tvte. ^4/Uyht^dY^. ycMi asun der for ever. Henceforth the Bible must be interpreted on sound and self-evident principles, such as are consistent with immutable truth. The true point of approach to the sense of Scripture is not through the question, " What saith the Church, or the creed?" but through the question, "What saith, and what meaneth the Word of God ?" The grand characteristic of Barnes, which in due time win become the characteristic of the age, con sists in seizing the object of the inspired penmen, and in giving a calm, rational, and self-consistent explication of their doctrines, on principles which commend themselves to the common sense of men. It is on this ground that the Bible will survive and retain its hold on the human mind, and fill the earth with the knowledge of the Lord, as the waters fill the sea. THE BIBLE INSPIEED. 45 * CHAPTEE IV. AEGHMENT FOE THE tNSPIEATION OF THE BIBLE STATED. It is not absolutely essential in a treatise on the prin ciples of interpretation, that we should enter elabo rately into the proof of the fact that the Scriptures are inspired. In such a treatise, that fact may pro perly be taken for granted. Yet it may serve a very important purpose, at least, to state the argument for inspiration, by way of laying the foundation of some of those maxims, on which the whole process of inter pretation is based. If it be a fact, that the Bible is inspired of God, it certainly must behoove us to keep the fact constantly in view, as affecting our decisions at every step. To lose sight of it or to deny it, must compel us to err fundamentally. Here let us first define what is meant by the inspi ration of the Bible. In asserting that the Bible is inspired, we mean to assert the presence and watch ful superintendence of the Divine Spirit, in the 46 INTEEPEETATION. minds of the writers, to such a degree as best to secure the statement of truth, of truth in many instances, which lay beyond the discovery of the human mind. The writers of the Scriptures wrote as they were moved by the Spirit of God. That such inspiration was possible no man can reasonably deny. No higher power is required in the case, than in the creation and support of the human mind in the free exercise of its powers. That such inspiration was necessary to the existence and authority of such a book as the Bible, is evident from the nature of the doctrines it contains ; the com parative ignorance of the writers in respect to natural science ; and the importance of its standing forth in all generations, not as the production of men, but as the authoritative Word of God. Without such inspi ration it had lacked certainty, dignity, and power. It would have occupied no higher place than the Koran, and possessed no higher adaptation to the wants of the universal human mind. It would not have been the word of God. But as it is, whether we read its histories, or its descriptions of God, of nature, and of man ; or its laws of morals, its plan of salva tion, and its means of renewing the soul in the pure image of God ; or its deep mysteries of blessedness yet to be developed in the coming cycles of eternity, we can neither deny, nor cease to feel its heavenly THE BIBLE INSPIEBD. 47 origin. The inspiration and presence of the Al mighty goes with it ; and such was His sovereign, all-wise decree. Hence neither the comparative ignorance of the writers, nor the treacherousness of memory, nor imperfections of the understanding, availed to defeat the divine purpose. The inspira tion of the Spirit is the strength of the Bible. But for this, it never could have survived, as it has done, on the rough seas of time ; long ere this it had been destroyed in the desperate madness of men. God is in the Bible, and therefore its noblest triumphs are yet to come, in the histories of that millenium, so near at hand. The argument, by which the fact of inspiration is conclusively established, is brief. First is the consideration, that known things are everywhere spoken of in the Scriptures, just as we know them. The visible kingdom of natture is there reflected as in a mirror. The evidence for the attri butes and character of God is there as correctly detailed, as in the material world. The word and the works are in most singular harmony. So also in respect to the character of man. Everything is set forth concerning the human heart, just as it works itself out in the every-day experience and business of life. There is no denying the correctness of the record, without at the same time denying the every day history of the world. 48 INTEEPEETATION. Next is the fact, that the moral code of the Bible is such as proves it divine ; it is so perfect, so admira ble in its effects on the soul, so completely beyond the inventive powers of mere men, that it were a miracle more difficult to be accounted for than inspiration itself, were such a code found in a book of mere human origin. By whom, if not by the Spirit of God, could such an instrument as the moral law have been produced? In that golden law, so peculiarly the Bible's own, and so charmingly inter woven into the texture of its every page, in that law so august, so level to man's capacities, so worthy of Heaven, we cannot but behold the sure symbol of -divinity. Not to be omitted, is the wonderful harmony throughout the Book in respect to scientific truth. The writers, though profoundly ignorant, in a major ity of instances, of all the natm*al sciences, have never in any case contradicted them. Here is cer tainly the finger of God. Has not every other book pretending to be a revelation, disproved its own pre tences, in this very particular ? Then fm-ther, the wi-iters living thousands of years apart, under very different degrees of light, with very diverse endowments as men, have not in any instance set themselves in opposition to each other. Is this true of any other class of religious writers ? Is it true of the poets, the philosophers, historians, or of THE BIBLE INSPIEED. 49 any of the admirers of the exact sciences, who say, " figures cannot lie "? But it is true of the writers of the Bible, and they wrote history, and poetry, and philosophy, and natural theology, and theories of civil and moral government, like other men; with this difference, that while other men never have agreed, the VTTiters of the Bible have never failed to agree. The reason of this fact, is the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. It is evidence to the same point, that not one of the writers of the Bible allows himself to be carried away with the belief of the common superstitions of the world. Superstition is the opposite of religion ; hence, from first to last, the penmen of the Bible, being friends of religion, and under the superinten dence of God, have not shown a trace of faith in any of the prevalent fooleries of witchcraft, and consul- » tation of spirits. How did this come to pass, but from the fact that God was with them of a truth ? Once more. The writers of the Bible have agreed in publishing, with perfect harmony, many doctrines in their very nature, beyond the capacity of the unassisted human mind to have originated ; ' such as the creation of the world, the immortality of the soul, the resurrection of the body, the atonement of Christ, the regeneration of the heart by the Spirit, the penalty of the moral law, and the three-fold dis- 3 60 INTEEPEETATION. tinctions in the Godhead. It was not in the power of the human mind to have thought out these doc trines , nor was it possible, without the intervention of the Spirit, that so many wi'iters should have spoken so uniformly in harmony respecting these doctrines, especially when speaking at such distances of time, and under such very diverse conditions of life. Then further, it is to be noted, that in confirmation of these truths, signs, and wonders, and miracles were performed, such as God only can perform, and such as were never performed but in support of these same truths. Of these miracles, there can be no doubt, for they changed the history of the world, having been wrought in presence of thousands, with that express object in view. Among these miracles, we include prophecy, and confidently make our appeal to it, as to an irresistible demonstration of the presence of God with the writers of the Bible. Des perate, and frequent were the efforts of men to over throw both the prophet and his vision ; but sent of God, and speaking as he was moved by the Holy Spirit, he stood calmly at his post, until the time of the fulfillment came; then men saw and believed that God was with him. Another proof of inspiration, is the pecuUar and admirable effect of the Bible, on the mental, moral THE BIBLE INSPIEED. 51 and social, as well as intellectual condition of men. In this dark, sinful, and miserable world, it is at all times, and in every place, as an angel of God. The Bible is man's best friend — his best guide through life, his faithful attendant and comforter at the solemn hour of death. It is the enlightener of nations ; the source of all human progress ; the fountain of light, and joy, and hope to the world. There is no clearer evidence than this, that it is from God. It is the only true and great Eeformer of the hearts and hves of men. Finally, let us hear the testimony of the writers themselves. They are competent to testify on this point until their veracity is impeached. In 2 Pet. i. 28, one thus bears witness : " The Prophecy came not in old time by the will of man ; but holy men spake as they were moved by the Holy Spirit." In Luke i. 70, another testifies : " As he spake by the mouth of His holy prophets, which have been since the world began." In Heb. i. 1, a third declares the inspiration both of the Old Testament, and the New, as follows : " God, who at sundry times, and in divers manners, spake in time past unto the Fathers by the prophets, hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son." And in 2 Tim. iii. 16, the same writer, with more explicitness still, has said : " All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for 62 INTEEPEETATION. doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly- furnished unto all good works;" words these, worthy of being written in gold, and placed as a frontispiece to every copy of the Bible sent forth into the world. By this testimony of the writers, we are conducted to the same conclusion, in which we felt constrained to rest after a survey of the truth, purity, peculiarity, sublimity, and harmony of the Scriptures. Thus by their own merits, and by miracles, and by the exphcit testimony of the writers, the Scriptures are proved, not the work of mere men but of the Holy spirit of God. We have often felt that this whole question of inspiration might be settled by an appeal to a single book, the Eevelation of John. It was composed in all probability, in his ninety-sixth, or ninety-seventh year. He made no pretensions to learning ; his life was spent in the most humble circumstances, far from the walks of learning. Was it possible for such an aged man, in such a situation, to have written such a book by the energy of his own mind? Examine its contents ; its plan, its awful subhmity of diction, its consistency, amid such intricacy, its grandeur of conception, its predictions stretching down through all time, fulfilling and being fulfilled with such wonderful accuracy — do this, with your eye THE BIBLE INSPIEED. 53 on the history of the Church and of the world since the day the book was written, and on the character of the man, standing as he did on the verge of his hundredth year — and say, did not John write as he was moved by the Spirit of God ? If John so wrote, so wrote they all. Ex uno disee omnes. 54 INTEEPEETATION. CHAPTEE Y. AXIOMS OF BIBLICAL INTEEPEETATION. EvEET science has its Axioms, or first principles, deemed worthy of being laid deep at its very basis ; and as we claim for Biblical interpretation the dig nity of a science, it is but proper that first of all, we should lay down some of those preliminary and fun damental facts on which it rests. That we should both determine what these axioms are, and record them, is as essential to consistency, as to correctness in the great work before us. AXIOM. I. The Bible was written under the special inspira tion of the Holy Spirit. If it should be objected that this is not of the nature of a self-evident position, we reply, it is a position fuUy proved, and therefore in the very nature of the ITS AXIOMS. 65 case, it is the foTindation principle of this science. The fact of inspiration is connected with every sen tence of the Bible, and hence we record it properly as our first axiom. It must be disproved before it can be displaced. AXIOM n. In aU its communications the Bible has one mean ing to convey, and no more. It was the denial of this axiom which led the Fathers into so many perversions of the Scriptures. Much of the error in Germany at this day, is tracea ble to the same source. It is common there for preachers to explain their text in its grammatical, historical, and doctrinal sense ; as though the Scrip ture had not one, but three meanings, all distinct, and aU true ! And to the same mistake it is owing that many insist upon, what they call, the double sense of prophecy. But beyond all doubt, the law imposed by our Lord on His disciples, " Let your yea be yea, and your nay, nay ; for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil," is the law of every in spired communication to man. There can be no violation of this precept on the part of the SpiriJ of God. 56 INTEEPEETATION. AXIOM m. As one necessary condition of a revelation was that it should be made in human language ; there fore the Bible being so given, can be understood by all for whom it was intended. It is an intelligible book, and open to all the world. AXIOM IV. Although the words in which the Bible is written be such only as men use in the daily intercourse of Hfe, yet none the less are they such as God aptly chose, as the all-sufiicient vehicles of His truth, and will, to men. The choice of words we regard as a very impor tant part of a revelation; and those who call in question the fitness or sufficiency of the words, know not what they do. A wrong word conveys a wrong meaning ; but the best words were selected, as it is written, Ps. xii. 6, "The words of the Lord are pure words ; as silver tried in the furnace of earth, purified seven times;" and 1 Cor. ii. 13, "Which things also we speak, not in the words which man's wisdom teacheth, but which the Holy Spirit teacheth." ITS AXIOMS. 57 AXIOM V. There is a strict doctrinal agreement among all the writers of the Bible, secured by the inspiring guid ance of the Spirit. Mistakes of copiers and interpo lations are of course excepted, if such there be. It is probable there are such mistakes, but they must be proved, before they can be admitted, to invah- date our maxim. AXIOM VT. The doctrinal agreement between the writers of the Bible, is in the sense, and not in the mere words employed. The reason is obvious. Words are simply signs of ideas, and, from the frequency and caprice of their use, they often express ideas the very opposite of those for which they usually stand. It is very com mon for men to say in words the very opposite of what they intend. Our axiom is that the sacred writers agree in sense, though not in words. AXIOM vn. As every writer of the Bible is in harmony as respects his meaning, with the others ; so, is he always in harmony with himself. 58 INTEEPEETATION. AXIOM vm. Between the statements of the Bible, and the facts of natural science, and the history of the world, there must be an essential agreement, whether there exists the evidence to prove it or not. Time devours documents ; and much of the history of the world never was written. But the fact of this agreement is deduced from the primary axiom, affirming inspi ration. The Spirit of all truth could not fail to guide the writers free from all errors respecting natural science and the history of the world. It is high consolation that there is not one such error in an the Bible. AXIOM IX. The Bible is not to be interpreted by any creed or confession of faith. Creeds and confessions of faith show merely how their authors interpret the Bible. On what princi ple then can such interpretations be made the cri terion of the sense of Scripture. They may be right, they may be wrong; but they cannot bring the Bible to their bar, and set up the claim, that at their bidding it must teach this or that. It is the master of all creeds, the sovereign of ITS AXIOMS. 69 all confessions of faith, in whose presence they must all bow and do reverence. It is very customary to quote the church formula, and say the Bible teaches so; but in every instance, those who fall into this error, proclaim only how great their ignorance is of the Word of &od. AXIOM X. While the Bible has one meaning in every passage and no more, it does not follow that the words employed by the sacred writers have always one meaning and no more. • Yet it is a settled theory with some, that certain leading words in Scripture have but one meaning, and only one. On what evidence they found this position we cannot so much as imagine. The appeal must be made to the Bible itself; for this position is not by any means self-evident. There are those, whose separate communion is upheld and justified simply on the ground that the word " baptize " has only one meaning, and no more. But on turning to the Bible, we find that (1) in Mark vii. 4, it is used to mean the washing of hands ; (2) in 1 Cor. x. 2, it is used to signify consecration to the leadership of Moses ; (3) in Luke iii. 16, it is used to signify the abundant outpouring of the Holy Spirit, and the 60 INTEEPEETATION. infliction of the wrath of God ; two very different and opposite meanings in one sentence ! See also Mat. iii. 11, Acts xi. 16, 1 Cor. xii. 13. (4) In Luke xii. 60, our Lord employed the word to signify the peculiar sufferings then in store for himself as the sacrifice for sin. So also in Mat. xx. 22-3, and in Mark x. 38. Where then is the one only meaning of the word ? It cannot be found. Indeed, as all the world knows, there is no such thing in existence as a word with only one meaning. Just as well might it be pretended that every word has but one use, and no more ; for the use to which a word is put gives it its meaning, and men do not hesitate to put every word to a thousand uses. Ex amples are on every page of the Scriptures; and yet there is harmony of sense and doctrine there. The vision of Ezekiel, i. 4-25, is a beautiful illus tration of this point. There is the most wonder ful complexity and variety among the living crea tures, and, at the same time, the most complete unity of purpose. " And they went every one straight forward ; whither the Spirit was to go they went ; and they turned not when they went." The words of the Scripture have many meanings ; because they have many uses ; but they express always the one sense of the Spirit ; they go straight forward, turn ing neither to the right nor to the left ; whither the ITS AXIOMS. 61 Spirit goeth, they go. To speak the mind of the Holy Spirit is their only mission. AXIOM XI. The interpretation which the Bible has given of its own meaning is in every case to be adopted. The words e. g. Mat. xvi. 19, " And I will give unto thee the keys of the Eingdom of Heaven," receive their best interpretation by the simple his torical statement in Acts, where an account is given of the apostle's success " in opening the door of faith unto the Gentiles," Acts xii. 47, and xv. 7. The Saviour's explanation of the parables are also illus trations in point ; as likewise the various definitions given of the prophetic symbols in the prophets. The Bible is an extended commentary on itself. To explain its own meaning is one of the great objects which it aims to secure. Hence of all the books ever written in explanation of the Bible, the best, beyond any doubt, is the Bible itself. This is the explanation of the fact, that those who read it most without note or comment, carefully comparing parallel passages, are proverbially the best instructed in its doctrines, and stand firmest in the faith of its awful mysteries. 62 INTEEPEETATION. AXIOM xn. Omission is not misstatement; narration is not approval of the events narrated ; additional testi mony is not of necessity contradictory testimony. These simple maxims are of no small value. In relating the same events, the same particulars are not always noted, but this does not convict the writers of falsehood, or of error in any sense. . Tes timony in part does not vitiate the whole, when the writer's object does not require him to narrate the whole. In recording the sins of good men, there is no approbation intended toward these- sins ; but the contrary. Attention to these simple positions will preclude many objections, and reheve many alleged difficulties. AXIOM yrrr. We are not to judge of events in the Bible exclu sively by the standard of our own times. The manners, the social and political hfe of the people, their customs, must all be considered. The Bible is best understood in the light of its own home. Nor are we to neglect profane history, when its help can be obtained. So likewise the geography, the natural history of the country, and the idioms of the languages in which the Bible was first written, rrs AXIOMS. 63 are worthy of attention. It is not meant that a per son must read and make himself master of all that has been written on these various topics, before he can ascertain the meaning of the Scriptures ; only let him not neglect the aid offered him from these sources. The researches of Dr. Edward Eobinson in Palestine, we note as a book of vast utility under this head. AXIOM XIV. We must not come with a faith, but to obtain a faith from the Scriptures. While the use of reason is indispensable in the interpretation of the Bible, we are carefully to dis tinguish between its right use, and its claiming an authority superior to inspiration. The Bible and all its mysteries is put unconditionally into our hands to be interpreted; yet its relation to us can never change. It is always the Word of God ; and our duty is evermore to approach it, in the spirit of Him who said : " Speak, Lord, for thy servant heareth." Allowing man his place next the angels in intelli gence, even then there is an infinite distance between him and the Bible ; even then, he has not reached that eminence from which he can overlook its sources of knowledge. " Who hath directed, the Spirit of 64 INTEEPEETATION. the Lord, or being His counsellor hath taught Him ?" Were we called on to say, after all our researches into this subject, what error men are most prone to commit, in respect to the Bible, we would answer without hesitation, it is the error of bringing with them a faith to the Bible, to which they demand that the Bible shall conform. The true ground on which to stand is, that when we admit the Bible to be a revelation from God, we admit it with all its appropriate characteristics ; one of which is, its indisputable superiority over the powers of the human mind, both as respects the discovery of the truth, and the right method of stating the truth. When we receive the Bible in this manner we honor it, and are taught of God ; when we insist that our faith and philosophy shall lord it over reve lation and tell the Bible both what to say, and how to say it, we dishonor the Author of the Bible, and are taught of ourselves. AXIOM XV. Theories, or doctrines that have no foundation in the Bible, are to have no influence or authority in its interpretation. The Bible is complete in itself; having authority ITS AXIOMS. 65 sufficient for its doctrines, and evidence within itself, not to be questioned, substantiating all its claims. It is a circle ; a boundary, in nature, beyond which no human mind can go, without a new revelation from God. Hence all theories and doctrines of mere human invention have no weight whatever in decid ing the meaning of the Bible. Because to grant them any decisive control in such a matter, would be to subject the wiU of God to the will of man, and the wisdom of God to the wisdom of man; the Omniscient to the ignorant, the wise to the foolish. We find an illustration of our axiom, in regard to the theory of some respecting the human race. They hold that there is a plurality, not a unity of races ; that mankind did not descend from one man. Their doctrine is extra the Bible; and we cannot allow it any place, or influence, or authority what ever, in the interpretation of the Word of God, which it so palpably contradicts. There is war between their theory and the Bible, and there is no possibility of an honorable peace between them- The whole drfft of the Bible, and several of its direct assertions, are decisive that the human family came from one common head — in Adam. Come what may, therefore, of opposing theories, they may not sway us one iota in our interpretations. 66 INTEEPEETATION. AXIOM XVI. While the Bible is infallible and capable of being understood, its infalhbility does not pass over to its interpreters. They may err ; the Bible never errs. AXIOM xvn. Those who possess the state of heart enjoined in the Word of God, are most likely to succeed in its interpretation. Because in that case, there is a kin dred state of mind existing between the interpreter and the thing interpreted. In human experience, a native best comprehends the language of a native, a friend best comprehends the language of a friend. Many young converts tell how the Bible suddenly becomes to them a new book. " If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine :" Jno. vii. 17. The above Axioms are set down as primary prin ciples, worthy of being kept constantly in view, in aU our interpretations. To enter on the business of unfolding the sense of the Scriptures, without regard to such principles, is to proceed to sea without a compass. On the firm, and every way safe basis which they nS AXIOMS. afford, we now advance to the statement of those general laws, or ultimate decisions of common sense, by which our investigations' into the meaning of the Sacred Scriptures are strictly to be governed. 