT BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 433 of Mr. Demarest, such as space will allow of, are decided worthy of' record in these pages. Mr. Demarest is a resident of Bayonne, where he is interested in all that pertains to the social and charitable well being of the community. His career in public life, so brilliantly begun, can only progress, in his case, at all events, to a more rounded and still more useful and widespread application for the public good. On the ninth day of September, 1896, Mr. Demarest married Miss Blanche Adeline Bristow, daughter of Walter W. and Alary J. Bristow, now of Bayonne but formerly of Birmingham, England. Mr. Demarest is a member of the Hudson county Republican Commit tee, the Bayonne City Republican Committee, the New Jersey Athletic, Palma, and several other clubs and societies of Hudson county. C. LINCOLN DE WITT. Among the many old families who, about the middle of the seventeenth century, sought the shores of the New World, none had been more distinguished in political and social life, none had numbered in its ranks more noted men than the De Witts. Natives of Dordrecht, one of the oldest burgher towns of Holland, and in later years dear to art as the birthplace of Cuyp and Ary Scheffer and to theology as the meeting-place of the Synod of Dort, the Geschlacten von Dordrecht, in the Royal Library at the Hague, gives the descent of the DeWitt family in an unbroken line from the year 1295 to 1639. Some of the names served under William the Silent and were zealous supporters of the revolting provinces against Spanish oppression. After the death of John of Barneveldt, Jacob DeWitt succeeded to the high honors of "Land Advocate of Holland." His son Cornelius, the burgomaster of Dord recht led an attack against the British fleet, burning their ships and advancing up the Thames caused consternation in the very heart of London. Another son, John DeWitt, one of the most distinguished men in the history of the Netherlands, became Grand Pensionary of Holland during the period between the separation from Spain and the opening of the Thirty Years War. The family emigration to the colony of "New Amsterdam" began about the year 1639, Andries and Tjeck Claus DeWitt located at Esopus in Ulster county, New York, about 1648, and became the progenitors of the Ulster branch of the family. Some of the representatives followed the line of settlement through the Manakating and Minisink regions and have since been numerously represented in that section. Moses DeWitt son of Jacob and Leah DeWitt was born October 23d, 1761. He served in the war at Minisink against the Indians and held the office of captain. At the close of this struggle he located in Wantage town ship, Sussex county, New Jersey where he passed his days as a farmer, being one of the pioniers of Wantage.' Jacob W. DeWitt, son of Moses and Mar- 28 434 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. garet DeWitt was born on the homestead of his father on November 27th, 1804. On February 3d, 1830, he was united in marriage to Phoebe, daughter of Constant and Lydia A. Fuller of whom the following children were born: Lydia A. born December 30th, 1830; Constant F., born March 29th, 1833, died May 27th, 1867; Miranda L., born February 22d, 1835, married Alfred Hardin,. died January 8th, 1876; Theodore, father of the subject of this sketch, born July 9th, 1837; Sarah Naomi, born July 31st, 1841; Emma A., born December 5th, 1843, died Alay 20th, 1852; Margaret, born June 14th, 1846, widow of Dr. Lewis Westfall; Moses J., born April 30th, 1849, a graduate of Princeton College in 1870, and the senior partner in the law firm of DeWitt & Provost, Newark, New Jersey. Theodore DeWitt married on July 9th, 1862, Martha Melissa Wilson and of this union six sons were born: Clarence W., born August 26th, 1865; Jacob I.,. born January 21st, 1867, died March 3d, 1867; Herbert M., born July 14th, 1868; Constant Lincoln, born August 18th, 1870; Edwin D., born January 8th, 1874; Eugene T., born August 17th, 1876. The maternal ancestors of the subject of this sketch were of Scotch ex traction, the pioneer of that family being Andrew Wilson, who was a com missioned officer under George III and to whom was granted a land patent in Wantage township. Constant Lincoln DeWitt was reared on the old homestead in the beautiful Walkill valley in Wantage township, Sussex county, and during his boyhood days attended the country district school. At the age of fourteen he en tered a private school at Deckertown, New Jersey, and there prepared for Princeton where he matriculated at the age of nineteen. During his college course he was an active member of the Cliosophic Society and was one of the editors of the Nassau Herald during his senior year. Immediately after graduation in 1893, he accepted a position as teacher in the Freehold Institute at Freehold, Monmouth county, New Jersey. After teaching one year, Mr. DeWitt went abroad and visited several of the Continen tal Universities, staying some time at Heidelberg University, Germany. On his return from abroad he entered the New York Law School, where he gradu ated with honors in May, 1896 and one. month later on June 8th, 1896 he was admitted to the New Jersey bar. During the first year of his practice he re mained with the firm of DeWitt & Provost, but in October, 1897, he opened an office for himself at 800 Broad street, Newark, where he still continues to practice, having been admitted as counselor to the Unite/fl States Courts in June, 1899. In politics he is a Republican, but with broad views on all National and State issues. On February 8th, 1900, Mr. DeWitt married Clementine Runyon Bruen, daughter of James F. and Ella (Cowan) Bruen and a niece of the late Chancel lor Theodore Runyon. He is secretary of the Newark Athletic Club. fW =-*T8N^ / WILLIAM CRABB BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 435 WILLIAM CRABB, Who was born in County of Fife, Scotland, Alarch 17, 1849, died in Newark, N. J., May 19, 1890, was the third son of William Crabb and Alary Whitson. His father was a hackle-maker, one of the band of skilled workers sent to France in the early fifties to start the linen industry there. He returned to Scotland after a few years, where he followed his calling, and died at the age of seventy-six years. On his mother's side his grandfather, Thomas Whitson, a native of Hadding tonshire, was later a country millwright in Leslie, Fifeshire, and for many years was widely and honorably known for his skillful knowledge of agricultural ma chinery and implements. He also carried on a saw mill, and a mill for the spinning of linen yarn. Both his sons and daughters inherited a full share of their father's business skill. A younger son built and carried on a paper mill. Robert Whitson, a brother of his maternal grandfather, possessed a wonderful capacity for business, settling in the colony of New Zealand, where he established the largest brewing business of that country. William Crabb was educated in the public schools of Scotland, and early turned his attention to mechanics, following the occupation of his father, the making of hackles, an important industry in a country noted for its great woolen manufacturies, its carding mills, and cloth finishing establishments. After spending the first twenty years of his life in Scotland, Mr. Crabb de cided to go to the United States, — a country offering new opportunities for the enlargement of his business. He settled first in Paterson, New Jersey, and later located in Lowell, Massachusetts, in both manufacturing centers carrying on the occupation to which he had been trained in Scotland, associating himself with firms already in existence. In 1871, having acquired sufficient capital and adequate experience as a practical worker to begin business for himself, he came to Newark, New Jersey, and commenced operations in a small way in the Nassau Works. Close attention to business and the excellence of the goods, soon brought to him enlarged patronage. By 1879 his business had increased to such proportions that more extended quarters were required to carry on his now well known manufactories. For this purpose he purchased property on North Third street, facing the Morris Canal in the City of Newark, where he had previously been in business. In the buildings he here erected he continued the manufacture of mill supplies until the time of his death, which occurred May 19, 1890. The goods manufactured by Mr. Crabb were widely distributed throughout the United States, and at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, in 1876, he was awarded medals for superiority of his manufactures. Socially and financially Mr. Crabb occupied a high position. He was a director in the North Ward National Bank, a member of the North End Club, of the Caledonian Club, and of the Masonic Order. As a Presbyterian, in all matters of faith and of church work, he was unswerving in his convictions and in his. profession. He was a man of strict integrity, of keen judgment, and of the utmost fairness and sincerity in thought, word and deed, happiest when with his family, yet willing at the call of duty to give attention to public matters. In December, 1875, Mr. Crabb married Helen, daughter of David and Elizabeth MacKay (nee MacFarlane). Three children were the issue of this 436 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. marriage, Thomas, David MacKay, and William Whitson. Their children were all born in Newark, New Jersey. JOSEPH CLARK, A well-known educator, was born in Syracuse, Onondaga county, New York. His paternal ancestors were among the first settlers of Bradford, Vermont, on the maternal side his ancestors were the Faxns and Wellmans, of New Hampshire. He was educated in the Fayetteville Academy, and afterward continued his classical studies and music with private teachers. In 1848 he came to New ark, New Jersey, where he has since resided. Though deeply interested in everything pertaining to the welfare of the country, state or city, and a life-long Republican, his chosen profession, teaching, debarred him from taking an active part in politics. In 1857 he was made principal of the Lafayette Street Public School, a po sition which he ably filled until 1894, when he was appointed principal of the Normal and Training School of Newark, New Jersey. Mr. Clark has made a thorough study of professional works, and, in the interests of education has trav eled from Maine to California. On coming to Newark he united with the Sixth Presbyterian church and has ever since been actively identified with all its work. In 1868 he married Anna Elizabeth, daughter of Job Foster and Pamelia Perry, of Newark, New Jersey. In 1872 Mrs. Clark died, leaving two children, Joseph Wheeler and Mildred Livia. In 1875, Mr. Clark married Henrietta Louise, daughter of Benjamin LaRue Thompson and Jane Weeks. Mr. Clark's genial disposition and ready sympathy with those entrusted to his care have won for him the gratitude and confidence of the community in which his life has been spent. He was one of the original members of the New Jersey State Teacher's As sociation, which has been largely instrumental in improving the educational sys tem of the State. ORANGE H. ADAMS, A. M., M. D. One of the leading physicians and surgeons, and a prominent citizen of New Jersey, is Dr. Orange H. Adams, of Vineland. He was born in Rindge, New Hampshire, on January 1, 1856, and traces his descent from Henry Adams, who came to America about the year 1636, settling at Braintree, Massachusetts, and among whose descendants two Presidents of the United States are num bered. Israel Adams, Sr., the great-grandfather of our subject, removed from Andover, Massachusetts, to Rindge, New Hampshire, in 1772, when his son Israel was a child of four years. Israel, Jr., the grandfather of our subject was born on January 8th, 1768. On August 28th, 1796, he JOSEPH CLARK ORANGE H. ADAMS BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 437 married Sallie, the daughter of Nathaniel Adams. Their son, Al bert, father of our subjcet, was born on Alarch 4th, 1807. He became a farmer and lumber dealer in his native town, and was quite prominent as a citi zen. He held the office of Selectman, and was a member of the District School Committee. He married Alary Pollard on Alay 26, 1836. She was the daugh ter of Levi Pollard, of Winchendon, Alassachusetts, and was born on June 22, 181 1. A brother was the Rev. Andrew Pollard, D. D., a distinguished divine of Boston, Alassachusetts. The Pollards were of patriotic stock, and Mrs. Adams' grandfather was one of the victorious soldiers who captured Quebec in the War of the Revolution, which event occurred on his seventeenth birth day. To Albert and Alary Adams seven children were born, as follows: George A., who became Captain of the One Hundred and Fifty-Seventh New York Volunteers during the Civil War, and was fatally wounded at the battle of Get tysburg, dying a few days later; Israel, who died in infancy; William, who died of fever at the age of sixteen years; John B., a farmer in New Hampshire; Francis A., a resident of Alassachusetts; Mary B., wife of Leonard F. Sawyer, and our subject. The father of these children died on May 14, 1875, and the mother on October 31, 1884. For forty years the mother was a communicant of the Congregational church. Dr. Orange H. Adams received his primary education in the village schools of Rindge and East Jaffray, New Hampshire, and prepared for college at Ash- burnham, Alassachusetts. He entered Dartmouth in the fall of 1877, graduating in 1881 with the degree of A. B. He belonged to Phi Beta Kappa and Theta Delta Chi fraternities. He then entered the Medical Department of Dart mouth, and three years later was graduated with the degree of Al. D., hold ing the highest rank in the class and delivering the valedictory address. Fol lowing this he took a special course in the New York Polyclinic, and in 1884 located in Vineland, and established a practice which he has since continued. For the last few years Dr. Adams has paid special attention to diseases of the eye. He is a member of the Cumberland County District Medical Society, of which he has served as president, and is also a member of the State Medical Society; also member of American Medical Association. Dr. Adams has been very enterprising and public spirited. It was largely through his efforts that the glass works were established in Vineland. He also assisted in estab lishing several other important manufactories in that place while serving as president of the Vineland Improvement Company, with which he was con nected for several years. He has held various offices of trust, among which were president of the Vineland Board of Trade, and is at present and has been for several years, president of both the Board of Health and Board of Education of Vineland. He was one of the organizers and a director in the Tradesman's Bank of Vineland. Politically Dr. Adams was always a Democrat until free silver was made an issue during the last Presidential campaign, when he became a supporter of Mr. McKinley. He is independent in his political views. Dr. Adams married first Miss Jessie C. Ballow, daughter of George W. Ballow, of Massachusetts, a veteran of the Civil War. She died in May, 1894. leaving two children, Alice M. and Gertrude J., who died Alay 23, 1898. On June 12, 1895, he married Clara J., the daughter of Joseph Whitsitt, of Pater- 438 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. son, New Jersey. To this union one child, Leslie Harold, was born May 3, 1899. Both the doctor and his wife are connected with the Presbyterian church, the Doctor being president of the Board of Trustees of the same. Dr. Adams has met with great success in his practice, and has taken a po sition among the foremost physicians and surgeons of the State. He is genial, magnetic and liberal, both in his professional and business life, and has a large circle of friends and admirers. ALBERT BALDWIN. Albert and his twin brother, Abram Mandeville, sons of Cyrus and Eliza beth (Mandeville) Baldwin, were born July 5th, 1835, in Orange, New Jersey. One of the oldest and most honorable families in the history of America, is the Baldwin family; our earliest records give them tribute as people of high purpose, of patriotism, and strongest moral worth. From Joseph Baldwin, a settler of Milford, Connecticut, in 1639, whose descendants were among the earliest residents of Orange, New Jersey, the subject of our sketch is descended. Upon his mother's side he belongs to the ancient and honorable family of Mandeville, of whose historically well known member, Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex, was, perhaps, one of the most famous. The early education of Albert Baldwin was received in the village school of Orange, and, when still a boy, he was given a place in the Orange Bank. At twenty-one he became teller of the Newark City (now the Newark City National) Bank, which, at that time, boasted but three other employees, a bookkeeper, clerk and runner. In 1858 Mr. Baldwin was called to the position of cashier, and in 1897 was made vice-president of the institution. So re markable was the success of the bank during the nearly forty years in which Mr. Baldwin was connected with it, that its advance, as' an institution, may properly be mentioned as a part of the life history of this man, who held so close a relation with it. When, in 1855, Mr. Baldwin entered the service of the bank its capital stock amounted to $300,000, its annual deposits to about the same sum. At the time of his death its capital stock and surplus had advanced to almost $1,000,000, and its annual deposits to nearly $2,000,000. Of the esti mation in which Mr. Baldwin was held by those who best knew his value to- the bank, no words can more fittingly speak than those of the minute, adopted by the directors of the bank, in recording the death of Air. Baldwin. We quote, "In the discharge of his duties, as cashier, he showed an alert ness, prompt assiduity and accuracy that was the admiration of the bank's patrons, and attracted new dealers to the institution. His engaging manners, his affability and frankness as evinced in his social intercourse, contributed to this result, and it is to these that are largely due the favorable regard of the business community, and the success that has elevated the bank to an equal rank with the prosperous banking institutions, that have preceded it, by nearly half a century. Mr. Baldwin's personal character was without a stain, his integrity beyond reproach." Mr. Baldwin was emphatically of the highest type of the Christian gentleman, a man of gracious presence and sincere heart. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 439 In public affairs he took such part that his voice and his influence were for the highest and best only; in church matters he was earnest and faithful; a vestry man, for many years, in Grace church, Newark, and, after his removal to Con vent Station, Senior Warden in Grace church, Madison. He was a man of ¦quick sympathies and true liberality, but one adverse to publicity in his charit able works. In his home and social life he was beloved for the beautiful and noble personal traits of mind and manner. He was interested in and belonged ALBERT BALDWIN. to the New Jersey Historical Society, the Sons of the American Revolution, and the Washington Association of Morristown, he was also a director in the Fireman's Insurance Company. Mr. Baldwin married, May, 1861, Jennet Phelps, daughter of the late Dr. Charles Hooker, of New Haven, Connecticut, who was a descendant of Rev. Thomas Hooker, first minister of Hartford in 1636. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin are Charles Hooker, teller in the National Park Bank of New York City, Albert Henry, assistant cashier in the Newark City National Bank and Jennet Elizabeth. Mr. Baldwin died October 21, 1897. Far exceeding in worth' the fact and 440 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the record of an able financier, far beyond, even the fact of the love and honor given to this good man, will always remain the truth that his was a noble life, lived "without a stain," and an integrity maintained "beyond reproach." FREDERICK MYGATT UTTER, Of Newark, New Jersey, who for thirty-one years was connected with the bank ing house of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., New York City, was born in the Park house, Newark, New Jersey, August 9, 1835. His father, John Morris Utter, also a native of Newark, New Jersey, born February 17, 1801, died May 1, 1846, was connected with the late Joseph A. Halsey in the manufacture of shoes, forming the firm of Halsey & Utter. While traveling in the South in the interests of the firm, he contracted malarial fever, the effects of which proved fatal. Our subject's antecedents were French and English; on the father's side, French, and on the side of the mother, Sarah Smith Halsey, English, her paternal ancestors having settled at Southampton, Long Island, in 1637. Frederick Utter attended private schools in Newark until sixteen years of age, when he sought employment, in the National Park Bank, New York City. He was subsequently connected with the Second National Bank of Newark, New Jersey. For thirty-one years continuously, prior to his death, he was cashier and confidential clerk of the banking house of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., New York City. At the time of the Civil War he served, in 1863, as Chief Clerk to Major W. W. Sherman, Senior Paymaster of the government. He died at Hamilton, Bermuda, February 14, 1898. Mr. Utter was a member of Kane Lodge, No. 55, F. & A. M., Union Chapter, No. 7, R. A. M., and Kane Council, No. 2, R. & S. M. He was a thirty-second degree Mason, also a member of Corinthian Council, R. A., and a past Grand Saachem of the Republican League of Newark. He was a mem ber of the Sons of the American Revolution, his ancesters having fought at the battle of Springfield, New Jersey. He always remained a resident of Newark, was a stanch Republican, and was an attendant of the Second Presbyterian church. Mr. Utter's second marriage occurred in 1872, to Amelia Harris, daughter of John H. Stout, of Newark. He left two children, Anna L. Mason and Wil liam F. Utter, both by his first wife. PAUL REVERE. Hardly a name in American history is so famous as the one which begins this review, which is now worthily worn by one of Morristown's loyal, respected and honored citizens. The conditions of life are changed since his great grandfather took the "famous midnight ride, arousing the soldiers at the opening of the Revolution; but the same loyalty to country characterizes the subject of this sketch. He springs from a family indeed prominent in the annals of the FREDERICK M. UTTER BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 441 nation. Every school boy throughout the length and breadth of the land knows the story of the hero who watched for the signal light in the old North church tower, "One if by land, and two if by sea," and then rode through the darkness to villages and farm houses, arousing all the people to resist the attack of the British the following morning. The next generation of the family had its representative no less prominent in the affairs of civil life, for Dr. John Revere, the grandfather of our subject, was one of the founders of the medical department of the University of the City of New York, and did much to advance medical science to a point that it had never before attained. He was a very eminent physician, the author of many valuable medical works, and at one time was professor in Jefferson Aledical College of Philadelphia. General Joseph Warren Revere, the father of our subject, was born in Boston in 1812, and at the age of fourteen entered the United States Naval School at New York, thus beginning a long career of service by sea and land in almost every portion of the globe, a service full of exciting interest and ro mantic adventure. At sixteen he sailed for a long cruise in the Pacific, and then joined the squadron employed in suppressing the African slave trade. After a trying service in which he often narrowly escaped death from disease, wreck and mutiny, he was sent to the European squadron. He visited every country of Europe and the Mediterranean shores of Asia and Africa, and being an accomplished linguist, he acted as aid to the commodore, and was especially fortunate in meeting the most distinguished personages of the day. He visited the interior of Algeria with a French force which had a fierce fight with the Arabs. During the Seminole war he served with the "Mosquito Fleet" on the coast of Florida, and shortly after commanded a vessel engaged in break ing up the organized piracy in the West Indies." In 1838 he sailed in the first American squadron which circumnavigated the globe, and at Bombay he wit nessed the departure of the British army for the disastrous campaign of Cabul. For saving the British man-of-war, Ganges, from shipwreck, he was presented with a sword of honor by the Governor-General of India. On the coast of Sumatra the squadron bombarded the towns of Kwala Batu and Muckie, in punishment for the seizure of an American vessel and the murder of her crew. After that cruise Lieutenant Revere again served in the West Indies. Throughout the Mexican war he was on the coast of California, and at Sonoma raised the first American flag north of San Francisco Bay, being also present at the battles of the Mesa and San Gabriel, the bombardment of Guay- mas, and the other exciting events of the conquest. After the war he went again to California, as government timber agent for the new territory, and was an actor in the wild scenes at the time of the "gold fever." A book published by him and entitled "A Tour of Duty in California," became a handbook for pioneers and settlers. In 1849 Lieutenant Revere resigned from the navy and remained for two years on a ranch he had purchased. In 1851 he engaged in the coasting trade, and on the coast of Mexico he rescued, after a desperate conflict, the passengers and crew of the shipwrecked vessel from a horrible death at the hands of the savages. For this service the Spanish government conferred upon him the order of Isabella, and he received high testimonials from other governments. Not long afterward he became the intimate friend 442 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of the president of Mexico and accepted a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of artillery in the Mexican army. He reorganized this branch of the service, and instructed the officers, among them the celebrated Miramon, afterwards executed by the side of Em- porer Maxmillian. In a battle with the Revolutionists his skill and valor saved the national army from destruction. He was declared to have "deserved well •of the republic" and received high honors. Wearied at last of his adventurous life, Col. Revere returned home and set tled with his family near Morristown. He continued thereafter a citizen of Morris county, and served as Brigadier-General of the Morris county militia. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he at once offered his services to the general government, and was soon made Colonel of the Seventh Regiment of New Jer sey Volunteers. The brilliant record of this gallant regiment, second to none in the service, has been largely attributed to the severe discipline it re ceived under Colonel Revere, whom General Hooker pronounced "the best disciplinarian in the service." He fought in the battles of the Peninsula cam paign and the second Manassas, and was promoted Brigadier-General and commanded the Second New Jersey Brigade, of which the Seventh formed a part, until after the battle of Fredericksburg. When the army was reorganized under General Hooker, General Revere was assigned to command the New York "Excelsior" brigade, a splendid body of fighting men, whom General Hooker felt needed more stringent discipline than they had yet received. At Chancellorsville Revere's brigade led the van in the desperate struggle after the rout of the Eleventh Corps, and was in the thickest of this disastrous fight. General Revere was the only Federal eye-witness of the fatal wounding of "Stonewall" Jackson. For a movement made just after this fight General Revere was censured by General Sickles and was for a time deprived of his rank, but the opinion of the men he had commanded, and that of Generals Meade and Sedgwick and other high officers, held him innocent of any offense. President Lincoln declared he had beeri unjustly treated, restored him to his rank and he was subsequently named Brevet Major-General. His health was completely shattered by wounds and diseases incurred in service, and his existence became one of unbroken suffering. In 1873 he published "Keel and Saddle," a retrospect of his thrilling life. He was very widely read and wrote much for publication. He possessed considerable artis tic talent, and a picture painted by him is a prominent object in the Church of the Assumption, Morristown. In 1862 he joined the Catholic church, in which he remained until his death. In politics he adhered to the old-time Demo cratic principles of his youth. General Revere married Miss Rosanna Duncan Lamb, of Boston, who, with two of his five children, Paul and Augustus L. Revere, survive him, his death having occurred April 20, 1880. The Revere homestead in Morris town has been occupied by the mother and sons for about twenty years, and it is one of the most interesting homes in all New Jersey. In the halls hangs a portrait of old Judge Revere, who lived in France over two hundred years ago, indicating the French Huguenot descent of the family. There are' also por traits of Paul Revere, the Revolutionary hero, and his wife, and of General Revere in military uniform. The house is also filled with curios from all parts BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 443 of the globe, secured by General Revere in his travels. These include a rhin- ocerous-hide shield from the Malay Islands; an old helmet supposed to have belonged to a follower of Cortez; a dagger used by the French actress, Rachel; the sword received from the Governor-General of India; a Turkish cimeter presented to Gen. Revere by Alehemet Ali, and a sabre presented by the Sultan of Zanzibar; California bowie knives, pistols and war club, and commissions bearing the signatures of famous officials. The house was erected in 1807, and within its walls many distinguished men have been welcomed to Morris town, including General LaFayette. Paul Revere, who is his father's successor as the head of this household, was born in Morristown, September 28, 1856, and acquired his literary educa tion in the Morristown Classical School. He read law in the office of Hon. Staats S. Alorris, of Newark, and ex-Governor Joseph D. Bedle, of Jersey City, and was a student in the Harvard Law School. In February, 1881, he was ad mitted to the bar and was actively engaged in practice in Newark, until 1885, when the great demands made upon his time by other business interests forced him to put aside the law. He has been connected with some of the most im portant real estate transactions of this city, is a director in the Morris County Savings Bank, the Morris County Mortgage & Realty Company, and the Morristown Trust Company. He is also president of the Morristown Associa tion for Public Improvement, and his wise counsel and able management in di recting the affairs of these concerns have been important factors in the successes which have crowned the enterprises, and which not only add to the prosperity of the stockholders, but advance the general welfare also. "Peace hath her victories no less renowned than war," and many of these Mr. Revere has also won. Twice he has served as a member of the Common Council of Morristown, from 1883 io 1885, and has again from 1888 to 1890. In politics he a stanch Democrat, and has taken an active interest in political affairs since his boyhood. He bar been a delegate to most of the Democratic conventions in the past eighteen years, has frequently served as chairman of such conventions and public meetings, has been president of the Morristown Democratic Club, and has been a member of the County Board of Elections. His counsel carries great weight in the conventions of his party, and he is recognized as a prominent leader in Democratic circles. He supported Palmer and Buckner in 1896, and was chairman of the Morris County Sound Money Democratic Committee, and a member of the State Committee. He has been "on the stump" in this part of New Jersey in almost every election since 1880, and is an interesting, entertaining, logical and forceful speaker. Mr. Revere is also a valued member of several social and fraternal^ organi zations. He belongs to the Sons of Veterans and served as captain of his camp, was one of the founders of the Sons of the American Revolution, was treasurer of the society in New Jersey, and was vice-president general of the national society. He also belongs to the Washingtion Association of New Jersey, to the Aztec Club and the New York Reform Club, and is president of All Souls Hospital Association, the Alorris County Golf Club, and filled the same office in connection with the Alorris County Gun Club. He also belongs to the Morristown Club, the Morristown Field Club, and other organizations, and 444 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. and his genial manner and courteous deportment make him a popular rep resentative of these organizations. He has taken a very active interest in fire department matters, and was three years foreman of the Morristown fire war dens. Every enterprise for the public good receives his commendation and his liberal support to many beneficial movements has added to the progress and improvement of the city. In his religious connections he is a Catholic. Mr. Revere is a gentleman of literary taste and scholarly habits, has read and studied extensively on the question of great moment to the nation, and has written some very able articles on taxation, public improvement and municipal government. His life has been one of great activity in practical affairs and has been an important factor in promoting the best interests of his native city. He has that culture and refinement which only travel can bring, and in addition to his visits to many sections of his native land and Canada, he made a trip to Europe in 1887, there spending six months in visiting the many points of beauty and historic interest in England, France and Italy. He comes of a notable family, but is honored for his own sterling virtues and upright life,* rather than for the heroic deeds of his ancestors. DOWLING BENJAMIN, M. D. The ancestors of Doctor Benjamin have, for generations, taken an honor able part in the history of Alaryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. His grandfather, Joseph Benjamin, who was of an English family, settled in Mary land in 1774, the next year went to Virginia, and immediately after the news of the battle of "Bunker Hill" reached that State, joined Harry Lee's Light Horse Legion, then organizing at Amelia Court House, and served with it during the Revolutionary War. After the war he settled in Charleston, Maryland, and was one of the founders of the Methodist church in that locality. His son, Isaac Benjamin, Sheriff of Tulbut county, the Doctor's grand father, married a Miss Alexander, of a prominent Scotch-Irish family, two of whose members have served respectively as president and secretary of the historic Alecklessbury convention, of North Carolina, in 1775, signing the original Declaration of Independence as their first official promulgation. The Doctor's maternal grandfather served in the War of 1812. The family seem to have inherited the military tendencies of the Doctor's grandfather above referred to. Several of his uncles were in the Mexican war and the War of the Rebellion as commissioned officers. Three of his brothers and one of his uncles sacrificed their lives in the last mentioned war. The Hon. W. Gail Owens, who defeated Breckenridge for Congress in that celebrated con test in Kentucky, is also a grandson of Isaac Benjamin and a cousin of the Doctor. Dowling Benjamin was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1849. After obtaining an education in the public schools he made a study of the ancient and modern languages and science, under private tutors, preparatory to enter ing an advanced class in Dickinson College. He secured a position in a drug store, and soon passed the examination of the State Board of Pharmacy.. DOWLING BENJAMIN BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 445 Thus well qualified, he began the study of medicine, and the celebrated D. Hayes Agnew was one of his medical preceptors. He was graduated in 1877, at the University of Pennsylvania, in the medical department, having passed the highest examination in all branches, and received with his degree, at the public commencement in the Academy of Music, honorable mention by the faculty. He was at once appointed as assistant in the hospital in the de partment of neurology. While he was but a student, the truth and transcen- dant importance of bacteriological pathology (germ theory) of infectious dis eases and contagious germs then being developed by Pasteur, Koch and Lister in Europe, was quickly grasped by his keenly logical and scientific mind. Se curing and studying all the important literature and reports of the investigators of these pioneer's in antisepsis, which in that day could not be found in any American text-books, and making original research and microscoptical investi gations at night in the laboratories, he made his graduating thesis on "In fection, or Antiseptic's Practice." This was believed by medical scholars to be the first clear, logical and unassuming presentation of the germ theory by an American medical writer. The professor of medicine at Princeton at the University, after carefully reading, so pronounced it, endorsed it and after ward taught the germ theory, whereas he had not previously done so. Indeed, the professor of clinical surgery of the university had not adopted the anti septic practice so late as 1881 (see Encyclopedia of Surgery, Vol. 1, page 599, where the old system is described.) So far in advance of the usual practice and beliefs of the profession was this thesis that, "convincing and clear" as it seemed to Professor Steele, logical and beautiful on diction as it is (it is yet extract) it was refused publication at the time by the leading medical journals, (the Medical Times, then edited by his friend, Professor H. C. Wood, included) on the ground that "the theory of germs (microbes) being the cause of disease was not tenable." In the Camden Medical So ciety and the New Jeresy Sanitary Association, when Dr. Benjamin first introduced this practice, it was met by almost universal scepticism, and it is of late years only that the antiseptic (aseptic) has come into general use. However, upon the early adoption of the bacteriological view of infection and its careful practice by Dr. Benjamin have hinged some of the most service able results ever attained by a practioner of medicine. For instance, in his more than twenty years' practice, he has never had a death from confinement (most of the deaths in confinement come from microbes getting in contact with the lesions). In all his large practice, including the time while surgeon to the Pennsylvania Railroad, New Jersey and Camden Railroad, Camden Iron Works and Cooper Hospital, (over ten years, his cases including thous ands of injuries and wounds of all kinds), no case of blood poisoning occurred, and he never had a case of lockjaw (a microbic disease) occur in any of his patients, whereas it was common in this city during some of these years, a remarkable example of aseptic practice. Only a few years ago he published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, October 17th, 1895, his great paper on the treatment of diphtheria, showing that he had not had a death from diphtheria for over ten years, and included a hundred cases (many of them of the most malignant kind). The paper was accompanied by letters from others of his fellow practitioners, endorsing and 446 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. emphasizing this statement. Investigation only made the facts stand out more impressively, while the Doctor was going along quietly with his wonder ful secrets of less than one per cent, of death rate for over a decade. The general death-rate from the disease in all the United States was forty-seven per cent., and in Europe fifty per cent, according to official figures, while the recent 1895 anti-toxin treatment gives a death rate of over twenty per cent , ac cording to some of our best authorities. The leading medical journals are now discussing Dr. Benjamin's results, and the "Journal of Practical Medicine" says editorially, "It is most astonish ing." Those features alone would undoubtedly make his death-rate in gen eral practice the lowest on record. The sound judgment, deliberation and persistent investigation of cases and methods, followed with energetic action, that are shown in his numerous published contributions to medical literature, also have characterized his daily work in all his large general practice, and may be held to account for much of his unprecedented success. « Those facts can all be proven by examination of the records. Thoroughness is one of his greatest traits, and when he investigates a subject this report can be relied upon as exhaustive and accurate. This is shown in many legal contests in which he was medical expert, as well as in his writings. Dr. Benjamin settled in Camden in 1877. The following year, as expert for counsel in the Emma Bethel murder case, he produced a profound impres sion upon the legal fraternity by demonstrating for the first time in the world's history in a court of law, by chemistry and the microscope, contrary to all the text books on chemistry and medical jurisprudence, and to the astonish ment of the State Experts, that the octohedral crystal was conclusive evidence of the presence of arsenic, but could he by another metal (anatomy) up to that time the octrohedral crystal would hang the accused. He even built up a large and lucrative practice, and he easily takes rank among the most thoroughly posted and successful practitioners in his profession. The Doctor has been very kind to the poor. There is a fortune in his books were it col lected, but he does not seem to want riches, though he lives pleasantly with his charming family on one of the best streets. His idea of a physician is to give his entire time to the consideration of diseases and its treatment, and have nothing to do with finances if he can help it. Dr. Benjamin from the first has taken an active part in all movements tending to raise the standard of the profession. In 1884, he attributed general attention and the approbation of the friends of higher medical education by successfully urging in the face of strong opposition, the American Medical Association, to proclaim officially the necessity of having a full years' course in the medical colleges. Those who were present at that meeting distinctly demonstrated the great battle, his resolutions having been approved by some of the leading professors of medical colleges. The New Jersey State Medical Society adopted his resolution to that ef fect after he had agitated it for two years. He became the spokesman of the physicians of the State before the Senate committee and aided largely in get ting the measure passed in Trenton. In his speech before the committee in the Senate chamber he clearly showed in pungent language that the posses sion of a diploma even from some of the best medical colleges was not a guaran- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY 447" tee of a proper medical education. This was indeed a great triumph, not for the interest of any set of men, but by the profession and the public as well. The law was finally passed and a State Board of Examiners was appointed. The Doctor refused an appointment as a member of the Board on the ground that he was a lecturer in the Aledico-Chirurgical College at Philadelphia, and had the appointment of everyone interested in a medical college. It may be properly noted here that in 1888, Dr. Benjamin performed the first successful hysteroctony (removal of the entire womb and ovaries) in the State of New Jersey, for a large fibrical tumor of the uterus. He afterward performed abdomical section for the removal of ovian tumors, fibroids, prus- tubes, and petoric abscesses in women, twenty-one times with uniform success,. showing that in this class of diseases no* better work could be done anywhere. Broad and comprehensive in mind, he estimates all the possibilities in a case and is ready to meet them. He has served as surgeon to the Cooper Hospital and is now obstetrician in charge of the maternity department, and gynaeco logist to that institution. He served for two years as assistant surgeon of the First Regiment, and surgeon and major of the Veteran Corps of the same regiment, National Guard of New Jersey. He has been medical expert and surgeon to the Pennsylvania railroad for fifteen years. He is a fine lecturer and has filled the chair of obstetrics in the New Jersey Training School for Nurses, and also held a lecturership in the Medico-Chirurgical College, Phila delphia. He has served as president of the State Sanitary Association in New Jersey, also of the Camden District Medical Society, and has represented his State as a delegate in National and International Medical Conventions. Many of his papers have been of great practical value, and have attracted national attention, and are in demand by the leading medical journals. His "Observation on the Relations of Temperatures to Diseases in Dwell ing Houses" ("Medical Bulletin," 1886,) was copied by the "Scientific Ameri can" and all the leading journals, medical and non-medical. The State Board of Health of Town (composed of nine physicians and the Attorney-General) recommended and published at the expense of the State for free distribution, giving the eminent satisfactory reasons in that report to the Governor for so doing "that it would save so many lives and prevent so much sickness." Other states did the same. What higher compliment could a public benefactor receive? This essay has become a part of standard text books. Some of his published papers are as follows: "Typhoid in Water," "Contagion," "Hys- tesectoring," "Posnel Convulsions," "The Trained Nurse," "Antiseptic Oper ations," "Treatment of Pneumonia," "Ovariotomy," "Ventral Hernia," "Present Position of Antiseptic Practice," "Treatment of Fracture," "Ovarian. and Fibroid Tumors," "Treatment of Diphtheria," "A Systematic Work on Nursing and Confinement" (Lakeside Publishing Company, New York.) From what has been said it is seen that Dr. Benjamin's position is a high- and honorable one. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and the Metho dist Episcopal church. In 1879, Dr. Benjamin married Miss Sarah Cooper White. They have three children. Mrs. Benjamin is a lineal descendant of Edwin Marshall, identified with the Poms in the early colonial history of Pennsylvania. The "New York World" during the late war with Spain, being impressed 448 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. with the character and value of Mr. Benjamin's articles on the subject of ty phoid germs in the "New York Medical Record" and other journals, deter mined to have him make a special investigation from a strictly scientific stand point of the army and camp at Montauk Point. It will be remembered, by those familiar with that period, that disease had prostrated nearly the whole army. The great value of this report, not only in describing the exact conditions and errors existing in that camp, but the suggestions and remedies and improvements, directly and indirectly, made- them to the government for the better management of this department, makes it well worth studying, and shows that had the government secured the services of so careful an observer on the subject of disease, the causes and remedies, as Dr. Benjamin, sickness in the army would have kept down to minimum. (See "New York World" September 5th, 1898.) The comprehensive powers of organization and the executive ability of the Doctor were clearly demonstrated when he was chairman of the commit tee on Arbitration of the battle of Red Bank by the State Society of the Sons of the Revolution, held in Camden, October 23d, 1897, which was declared by the leading papers of Philadelphia and Camden to have been one of the great est public demonstrations the city ever had. During the epidemic of typhoid fever in Philadelphia in the spring of 1889, the "Philadelphia Inquirer" requested Dr. Benjamin to write an article on that dreaded disease, in order to enlighten the public and as much as pos sible prevent its reading. (See issue of March 19th, 1899). Very recently, with a view to the better protection of children in the pub lic schools, Dr. Benjamin had a bill introduced in the New Jersey Legislature providing for the daily medical inspection of the pupils and monthly sanitary inspection of school houses in cities. This measure is now under consideration and there is every reason to be lieve that it will eventually become a law, as it has secured the commendation of the most influential people of the State. In his speech in the House of Representatives, the Doctor said: "Gentlemen of the Committee: "I want to say that this bill is strictly in the interest of the health of the people of this State, and especially of the health of the children. It is a bill for the public good, and not in the interest of any individual, corporation, or set of men or class of people. It is a bill absolutely free from any such objec tionable intentions. It is solely in the interest of the public welfare, and the school children of our cities are entitled to just as good medical inspection daily as the children are now getting in New York schools." The purpose and value of this law is clearly set forth in this lengthy speech, but our space permits only the above excerpt which is sufficient, however, to show its import, and the kind of work its author is trying to do for the good of the masses. No sooner had the School Board of the City of Camden learned of the introduction of this bill into the Legislature and the favor with which the Doctor's agitation was received, than it appointed a medical school inspector, creating a new office. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 449 The limits of this sketch permit us to give but a portion of Dr. Benjamin's good work in the interest of humanity, his profession and the advancement of medical science. But what has been referred to as having been accomplished under the circumstances where there is no great medical college whose pro fessorships offer a path to distinction, no medical press, and when the tendency therefore is to keep all members of this profession on the same level, shows the possibilities in this man. CHARLES FORT WOOD. One of the most ancient Saxon names, of which we have any record, is that of Wood. It was, in its earliest application given we read, to a family whose landed property was wood-land. We read in the register of Waldron, Eng land, of one See-Wisdom Wood, who was a juryman as early as 1609. The name is, by some branches of the family, written with an S. All the com pounds of the name, as Atwood, Woodford, Woodstock, etc, are derived from the same source i. e. residence near, or proprietorship on woodland. The great-grandfather of the subject of our present sketch, Daniel Smith Wood, of England, came to America during its colonial days. At first he lived upon Long Island, but, in or about 1754, he took up his permanent resi dence in New Providence, New Jersey, where he started to work under Mr. Moore, the chief blacksmith of the place. When twenty-one years of age he bought out his employer. Mr. Wood remained, through his long life, in New Providence, where he died in 1782, aged ninety-one years; honored and be loved by the whole community, to whom he was known as a man of the high est integrity, a Christian and a patriot. He served in the Revolutionary War, as an officer, first holding commission as Second Lieutenant, he received pro motion twice after that, being made First Lieutenant, and later Captain. His services extended throughout the whole of the war. The descendants of Mr. Wood, (who was twice married) form a large and important connection and among them are many representative men and women. Of these we count the subject of our sketch, Mr. Charles Fort Wood, whose grandfather, Daniel Smith Wood, Jr., was a son of the second wife, Sarah Johnson. He married Nancy Baldwin, daughter of Gabriel Baldwin, of the historic Baldwin family of New Jersey. Their son, John, was born in New Providence, New Jersey, on Christmas Day, 1818, and died April 10th, 1882. His record is that of a man of high intellectual and business ability, he was also a zealous and liberal church worker. For many years he was en gaged in mercantile life, in the place of his birth, and later, was prominent in the real estate business in New York City. He married Charlotte A„ daughter of Peter and Eliza (Perrine) Torboss, of New York City. Mrs. Wood's an cestors were of good old New York and New England stock. Charles Fort Wood, the subject of the brief sketch which follows, is the son of Mr. and Mrs. John Wood, of whose ancestry, for three generations, 29 450 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. we have already spoken. While a man may not take credit for his ancestors, he may, certainly, point, with true and honest pride, to men like those, whom we have described, and rejoice in being the descendants of noble forefathers. Charles F. Wood was born in New Providence, New Jersey. His education was mainly that of the public schools, and his daily life that of the boy who is- brought up upon his father's farm. At the age of seventeen he left school, and one year later, we find the young man in New York City, engaged in the artistic, and difficult employment of stone engraving and diamond setting; a profession calling for the eye and hand of an artist, rather than that of an arti san. In 1872, or one year later, Mr. Wood established himself in the diamond business upon his own account, in which avocation he has continued until the present time. His place of business has been variously on Broadway, and in Maiden Lane. Mr. Wood is known as one of the most expert and reliable diamond im porters and dealers in the country, and his name is connected with many insti tutions and corporations whose interests center about his own line of business. He was formerly a director of the Jewelers' Board of Trade, and is also a director in the Jewelers' Association. He is a member of the Executive Committee of the Jewelers' Security Alliance, and also a member of the Jewel ers' Protective Union. Mr. Wood resides in Summit, New Jersey, and has identified himself with its growth and prosperity. He is a member of the Common Council and was, for five years, a member of its Board of Education, and a Commissioner of Appeals, for four years. He is also identified with the church work of Summit, is a member and officer in the Methodist Episcopal church, of that city, where he acts as trustee and chorister. In all church benevolence and charitable work his name is well known. In politics he is. a Republican, but he is rather the good citizen and the man of public spirit than the mere politician. He is well known in his own city and in New York, in social life, and, he is a member of the Underwriters' Club, in the latter city. Mr. Wood married Sarah Elizabeth, daughter of John and Elizabeth (Par rot) Clark, of New Jersey. Mr. Clark was, for many years a Freeholder in Union county. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Wood are: Elizabeth Clark, married to Samuel Graydon and living in Summit, New Jersey, and a son, Wesley Griffin,. a graduate of St. George's School of Summit, who is employed in his father's business. HENRY D. SIMONSON, Born at Bergen Point, New Jersey, September 5th, 1827, was the son of Cor nelius and Catherine Simonson. His ancestors for several generations were natives of Station Island and Bergen Point. He was educated at common school in his native town, and when eight years of age assisted his father in planting and raising oysters, continuing to attend school during the winter. Arriving at manhood, Mr. Simonson continued in the occupation of his- father, carrying on the business successfully at Bergen Point, until 1857, when Oh^z, M^Zcis //?r^cs BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 4S i he came to Newark, New Jersey. He established himself here after severe struggles, and became one of the best known business men of this city, his various restaurants were visited by a great number of prominent business men of this city and the suburbs. HENRY D. SIMONSON. He had been married twice, when in 1879, he again entered matrimony. He died after quite a long illness on September 4th, 1897, at the age of seventy years, leaving a widow and one son, Mr. Fayette S Simonson, who together with his mother is carrying on the business established by his father so many years ago, and known by everybody as a first class resort, at No. 889 & 891 Broad street. AMOS H. VAN HORN. To say of him whose name begins this record that he has risen unaided from comparative obscurity to rank among the merchant princes of the world is a statement that seems trite to those familiar with his life, yet it is but just 452 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. to say in a history that will descend to future generations, that his business record has been one that any man would be proud to possess. Beginning at the very bottom round of the ladder, he has advanced steadily, step by step, until he is now occupying a position of prominence and trust reached by few men. Through his entire business career he has been looked upon as a model of integrity and honor, never making an engagement that he has not fulfilled, and standing to-day as an example of what determination and force combined with the highest degree of commercial integrity, can accomplish for a man of natural ability and strength of character. He is respected by the community at large and honored by his business associates, and his commer cial career forms an important part of the business history of Newark, Mr. Van Horn also represents one of the oldest families of New Jersey, his ancestral history being one of close connection with the early development of the State. The Van Horns were of Holland descent, and coming to New Jersey took up their residence in Warren county. The first of the name to locate there was James Van Horn, who engaged in the cultivation if his land and was a respected, worthy agriculturist of the community. He had a family of four sons and two daughters, namely: George, father of the subject of this sketch; David, who married and removed to Michigan, where he carried on farming and reared his family of four children, James, John, Mary Ann and Sa rah; William, who married and spent his life as a farmer of Warren county, New Jersey, Morris, who in 1859, removed to Michigan, where he devoted his ener gies to agricultural pursuits and reared his family of two children, Orie and Burt; Margaret, who became the wife of Isaac Burroughs and removed to Michigan, where they spent their remaining days; and Charity, who spent her last years in Pettysville, Michigan. George Van Horn, the father of Amos H., was born in Warren county, New Jersey, in 1816, and died July 26th, 1876. His early life was quietly passed, his attention being devoted to the task assigned him in the school room or in assisting his father in the various duties of the farm. When he had attained his majority, however, he determined to abandon agricultural pur suits for mercantile life and engaged in the undertaking and cabinet-making business, in addition to conducting a general store in Danville, New Jersey. He was married in 1836, to Miss Mary Hull, a daughter of Gershon Hull, a native of Warren county. They had nine children: Edward, the eldest, was married but had no children. He enlisted in the Union army during the war, as a member of Captain Bean's New Jeresy Artillery Company, was assigned to Battery B. and served for three years, when he was honorably discharged. He returned, broken down in health, as the result of the exposure and hard ships of camp life, and died in February, 1866. Amos H., is the second of the family. John, who also enlisted as a defender of the Union, becoming a member of Company K, Second New Jersey Infantry, under Captain Tay, was taken prisoner at the second battle of Bull Run, and after experiencing many hardships and privations at the hands of the enemy, he was finally paroled at Annapolis, Maryland, but his constitution was so* impaired as the result of the suffering he had undergone that he died in January, 1863. James, who was a member of Company A., Thirteenth New Jersey Infantry, served throughout the war, returned home and was married. He had three children, but they RESIDENCE OF AMOS H. VAN HORN B8 NORTH SIXTH STREET, ROSEVILLE 73 MARKET STREET MAIN ENTRANCE TO ALL BUILDINGS-CONNECTED BY BRIDGE OVER CAMPBELL STREET BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 453 and the mother have all passed away. Silas, married a Miss Mulligan, and to them were born three children; Caroline and Minerva Jane did not marry. Ida and Emma, the youngest of the family were twins. The latter died at the age of eighteen months; and Ida, who grew to womanhood, become the wife of Mr. Chapman, and has three children; May, Amos H. and Leslie. The mother of this family, Mrs. Mary (Hull) YanHorn, died in March 1882. Her father Gershon Hull, died in Warren County, in 1819, and his wife long surviving him, passed away in 1859. They had four sons and four daugh ters, as follows: Daniel, who lived to be eighty-three years of age, married and had one daughter; Caroline; John married and had two children, Arili and Sarah; James married and had two children; Gershon and Irwin; Gershon married, and died November 24th, 1897, at the age of eighty-six years; Hannah became Mrs. Gerhardt, and had a number of sons and daughters Hetty be came Airs. Sherman, and with her husband removed to Wisconsin in 1845, in which state they reared their four children; Sarah became Mrs. Kechum, and with her husband removed to Michigan; and Mrs. Van Horn completed the family. All of the sons engaged in mercantile pursuits. Amos H. VanHorn was born in Warren county, New Jersey, November 26th, 1840, was educated in the schools of Danville, and received his business training principally under the tuition of his father. In 1855, the family re moved to Newark and the father began the manufacture of chairs and furniture, fondly expecting to do a large business with the retail dealers of that city. Amos was employed mornings and evenings in the shop, going to school in the middle of the day, but his tastes were more for the cabinet-making tools than for text books. The following year business was prostrated by the panic which swept over the middle and eastern states, in fact affecting all the great industrial in terests of the country. The manufacture of cabinet ware met the same fate that all other trades experienced for a time, and finding idleness irksome, Amos determined to go to his native town of Danville, hoping there to find employ ment. He was not disappointed in this, and worked there through the winter, returning to Newark the following spring. The next few months he was em ployed as formerly, assisting in the shop, except during schools hours, when he pursued the school course of study. Illness, however, overpowered Mm, and for about two years he was unfitted for even the lightest kind of employ ment. As he improved he became imbued with the desire to engage in busi ness on his own account, and obtaining his father's consent to this step, he bor rowed five dollars of his brother Edward, and in i860, forming a partnership with Mr. Holt, opened a small shop at the corner of Catherine and Market streets, where they carried on a furniture repairing business for about a year. When the war broke out, however, their trade rapidly decreased, and as their expenses were soon more than their income a dissolution of the partner ship followed. Not dismayed by this unfriendly turn of fortune, Mr.- Van Horn soon opened another shop, in Harrison street, for which he agreed to pay four dollars per month rent. He then went to a prominent dealer Julius Gerth, with whom he had a tormal acquaintance, and procuring paints and tools on time, announced himself as a dealer in second-hand furniture, and solicited work from all those wanting chairs and furniture repaired. Too poor to own a horse and wagon, he hauled his goods in a wheelbarrow to and from the homes 454 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of his customers. By his pluck and energy, as well as his excellent workman ship, he won a business which steadily grew in volume and importance, and in six month's time he had realized enough to pay off his indebtedness to the man who had so generously befriended him in his hour of need, and also had a surplus of about eighteen dollars. It seems a small sum viewed in the light of his present prosperity, but to the young man who had begun with nothing, it meant much to be free from debt and have that amount as capital. Thinking now he might broaden his field of labor, he removed to Mrs. Campbell's in the basement of Isaac Pierson's newspaper depot, No. ff Market street, which he secured for a monthly rental of four dollars, and from Febru ary until September of that year his business had increased until the stock he had on hand represented seventy-five dollars, and all paid for. But now another element entered into his busy life. The north had not conquered the south, as it was expected it would do, and the country was call ing for more volunteers. Mr. Van Horn felt that it was his duty and desire to go, and he has never been known to falter at the call of duty. Accordingly he enlisted in Company A, Twenty-sixth Regiment, leaving a boy in charge of his store, and after two weeks in camp procured a two days leave of absence for the purpose of closing out the concern, during which time he succeeded in finding a puchaser, to whom he sold out for twenty-five dollars Entered service in Company A, twenty-sixth New Jersey Volunteer In fantry, September 3d, 1862. Mustered in September 18th, 1862. Mustered out June 27th, 1863. The Twenty-sixth New Jersey Infantry was organized and mustered in at Newark, September 18th, 1862. Moved to Washington, D. C. September 26th, 1862, and assigned to General H. S. Brigg's command, Army of the Potomac, September 30th, 1862. Served in the Second Brigade, Second Division, Sixth Army Corps, Army of the Potomac from October nth, 1862. Reported to Gereral Blanks, commanding the defence of Washington, D. C, September 27th, 1862. Moved with General Briggs' provisional command to Frederick, Maryland, September 2d, assigned by special order No. two hun dred and seven, H. Q. Army of Potomac, dated September 30th, to join the Sixth Army Corps. Attached to Second Brigade, Second Division at Hagerstown, Maryland, October nth. This brigade was known as the First Vermont Brigade, com posed of Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Vermont, and the Twenty- sixth New Jersey remained at Hagerstown until October 31st; marched to and crossed the Potomac at Berlin, Maryland, October 31st and November 2d; ad vanced into Virginia November 2d and 9th; reached Upperville, November 5th; White Plains, November 6th; New Baltimore, November 9th; marched to Stafford Court House, November 16th and 17th; and White Oak church, December 4th and 6th; Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, December 12th and 15th; crossed the Rappahamock at Franklin Crossing, or Deep Run, Decem ber 1 2th; deployed in line of battle, advanced and occupied position on the Richmond Road and Deep Creek until the morning of the i5th;recrossed the river on night of December 15th; winter quarters near Belle Plain Landing, December 20th, 1862, to April 28th, 1863. Burnside's second campaign or Mud March, January 20th-23d. Fatigue duty with the pontoons Janu- STOCK, SHIPPING AND SALESROOM BUILDING 19, 21 23, 26, 27, 29 CAMPBELL STREET NEW STORAGE WAREHOUSE 84, 88, 88. 90 AND 92 BANK 6T. VaN HORN BUILDING CARPET CLEANING BUILDING, 91 BANK STREET OPPOSITE STORAGE WAREHOUSE BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 45S ary 2ist-22d. Chancellorsville Campaign, April 28th to March 6th. Oper ations at Franklins Crossing April 29th to May 2d. Guard of Pontoon train to Banks Ford, night of April 30th; crossed the Rappahamock or Deep Run evening of May 2d and moved to position on Hazel Run before daylight, May 2d. Second battle of Fredericksburg, May 3d-4th, 1863. Assault and capture of Mayres Heights and occupation of Fredericksburg May 3d. Battle of Salem church May 3d-4th. Actions on Downman's farm and near Bank's Ford May 4th. Complimented by Colonel Grant commanding the brigade for gallantry in the assault on the heights of Fredericksburg May 3d, and for the repulse of attack near Bank's Ford May 4th; with the rear guard and cover ed the crossing of the Sixth Corps at Bank's Ford, crossed the river on the night of May 4th, assisted in removing the pontoons, morning of May 5th; returned to camp at Belle Plain May 8th; operated at Franklin's Crossings, or Deep Run Ravine, June 5th-ioth. Colonel Grant commanding the brigade reported as follows: "The troops were ordered forward to drive the enemy from the rifle pits on the opposite side of the Rappahannock at Frank lin's Crossing. They rushed gallantly clown to the bank and under a galling fire launched the pontoons, rowed across, charged the rifle pits and captured them with many prisoners. It was an exciting and brilliant affair, and no ac count can do ample justice to the brave officers and men engaged." Occupied a position in the front line of battle across the Bowling Green Road near Ber nard House June 6th and 7th. With the brigade held the front in face of the enemy for about fifty hours. Released from duty at the front June 14th. Moved to Washington, D. C, June 14th to 17th, thence to Newark, New Jer sey June 19th. Mustered out June 27th, 1863. Now having a capital of two hundred dollars, he rented a basement in Mar ket street, near Broad street, for which he paid a rental of eight dollars, and there developed a large business. He carried on repairing as before, but by visit ing the auction rooms and sales at private dwellings, he rapidly enlarged his stock, and after three years was obliged to find more commodious quarters for his business. He then rented the first floor and basement of No. 79 Market street, and for twelve hundred dollars secured the whole stock and good will of Mr. Griffiths, the former proprietor. Success attended the new undertak ing, and after a time he rented the entire building, paying eight hundred dollars per annum for the same. Another two years passed and further changes were demanded, which led him to purchase the building at No. 73 Market street, which he remodeled throughout to meet his needs, and also erected a three- story brick building in the rear, to serve as a store room, repair shop and stable. He then decided to drop the second-hand furniture business entirely, and with that object in view disposed of his old goods and purchased a large stock of new furniture and other household goods, with which he filled the new store, it soon become known as headquarters for everything in that line. Thus gradually, step by step, Mr. Van Horn has built up a very extensive concern. He now carries on a wholesale and retail furniture business, and in his large store and wareroom are found all grades of goods, to meet the varying demands of the trade. In- 1884, he erected an addition to his warehouse, five stories in height and 456 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. extending to Campbell street, and in 1890, he erected an addition, fifty by sixty feet, six stories in height, to be used for stock and shipping purposes. In 1893, another addition was made, with twenty-eight feet frontage, on Camp bell street, and extending through to Bank street, six stories in height. The building was further enlarged in 1894, by the erection of a building from Camp bell street, facing Bank street, where it has a frontage of seventy-five feet, built of handsome pressed brick with appropriate architectural finish. In 1893, in addition to the furniture trade, Mr. Van Horn embarked into the storage ware house business. Hehasnowbuiltan additional structure six stories in height. This building is connected with his Market street store by a large arched bridge. In the fall of 1898, he erected a building on Bank street forty-five by one hundred feet. This makes the. building with all the additions, one hundred and ten feet on Bank street, running through the entire block one hundred and twenty feet with a frontage of a hundred and ten feet on Campbell street. Last summer Mr. Van Horn bought a lot thirty by eighty-four feet on the north side of Bank street and erected a five story building of the same style of brick and architectural finish as the building on the south side of Bank street. This building, which is to be used as a carpet cleaning establishment is equipped with the latest improved carpet cleaning machinery. It is situated at No. 91 Bank street, and Mr. Van Horn intends to make this a new feature of his already extensive establishment. The entire plant on Market, Campbell and Bank streets now covers a floor space of over four acres, and is considered the largest in the State devoted to this line of business. This spring Mr. Van Horn intends remodeling his property adjoining, (69 and 71 Market street, running through from Market to Campbell street, thirty by two hundred feet,) for the use of his business which still keeps increasing. What Mr. Van Horn has accomplished in the world of commerce can not adequately be told in words. It is certainly not asserting too much to say of one who can direct and control a business of such magnitude, that he must possess, aside from mercantile foresight, and sagacity, the happy faculty of reading and judging men, unusual powers of organization and executive abil ity — in a word that he must be a master mind; and yet if one should seek in Mr. AAan Horn's career the causes that have led to his success, they will be found along the lines of well tried and old-time maxims. CHARLES R. WILEY, M. D. The work of a good physician is a perpetuation of Christ's ministry to the bodies of men, such is the skill to which the practice of medicine has attained that the achievements of the healing art are scarcely less marvelous than the cures recorded in the Gospels. Dr. Charles R. Wiley, who died on the even ing of the 20th of April, 1897, had in him, by natural gift and by acquirement, some of the finest qualities of his profession. He was born in Cape May county in 1844. In boyhood he resolved to be a doctor and his ardor and de termination won from his father permission to qualify for that career. After obtaining his degree at Jefferson College, Philadelphia, and after a year of ser- CHARLES R. WILEY BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 457 vice in the medical department of the Volunteer Army, he settled in 1865, as a country physician in Vineland, where the rest of his life was passed. Had he gone to the city to practice he would have enrolled his name among the great leaders of his profession, but he could not have taken such hold upon the daily life of the community as he did in his country home. There he be came the friend and reliance of parents and children. There he took such hold upon the families of his patients that they came to regard him as an indis- pensible part of their life's equipment. Such a man comes sooner or later to be trusted and loved with something akin to filial affection. Dr. Wiley's death was, to those who knew him in this relation, an irreparable loss, a bewildering bereavement. Men who observed him were impressed with his skill in the diagnosis of disease. To him a sick or mained body was like an open book. His percep tion of morbid conditions and complications was like an intuition. Not among the least of his qualifications was his art in compounding medi cines. He was a rare pharmaceutist, and he kept in the van of the druggist's art. He was one of the first physicians in the country to import antitoxin from Germany and use it in his practice. He adapted his prescriptions with skill to the peculiarities of persons and conditions and they became standard remedies in the shops of apothecaries. "This is one of Wiley's remedies," was the formula with which druggists often vended their compounds. A man so devoted to his profession, a physician "born and not made," had the greatest of medical virtues, and it was his indifference to fee or to reward in the relief of suffering. He could not do more for the richest of his clients than the poorest, for each had his best, whether it was an expenditure of time, sympathy or talent. His generosity was profuse, much of his work was gra tuitous. He had fame enough to choose his clientage, but he never did. He was without respect of persons, the servant of all who called upon him and he lavished his usual gifts of sympathy and skill upon them all alike. In town life and in politics as in his profession he was a leader. Twenty five years ago he received the Democratic nomination for the Assembly. He served two terms on the town Council. At the time of his death he was a director of the Tradesmen's Bank, president of the Pension Bank of Cumber land county, and consulting physician at the Training School for Feeble Minded Children. Dr. Wiley's best characteristics were shown in the heroism of his death. He had once suffered severely from a wound inflicted in a surgical operation, and in 1895, on receiving a sprain of his right leg, the old septacaemic symp toms reappeared. He was advised by his physician to amputate it, but this he refused to do. It was one of the medical triumphs in which he took great sat isfaction, that he was able to save the limb. The process involved more than a year, and it left his power of resisting disease much diminished. He knew his situation well, for he observed to a friend that if pneumonia should attack him at any time it would end his career. The last months of the doctor's life were a time of much sickness, his call list grew into formidable numbers, and the pace was telling on him. At last he went about with high heat fever. A cough seized him, accompanied by bloody expectorations. Friday, March 26th, he toiled until late in the evening, feeling that he could not neglect his 458 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. sick. He went to bed never to leave it again alive. In the morning his symptoms showed a well developed case of pneumonia; the next day a lethargic state set in from which he occasionally roused to ask for some member of the family. His last two utterances were to call for his baby girl, the ceaseless delight of his heart. Except for those precious endearments the doctor's last conscious part in the world's life were days of strenuous, patient, tender care for suffering in valids, when his strength was breaking under his spurring. He was giving his life for others, and he died at his post. On the afternoon of the 26th of April a vast concourse of his friends as sembled at the church to perform the last rites of affection and regard, which were in charge of Undertaker Krusen, and to follow his lifeless body to Siloam Cemetery; Messrs. Charles Keighley, James Loughran, W. V. Prince, W. C. McMahon, Major J. B. Lukens, Eli B. Hendee, James Chance and J. A. Ack- ley acting as pall bearers, and escorted by the G. A. R., Odd Fellows and the Masons. It was a grieved congregation; many were mourning for a friend who had delivered them or their loved ones from impending death; many were sorrowing because the prop on which they -had grown accustomed to rely in in sickness was taken away; many were inconsolable because their benefactor in penury and times of disease was lifeless, and all these gave some expression to their sorrow by floral offerings which were numerous and magnificent, and their thoughts were voiced by Revs. B. C. Lippincott and R. B. Moore in ex ceedingly appropriate remarks. The good deeds of which his life was cease lessly fruitful, had enshrined him in hearts that will never cease to remember him with gratitude or to recall him with admiration for his extraordinary skill. In a profession pre-eminent for« self-sacrifice, beneficence and noble attainments he was a type of some of its finest characteristics of enterprise, skill and gener osity, gentle devotion and faithfulness. He gloried in his work, and his work honors him. On October 18, 1877, Dr. Wiley was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth, daughter of R. C. and Ellen Sonder, of Vineland, New Jersey. Mrs. Wiley, with two daughters, Josephine and Veronica, are the immediate members of the family, and were left to t mourn the loss of a loving husband and devoted father. HENRY SIMMONS WHITE, Jersey City, is the son of Isaac P. White, prominent citizen and lumber mer chant of Red Bank, Monmouth county, New Jersey, where he was born July 13, 1844. He is the fifth generation of the White family in that county, the founder, Thomas White, coming there about two hundred years ago. His mother, Adaline Simmons, was descended from an old Maryland family from which state her father, Abraham Simmons, moved into Ontario county, New York, where she was born. She died May 7, 1894. The death of Isaac P. White occurred January 28, 1876. Henry S. White early decided upon medicine as a profession, and in i860 matriculated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York City, from which he was graduated in 1864, Being under age, however, he did not re- HENRY S. WHITE BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 459 ceive the degree of M. D. from that institution until March, 1866. In 1864 he enlisted in the United States Army, was appointed Acting Assistant Sur geon, and was assigned to duty in the army of the James, where he remained till the close of the war, performing efficient service at the front and in the hospitals. For many years he has been prominent in Grand Army matters, both at home, in the state and in the nation, and from February, 1895, to June! 1896, was commander of the department of New Jersey, G. A. R, Returning from the army Dr. White practiced medicine for two years in Red Bank, New Jersey, and then decided to adopt the legal profession. He read law with Charles H. Wafford, of Red Bank, and with Hon. William A. Lewis, of Jersey City, was graduated from Columbia Law School, and was ad mitted to the bar of New York as attorney and counselor in June, 1870. He was admitted to the New Jersey bar as an attorney in November, 1872, and as counselor just three years later, and since the former year has successfully practiced his profession in Jersey City. He resides in Red Bank. Dr. White was an Assistant Collector of the Port of New York, located at Jersey City from 1878 to 1882, and on August 22, 1890, was appointed United States District Attorney for New Jersey, to succeed George S. Duryee, of New ark, who had resigned. Soon after his admission to the bar he was made a Special Master in Chancery. On November 3, 1876, he was appointed United States Commissioner. In 1888 he was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Chicago, which nominated Benjamin Harrison for President. He is a director of the Hudson County National Bank of Jersey City, vice-presi dent of the Navesink National Bank of Red Bank, and counsel and director for several large corporations. November 19, 1878, Dr. White was married to Annie H, daughter of ex- Judge Amzi C. McLean, of Freehold, New Jersey, and a granddaughter on her mother's side of John Hull, a soldier in the Revolutionary Army, who was cap tured by the British and held a prisoner in New York. They have one daugh ter, Margaretta P. BRITTON D. EVANS, M. D. Dr. Evans is one of the most conspicuous and honored representatives of the medical profession in New Jersey, and yet has not attained the prime of life. He was born in Caroline county, Maryland, in 1858, and is a son of Dr. Lotus W. Evans, who was born in Ohio; during a temporary residence of his parents in that state. His father, Colonel Britton Evans, had been sent there on a gov ernment commission. He was a direct descendant of Chrismas Evans, the eminent Welsh