68 INTEEPEETATION. CHAPTEE ATE. THE BASIS OF ALL EIGHT EULES IN THIS SCIENCE. Befoee we proceed to lay down any rules for the interpretation of the Scriptures, it is necessary first of all, to define clearly what we mean by a rule, and what is the true basis or ultimate principle of aU right rules. We shall then proceed intelhgently, having a criterion before us of all our decisions, and a test whereby all differences of interpretation may be reconcUed, or shown to be erroneous. What is a rule ? We answer, a rule in this science, is a principle, or law by which we are to be governed in determining the meaning of the Scriptm-es, to which indeed, m certain cases, there may be vahd exceptions, but which, nevertheless, is of final authority, when no valid exceptions hold. Excep tions are not incidental to all rules. They have force only where the rule is simply an approximation to the truth. But the instances in which this occurs are BASIS OF ITS . LAWS. 69 not many, and the only reason why there are any at all, is that usage, in language, is capricious ; it pro ceeds on no fixed principles. Hence, there are pro positions, or principles which are merely general, and not universal, and in these cases there are excep tions, but where the principle is universal, there no exceptions hold. What then is the basis of aU right rules, or princi ples of interpretation? To this point our attention is called in 2 Pet. i. 20. There it is said: "No prophecy is of any priyate interpretation," and the reason assigned is, that prophecy is given from God. On this is built the conclusion, that we must take heed to our princi ples of interpretation ; they must be, not the narrow convictions of an individual, but such as become writings given from God, for the edification and guidance of all men ; such, therefore, as spring from the universal convictions of the common sense of men, and fitted to stand the test of reason ; for if they bear not that test, they must be unworthy to be applied to a book designed for the use and under standing of mankind. From this passage, therefore, we infer clearly the only proper basis of all correct rules of Biblical interpretation : they must violate no universal decision of common sense ; or, in other words, a rule of interpretation, to be correct, mast be 70 INTEEPEETATION. based on the just, and generally accepted decisions of the human mind. Whatever may be said of this basis, so far as we can judge, there is no other, on which we can depend. If we abjure the innate common sense of men, what have we to put in its place ? There has been a great outcry against human reasoH, as though it is hot worthy to be the basis of any religious decisions. We admit reason cannot correct revelation, it cannot refute it, nor add any new truth to the catalogue of its pecu liar doctrines. But there is a province in which it can act, and in which it is supreme. It can judge of right and wrong, of truth and error, of the Word of God, and of that to which the Word of God stands opposed ; and its own integrity, in the proper exercise of its powers, is the only guarantee for all its just conclusions. Common sense, therefore, we lay down, as the basis of all correct principles, or rules of interpretation. To show how this basis applies to our subject, we affirm it a right decision of the human mind, that an inspired writer can make himself understood. If then any rule is proposed for the interpretation of the Scriptures, adverse to this decision, it is not to be entertained ; because in its application, it could only lead to error. Or, if it should be advanced as a principle, that an inspired writer cannot express his BASIS OF ITS LAWS. 71 whole meaning, this also we would reject, because, if there be any difficulties in the nature of language, or in the nature of the subject, or in the capacities of those to whom the revelation is given, such as operate positively to hinder the full expression of the writer's meaning, then this strikes directly at the possibility of a revelation, and it cannot be enter tained for a moment. It is here that the author of the book " God in Christ," has greatly gone out of the way. In his long and elaborate introduction, he is anxious to establish the dogma of the insufficiency of language, even in the hands of the Holy Spirit, as a vehicle of truth, and this chiefly in reference to the important doctrine of the supreme divinity of Christ. But granting him his point, we submit, on the strength of his own favorite dogma, whether, in consistency, he ought not, in illustration of his own doctrine, to leave writing on the nature of language, and of Christ, entirely alone ? For surely, if an inspired writer, with all the aid of the Spirit of God, cannot make his meaning clear and intelhgible, a fortiori an uninspired writer must give up all such efforts in despair — ^unless indeed, a man not inspired has alto gether the advantage over one who enjoys the help of the Holy Spirit 1 Once more ; it is a correct decision of common sense that an inspired writer must have but one self- ( M INTEEPEETATION. consistent, and intended meaning to convey. Any other conclusion would be unworthy of revelation. If then any rule is proposed, implying a double meaning in the Scriptures, or as many meanings as the language would by any means bear, it is not to be adopted. The universal expectation of men, founded on their ideas of the veracity of God, is, that in revealing His will. He will speak sincerely and directly the thing He means, and no more. Finally, it is another just decision of common sense, that the sacred writers under the guidance of the Spirit of God, must write in harmony with the actual nature of things ; for to write in a contrary manner would not be to write the truth. It is abso lutely certain therefore, on this ground, that the Bible does always speak consistently with the true nature of all the objects of which it treats. And hence, if any law of exegesis be proposed, which in its fair application must lead to a sense contrary to the nature of the objects spoken of, that law or rule is unsound and must not be adopted. Indeed, all laws or rules of interpretation must proceed on the ground that inspired writers will speak of all things according to their nature, and not otherwise. These remarks will show to some extent, what the standard of correctness is, which we have here set up. Eules to be correct, and worthy of adoption, BASIS OF rrs laws. Tc- must be founded on the just decisions of the human mind. They must commend themselves to the hon est convictions of men. Like definitions in Mathe matics, they must carry with them the understand ing, and as it were, compel the assent of the mind, at the first glance. Keeping these principles strictly in view, we now proceed to the work of interpretation, and lay down the general rules of the science, with examples of the manner in which we apply them, in ascertaining the true sense of the Sacred Scriptures. Thou, 0 Spirit, that dost prefer Before all temples, the upright heart, and pure, Instruct me, for thou knowest ; — what in me is dark Illumine ; what is low, raise, and support, That to the height of this great argument I may assert eternal Providence And justify the ways of God to man! 74 INTEEPEETATION. CHAPTEE YH. GENEEAL eules FOE THE INTEEPEETATION OF SCEIPTUEE. A EULB of interpretation, according to our defini tion, is a principle by which we are to be governed in our efforts to ascertain the meaning of the Scrip tures. It is founded on the just decisions of com mon sense, and except where limited by some inci dental circumstance, arising from the nature of the proposition, it is authoritative and final on every judgment we may form relative to the sense of the Sacred Yolume. I. FIEST GENEEAL EULE. The first rule we lay down therefore is, that the hteral or obvious meaning of Scripture is generally the true meaning. By the hteral meaning, here, we do not intend the meaning of the letter strictly, as opposed to that which is figurative ; but the plain and obvious sense GENEEAL EtTLES. 75 of the words in their ordinary signification. Our rule proceeds on the ground that the Bible was written for the whole world, and that therefore to meet the universal expectation of men, its meaning lies for the most part transparent and clear on the surface, before the eyes of aU who seek after it with an honest mind. It was a famUiar saying of Luther, " the literal meaning of the Scripture is the whole foundation of faith ; the only thing that stands its ground in distress and temptation." The power of this maxim he fully proved in the great Eeforma tion. The meaning, then, which lies plainly on the sur face, and is contained in the letter of the Scripture, in its ordinary signification, is generally the true meaning. But in this instance our rule is only an approxima tion to the truth, and is hmited by the following exceptions : FIEST EXCEPTION. Where the literal meaning asserts that which involves a known impossibility, it must be given up. By a known impossibiUty, we mean a position such as the following: a doctrine can both be true 76 INTEEPEETATION. and false; two objects can occupy the same place, at the same moment ; a moral being can be guilty of sin, before the exercise of his moral faculties ; a moral being can act before he exists. But it cannot be conceived possible that the Spirit of God slioidd in any case design to assert such posi tions as these. Hence this exception to our first general rule, becomes itself a rule of interpretation, and we apply it in all the passages which seem to assert a known impossibility, like any of those above. For example, Ps. Iviii. 3, " The wicked are estranged from the womb ; they go astray, as soon as they be born, speaking hes." The meaning of the letter here is, that the wicked go astray, or sin, the same mo ment in which they are born ; and that in the same moment, they both walk and speak lies ! It is simply incredible that such can be the intended sense of this passage. Jer. xii. 13, "They have sown wheat, but shall reap thorns." Did the prophet mean just so ? 1 Cor. XV. 22, " For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive." These words, " as in Adam aU die," cannot be intended to say that all men existed in Adam ; nor that they all sinned in his person; nor that they all died, when he died. These are known impossibihties. One person cannot be all mankind ; all mankind cannot be one person ; GENEEAL EULES. 77 men cannot exist before they exist ; they cannot die before they live ; they cannot sin before they act. Amost every page of the Bible will furnish ex amples of our exception ; and that candor, which is the proof of a sane mind, will not fail to see that to insist on the meaning of the mere letter, in such cases, is the most certain method of bringing the Bible into contempt. SECOND EXCEPTION. When the meaning of the mere letter is evidently contrary to reason, it is not the true meaning. This exception, though logically involved in the first, we prefer to state separately in these terms ; for the sake of giving a wider application to the prin ciple on which it is based, and because we wish here to restore to its true use a canon of interpretation, the perversion of which has led to many great errors. It is well known that in Germany, under the phrase " pure reason," it was attempted, simply by way of interpretation, to get rid of Christianity altogether. And some of the most plausible and mischievous of all attacks on religion have been made under pre tence that its doctrines are repugnant to reason. All such attacks we wish to forestall. Our chief weapon for the defence of religion,.and of the Bible, its text- 78 INTEEPEETATION. book, is our reason, rationally used. And on this ground we feel sure that the Spirit of God, speaking in the Scriptures, does not in any instance intend to assert for truth what is evidently contrary to the decisions of human reason rightly employed. It may indeed be that things beyond the comprehen sion of reason are asserted, and facts announced, such as are properly inscrutable to the mind of man. But to assert things which reason cannot compre hend in their modes, is not equivalent to asserting things contrary to the innate dictates of reason. It is one thing to reveal what reason does not and can not know of itself, and it is quite another thing, pal pably to contradict decisions, which reason cannot but make, in the legitimate use of its powers. The former Scripture has often done ; the latter, never. In illustration of our exception, we refer to passages such as the following : Heb. xu. 29, " For our God is a consuming fire." By the mere letter, this asserts the ancient doctrine of the Persians, that God is hterally the principle of fire ; but any such interpretation would be at war with common sense. So also, Jer. xxiii. 24, " Do I not fill heaven and earth, saith the Lord." Here the mere letter is Pantheism; but nothing could be more opposite to reason. Jno. vi. 63, " Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of Man and GENEEAL EULES. 79 drink His blood, ye have no hfe in yoti." The letter of the passage must surely be given up, as contrary to all reason. Phil. ii. 12, " For it is God that worketh in you both to will and to do of His good pleasure." If we interpret these words, so as to make the divine agency exclude and wholly absorb the agency of the believer, our interpretation would be contrary to reason, and wrong; it would deny the identity and activity of the human mind, and contradict just what the passage in its true sense means to affirm. It is not God who " willeth and doeth," but who worketh or produces the willing and the doing in the mind of the wUler and the doer. THIED EXCEPTION. When the literal meaning contradicts any positive precept of Scripture, it must be abandoned. The basis of this exception is the principle that the Bible is self-consistent in all its teachings, through the inspiration of the Spirit. For- example. Mat. xviii. 9, " If thine eye offend thee, pluck it out," &c. If a strictly literal inter pretation were insisted on here, it would be at vari ance with the sixth commandment. So alsoEph. iv. 26, " Be ye angry and sin not." One of the posi tive precepts of the Gospel forbids all anger. How then are we to interpret the first clause of the above 80 INTEEPEETATION. passage consistently with the above precept ? The feeling of the mind described by the word " anger " is complex, and consists of a perception of some wrong suffered, and of a desire to be revenged. The flrst feeling — the perception of the injury suf fered — is a right feeling, and ought to be diligently cultivated, because it is needful to keep ahve in our minds the distinction between right and wrong in conduct. But the second feeling, a desire for revenge, is expressly forbidden. Hence we inter pret the above passage thus : when you receive an injury be not insensible thereto ; take fuU cognizance of it, as a wrong — "be ye angry;" but there let your feelings rest; "sin not," cherish no wish for revenge. For it is written, " Yengeance is mine, I will repay, saith the Lord." This meaning violates no precept, and is the sense of the passage. Prov. xxiii. 2, " Put a knife to thy throat, if thou be a man given to appetite." This is not an exhortation to suicide, but a warning against gluttony. FOUETH EXCEPTION. The literal meaning is not the true meaning, when there is an express limitation of it elsewhere affirmed. Such is the nature of all writing, that hmitations of previous statements would seem to be as necessary GENEEAL EULES. 81 as words themselves. Every writer makes use of them to set his meaning in its proper light ; and the more direct and simple his manner of writing, the greater need of just snch explanations of the sense. Thus of all writers of the Bible, John is the most simj^le and direct in his style, yet none of them seems to be under such constant necessity to qualify his language. For example, John i. 11, 12 ; " He came unto his own, and his own received him not." From this it would seem that not a solitary Jew believed in Christ. But in the next sentence, is the needful lim itation, "But as many as received him." &c. A very slight examination of John's writings will supply many more illustrations ; see also Judges ix. 5. Mat. xxvi. 60. John i. 8, with iii. 9. In 1 Chron. xxiii. 13 ; it is said the priesthood is established " for ever." But in Jer. xxxi. 31-4. and Heb. 8th and 9th chapters, the continuance of the priesthood, and of the whole old dispensation is limited to "the set time," when that dispensation should be done away. Our interpretations, to be correct, must never lose sight of this principle. With these four exceptions, for which there is cer tainly good ground, and which, in their operation, become rules not to be overlooked, we re-affirm our great first law of Biblical exegesis, viz., the literal, or obvious meaning of any passage is generally to 82 INTEEPEETATION. be taken as the true meaning. In setthig this forth as the first and fundamental law of interpretation, we go directly contrary to the whole body of early interpreters. In their view, it was a dishonor to the Bible to represent its meaning as lying patent on the surface. The more deep and hidden the sense, the more worthy it was of their faith, the more truly did it prove itself the Word of God ! But the evidence is all too abundant, that this love of a deep and hidden sense wrought no good, but incalculable mis chief It was one of the sources of the great apos tasy. In its essence, it is a mere conceit, unworthy of the Sacred Yolume. It is a striking fact, in this connection, that many in modern times, have made the literal sense, especi ally in the prophetic writings, one of the most fruit ful sources of error. In their view, all prophecies are to be fulfilled in the very letter of the prediction. There never was a more shaUow, or false view taken, . either of the nature, or fulfillment of prophecy. Let any one attempt the application of this principle to the flrst prophecy in the Bible, and he wiU find out its inherent incorrectness. SECOND GENEEAL EULE. The rule which properly follows that given above, GENEEAL EULES. 83 is one naturally growing out of it ; viz. : Figurative langauge must be carefully distinguished from its opposite, and interpreted 'according to its nature. The opposite of figurative language, is the lan guage of the mere letter, in which there is no attempt at illustration, or comparison ; and the principle of our rule is, that whatever is hteral must be inter preted according to the rule aheady specified, and whatever is figurative, must be interpreted in consis tency with the laws of figurative language. What these laws are, is more particularly pointed out, in the remarks on the parables and poetry of the Bible, under Eule XL The point which we wish here more especiaUy to settle, is, that to secure correct interpre tation, figurative language is not to be confounded with its opposite, but receive its explanation, on prin ciples such as its nature justifies. For illustration, we refer to the first six verses of the 20th chapter of Eevelation. From these verses, it is well known, an attempt is made, and has long been made, to show that at the beginning of the millenium, there will be a literal and personal appearance of the Lord Jesus Christ, a resurrection of aU the saints aheady in the grave, and the contin uance of their reign with our Lord, at Jerusalem, for a thousand years. 84 INTEEPEETATION. But beyond all rational doubt, this is a palpable mistake, arising out of a neglect of our present rule. The whole passage is a figurative prediction, accord ing to the genius of the entire book, of real events yet to occur in the history of the Gospel. But instead of interpreting the passage on this principle, the nature of the language has been overlooked, and that which is purely figurative, or symbolical, has been regarded as purely literal. Especially has this been done with verses 4, 5, 6 ; while it has been fully conceded, by those who have persisted in this error, that verses 1, 2, 3, respecting the descent of the angel, the binding of the dragon and his impri sonment for a thousand years, are not literal, but figurative.' This admission is fatal to their whole theory. For the whole passage should be inter preted on the same principle throughout. It is wholly a figurative description, and therefore does not admit of a hteral interpretation. Hence, there will be no hteral appearance of our Lord, no hteral resurrection of the saints, no literal reign of a thou sand years at Jerusalem ; but simply, results in the history of the Gospel, which may not improperly be compared to such events. This is aU that this cele brated passage intends to affirm. It is a violation of our present rule, also, which leads to a belief in the return of the Jews, as a GENEEAL EULES. 86 nation, to Judea. There are many passages from the prophets quoted to sustain that behef, and at present it is quite a popular behef among a certain class of writers. There can be no doubt, however, as to its ori gin. In Ezek. xxxvi. 26, to the end, it is said : " Ye . shall dwell in the land that I gave to your fathers ;" " I wiU also cause you to dwell in the cities, and the desolate lands shall be tilled," and all such language, it is contended, is prophetic of events yet to be lite rally fulfiUed ; therefore, it follows, that the Jews will be restored to their own land, and to the glory of an independent nation. The passages quoted most fre quently, are Is. Ix. 1-22. Jer. xxiu. 1-8. xxxi. 28-34. Ezek. xxxvii. Dan. xii. 1. Zech. viu. 12, chapters 12, 13, 14. But we have never been able to understand the above, and kindred passages, in this light. A thou sand objections occur to prevent us from forming any such judgment of the sense of these prophecies. One is, that Ezekiel's prophecy was actuaUy fulfiUed in the return from the captivity. The natural chro nology of the prophecy is to this effect ; hence, there is no warrant for applying it to any other future events. The others are parallel prophecies, and have the same explanation. But if this whole prophecy of Ezekiel is yet to be literally fulfilled, and an actual return to take place. 86 INTEEPEETATION. then be it noted that, according to Chap, xxxvii. 24, which is a continuance of the same prophecy, and subject to the same principles of interpretation, David is to be their King ! And yet more, accord ing to ver. 36, there are to be " heathen left round about," which does not at all comport with our ideas of the millenium ; and further, if the literal sense is to be insisted on, then when the Jews return, they return simply as Jews, and remain as such, in the practice of all the ancient rites of their ancient reli gion, to the end of the world, so far as the text of this prophecy is concerned. The letter, therefore, of these prophecies is fatal to the very sentiments it is brought to sustain. Our object here does not permit us to refer to the general argument from the evident design of the Gospel, as contrary to aU such notions, as the restora tion of the Jewish nation; but, beyond a doubt, -Jerusalem has served its purpose, and the peculiar people have served their purpose, and the land is not theirs any more, seeing the glory has departed, and the law is supplanted by a more glorious dispensation ; and every land is now a holy land, and every place a Jerusalem, and every believer a son of Abraham ; and Jesus, David's Lord, is King in Zion for ever more ; so that the next return of the Jews will be a spiritual return to the God of their Fathers, and to the GENEEAL EULES. 87 faith of Christ, 9,nd to a spiritual worship, estabhshed, not in the earthly courts of a temple made with hands, but in the heart, by the renewing influences of the Sprit of God. Eom. vi. 4, " Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death," &c. These words furnish another illustration of our canon. It is contended by some that Paul means to say baptism is a symbol of the burial of Christ, and that therefore it must be performed by immersion, or a literal iurial of the whole person in the water. But if the strictly hteral sense of the word " buried " is to be insisted on, then for the same reason we insist that when Paul says in the next verse, " for if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death," he means that we must in some way be put into the ground, or liteTsllj plmited like trees. What absur dity is this ! Neither in the one case, nor in the other, is the language here to be taken literally. The meaning of the apostle is seen in his object. He is insisting on holiness of life in Christians. One of his arguments is taken from the fact of their baptism ; he says, " they were buried with Christ in baptism;" not intending to describe the mode but the fact of their baptism, and to affirm that thereby they were consecrated to Christ and pledged to his service. On this fact he insists, saying — that as 8 8 INTEEPEETATION. Christ, being once dead and bmied, was raised up to life again by the power of God, so they, being baptized, should be holy, and walk in newness of life. The words "buried" and "planted" are there fore used figuratively, and must so be understood; and consequently they have nothing to do with the mode of baptism. Our rule is one that cannot be dispensed with. If figurative language is confounded with literal lan guage, it is impossible to interpret the Bible con sistently with truth, or with itself. Augustine saw this when he laid it down as a necessary principle of exegesis, that the literal and the figurative must be carefully distinguished, the one from the other. THIED GENEEAL EULE. A third general rule of correct interpretation is, that deductions, or inferences are not to be drawn from any text or passage, until its meaning has been ascertained. This principle is more frequently violated than almost any other in the science ; and in these viola tions are deeply imbedded many of the most hurtful errors with which religion is infested. Thus Mat.- xvi. 28, is quoted, " Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church," and immediately the GENEEAL EULES. 89 deduction is Tiia,de,'uhi Petrus ibi ecclesia! The Chm'ch of Eome is the true Church, and can never fail. So Mat. xxviii. 18, " All power is given unto 'me in heaven, and in earth," and forthwith, the suc cessors of Peter are infallible ; they have all power over doctrine and all ordinances, over kings and all governments, to bind, and to loose, to set up and pull down at their pleasure ! Cardinal Wolsey has left us an example of the manner in which our rule was transgressed in his day. " Touch not mine anointed, and do my pro phets no harm," Ps. cv. 15 : "See," said the Cardinal, "To try a priest for any crime, is to violate God's law !" A missionary in Syria, has furnished the following specimens, gathered from actual observation among the people around him. " In Daniel, God is called ' the ancient of days ;' hence, it is proper to picture Him as an old man, and then worship the picture. The angel said to Mary : ' Blessed art thou among women;' hence, we ought to worship the virgin! Christ breathed upon his apostles, and said, ' Eeceive ye the Holy Spirit ;' hence, every priest is inspired in all his official acts ! ' Wisdom hath hewn out her seven pillars,' therefore, the man who does not believe in the seven sacraments, is an infidel, and wUl certainly perish !" 90 INTEEPEETATION. This is Syrian interpretation ; and nothing is more common in our own country. Can there be any greater violence done to the Word of God ? Is not this what the Scripture itself calls wresting the Word of life ? The proper remedy is our rule. First, let the meaning of Scripture be ascertained ; and on that meaning, in a fair and impartial manner, build your inferences ; the sense first, then aU legiti mate conclusions in their order. The opposite method is a stealthy, dishonest attempt to shield our errors under cover of the Word of God. FOUETH GENEEAL EULB. No interpretation of any passage is to be enter tained, which goes contrary to the Analogy of the Faith. To this it is usually objected, that every interpre ter makes his own analogy of the faith, and this is nothing but every man becoming his own standard of interpretation. But in reply we aver, there is a harmony of doctrine existing between the writers of the Bible, by virtue of their inspiration, and our rule is, this harmony must not be violated. There can be no valid objection against such a canon. Yet if it may appear less open to objection, let it be stated in this form: No interpretation is correct, which GENEEAL EULES. 91 makes a sacred writer contradict himself, or the well- ascertained sentiments of any of the rest. All that we wish to secure, is the unity of doctrine wliich inheres in the Inspired Oracles ; and our rule is as necessary as it is valuable for that object. It is capable of many illustrations. Take 1 Cor. iii. 16 : " If any man's work shall be burned, he shall suffer loss ; but he himself shall be saved, so as by fire." The modern doctrine of purgatory, i. e. sin is purged by hteral fire, is derived from this text. Not to insist on the meaning of these words as determined by their connection, we bring this modern doctrine of purga tory, side by side with the grand system of doctrines, concerning which there never has been any dispute ; and the conclusion to which we come is, that any such interpretation of the passage must be false, because it goes contrary to the doctrines of the new birth, the doctrine of justification by faith, the merits of Christ's atonement, the unfform doctrine of the Bible, respecting the souls of the departed, and to many facts, recorded both in the Old Testa ment and in the New. This is not to say that one text of Scripture is not authority sufficient for the establishment of a doc trine ; it is simply saying that one text cannot con tradict the whole manifest drift of the Bible. There is a harmony among the sacred writers not to be dis- 92 INTEEPEETATION. turbed. Then if we examine the meaning of the above passage in its connection, we shall be satisfied that the doctrine of sui being pm-ged out of the soul after death by material fire, is not authorized at all in any sense, in these words of the apostle. Another passage we select, which from early times has been grossly misinterpreted, in violation of our rule. It is Gen. v. 3 : " And Adam lived an hun dred and thirty years, and begat a son in his own likeness, after his image, and called his name Seth." The common interpretation has been that Seth was begotten a sinner, purely because Adam his father had sinned. Thus Calvin says: "In saying that Adam begat a son in his own hkeness, Moses refers in part to the first origin of our nature ; at the same time its corruption and pollution are to be noticed, which having been contracted by Adam through the Fall, flowed down to all his posterity. Therefore Seth according to the flesh was born a sinner." There is first the assumption that corruption of nature was originated in Adam ; and then the inference, that it flowed down to all his posterity ; and therefore Seth was born a sinner, because he was born in the likeness of Adam. The interpretation of EosenmuUer is different. He says, " More correctly do they hold, who think it is simply to be understood humanity, in which GENEEAl' EULES. 93 Seth was like his father, without respect to charac ter." To this we do not greatly object, although we do not think it is the sense of the passage as intended by Moses ; but the view given by Calvin violates the entire analogy of the Bible, in regard to the maimer in which men become sinners. That analogy is clearly as foUows : this life is a state of probation, in which aU have a fan* chance of obedience, in which every man's character is according to his works ; and of his works every man must give an account in the day of judgment. Such is the gene ral drift of the Bible on the point involved in this interpretation. If it be said, that the words " hke ness " and " image " imply sameness in moral cha racter, we reply there is no evidence of any such fact, neither in the word itself, nor in its usage ; but very much to the opposite, James iii. 9, says men are made " in the similitude of God." Are they made like him in moral character ? In Eom. viii. 3, it is said, " sending his son in the likeness of sinful flesh." Was our Lord then bom a sinner ? Not at all. If Seth was a sinner bom, by the law that hke begets like, we have yet to learn it. There is no such law in regard to moral character. If there were, it would disprove aU distinction between man and the brutes ; free agency would be a delusion ; this hfe would be a state of condemnation, in which 94 INTEEPEETATION. aU the principles of natural justice would be violated by a law of nature ; immortal souls would be doomed to endless woe, not for their conduct, but for their nature, not for their sins, but for their being born of sinners. And if this be aU just so, then common sense is outraged ; and let no teacher of the Gospel henceforth mock his fellow men with arguments on probation and destiny ; what probation can there be, where aU are condemned before the trial begins ? This is not to say that men do not inherit from Adam constitutional propensities, as distinct from moral propensities. We suppose and believe they do. But in no sense do these constitutional propen sities, thus inherited, necessitate the commission of sin ; nor is there any evidence in the Scriptures that they are ever charged upon man as sinful. K they were resisted, as they should be, they would contribute to the stability of obedience in the soul. " Blessed is the man that endureth temptation, for when he has overcome, he shall receive a crown of life." James i. 12. The true meaning of the above passage, as seen in its connection, is a record of Seth's name in the genealogy of the Church. Next to his father, he bore the image of a man of God, and thus continued the hue of the faithful. Cain was living when Seth was born, but his name is not given, nor is it said GENEEAL EULES. 95 that he was born in the image of his father. The reason is obvious. He was a wicked man, while Seth was a righteous man, hke his father Adam, after his repentance and submission to God. The foUowing texts are capable of the same per version as that above. 1 Sam. ii. 25 : " Notwith standing they hearkened not to the voice of their father, because the Lord would slay them." Prov. xvi. 4 : " The Lord hath made aU things for Himself ; yea, even the wicked for the day of evil." Exod. xi 10:. "The Lord hardened Pharaoh's heart, so that he would not let Israel go out of the land." Is. xlv. 7 : "I make peace and create evil. 1 the Lord do aU these things." Jno. xii. 3T-40 : " But though he had done so many miracles before them, yet they beUeved not on him ; that the saying of Esaias the prophet might be fulfiUed, which he spake ; Lord, who hath believed our report ? and to whom hath the arm of the Lord been revealed? Therefore they could not believe, because that Esaias said again. He hath blinded their eyes and hardened their heart ; that they should not see with their eyes, nor understand with their heart, and be converted, and I should heal them." Any interp^^etation of these and kindred texts, of which there are many more in the Scriptures, so as to make them teach the doctrine that God is the 96 INTEEPEETATION. primary and efficient cause of sin, or that He gives it being in men, by a law of their nature, or, that he is in any degree desirous of its existence, must be false ; the analogy of the faith, the whole drift of the Bible forbids it. The Bible will not tolerate the idea that God is the author of sin, either directly or indirectly. He is angry with the wicked every day. In Him, and in all His ways towards men, there is no iniquity at aU. By His righteous decree, the wages of sin is eternal death. Our interpretations, there fore, must have respect to the analogy of the faith. If thQy are contrary thereto, they are wrong. FIFTH GENEEAL EULE. No interpretation is correct which is contrary to the known natm-e of things. The ultimate principle on which we rest this canon, is the fact that the Bible, as an inspired book, from which error is excluded, contains nothing opposed to the known nature of things. We do not mean that the Bible contains nothing, but what mamj knows to be the nature of things ; for if it contained nothing but what man knows in respect to the nature of things, it would be no revelation ; it would be sim ply a record of what man knows. But we mean, that as an inspired volume, the Bible everywhere GENEEAL EULES. 97 speaks consistently with things so far as they are known by man, in their natures, and not otherwise ; while at the same time, it reveals many things, for ever out of the reach of the powers of man to dis cover. But many fall into error on this point. They accept the above rule, and when they meet with a text, for example, affirming the divinity of Christ, they say, this cannot be ; because we know all about His nature, and no interpretation is correct which runs contrary to the known nature of things. Their error is obvious. They take for granted what they ought to prove. They ought to prove that they know all that is true of the nature of Christ. Instead of this, they presume that nothing can be true of Him, but what they know! Yea, that the Holy Spirit did not mean what the plain and obvious sense of the language must mean, if any dependence whatever is to be placed on its teachings, when it declares that Christ is God over all, blessed for ever more. It must be confessed there are some things about whose nature man can and does know somewhat; and if he does not know aU that is true of them, yet he does know much that is ; and of course he can know when the things he does know are contra dicted. For example, he can know respecting his 98 INTEEPEETATION. own nature, that he is a free agent ; he is conscious of it, He can also knoAy that his nature does not embrace the attribute of Omniscience; for a like reason, he is conscious of it. He can also know that his conscience does not accuse him of sins, which he never committed. But as this knowledge of his free agency, and of his not being omniscient, and of his conscience not accusing him of other men's sins, is strictly infaUible, our position is that the Bible in no case contradicts it. In other words, the meaning of the Bible will be always consistent with the known nature of things in all cases in which that nature is known by men. For illustration, we take Eom. v. 19, " For as by one man's disobedience many were made sinners, so by the obedience of one shall many be made righteous." If now this be so interpreted as to mean that men are made sinners, merely by the sin of Adam, without their knowledge or consent, we interpose our rule. Such a sense is contrary to the known nature of man, as a free agent. That nature is such that he cannot be made a sinner, but by his own personal and voluntary choice. Besides, the terms of justification through the merits of Christ are such, that no man can partake of its benefits save by a personal and voluntary faith in him. If, therefore, men are not made righteous through Christ, except GENEEAL EULES. 99 on condition of their voluntary faith, neither, in all fairness, are they made sinners through Adam, except on condition of their breaking the di"vine law, through the free choice of then- own wills. What ever meaning, therefore, may be affixed to the pas sage, it must be one that shall consist with the natm-e of man, and with the nature of sin ; for it is a primary principle, that the Scriptui-es everywhere speak in harmony with the nature of the objects of which they treat. This is a case where the maxim clearly apphes : ea est accijnenda interpretatio quoe vitio caret — the least objectionable interpretation is always to be taken. Again, 2 Cor. v. 21, " For he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin." Here would be a positive contradiction to aU the known nature of things, if it were held that Paul meant hterally to say, our Lord was made sin. How inconceivable ! We know that this phrase — the known nature of things — is scouted at as wholly unsafe in the work of exegesis ; but sure are we, the thing it represents does exist and cannot be dispensed with, neither in religion nor in science. We carry it with us, as the mariner his compass. "V^e silently appeal to it at every step. If the Bible reveals aught beyond the sphere of this knowledge, that we accept on faith, it is a revelation from God. But we have yet 100 INTEEPEETATION. to discover one instance in which the Bible directly contradicts om- knowledge of the nature of things. In some instances it transcends our knowledge ; but in no instance does it contradict our knowledge. Our rule involves a vital principle, which enters into all right explanations of the Word of God. SIXTH GENEEAL EULE. When any doctrine elsewhere clearly taught, is omitted in any passage, that passage is to be inter preted in harmony with the doctrine omitted. The occasional omission of an important doctrine in the course of an argument, is easily accounted for by a well-known process of the mind. The legal maxim expresses it thus, "it is impossible to think of everything, to foresee everything, to express everything." The mind will not stop to compress every idea connected with the subject into every sentence. This is common in aU communications both oral and written, for an opposite course would be intolerable; the sense would be buried under a mass of words, enough to baffle all human patience. But although a doctrine is thus omitted, it is not therefore to be ignored. Eom. ix. 16, " So then it is not of him that wiUeth, nor of him that ranneth, but of God that showeth GENEEAL EULES. 101 mercy." Here is no mention of repentance, or of faith, or obedience on the part of the sinner. They are rather represented as of no account, in the matter of salvation. Are we then to interpret the apostle as meaning that God has mercy on men whether they repent, or not ? By no means. 1 Tim. ii. 6, " There is one God, and one Mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus." In this passage is affirmed the unity of God, the media- torship, and humanity of Christ. But if it be quoted to prove Christ is simply a man, we interpose the insuperable objection of our rule. The divinity of Christ is elsewhere clearly and abundantly taught, and the sense of the above passage is to be deter mined accordingly. It teaches the humanity of Christ, but it does not disprove his divinity. Just as in the sentence, "'man is mortal," there is a doctrine omitted, and the meaning of the sentence is to be decided in harmony therewith. That sentence does not disprove the immortahty of the soul. Neither did Paul intend to deny, in the above passage, the supreme divinity of Christ. In the previous parts of the epistle, he had affirmed that Christ is God, no less than four times. A writer who has done the hke in speaking of the soul, might well be under stood not to deny its immortahty, even though he should once or twice use the words, " man is mortal." 102 ¦ INTEEPEETATION. But it is a favorite method with some, to select aU the texts, asserting the humanity of our Lord, and on these to build a denial of his divinity. As weU might we collect from Scripture all those texts which assert that man has a body, and on these construct the doctrine, that the Bible teaches materiahsm, or that man has no soul. In Eph. v. 23, it is said, Christ is " the Saviour of the body." Are we to understand that he merely saves the body, and leaves the soul to perish? And yet this is the peculiar method of many, who reject the testimony of the Scriptures concerning Christ ! In the exposition of Acts xiii. 48, there has been a very grave violation of our present rule. "As many as were ordained unto eternal Iffe, behoved." It is argued from this, that there is no pre-ordaining, or election of the individual to efernal hfe, until the moment of his conversion ; that the ordaining and behoving, are strictly contemporaneous. This is one of the dogmas of Arminianism, versus Calvinism; and the question which decides the superiority and truth of one of these systems over the other may be narrowed down to the one precise interrogation : Does the Bible anywhere teach the pre-ordination of the behever to eternal hfe, anterior to the time of his new-birth ? Calvinism says. Yes ; Ai-minianism says. No. We then turn to Eph. i. 4-6, and find the GENEEAL EULES. 103 question solved in favor of Calvinism ; " According as he hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the world." Unless, the force of these words can be disproved, or the veracity, of the inspired apostle impeached, Arminianism, on this point, is left with out a plea. The express declaration t)f the Bible is against it. The common interpretations of John iii. 6, afford another instance in which the principle of our rule is violated. " That which is bom of the flesh is flesh, and that which is bom of the Spirit, is spirit." These words are commonly supposed to teach that all men are sinners, because bom of sinful parents, sinners with out any thought or action of their own. But the first objection to this, is, that it compels us, in respect to the second clause, to adopt the sentiment, that every converted person is converted by the Spirit, without any thought or choice on his part ; a senti ment which is certainly false ; and if this is false, the other must be so, for the same reason. But fur ther, although there is no mention in the first clause of free agency, or of any of the attributes of man's nature, we are not therefore to suppose, that all these attributes are denied. Our Lord certainly did not mean to deny man's free agency, when he used these words ; they are therefore to be interpreted in con sistency with man's nature; for the facts, man's 104 INTEEPEETATION. nature, his free will, his intelligent mind, and his innate conscience, constituting his accountabihty, are interwoven into every page of the Bible. These words qf our Lord, affirm simply the universal sin fulness of man ; " Tliat which is born of the flesh is flesh ;" and the fact, that when man is changed from sin to holiness, it is by the agency of the Divine Spirit, "That which is born of the Spirit is spirit." This is the true limit of their meaning. A writer using the words, " AU that are born in Ai-abia, are Mahometans," would not mean, surely, that aU the Arabians are born with the doctrines of Mahomet in their minds and hearts by nature ; if he did intend to assert any such thing, who would believe him ? Neither the above text, nor any other in the Bible, means to deny the fact that men sin by the choice of their wills ; and if that fact is omitted, it becomes us, as fair and honest interpreters, to interpret the words of our Lord consistently with the omission. He is the wisest and best friend of the Bible, who allows it always to speak for itself, and in harmony with itself. SEVENTH GENEEAL EULE. No passage is to be interpreted separately from the context, nor in such a way as to contradict the context. GENEEAL EULES. 106 The primary principle on which this rule is based, is the fact that every writer depends on his whole communication, and not on any one part of it, to convey his meaning. One sentence plucked rudely from its place in an argument, it matters not from what writer, may thus be made to express a senti ment which the writer deliberately means to con demn ; and yet this is the manner in which many have presumed to interpret the Word of God. 1 Cor. XV. 22 : " For as in Adam all die, so in Christ shaU all be made alive." From these words what contradictory sentiments we have heard as serted ! the salvation of all men, and the legal iden tity of the human race with our first parent. " There are the words, deny them if you can ; and if you do, you deny the Word of God. Do not all men die ? And did not death come by Adam ? What then does the Apostle say of Christ and salvation ? does he not affirm salvation to be as extensive as death?" thus reasoned one in behalf of the shaUow sentiment of universal salvation. "In this text it is affirmed that all men die in Adam. But if so, here is the legal and moral oneness of Adam and all his off spring. If all died in hun, then aU lived and acted in him ; his sin was our sin, his guilt our guilt, his death our death ! Adam and his posterity are but one person :" thus reasoned one, thinking, no 106 INTEEPEETATION. doubt, that Paul had taught these things before him. Alas ! for such errors, they are more easily exposed than cured. By the context we perceive how absurd are these perversions. Paul is proving the resurrection of our Lord, as a demonstration of the resurrection of aU men. After citing the testimony of witnesses of our Lord's resurrection, he proceeds to an argument dis tinct from that of testimony ; viz., the design of God in regard to the matter. He says : " For since by man came death, by man also (i.e., so God designed it should be), came the resurrection of the dead. For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall aU .be made ahve." That is, as death came by Adam, so the resurrection" from the dead will come by Christ ; as in the arrangement of God, man brought in death, so, by the same arrangement, man would bring in the resurrection. Here is not the faintest trace of universal salvation, nor of mankind's moral oneness with Adam. The apostle was writing of the resurrection ; and to that point he confines him self. His affirmation is that as death came by Adam, so hfe from the dead would come by Christ. Such is the precise meaning of his words, neither more nor less. The same perversion has overtaken Job xiv. 4 : " Who can bring a clean thing out of an unclean? GENEEAL EULES. 107 Not one." This is usually made to signify that sin ners beget sinners, that it is impossible for children to differ in moral character from their parents, that by the mere fact of birth, they are transgressors of the law, and heirs of eternal death. If all this was really intended by these words, it is strange that it should have been expressed so ambiguously. Be sides, if this be the meaning of the words, it cer tainly contradicts Ezek. xviii. 4, as well as the fact of om- Saviour's birth. But a glance at the context will show us the true meaning. Job is replying to the charge of his friends. They said, he was a self-righteous and impenitent man. In answer, he proceeds to confess his sinfulness, and asks his Judge : " Dost Thou open Thine eyes upon such a one and bringest me into judgment with Thee." Then follows the passage in question, in ans i7er to the inquiry he had just made : " Who can bring a clean thing out of an unclean ? Not one." We know it is argued, that he refers to the human race in the first verse : " Man that is born of a woman is of few days and full of trouble," and therefore he refers to the race also, in this verse. We deny the conclusion. In this verse, the refer ence is to himself, because it is an answer to the question immediately preceding it : " Dost Thou open Thine eyes on.such an one ?" &c., and it affirms 108 INTEEPEETATION. simply his own personal sinfulness. It is as though he had placed himself in the presence of his Judge, and with deep convictions of his depravity, he had said : " Can I pretend, as my friends allege, that I am righteous ? I who am a sinner ! No ! Who, that is guilty can be proved innocent ? Can a holy person be found, in one that is unholy as I am ?" Such is the natural and legitimate force of the lan guage. It is pertinent and true. But the common interpretation seems wholly out of place. It involves the absurdity that sin is a property of nature, and that men cannot be anything but sinners, by the very accident and necessity of their birth. All that Job intended to say, was that seeing he was a sinful man, he could not be regarded in any other light, in the presence of his Judge. He was confessing, not an accident, nor a constitutional element of universal human nature, but the fact that he had sinned and come short of the glory of God. Is there a natural tendency in the mind of man ito fatalism? or, to the ancient dogma of the Mani- cheans, who held sin to be a physical and substan tial principle in man ? Let every one, who would interpret the Sacred Scriptures correctly, see to it how he studies the context, and observes the rule, never to explain any text apart from the argument in which it occurs. GENEEAL EULES. 109 EIGHTH GENEEAL EULE. No interpretation is correct, if it run opposite to the general design of the writer. This rule gives a wider application to the last, and its necessity is seen in two respects ; first, the imme diate context may not always clearly show the design of the writer ; second, the general design of a writer, to a very great extent, controls his meaning. On the latter point, it may be useful to consider the * words of John Locke: "I saw clearly," says he, "after I began to reflect upon it, that if any one should now write a letter to me, as long as St. Paul's epistle to the Eomans, concerning such a matter as that is, in a style as foreign and expressions as dubious as this seems to be, if I should di-nde it into fifteen or sixteen chapters, and read one of them to-day, and another to-morrow, it was ten to one that I should never come to a full and clear comprehen sion of it. The way to understand the mind of him who wrote it, every one would agree, would be to read the whole letter through from one end to the other, all at once, to see what was the main subject and tendency of it ; or if it had several parts and purposes in it, not dejiendent one of another, to dis cover what these different matters were, and where the author concluded one and began another." 110 DITEEPEETATION. Thus cautiously and patiently would Locke pro ceed in ascertaining the main design of a writer, as an essential preliminary to the understanding of his meaning. O, that all interpreters of the Scriptures had his modesty ! For illustration of our rule we take Eom. v. 14, " Nevertheless death reigned, from Adam to Moses, even over those that had not sinned after the simili tude of Adam's transgression." Some maintain that Paul refers here to infants dying before they sin. But this does not agree at aU with the design of his^ general argument, and for that reason, it cannot be his meaning. He is comparing the effects of sin through Adam, with the effects of grace through Christ, and this comparison occurs in a very extended argument, based upon the fact that all men have sinned, his main design being to prove that all men needed the salvation offered by Christ, on accoimt of their hav ing sinned. He admits that where no law is there is no transgression, and by fair inference no need of any salvation. But says an objector, "There was no law from Adam to Moses for two thousand years and more, hence there could be no sin, and no need of salvation, and therefore your main position, that aU men need salvation, is disproved." It is in Paul's reply to this objection, that the passage above GENEEAL EULES. Ill referred to occurs. He .asserts there was sin from Adam to Moses, and the proof of the fact was that death reigned over men aU that time. He appeals to the universality of death to prove that they all had sinned and were in need of salvation ; this was what his argument required. It would not have served his purpose to have asserted the fact of death and the need of salvation on the part of infants from Adam to Moses. During that time, death reigned over all, both old and young ; and the apostle main tains that all were in need of salvation, because all had sinned. Therefore he does not mean infants, but all men living from Adam to Moses, without respect to age ; for they were all under the govern ment of God, and subject to his law, though they had no oral law such as Adam had. Jas. ii. 14, " Ye see then how that by works a man is justified, and not by faith only." This is another passage affording an iUustration of our rule, and it has a history both curious and instructive. Luther, it is weU known, after a season of deep mental excitement and distress, at length found peace in the doctrine of justification by faith in Christ. This doctrine very, naturally became the joy- of his heart. He knew no language too strong in which to state and defend it. Conceive his alarm when he read these words in James ! They seemed 112 INTEEPEETATION. to contradict not only his whole experience, but the entire Gospel also. There were the words, and how were they to be explained ? His enemies could quote them in triumph, to sustain their doctrine of good works; and what could he say in reply? Without seeking to explain their true meaning by an appeal to the evident design of the apostle, he rushed upon the extreme measure, never thought of before, of denying the inspiration of James' epistle, and refusing it a place in the Bible. This was dis posing of the difficulty at too dear a rate, and though it embarrassed the reformation exceedingly, he maintained his opinion almost to the day of his death. On the other hand, Luther's enemies in the Council of Trent were no wiser than he. They took this same passage to confute the Eeformation ; and they based on it the following doctrine and anathema: "Whosoever shall affirm that the righteous ought not to expect and hope for everlasting life from God for their good works, let him be accursed. Whosoever shall affirm that the good works of a justified man are, in such sense, the gifts of God, that they are not his worthy merits, and that he really does not deserve increase of grace and eternal life, let him be accursed." Acts. Sess. lY. There never was a more manifest error on both GENEEAL EULES. 113 sides. Both equally failed to discover the design of the apostle in the argument where the passage occurs. As the most passing glance will show, his object was to warn converted Jews of the danger of trusting to their mere professions of faith. He would have them understand, that obedience went along with faith ; and that the man who was satisfied with merely saying he beheved, to the neglect of holy living, was like a body without a spirit. In all this James has no reference to the question, on what ground is a man justified? It was Paul's design to answer that question. James had another point, wholly distinct, before his thoughts. He- meant to enforce practical piety, and maintained that a man, who said he had faith in Christ, and lived the mean while in sin, was a dead man ; his professed faith would not save him; not because sinners are not saved by faith, but because his alleged faith, unac companied with obedience, was no faith at all. In this sense the above passage is to be understood; and so understood, it does not contradict, it confirms the doctrine of Paul. By our rule we are enabled to interpret correctly the 7th Chapter of the Eomans, respecting which there has been such interminable contention. It turns wholly upon the general design of the -writer. That design undoubtedly was to show the effect of 114 INTEEPEETATION. the law upon the human heart, and not specificaUy upon the converted heart. Hence he is led, as a matter of course, to speak of the heart of man and its workings, simply as such. He, therefore, uses language which applies both to the believer and the unbeliever, and to neither exclusively. This is the true key to the sense of the chapter. Our rule also most satisfactorily explains that much controverted passage, 1 Cor. xv. 29, " Else what shall they do who are baptized for the dead." The apostle's object is to establish the doctrine of the resurrection. This verse contains one of his argu ments; an argument ex concessis, from the conces sions of those to whom he was writing. They believed in, and practised^ the ordinance of baptism ; and baptism was administered on the ground of the truth that there was a resurrection. Hence the apostle's question: "What shall they do who are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not?" Or, what will they do in reference to the doctrine of the resurrection, who are baptized in the belief of it? Will they repudiate their own belief, and renounce their baptism? The phrase "for the dead," is used simply for another — " for the resurrection," the main word in the argument. Thus viewed, there is no obscurity in the passage, and the verse succeeding is an argument precisely of a hke nature : " And why GENEEAL EULES. . 116 stand we in jeopardy every hour;" i. e., if there be no resurrection. So also in respect to Heb. vii. 1-3, where Christ is said to be " without father, without mother," &c. Paul's main design in this chapter is to assert the priest hood of Christ according to the prophecy of the 110th Psalm. He admits he was not a priest after the order of Levi ; but after the order of Melchizedek ; and con sequently he had no genealogy from Levi ; he was of the tribe of Judah ; neither his reputed father, nor mother, were numbered among the Levites; there was no specified age at which he was to enter upon his priesthood ; and none at which he was to lay down his office, as was the custom in the order of Levi. Christ was a priest forever after the order of the Eing of Salem, the venerable Mel chizedek. 