divine. A gentleman of fine military attainments, he was com missioned lieutenant of artillery in the War of 1812, and served under Gen eral Harrison, taking an active part in the battle in which Colonel Johnson, afterward vice-president of the United States, is said to have killed the chief Tecumseh, and also in the battle of River Raisen, where he distinguished himself for bravery. He took part in the war with Mexico, the Florida war, and at the time of his death was organizing a company to go to Greece to help her 111 her 460 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. struggle for independence against Turkey. His original commission, signed by Presidents Monroe and Madison, and also the original credentials which enabled him to organize a company in aid of the Greeks, are in possession of his grandson, Dr. Evans, the subject of this sketch. The most active part of his life was spent in or near Philadelphia, but he owned summer residences in the lower counties of New Jersey, where his family spent much time and made many warm and devoted friends. He had five sons and four daughters, and three of his sons were physicians. The second son, Dr. Louis Evans, father of our subject, was a graduate of two of the medical schools of Philadelphia, and practiced for many years in that city. He was twice married, his first union being with Miss Patton, of Philadelphia. After her death he removed to Maryland, where he married Miss L. Boone, a direct descendant of Daniel Boone, the celebrated Kentucky pioneer. Their eldest child, born October i, 1858, was christened Britton Duroc Evans. Under the parental roof he was reared, and in Maryland ac quired an academic education which served as an excellent foundation upon which to base his knowledge. Determining to make the practice of medicine his life work, he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, where he was graduated in the class of 1885. His success in his chosen calling was marked and immediate. He first located in Millington, Kent county, Maryland, and after two years was appointed upon the staff of surgeons of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Without solicitation on his part, he was called to the position of Assistant Medical Superintendent of the Maryland Hospital for the Insane, in which capacity he served for nearly five years. He then resigned, in order to accept the medical superintendency of the Maryland Institution for the Feeble Minded, and after a very short period he was offered the position of medical director of the New Jersey State Hospital at Morris Plains! He had made no application for this position; it came as the spon taneous recognition of his superior ability, and a desire to procure excellent service for the institution. His efficiency in other hospitals had gained him a reputation which had extended far and wide, and he was selected as the most capable man that could be chosen for the large hospital near Morristown. On the ist of June, 1892, Dr. Evans entered upon his duties, and for more than five years has remained in charge, during which time he has raised the standard of the institution until it ranks with the best in the country. The patients are the insane of New Jersey, and as a specialist in this line, Dr. Evans has gained great eminence. He has studied closely, thought deeply and carried his investigation far and wide into the realms of medical science, thus becoming cognizant of many valuable truths hitherto unknown to the pro fession, the practical utility of which he has demonstrated in successful practice. Among the distinguishing features of his administration at Morris Plains is the reduction of the use of mechanical restraints among the patients, and the num ber of patients now under such restraint is less than one per cent. Outdoor amusements have been established on a broader plane, and have become a potent factor in the treatment of the insane. A pathological laboratory has also been organized under the direction of Dr. Evans, and is second to none in the world. He also established a training school for nurses, which has proved an important factor. He became con- BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 461 vinced that the ill in the hospital needed the attention of a higher grade of nurses and a more intelligent service than he was able to command, unless some means should be established which would give his nurses and attendants a thorough course of training. After carefully investigating the matter and giving it due consideration, in the early part of 1894, he presented the subject to the Board of Managers for their approval and support, which was obtained, and in the following autumn classes were organized and a course of lectures arranged, whereby the nurses could be instructed and thus be better qualified for the important work which is given to their charge. This meant additional work for Dr. Evans and his staff, but it was needed, and he did not stop at the personal sacrifice it would require. The institution is already reaping the bene fit of the system. The course of training necessary to graduation in this school is two years, and fifty-two have thus far received diplomas, of which number forty-eight are still at their posts, rendering to the hospital a service noble and commendable. Dr. Evans was also instrumental in causing the removal of some high board fences which shut out the sunlight and also cut off the public view, making it possible for the nurses to neglect their charges, leaving them sometimes untidy in dress, and oftentimes leaving them to their own devices, that is often in jurious to a disordered mind, which should be occupied by healthful, bright thoughts. The Doctor did away with these abuses by the removal of the fences, and thus brought about a more careful supervision by the nurses. The medical library of the hospital also received his attention and has been greatly improved; in fact, advancement and beneficial progress have marked every department of the institution. Dr. Evans has won an enviable reputation as an expert on insanity and his ability on its medico-legal aspect has for years been recognized by the legal fraternity of this and other states. He has been employed on numerous im portant trials in New Jersey and New York since his connection with the State Hospital at Morris Plains, in all of which his work gave evidence of a thorough knowledge of his subject and justly made for him a place among the first in this specialty. His contributions to the medical literature of the world on nervous and mental diseases have been numerous and valuable. He is a mem ber of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland, one of the oldest and most prominent medical organizations in that state, including in its membership the most honored scientific men of the John Hopkins University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, University of Maryland and most of the leading private practitioners of the State. He belongs to the American Med ical Association, the Medical Society of New Jersey, the Medico-Legal Society of New York, the American Medico-Psychological Association, the National Society for the Study and Care of Epileptics or Insane, the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, is ex-president of the Morris County Medical So ciety, and an honorary member of the Temperance Reform League of Boston, a society organized for the scientific study and cure of inebriety. Of various benevolent and social organizations Dr. Evans is also a mem ber. He is a Royal Arch and Knight Templar Mason, a Noble of the Mystic Shrine, and is Past Sachem of the Improved Order of Red Men, and a mem ber of the Royal Arcanum. In politics he is thoroughly conservative, behev- 462 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. ing in good government and in advocating the candidates who will labor most earnestly for that end. He never allows political or religious preferences to bias him in the selection of a member of the hospital corps or physicians or attendants. In 1889 the Doctor was united in marriage to Miss Addie E. Dill, a native of Maryland, but at that time a resident of Wilmington, Delaware. They now have two daughters and a son. Mrs. Evans is a daughter of a Methodist min ister, and she and her husband are members of the Methodist church Out side of his office, as well as in, the Doctor is found to be a man of pleasing per sonality and many social graces, of kindly, generous nature, and superior mental endowments, and his many agreeable traits of character have won him a host of warm and admiring friends. His life work is one of immeasurable useful ness, and his labors have made him worthy to be numbered among the benefac tors of the race. ABRAM JORALEMON, A well known citizen and manufacturing jeweler of Newark, New Jersey, was born in Belleville, New Jersey, on January 29, 1834, and is the son of John and Margaret Joralemon, who were among the early citizens of this part of the State. Mr. Joralemon was educated in the common schools. He has been a citi zen of Newark for nearly fifty years, during which time he has established both a business and public record of the very best. He is a Republican in politics and is serving as a member of the Board of Street and Water Commissioners of Newark. He is president of the Fourteenth Ward Building and Loan As sociation. He is a member of the Odd Fellow Fraternity of the Calvary Pres byterian church, and of the Garfield Club. In December, 1858, Mr. Joralemon was married to Sarah O. Cadmus, and to their union the following children have been born: Milton, born Novem ber 7, 1859; Charles L., born January 12, 1861; Willard, born October 7, 1863, and died March 8, 1889; Delia, born June 24, 1871, and Flora F., born Febru ary 1, 1876. WARREN S. BALDWIN, Whose efforts in behalf of the educational, moral, social and commercial inter ests of Bloomfield, makes his life record an indispensable part of the history of Essex county, was born in the town whose interests he advanced so largely, June 7, 1812. His ancestral history was one of close connection with the progress of the county from its earliest epoch. In 1674 the town meeting "agreed that weavers, Thomas Pierson and Benjamin Baldwin shall be consid ered by the surveyors to make their out-lots on the hill shorter." The family is descended from this Benjamin Baldwin who was "chosen to collect the BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 463. money that is gathered by the subscription in Newark for the maintenance of the ministry in the year 1692. It will thus be seen that from the earliest con nection of the Baldwins with the history of this county they have been prom inent in church work and in sustaining all interests tending toward the public good. Benjamin Baldwin made his will in 1762, and probably died soon after ward in the Newark settlement. Benjamin Baldwin, Jr., his son, died before any division of his father's property had taken place, and his brother Joseph, 1732, became owner of "the plantation at Watsesson, where he now lives," on the south side of the Second River, as far as the Old road and Harrison street. David, the son of Benjamin, Jr., married Eunice, daughter of Daniel Dodd, settled on the one hundred acres of land on the west side of Third River, and became the founder of a large family. Shortly after the revolution the Baldwin family became the most numerous of the early families in this part of the Newark colony. Jesse, the son of David,, was a well known soldier and officer in the army, held the rank of First Ensign, then Lieutenant, was Quar termaster, and later was transferred as Quartermaster to the regular army. The father of our subject was Samuel Baldwin, a man of sterling worth,. whose career was cut short by death at the early age of thirty-five years. The only brother of Warren died a year later, in 1818, and thus at the age of six years, he was the only member of the family left to the mother. She was in limited circumstances, and as years passed he contributed to her support from his earnings as a boy and man. At the age of twenty he embarked in mer chandising, and his excellent business habits and honorable straightforward methods were soon recognized by the public, who accordingly gave him a lib eral patronage. In later years he associated with his sons, under the firm name of Warren S. Baldwin & Sons, and their establishment was one of the most popular in the town. By close attention to business, energy, perseverance and sound judgment he won a handsome competence and ranked among the substantial citizens of the community. Mr. Baldwin took a deep interest in public matters as affecting the weal or woe of his country, and his support was generously given to all measures calcu lated to prove of public benefit. The cause of education found in him a zeal ous and faithful friend. He aided in procuring the school law of 1840, was treasurer of the school district for the long period of twenty-four years, and had the satisfaction of seeing the school system buildings make a decided advance. He was a life long member of the Presbyterian church, was made a member of its session, for thirty-five years was a member of its Board of Trustees, and discharged the duties of secretary, treasurer or president of that body for a long period. At his death he left a bequest of one thousand dollars to the church which he had served with such fidelity and affection. Mr. Baldwin was also called to a number of civic positions of honor and trust. He was repeatedly a member of the Township Committee, and between the years 1851 and 1871 was nine times an incumbent of the office of Commissioner of Appeals. He was a member of the Board of Chosen Freeholders of the county, and in 1856 was elected to represent his district in the State Legislature. The home life 'of Mr. Baldwin was most pleasant. He was happily married December 16, 1841, to Miss Elizabeth Wilde, daughter of James Wilde of Bloomfield, and their family numbered four sons and three daughters. Mrs.. 464 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Baldwin also was a member of the Presbyterian church, shared with her hus band in all his church and benevolent work, and was to him indeed a helpmate and companion. On the 30th of August, Mr. Baldwin closed his eyes in death, and the entire community mourned the loss of a valued citizen and faithful friend, while his family mourned for a loving and tender husband and father. His life was noble, honorable, kindly and just, and his reputation was unas sailable, so that he left to his sons and daughters not only the accumulations of a successful business career, but the priceless heritage of a good name, which is' rather to be chosen than great riches. WILLIAM A. BALDWIN. The department of biography is crowded with lives of men distinguished in war, politics, science, literature and the professions. All the embelishments of rhetoric and the imagination have been employed to captivate, stimulate, and direct in these "upper walks of life" the youthful mind and ambition of the country. The result of this system is manifest, and by no means fortunate. The ranks of the professions are filled to overflowing. To instill into the minds and hearts of the young respect for great attainments, reverence for great virtues, and to excite to generous emulation by holding up, as examples for admiration and imitation, the lives of the wise, the great and good, is com mendable and right. But the field of example should be extended; the lessons of industry, energy, usefulness, virtue, honor, the true aims of life and the true sources of happiness should be gathered and enforced from all the various prov inces of labor. The path of labor and usefulness should be indicated as the highway of honor. One who has walked in this path and has achieved distinction in the world of commerce and gained the highest regard of his fellow men is Mr. Baldwin, whose name introduces this review. He was born in Bloomfield, New Jersey, February 16, 185 1, and is a son of Warren S. and Elizabeth (Wilde) Baldwin. He was reared in his native town and attended the public schools, pursuing his studies in the school conducted by Professor Charles M. Davis, a noted educator. On leaving that institution he entered Princeton College of New Jersey, as a member of the Sophomore Class, and was graduated in 1872. Im mediately afterward he entered upon his business career, embarking in mer chandising in connection with his two brothers, James W. and Edward W., un der the firm name of J. W. Baldwin & Brothers, dealers in general merchan dise. This partnership has since been maintained, and the store, located at No. 438 Broad street, is stocked with a large line of goods, which indicates the extensive trade which they have built up. Their business methods commend them to the public patronage, and their earnest desire to please their customers, combined with their honorable dealings, has brought them a large and profitable business. Our subject has not confined his attention alone to merchandising, and his ability is such as to enable him to conduct successfully more than one enter prise. In 1889 he was instrumental in establishing the First National Bank in IRA A. KIP, JR. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 465 Bloomfield, of which he is now vice-president, while Thomas Oakes is filling the office of president. This bank is considered one of the reliable financial con cerns of Essex county, and has been of material benefit to the community as well as to the stockholders. In his political views Mr. Baldwin is a Republican, and has been a mem ber of the Board of Education since 1880, filling the office of district clerk, and taking great interest in the cause of the schools, laboring earnestly for their advancement. He also served for three years as chairman of the Township Committe. He holds a membership in the First Presbyterian church and for a number of years has served as trustee and ruling elder. His life is one of un questioned integrity, of fidelity to duty and of sterling worth, and he has a host of warm friends throughout the community. IRA ANDRUS KIP, JR., A well known business man of New York City, with residence at South Orange, New Jersey, was born at Passaic, New Jersey, and is the son of Ira Andrus Kip, a broker of New York City. The first ancestor of the Kip family, of whom any mention is made in history, was Ruloff de Kype, of Bretajne, France, born in 1510. He was a warm partisan of Francois, due de Guise, the bigoted leader of the Catholic party. On the triumph of the Protestants he fled to Holland, but in 1569 returned to France and joined the army of the due d'Aujon, and fell in battle near Jarnac. Of his three sons, Ruloff was the only one to marry. He became a Protestant and died in 1596, leaving a son Hendrick, who in 1635 came with his wife and family to America, and was the first ancestor of the Kip family in New Amsterdam. He obtained, in 1643, a patent for a plot of land near the fort, in what is now Bridge street, near Whitehall street. In 1647 be was one of the men appointed by Governor Stuyvesant's Council to assist the Governor and Council, and also held this office in 1649-50. He was a Schepen in 1656, and admitted to the rights of a great Burgher in 1659. The arms of the family were painted on the stained glass widow of the first church erected in New Amsterdam, and were also carved in stone over the door of the Kip's Bay House, built by his son Jacobus. His son, Hendrickson, married Anna, daughter of Nicassius de Sille, first councillor of Governor Stuyvesant, and with Hendricksen's son Cornelis, was started the New Jersey branch of the family. Cornelis, with George du Remos, bought, in 1720, six hundred acres of land near Paterson, New Jersey, for which they paid two hundred and seventy pounds. The Kip homestead remained there until 1867. Ira An drus Kip, Jr., is the seventh in direct line from Cornelis. Ira A. Kip, Sr.,' was born at Passaic, New Jersey, on July 16, 1845, and was married on June 13, 1866, to Mary Roe, who was born at Paterson, New Jersey, on October 11, 1846. On the maternal side were three generations of Gover nors descended from Dolor Davis, who was Governor of Massachusetts. Da vis Long, our present Secretary of Navy, is also a member of this family. Ira A. Kip, Jr., was educated in various private schools and at Columbia 30 466 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Institute, New York City, graduating from the latter in 1887. Leaving school when seventeen years of age he took his first employment in the fall of 1887 with Henry H. Crocker & Co., East India merchants, of which firm his father was a member. With the exception of several months spent in a trip over Europe, and at another time to South America and through the Windward Islands, he remained with this firm until 1896. In the spring of the latter year Mr. Kip spent several months traveling through the West for pleasure, and at the same time looking over railroad properties in yvhich he was interested. Upon his return he and his father organized the firm of Ira A. Kip & Co., hemp importers and brokers. Mr. Kip is a director in the Brooklyn Union, and the Brooklyn City Elevated Railroad, and is also interested in numerous railroads, gas companies and corporations. In the spring of 1888 Air. Kip entered the Seventh Regiment, N. G. S. N. Y., from which organization he was discharged in October, 1894. He is a member of the Holland Society, the Calumet Club, the Down Town Associa tion, the Ardsley Club, the Essex County Country Club, the Orange Riding and Driving Club, and the Orange and South Orange Field Clubs. In April, 1900, he was elected President of the village of South Orange by a large ma jority. He has been interested in fine horses for several years, and has been a successful exhibitor at the various horse shows with his high steppers in four- in-hand and other harness classes. Mr. Kip was married, in 1893, to Katharine Flower, daughter of John D. and Abigail (Bullard) Flower, who was born in Theresa, New York. The father is a brother to the late Governor Roswell P. Flower, of New York. Three children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Kip. CHARLES N. LOCKWOOD. In making a historical study of the families who came first to America from England and other Old World countries, it has become a noticeable fact that families of brothers so often are found coming together or singly to the New World, and settling in its various regions, each for himself choosing, it may be a different locality. Of the four brothers who came from England and who first represented the family of Lockwood in America, John, the father of the sub ject of our sketch, is descended from the one who belonged to the Connecticut Colony, and who was, undoubtedly, one of those early colonists to whom be longed the after strength of the country. In the County of York, England, there is a township called Lockwood which derived its name from the Lock- wood estates in a very remote period of English history. Mr. John Lockwood, father of Charles N. Lockwood, was born in Green- wick, Connecticut, and married Leah Smyth, of New York City, his father was among the patriots of his day, and served in the Revolutionary War, and his son, John, father of the subject of this sketch, was one of the patriots of 1812. Although Charles N. Lockwood never served his country, under arms, it is a fact that will be well remembered by all who knew him, that his bearing was BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 467 unquestionably that of a military man, this we may attribute, at least in some degree, to descent from two generations of soldiers. Mr. Lockwood may be spoken of as a self-made man, his education was that of the schools of his native city and his talent for practical business led him, in youth, to a manufacturing life. Born in New York City in 1814, he came, in 1825, to Newark, New Jersey, where he spent the remainder of his life, engaged as a silver plater and manu- CHARLES N. LOCKWOOD. facturer of coach lamps. His firm, that of C. N. Lockwood & Company made and maintained for itself a name for business integrity and manufacturing ex cellence second to none other in the country. Mr. Lockwood was a man interested in his city affairs, he held office as an Alderman, and served on the Board of Chosen Freeholders. He was an incorporator of the First National Bank of Newark, New Jersey, a director in the Dime Savings Bank and the American Trust Company. He was also vice-president of the Consumer's Coal Company. Although for a number of years an Odd Fellow, Mr. Lockwood had not of later years taken an active part in the duties of the order. For over forty years he was a faithful and devoted member of Trinity Episcopal church 468 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Mr. Lockwood was twice married, his first wife was Fannie, daughter of Hester and Samuel Winans, of Elizabeth, New Jersey; of their family of six children, three sons and three daughters, but -two daughters survive their parents, Mrs. J. A. Ingraham and Mrs. M. F. Casebolt. Mr. Lockwood mar ried second, Miss Charlotte Burnett. The eldest son of Mr. Lockwood, C. C. Lockwood now deceased, was an officer in the Civil war, thus showing, in the fourth generation, the loyal heart of his ancestors. Mr. Lockwood will be remembered as, in the highest sense, a gentleman, a good citizen, true to his party interests and his country's best welfare, a good churchman, and a Christian loved by those who knew him. WHEELOCK HENDEE PARMLY, D. D., Was born at Braintree, Vermont, July 27th, 1816. He died August ist, 1894, at the age of seventy-eight, after a faithful ministry of many years. He was the son of Randolph Parmly and Elizabeth B. Murray, the former of English and the latter of Scotch descent. His father was born in Randolph, Vermont, January 15th, 1783, and was the first male child born in that village, and at the request of the selectmen of the town his parents named him Randolph, after the town. Randolph was the son of Jahial Parmly and Eunice Hendee. The latter was a niece of Eleazer Wheelock, the founder and first president of Dartmouth College. His mother was born in Chester, »New Hampshire, May 19th, 1782, and was the daughter of Robert Murray and Jane Ramsey. Her parents had moved into the State of Vermont from the State of New Hampshire in 1795. It will thus be seen that Wheelock came of good New England stock. When four years of age he removed with the family to Hancock, and three years later to Middlebury, Vermont. After a seven years' residence at Middle- bury the family came to the State of New Jersey, and located at Shrewsbury, in Monmouth county. During the next eight years he remained there and thence removed to New York City in 1838. While his parents did all in their power to give him a good early training, as their means were limited, he was in a great measure dependent on his own efforts for his education. Dur ing his residence at Shrewsbury he prepared himself for college by teaching and performing other work of various kinds which he found to do. He was always a great Bible reader even at this early age, and this characterized his entire life. Though his parents were not members of any church at this time, they attended with their children the Episcopalian church. Wheelock, how ever, convinced of the truth of their principles, adopted the faith and practice of the Baptist denomination and amid considerable opposition, not only from his family, but from the clergy of the church of his parents, was baptized in the Shrewsbury River, August 3d, 1834, and connected himself with the Baptist church at Middletown, New Jersey, this being the nearest church of that faith to his home. Many of the present members of that old church remember how faithful he was in his attendance on worship, and how active he was in all BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 469 departments of church work, even though it was necessary for him to travel many miles in order to reach his church home. He entered Columbia College in the City of New York in 1838, and gradu ated with honor from that institution in 1842. In scholarship during his col lege course he stood high, as is evidenced by the many tokens presented to him and to which he often referred with much pride. About