1 Pet. iii. 18-20 is explained also by the prin ciple of our present rule. It is not necessary that we should descend any further to particulars. To seize the general design of the writer, is one of the most sure and satisfactory methods of ascertain ing his meaning ; and no interpretation is correct which runs opposite thereto. 116 ¦ INTEEPEETATION. NINTH GENEEAL EULE. Of one or more possible senses, which a text may reasonably bear, that is to be preferred which best agrees with the design of the writer and the general harmony of the faith. , This rule provides for a case which not unfre- quently occm-s, where the words of a passage may fairly have two slightly different shades of meaning. In such a case that sense is to be taken which best agrees with the main design of the argument and the general harmony of aU inspired truth. Thus in respect to the clause " and their works do follow them," Eev. xiv. 13. If the meaning should be held to be, that the works of the pious dead fol low them to eternity as the ground of their accept ance and happiness there, and for aught that appears in the language, such might be the meaning, we must then fall back on the beai-ing which such a sense would have on other doctrines of the Christian faith, and on the question, does such a sentiment agree with the design of the. writer ? A sentiment drawn from any passage, or a meaning ascribed to any passage, must not only be reasonably contained therein ; it must be essentially true in itself, and in that case it will agree with the design of the writer and with the analogy of the faith. But the above GENEEAL EULES. 117 sentiment is not avowed by any sacred writer, and it is directly opposed to the doctrine of salvation by the merits of Jesus Christ. Hence it is not the meaning of the above words. The works of the righteous do indeed follow them into eternity and undergo the scrutiny of omniscience there, and receive the approbation of God ; but it is not for these good works that they are saved. They are saved by grace, through faith ; and that not in view of what they have done ; their salvation is the gift of God, and not of works, lest they should boast. Mat. xvi. 18, " And I say unto thee, that thou art Peter ; and upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of heU shall not prevail against it." There are, at least three distinct shades of meaning, which these words may reasonably bear. . (1) Upon such confessions as this, that thou hast made of my Messiahship, I will build my Church; or (2) upon this tmth that I am the Messiah, I will build my Church ; or (3) by means of thee, Peter, a man of firm and resolute will, will I lay the foundation of the Church, as a distinct community in the world. The two first are both consistent with aU Scriptural doctrines, and many considerations may be urged in their favor. But the last is in harmony with actual historical facts, recorded in Acts ii. 14-36, and chapter 10th, where, by Peter's instrumentality, the Church, 118 INTEEPEETATION. composed both of Jews and Gentiles, was established as a distinct body in the world. And such an announcement from the lips of our Lord, in the cir cumstances, was both apjDropriate and significant. It was just such an announcement as he was wont to make frequently of what the disciples were to endure and accomplish ; and we therefore prefer this last meaning. The words of our Lord, when recalled by Peter, in the times of stern conflict, through which he passed, would administer an unspeakable solace, not only to Peter's heart, but to the hearts of aU the disciples. But there is not one syUable in this text, to justify the wild, foolish, and wicked pretences of Popish supremacy. What has the modern Babylon, the oppressor of God's people, the exterminator of the Gospel, to do with these words, spoken by Him, whom that city of abominations loves to crucify afresh ? James v. 20, " He that converteth the sinner from the error of his ways, shall save a soul from death, and shaU hide a multitude of sins." There are two distinct shades of meaning, which this text will bear. (1) The soul saved, and the multitude of sins that are hid, may refer to the person who reclaims his erring brother, or (2) they may refer to the brother reclaimed. If then we adopt the first, the sentiment of the apostle would be, that he, who reclaimed a GENEEAL EULES. 119 brother from sin, would save thereby his own soul, and hide the multitude of his own sins. Is this his meaning? As our rule directs, we must consider the design of the writer, and the harmony of the sentiment, with the general system of truth. With respect to the first, it does not appear that the writer meant to say — ^if a Christian reclaims his erring brother, he would save his own soul, and hide his own sins. The impression we receive is, that his language refers to the person who is reclaimed ; and that he holds it ®ut as a motive to action, in the work of reclaiming him. As respects the harmony of the sentiment, -with the analogy of the faith, there is no doubt it is wholly at variance with it. We are saved by faith in Christ, not by acts of kindness done to erring brethren. Hence, we conclude, the mean ing of the passage is, he who reclaims a backshder is the means of saving the backslider's soul, and of hiding his sins. This is consistent with the design of the writer, and with the general harmony of the faith. TENTH GENEEAL EULE. No interpretation is correct, which violates the grammar, or the idioms of the language in which the Scriptures were at first written. 120 INTEEPEETATION. All translations of the Bible are liable to mislead us, in respect both to the grammar, and the idioms of the original language in which it was com posed. The English translation, although beyond all question, the most perfect translation ever made, is not free from errors of this description; some, perhaps, unavoidable, others, the effect of a faulty interpreta tion ; for every translator is of necessity, an interpre ter, in a very high and important sense. An illustration of the application of our rule is found in Dan. iii. 25. There the King of Babylon is made to say : " The fourth is like the Son of God." But this is not justified by the original. The Hebrew noun for " son," is without the article ; and the sen tence should therefore read : " The fourth is like a son of God," or, is like a divine being. Often do readers of the English Bible wonder how the hea then king of Babylon could have had any know ledge of the Son of God, so as to identify his appearance in the fiery furnace ; but the fact is, he had no such knowledge ; and his language properly rendered, conveys simply the idea, that the person whom he saw, was in his judgment a di-vine being, and not a man like the other three. Another passage which our rule enables us rightly to interpret, is Eph. ii. 8, " By grace are ye saved, through faith ; and that not of yourselves, it is the GENEEAL EULES. 121 gift of God." It has been contended that Paul here ' meant to say, faith is the gift of God, and in such a sense too, that it is not the act of the believer at all. But the original Greek forbids such an interpreta tion. For Paul uses a pronoun in the neuter gender, when he says, " it is the gift ;" whereas, had he intended to refer to " faith," he must have used a pronoun in the feminine gender, to agree with it. His meaning, as seen by the original, is, that salva tion by grace, is the gift of God. Eom. viii. 7-: " The carnal mind is enmity against God." These words are often used, in the sense that the powers and faculties wherewith men are en dowed, the very constituents of the mind itself, are depraved and sinful, apart from their actions. Those who insist on this sense, are in need of it, to sustain a certain theory; and Scripture was competent to have asserted the doctrine, had it been true. But it is not here that this assertion is made. The original is : " the minding, or pursuit of carnal things " is enmity against God ; the proper Greek word for " mind " is not in the sentence. Hence it is not the mind itself that is enmity against God, but the pur suits, desires, and works of the mind. The Douay translation has violated, in a great number of instances, the original language of the Bible. Thus, in Exod. xxxiv. 29, it says : " Moses 6 122 INTEEPEETATION. knew not that his face was horned from the conver sation of the Lord." This ludicrous mistake is copied from the Yulgate, the author of which did not, or could not, distinguish between the Hebrew word for horn, " Keren," and the word " Karan," he shone. Also in Heb. xi. 21, there is a very gross violation of the original. It is a marvel that learned men, such as many of the Eomauists are, should ever have suffered such a willful perversion of the Scriptures to go out into the world. The Greek is 'em TO dupov Tqq pdfidov avTov — " upon the top of his staff;" being an old man, Jacob worshipped, as he blessed the sons of Joseph, on the top of his staff. He did not bow himself to the ground, as the usual custom was. The Douay translation has it : " He adored the top of his rod .'" Under this rule falls Acts iii. 19, 20. The fault ¦with the translation consists in its making the apostle say what plainly does not harmonize with his design. He is preaching immediate repentance, and of course gives reasons for the duty. The particles iVwf av should have been translated, "since," or "seeing that," as the design of the argument clearly demands. "Eepent — since, the times of refreshing are come from the presence of God, and since he has sent Jesus," &c. ; this was the meaning of the apostle in his preaching, without any doubt. GENEEAL EULES. 123 Ps. X. 3 : " For the wicked boasteth of his heart's desire, and blesseth the covetous, whom the Lord abhorreth." Here is another instance where our rule holds ; for there is no authority for the word " whom " in the original. It is " He abhors the Lord," and is another item in the character of the wicked man. Acts xii. 4 : " Intending after Easter to bring him forth," is a translation for which there is positively no apology. None of the apostles ever heard of " Easter." The word in Greek is " Passover." Acts ii. 27 : " Because thou wilt not leave my soul in Hell ;" the use of the word " Hell," in this instance, conveys more than the original. With us, it means the world of torment, as opposed to Heaven ; but the Greeks had a word which signified simply the world of spirits, as opposed to this world, a word which did not convey the idea of misery or of hap piness with it. It is the word Hades ; and this is the word used in the original of this passage. It should have been : "Because thou wilt not leave my soul in the state of the dead, or in the world of spirits." Not that there is no place, revealed in Scripture, such as our word Hell properly designates ; but that in this instance our translators made use of too strong a word for the original. The importance of our rule may be seen, if in 124 INTEEPEETATION. nothing else, in the value of a thorough knowledge of the languages, in which the Scriptures were at first composed. AU honest interpreters will give it its due share of importance. Those who have not such a knowledge of the original languages, may be expected to speak with modesty respecting the meaning of passages, whose sense is either doubtful, or obscure. ELEVENTH GENEEAL EULE. Comparisons drawn from the social or material world, for the purpose of iUustration, are not to be interpreted, as applying in every particular to the subject which they are intended to explain ; nor is any doctrine to be founded on such comparisons. The philosophy of this rule enters into aU sound interpretation, and is more extensively connected with the true understanding of the Scriptures, than any other principle in this whole science. It lies in the fact that the world of matter, from which com parisons are taken, is so immeasurably removed in nature, from the world of spirit, that the two never can be blended into one. Matter is not Mind ; and though the laws by which matter is governed may illustrate the certainty and force, with which the laws of mind operate, yet these laws are not identi- GENEEAL EULES. 125 cal and never can be. They are as diverse as the things themselves out of which they spring, or to govern which they are enacted by sovereign wis dom. A wicked man, for example, may love his sins, as invariably as the stone unsupported faUs to the earth ; and the strength of his love for his sins, may not inaptly be compared to that law which always brings the stone to the ground. But there is a vast difference between the powers of a wicked man to abstain from, or repent of his sins, and the powers of a stone to remain unsupported in the air. The difference is so vast, there neither is, nor can be any proper comparison in the case ; it is the differ ence between a power wholly competent to follow its own choice, and a power competent only of acting in one way and without choice, without the possi bility of ever moving in any other direction than that in which it is moved. The laws of mind, and the laws of matter are thus infinitely and eternally distinct. The Bible written for the whole world, in a style pecuhar and inteUigible to the whdle world, em ploys comparisons with great frequency, and in aU their various forms. Hence the importance of look ing weU to our principles of exegesis, in all cases where these comparisons occur ; and especiaUy where they are employed to iUustrate states of mind or of moral character in man. 126 INTEEPEETATION. Eom. ix. 21 : " Hath not God power over the clay of the same lump, to make one vessel unto honor, and another unto dishonor." If this text should be interpreted so as to mean, that, as the potter makes one vessel for this purpose, and another for that, so God creates one man, and destines him for heaven, and another, and destines him for hell, precisely and absolutely on the same principles as the potter his vessels, we would solemnly protest against it. The comparison is not to be carried to the unreasonable length of saying that man is purely a piece of clay in the hands of his Creator. To make it apply in every respect to the subject which it Ulustrates, would destroy the eternal distinctions between mind and matter, and between the moral law, and the laws of brute force, by which the material world is governed. Eph. u. 1 : " And you hath he quickened, who were dead in tresspasses and sins." This is the lan guage of comparison, and the comparison is between those who had been unconverted sinners, and the dead ; and some have carried it so far, as to affirm the meaning of the apostle to be, that the uncon verted ca/n no more repent, nor believe, nor think a good thought of themselves, than a dead person, nailed up in his coffin, can of himself rise to hfe ; that the entire want of power is as real in the GENEEAL EULES. 127 one case as in the other, and that Paul meant in this language to say so. But how immeasurably does this fall short of the apostle's meaning ! He tells plainly what he meant by being " dead in sin." It was not the absence of all power to do good, in men, that he thought of affirming; it was simply the fact that whUe they were unconverted, they had been insensible to the duties of religion ; in this lay the similarity of their moral character, to the condition of the dead. He says, " In time past, they had walked according to the course of this world, fulfilling the desires of the flesh." Here was their ability to do evil affirmed ; and the power to do good is implied in the same terms. Comparisons are not to be pressed beyond the nature of things. They are points of likeness, wherein one thing partially resembles another, and nothing more. No writer ever uses them as inde pendent proofs of his doctrine. Indeed, all moral truth stands on its own basis, not needing any other. The truth, that an unconverted man is uninfluenced by the law of God, so as not to be governed b}'' it, as truly as a dead man is uninfluenced by the things of this world, rests for its proof, not on any point of similarity between his condition and that of a dead man, but on the fact that he is led away by his sins, so as to disregard the law of God altogether. This state of 128 INTEEPEETATION. mind is spiritual death ; i. e., it is a state of hardness and insensibility, in which the soul takes no pleasure in the will of God ; and out of this state every con verted man is quickened by the Sphit of God, at his new birth. Such is the meaning of the apostle. Jer. xiii. 23, " Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots ? then may ye also do good that are accustomed to do evil." Here there is a comparison strictly of the same nature as the last. It lies between the Ethiopian's power to change his color, or that of the leopard to change his spots, and the power of a man accustomed to do evil, to change his habit of sin, and do good. But we would greatly err were we to insist on a perfect and absolute similarity in aU respects in the two cases. The difficulty in the way of a sinner is the force of a long-cherished habit ; that in the way of the African and the leopard, is a natural impossibility, arising from a law beyond their control. Will any sane man say, these two things are in every sense the same ? MEMOEANDUM. It is under this rule touching comparisons, that we place the explanation of a certain large class of words, descriptive of man's character, and the states GENEEAL EULES. '129 of his heart, in view of the moral law. Some of these words are the foUowing : abominable, adulter ous, backsliding, blind, corrupt, ca/rnal, croolced, defiled, dead, earthy, evil, fallen, feeble, filthy, fleshly, flesh, hardened, iniquity, lusts, natural, naked, polluted, sinful, tra/nsgressing, unclean, ungodly, wicked. The words depramed, depravity, are not used in the Scriptures, are of a Latin origin, and faU under the same law as the above. First as adjectives, then as nouns, or names of the states described by the adjectives, these words, when applied to human conduct and character, always imply a comparison, expressed or understood. Thus in reference, for instance, to the word " corrupt," we say, the heart of man is corrupt; but we do not mean that the heart is hterally corrupt, hke a carcass in a state of decay or putrefaction. In such a case, such a meaning would simply be absurd. All these words applied to man's heart and its affections imply a comparison, which, in respect to the word corrupt, may be expressed thus: as a material body, in a state of decay, is offensive, and fit only to be removed from our presence ; so, a, human heart, that loves to sin, and sets its affections on things prohibited, is offensive to God, and fit only to be removed out of His sight. In aU this we do not refer to the facul- 130 INTEEPEETATION. ties, or heart of man as such ; but to his voluntary conduct, as a moral being in view of the moral law. The offensiveness and corruption which attaches to his heart is his voluntary choice of sin, his wiUful disobedience of the law of God. Whenever the heart of man is thus set on sin, such is human lan guage, that, in describing the fact, we are under a necessity of employing a class of words, which, in their primary signification, describe physical or material states ; and hence arises the imphed com parison of which we have spoken. Never must this fact be forgotten ; nor do we know of a more preg nant and necessary caution to urge on all who inter pret the Word of God. In Gen. vi. 11, it is said, "The earth also was corrupt before God." This does not mean that men's faculties of mind and heart were in themselves bad ; for the faculties of the soul, as such, are neither good nor bad ; there is no moral standard for them. The only standard of goodness and badness in the universe, is the moral law, and that has respect, not to faculties in themselves, but to the exercise of faculties ; to actions, only. It is the voluntary em ployment of man's faculties against God which con stitutes the corruption, pollution, depravity, sinful ness, vileness, and uncleanness of his heart. If he never sinned by breaking the law, he would never GENEEAL EULES. 131 sin at all. So that when the words above quoted are apphed to his character, it is not in a direct and primary sense, but implying merely a comparison, as above described, to material objects ; and the words must be interpreted accordingly.. The word "natural" is used just once in the Bible, to describe character in man ; 1 Cor. ii. 14 ; and a very common error is to suppose that it means man simply as a creature ; whereas it means man as fol lowing his own chosen ways — ^man freely doing wrong, and unwiUing to subject himself to the wiU of God. Hence, a "natural man," in the sense of Scripture, is simply a sinning man, an active agent, resisting the will of God, and not a creature passively existing, -with sin in it, as one of its created ele ments. The comparison implied in this word, may be thus expressed : as nature is distinct from its author, having accidents and properties of its own, separate from those of its creator ; so a natural man, in Scripture language, is a man who follows his own will as a rule of conduct; aims at his own ends, separate from those enjoined on him by his Creator — " he receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God." We know of no single word which is so much abused in reference to human conduct, as this. The above law apphes to the opposite class of words, also; words describing good character in 132 INTEEPEETATION. man : e. g. alive, clean, holy, godly, pure, righteous, sanctified, steadfast, spiritual, straight, strong, &c. In all these there is a reference to some physical state, forming the point of comparison, between that state, and the state of the heart as compared with the divine law, the standard of right and wrong. If this fact be not constantly recognized, om- intei-pre- tations cannot be according to truth, nor according to the mind of the Spirit. The same law of interpretation holds true, of aU those verbs which describe the infiuence of one moral being over another. Thus it is said, God " hardened Pharaoh's heart," and " the heart of His people, Israel ;" and of several kings it is said, they "made Jsrael to sin," and "poUuted the land." In Eom. 5 19, Paid has these words : " For as by one man's disobedience many were made sinners, so by the obedience of one shall many be made righteous." One principle governs, in all such forms of expres sion. God did not harden Pharaoh's heart, as men harden iron or steel, by heating it red hot, and then plunging it into cold water. God used various expe dients, to secure the consent of Pharaoh to his reasonable requirements. Pharaoh resisted all these expedients, and hardened his heart against God, and grew from time to time more determined in his pur pose not to let Israel go. But now for the point of GENEEAL EULES. 133 comparison ; as, by certain means iron is hardened, so by the meang made use of to gain the consent of Pharaoh, his heart was rendered only more resolute in refusing ; and thus it was hardened, by the force of his own will. So of polluting the land, and making Israel to sin. Here the making to sin, is not the effect of physical power, as when a founder, out of ore makes iron, or a shipbuilder, out of timber makes a ship, or a potter, out of clay makes vessels, some to honor, and some to dishonor. In these cases, the making is the result of physical force on material objects. But man is not a material object, and he cannot be made a sinner in any such way, nor by 4ny such means. So that when the language is used of him, it is used by way of comparison, or analogy only. Many — all — were made sinners by the disobedience of Adam ; many were made sinners by the kings of Israel, building altai-s, and setting up idols in the groves, and the land was polluted by them ; Mahomet made many Mahometans ; Confucius made many idolaters, and the Pope of Eome, many apos tates from the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Biit how made them ? by the voluntary choice, the free con sent, and unimpaired freedom of their own wills.' This last item, is for evermore to be kept in mind, as a grand decision, and infallible, of common sense, to 134 INTEEPEETATION. infiuence all our interpretations of all such language as the above, in the Word of God. To introduce any other principles into our expositions of the Scriptures, is to pervert all common sense, and put into the mouths of infidels, objections to the whole subject of inspiration and religion, which it is utterly impossible for us to remove. THE PAEABLES. The Parables, one of the most instructive depart ments of Scripture, come under the above law of interpretation. Their chief object being to illustrate the fundamental and practical doctrines of religion, errorists have made the most strenuous efforts to per vert them. Even professed friends of religion, have not not been free from the guilt of turning the Para bles wholly aside from then- proper object. The early, as well as the later Fathers, are replete with such perversions. We give only one instance of a modern eiTorist, showing the inherent folly of such men, and the miserable foundations on which they build their opinions. It is in reference to the Para ble of the rich man, and Lazarus. According to this interpreter, whose name we mention not, the rich man means, "the high priest under the law;" the beggar means, " the Gentiles ;" the beggar's death GENEEAL EULES. 135 means, " the close of the Levitical dispensation ;" the lifting up of the rich man's eyes in hell, means, " a conviction of the condemning power of the law ;" his desire to have his brethren warned, is, " the desire of Gentile converts, to carry the Gospel to apostate Jews;" the gulph is, "the time appointed for the blindness of Israel ;" the five brethren are, " that part of Israel, broken off through unbelief!" What can mortal man say of such absurdities? An elaborate treatise on the Parables has been published by Prof. Trench, a name of some power in hterature. But even he is not free from the errors so palpable in the above abstract, and it is the great error into which so many fall, when inter preting these interesting compositions. Thus he makes the parable of the good Samaritan teach the mission and example of Christ ; the traveUer is " human nature, or, Adam, the head of the race," who leaves the heavenly city and faUs into the power of Satan, and is all but killed. Christ now finds him and restores him. The wine is the blood which Christ shed ; and the oil is the anointing of the Holy Spirit ! the binding up is the sacraments of the Church ! This is a link of " the chains ;" for he quotes largely from the early Fathers, and is carried away on the flowery stream of their rhetoric with great pleasure. He objects to the maxim : " every 136 INTEEPEETATION. comparison must halt somewhere ;" but his objec tion is merely the word, why ? The answer is very ob-vious ; because in the very nature of things, spirit and matter, between which the comparison is made, are not identical, and never can be in all respects alike. Besides all such perversions of the Parables are in face of the fact, that the design of the Parable is usually specified ; so that we have no alternative, but to take it as an Ulustration of the particular topic which it was designed to enforce. Indeed, everything depends on our seizing the design of the Parable. We have no authority to say it was meant for any other purpose than that intended by its Author. And here it is no small consolation to reflect, that the great mass of plain people, who receive the Bible as the Word of God, find but little difficulty in comprehending the precise point aimed at in these Scriptures. The common mind is not inferior in this respect to the educated mind ; for the reason that the peculiar language of the Parable is actuaUy more familiar in the humbler walks of life, than in the halls of learning ; the cottage resounds more frequently than the college, with the bold and striking comparison, with the Parable and its clear, shining sense, understood by all, not excepting the children. Hence it is not among common readers GENEEAL EULES. 137 of the Bible that the Parables are so frequently per verted ; it is among those who must make every thing out of the Parables that they can, for their own purposes. With the general rule given above, we must pro ceed only on such principles as apply to the inter pretation of Scripture in general ; taking heed not to found any doctrine on the Parables, as its ultimate ground. Not that the Parable is without its doctrine ; but that the Parable is in no case the first revelation, or statement of a doctrine ; it is merely the illustra tion of a doctrine ; a doctrine put in drapery, and the drapery is not intended to be used for any other purpose. It is a violation of this common sense principle, that leads some to find in the Parable of the fig tree. Matt. xxiv. 32-4, the restoration of the Jews as a nation to Palestine ! see Cummings on " ITie End." And this is one of the most unfounded errors into which men faU in reference to the interpretation of the Parables. THE TTPES OF SCEIPTUEE. We cannot allow the opportunity to pass without saying in reference to what are called " Types," that we have no sympathy whatever with those who are 138 INTEEPEETATION. so zealous in finding types in the Old Testament, corresponding to all persons, things, and places in the New. It is a principle not to be violated, that we are not to find any types, but those which the Bible itself has specified. Yet we are told by grave interpreters that Adam, Noah, Joseph, Moses, Joshua, David, and others, were all and severally types of our Lord ; that the wanderings of Israel were types of the experience of the Church, &c. But this is wholly without any Scriptural authority, and is not to be countenanced. The example of Paul in Galatians iv., is no excuse for such fanciful notions ; for there he simply takes a passage of his tory to illustrate his point ; and this all may do, for the like reason, that it is a very instructive mode of impressing the truth on the mind. But Paul does not say, that any part of the history to which he refers, was designed to be a type of what he was inculcating. This is the error of which we complain as wholly unauthorized. There are types in Scrip ture ; but we are not to add to them ; neither are we to press them beyond reason. They are in nature parables, and come under the same exegetical laws. Their use is accounted for by the temporary and introductory nature of the first dispensation, in which God wisely prepared the way, in the minds of His people, for the fuU and more glorious mani- GENEEAL EULES. 139 festation of Himself and His truth in the perfect economy of the Gospel. Let it be a law, therefore, not to regard anything in Scripture as a type of another, except those things which the Bible has declared such. THE POETET OF THE BIBLE. The interpretation of the poetry of the Scriptures is largely to be placed under the same principles as the Parables ; for the good reason that comparisons, or figm-es taken from the material world, constitute the great staple of poetry. The usual hcense, or intensity of expression also, common to poetry, of itself requires great aUowance, in order to secure correct exegesis. This intensity of language consti tutes one of the gravest difficulties in the way of the translator, who finds it peculiarly perplexing in the poetical portions of Scripture ; and hence it cannot but prove a very serious obstacle in the way of the interpreter. The greater the need of caution. The letter must not be pressed, especially it must not be pressed, in reference to doctrinal statements, when they occur in these compositions. And it is just in reference to this very point that interpreters are most singularly at fault. A few passages eminently requiring caution we here quote : 140 INTEEPEETATION. Ps. Iviii. 3-5. The -wicked are estranged from the -womb ; They go astray as soon as born, speaking lies ; Their poison is like the poison of a serpent ; They are like the deaf adder, that stoppeth her ear. That -will not listen to the voice of charmers, Charm they never so -wisely. Ps. xxii. 9. Thou art he that took me out of the womb; Thou didst make me hope, on my mother's breasts. Ps. h. 6, 7. Behold I was shapen in iniquity, And in sin did my mother conceive me. Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean ; "Wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow. Job xxxi. 19. For from my youth, he was bro-ught up -with me. As -with a Father ; And I have guided the -widow from my mother's womb. xiv. S, 4. And dost thou open thine eyes npon such an one, And bringest me into judgment with thee ? Who can bring a clean thing Out of an unclean ? Not one ! XV. 14. What is man, that he should be clean ? And he born of woman, that he should bo righteous ? xvii. 14. I have said to corruption, thou art my Father, To the worm, thou art my mother, and my sister. Rom. iii. 12. They are all gone out of the way ; They are together become unprofitable ; There is none good, no not one. Their throat is an open sepulchre ; GENEEAL EULES. 141 With their tongue they have used deceit; The poison of asps is under their lips. Such quotations might be greatly multiplied, but we intentionally limit ourselves to these, as a speci men of one class of texts, most strangely and widely perverted. They are made the proof texts respect ing man's character, without any allowance for the nature of the composition, or of the subject matter of which they treat ; the naked letter is insisted on, as though everything was meant which the letter affirms. But the most ilhterate person must see that language such as the above, is not the language of sober statement, but of highly -wrought poetic emotion, and for that reason it requires very cautious interpretation. Instead of caution, however, theolo gians — the last men in the world who ought to be guilty of such indiscretion — have insisted on the let ter to the uttermost. They regard such passages as the absolute dicta of the severest and most precise systematic theology. They make no allowance for the poetic nature of the composition ; they demand that these intense stanzas of Thoughts that breathe And words that burn, must be interpreted and regarded as maxims in 1 42 INTEEPEETATION. religion, to which, as to a line drawn with mathe matical exactness, all our ideas must rigidly conform. What would be thought of the sanity of a writer who should insist on interpreting modern poetry on this principle. Try this dead letter system on Shak- speare, Young, or Milton ; or, on many of the sub- limest portions of the Bible itself, which have no reference to human character, and see how it would confound aU sense. For instance try it on the following : Ps. Ix. 8. Moab is my washpot ; Over Edom wiU I cast my shoe ; Philistia triumph thou, because of me ! Ps. xxii. 6. But I am a worm, and no man ; A reproach of men, and despised of the people. Hab. iii. 3-6. God came down from Teman, And the holy one from Paran. And His brightness was as the light. He had horns coming out of His head ; And there was the hiding of His power. Before Him went the pestilence. And burning coals, went forth at His feet. He stood and measured the eartli ; He beheld, and drove asunder the nations ; And the everlasting mountains were scattered. The perpetual hills did bow ; His ways are everlasting 1 Ps. Ixxviii. 65. Then the Lord awaked as one out of sleep, and like a mighty man that shouteth by reason of wine. GENEEAL EULES. 143 Let the naked letter be insisted on in such pas sages, and why not, if in the other ; and what absurdity would be the result! Why is it never attempted ? When we find, as in the 61st and 68th Psalms, passages respecting the moral character of man, does truth and propriety demand that we should abandon all common sense, and insist on aU the strictness and sternness of the letter, without regard to consequences, even though it should lead us to assert that God shapes men transgressors of His law in the first moments of their existence, and dooms them to wrath before they are born ? Does truth require this? Does reverence for the Scrip tures require it? In our view, reverence for the Bible, and truth, and common sense, aU require the very opposite. We do not say, that poetry of necessity exagge rates even doctruial statements. The inspired poetry of the Bible contains much doctrine, clearly and fairly stated in the very best and most impressive forms. But let due aUowance be made for the inten sity of poetry, especially when describing the char acter of man, or the ways and attributes of God. Never let the nature of the subject be forgotten ; for thus only can we honor the Word of God, and gain the meaning it was designed to impart. With these precautions, as worthy of constant remembrance, we proceed to interpret the poetry of 144 INTEEPEETATION. the Bible on the same general principles as other portions of the Scriptures. TWELFTH GENEEAL EULE. No interpretation is correct when it bases any doc trine on a mere phrase. The reason we assign for this rule is that a phrase is used simply to characterize, or qualify a doctrine, never solely to contain it. A phrase is a mere frac tion of a sentence, and is necessarily relative and imperfect. No writer ever intends to found any sentiment on such a narrow basis ; it would be like an effort to conceal his sentiments under cover of an adverb, or an adjective. A writer on Leviticus has furnished a notable specimen of this error, against which our rule is meant to protect us. On Levit. xii. 2, he comments thus : " The woman is made unclean by the birth of a child. Why is this ? Because the child is bom a sinner, an heir of hell. She that bare him is there fore held unclean." The vicious circle in this logic is broad and distinct ; we wonder it did not catch the eye of the commentator. But the basis of his comment more immediately concerns us. It is the phrase " she shall be unclean," on which he buUds the doctrine that the child is " a sinner, an heir of hell;" and because of the child's character, he GENEEAL EULES. 146 concludes the mother is as bad as the child, "she shall be unclean." But in the Levitical law, this phrase had no such signification. It meant simply that the person to whom it applied, was for a speci fied time, deprived of certain public religious privi leges. See Num. xix. passvm. Yet our author, for reasons known only to himself, heads his comment on this passage with the words "original sin," as though that doctrine were taught us in these words — " she shaU be unclean seven days !" And having found that doctrine in this phrase, he concludes with the remark, " Adam's imputed guilt rests on aU his posterity." Truly, Moses did not know the deep significancy of this simple statement, that a mother, after the birth of a child, was for seven days to remain at home, and not to appear in any pubhc religious service. See Bonar on Leviticus, p. 328, 9, Carter's edition. There is not much evi dence from this commentai-y that our science is advancing. The Church of Eome gives us another instance of the same error, in regard to the phrase "private interpretation," 2 Peter, i. 20. On this they Test their doctrine against the use of the Scriptures by the common people. But look at the phrase in its connection. The apostle is speaking of prophecy and not of Scripture in general, and the reason he 7 146 INTEEPEETATION. assigns why prophecy is of no private interpretation, or fulfillment, is because it is given not from man, but from God. On this account its interpretation is not to be governed by the caprice of any man, but according to the will of God ; and, therefore, he says, " Ye do well to take heed thereto, as unto a light shining in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day-star arise in your hearts." Hence, instead of denying the interpretation, or reading of the Scrip tures by the people, the apostle solemnly inculcates the duty of their giving good heed thereto, . as essentiaUy connected with the salvation of their souls. No doubt the Church of Eome exhibits great adroitness in explaining the Bible. There is one specimen, as showing their competency, which we cannot refuse to quote. It occurs in Corpus Jv/ris Canoniois, their book of canon law ; in the chapter respecting lay trustees of church property, say they, " This is prohibited in the law of Moses, who says, 'thou shalt not plough with an ox and an ass to gether ;' that is, they shall not have laymen as trus tees of church property ! " This is competency to interpret the Bible ! They have not, however, solved one difficulty — ^which of the two animals represents the priest ? The phi-ase, " blot me out of thy book," Exod. GENEEAL EULES. 147 xxxii. 32, has been made a test of Christian charac ter ; so that they who could not say, they were will ing to be eternally damned, have been regarded as destitute of that submission, which is the evidence of the new birth. But plainly, it had no such force as used by Moses. He meant to say — " forget me, take no account of me, in respect to anything pro posed concerning the future destiny of thy people ; pass me by, regard me as not written in thy book ;" without any reference to eternal woe. The phrases, " the Lord is at hand ;" " the Judge is at the door," in early times, were perverted so as to teach the immediate appearance of our Lord. So the phrases, " into the water," and " up out of the water," are supposed to teach the doctrine of immersion ; with what force may be seen by com paring them with Jos. iv. 18, where there was certainly no immersion. The father of sacred exegesis in this country, Moses Stuart, has given a striking illustration of the conse quence of neglecting our rule. The phrase " things which must shortly come to pass," Eev. i. 1, led him to believe that the Book of Eevelation was fulfilled before the destruction of Jerusalem, about 40 years after our Lord's ascension. The true force of this phrase, is that the things would shortly begin to be fulfilled ; but how long they would continue fulfill- 148 INTEEPEETATION. ing, is not said. The whole drift of the Book shows that they would continue to be fulfilled to the end of the world, — Stuart, on Apoc. u. vol. p. 472. But if any illustration remains to be noticed, it is that of the phrase " by nature," Eph. ii. 3. On this single expression, which the context fully explains, is built a whole system of theology, of a certain name. It is the one solid hinge, on which that sys tem turns. An advocate of the system, a young pro fessor of some promise, has attempted to show from this single phrase, " that sin is a nature," and " that nature is guilt." He says, however, expressly, that sin is " self-acted," a thing done by the sinner ; and that it is done " deep beyond the sphere of conscious ness, in its first acts ;" and yet he labors ingeniously to show, that it is not so much an act, nor a series of acts, as a " nature." What this means, we profess no abihty to understand ; but it verily does appear to us, that if sin be " self-acted," and " a nature " too, here is a wonderful mystery. Paul never saw BO deep into the matter. Every sinner acts his sins, and they are "a nature!" Does not every sinner then, act — or create — his nature ? and, is not every nature self-acted, and sinful ? and yet, what of that ? what advance has been made towards a solution of the great difficulty, for which this theory was invented? none at all. Much more rational is the GENEEAL EULES. 149 apostle's own version of the matter. Writing to those who had been sinners, but were then converted by the Spirit of God, he reminds them that they had been transgressors like other men, and therefore imder the wrath of God. His language is, "and were by nature the children of wrath, even as others." He did not mean to utter any intense metaphysical theology, such as vegetates in theologi cal class-rooms, and duU magazines, and reviews; he did not say, by the mere accident of birth, they were heirs of eternal perdition, before ever they had acted at aU ; but simply, that foUowing the constitu tional desires of their nature, hke other men, they had disobeyed God, and on that account, were under the sentence of His wrath. Such is Paul's meaning, lying patent on the face of his words. And what he thus declares, the Bible everywhere confirms, in reference to all that sin. The statement commends itself to common sense. Dr. Eobinson, sub voce, (fvaei, gives precisely this view. He says, "by nature," is the native mode of thinking, feehng, acting, as unenlightened by the influence of Divine truth." As strictly equivalent in sense, he quotes the same phrase as used by Paul, Eom. ii. 14, of the GentUes, " who do by nature, the things contained in the law." Here then is not the shadow of a founda tion, for the idea that men are sinners by creation, 160 INTEEPEETATION. or by the fact of their descent simply from sinful parents, or by creating their own nature. Men are sinners voluntarily, by the free exercise of their wills, in the natural way ; thus they are the children of wrath ; and such is the true force of the phrase, " by natm-e." But surely, we need hardly repeat it, such a narrow foundation as this phrase, " by nature," is all too narrow, for any such system of doctrine as that to which we have referred. K sin is by nature, it is not by wiU ; otherwise, wiU is no longer -will, human responsibihty is more a pretence than a reality, and sin more a calamity than a crime. But in face of aU these theories, this we know, that every sinner is "without excuse before God; and this proves sin to be tnfaUibly, and always, a product of the will. THIETEENTH GENEEAL EULE. "When any doctrine is stated, or event described in different passages, the briefer statement is always to be interpreted consistently with the more ex tended. The soundness as weU as necessity of this rule wUl be admitted on all hands ; and it hardly needs an iUustration. Yet there are instances not a few, in which its application is required. GENEEAL EULES. 151 Thus in respect to the statement of the apostle, Eom. V. 12, " Wherefore as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin, and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned." This is one of the briefest statements on the great topics of death and sin, and the depravity of the hnman race, that can possibly be made. It is so brief that almost any shade of sentiment on these topics may find shelter under it. But for that reason, we must the more cautiously proceed with its interpretation, that the harmony existing between it and every other Scripture on the same point, may by all means be preserved. It were surely rashness not to be defended, to conclude from these words that as sin came into the world by one man, therefore all men are sinners without any choice of their own, or that all men actually existed in the one man, acted in him, and died in him, as some interpreters have supposed. Compare with this statement of Paul, the elaborate explanation of human accountability, and human guilt, by Ezekiel in his 18th chapter. Again ; Ps. xxxiii. 9, " He spake and it was done. He commanded and it stood fast ;" and Exod. XX. 11, " For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, and the sea, and -all that is in them, and rested the seventh day." These are passages from 152 INTEEPEETATION. which it might be supposed that this world and all its inhabitants were the work of an instant of time, or at least of six literal days. But the language of both passages is to be interpreted in harmony with the more extended account of creation in Genesis. In the fuller statement, the creation of the heavens and the earth was not the work of six days, nor of an instant ; no specific time is there given in which these events occurred. Of course this is not to say but Omnipotence could have accomplished even such a work in a moment. The question in this case is not one of power, but of record ; and the record must be treated, not with violence, but with fairness. The creation of the heavens and the earth was in " the beginning ;" and it was the work of God ; but how long it was between the first act of creation, and the setting in order the present econo my, how long the earth after its creation was " with out form and void," and how long the Spirit moved on the face of the deep," we know not. Our present economy, the peopling and arranging of our present world, was the work of six days as Moses relates. At least this is just the view we have felt compelled to take of the matter. But then, this is not to say that the solid globe and all upon it, and the heavens also, and all their starry hosts of worlds, and their GENEEAL EULES. 153 inhabitants, were all spoken into being in the pre cise space of sis days. This is what Moses and David surely did not mean to assert. There is a brevity of expression, a swiftness of thought, a condensation of words, which is not exphcable, save with caution and patience. He is the best interpreter who most religiously keeps this in mind, and who gives to Scripture the privilege of uttering its whole testimony in its own way. FOUETEENTH GENEEAL EULE. No interpretation is to be entertained as sound, which violates the explicit definitions of Scrip-' ture. In definitions consists the certainty of all science, and the harmony of all Christian doctrine. Those of Scripture are permanent way-marks in the path of the interpreter, which, if he neglects, he will surely wander into error. As marking the boun daries of doctrine,' they are, of course, everywhere the same, in aU the sacred writers, running through the entire system of inspired truth, and holding the consistency of the whole compactly together. There is no book of exact science in which there is greater precision and clearness of definitions, than in the Bible. Our canon is a fundamental one ; wherever 154 INTEEPEETATION. there is a definition, our interpretations must be consistent with it. For example, it has been attempted to maintain that the six days in Genesis are six periods of inde finite extent ; and the origin of the attempt has been through the discoveries of geology. If the six days are regarded as six periods, the Bible and geology, it is argued, can be reconciled. The ques tion, we submit, is not, were there six periods of indefinite length, before the constitution of the present world ? but, did the sacred writer intend to speak of six such days, as that word most usually represents ? We do not deny the existence of six periods, such as geology requires ; but we think there is good reason for believing that Moses meant six usual days, in his account of the setting in order of our present world. Witness his definition of the word " day," in the fourth commandment. " Six days shalt thou labor and do aU thy work ; but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God," &c. ; " for in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day." This is a precise and intelligible definition of what a day is. We say not that it defines the amoimt of work done ; we say not that aU creation was hterally spoken into being just in six days; but we do say GENEEAL EULES. 156 that here we get the idea definitely imparted of the length of a day, as it is used in the account of the arranging and peopling of our present world. The setting in order of our present globe, and the creat ing its inhabitants, is not equivalent, as we under stand it, to the creation of the whole universe ; but it is affirmed definitely, that it was accomplished in six days of ordinary time ; and hence, however long the world may have existed before these six days, its present order was the work of that precise period, if language is to be understood in its ordinary significa tion ; if not, we know not what to say. Philosophy and science may do much ; but this they cannot do — they cannot overtm-n one of the definitions of Scrip ture. From Acts ii. 22, "A man approved of God," and Gal. iv. 4, " Made of a woman," and Jno. xiv. 28, "My Father is greater than I," it has been attempted to prove Christ to be no more than a man. But we intei-pose the principle of our rule. A defi nition of Christ's nature and attributes has been given, and all these and similar passages must be explained accordingly. The definition to which we refer is in Jno. i. 1, 2, 3, PhU. ii. 6-11, Heb. i. 1-14 ; and a more precise and designedly guarded defini tion it is impossible to frame, and it must influence the entire record concerning Christ. To interpret 156 INTEEPEETATION. any passage concerning Him, so as to contradict these definitions, would be a wresting of Scripture, a vio lation of its inspiration. How can it be that the Scriptures are inspired, if they contradict their own positive definitions ? The passages above referred to teach the humanity of Christ, it is true; but our position is that a definition of the nature and attri butes of our Lord has been given, such as forbids us to hmit His nature and attributes to those of mere humanity. Ps. Ii. 6, " Behold I was shapen in iniquity, and in sin did my mother conceive me." If these words be interpreted so as to convey the idea that there is corruption or depravity adhering to man's nature, as one of its attributes, innate, hereditary, and causative by necessity of all sin, apart from voluntary choice on the part of the sinner, then this is a contradiction of definitions of sin found in various Scriptures, and is not to be entertained. These definitions give us the only true and allowable conceptions of sin ; and from these there must be no departure. It is remarkable with what clearness the Scriptures define sin. Thus our Lord: Mark vii. 20, "That which cometh out of the man, that defileth the man. For from -within, out of the heart of man, proceed evil thoughts," &c. And yet more expressly in ver. 15, "There is nothing from without a man, that GENEEAL EULES. 167 entering into him can defile him; but the things which come out of him, those are they that defile the man." Sin is something that has its origin in evil thought, in the man's own heart, by the man's own agency, and of which he is the sole author. To the same effect precisely is 1 Jno. iii. 4, " Sin is the transgression of the law;" sin is something which the transgressor performs. So likewise James i. 15, " But every man is tempted when he is drawn away of his own lust, and enticed. Then when lust hath conceived, it bringeth forth sin ; and sin, when it is finished, bringeth forth death." The strictest phi losophy of the schools could not exceed the precision and sharpness of this definition. All the sin with which any man is chargeable originates an himself, and is acted by himself. In this definition there is a very general agreement among theologians. The Westminster theologians say, " Sin is any want of conformity unto, or trans gression of, the law of God." Their " want of con formity " does not in fact add any new idea to that of transgression. And of original sin itself, they say it is " transgression." Chalmers quotes Jno. iii. 19, V. 40, and vii. 17, to show that whenever guilt is charged on any act or disposition, the will of man has always to do with it. Coleridge says, " A state, or act, that has not its origin in the will, may be 158 INTEEPEETATION. calamity, deformity, disease, or mischief, but sin it cannot be." McCosh, p. 340, says, "Sin consists essentially in the will refusing to submit itself to the law of God." Webster says, " Sin is the voluntary departure of a moral agent from a known rule of rectitude, or duty, prescribed by God." This, then, in perfect harmony with the definition of the Scrip tures, may be set down as the true and only universal conception of the human mind as to what sin is. Our rule binds us stringently, in all our interpreta tions of Scripture, to keep within the definitions which it gives. The force of this principle Augus tine certainly felt, when, in the course of his argu ment with Pelagius, after attempting to define what is meant by original depravity in man, he finally says, "It is nothing substantial, but is a quality of the affections, a weakness." He shrunk from saying it was positively and truly a sin. Common sense thus demands just what the Bible declares, that sin is an act of voluntary disobedience to the will of God ; not a quality created in the nature ; something acted, not a shadow. If it is regarded as a quality, it cannot be charged on men ; and the divine govern ment is not clear concerning it. Here the words of the great theologian, John Howe, rush to our recol lection: Yol. L p. 117, 118, "The notion of the goodness of God, methinks, should stick so close to GENEEAL EULES. 159 our minds, and create such a sense in our souls, as should be infinitely dearer to us than all our senses and po\^ers. And that we should rather choose to have our sight, hearing, motive power, or what not besides, disputed, or even torn away from us, than ever suffer ourselves to be disputed into a belief that the holy and good God should irresistibly determine the wiU of men to, and punish the same thing. * * For I would appeal to the quick, refined sense of any sober and pious mind, after serious, inward consulta tion with itself; being closely urged, with the horror of so black a conception of God, that he should be supposed irresistibly to determine the wiU of a man to the hatred of his own most blessed self, and then to exact severest punishment for the offence done, what relief it would now be to it, to be told in reply that man is, under the law and God above it. A defence that doubles the force of the assault. What 1 God make a law, and necessitate the violation of it ! and yet also punish that violation ! And this be thought a sufficient salvo, that Himself is not subject to any law ! Will a quick-scented, tender spirit, wounded by so insufferable indignity, offered to a holy God, be any whit eased, or relieved by the thin sophistry of only a collusive ambiguity in the word law ? * * Or, what relief is there in that dream of the supposed possibility of God's making a rea 160 INTEEPEETATION. * sonable creatm-e with an innocent aversion to Him self? For what can be supposed more repugnant, or what more impertinent ? If innocent, ho-wT were it punishable? A law ready made in the case, how can it be innocent ?" It is the notion of the goodness of God that for bids us from travelling out of the record of his Word, on the subject of sin. It compels us to dismiss all theories opposed to its definitions, and content our selves with the facts of the case. The simple facts in the case, with the Bible's definition before us, are sufficient to explain the nature of sin, and the mys tery of its universality. What are the facts ? (1) We have a free agent, in every man li-ving. (2) We have a holy law, level to the powers of every man. (3) As constituting sin, we have, last of all, in every case in which sin occurs, the free choice of the man's wiU^ contrary to the will of God, and this choice once made, fixes upon the maker the charge of sin ; not because of his nature, but because, with a nature such as God was pleased to give him, he freely transgressed the will of God. Tliis is the mystery of sin. An active, free, conscious will, transgressing the law, as Adam did, as the angels did, is enough to account for all the sins, of all the men, and all the angels that ever lived, and sinned, since the days of eternity. See Barnes on James, p. 31. GENEEAL EULES. 