the time he en tered college he united with the old Amity street Baptist church of New York City, of which Rev. Dr. William R. Williams was the pastor. He then formed a close friendship with that eminent divine, and with Rev. Dr. Spencer H. Cone, also of New York City. These friendships lasted until the death of these dis tinguished ministers. It was undoubtedly from these great teachers that he learned many of the principles which made him so successful in life. Upon leaving college he was confronted with the problem that all young men must solve, and that was, to determine his vocation for life. He had been urged to take up the ministry by many who thought he was peculiarly fitted for that profession. He prepared himself for his life work by a thorough course of study at Madison Theological Seminary, and graduated in August, 1855. It was Madi son University which conferred on him the title of Doctor of Divinity, August 6th, 1867. At once his peculiar fitness for the ministry was recognized by all who met him. A call was soon given to him to become the pastor of the Harlem Bap tist church of New York City. This he refused, for during his course of study at the seminary his health had become impaired and a serious trouble with his eyes had developed. Rest was urged by his physician. He agreed to seek it by a journey in the South. After a sea voyage of three weeks he reached New Orleans. He could not rest long, however, and so pleased was he with his reception by the southern people, and so interested did he become in the colored race, that he immediately began to preach. He was soon requested to accept the assistant pastorate of the Baptist church at Clinton, Louisana. This he did and remained there for two years. During this time he became a great friend of the negro, and frequently he visited their cabins and in the midnight hours listened to them while they related to him their trials and troub les, which they always did with fear and trembling lest their masters should overhear them. He took hold of the slavery question fearlessly and drew crowds of both friends and enemies to hear him advocate human rights. He never lost his interest in that race of people. Even when he moved North, his home was the shelter of many a fugitive slave. He made friends wherever he went, and often referred to his residence in the south as "among the happiest times of his life." It was undoubtedly during his residence there that he ac quired his habit of great hospitality, which was one of the characteristics of his home always. On November 15th, 1847, he accepted a call to the Baptist Church at Shell- burne Falls, Massachusetts. It was shortly after he had accepted this call that he married Katherine Dunbar, a daughter of the Rev. Duncan Dunbar of the McDugal street Baptist church, New York City. Certainly no minister was ever more blessed in the selection of a wife than was he. She was a woman 47o BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. lovely in every phase of character, strong in faith, wise in judgment, remark able for patience, prayerful and zealous in even- good work. He remained at Shellburne Falls for two years, and then realizing that the winter climate of the Berkshire hills was too hard for his constitution, he re luctantly resigned his pastorate and accepted a call to the Baptist church at Burlington, New Jersey, where he went in the month of May, 1850. For nearly five years he remained the pastor of the church at Burlington, and during that time that church grew mightily. It was while on a visit to Jeresy City that he preached to the people there, and so pleased were they that they urged him to make that church his home, as they were without a pastor. He hesitated about any change, as he was so happy in his church relations, and when the call actually came to him to come to Jersey City, it was a matter of great concern and it was with the greatest reluctance that he decided to accept it. He did, however, accept the call to Jersey City, and entered upon his labors in that city on September ist, 1854, at the age of thirty-eight. He continued in the pastorate of this church to the time of his death, a period of forty years, lacking one month. In reviewing the first quarter of a century of his connection with this church, he said, "I have been sometimes misunderstood and even misjudged by unreasonable people, and notwithstanding that darkness and misjudgment have frequently been my portion, I contemplate the years with grateful joy and call them happy years. With my own labors and workings as a pastor, I am dissatisfied on account of seeming profitlessness, yet I have never known and I do not know of a thing I would not do to win souls to Christ. I have lived conscientiously for the people of Jersey City, and my private interests have al ways yielded to public duties. When I recall the numerous demands for time and labor of a public nature outside of my immediate congregation and yet con nected with the same blessed cause, I do not know that I could much improve it were I to pass this same period over again. How far my ministry has been a success is not for me to say. The judgment alone will decide that." As he entered the church when he first assumed the pastorate, the con gregation arose and sang that beautiful hymn of Montgomery's, of which the following is a part: "We bid thee welcome in the name Of Jesus our Exalted Head; Come as a servant, so he came, And we receive thee in his stead." "Come as a messenger of peace, Filled with his spirit, fired with love, • Live to behold our large increase, And die to meet us all above." This was the only installation he ever had at Jersey City. In fact it was one of his peculiarities that he did not think that anything was gained by a public installation of any minister. He thought the sooner one "quietly began his wor'- the better. It was very gratifying to him, however, that he could live BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 4?l to behold the large increase which was thus suggested at his coming. He did remain as the faithful servant of that church until the month of September, 1887, when at the age of seventy-one he realized the fact that he was unable longer to bear the burden of the pastorate alone, and at his own request the church called to his aid an associate pastor. Two years later he again re quested the church to relieve him entirely of the active pastoral duties. They did so and he was made, by an unamimous vote of the church, its pastor emeri tus. Since then the active duties have been performed by Rev. H. B. Steel- man, who was compelled to resign after a short stay in Jersey City owing to ill health, and by the present pastor. One thing is very noticeable in the entire ministerial life of Dr. Parmly, and that was that he never left any church where he has sustained pastoral re lations by reason of any unpleasantness, or when the church was in a state of discord. His people were strongly attached to him wherever he labored, and in the formation of other churches which went out from his church in Jersey City, none were the result of a "split" as it is commonly termed in the church, but the members always withdrew with the good wishes and prayers of both the pastor and the people. As a pastor he certainly excelled. Once each year he endeavored to call on every family in his congregation, and his visits to those who were sick were frequent. He believed in this method and certainly it added largely to his success in his pastoral relations. It is unnecessary to weary the reader with many statistics, yet a few will not be amiss in connection with his pastorate in Jersey City. Over one thousand were received into the church and more than thirteen hundred others were bap tized by him during his ministry in that city. He preached over five thousand sermons and made adresses on public occasions to an equal number. He at tended eighteen hundred and fifty-four funerals and his records also show that he performed fourteen hundred and twenty-five marriages, in many cases those of the parents first and then of the children after. During his ministry in Jer sey City the church raised nearly three hundred thousand dollars. Fifty thousand was also raised for purely benevolent purposes. These statistics, however, only tell part of the story of his pastorate. To know all one must have known him. It was about the time that Dr. Parmly gave up the active duties of the church that he penned these words: "In looking over this long period I have abundant reason for gratitude and praise. My life has been full of care, labor and sorrow, but over and above all, as sunshine on the troubled sea, I have had blessings many and great. The highest of all I count this, that I have had the opportunity of being useful. Far short, indeed of doing what I could and should have done I come, and my fail ure I lament before God this day. But it has been the daily governing and abiding principle and purpose in my life, in strength and weakness, in youth, manhood and old age, in the pulpit, in private, and in public,' everywhere and always, to be useful in seeking to make the world better and happier. Thus would I glorify God and enjoy him. How little I have accomplished God knows full well, and I take no credit for anything, except that I have sought Divine aid, and with it have tried to live for others and not for myself. All 472 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY, whom I have known I have tried to serve, as God gave me the opportunity. Thus have I lived, so would I die." Dr. Parmly had dwelt a great deal during his illness upon the pleasures he had deprived in his boyhood days from being in the country. Upon his partial recovery to health in the spring of 1894, in order that he might again enjoy some of that' country life of which he was so great a lover, the family took a cottage on the shores of Long Island. He enjoyed his summer months there very much, taking a daily ride over that beautiful country. It seemed to give him new life and add interest to his days. His children hoped for his recov ery, but God had ordained otherwise. His work was ended. It was from this place that he was to be called home. It was here that he was to receive an answer to his frequent prayer for a quiet release from earth. He certainly had it, for he gently "fell to sleep," just after midnight on the morning of the first day of August, 1894. . Upon his face there rested an expression of perfect peace, and those who looked on him felt that his long struggle with sin and error was ended, that the battle had been fought and that victory was his. This was the serene and happy ending of a life which had been filled with so much activity and crowned with such honor. That life went out at a touch, as light as that of "Summer's evening's latest sigh Which shuts the rose." Having thus briefly recorded the events in the life of a faithful servant of God it is but fitting to conclude by saying that the highest qualities of a true Christian minister belonged to Wheelock H. Parmly. Just, loyal, generous, gentle, kind, firm in thought and speech, faithful in his undertakings and useful in his life, he has earned the honor which has been paid him. Very few men leave this world with as much affection from those with whom he had mingled and as sincerely loved and esteemed as he. His memory may safely be trusted to the people with whom he lived. Jersey City has had more learned and more bril- lant ministers of the gospel, as those terms are usually applied, but few claim that it ever had a better one or one more devoted to his calling. In every undertaking he acquitted himself faithfully and always bore himself so that "Suspicion raised no note of discord in the harmony of universal confii- dence." Who can wish that more than this shall be said of him when the volume of his life is closed. WILLIAM H. PEOPLES, Was born in 1857, at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He received a common school education, and at an early age entered the sheet iron working business, which trade he thoroughly mastered in all its branches. For a number of years he was employed by a large manufacturing com- ABRAHAM MANNERS BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 473 pany located in Chicago, and during this time travelled, in their interests, visit ing most of the large cities of the United States and Canada. In 1892 he settled permanently in Newark, and was married in 1893. The following year together with his brother-in-law, Oscar Jaehnig, estab lished a plumbing business on Thirteenth avenue, under the name of Jaehnig & Peoples. The firm prospered and became one of the best known business houses in the city. In the Spring of 1897, Mr. Peoples was elected to represent the Sixth Ward in the Board of Education. His career here, though short, was notable. He brought into his public life, and his dealings with the schools, the same sturdy integrity and clear headed ability that has made him successful in busi ness. His sudden death, October 22d, 1898, was sincerely mourned by a host of friends, and especially by those connected with the work of education in this city. Honest and straightforward in his dealings with others; kind and helpful to his fellow men, with a genial disposition which made friends for him where- ever he was known, he was respected by all, and his decease regarded as a pub lic calamity. Most of the Newark schools contain lasting remembrances of him, but on account of his untiring zeal and devotion to its completion the Bruce street school, one of the finest school buildings in the State, may be especially re garded as his monument. Probably few men in so short a public career have gained more love and re spect from their associates. ABRAHAM MANNERS. Among the representative citizens of New Jersey who have passed away and who by reason of their long anl honorable career and many sterling traits of character are worthy of mention in the history of the State, is the late Abra ham Manners, who for forty-two years was a distinguished member of the New ark bar. Mr. Manners was a native of New Jersey, having been born in Mer cer county, on July 14th, 1835. He was the son of Jacob S. and Ann Maria (Blackwell) Manners both of whom were descended from old New Jersey famil ies. The father was a native of Hunterdon county, anl was of English descent, while the mother was born in Mercer county and was of Dutch descent. When our subject was about two years of age his parents removed to Hun terdon county, where his father settled on a farm, and it was on this old home stead that he was reared and attended the common schools of the county. When he reached his fifteenth year he decided to take up the law as a profession, and began reading law, at the same time pursuing his studies at school. He then taught school for a time, keeping up his law studies, and in a year or so he en tered the law office of Judge Bennett Van Syckle, now of the New Jersey Su preme bench, as a regular student, and continued to read law with the Judge 474 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. until 1857, when he entered the Poughkeepsie (New York) Law School. After spending one year at this school he received his diploma, and in the spring of 1859, he went West to Illinois, and settled at Taylorville for the purpose of practicing his profession. But after reaching Taylorville he fell seriously ill and was advised by his physician to return to his home in the East, as the water of that locality did not agree with him. This he did, reaching home in greatly reduced health.. He remained at home with his parents until the fall of 1859, and then located in Newark, where he resided and practiced law until his death. He met with success in his profession and soon took a place among the fore most lawyers of Newark. His success was due to a strong mentality, natural ability and aptitude, and to his energy and the faithful services he rendered to his clients. He was thoroughly versed in his profession in all its branches, and thoroughly studied the details and points of all cases which came to him. Of him his old friend, Judge Joseph Coult, had the following to say, "He was faithful to every interest committed to his charge, prompt in the discharge of every duty and obligation, and had the confidence and respect of all his clients among whom were many of those most prominent in the business and affairs of the city in which he lived." In his political faith Mr Manners was a stanch supporter of the Republi can party and was Alderman of Newark from 1895 to 1897, having been earnestly solicited by his many friends to become a candidate, although he never had any desire to enter active political life, preferring to devote his time and energies to his profession. He was for some years a trustee in several large and important estates and also served as vice-president of the Lyon Brewing Company. The marriage of Mr. Manners occurred in 1864, when he was united to Miss Mary Ann Stout, a daughter of Charles W. Stout, of Mercer county New Jer sey. One son, Fred., was born to Mr. and Mrs. Manners, and he is now in the employ of Mr. Howard Gould of New York City. Mr. Manners died November 15th, 1899, after a brief illness. JOHN TUTTLE LEVERICH. Among the prominent citizens of Newark who did much for the growth and -development of the city and its institutions, few, if any, are better remembered than the late John Turtle Leverich, who for many years was closely identified with the business interests of the city. Mr Leverich was born in New York City on April 23d, 1821, and was the son of Benjamin Leverich, who was born in Newtown, Long Island, where for generations the Leverichs were prominent. On account of the early death of his father, our subject was not permitted to enjoy many educational advantages, as when he was but a boy he had to go to work to assist in the care and support of his family, consisting of a younger brother and sister. He was only a lad when the family removed to Newark, and at an early age was apprenticed to learn the carriage making trade with the late William Kennard, then a large carriage manufacturer on Market street. Mr. Kennard's business was burned out in the great fire of 1835, in consequence :l, HIS U P"b C° ¦ ¦ ->^*w3^' .¦¦-¦¦¦¦-:-¦ % (*? >-,A in dim* "'¦'¦:"-'v;-*--' '*¦¦"*' J'CT^riM t 1 : -^ ^-£" ^- wf«^sMrai\/r BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 475 of which young Leverich finished his apprenticeship at the carriage trade with the firm of J. M. Quimby & Company. In July, 1852, he associated himself with William B. Enders, tinder the firm name of Leverich & Enders, and estab lished a carriage manufacturing plant, and as the head of this large and impor tant firm he continued until his death, which occurred on January 3d, 1884. Mr. Lererich was connected with various other interprises and was a director in the Prudential Insurance Company, the Firemen's Insurance Company, and was also a director in the Newark Industrial Institute. He was a constant attendant at the North Reformed church in the work of which he took great interest. In 1845, Mr Lererich was married to Laura Snow, who survives him, and resides in the old family residence on Halsey street, Newark, which he pur chase and moved into in 1848. No children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Lever ich, but they adopted two of his nieces, one of whom, Mrs. Eva Crane, resides with Mrs. Leverich. Mr. Leverich was a man of sterling worth and strong characteristics. He was broad and liberal in his views, progressive and enterprising and made a suc cess of his life under circumstances which would have seemed insurmountable to the average young man. In his intercourse with his fellow men he was genial and kindly, and his popularity was great among all who know him inti mately or remotely. He was frqeuently solicited to accept public office at the hands of his party, but he was averse to political life, and always refused. Yet at the same time he was greatly interested in public matters, as becomes a good citizen, and was a member of the Democratic party. J. WYMAN JONES. It is always interesting to trace the early life of men of energy, for usually there will be found those surroundings which foster a vigorous and indepen dent character. This is aptly illustrated in the life of J. Wyman Jones. Born in the town of Enfield, New Hampshire, he was subjected throughout boyhood to the hard and healthy country life of New England ; and the rugged aspect of nature, the exhilarating winter together with a rigorous home training, com bined to produce a strong and courageous youth, eager for a conflict with the world. His father was a sturdy New England Justice, prominent in the af fairs of his locality, and several times a member of the State Legislature. His mother was a woman of genuine sweetness and refinement, a direct descen dant of the famous Hannah Dustin. It was the desire of both parents to keep their only son at home, but when his school career at Meriden Academy was ended he pressed onward to Dartmouth College, where he was admitted in 1837. In his class was a son of Daniel Webster, Edward Webster, who died in the Mexican war; Rev. Dr. Leonard Swain, of Nashua, New Hampshire, and Gard ner G. Hubbard, Esquire, of Washington, D. C. Upon graduation, in 1841, he could not be pursuaded to locate at home, and although put wholly upon his own resources, he began the study of law in New York City In 1843, he was admitted to the New York bar, and for 476 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. twenty years followed his profession, the latter part of the time at Utica, New York. Prior to his removal there he married Harriet Dwight Dana, daughter of James Dana of Utica, and sister of professor James D. Dana, of Yale Uni versity, who survived until 1882. At Utica, Mr. Jones made many warm friends in his profession, including the late Justice William J. Bacon, Senator Kernan, Joshua Spencer, and Senator Conkling. But advised by his physi cian that he must lead an out of door life, he reluctantly relinquished the prac tice of law to give himself to rural pursuits, although still retaining his interest and membership in the New York bar. In 1858, by invitation of a former client, then engaged in surveying the Northern Railroad of New Jersey, he made an examination of the proposed route, and being impressed by the natural beauty of the country, with characteristic daring determined to throw himself heartily into the development of the region where Englewood is now located. He spent the summer of 1858, in securing property rights from the original owners, and by the autumn of that year had control of nearly all the land now occupied by the village. He proceeded to lay out the town, to name its streets and to procure a survey and map of its territory. By the spring of 1859, he had moved his family to the new place and had gained for it the support of several valuable friends. In this same spring at a meeting of the residents, the name of Englewood, suggested and advocated by him, was adopted. Since that time Mr. Jones has been prominent in the secular and religious life of Englewood, and he still maintains a keen interest in its growth and welfare. He had the satisfaction of seeing it develop pursuant to the general plan for mulated by himself, into a beautiful and progressive suburb of New York City. In 1865, Mr. Jones became president of the St. Joseph Lead Company, a cor poration manufacturing and mining lead in the State of Missouri, and by per sistent energy he has raised the company to its present position as one of the largest lead producing concerns of the United States and the world. With this Lead Company are also associated a railway corporation having a road forty-eight miles in length, and a farming company, transacting a large busi ness, of both of which Mr. Jones is president. He is also president of the Doe Run Lead Company. During the thirty years of his presidency of the St. Joseph Lead Company, he has spent much of his time at the mines in Mis souri, where now there is a prosperous community. During this entire period there has never been a serious strike among the men; it having been one of the chief concerns of the company, under the leadership of Mr. Jones, not only to treat its employees fairly, but also to aid in every undertaking which prom ised to contribute to their pleasure, or their moral or physical welfare. In politics Mr. Jones has been a Republican since the days of the Free Soil party. At the outbreak of the civil war, while deep in his work at Engle wood, he was an ardent Northerner, frequently speaking at public meetings. He was many years chairman of the Republican County Executive Committee, and was chosen a delegate-at-large from the State of New Jersey to the presi dential convention of 1872. In 1876 he was elected a delegate to the State Con vention by the Englewood Republicans after he had declared himself friendly to Senator Roscoe Conkling, and opposed to Hon. James G. Blaine, and subse quently he was elected by the State Convention a delegate to the Presidential Convention at Cincinnati. There with five other New Jersey delegates he re- LEWIS F. LYNE BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. A?7 fused to vote for Mr. Blaine, and voted on the first and every ballot for Mr. Hayes, who was nominated by the convention. While this course was distaste ful to the Blaine adherents, so far as Mr. Jones was concerned it was in accord with the declarations he had previously made, and with the decision of his Englewood constituents In late years he has taken no active part in politics, but maintains a loyal adherence to his party, and an earnest concern for the country's prosperity. Personally Mr. Jones is a courtly gentleman, who is thoroughly American and he counts his friends among all classes of men. He possesses a keen in sight into human nature, and judges quickly and accurately. He is reserved in manner and refined in his tastes. In 1886, he married Mrs. Salome Han- na Chapin, of Cleveland, Ohio. During the winter season they reside at Thomasville, Georgia, where they have a southern home of rare attractiveness, and where Mr. Jones has interested himself in the development of the aesthetic and the practical features of the town. They also have a charming permanent home at Bolton, Massachusetts, where they now remain for the greaer part of each year. CAPTAIN LEWIS F. LYNE. The subject of this sketch was born in Clinton, Connecticut, December 8, 1849, and comes of long lived, hardy stock. His grandfather, John P. Lyne, was an Englishman, who married a German lady named Susan Wittich. Henry A. Lyne, the father of Lewis F., was born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where John P. Lyne was settled in the hardware business in connection with his trade of coppersmithing. Henry A. Lyne learned the trade of harness-maker, and settled in Clinton, Connecticut, where he married Susan M. Wright, whose father was Captain Benjamin Wright, and whose mother was named Polly Crane, both natives of Clinton, Connecticut. The boyhood of Lewis F. Lyne was spent very much the same as other boys in the town, until he reached the age of twelve years, when he entered his father's harness shop, and worked as an apprentice during the "summer, and went to school in the winter. He quickly learned to make harness. It did not take long to demonstrate that Lewis was out of his natural sphere, for he early displayed an inclination for machinery and engineering. In the vicinity of his home was situated two wagon spring and axle factories, also two grist mills whose running machinery attracted the youngster, and where he spent much of his time. The interest he took in mechanical work may have been con sidered somewhat characteristic of his family, as his father had two brothers who were machinists. His desire for mechanical work was in opposition to his father's wishes, in consequence of which opposition the boy decided to leave home. Packing up a few articles of clothing, he shipped on board a coasting vessel, unknown to his father, who was much annoyed when he learned of the step the young man had taken. After a few months service as cook, and sailor before the mast, the boy took charge of a lighter which delivered fish to the Hammock Oil Works, Clinton. At the end of the