161 It has long forced itself on our minds, that the current views on this whole subject have been much influenced, if not actually determined, by the con troversies and opinions of the Eeformers. Dogmas have a tradition, and a history; we think it is so in this case. The Eeformers were under the necessity of debating the great question, a/re works meritori ous ? The Eomauists said. Yes ; the Eeformers not only answered. No; they laid down the position, that since the FaU, man ca/nnot obey the la/u) of Ood at all. If this could be maintained, it settled the question respecting the merit of works. Man could merit nothing, if he could do nothing. Melancthon was so resolute as to make the effort to lodge the doctrine in metaphysics. Said he : " Since whatever happens, happens by necessity, agreeably to the Divine foreknowledge, it is plain that our wiU has no hberty whatever." Loc. Comm. p. 35. No lib erty to love God, or do His will ! and that by the predetermined decree of God Himself! How comes that ? No matter if the victory is only gained over these Eomauists. But was this not buying victory at too dear a rate ? In our view, it is by a principle of law that the Eomauists are to be refuted, in respect to the question of works. " He that offends in one point, is guilty of aU;" he that has sinned. 162 INTEEPEETATION. deserves, and can deserve, nothing but punishment. The sinner is therefore shut up to the faith of Christ, and to salvation as a free gift, not of works, lest any man should boast. Of the two theories, then, that regard sin, one, as a necessary product of nature, the other, as an act of the will, we decidedly prefer the latter; it is more consistent with Scripture, with the doctrine of accountability, and the decisions of conscience. David did not mean to contradict this theory. He gave utterance to the words in Ps. Ii. 6, in a state of deep mental agitation. Witness the verse preceding, where he declares he had sinned against God only. Was this literally so ? Had he not sinned against his friend, and the wife of his bosom, and against the whole kingdom, and his own conscience ? Certainly he had. But how then wiU you dispose of his words? By pleading the state of his mind. That gave an exaggerated tone to his language ; it was the language of deep emotion, of highly-excited penitence, and sorrow. No wonder then at his words. No wonder that he says, he was " shaped in iniquity, and conceived in sin." "He wist not what he said." There was no language too strong, or too strange, to express his sense of his conduct. He was wUhng to say he was a sinner from the moment of GENEEAL EULES. 163 his conception. Witness how emotion, in its highest states, will express itself, even in a cool, theological argument. Gal. iv. 19, " My little children, of whom I travail in birth again, until Christ be formed in you." Has it ever entered into any sane mind to interpret these words on the same principles of strict literal ism, that have been applied to the language of David ? No, verily ! But we must pervert the whole Scripture, if we bind down our interpretations to the cold letter in such passages. Let us rather preserve our common sense. There is one significant fact we note. There is not an instance in ail the Bible where ,sin is predicated of any faculty, disposition, propensity, or attribute of man's natm-e, by itself, as such ; it is always predi cated of some person as exercising the faculty, or disposition. There is always a free moral agent, held accountable for the thing — sin. This is one element of the Bible's definition not to be ignored. Thus writes the venerable Eichards (tract on Atonement), " sin, guilt, ill-desert are, in the very nature of things, fersonair Magee, as quoted by Eichards, says : " Guilt and punishment cannot be conceived, but with reference to consciousness which cannot be transferred:" p. 12. Dr. Woods says. Letters to Unit. p. 44, " Every attempt to prove that God ever imputes to man any 164 INTEEPEETATION. sinful disposition, or act which is not strictly his own, has faUed of success." We therefore reiterate our canon, that no interpre tation is correct, which violates the definitions of Scripture. It is a law never to be forgotten or transgressed. THE BIBLE SUPEEME. 165 CHAPTEE Ym. A FUNDAMENTAL PEINCIPLE ENFOEOED. Although in view of what has been written, every principle essential to a consistent system of Bibhcal intei-pretation seems to be embraced, there is yet another worthy of a separate notice, at this particu lar stage of our labors, and which, because of its great importance and evident bearing on the whole subject, may well receive an extended illustration and defence at our hands. It is this : as respects aU knowledge in the depart ment of religion and morals, the Bible is a source of information beyond which no human mind can advance, unassisted of God, whUe in this world. There is a constant and perhaps a constitutional tendency in the human mind to travel into the regions of the mysterious and the unknown ; or, which amounts to the same thing, into regions alto gether beyond those which the Bible has revealed. 166 INTEEPEETATION. Men are not disposed to content themselves within the limits assigned them by Divine wisdom. They venture, they know not why, into regions, where no inspired writer ever dared to set his foot. But it need hardly be said, aU such wanderings have proved only vanity and vexation of spirit. There are good reasons why God has set bounds, saying, to the adventurous mind of man, as he did of old to the sea, "Thus far shalt thou come, but no fm-ther." Of this we might mention many notable exam ples ; but, one or two must suffice. One is in reference to what has been called " the conflict of ages," or, the accounting for the universality of sin in our world. Not content with tracing it to Adam, a recent writer, following the example of two or three before him, undertakes to prove that it is traceable to the pre-existence and sins of men, in a world before the present ; in that previous world mankind all lived and sinned ; and for their sins, they are here involved in sin and chastisement I This is all extra — the Bible ; it is a series of ideas which the Bible has nowhere expressed. And yet a desire to have the Bible on his side, has led this writer to a vigorous effort to find at least one text to support him. He undertakes to interpret Eom. V. 12, so as to favor his theory : " Wherefore as by THE BIBLE SUPEEME. 167 one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin, and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned." Some will have it, as a deduction, from the last clause of this verse, that all men existed, acted, sinned and died in the one person, Adam ; but this writer wiU make a stranger deduc tion stUl, viz. : that these words prove that all men existed, acted, sinned, and fell before Adam was created ! There is not much to choose between the two theories ; one is pre-existence since Adam, the other pre-existence before Adam. But these words of Paul are fatal to the position that men sinned in a previous world. For, as they read, man was in the world before sin was in it, because sin did not exist, until man produced it. Being innocent, he was tempted, and yielded ; and for the first time, sin was in the world. This was after his creation, con sequently neither man, nor man's sins, existed in a previous state. This is the field of man's first being, and man's first sins ; imless, indeed, we travel beyond the hmits of the Bible, and when once beyond these limits, the unknown is aU before us, hke the wide, wide sea ! Another example of this same tendency is fur nished by the Eomauists, in their dogma of the immaculate conception. Of this dogma, there is positively, on their own admission, not a syllable of 168 INTEEPEETATION. proof in the Bible. Yet in the year A.D. 1864, what do we see — ^the whole hierarchy of the Popish chm-ch, assembled to assert that the Mother of our Lord was conceived and bom without taint of sin ! Doctrinally, there may be no objections to this dogma ; because, for anything that appears, aU men may have been conceived and born without taint, of sin. Sin is the transgression of the law, and attaches only to those who have committed it. The error hes in their declaring the dogma as matter of faith for the first time, and especially in reference to that one individual, thus claiming for it the apparent authority of the Scriptures. On this point, as on the whole subject of man's character, the Scriptures are true to the great principle of going no further in theory than the facts allow. The facts in the case are, that no creature is a sinner until he sins ; that no taint of sin, no appearance of guilt belongs to any creature until it is contracted by actual conduct. And in this we desire most steadfastly to rest. Because the Bible rests here, and it is the criterion of all religious and moral truth, the hmit of all human knowledge on these subjects. This is our stand-point, and as Luther said, " We cannot move from it ; may God help us!" Our principle is, when we have reached the meaning of the Bible, we have reached the furthest hmit of knowledge. To pre- THE BIBLE SUPEEME. 169 tend we can go further is a vain pretence. The Bible is the ultima ratio of aU doctrine. Beyond its teachings there is nothing certain. Only grant that the human mind can rise higher than the Bible, into the regions of truth, and what next ? The next position wiU be, that the Bible is defective. Against this we enter a solemn protest. Once more we adopt the sentiment of the great reformer : " I have a book " — said Luther — " which is my creed ; that is my Bible ; there I rest, and wish nothing beyond." The mischief attending the neglect of our funda mental principle is not merely an occasional error, it is the necessary perversion of the Scriptures to which it leads. Those who go beyond its revela tions, are somehow usually very deshous to gain its support to their vagaries. This is the fact with him who argues for the pre-existence of the race ; and it is notoriously the fact with the Eomauists, who are constantly perverting Scriptui-e to favor their pecu har doctrines. The consequence of all such efforts is a confirmed habit, ever strengthening, of misin terpreting the Scriptures, until the integrity of reve lation is wholly destroyed. But our fundamental principle puts an end to all this. " To the law and to the testimony ; if they speak not according to these, it is because there is 170 INTEEPEETATION. no truth in them." The Bible in its unapproachable majesty and completeness is worthy of the undisputed dominion and reverence of the human mind. It is the voice of the Eternal and all- wise God. LEXICONS AND ETTMOLOGT. 171 CHAPTEE IX. ON THE AUTHOEITT OF LEXICONS, AND ETTMOLOGY IN THE WOEK OF INTEEPEETATION. The connection of this topic with the science of Interpretation is so close, that we cannot pass it by. Students especiaUy are in danger of regarding their lexicons as infallible, and of supposing that if they trace a word to its root, they thus arrive at a mean ing which cannot be disputed. In this they may find themselves deceived. What is the measure of authority to be conceded to lexicons ? is a question every independent mind wiU not faU to raise and answer for itself. We would say, then, in reply, the measure of authority to be conceded to lexicons of the Old and New Testaments, is the measure of their accuracy in their definitions, and no more. While we say this, it is with unfeigned pleasure we here express our conviction, that in no department of sacred litera ture has there been such admirable progress made. 172 INTEEPEETATION. as in lexicography. In the hands of Dr. Edward Eobinson, it has attained the ripe condition of a science, the principles of which are definitely settled. What Webster has done for English, Eobinson has done for the Hebrew of the Old, and the Greek of the New Testament. The older lexicons, common twenty-five years ago, were defective, because compiled on principles incon sistent with a natural and logical definition of words. In lexicons worthy of being used in the work of exegesis, the primary sense of the word is first given, with quotations of passages in which it occurs. Then foUow the secondary, or metaphorical significa tions, with proof passages, as before, clearly showing that the primary sense of the words has been changed. In such lexicons, the governing principle is that of correct reasoning and the known nature of the subject, proceeding from a strictly physical, to a spiritual, or moral signification. If these defini tions are correct, if they represent fairly the use of words, they have authority ; otherwise they have none. Lexicons cannot create new meanings and impose them on words; their office is to unfold truthfully the meaning which words have aheady received at the hands of usage. In their nature, therefore, they are nothing more nor less than abbreviated com- LEXICONS AND ETTMOLOGT. 173 mentaries on the Scriptures ; records of results ; and these results are simply interpretations or decisions, on the part of the lexicographer, of the meaning of Scriptm-e, as he views it ; and hence they are neither final nor infalhble. Every definition is to be tested, as we test the meaning of the Bible itself. The appeal is to the Scriptures, and to those rules of ascertaining its sense, to which all men must submit, because they are fundamental and independent. Hence we are led to remark of lexicons, as before we have done of commentaries, that the best lexicon of the Bible is, beyond all dispute, just the Bible itself, rightly interpreted. In respect to etymology, this is often appealed to as a very important help in arriving at the true sense of Scripture; and it must be admitted that the source whence a word is derived, often throws sur prising light on an obscure passage ; and this assist ance ought to be furnished by every good lexicon. In many instances the root of a word is all but indis pensable. Yet we are by no means to suppose it infallible ; for through the capriciousness of usage, it is often of no value whatever. Usage may almost be said to control etymology. In all languages this is true. For example, in English the word " villain " in its root means merely a viUager, without reference to character. Now it is applied to a man of bad 174 INTEEPEETA'nON. character only. So in hundreds of instances ; so that usage may be said to set all roots at defi ance. And yet the primary derivation of words is some times the only effectual method of settling the sense of a disputed passage. Thus the elements of the Greek w^ord for "repent," Mat. iv. 17, show beyond the shadow of a doubt, that our Lord did not mean " do penance," but " change your minds, and lead a new life." The derivation of " deacon," 1 Tim. 3-8, and wherever it occurs, proves it does not signify a candidate for the pulpit, but " a steward of the poor." Acts viii. 33, " In his humiliation his judg ment was taken away ;" here the original word for "judgment" shows it was not his mind, but his just sentence that was denied him. Acts xv. 41, "And he went through Syria and Celicia confirming the churches ;" the word for " confirming " used also in Acts xiv. 22, and xviii. 23, proves that apostolic con firmation was not that confirmation now practised in Eomanist and Episcopal Churches. There is no word for Episcopal confirmation in the Scriptures, for the good reason, that the thing itself was not practised or known in apostolic and Scriptural times. The apostles confirmed the churches, not candidates for admission to the churches; and their confirma tion was not the laying on of hands, but the preach- LEXICONS AND ETTMOLOGY. 175 ing of the doctrines of the Gospel, whereby the minds of the saints were confirmed in the faith of Christ. The original for "ordained," in Acts xiv. 23, proves beyond question, that the-elders were chosen or appointed by vote of the churches, in open meet ing assembled, and not by the laying on of a bishop's hands. This choice by the church is what the word expresses. The Greek for " carriages," Acts xxi. 16, wUl at once explain, that it was not their vehicles that the apostles took up, but their baggage and such things as were needful for a foot journey over the moun tains to Jerusalem. These and many more iUustrations that might be given, will show what is the value of etymology, in this science. " Wisely used, it is a most important help, which every student wUl more appreciate, the more he gives it his attention. 176 INTEEPEETATION. CHAPTEE X. ON THE STUDT OF THE PEOPHECIES AND THEDB INTEEPEETATION. As we have ah-eady said, it was not our intention to enter into all the details of this science, nor to attempt the exhibition of a series of rules for all the separate departments of Scripture. What we did intend to present, was a comprehensive system of general principles, which, when honestly apphed, might guide sincere inquirers to an understanduig of the main difficulties of the Word of God ; such a system, it is hoped, we have supphed. We do not say it is complete ; we hope it is sound and reliable, so far as it goes. Dr. Davidson, of England, has pointed out very clearly, the characteristics which all rules of interpretation should possess. He says : " Our rules should approach, as nearly as possible, to the nature of axioms. All reasoning proceeds on certain data, that must be taken for granted, as self- evident, or such as the human mind is at once dis- THE PEOPHECIES. 177 posed to receive. This holds good in mathematics it is the case in mental philosophy ; it is true of aU sciences. Canons of interpretation should, therefore, nearly correspond to axioms, and be equally obvious to the perception of aU. They ought not to be the result of speculation, or the far-fetched deductions of reason. Eather should they be axioms . lying at the foundation of religious truth. If there be much room to question their reahty, they wiU never serve important and valuable purposes. The stamp and impress of common sense, must be on their fore heads." Sac. Her. p. 613. See also Barnes on Gal. p. 373. These sentiments harmonize entirely with our whole design in the present work ; they lay bare the foimdation of the system here presented. We sin cerely hope common sense is impressed on every i-ule and axiom we have here laid down. If the series of i-ules be incomplete, if some of the series be open to objection, and it would be a marvel if neither supposition were true ; yet so far as the main difficulties and demands of the science are concerned, we confidently insist that the axioms and rules laid down, are such as cannot be proved inappropriate, or unworthy of the position assigned them. They are such as apply in aU good faith, to the Sacred Scrip- 178 INTEEPEETATION. tures, as one grand, self-consistent revelation of the wiU of God. And while, therefore, we regard the Bible as one Book, to be interpreted . according to these rules, in all the variety of its departments, of poetry, and of prose, of history, and parable, and plain didactic dis course ; still there are one or two of these depart ments which seem to demand some special interpre tation. One of these is prophecy ; and many con siderations at once present themselves, showing that as a special portion of the Word of God, it requires special attention, both in its study, and in its explanation. A very large proportion of the Bible consists of prophecy, and prophecy is occupied with themes of immense and constantly increasing importance to the Church, and the world. A certain, natural, and we might say, most useful, obscurity hangs over it. It is one of the great sources of evidence, in the argument for the Divine origin of the Bible. There is very great diversity of opinion in regard to many of its most important disclosures. Its language is highly figurative, and susceptible of a very great latitude in its explication. For these reasons, it seems every way appropriate, and necessary, that we attempt to lay down some general principles, THE PEOPHECIES. 179 expressly to regu. ate our study of prophecy, and our efforts at its explanation. Not that we give any countenance to the favorite notion of some, that every distinct species of composition needs a special system of rules ; not that we would not place pro phecy, in the main, under the general principles applicable to all Scripture. But as one of the most prominent and interesting departments of the Bible, it may be well to give it more than a general con sideration, and to note some of the special maxims, which, by nature, apply to it. All the more impres sively does this whole subject commend itself to our serious regards, inasmuch as there is a remarkable and revived tendency, in some of the leading writers and preachers of the day, to advance unsound and startling views, as derived from prophecy, of the future history of the Gospel, and of the world. At this moment, it would seem as though the wildest notions of the tenth century, concerning the personal coming of Christ, and the end of the wicked, were again to become current. Is Christ about to come in person, to reign in Jerusalem, in the year 1865 ? Are all the pious dead to be raised, and reign with our Lord in Palestine, for a thousand years ? Are aU the impenitent, hving at om- Lord's coming, to be hterally and instantaneously destroyed by fire ? Are they to remain in the grave a thousand years, and 180 INTEEPEETATION. then rise and assault the city of the saints ? And are there indeed two resurrection days — one at the coming of Christ, and the other one thousand years after ? Is the beginning of these things so near at hand, only ten years distant, from this day ? And are they clearly taught in the prophets of the Old and New Testaments ? Many answer these questions in the affirmative ; and if these events are at hand, surely it behooves us to give all diligence to the important work of studying this grand department of the Sacred Scriptures. We therefore proceed, to lay down some general principles to govern us in our work. I. — One of the first principles we specify, in regard to the study and interpretation of the prophe cies, is that they can be understood. And we insist on this all the more strenuously, since it has been reiterated -with such apparent sin cerity, that the prophecies are dark and uninteUigible. If this were so, it would prove the greater part of the Bible to be unintelhgible ; a conclusion in which no intelligent mind can rest. The greater part of the Bible consists of prophecy, and this not as a matter of chance, but as a wise and well-ordered purpose of Divine goodness. It was decreed so to be, to satisfy a felt want in the human soul. For through all time THE PEOPHECIES. 181 and under aU dispensations, man needs satisfactory proof of the special interposition of God in the affahs of this world. It is not necessary that we should show why this is so. The want certainly exists. To sat isfy it in early ages, miracles were performed ; and, in these days, prophecy, a miracle constantly perform- ming, is designed to satisfy it still. Owing to the natm-e of man, and to the subjective effects of sin upon his heart, man is whoUy dependent on the evi dence that may be afforded him from time to time, of the divine attributes, and of the divine government over him. Without that evidence, he lapses into athe ism and is miserable. In his best estate, surrounded, as he is, with a strongly sensuous nature, man wUl continue to ask, as did Gideon of old, for some sign that God is with him. And therefore it has been practically said to him, that he may have such a sign until the end of time, if he will but study the pro phecies. In these Scriptures he cannot fail to see the finger of God. How wonderful and convincing is the demonstration here given, from the earliest time to the present hour, of the existence, power, -wisdom, hohness and sovereignty of God ! If such, then, be the design of prophecy, how does it appear that it is uninteUigible ? To evade the force of this question, it is said pro phecy cannot be fuUy understood till the time of its 182 INTEEPEETATION. fulfillment. But this is only an evasion. If prophe cy cannot be understood till it is actually fulfilled, we ask how, in such a case, can it be properly prophecy at all, in any just sense of the word. To be prophecy, it must be intelligible, from the first mo ment of its utterance ; that is, it must be understood that something is foretold; and some idea of the time, manner of its fulfillment, and of the object of its prediction, must be imparted ; for aU these items enter into the very nature of a prophecy. We grant all the details of any one prophecy may not be fully understood until after its accomplishment ; but that prophecy cannot be understood, as a general propo sition, we do not gi-ant ; for thus we would ignore the inspiration of the Scriptures. In reference to this point, we submit a question, which must have, suggested itself to every one that has ever read the prophecies of the Bible. It is this : who were they to whom prophecy was at first ad dressed ? Were* they the scholars of the world, the men of deep research and immense erudition, of whom we hear in modern times, as possessing aU the competency to master this grand department of sacred interpretation ? To limit this inquiry still more, who were the men to whom the last and most difficult book of prophecy was addressed? Whoever they were, be it remembered, it was sent to them without note or com- THE PEOPHECIES. 183 ment. The Eevelation was sent to the plain, un lettered people of Ephesus and Smyrna, who had been not long converted from the gross superstitions of heathenism. But this book, though confessedly so difficult, was designed to be the great telescope of the Christian Church, by help of which she was to penetrate distant ages, and trace the wonder-working hand of God, down to the era of the grand consumma tion. And it was put into the possession of these plain, unlettered converts, at Ephesus and Smyrna, without one word of distrust of their capacity to read and understand it. Yea, a blessing is pronounced on those who do read and understand it. How, then, does this fact bear on the point before us ? In our judgment it settles the question, that the prophecies can be understood. It is in the firm faith, therefore, of this position, that we would have every reader and student of prophecy to proceed. The prophecies can be made to subserve the noblest purposes of comforting, con firming and enlightening the mind in the principles of pure and undefiled religion. And this result is to be reached by their correct interpretation. The same spirit that speaks in all the precepts, speaks also in aU the prophecies, so as to be " profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in 184 INTEEPEETATION. righteousness, that theTnan of God may be perfect thoroughly furnished unto all good works." H. — A second general principle to be adopted is, that like all other portions of Sacred Scripture, the prophecies have but one meaning to convey. It has been, and now is, one of the most fertile sources of error, respecting many of the prophecies, that they have been supposed to contain, and design edly to teach, two distinct meanings, under one and the same form of words ; that they foreteU two events, where the language clearly foretells only one. But there cannot be anything more unfounded. It is in consistent with some of the fundamental maxims of a sound interpretation; which maxims, if we once abandon, aU hope of a correct interpretation must be given up. We say the prophecies have one intended mean ing, and one fulfillment, and no more. But in lay ing down this position, we do not forget that they may have many re-illustrations, in the same manner as the proverbs. The meaning of every proverb is single, not double ; one, and not many. But not- ¦withstanding, every proverb may have its one mean ing reaffirmed thousands of times. So it is with the prophecies. Take for instance Is. vi. 9, " And THE PEOPHECIES. 185 he said, go and teU this people, hear ye indeed, but understand not; and see ye indeed, but perceive not." Here, then, was a prediction of the con tinued obstinacy and unbehef of the Jews in the times of Isaiah ; and it was a prediction fulfiUed in his times. But in Jno. xii. 37, we find our Lord applying it to the people of His day, who refused to believe or obey Him ; and He styles the then state of the Jews, a fulfillment of this very prediction. Again, in Acts xxviu. 26, Paul makes stiU another apphcation of it to the people of his time, in Eome. Here there would be a triple sense in the above pro phecy, if we admitted the principle against which we contend. But surely Isaiah did not in this case predict all these three events ; nor did he have before his eye more than one, and that one ti-anspired in his own hfetime. On what principle, then, it may be asked, was the prophecy apphed to the nation, in the other two instances ? We answer, there was a similarity in the circumstances, by which the application was justi fied. In each case, the messenger of God was resisted, and his message treated with contempt. The historic events, therefore, resembled each other ; as in the days of Isaiah, when his message was rejected, and the people hardened themselves in im penitence, so it was in the days of our Lord and oi 186 INTEEPEETATION. Paul. They to whom the Word of God came, refused to hear it, and hardened themselves in their sins. But there was nothing in all this to justify the idea of a double sense in the prophecy. That prophecy may be re-fulfilled ; i.e., re-exemplified a thousand times, and yet its meaning is primarily and unchangeably one. This is the key to the phrase, so often occurring in Matthew ; " That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet." Its force in many instances is equivalent to, "Thus again was verified what the prophet of old predicted." There are indeed in stances in Matthew and in the other evangelists, where the above phrase is applied to positive predic tions of the events recorded ; but these instances are few, and can be easily distinguished from those of the other class. Under this head come the Messianic Psalms ; or at least some of the Psalms generally considered as prophetic of the Messiah. In our view, the meaning of many of these Psalms was exhausted in their fii-st and intended fulfillment ; but in the person, character, and office of our Lord, they had a more glorious illus tration ; and therefore, what was originally apphcable to David, or Solomon, became again more illustri ously true of the Messiah. Of this it were easy to point out several examples ; while on the other hand, THE PEOPHECIES. 187 there are other Psalms, where the prophecy is pm-ely Messianic ; pointing to Christ from the first, and having all its meaning fulfilled in Him. Of course a sound discretion alone will guide us to a knowledge of these Psalms. It is perhaps impossible to decide in every case the precise limit within which the meaning of such Psalms is to be applied to the Eedeemer. The tendency has been to apply more of the Psalms generaUy to Him, than was ever in tended, in our opinion, by the Holy Spirit. Indeed it was laid down as a canon of interpretation, that all the Scripture that could be applied to Him, m,ust be applied to Him ; and from this false principle, many interpreters have not escaped to this day. The distinction which we have raised between the primary and designed sense of prophecy, and the many re-illustrations which it has in history, must never be forgotten. It relieves the whole difficulty in which this vexed question of the double sense has been involved ; and saves us from adopting a senti ment which would reduce a large portion of the Bible to a level with the oracles of Greece and Eome. Prophecy was intended as a sign from God, of the authority and truth of His Word. As such, therefore, its meaning is simple, determinate, and intelhgible. It is not double. In every particular, it conforms to the character and law of Him who 138 INTEEPEETATION. gave it. It is not yea and nay ; but yea, yea ; and nay, nay. "With open face," says Moses Stuart, " we ask, where is the proof that either prophecy, or any other part of the Old Testament, or of the New, conveys a double sense? Where is the authority for deciding what the occult sense is, or must be ? Where is the defence for trampling upon all the laws of interpretation, applicable to all other books, when we come to expound the Scriptures? In the name of all that is grave, serious, rational, intellectual, respectful to God's eternal truth, or in telligible in propounding the way of salvation to men, I protest against such an abuse of reason, of the Holy Scriptures, and of all the established prin ciples of language." — Hints on Prop., p. 40. We think no candid reader will reject these senti ments. On no other ground can the veracity and authority of the Scriptures be maintained. There are no difficulties yet discovered, great enough to compel us to depart from these sentiments for one instant. We do not here undertake to say there are no difficulties or obscurjjiies connected with this subject. But we do undertake to hold on to the oneness and simplicity of sense in all the teachings of the Holy Scriptures, whether prophetic or didactic, or historic. This is a fundamental principle, necessary to the unity, dignity, intelligibility, and Divine origin of the THE PEOPHECIES. 189 Bible. Let the mBaning of the prophecy be ascer tained, and let the event it predicts be determined, and there let us rest. If there be one, or one thou sand other events, in which aU the principal features of the prophecy re-appear, as in the multitudinous affairs of human life, there must often occur trans actions similar almost in every respect to others going before ; let not the simplicity of the Scripture be sacrificed on that account. There is nothing new under the sun. But the sense of prophecy, hke the sense of the precepts, is one, and its fulfillment one. The " Westminster -Confession " has these weighty sentiments on this point : Chap. I., Sect. 9, " Tlie infallible rule of interpretation of Scripture, is the Scripture itself ; and therefore when there is a ques tion about the true and full sense of any Scripture (which is not manifold but one), it must be searched and known by other places that speak more clearly." TTT. — A third general direction for the student and interpreter of prophecy is, that he investigate first, the prophecies already fulfiUed ; the better wUl he understand those yet in process of fulfillment. This we insist on, as a very important preliminary to this difficult department of Scriptural interpreta tion. To rush at once on the unfulfiUed prophecies. 190 INTEEPEETATION. the most profoundly difficult portions of the Bible without any understanding of the symbohc language peculiar to the prophets, and without having studied the manner of the prophets, in those instances in which their predictions have been actually fulfilled — what could more certainly lead to error? In all sciences, the first step is to acquire the elements. So it ought to be here ; for the fulfilled prophecies are in fact, the elements of prophetic interpretation ; and therefore necessary first of all, to be carefully studied. It is a very easy matter to be a blunderer in this department. We have seen a sect spring into exis tence, from the ill-guided haste of a very obscure, and unlearned person, who, without a moment's con sideration, rushed upon the interpretation of Daniel and John, as though he had fully studied prophecy in all its departments. Questions which the wisest and most erudite of students had hesitated to answer with a humble caution, he presumed to settle with the most absolute certainty. Where the difficulties of the subject should have led him to speak with modesty, there he was confident. The result was the most signal failure of all his predictions, and the insanity of many of his followers. Indeed, the high way of history is strewed with the wreck of those who have perished in such delusions. In every THE PEOPHECIES. 191 country, and in every age, there have been those, who, disregarding the maxims of sound sense, have boldly advanced to conclusions, at variance with aU reason, with the most obvious teachings of the Word of God ; untU it has passed into a proverb, that the study of prophecy, if it does not find a man insane, generaUy leaves him so. But nothing could be more unwarranted. The study of the prophecies, is the study of the inspired Word of God. Let it be conducted -with prayer, and sound common sense, and the result wiU be comfort, increase in knowledge, and in aU the graces of the Christian character. The point on which we now insist, is that fulfilled prophecy be first studied as a preparatory labor, for the purpose of acquiring skUl, the meaning of sym bols, the spirit of the prophets, and the pecuharities of their style. The reasonableness of such a course wiU be admitted at once. And connected with this general direction, is the careful separation of the fulfiUed, from the unfulfiUed prophecies. No error can be more serious than that of confounding these separate divisions of Scripture. Alas ! how often it is committed ! For example, the prophecies of Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and others, foretell ing the retm-n of the Jews from Babylon, are made to predict events yet to come, in these last ages of 192 INTEEPEETATION. the world, even the return of all the Jews to Pales tine, the rebuilding of Jerusalem, the personal com ing of Christ, to reign over the whole world, as its sole monarch, for a thousand years ! These interpre ters, with immense show of learning, insist upon what they style " a strictly literal sense" in the prophe cies. They will hear of no figurative, or spiritual interpretation. It must be ad literam, or it is false. And they have zeal and importance in various ways to be a very influential party in the literary world, although there is one fact rather ominous — they are not generally men in living sympathy with the active and missionary masses in the Church. They are either literary men, or popular preachers of a certain type, whose affinities are more with the study and the lamp, than with the busy, practical world. This fact may account somewhat for their opinions. There is such a thing as looking at the sun, until we become blind. So there may be a morbid attention to a favorite topic, until the mind loses somewhat of its just balance, and cannot discern its own errors. Yet some of these men have been, and are now, the noblest specimens of earnest ness, and evangelical devotion to the Gospel. It was of a chieftain of this class, that the renowned Dr. Chalmers, after hstening to his discourse on some prophetic theme, remarked, with a significant shrug THE PEOPHECIES. 193 of the shoulders, " the man has a prodigious imagi nation!" From the experience of the past, we have come to suspect this class of interpreters of that same capacity. But " a prodigious imagination " is not the best quahfication for the interpreter of the prophets. A strict and cautious judgment is of more real value ; and it is required at every step, in the separation of the two great divisions of the ful fiUed, and the unfulfiUed predictions. It wQl be understood that by a fulfilled prophecy we mean one that is actually completed, such as the coming of Christ, to die for the sins of the world, or the return of the Jews from the captivity. There are also prophecies in the process of fulfillment, and others stUl whose accomplishment has not yet com menced. These are aU to be carefully, and con stantly distinguished from those wholly fulfilled. lY. A fourth principle to guide us in the inter pretation of the prophets is, that the Bible itself is the proper source of the laws apnlicable to this department of the Sacred Yolume. We have often heard the idea advanced that the key of many of the prophecies is to be discovered among the hieroglyphics of Egypt, or of Nineveh, or among the ancient ruins of the East. But our behef is that this lost key is to be found in the Bible itself. 194 INTEEPEETATION. This follows from the fundamental maxim that the Bible can make plain its own meaning, independent of all extrinsic considerations. Beyond all doubt it contains the only true and safe principles of pro phetic interpretation. To ascertain these principles, we believe the process is this : from the record carefully ascertain the contents of the prophecy ; note the symbols employed, if any, and their signifi cation as given in the Scriptures ; and finally make «ure of the time, or age, in which the event, or events, are to take place. On all these points the Bible is our only reliable source of information. Because prophecy having been designed to be understood, everything needful to its being under stood has been provided by Divine wisdom in the record. An honest purpose, a prayerful heart, a discreet 'and cool judgment and an open Bible, are all that we need to ensure a wise and useful inter pretation of these deep mysteries. Our position above defined does not exclude the use of general history. Indeed, after the close of Eevelation, history is the only source within our reach, from which we can ascertain the fulfillment of many of the prophecies. Here we cannot but caU attention to the admirable use made by Barnes, in his " Notes on Eevelation," of the " History of the Decline and FaU of the Eoman Empire." His quo- THE PEOPHECIES. 195 tations from Gibbon, as iUustrating the predictions of John, are very striking. They could not fail to throw a very singular hght on that wonderful book. For granting, as we must, that the book of Eevela tion is a comprehensive prediction of the leading events in history, from the promulgation of the Gospel, to the end of the world, it follows, of course, that history must be in fact, nothing more or less than the fulfilling of that mysterious book. But this is true of aU history. It is the fulfillment of the prophecies, and therefore must be diligently con sulted in the interpretation of them. And here has been one great som-ce of error, in the misapphcation of history ; sometimes through a too precipitate desire of finding a fulfillment, and more frequently, perhaps, through a failure to ascer tain the chronology of the prophecy, i. e., the time, or age of the world, in which the completion of the prediction chronologically falls. This last point is to be ascertained by a careful attention to the events predicted, the time from which the prediction begins, and the date of its intended end — most essential par ticulars these to the interpreter. The prophets, as a general fact, keep strictly in their view, the order of time, in which the events foretold, will take place ; and to mistake that order of time is almost infallible method of going astray. 196 INTEEPEETATION. There is also a similarity of events and their causes in different and distant ages of the world, which makes it easy to fall into error. Wars, ambition, intrigues, - pride, revolutions, vice, are everywhere alike, as are the sources whence they spring. But it ought to be borne in mind, that prophecy has not foretold every outburst of vice, nor yet every revo lution, or apostasy from the faith of Christ. To ascertain what it has foretold, we must keep our eye on the periods within which it has confined its pre dictions. Events predicted to occur in the first century, we must look for in the first century ; and should events every way similar occur in the nine teenth, and apparently from the same causes, yet we would wrest the Scripture wholly from its design, did we insist on applying the prophecy to events for which it never was intended. Every prophecy has its time and expires with it. So also, if a prophecy respect a particular country, or region, the fulfillment must be sought for in that region and in no other. But in respect to all these particulars the Bible is the only competent autho rity, and hence it is in the Bible that we are to seek for all the elements of a sound and safe interpreta tion of the prophecies. It has the key of its own mysteries. THE PEOPHECIES. 197 Y. Another step of essential importance is the perusal of the contemporaneous history of the pro phets, in the historical books. These books ought to be read and thoroughly studied, as the very best possible preparation for the work of interpreting the prophets. They develop the events out of which the mission of the prophets had its rise ; they detail both the occasion of the prediction, and the time of its fulfillment. There we learn that the prophets were raised up for the emer gencies in which they hved ; that they had a special errand to fulfill, and that they actuaUy fulfilled it. Their messages therefore, and the visions of futurity vouchsafed to them, had an adaptation very close and specific to the work on which they came. They were not sent to prophecy of the distant future, only as that future gave courage and hope to the people immediately before them, who heard their utterances, and for whose special benefit they were sent of God. It is a common error of the present day, as it has been of past times, to regard the prophets, not as speaking and writing for the men of their own day, and of events passing imme diately before them ; but as writing and speaking indefinitely and always of the ages to come. ITiis error is the parent of many others. There is not a prophet on the inspired roll, but who had his special. 193 INTEEPEETATION. en-and to the men of his own generation ; and if the distant future and its events were revealed to him, it was simply as a motive to repentance, or as a cause of hope and joy, to those whom he imme diately addressed. Hence every book of prophecy, in the Old Testament, as well as in the New, has its special adaptation to its own times. There is no understanding of these books, therefore, without making ourselves famihar with the history of the particular crisis in which they were written. The vices that prevailed, the errors of doctrine, the dan gers that threatened the nation, the condition and designs of the kingdoms around them, the maturity of the Divine purposes at the time in which the prophets hved, all these gave a certain coloring to the labors, and sentiments, and visions of these mes sengers of God ; so that to neglect the contempora neous history of the prophets is the most certain way to misunderstand them altogether. We subjoin a table of the order in which the prophets hved, and of the times during which they prophesied, so that the corresponding histories in Kings and Chronicles may be read along with their writings. THE PEOPHECIES. 199 KraOS OF JUDAH. KISaS or ISRAEL. 1 Jonah B. C. 8S6-T84 Jehu 2 Amos " 810—785 Uzziah Jeroboam II. 3 Hosea " 810—725 Uzziah, Jotham, &c. " 4 Isaiah " 810-698 " " 6 Joel " 810—660 Manassah 6 Micah " 758—690 Jotham,* Ahaz, &c. Pekah and Ho r Nahum " 720—698 Hezekiah sea 8 Zephauiah " 640—609 Josiah 9 Jeremiah " 628—686 (t 10 Habalilcuk " 612—598 Jehoiakim 11 Daniel " 606—534 The Capti-rity 12 Obadiah " 688—583 13 Ezekiel " 595—636 Part of the Oapliivity 14 Haggai " 520—618 After the return 15 Zeohariah " " " u u 16 Malachi " 436—397 " YI. Another step in this work, is the careful com parison of parallel prophecies. By parallel prophecies we mean the writings of dif ferent prophets, foretelhng the same events. Like the evangelists, the prophets often traverse the same ground, not as copying each other, but as inde pendent witnesses for the truth ; and, therefore, ac cording to a former position, they are the best guides to the right understanding of their communications. Placed side by side, these parallel prophecies cannot fail to throw a strong mutual light on each other. What is doubtful or obscure in one, may be plain and obvious in another : where one is brief, another may be full and satisfactory: where one presents only some dark symbol of an event, his successor may lead you at once to the event predicted without the intervention of a symbol. 200 INTEEPEETATION. The greatest care, of course, will be required in making out the list of the paraUel prophecies. The parallelism must be clearly established. A mere resemblance to the language employed will not suffice. AU the various particulars in each prophecy must be compared, such as time, place, and object; and the agreement must be evident. Thus, no one can institute a comparison between the seventh chapter of Daniel and the seventeenth of Eevelation, without being convinced that they are predictions of the same general events. The symbols are similar ; the language also, and the results are so entirely alike, that we cannot doubt but they describe the same historic occurrences. This faithful comparison of parall-el passages was a work, which, according to the title of his book. Dr. Keith should have accomplished. He styles it " The Harmony of Prophecy." But owing to a vicious neglect of the chronology of the prophecies, and a sys tem of interpretation destitute of all appearance of consistency, he has only confounded all harmony. The reader of that work must think the prophets hopelessly at variance with each other ; and instead of admiring the unity of their predictions, he must feel wearied and grieved with their inexplicable per plexities. Such books do incredible injury to the cause of Biblical investigation. The impression they THE PEOPHECIES. 201 convey is, that the whole subject is incoherent and incapable of comprehension; and this unspeakably precious and instructive portion of the Word of God, is, therefore, often regarded as repulsive and barren in the highest degree, even to many who regard it worthy of all faith. The number of prophecies unfulfilled, that are paraUel prophecies, is not great ; the student, there fore, may enter upon this labor, reheved from the fear that the undertaking is likely to be very arduous. Any common reader of the Bible may accomplish it with no other help than the common references to parallel texts ; and the e:^ort will weU repay his attention. ON THE CALCULATIONS EESPECTING THE END OF THE WOELD. All readers of the Bible know that there have been, at various times, very strenuous efforts made, from certain passages in Daniel and John, to calculate the precise year in which the present world is to end. The history of these efforts, from the days of the apostles until now, would fill many large volumes; but whether a recital of all the miserable failures that have been made, would prevent the repetition of such efforts in time to come, is very doubtful. 9* 202 INTEEPEETATION. Only a few years ago, the year and the day were confidently fixed when the trumpet should sound, and the voice of the Son of God be heard calhng the world to judgment. It is only as yesterday that the eloquent Irving, with saintly and joyous countenance, was wont to stand for hours together on his balcony, looking towards the east, momentarily expecting to see the glorious white throne, and the retinue of attending angels, and the ever-blessed Eedeemer coming in the glory of the Father, to judge the living and the dead. And now another prophet has risen up, and by him we are confidently assured, from a devout and prayerful stijdy of the prophets, that the second coming of Christ, and the end of the present system, will probably take place in 1865. The data of this and all other similar calculations are found in Dan. xii. 11, compared with Eev. xii. 6, and xiii. 18, and Eev. xx. 4. But by a cursory inspection of these passages, it will be seen that any calculation of the year when this world shall end, must be very, if not purely, arbitrary, inasmuch as there is no direct reference to that event in these passages whatever. All that the Bible justifies us in believing respecting the ter mination of this present world is, that there is a certain grand moral result to be reached in the his tory of our race, a general dispersion of the igno- THE PEOPHECIES. 203 ranee of men, and a triumph over the wickedness that reigns in the earth ; and that after an extended period of peace and holiness, very suddenly and un expectedly, the angel of God -will summon both the hving and the dead to judgment. Then -will come the end; the dissolution of this present system, in liquid fire, and the final retribution of the last day, dispensed in righteousness, by our Lord Jesus Christ. We cannot follow this topic in all its details ; but in the briefest manner, we shall put on record some general remarks for the guidance of the reader: 1. The data from which calculations are made respecting the dissolution of this world, are not clear. They are capable of very different applications. That they furnish any very reliable grounds, there fore, for accurately fixing the year and day of this world's destruction, is more than doubtful. 2. But that there will be a time in the future, when this world in all its families, shaU be arrested by the voice of the angel of God, proclaiming, that time shall be no more, is certain — certain, as any future event can be. God has so decreed, both the event, and the agency by which it is to be accom- phshed, and has given the world due warning of it in the infallible Oracles of His will. 3. The coming of such a day has been the unin- 204 INTEEPEETATION. terrupted belief of aU the pious in every age of the world, since the beginning. It is implied in the very nature of that system of moral government, which God has estabhshed over man; that system cannot be perfected without the positive occurrence of just such a day. 4. The great epochs of the world's history, and the moral changes to take place in it, the triumph of the Gospel and the overthrow of Satan's kingdom, as introductory to the scenes and issues of the last day, have been clearly marked out in the prophets, both of the Old and the New Testaments. The order of these great events can be distinctly and satisfac torily traced, perhaps not to the point of absolute certainty as to the year of their commencement, or their close, but certainly as far as respects the fact and order of their occurrence. And this is enough to justify the devout and earnest study of the subject, by all who desire to know the fortunes awaiting our world in the fiight of future years. 6. All calculations of the times in which these great events are to transpire, should be made in a cautious and modest spirit, as fully aware of the difficulties of the subject, and of the many failures that have aheady been made in respect to them in past ages. Many have outlived the year and the day. THE PEOPHECIES. 205 which they had confidently foretold as the last day of the world. 6. It is expressly said in Mat. xxiv. 36, " Of that day — i.e. the day of final judgment — and of that hour, knoweth no man, no, not the angels of heaven, but my Father only." This declaration from our Saviour's lips, makes it certain that the prophets have not revealed the day of judgment, in any such manner as to enable us to fix, with any certainty, the year of its occurrence. Our Lord gives us to un derstand, not simply that men and angels do not know when it shall be, but that they cannot by any means find it out. The data, then, in the prophets cannot furnish us with any infalhble discoveries on the subject. As we have already said, the great eras of our world's history they have clearly foretold, in their order and issues ; but, if the words of our Lord are true, we cannot find out from any source, and of course not from the prophets, the precise year when this world shaU end. 7. It follows, therefore, that aU such calculations as those to which we refer are to be viewed with suspicion. They are not worthy of our confidence, because they rest on no reliable data. Neither do they add any new motives to the obligations of a holy hfe. The duties of repentance towards God and of faith in Christ, and of a holy life, are not 206 INTEEPEETATION. dependent on any such events, and never, in the Bible, are they urged upon men's hearts on any such grounds. This is one of the strongest considerations, going to show that such calculations ought never to be made. Acts i. 7, "It is not for you to know the times or seasons which the Father" has put in His own power." These general principles and directions wiU render the study of the prophets, we are confident, both easy and attractive ; and none that pursue this study will ever regret the time or labor it may cost them. It is an exercise akin to the highest pleasures of science. It imparts a comfort to the soul every way peculiar; for as we follow the wonderful footsteps of the prophet, far down into distant ages, we still see a holy God on the throne, sin disappearing, and holiness becoming more and more the glory of the universe. We are carried forward to scenes grand and impressive, in which righteousness and truth are ever in the ascendant. The problem of this world's history is solved ; solved amid the anthems of the redeemed, and the praises of infinite love. The Gospel is triumphant, and Satan is put to shame. Christ is God, and the human heart yields to him its steady, its pure affections. We live and rejoice with the good. We anticipate the joys of a THE PEOPHECIES. 