trips, as soon as the lighter 478 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. was tied up alongside the dock he would proceed to the engine room, where he sought all sorts of information concerning the machinery from the engineer in charge. One day, the engineer on being suddenly called away, he sugges ted that Lewis could run the works, which he did successfully. At the time he took hold there had been great difficulty about the draught, which difficulty he soon discovered was occasioned by the introduction of too much coal upon the grates at one time and which he remedied by an application of less fuel to his furnaces but oftener, which resulted in a saving of at least twenty-five per cent, to the concern. In consequence of his haying demonstrated to the satis faction of his employers that the works could be operated with such decided saving in fuel, he was later given charge of the works. He bought a book on mechanical drawing, and a box of brass drawing in struments, and learned to make drawings, being self taught, and it is remarkable to say that never in his life has he received a lesson in mechanical drawing from a teacher. On November ist, 1865, he entered the employ of the Raritan and Delaware Bay Railroad, at Manchester, New Jersey, as an apprentice. No vember ist, 1866, on account of this road being financially involved, he was forced to leave, and entered the works of George W. Rawson & Company, of Cambridgeport, Massachusetts. On August 15th, 1867, he took a position as engineer of the Peat Fuel Works in Madison, Connecticut, and on April 27th, 1868, he became engineer for the New England Fish Oil & Guano Works, in Madison, where he remained until August 13th, of the same year, when he entered the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, at Erie, Pennsylvania. Here he served his time as a machinist and thoroughly mastered the trade, and later entered the Lake Shore Railroad shops at Cleve land, Ohio, where he remained one winter. After a visit home, he went to work in the Yale Iron Works, at New Haven, Connecticut, and remained there tirtil 1872 In January, 1872, he was employed as machinist in the Morris & Essex Divison of the D,, L. & W. Railroad, at Hoboken, New Jer sey. Here he was given all of the particularly difficult work to do, and after nine months service was made foreman of .the erecting department. He left this position in 1873, to engage in the brass foundry business and the manufacture of car journal bearings. Dull times prevented success so he again took charge of the D., L. & W. Railroad shops, and superintended the fitting up of the new shops at Kingsland, New Jersey. The mechanism which oper ates the signals at the D., L. & W. Railroad tunnel under Hudson City was de signed and built under his direction. While in charge of these shops, Lyne made many improvements, some of which may be mentioned: a hydraulic lift for wheel press, rough bolts to be used in place of turned bolts in fastening crown bars to the top or crown sheet of the furnace in locomotives; a device for turning up old and worn crank pins without removing them from the wheels; a tool for turning brass balls for ball check valves, etc., etc. In 1878, he became mechanical engineer of a weekly paper known as the "American Machinist," just started, later in consequence of impaired health through too close confinement to the office, he resigned his place on the staff of this paper in July, 1883, and went to Chicago, Illinois, and served as judge at the Railway Exposition. It is a fact worthy of note that he attached the first automatic sight feed lubricator cup used by the Pennsylvania Railroad BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 4?g. Company, on locomotive No. 44, for feeding- oil directly from the cab to the steam-Chests in 1883, and the same year Mr. Lyne introduced the famous Rich ardson balance valve upon the Central Railroad of New Jersey, and the Del aware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad. It has since become the standard valve for locomotives, being now in use on upwards of twenty thousand loco motives in this country. During his connection with the "American Machinist,'" he did the following work, which deserves mention; in 1880, he attached indi cators in a special way and by new apparatus to locomotive No. 94 of the Del aware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, which was really the begining of the present system of investigating the performance of locomotives by the applica tion of the steam engine indicator. He collected most of the information which led to the organization of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, was one of its founders and was offered the first secretaryship of this organi zation, which now has one thousand nine hundred and fifty-one mem bers. April nth, 1880, Air. Lyne was appointed to witness and report the tests made of the steamer "Anthracite," at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, United States Navy, the smallest steamer that ever crossed the ocean, up to that time. By special invitation, December 20th, 1880, he inspected and reported upon the first installation of _ twenty-two, two thousand candle power electric arc lights into New York City, for street lighting. His services have since been used and appreciated as an expert upon electric light and electricity. March nth, 1881, in company with a number of engineers and scientists, he went to> Philadelphia, and in the laboratory of the late John W. Keely, he witnessed an exhibition of the famous "Keely Motor" by Mr. Keely himself. In speaking of this investigation, Mr. Lyne concluded that the experiments of the Keely motor could be all duplicated with compressed air, and that compressed air was undoubtedly the force that Keely employed. This has since been corroborated* by other experts, who, since his death, inspected Keely's laboratory. In 1882, Mr. Lyne was selected to fill the position of master mechanic of one of the divisions of the New York, West Shore & Buffalo Railroad, by the superintendent of the motor power of this road. The project fell through by the death of Howard Fry, S. M. P. Mr. Lyne was called as an expert by the United States government to testify in the noted boiler explosion case of the steamer "Sewanhaka," which occurred in 1880, and it was principally on his testimony that the case went to the jury. He holds a United States license as. pilot and one for marine engineer. While on the "American Machinist," Mr Lyne wrote upwards of eight-four special articles, under the caption of "Shop Kinks," which were extensively copied, together with other editorials of which he was the author, both in this country and- in Europe. Mr. Lyne has resided in Jersey City for the past eighteen years and has been the success of the Baxter Electric Light Company, which prior to his in terest in the concern had been unable to furnish lights with any degree of regu larity to the city. To rectify the difficulties was a work that required much genius, but Mr. Lyne was equal to the occasion, and his improvements though at first not thought practical, were so thoroughly successful that after they had been tested were at once accepted, and all other concerns in the business to day have adopted and use these improvements. He did not take out any patents 480 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. in this line, and what he did was given to the public. Through his sucesses the present Jersey City Electric Light Company was organized. Mr Lyne has taken forty-three degrees of masonry, and in September, 1891, he was elected by the Supreme Council of the Northern Masonic Juris diction to receive the thirty-third and last degree, which honor he declined. He is Past Thrice Potent Grand Master of the Jersey City Lodge of Perfection and served for six years. He was High Priest of Enterprise Royal Arch Chap ter, of Jersey City, for two years and Prelate of Hugh Depayens Commandery Knights Templars, of Jersey City, for four years, and held many other masonic offices, he being an excellent ritualist. He is also an original member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and an associate member of the American Railway Master Mechanic's Association, member of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and a member of both the Jersey City and Pavonia Yacht Clubs. Mr. Lyne is also a member of the Woman's Chris tian Temperance Union, and is a passed president of the Christian Endeavor Society; a member and deacon in the North Baptist church of Jersey City, as sociated with the Newman Rescue Mission, a director of the Young Men's Christian Association, and other benevolent enterprises. Mr. Lyne was elec ted Captain of the "Hoboken Boys in Blue," to succeed Captain B. Fraser who was killed in a mob. He also rendered efficent service in Company F., Ninth Regiment, National Guards of the State of New Jersey, during the memorable railroad riots of 1877. He is now Consulting Engineer of the large house of James Beggs & Co., of New York, having taken Mr. Beggs' place at his death eleven years ago. Mr. Lyne was married in 1874 to Miss Mary G. Key, of Jersey City. They have a daughter, Susie M., and a son Lewis F. Lyne, Jr. They also lost two children, who died in infancy. Mr. Lyne has a general library of carefully se lected books, principally scientific, of about two thousand five hundred vol umes, and is constantly adding to his store of practical knowledge. CHARLES W. FULLER Is one of the foremost lawyers of Jersey City, is descended on his father's side from Thomas Fuller, a member of that immortal band of pilgrims who came over in the "Mayflower" in 1620. The family lived near Salem, Massachusetts, for many generations, and several of the name served with distinction in the Revolutionary War. His mother was of French Huguenot descent, her an cestors being among the first settlers in New Rochelle, New York. From these two sturdy races, endowed as they were, with love of liberty and attain ments of a high order, he inherits those sterling characteristics which mark the successful man. Colonel Fuller is the son of Jesse and Elizabeth A. (Bartine) Fuller, and was born in New York City, July 2, 1843. He attended the public schools and the College of the City of New York, until 1862, when his patriotism im pelled him to enlist in the War of the Rebellion for three months, when he re ceived a severe sunstroke, which incapacitated him from further duty as a sol- CHARLES W. FULLER BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 4gi dier. Returning to New York City, he was engaged in business until 1871, when he removed to his present home in Bayonne, Hudson county, New Jersey. During his residence in New York he rendered valuable assistance in the sup pression of the draft riots of 1863, and aiso in the severe riots of 187 1. In 1868, he was appointed Adjutant of the Fifty-fifth Regiment, N. G., N. Y., in 1869, was promoted to the rank of Major, and in 1871 was commissioned Col onel, and retained the command of the regiment until 1874, when he resigned. Soon after his removal to this State, Colonel Fuller began the study of law with Edward A. S. Man, of Jersey City, and was admitted to the New Jeresy bar as an attorney in November, 1879, and as a counselor in June, 1884. In 1885 he was also admitted to the bar of New York. He has since practiced his profession in New York and New Jersey, making a specialty of corporation law, in which he is one of the ablest and best known authorities in the State. He is counsel for many large corporations, some of which he organized, and has been connected with a number of important law cases. His professional ca reer has been both eminent and successful, and embraces an extensive practice in the courts of New Yrrk and New Jersey. Colonel Fuller has always mani fested a deep interest in the cause of education, and for four years was a mem ber of the Board of Education of the City of Bayonne. In 1885 he was elected by the New Jersey Legislature a trustee of the State Normal School, and a member of the State Board of Education, and filled these positions with much ability, many reforms and improvements in the State schools being due to his efforts. He was first nominated for the Assembly in 1886, but was defeated through the severe contest for United States Senator. In 1887 he was again nominated and elected to the House of Assembly by over one thousand plu rality, and served one term with great credit. In March, 1888, he was ap pointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction by the State Board of Education for the term of three years, and after serving in this capacity for eleven months was legislated out of office by a Democratic Legislature, which took the power of appointment from the State Board of Education, and invested it in the Governor, with the ratification by the Senate. He also served as City Attorney of Bayonne for five years, and is widely recognized as an authority on the law relating to municipal corporations. He is an ardent and steadfast Re publican, and in all these capacities won the confidence, respect and approval of all classes regardless of party affiliations. As an orator and speaker, Colonel Fuller is widely and favorably known, and few men are more popular, or have a finer reputation. He has been active in many political campaigns. He is also in almost constant demand as an after-dinner speaker, and as a reader for charitable and social obiects. He has one of the best private law libraries in the State, and also a large, well-selected library of general litera ture. Incidentally he has written various articles for the press, and is thor oughly posted on current topics. He has been a member of the Sinking Fund Commission of Bayonne since its inception, and is also one of the Commission ers appointed by Acting Governor Voorhees on the Pollution of Rivers anl Streams in New Jersey. He is a member of the New Jersey Athletic Club, the New Jersey Union League Club, and the Cosmos Club, all of Jersey City; 31 482 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. the Twilight, Lotus and the Lawyers' Clubs of New York, and the Veterans of the Seventh Regiment, N. G, N. Y. He is also prominently identified with the George Washington Post, No. 103, Grand Army of the Republic, Depart ment of New York. Colonel Fuller was married on May 29, 1867, to Miss Matilda B., daughter of Samuel T. Williams, a prominent manufacturer of New York, and Rebecca Johnson, his wife. They have two children, Harry W. and Fanny S. Harry W. was graduated from Rutgers College in 1891, and is now superintendent of the Hudson county system of the North Jersey Traction Company. Fanny S. was married June 15, 1898, to Major Lee Toudvine, of Salisbury, Mary land. JOSEPH ANDREW HALLOCK. In the educational circles of Newark, especially of the public schools, the subject of this biography will always hold a prominent and conspicuous position, both on account of his ability and sterling worth, and for the long period over which his work extended. Joseph Andrew Hallock was born in Southold, at the east end of Long Island, New York, on October 29, 1827. His ances tors were among the first settlers of the country. He attended the public schools of his native village and Southold Academy. He graduated from the Normal School at Albany, New York, in 1849. Taking up teaching as a profession he taught for five years in the country schools of Suffolk and West chester counties, New York, and came to Newark in the fall of 1854. He was appointed principal of Commerce Street School in January, 1855, where he taught for fifteen years, and was then transferred to the Oliver street School, where he taught for eight years. Then for eighteen years he taught at the Webster Street School, following which he spent three years at the Elliott Street School. In July, 1898, he resigned, having taught school for forty-nine years. In accepting Mr. Hallock's resignation the Board of Education passed reso lutions expressing the sense of appreciation of the members of the Board for the honorable and upright character of our subject, his faithful and efficient services and untiring and loving care and interset in the welfare and advance ment of the thousands of children committed to his care. Mr. Hallock has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Sarah B. Ness'er, who died four and a half years after the marriage. A daughter, Sarah, born of this marriage, is the wife of John Remer. The second mar riage of our subject was to Miss Carrie A. Thorp. The only child of this mar riage, Minnie, is the wife of Counsellor William M. Brown, an active member of the Essex County bar. Mr. Hallock is an elder in the Park Presbyterian church, and is also a member of Protection Lodge, I. O. O. F., and of Cosmos Lodge, F. & A. M. JOSEPH A. HALLOCK HMfWMMHFffBBBBtlt tf. K Cairtpbell , I/. Y\ KewJars ey HL.<5ta BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY, OF NEW JERSEY. 483 LEWIS JAMES LYONS Was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, November 7th, 1815, and died in Newark, New Jersey, October 31st, 1897, when his eighty-second year lacked but a few days of its completion. The ancestors of Mr. Lyons were people, upon both paternal and mater nal sides, of much importance in their country's history. Among these an cestors we find a well known officer in the army of Cromwell, and also that brave defender of Protestantism, the Bohemian hero, Frederick Matthias, whose name was prominent in the Thirty Year's War. No man, perhaps, was ever more indifferent to the incident of family and birth than Mr. Lyons, who held, in all things, that a man represented only that which he was himself, and made for himself of his own opportunity. No man more thoroughly recoiled from display, from public posturing and private flat tery than he, not, indeed, from false modesty, or for effect, but from that true pride and independence of spirit, which is above parade of any sort. Following the loss of both parents the subject of our sketch was brought, in infancy, to Boston, by maternal relatievs (not, however, until every effort had been made, by his relatives across the water, to have him taken to them in London). While in Boston every advantage of private instruction and pub lic school education was given to the boy, who early showed that his talent lay, especially, in the line of creative thought. This talent probably decided the bent of his after life work. Leaving Boston in boyhood, Mr. Lyons resided, for two years, in New York City, later resided in Stroudsburg, Pa., from which place he went to Providence, Rhode Island. After passing some years in Paterson, New Jer sey and Brooklyn, New York, he finally removed to Newark, Neyv Jersey, in 1845. There he located his boiler works, and spent the remainder of his life, engaged in those pursuits which made him, at first, a pioneer in his line of manufacture, and afterwards a man of importance, in the industries of this great business centre. Mr. Lyons brought to his new field of labor the experience gathered through years of residence in industrial localities, where he had spent time in practical operations, as well as in investigation and experiment. In Newark he soon made for himself a name as a man of power and laid the foundations of an industry which has since become world known. Mr. Lyons was the first employer in Newark who paid his workmen in cash, instead of in orders upon the stores, as had been customary before his time. In this innovation he at first met with much disfavor from other employers, but, ultimately, these very men followed suit in the new custom, which had won for Mr. Lyons the respect of the community, and the unbounded gratitude of his employees. Mr. Lyons was intensely interested in the line of his chosen avocation, and was himself an inventor as well as a manufacturer. He was also the ready counsellor and assistant of other inventors and workers. In this way he be came associated with Seth Boyden, and was of great service to him as collabo rator and friend. In fact, Mr. Lyons established his boiler works _ in Newark in response to Mr. Boyden's persistent appeals that he would locate in that city. While it may not be known, except to those familiar with the early history 484 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of the application of steam as ? motive power, it is no less true that to Mr. Lyons the world is indebted for the successful application of this factor as the motive power of the steam fire engine. As a student of human nature and a man alive to his country's welfare Air. Yyons took an impartial interest in poli tics, but a politician, strictly so speaking, he was not, nor was he averse, when called upon, to give his reasons for choosing to be rather an onlooker than a participant in party struggle. When approached, as he not infrequently was, and urged to allow his name to stand in nomination for high office he invari ably declined the public honors, which might have been his own. In places of trust, in financial institutions, his name was sought as director and officer; of such positions held by him in Newark institutions, Mr. Lyons was for twenty- eight years a director in the Merchant's Insurance Company; he was also a di rector in the North Ward Bank, and held office as vice-president both in the Citizen's Insurance Company and the People's Savings Bank. Mr. Lyons was a member of St. John's Lodge of Free Masons. In church work he was always interested, and served upon many official boards, although it is told of him, in his own words, that he "preferred to worship God in his pew rather than to render Him service as a church officer." By birth of the Church of England, Mr. Lyons was, for fifty years, a zealous Methodist, and for the remaining ten years of his life a Presbyterian. During his long connection with the Methodist Episcopal denomination, Mr. Lyons was a leading man in the Union Street Methodist church, where he was an earnest worker and a most liberal giver. To him this church is largely indebted for its house of worship. He was also one of the organizers of St. Paul's M. E. church Mr. Lyons was keenly alive to sham and make-believe, and had little pa tience with either In his business relations he was of absolute and recognized integrity; he built up and maintained an important industry in Newark and continued in active connection with it, while life lasted. In social life Mr. Lyons was a lover of home and family, rather than a seeker for pleasure away rom his own fireside. He was a believer in education, a lover of music and of art, a man of gentle and poetic temperament, an admirer of nature, whose f:rests and waters and pleasant places were dear to him. He was never more happy than when, surrounded by family and chosen friends, he spent summer days in his beautiful home at Belmar, New Jersey, or rested in winter in his southern home in North Carolina. It is believed that his life was actually pro longed by his ability to withdraw himself from business cares for these needed seasons of rest to mind and body. Discriminating in friendship, but, to those to whom that friendship was given he was known as genial, abounding with humor and kindliness, sincere, generous and ever ready to serve. A true Christian, in the way of his God, he worked humbly and consistently, a man of faith and prayer, wise of gift and true of service. Mr. Lyons married, in 1836, Mary A., daughter of J. Farrel Ward, of New York City. Mrs. Lyons' family, like that of her husband's, was of Old World descent, and represented ancestry, prominent in the British Isles, such as the Dudleys, Cunninghams, Peytons, etc. Of the large family of Mr. and Mrs. Lyons, the four younger, only, are now living; three daughters and one son, Frederick M., who married Rosa, daughter of William Schoellenberger, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .; 1: BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. HENRY ALBERT POTTER, 485 Sixth child of Thomas and Adeline Coleman (Bower) Potter, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, December 19, 1856. He pursued his .preparatory studies at the Friends' Central High School, Philadelphia, and entered the University of Pennsylvania with the class of 1877, but left at the end of his sophomore year and joined the class of the same year at Lafayette College, whence he was graduated with the degree of B. S. He was a member of the HENRY A. POTTER. Sigma Chi Fraternity. Soon after his graduation he entered his father's fac tory and began, as did his father, to learn the business, in order to fit him for the position which he expected to assume in the near future. He applied him self perseveringly to his work and when he was fully qualified to take charge he was appointed superintendent, and in 1879 was received into the firm as a partner. The following year he established the New York branch, the business of which has stetadily increased under his management. Mr. Potter settled in East Orange the same year that he estblished business in New York, and purchased the Reune Martin place at 95 Harrison street. He expended a 486 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. large amount in external and internal improvements. Mr. Potter soon became interested in local politics and gradually his influence extended throughout the State, and he is at the present time recognized as one of the active men in the Republican party. While participating in every movement for the advance ment of party interests, he is not a politician according to the modern accepta tion of the term. His position is always clearly defined and his course straight forward and upright. He has never been known to resort to any irregular means to advance party ends. His entrance into public life began in 1885, when he was elected to the State Legislature. It was during the height of the labor agitation, and he had the combined elements of the Democratic and the Labor parties against him; the district then included Orange and East Orange. Under the circumstances he was elected by a fair majority. His course in the Legislature was manly and upright, and exceedingly gratifying to his constitu ents. He introduced and carried through two important measures relating to his own township, viz, the division of East Orange into wards, and the organi zation of the Board of Education. Mr. Potter declined the nomination for a second term tendered him by his party, not only as a matter of precedent, but because they believed him to be the best and strongest man to represent his district. In 1888 he was a delegate to the National Convention which nomi nated Benjamin Harrison; and after the election, in which Mr. Potter took a prominent part, he was offered by Hon. William Walter Phelps, the position of Secretary of Legation, at Berlin, yvhich he declined. Mr. Potter's efforts in behalf of Orange have been by no means limited to politics, but whatever con cerns the public good or advances the welfare of the people, whether educa tional, religious or social, he can always be depended on to do his full share. He was one of the originators of the Orange Athletic Club, and was one of its governors; he also assisted in the reorganization and rebuilding of the Orange Club. He is a member of the Country Club and other social organizations. In January, 1897, he was appointed by Governor Griggs as a member of his staff. Of the personal traits, to which his success in life is due. much might be attributed to truthfulness. Heredity and environment have played an equal part. Mr. Potter is a man of sound sense and practical wisdom in all that re lates to the everyday concern of life. He is pleasant and unaffected in manner, entertaining m conversation, frank and generous with all whom he encounters in business or social intercourse. His personal qualities insure to him great popularity, while his public services entitle him to the respect and confidence of the community. He married, on April 9, 1879, Miss Frances Green, daughter of Justice Henry Green of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania WILLIAM MUNRO FORCE Was born 111 Flanders, Morns county, New Jersey, July 13, l8i7. His father Manning Force, was one of the best known and highly respected ministers 5 the Methods church in the State. The family name was oritiiTalh De £ Force, the early members of it having been French Huguenots who caSe to America to escape persecution. The maternal great-grandfather' o the Iject BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 487 of this sketch was Sir Elector Monro, of Scotland, and his maternal grandfather, Judge Monro, settled in Flanders in 1700, and became one of its mosct prom inent citizens. In his early youth the father of our subject was transferred to Philadelphia, and there young Force lived for several years; he ac quired the foundation of the education which was so advantageous to him in his long, useful and busy career. He was always fond of books, and so early did he apply himself to sound reading that at seventeen years of age he was WILLIAM M. FORCE. teaching a district school in his native county. At twenty-one he had so far mastered the serious things of life that he owned one of the largest farms in Morris county, and at twenty-four he married Miss Mary E. Cook, eldest daughter of the late Dr. Silas Cook, in his time one of the leading physicians of Hackettstown. After his marriage he kept a combination store, mill, black smith's shop and wheelwright's shop, besides cultivating his farm, and he con tinued in these numerous industries for about a dozen years, until he had ac quired considerable wealth and influence, and he only relinquished them to accept the honorable and lucrative position of Clerk of the Supreme Court of his native state. The acceptance of that place compelled him to remove to 4SS BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Trenton, where he made his home for twelve years, and where he became fa miliar with all the leading men of the State. In 1862 he became a member of the firm of I. C. Moor & Co., of Pearl street, New York, and then made his residence in Newark where he bought an extensive tract of land running from Belleville avenue to the Passaic River upon which he erected the spacious and elegant house in which he and his family resided until his death. This home spoke volumes for the taste and good judgment of its projector and owner, as it was one of the most conspicuously handsome private residences in the county. He also had a beautiful sea-side home at Lake Como. He took great interest in agriculture, and was for nearly a quarter of a century the secretary of the State Agricultural Society, which position he resigned only a few months be fore his death. Mr. Force was one of the very few laymen in New Jersey who held the office of Master in Chancery. He was appointed to that office under the administration of Governor Fort. He was a prominent member of St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal church, where he conducted a Sunday-school class of seventy elderly people. He was largely interested in dock property in Es sex and Hudson counties. Mr. Force left four children: Mrs. James L. Mar vin, of this city; Silas C. Force, of Brooklyn; Mrs. William B. Fisher and Manning Force, of this city. He died Friday, November 20th, 1891. HENRY CLAY ROSS, Whose portrait accompanies this sketch, was born in Newark, New Jersey, April 7, 1850. He was educated in the Newark public and private schools. He is the son of James Ross who was born in Newark, December 18, 1812, and died in that city December 14, 1869, and who was business manager of the Newark "Daily Advertiser" for several years. His wife, the mother of the sub ject of this sketch, bore the maiden name of Jemima Harrison. She was also a native of Essex county, having been born in Orange, May 20, 181 7. Her death occurred June 7th, 1875. Her father, Moses Smith Harrison, was at one time one of the proprietors of the Newark "Daily Advertiser." Henry Clay Ross entered the service of the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company on December 22, 1868, as clerk in the office of A. L. Dennis, president of that company, since which time he has been continuously associated with railroad interests. At this time he is private secretary to the General Superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Secretary Associates of the Jersey Company, Essex and Middlesex Turnpike Company, Port Rich mond and Bergen Point Ferry Company, and Bergen Point and Staten Island Ferry Company. Mr. Ross has always been a resident of Newark. He is a member of the Roseville Presbyterian church, and fraternally a Mason, being a Past Master of Roseville Lodge, No. 143, F. & A. M , a member of Union Chapter, No 7, R. A. M., and Damascus Commandery, No. 5, K. T. Politically he is an un compromising Republican. HENRY C ROSS BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 489 WILLIAM R. WILSON, Ex-City Attorney of Elizabeth, New Jersey, and from 1881 to 1891 Prosecutor of the Pleas, is of Scotch-Irish stock and was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, in 1853. His father, William Wilson, is now a retired gentleman of that city. Prepared in the public schools of Elizabeth, Mr. Wilson entered the law school of Columbia College, New York City, from which he graduated in the class of 1875. He has also read law with Magie & Cross, at Elizabeth. He was the same year admitted as an attorney, and in 1878 as a counselor-at-law. De voting himself at once successfully to his profession, Mr. Wilson was, in 1880, appointed City Attorney, serving one year. In 1881 he was appointed by Gov ernor Ludlow Prosecutor of the Pleas, an office which he held by reappoint ment, in all, ten years. During this period Mr. Wilson proved himself to be not only a painstaking and methodical public officer, but a lawyer thoroughly equipped to cope with the cases that arose under his administration, managing the criminal business of the county with marked ability and success. His first trial was a murder case, in which he convicted a colored man for murder in the second degree. In the trial of Agnes Alcorn, indicted for the murder of her husband, a case which attracted wide attention, he secured a verdict of man slaughter. In the notable trial of Burke, who, with others, was indicted for murder, Mr. Wilson was assisted by the Attorney-General of the State, but the circumstances making it impossible to fix the crime upon the guilty man beyond a doubt, no conviction resulted. A number of other murder cases were suc cessfully tried by him during his term. The most celebrated cases, however, which occurred under his administra tion, and the successful issue of which has since contributed so largely to the wholesome operation of justice, were the famous race-track cases, in which he was assisted by R. V. Lindabury, one of the ablest lawyers of the State. These cases attracted wide attention throughout the country generally. Hitherto the race-track organizations had defied the law. The operation of the machinery of justice against this class of people was without a precedent. The pioneer work of inaugurating a new order in the administration of justice was vigor ously undertaken and successfully completed. The book-makers and others were indicted as keepers of disorderly houses, and all of them were convicted and fined for the first time in the history of the State. Upon the expiration of his term of office Mr. Wilson resumed private practice in Elizabeth, where, although still a young lawyer, he maintains a large practice. Mr. Wilson stands high in Masonry. He is Past Master of Orient Lodge, is Past High Priest of Washington Chapter, and is a member of St. John's Commandery of Elizabeth. He is a member of New York Consistory where he has taken thirty-two degrees, and of Mecca Temple, and of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine of New York City. He is a communicant of the Presbyterian church, is married and has one child. 490 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. LOUIS MEYER, An old resident and highly respected citizen of Newark, New Jersey, was born in Sulsburg, Baden, Germany, April 7, 1820. He received his education in his native land, and at the age of thirty-one years came to America, bringing with him his wife, who bore the maiden name of Amelia Elbjnbogen, and whose place of birth was Altdorf, Baden, Germany, and one daughter, Pauline. His first place of location in the country of his adoption was New York City, where he became a merchant in a small way. Unlike most men coming to this country, Mr. Meyer had some means upon his arrival, but in order to thoroughly acquaint himself with the English language and better qualify him self with the customs of the country, his first business was selling notions. It may here be remarked, in this connection, that many of the most successful financiers we have had in this country have obtained their start in the same way. After a few years spent in New York City, he removed with his family, to Nappernock, Ulster county, New York, and there engaged in the dry goods business, opening a store for the sale of dry and fancy goods. This he con ducted very successfully until 1857, when he came to Newark, New Jersey, and embarked in the wholesale butcher business, at what was at that time the foot of Thomas street. This business he continued to operate under his individual name until 1872, when two of his sons were taken into the concern and the firm was then styled L. Meyer & Sons. Mr. Meyer remained actively engaged in the concern until about twenty years ago, when he withdrew, and has since lived a practically retired life, having given up the cares and responsibilities which for so many years he so successfully assumed. As a business man Mr Meyers has had few peers. His success in business can be attributed to his straightforward, methodical business methods. Not only has he prospered in his business undertakings, but he has earned consider able capital through judicious real estate investments, and at this time owns valuable property in Newark. To our subject and his wife were born eleven children, ten of whom now sur vive, as follows: Pauline, wife of Leon Rose, of Newark; Jacob, a prominent contractor of Newark; Leopold, of the firm of L. & A. B. Meyer, manufacturers of undergarments, and also a partner of the firm of B. Goggins & Company, of New York City, manufacturers of ladies' silk skirts; Sarah A., wife of Reuben Trier, of Newark; Abraham B., of the firm of L. & A. B. Meyer; Louis M., a resident of Newark; Etta H, wife of Louis I. Lippman, of Newark; Benjamin, a partner of Jacob Meyer of Newark; Bertha, wife of Baldwin Schlesinger, of New York; Joseph E., the youngest member of the firm of L. & A. B. Meyer, and Fannie, who was tenth in order of birth and died at the age of fourteen months. Mrs. Meyers departed this life, September 22d, ii LOUIS MEYER ROBERT W. HAWKESWORTH BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 491 ROBERT WRIGHT HAWKESWORTH, A prominent citizen of East Orange, New Jersey, and a member of the well- known law firm of Hawkesworth & Kirtland, at No. 100 Broadway, New York, is a native of Barbadoes, West Indies Islands, where he was born on September 26th, 1848. The Hawkesworth family is one of the most ancient in England and Hawkesworth Hall still stands in Yorkshire, covered with ivy and is one of the few instances where property has descended from the time of the Con quest to the present in the same family. They were Royalists during the Cromwell disturbances, following which a branch of the family became estab lished in Barbadoes. The father of our subject, Robert Gay Hawkesworth, was a native of Barbadoes, and while on a visit to his uncle James Hawkes worth, who had settled in New York, met and married the daughter of Job Wright, one of the early citizens of New York, he having been born on a farm which is now known as Murray Hill. The Wrights came originally from England. They settled first in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and subse quently removed to Long Island where their descendants intermarried among the leading families of Oyster Bay and Glen Cove. Robert Gay Hawkes worth returned with his wife to Barbadoes where they resided until his death, when the widow returned to New York with her three sons, our subject, then between nine and ten years old, and his elder and younger brother. Robert Wright Hawkesworth received a classical education in private schools and under tutors, then read law and was admitted to the New York bar in 1872. On November 22d, 1878, he married Anna M. Kirtland, the daugh ter of George and Emil G. Kirtland, of East Orange. Mrs. Hawkesworth is the granddaughter of Matthias O. Halstead, who was the head of the important firm of Halstead, Haines & Company, of New York City, and was the pioneer New York settler of East Orange. His mansion on Main street in East Orange is one of the notable residences in East Orange and is now occupied by our subject and his wife. Three children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Hawkes worth as follows: Eleanor Eastman, aged eleven years, Robert Wright, Jr., aged ten years and Margaret Halstead, aged four years. Mr. Hawkesworth is a successful lawyer, his firm ranking among the best known in New York City. He has for several years taken an active part in public matters in Essex county, New Jersey, and has frequently been mentioned in connection with important public offices. He is a public spirited man and is •deeply interested in all matters pertaining to East Orange and Essex county. For four or five years he served as president of the Republican Club of East Orange, and is also a member of the Indian League Club of Newark. He was for five years' president of the Orange Athletic Club, and is at present one of the governors of the Essex County Country Club, and is a member of the follow ing: The Union League Club of New York, the New York Yacht Club, the Association of the Bar of New York and the American Bar Association. 492 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. HENRY M. STONE, Warden of the Essex County, New Jersey, Prison, is a native of London, Eng land, where he was born on September 3d, 1840. He is the son of James Stone, a native of England, yvho for years was engaged in the marble business. He never came to America, both he and his wife dying in the old Country. Henry M. Stone came to the United States in May, 1866, coming direct to Newark. He attended school in his native city until fourteen years of age, and then began an apprenticeship at the jeweler's trade, serving at the same for seven years, and afterwards working at the trade in England until he came to the United States. Upon his arrival in Newark, Mr. Stone at once went to work at his trade, securing employment readily, as he was a skilled workman. For seven 5'ears he was foreman of the jewelry manufactury of David C. Dodd, of Newark. On February ist, 1895, Mr. Stone was appointed by the Board of Free holders, Warden of the Essex County Prison for a term of one year, and so pe culiarly is he fitted for this position and so satisfactory has been his adminis tration of the affairs of this large and important institution, that he has been re-appointed by the Board at the expiration of each term, until the present time, receiving his sixth consecutive appointment on February ist, 1900. Mr. Stone yvas married in 1861, to Sophia Clamp, a native of England, and to their union the following children have been born: Henry J., Frederick, Thomas, Ernest, Grace, (now Mrs. Wellington Walker of Newark.) Three other children died in infancy. Mrs. Stone occupies the position of matron of the Essex County Prison. Mr. Stone has been an active member of the Republican party for many years, though he never held any official position until accepting his present one. He is a member of the Garfield Club of Newark, of Oriental Lodge No 51, F & A. M., of Lodge No 21, Elks of Newark, of Indian League Club of Newark and of the Jeweler's League of New York. JOHN QUACKENBUSH, Son of John Quackenbush and Mary Ann Van Sise, was born in Oakland, N. J., October ist, 1827. Mr. Quackenbush is of pure Holland ancestry and speaks fluently the original Holland dialect. He is a lineal descendant of Rin- ier Quackenbush, who, in 1700, settled near Nyack, New York, and one of whose nine children, Abram Quackenbush, was the great-grandfather of Judge Quackenbush. His grandfather, John Quackenbush, was a native of Tappan. His mother, Mary Ann Van Sise, was related to the Demarest family. Judge Quackenbush, after a thorough academic course, was graduated from the law department of the New York University in 1856. In 1857, while but thitry years of age, he was elected a Police Justice in New York City and for six years was president of the Board of Police Justices in New York, being the youngest member of the Board. Upon retiring from this position, he practiced law in New York in the BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 493 firm of Quackenbush, Dusenburg and Briggs. In 1869, he was made Deputy Collector of Customs in New York, and ha's held the position ever since, having charge of the assessments of customs. In 1846, Judge Quackenbush was married to Harriet A., daughter of Joseph H. Christopher, who at his death was Sheriff of Passaic county, New Jersey. They have had three children: Bessie, the wife of Frederick W. Gard ner; Ellevene, deceased, who was the wife of Henry B. Hagerman of Mawah; and Charity. Judge Quackenbush is a Free Mason, vice-president of the Holland So ciety of New York, in politics a Republican, and an attendant of the Reformed church, contributing liberally to the support of all charitable enterprises. JOHN NORWOOD HOFF. Prominent among the younger business men and manufacturers of New ark who have won success and distinction for themselves and at the same time contributed greatly to the growth and prosperity of Newark is John Norwood Hoff, General Manager of the S. E. M. Rice Company, wholesale dealers in and manufacturers of paints and varnishes. Though a citizen of Newark only since 1891, Mr. Hoff has by his business ability, his public spirit and enterprise, taken a place among the foremost business men of the city. He was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, on September 20th, 1870, and is the son of John P. Hoff, M. D., and his wife, Frances A. Norwood. The father was born in Easton Pennsylvania, where he practiced medicine for many years, but is now leading a retired life. The mother was born in Newark, New Jersey. Of five chil dren born to the parents the subject of this sketch is the eldest. He attended the public schools of Easton, and in 1889, entered Lafayette College, where he pursued his studies until 1891, when he left, before graduating, to assume the management of the S. E. M. Rice Company, the manager having died. Be sides being proprietor and general manager of the S. E. M. Rice Company, Mr Hoff is half owner and a director in the Moto-Cariot Company, a concern in corporated for one million dollars, and is also a director in the New York and New Brunswick Steamboat Company. Mr. Hoff is a member of the various degrees of Masonry, and affiliates with St. John's Blue Lodge and Union Chapter. He is a member of the Es sex Club and of the Orange Camera Club, and also of the Newark Board of Trade and the Newark Builders' and Traders' Exchange. On January 12th, 1896, Mr. Hoff was united in marriage to Miss Helen C, the daughter of S. E. M. Rice. JOHN H. LYON. The subject of this sketch, John H. Lyon, deceased, was a prominent and influential citizen of New Jersey, and during his long life was actively identified 494 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. with the public and business affairs of the State. He was born in Somerset county, New Jersey, on August 21st, 1819, on a farm situated about one and one-half Miles from Basking Ridge, on the road to Liberty Corner. His an cestors owned and occupied most of the above farm prior to 1745, since which time it has been in the family and is to-day owned by his son William J. Lyon. The boyhood of our subject was spent upon the farm where he was born. During the days just prior to his arrival at manhood he was engaged as clerk in a store in Elizabeth. In 1842, he married Miss Hannah B. Beach, of New ton, New Jersey, and subsequently removed to New York City and engaged in the commission business from which he secured a competency. In August, 1859, Mr. Lyon with a number of other gentlemen, started the publication in Jersey City, of a newspaper called the "American Standard," of which he, in the following year, became sole proprietor. For sixteen years he conducted this paper and rendered valuable service to the Democratic party of New Jersey and Hudson County. In 1875, he disposed of his newspaper interests and resumed his residence on the farm in Somerset county, where he devoted his time to his farm and to the interests of the Democratic party of the State. He was one of the prominent men of the State and although very averse to holding political offices himself, was always an active and ardent poli tician, believing in and exemplifying pure politics. He was an intimate and close friend of United States Senator Theodore F. Randolph, and together with Judge F. Lathrop, they exerted a controlling influence for several years over the Democratic politics of New Jersey. To the end of his life he retained his deep interest in the politics of New Jersey, and it was upon his return from at tendance at the Legislature in Trenton in 1881, that he became fatally ill. The business career of Mr. Lyon was as active and prominent as that of his public life He secured the charter of the Passaic Valley and Peapack R. R. Co., (now the Passaic and Delaware R. R. Co.), and it was through his energy and perseverance that the railroad was constructed from Summit to Basking Ridge. "Lyon Station" on this railroad yvas named for him. He was also a director in the Easton and Amboy Railroad Company, and was interested in other enterprises. Mr. Lyon was in society, as well as in politics and business, a great favor ite, courteous, generous, kind, of equable temper, but firm and unyielding in principles, and in his convictions. His counsel and advice were as generally sought after as they were honestly given, and his word anywhere and every where was accepted and relied upon, whether in the statement of facts or in the making of a promise. He was noted for his judgment as to human nature, and was eminently successful in determining, almost at a glance and upon slight acquaintance, the character of men with whom he was brought in contact. Mr. Lyon died in the prime of manhood, in his sixty-second year, on Feb ruary 27th, 1881, in a room in a new house on the farm, less than forty feet from the room in the old house where he was born. He was buried in the old graveyard adjoining the Presbyterian church at Basking Ridge, and under the protecting shade of the noted old oak tree which spreads its branches over more than one hundred feet, covering the resting places of many of those who died in the vicinity of Basking Ridge wihtin the last one hundred and fifty years. Suhmhran r'Jia/n-S, J®. SS. /1$jt^^^L^£ BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY 495. William J. Lyon, the son of John H. Lyon, has for many years been a resident of New York, and connected with the Department of Finance as Auditor, Deputy Comptroller and Expert Accountant, which latter position he now holds, but he still retains the old farm upon which, successfully, since prior to 1745, his ancestors have resided, and he has in his possession 'a diary and account book, home-made with sheepskin cover and strap, which was kept by one of his ancestors during the period from 1771 to 1776, and in which are recorded the proceedings connected with the formation of a military company and' the names of the persons forming the same. HENRY C. HEINISCH, A well known citizen of Irvington and the only surviving member of the old firm of R. Heinisch's Sons, is a son of Rochus and Susannah (Dievenbach) Heinisch, and was born in the City of Newark, on the 13th day of November, 1839. He received his preliminary educational discipline in the public schools of Newark, supplementing this by a course of study in the famous old Newark Academy, which was located at the corner of High and William streets. He put aside his books upon arriving at the age of eighteen years, and inaugurated his business career by entering his father's store in New York, where he be came familiar with the shears and scissors trade, subsequently augmenting his knowledge by close relationship with the factory and New York office. He eventually assumed entire charge of the New York store and through his well directed efforts the business was greatly increased in extent. While conduct ing this store at No. 301 Broadway, New York, he was also exclusive New York agent for the Peter's Cutlery Company, of Solingen, Prussia, and in this line he transacted an annual business aggregating three hundred thousand dollars. For several years he lived retired and then became connected with the large shears and scissors manufactory at Windsor, Connecticut. The pro duct of this factory was stamped "H. C. Heinisch, N. Y." and was handled at wholesale by H. Booker & Company of New York City. He has ever since retained his association with the Windsor establishment, the business having shown a consecutive appreciation in scope. Mr. Heinisch has recently patented an invention known as the H. C. Hein isch patent tailor's shears which are stamped H. C. Heinisch, inventor and patentee, Newark, New Jersey, with the registered trade mark of H. C. H. These shears Mr. Heinisch believes are bound to come into exclusive use by the sartorial fraternity. He maintains that by the use of these shears an oper ator can do twice as much work as with the ordinary shears such as have here tofore been employed. The shears open to within half an inch of the- rivet joint and by means of a projecting arm or handle the operator is en abled to apply the strength of the entire forearm in addition to the weight pres sure. These forces have not before entered into the applied force used in cut ting heavy fabrics. Mr. Heinisch was at one time a member of the Board of Village Trustees. 496 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. of Irvington, and he also served for two terms as a member of the Board of Chosen Freeholders, representing Clinton township, and proved an able and efficient official. The marriage of Mr. Heinisch was solemnized September 14th 1870, when he was united to Miss Virginia Rogers, only daughter of Thomas R. Rogers of the Paterson Locomotive Works. They are the parents of the following named children: Maud R., (now the wife of Charles Terrell), Herbert D., Edith R., Mabel and Mildred. ALEXANDER DALLAS, M. D. A leading physician and surgeon and prominent citizen of Bayonne, Hud son county, New Jersey, was born at Nairn, Scotland, and is the son of Wil liam and Margaret (Fraser) Dallas. The father of our subject was a native of Nairn, Scotland, where for years he was a ship owner, but later followed farm ing. His death occurred in 1882, at the age of seventy-two years. The mother was also a native of Nairn, Scotland, and died in 1870, at the age of forty-eight years. The parents were married about 1847, and to them were born the following children: William, Jane, Alexander, Margaret, Jessie, Dan iel, Gregor, Roderick and Frederick. The subject of this sketch received his primary education in the public schools and the academy of his native city. Later he entered Owens College, at ^ anchester, after which he attended the Edinburgh University, and after coming to the United States, took a course at the New York University. His first employment was in the law office where he spent two years, fol lowing which he spent a similar period in a bank. He came to New York City in 1870, and commenced the study of medicine the following year, gradu ating in medicine in 1877. He practiced one year out West, three years in New York City, and itl 1881, located in Bayonne, New Jersey, where he continued up to the present time in a successful practice of medicine and surgery. Dr. Dallas is president of and surgeon to St. Luke's Hospital of Bayonne, is sur geon to the New Jersey Central Railway, surgeon to the Standard Oil Com pany, surgeon to the Tidewater Oil Company and to other corporations. He is president of the Board of Examining Surgeons for the Pension Department. He is a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, a member of the New York County and New York State Medical Societies, also of the Hudson County Medical Society. He is the Examiner for the New York Mutual Life Insurance Company, the United States Life Insurance Company, the Pennsyl vania Mutual Life Insurance Company, the Banker's Life Insurance Com pany, etc., etc. He is a member of the Masonic, Odd Fellows, Royal Arcanum, Ancient Order of United Workmen and of the Chosen Friends Fraternities. He is a member of the First Reformed church of Bayonne, and is a Republi can in politics. Up to 1898, Dr. Dallas was consulting surgeon to the Bay onne City Hospital, but at that time he severed his connection with that insti tution and in the latter part of that year he originated and has since carried on St. Luke's Hospital. This institution is equipped with all the latest im- ALEXANDER DALLAS, M. D. EDWARD T. BELL BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 497 provements, and has already achieved a remarkable success and earned for it self a reputation second to none for the success of its operations. It receives no outside aid, and its doors are open to any deserving case. Dr. Dallas was married to Gilberta A. Fraser, daughter of Daniel and Mar garet (Bain) Fraser. She was born at Leverick, Scotland, and her ancestors were all Scotch. Her death occurred on April 20th, 1898. EDWARD THEODORE BELL, President of the First National Bank, and one of the most prominent and in fluential citizens of Paterson, New Jersey, was born at Stanhope, New Jersey, and is the son of Dr. Edward Sullivan and Catherine Louesa (Beach) Bell. The father of our subject was born at New Brunswick, New Jersey, on May 6th, 181 5, and was a physician by profession. His ancestors were of old New Jer sey stock. His death occurred on October 23d, 1844. The mother of our subject was born at Branchville, New Jersey, on August 2d, 1814, and is the daughter of John Bigelow Beach, who was born at Mendon, Morris county, New Jersey, on April 5th, 1785, and died in June, 1857. Her mother was Eliza C. Haggerty, who was born at Branchville, Sussex county, New Jersey, in 1790, and died in 1823. To Dr. Edward S. Bell and wife the following children were born: Emma Louesa, Annetta, Louesa, Edward, Theodore and Theodore Beech. The subject of this sketch took a three years' course at the Collegiate In stitute at Newton, New Jersey. He left school at the age of seventeen years, and his first employment was in the Hackettstown Bank at Hackettstown, New Jersey. In 1864 he became teller of the Bank of Jersey City, but before the close of that year he received the appointment of cashier of the First National Bank of Paterson, New Jersey, and later he was elected president of that institution. The following extract from an article having for its subject Mr. Bell, is taken from "Prominent Bankers of America:" "His active partici pation in the affairs of the banlTcontinued for more than ten years, when he retired from office, though still continuing to serve as a director. In 1882 he was elected to the honorary position of vice-president, and a year later again entered the bank, and participated in the active management thereof. The thirteenth anniversary of his appointment to the cashiership was appropriately commemorated by his election to the presidency of the bank, succeeding his former associate and life-long friend, the late Hon. John J. Brown. "The natural advantages accruing from the organization and management of the, First National Bank had so inspired confidence that in 1869, at the ur gent solicitation of many prominent citizens and the public press of the city, Mr. Bell and the late John J. Brown, then president of the First National Bank, undertook the task of organizing an institution for savings, which in due course, resulted in formulating the charter for the Paterson Savings Institution, which with its special provisions and safeguards, was readily granted by the Legis lature of New Jeresy, and the institution was formally opened May ist, 1869. 32 498 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. "Mr. Bell is one of the vice-presidents, and for many years past the effi cient chairman of the Finance Committee. The career and uniform success of these institutions is demonstrated in their having assets exceeding ten mil lion dollars." Mr. Bell is also interested in various other institutions and enterprises in Paterson and Passaic county. He is vice-president of the Paterson Savings Institution, vice-president of the Paterson and Passaic Gas and Electric Com pany, of Paterson, treasurer of the Passaic Water Company and a director in numerous other companies. . * * Mr. Bell married Anna D. Anderson, who was born at Newton, Sussex. county, New Jersey, and is the daughter of the Hon. D. S. and Amelia M. Anderson. The following extracts taken from local publications, give good expres sions of the worth of Mr. Bell as a citizen and of the high esteem in which he is held by his fellow townsmen, and are reproduced for that purpose: "Mr. Bell has not only earned for himself an honorable record and name, but by his intelligent public spirit he has done much in bringing the city of his adoption to a higher rank among the municipalities of the State. Among the more important may be stated his participation in the erection of the beautiful Church of the Redeemer. "When the history of Paterson for the last quarter of a century shall be written, no name on its pages will shine with brighter lustre than that of Edward T. Bell. As one of the most distinguished and useful citizens he has been so conspicuous in all enterprises and improvements that he is to-day a recog nized leader, and is prominently and honorably connected with the growth and advancement of our prosperous industrial city " Mr. Bell was one of the original Park Commissioners of Paterson, from which board he resigned. He also served as one of the original City Hall Commissioners of Paterson, from which he also resigned. He is a member of the Church of the Redeemer of Paterson, and is president of the Board of Trustees of that church. He is a member of the Hamilton Club of Paterson, and of the Union League Club of New York City. SAMUEL HOWARD DODD, A well known citizen of East Orange, New Jersey, and cashier and director oi the India Rubber Comb Company, of New York City, was born August 12, 1855, at Fayetteville, North Carolina, and is the son of Israel L. and Angeline (Coeyman) Dodd. The father was bom on Dodd street, East Orange, fa miliarly known as Doddtown, August 7, 1830, and is of English ancestry. He has been for many years one of the well known citizens of Essex county, and is engaged in the saw mill business. The mother was born in Belleville, New Jersey, April 30, 1832, and is of Holland Dutch ancestry. The mar riage of the parents occurred in 1849, a"d to them have been born the following children: Elizabeth B., born May 18, 1850; Samuel O., deceased, born June 4, 1853; Samuel H., born August 12, 1855; Theron, deceased, born January BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 499 3, 1858; Lillie, born March 12, i860; Oscar L., born January 18, 1863, and William, deceased. Samuel H. Dodd attended the private schools of Doddtown, (East Orange), until he was sixteen years of age, and then spent a year at Bryant & Statton's Business College. His first employment after leaving business college was in the drug house of Smith & Townley, of Newark, where he spent one year, after which he entered the employ of R. Hoe & Co., printing press manufacturers of New York City, where he continued for a year and a half. In June, 1879, he became connected with the India Rubber Comb Company of Nos. 9-11-13 Mercer street, New York, of which company he is now cashier and a director. The India Rubber Comb Company is an important house, and was the original holder and owner of the Goodyear patent for the manufacture of hard rubber goods, and is the largest concern in the world manufacturing these goods. Mr. Dodd was married December 3, 1879, to Sarah A., the daughter of John and Phebe A. (Higgins) Ackerman, the former of English and the latter of Holland-Dutch ancestry. Mrs. Dodd was born in Orange, New Jersey. To Air. and Airs. Dodd the following children have been born: Howard A., born August 28, 1880; Seymour L., born November 10, 1884; Mabel D., born March 23, 1888; Sidney R., born May 17, 1890; Estelle H, born January 10, 1893, and Etta D., born October 17, 1896. Mr. Dodd is a member of the New England Society, of Orange Council, No. 975, Royal Arcanum, of East Orange Republican Club, and of the East Orange Improvement Society. He is also a member of the North Orange- Baptist Church. JOHN FRANCIS CAHILL. Among those whose abilities class them with the leading lawyers of Essex county, New Jersey, is the gentleman who at the bar has gained a foremost place by reason of his force in argument, his logical deductions, his familiarity with the principles of law and his devotion to his client's interests. A native of Newark, New Jersey, where he has passed his entire life. John Francis Ca- hill was born in Newark, May 22, 1866. His father, John J. Cahill, a native of Ireland, emigrated to the New World with his parents, while he was yet an infant in arms, and became a resident of Newark, where he still resides. The mother of our subject was, before her marriage, Anne King. She also came to the United States in infancy, where she was married and reared her family of eight children. . The subject of this sketch was the second in order of birth, and in youth attended the parochial and private schools until his twelfth year, at which ten der age he assumed the responsibility of providing for himself. He engaged in various pursuits until 1890, when he realized his most earnest desire to study law, by entering the law office of Bried & Titus. This undertaking was not met with without obstacle, as at the time he began to read law he was employed in the Newark post office as superintendent of night clerks, having secured the appointment to this position in 1887, but his determination to master the 500 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. profession was so great that he devoted his nights to work and his days to study. . After reading law for two years under the able preceptorage of Bned & Titus, he entered the office of Samuel T. McDonald, who. became his preceptor for one year. He finished his course with Aaron G. Sayre, Esq., and was ad mitted to the bar of New Jersey in November, 1896, since which time he had followed his profession in Newark, and has built up a large and lucrative prac tice, which is the best proof of his ability. In December, 1887, he was united in marriage to Miss Florence E. Wood ruff, daughter of Alexander Stewart Woodruff, of Mendham, New Jersey. Mrs. Cahill is a descendant of the old pioneer Woodruff family, who were among the first settlers of New Jersey, and participated in the Revolutionary War. In politics Mr. Cahill is an active Democrat. J. CHARLTON McCURDY, One of the foremost furniture dealers of Newark, New Jersey, was born in Newark, March 28th, 1864, and comes of Scotch and Irish an tecedents. His father, Robert McCurdy, was- born in Scotland in 1818, came to America in 1848, locating at Newark, where he followed the business of con tractor. Early a Scotch Presbyterian, he later became a member of the Belle ville Avenue Congregational church, Newark, dying there in 1892. His mother, Eliza A. Arbuthnot, was born in Newark, both her parents being na tives of the north of Ireland. Mr. McCurdy was educated in the Newark public schools, and at the New Jersey Business College. Closing his school career at the age of fifteen, he first found employment in the office of a silk mill. Rapidly mastering the busi ness at twenty, he became assistant superintendent of a silk mill at Springfield, Massachusetts. He subsequently became a salesman, selling silk on the road, and later, having now gained a practical knowledge of the business, engaged in the dry goods and silk business at No. 27 Belleville avenue, Newark, continu ing in the business until 1889. In the meantime he had operated for a brief period an excelsior mill. In 1886 Mr. McCurdy founded the enterprise in which he has since achieved uninterrupted and pronounced success. Commencing in May of that year, as a small dealer in mattresses and bedding, at No. 548 Broad street, he has, by his energy and keen business foresight built up his present business at 777-779 Broad street, which occupies the entire building and com prises six floors that contain twenty-eight thousand square feet, and keeps busy thirty employees. The success of Mr. McCurdy's venture has been the result of unflagging perseverance and the shrewdest business sagacity. His first objective point was to secure a suitable location in which to carry forward the enterprises he had in view. He was for one year at 548 Broad; then three years at 569 Broad, when he purchased the property at 593 Broad, which he still owns. Coming into possession -of this property he, for a period, operated two places of business. 1 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 501 Mr McCurdy now began to enlarge the scope of his business. In 1892 he added to his stock of mattresses and bedding a line of iron bedsteads. In 1894 he added chamber and dining-room furniture, and in 1896 he built a man ufacturing plant twenty-seven by one hundred feet, including storehouse and stables, at No. 53 Plane street. This structure, comprising four stories and basement, was equipped with every modern improvement, and now giving ad ditional room in his Broad street store, enabled him to supplement his stock with a general line of furniture. In the spring of 1898, by further crowding his space, he put in a full line of carpets, and by judicious advertising increased his business fifty per cent. This phenomenal increase in the magnitude of his operations rendered more commodious quarters imperative, and in September of the same year Mr. McCurdy removed to his present establishment, 777-779 Broad street, where his operations now assume a proportion which place him among the most active and progressive business men of Newark. Mr. McCurdy is a member of the Newark Athletic and Republican clubs; he is also a member of the Newark Board of Trade, and is a communicant of the Belleville Avenue Congregational church. His wife is Clara F., daughter of Gasper D. Schubarth. JOSEPH COULT Was born in Frankfort, Sussex county, New Jersey, May 25th, 1834. He is descended from an old English family which settled in Connecticut in the early part of the seventeenth century. It was not until about the middle of the eigh teenth century that any of the Coult family removed to New Jersey. In Sussex county they first settled and here the father of the subject of our sketch acquired land and became a successful farmer and an influential citizen. Joseph, the youngest of a family of ten children, enjoyed, like the others, the advantage of education. He received a thorough preparation for a college -course, but after much delay in entering thereupon, it was finally abandoned. All the inducements held out to him to devote himself to* mercantile pursuits were of no avail, for his habits of study had become fixed, and he determined to study law. Accordingly, in 1858, he became a student in the office of Thomas N. McCarter, Esq., then a young lawyer at Newton, Sussex county. Subsequently he entered the law school at Albany, New York, and having thence graduated, he was admitted into the courts of New York state, and began the practice of law in the City of New York. In 1861 he was admitted as an attorney-at-law in New Jersey, and at once opened an office at Newton, in his native county, where he con tinued to practice with great success during a period of fifteen years. It was in 1874 that he removed to the City of Newark. Here, for a time, he was in partnership with his law preceptor, Thomas N. McCarter, Esq. Subsequently he entered into partnership with James E. Howell, Esq., who had been a stu dent in his office while in Sussex county. Thus was formed the law firm of Coult & Howell, now one of the oldest, best known and most successful in the State. Mr. Coult was Prosecutor of the Pleas in Sussex county, and from 1884 502 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. to 1892 held the office of City Counsel of the City of Newark. It was due very much to his efforts that the project of securing a new water supply for the City of Newark was accomplished. In politics Mr. Coult is a Republican, and has been commissioned many times to represent the party at important conven- ventions, state and national. He was a delegate to the convention at Phila delphia at which Lincoln was nominated for a second term; to the convention JOSEPH COULT. at Philadelphia which nominated General Grant, and at the convention at Cin cinnati which resulted in the nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes. Mr. Coult enjoys to a high degree the esteem of the bar, who generally place him among the most sagacious lawyers of the State. Of late years he has often been called upon to act as counsel by prominent lawyers, who recog nize his special powers. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 503 REV. JOHN R. FISHER Was born in Cambridge, Washington county, New York, and is the son of Garritt Wendell and Eunice (Sherman) Fisher. The ancestry of our subject can be traced back to those of the name who figured most prominently in the -families of our early history. On the maternal side the Rev. John R. Fisher is in the eleventh generation from Richard Warren, who landed in the "May flower" at Plymouth Rock with the expedition in 1620. The mother of our subject was a direct descendant of Edmund Sherman, a brother of Roger Sher man, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The great- grandmother of Air. Fisher, whose family name was Delano, was a sister of the great-grandmother of General Ulysses S. Grant. John R. Fisher received his education at the Cambridge, Washington Academy, Williams College and Princeton Theological Seminary. Prior to his entrance into the ministry he engaged in teaching. His last engagement in this connection was as principal of the Putnam (New York) Academy. His first call was to the pastorate of the Hebron United Presbyterian church, in Hebron, New York, where he was installed pastor in June, 1866. He remained in this pastorate for about eight years, when he responded to a call from the Second Presbyterian church of Jersey City, which charge he assumed and successfully maintained for ten years, at the expiration of which time he accepted the pastorate of the First Presbyterian church of South Orange, New Jersey, where his zealous labors were highly appreciated and much good was accomplished for God and man, for a period of ten years. He resigned his charge of the First Presbyterian church of South Orange with a view to travel, but was induced to abandon this idea and assume the office of Associate Secretary of the New York Sabbath Committee, where for five years he labored zealously and effectually in the interests of religion. During his connection as Associate Secretary of the New York Sabbath Committee, the pulpit of the Brick Presbyterian church of East Orange became vacant, owing to the ill health of its pastor, the Rev. Henry F. Hickok, D. D., who was compelled to give up his charge for a period of six months in order to recuperate, and during this time our subject officiated as pastor. He has also filled vacancies that occurred in the pulpits of the Second Presbyterian church and the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian church of Newark, and the First Presbyte rian church of Asbury Park, New Jersey, while the selection of pastors for these churches was being made. He is at present superintending the work of the Bruce Street Presbyterian church of Newark. Mr. Fisher has published several pamphlets and a book of travels, entitled, "Camping in the Rocky Mountains," and is a frequent contributor to both the secular and religious press. He holds membership in the New York Presbyterian Union, the Qml Club of New York the Presbyterian Union of Newark, and is secretary of the Kappa Chi Club of Newark, and for more than fifteen years has served as treasurer ¦of the Pastor's Association of New York and vicinity. He is a member of the Presbytery of Newark, and is chairman of the Standing Committee on Vacant Churches and Unemployed Ministers in the Synod of New Jersey, and also of the Presbytery of Morris and Orange. He is a member of the Executive Com- 504 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. mittee of the Alumni Association of Princeton Theological Seminary, and has frequently represented his Presbytery as Commissioner to the General Assem bly of the Presbyterian church. In June, 1863, Mr. Fisher was united in marriage to* Miss Laura E., daugh ter of Luther and Philinda (Mason) Joy of Newark, a lineal descendant of Thomas Joy, of Boston. They have had four children: William Joy Fisher and Florence Joy Fisher, who died in infancy; Alaud Elizabeth Fisher, now Mrs. William Day Downs, of Denver, Colorado, and John Edmund Fisher, of Newark. HON. JAMES PARKER, Of Perth Amboy, in Middlesex county, was the son of James Parker of the same place; a citizen of high distinction before and after the Revolution of 1776, and came from a family prominent in New Jersey from its earliest settlement. His son, James Parker, the subject of this sketch, was born March 1, 1776, and died April 1, i860. He was a man of great ability and public note. He was graduated in Columbia College, New York, in 1793, second in his class. The death of his father called him, at twenty-one years of age, to take his place as the virtual head of his family. The large landed interests he had to manage compelled him to acquire an intimate knowledge of law, for which his sagacious mind largely fitted him, and this caused him to be regarded generally as a law yer of eminence, though, in fact, he never practiced the profession. He en tered public life in 1806, when thirty years old, by becoming a member of As sembly. He was re-elected eight successive years; after one year's interval,. four years more, and again in 1827-28. He was a leader in the Legislature and in the State. He was among the originators, if not himself leader, in measures for the prohibition of the domestic slave trade, which the gradual abolition of slavery actually encouraged, by leading owners to anticipate the period and export their slaves to other states. Both as a member of the Legislature, which caused the passage of efficient laws, and as foreman of the Middlesex Grand Jury, in punishing offenders, he did much to protect the negro and protect the State from disgrace. He was one of the originators of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. He entered the Legislature in 1827 in order to carry through that enterprise, and succeeded. He was a director of that company until his death. Mr. Parker was thrice appointed a commissioner to settle the boundary between New Jer sey and New York; one, as early as 1806, when but thirty years old; again in 1827; his colleagues being John Rutherford, Richard Stockton, Theodore Frelinghuysen and L. Q. C. Elmer And in all these commissions Mr. Parker was the leading actor The return of Federalist to influence, which distinguished the nomination of Gen eral Jackson, brought Mr. Parker again into national politics. He was an elector in 1824, and gave his vote for Jackson. In 1829 General Jackson appointed him collector of Perth Amboy. In 1832 and again in 1834, he was elected, by BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 505 general ticket, a member of the House of Representatives. He served with distinction, winning the cognomen of Honest James Parker, distinguishing himself as champion of the right of petition and as a guardian of the finances of the Union. Mr. Parker was the trustee of Princeton College from 1825 to 1829, and of Rutgers during a much longer period. He was Mayor of Perth Amboy for many years, and till the very end of his life was useful and public- spirited. After leaving Congress and until his death, he was first a Whig and HON. JAMES PARKER. then a Republican, a stanch supporter of the Union and of emancipation He died April 1, 1868. He had three sons, all worthy of mention among Jersey- men. James Parker, his eldest, died in Cincinnati in 1861, where he was dis tinguished as a lawyer and a judge. William Parker, his second son died m 1868, not long aftei- his father, at Aspinwall Central America, where he had lived several years as superintendent of the Panama Railroad. A sketch of Cortlandt Parker, his third son, follows. 506 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. CORTLANDT PARKER. Foremost among the ablest lawyers and most eminent advocates of the bar of New Jersey, is Cortlandt Parker. He is the son of the late Hon. James Pari er, of Perth Amboy, in which city he was born June 27, 1818. At the age of fourteen he entered Rutgers College, from which institution he was grad uated w-ith the highest honors in 1836 Having determined to enter the pro fession in which he has made such enviable distinction, he studied law in New- CORTLANDT PARKER. ark with Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen. At the September term, 1839, he was admitted as attorney, and three years later as a counselor-at-law. He began at once to practice in Newark, where he has remained ever since, devoted to his profession in which he is still fully occupied from morn to night, apparently in all the vigor of life, while his early confreres, with one exception, are now all gone. From his first appearance at the bar up to the present day, Mr. Parker, as a lawyer, has met uninterrupted success. Thorough knowledge of the law and familiarity with everything that could adorn as well as strengthen him as a lawyer, were always foremost in his thoughts, and thus his qualities as an orator and advocate and a jurist are the legitimate issue of well trained and BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. 507 well nurtured powers directed by a single purpose. Public office was never tight by him, and he never held but one, that of Prosecutor of the Pleas of Essex county, New Jersey, upon which he entered in 1857, and from which he retired in 1867 with distinguished repute as an efficient, conscientious, fearless and upright officer. Though he never held any other office, it was not for the lack of opportunity. In 1857 he was named by the Legislature for the office -of Chancellor, and twice he was prominently named as Attorney-General of the State. He was offered also the post of Justice of the State Supreme Court. By Mr. Secretary Fish and President Grant he was tendered a judgeship on the bench for the settlement of the Alabama claims. All these positions he de clined. President Hayes tendered to him the mission to Russia, and President Arthur that to Vienna. These offers he also declined, and at a later period declined the nomination to Congress made in opposition to his wishes by a Republican convention. His legal knowledge and experience were, how ever, never withheld from the State, when, upon important occasions they were demanded. The difficult task of revising the laws of the State was assigned to him jointly with Chief Justice Beasley and Justice Depue, by the Legislature, and performed to the satisfaction of the courts and the people. He served also as a commissioner to settle the disputed boundary lines between New Jersey and Delaware. To him is the State mainly indebted for the passage of the General Railroad Law, which has been the means of ridding it of its most abundant source of corruption. The limits of the sketch do not permit of an account of Mr. Parker's career as a lawyer. It has extended over half a century and still continues to be run with nearly all its youthful vigor. A mere list of the important cases in which he has been engaged would cover many times the space here occupied in speaking of him. His scholarly attainments and literary labors have won for him the degree of LL. D. from his alma mater, Rutgers College, as well as from the College of New Jersey. He is the author of many orations and addresses which may be found in the leading libraries of the country. \ 3