207 converted world. Our acquaintanceship with the generations to come is made a thing of present enjoyment. A heavy burden is taken from our hearts ; for, the " hon of the tribe of Judah " has opened the mysterious book of the providence of God, and we feel how good it is, that God has re vealed the future. There is no study that so cer tainly hfts us above the gloomy depressions incident to this brief life, as the study of the prophets, the humble, dUigent, prayerful tracing on the inspired map, the progress of man, the tide of nations, and the success of the Gospel of Salvation. All other forms of miracle have ceased; but in the prophecies we have a continually unfolding mir acle, to cease only with the end of time. God has thus wisely ordained that the evidence of his exis tence and sovereignty over the affairs of men, should always be within reach of the devout and the pray erful. This evidence, in this form, was given even to our first parents, almost immediately after they sinned. Prophecy lifted up the veil of the future before* their eyes, as an antidote to their fears. And ever since that hour, it has been like the bow in the cloud, to a suffering, desponding, afflicted Church. It is the pledge of her victory, the Divine signal that God is with her. ShaU the prophecies then be neglected? ShaU 208 INTEEPEETATION. they be cast aside as unprofitable ? Shall we say, as did Adam Clarke, with an air of profound wisdom, of the Book of Eevelation : "I do not understand the Book," intending thereby to insinuate that it cannot be understood, and on this plea excuse our selves from its study ? No. Let us rather consider the object of prophecy, and the confidence God has placed in us, in committing it so unreservedly to our interpretation. This whole department of Sacred Scripture is for our benefit ; and all we need, for its successful interpretation, is an honest purpose, and a prayerful heart, with the blessing of God. "If any man lack -wisdom, let him ask of God, who giveth to all men hberally, and upbraideth not, and it shall be given him." Jas. i. 6. ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 209 CHAPTEE XI. ON THE ALLEGED COlirrEADICTIONS OF THE BIBLE. The subject of this chapter does not seem, at the first glance, properly to belong to the particular design of this treatise ; yet, for various reasons, it is very desirable that it should be noticed. In enter ing upon it, somewhat in detail, we shall be contri buting directly to the science of a sound Biblical interpretation. Our attention wiU be occupied with matters of fact, rather than the general principles, by which the sense of Scripture is ascertained ; but these principles shall not by any means be lost sight of. In the solution of many of the most plausible contradictions, alleged to exist in the Bible, sound first principles of exegesis, are our only hope. Where these fail us, the case is desperate. That the writers of the Bible do, in appearance, conflict in some of their statements, both with them selves, and with each other, is not to be denied. Hence, the friends of revelation should hold them- 210 INTEEPEETATION. selves prepared to explain these apparent contradic tions, and defend the Bible, if it can be defended, from so grave a charge. When every other species of attack has failed, the enemies of the Bible have made this theh last resort. They have said the Bible, by its contradictions, has disproved itself; and the daring and diligence of these men have been worthy of a better cause. Their success, however, has never repaid them for theh pains ; they have found it vastly more easy to bring charges than to prove them ; and their gravest charges have very often come to nothing in their own hands. Some new discovery, or some new improvement in science, has defeated their strongest attempts to put the Bible in the wrong ; and this has so frequently come to pass, that in these days, only one here and there is found courageous enough to make an attack, how ever feeble. The Bible, with all its weak points, is stronger than its foes. Its real dangers, in our day, seem to arise from its ill-advised friends, who make an indiscreet defence of its doctrines, supposing there is no way so sure to uphold its Divine character, as by proving its irreconcilable opposition to aU human science. Adopting, then, a very general classification of the aUeged contradictions in the Bible, we arrange them into the four foUowing classes : ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 211 I. Those which are said to occur in statements of facts and doctrines. II. Those between prophecy, and its fulfillment. HI. Those against the principles of morality. lY. Those at variance with the nature of things, or with the natural sciences, astronomy, and geology. We propose to notice these alleged contradictions somewhat in detail, mainly for the purpose of show ing how all such charges may be disposed of, and the consistency and truth of the Bible -vindicated. We make no pretensions of traversing the whole field, nor of repelling every supposed instance of contradiction. Such an attempt might occupy many such volumes as this ; and would be regarded as a work too elaborate to be read. I. ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS IN FACTS AND DOCTEINES. Before proceeding, it may be proper to observe that errors in the text of Scripture are, of course, to be excepted in this discussion. Such errors there may be, in the Bible. It would be nothing short of a miracle if there were not. That there are such errors in the historical books, there can be no doubt ; and that there are some in the doctrinal books is a point proved. They occurred probably in the process of transcription ; from the 212 INTEEPEETATION. great similarity of many of the Hebrew letters ; from the oversight of the copiers ; and from the zeal of ardent friends. But this admission militates just nothing against the veracity of the Bible. It is all that we are willing to grant, after the most thorough and impartial investigation ; and the whole amount of it is, that one writer says, there were so many men in a certain army, and so many slain in a cer tain battle, and another says something different; or some unimportant word repeating a truth already asserted has been added from the margin ; but in all cases the original writer was right, and as the case now stands, no palpable contradiction can be proved. Call to mind the history of the Bible, and if you are a competent judge of the purity of its original text, you will not be greatly moved at a few trivial mis takes such as have been now described. There is no book in existence, so old, with so few variations in its text. It therefore defies the inspection of the world. Indeed, infidels turn away in haste from any attempt to prove it corrupt. This they have learned to do from experience. The efforts of critics on the text of the Bible are thus correctly set forth by a modern writer ; — " As to the Old Testament, the indefatigable investigations and the four folios of Father Houbi- gant, the thirty years' labor of John Henry Michse- ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 213 hs ; above all, the great critical Bible, and the ten years' study of the famous Kennicott (upon his five hundred and eighty-one Hebrew MSS.), and finally, the collection of the six hundred and eighty MSS. of Prof. Eossi ; as to the New Testament, the not less gigantic investigations of MiU, Bengel, Wetstein, and Griesbach (into the three hundred and thirty- five MSS. of the Gospels alone), the later researches of Nolan, Matthei, Lawrence, and Hug ; above all, those of Scholz (-with his six hundred and seventy- four MSS. of the Gospels, his two himdi-ed MSS. of the Acts, his two hundred and fifty-six MSS. of Paul's Epistles, his ninety-three MSS. of the Apocalypse, without counting his fifty-three Lectionaria) ; all these prodigious labors have estabhshed, in a man ner so con-vincing, the astonishing preservation of the text, although copied so many thousand times (in Hebrew, during thirty-three centuries, and in Greek during eighteen centuries), that the hopes of the enemies of religion from this quarter have been overthrown ; and that, as Michsehs remarks, ' they have thenceforward ceased to hope anything from these critical researches, at first earnestly recom mended by them, because from them they expected discoveries which no one has made.' " To proceed then with the subject of this chapter : it is alleged that Gen. xxu. 1, " God did tempt 214 INTEEPEETATION. Abraham," contradicts Jas. i. 13, " God cannot be tempted with evil, neither tempteth he any man." We admit that, as far as words go, the contradiction is very striking. But a contradiction in words is not of necessity a contradiction in sense. The former is harmless; the latter is not proved. The circum stances in which the two statements were made, show very clearly that in sense they do not differ. Moses says — " God tempted Abraham ;" and the history shows what he means. He means that Abraham's faith was put to the test ; but to consti tute a temptation, in the bad sense of the word, reference must be had to the motive by which it is dictated. God did not design to lead the patriarch into sin ; Moses did not design to say that he did. James is treating of the origin of sin, and he traces it very correctly to the " lust " or will of the sinner himself. In the course of his argument, he says God is not to be charged with the origin of sin, " for God cannot be tempted -with evil, neither tempteth he any man ;" i. e., he does not intentionaUy set motives before men, for the purpose of leading them into sin. " But every man is tempted," says James, " when he is drawn away of his own lust and enticed." Thus the meaning of Moses is actually in harmony with that of James ; God proved Abra ham's faith, and every man is tempted when he is ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 215 drawn away of his own lust and enticed." The con tradiction is only in sound, and arises from the use of the word " tempt " by both writers, in a shghtly modified sense, easily discovered from the circum stances of the case. Of the same nature is a supposed contradiction between 2 Sam. xxiv. 1, " The Lord moved David to number Israel and Judah," and 1 Chron. xxi. 1, " Satan stood up and provoked David to number Israel." In reply we remark, this is only one of a great many instances in which various causes are said to meet in the production of the same events. Thus God is said to have hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and Pharaoh is said to have hardened his own heart ; the priests are said to have bought the potter's field with the thirty pieces of sUver, and Judas is said to have bought the field : Solomon is said to have built the Temple, and yet he only hired Hiram to buUd: God is said to have dehvered Lot from Sodom, and yet Lot escaped in the use of his own feet : Paul is said to have begotten, or con verted the Corinthians, and yet the Spirit of God alone converts the soul. Now the simple and satis factory explanation of all these seeming contradic tions is — the writers at the moment had not their thoughts directed to the same causes, as immediately preceding, or giving birth to the events narrated. 216 INTEEPEETATION. Every effect, or event, has many antecedent causes, either more or less remote; and sometimes one is specified, and sometimes another. But, it is in vain to say there is any contradiction in such cases. Let those who bring the charge, define what a confra- diction is, and then let them establish an instance, if they can, in which any such thing occurs, in aU the inspired Yolume. The words of our Saviour, Jno. v. 37, "Ye have neither heard His voice at any time, nor seen His shape," are regarded as opposed to Jno. xiv. 9, and Deut. iv. 12, " He that hath seen me hath seen my Father ;" " Ye heard the voice of the words." But as before, all depends on the meaning of the separ ate texts ; and that is to be ascertained by the con text, the object of the writer, and the nature of the subject on which he is speaking. In the first, the context shows that our Lord charges the people with resisting the manifestation of the will of God. He does this in peculiar language ; but his hearers no doubt perfectly understood him. He says they had neither seen nor heard God. This was literally true ; it was not in a hteral sense, however, that he wished to be understood. He was charging them with diso bedience ; and it is this fact he intends to bring home to them, when he says, " Ye have neither heard His voice, nor seen His shape." They had been a diso- ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 217 bedient, blind people, under all dispensations, they had disregarded the means which God had taken to sanctify and save them. But when it is said, " He that hath seen me, hath seen my Father," the meaning is not in the words ; it turns, as before, on the fact of their disobedience. He that obeys me, obeys my Father, is the sentiment enforced. There is, therefore, no contradiction here. A similar instance is said to occur in Jno. v. 31, " If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true," compared with Jno. viu. 14, " Though I bear witness of myself, yet my witness is true." The Jews them selves, who heard our Lord on both occasions, charged Him with inconsistency. But unjustly. In the fii-st He means to say, that if He alone bore testimony to His Messiahship, then His claims must needs be false ; for whoever might be the real Messiah, would cer tainly have other witnesses of the fact beside him self. In the second passage. He designs to say, though He did alone bear witness of His claims, yet they were true. ' There is no contradiction in these state ments. If a man could bring no evidence but his own word for his honesty, that alone would not prove it ; yet a man might be strictly honest, though he himself should affirm it. This is aU that our Lord meant to say. The language of our Lord, Mat. V. 84, is said to be at variance with Heb. vi. 16. 10 218 INTEEPEETATION. In the latter passage, Paul says : " An oath for con firmation is to them an end of all strife," as though he gave his sanction to oaths. Granting that he does sanction oaths, there is no contradiction between him and our Lord ; for the latter does not refer to anything but profane swearing, or taking the name of God in vain. His language is, "Swear not at all." But this does not forbid the appeal to God in a court of justice. Once more : 1 Jno. ii. 20, " But ye have an unc tion from the Holy One, and ye know all things," is supposed to contradict Mat. xxiv. 36, in which it is affirmed, that no man knows the day of judgment. But when John says, " Ye know aU things," his mean ing is to be gathered from the connection. He means simply to say that they were fully acquainted with the character of Christ and the doctrines of the Gospel. He did not surely mean to assert that they were Omniscient. Finally, it has often been alleged that the different accounts of the resurrection of Christ are contradic tory. But, in reply, we aver in one sentence, that all such pretences are wholly without foundation. Our twelfth preliminary axiom forestalls all such allegations. Omission is not misstatement ; and addi tional testimony is not of necessity conflicting testi mony. ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 219 The above instances may serve as a specimen of aUeged contradictions under our first head. That of Paul and James has been reconciled under our 8th general rule. n. ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS BETWEEN PEOPHECIES AND THEIE FULFILLMENT. Of these there are but few brought forward. For our enemies here have found rather a barren field. But they must needs quote Jonah iii. 4, " Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be destroyed." But the condition of this threatening was, that if the city repented within the forty days, it should not be des troyed. Nineveh did repent ; it was spared, and the prophecy was fulfilled. It would also have been fulfiUed, if the people had remained impenitent, and the city had been destroyed. Another instance is said to be in respect to our Lord's remaining in the grave. The fact is admitted that in the prophecy three days and three nights are specified ; and that our Lord was in the grave only one whole day, and parts of two. He was laid in the sepxdchre towards evening of the first. He re mained there all the second ; and arose early on the morning of the third. In the common usage of the country, however, this was understood to be three 220 INTEEPEETATION. days. Hence the prophecy was fulfilled in the estimation of the generation to whom it was given. Jer. xxxiii. 20, is supposed to be an example. It reads : " If ye can break my covenant of the day, and my covenant of the night, and that there should not be day and night in their season ; then may also my covenant be broken with David my servant, that he should not have a son to reign upon his throne." What has become of this prophecy? asks our ob jector. Where is the king on the throne these 1800 years? We reply, Jesus, of the seed of David according to the flesh, is the King of Israel, and he is on the throne for ever, and shall reign for ever and ever. If, by way of a rejoinder, it be said that Jeremiah did not intend to foretell the kingship of Christ, we might grant the fact; and yet our position would remain immovable. For it does not belong essen tially to the nature of a prophecy, that the prophet himself fully understood all that his words imply. Daniel states expressly that he understood not the vision of the ram and the goat ; and a special mes senger was sent to cause him to understand the things which were about to befall his people in the latter days. In the last vision, he says : " I heard, but I understood not." It is enough that the pro- ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 221 phecy is inteUigible as a Divine prediction, and be fuUy reahzed and made complete in the events of history. Such is the fact with the prophecy above mentioned. To its every letter it has been fulfiUed in Jesus Christ. As we have already said, this has proved rather a barren field for objectors. Every successive charge has led to a renewed investigation, and that to a new victory on the part of the Bible. The exact fulfill ment of the prophecies has been very much hke the miracles of Moses in Egypt. Those seeking to dis prove the Divine mission of the Bible, have very frequently felt constrained to cry out : " this is the finger of God?" The prophecy once pronounced, has remained on the imperishable record, till in due time, the event has proclaimed the manifest inter position of God. Whether for a day, or a month, or a year, or a thousand years, it has calmly waited its issue. No accident has prevented the result; no conspiracy of men, nor mahce of devUs, has sufficed to defeat it. At the set time, it has been fulfilled with an evident certainty, which belongs only to the Divine purposes. Prophecy, as an argument in behalf of the Bible, may be compared to one of the great Pyramids. It cannot be removed by the efforts of an ant. Its mighty structure wiU not come down, at the bidding of him, who merely dis- 222 INTEEPEETATION. lodges, as he thinks, a brick here and there from the outer wall. It shall stand tUl the last trumpet shake the world, and call the universe to judgment. m. ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS OF THE PEINCIPLES OF MOEALITT. Of this class, the enemies of the Bible, in their own estimation, have discovered a very great num ber ; the command to sacrifice Isaac ; the command given to borrow from the Egyptians ; the extirpation of the Canaanites ; the vow of Jephthah ; the treat ment of the Ammonites by David, and David's wicked conduct in the case of Uriah, and many others. The command to offer Isaac, was given merely as a test of character, and as such, involved no contra diction to the principles of morality. God as Crea tor, and Proprietor of all, was competent to give such a command, for such a purpose, as truly as He is competent to send an earthquake, or a famine, or a pestilence, to take away human hfe, without injus tice to men. Of the same nature was the command to exterminate the Canaanites; and therefore, the same general reply is given. It were easy, indeed, to show that, instead of confiicting with the principles of good morals, it was a purely benevolent measure. ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 223 It was a command to destroy a horde of robbers, a , hopelessly depraved and wicked people; and the sword of Israel was as truly a friend to mankind, in that tragedy, as the sword of the magistrate, when unsheathed to defend society against social evil, or the arm of the invader. The Jews were instructed by Moses to ask rai ment and jewels from the Egyptians, which they never returned. The Egyptians lent to the Jews what they asked. But equity decides that aU they thus received was in effect but a poor compensation for the long years of bondage unrequited, spent under their oppressors. The case of Jephthah's daughter will not give the objector any great advantage. It cannot be proved that he sacrificed his daughter ; and if it could be so proved, there is no evidence that the Bible approves of any such sacrifices. Exod. XX. 6, is quoted as one instance in which there is a palpable contradiction of some other Scriptures, and of the principles of justice. The pas sages contradicted are, Jer. xxxi. 30, and Ezek. xviii. 20. The words in Exodus are : " for I the Lord thy God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, unto the third and fourth generations of them that hate me." This visiting the sins of the fathers upon the children is declared 224 INTEEPEETATION. unjust, and contrary to other Scriptures, which assert that the son shall not bear the iniquity of the father. , But the whole objection arises in a mistake. The visitation is upon those who hate God, and not on the innocent, consequently, instead of contradicting the above Scriptures, it is in fact, only another asser tion of the principle which they contain, viz. : " the soul that sinneth, it shall die," or every soul shaU bear his own iniquity. The treatment of the Ammonites by David, men tioned in 1 Chron. xx. 3, be it noted, is not in any sense justified in the narrative. If he were therefore really guilty of inhumanity, his fault is not to be charged on the Bible. But it is a matter of doubt, whether, in this instance, our English translation has faithfully rendered the original. The Hebrew would justify the statement that the captives were put simply to the sawing of timber, and the drudgery of the brick-kilns, and the labors of the field. Criielty was not a trait of David's character. As respects the conduct of David towards Uriah, it is recorded, even in the public annals of his life, accompanied with the reproof of a special messen ger, and with the judgment of God threatened upon his household. It is not therefore approved, but pointedly condemned, and consequently, no objection on this score, can he against the Bible. ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 225 Many of the Psalms of David have been denounced as totally inconsistent with benevolence. But some of these very denunciations violate the law of morals they would enforce on the Psalmist. If the general benevolence of David's heart be called in question, we have a word to say in its defence. Look at his conduct towards Saul for forty years; Saul being, during all these forty years, his mortal enemy. Can the world produce another such instance of magna nimity towards an enemy ? Saul was several times in David's power; David spared him, and in all these forty years, uttered not a syllable of revenge towards the man, who thirsted for his life. Is not this proof of k benevolent heart ? Look at his sen timents recorded in his Psalms, without the faintest tinge of anything of the nature of misanthropy. In the particular Psalms referred to, there is not a syl lable but what is implied or expressed in the wishes and prayers of every good man, that the laws of God, and of the State, may be maintained, and the wicked punished. Is there any offence done against morality, in wishing that the thief, the adulterer, the murderer, and the man-stealer, may be brought to condign punishment ? Is it a violation of the law of benevolence to express such wishes in Sacred song ? What then shall be said of many of the most popular poems on liberty, and patriotism? Must 10* 226 INTEEPEETATION. these also be condemned? But David's Psalms are of the same character, in principle, with the best of these patriotic compositions ; having this additional circumstance in their favor, that they are dictated by Divine benevolence, and without the least mixtm-e of ill-will, or inhumanity towards any living being. This is true of the judge, who, for the public good, condemns the criminal to death. How much more, is it true of the man of God, who speaks as he is moved by the Spirit, when he prays that the wicked may not escape the sentence of the law ? It has been objected that both true and false pro phets have been sent forth, under the Divine sanc tion ; and that miracles have been recorded, as wrought both by the friends and the enemies of the Bible. In respect to the latter charge, we reply, while the record, for instance, of miracles wrought by the magicians of Egypt is admitted, we do not admit the fact that miracles were -wrought by these astrologers. The artlessness of the record might lead us to suppose that miracles were wrought, but nothing more is intended by it, than to convey the fact that the magicians attempted to work miracles ; and in some way prevailed for a time on Pharaoh to beUeve that they did. The character of God and the nature of the case, require us to believe that none but true miracles were wrought. This is. ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 227 nevertheless, certain, there was a point beyond which the jugglery of the magicians did not succeed ; but if they failed in one case they must have failed in all. Did Moses, or any other heaven-sent ambassa dor fail in any instance ? Never. In respect to false prophets, reference is made to 1 Kings, xxii. 23, ." Now, therefore, the Lord hath put a lying spirit in the mouth of aU these thy pro phets." But this is just the old and often-answered objection, that God hardened Pharaoh's heart. God is said to do just what the false prophets do; in what sense this is said, it is quite easy for us to understand. The people and the false prophets per verted the means which God was employing for their sanctification ; for this He gave them up to the de sires of their own hearts, just as He did the king of Egypt. In this sense He gave them a lying sphit. In a hke sense He " creates all things for Himself, yea, even the wicked for the day of evil." That is, all things are created for the glory of God, and they wUl of course subserve that purpose ; yea, even the wicked themselves will subserve that purpose. But this is not to say that God is the author of evil ; or, that He takes any pleasure in sin ; or, prefers the aid of false prophets and wicked men, in the govern ment of the world. Another objection has been that various passages 2-;8 INTEEPEETATION. speak of God as repenting, while' others represent Him as of one mind and incapable of repentance. Thus, Gen. yi. 6, " It repented the Lord that He had made man on the earth." And Num. xxiii. 19, " God is not man that He should he ; neither the son of man that He should repent." This difficulty, if difficulty it be, involves the question, whether God, as an uncreated and eternal being, has feehugs and emotions such as men have ? It is enough for our purpose that the language of the Bible represents Him as possessed of like emo tions with men, such as grief, joy, disappointment, compassion, and repentance, or change of mind. In other words, He is not absolutely emotionless and without feelings ; yet, at the same time, when feel ings and emotions are ascribed to Him, it must be in harmony with His infinite and glorious perfections. The passage in Genesis describes a fact in the Divine mind ; God was grieved -with the wickedness of men. Who can deny it ? What, then, is the meaning of the passage in Numbers xxiii. 19? We reply, it also asserts a fact respecting the Divine nature, viz. — its immutability. With Jehovah there is of a truth no variableness, nor shadow of turning, such as is common to man. And yet grief in the Divine mind, when sin occurs, is a fact not to be denied. But this feehng of grief and His immutabihty are ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 229 entirely compatible. He is angry with the wicked every day; and He is of one mind, and repenteth not. His purposes are the same from eternity to eternity. This results from the nature of God, and hence the language is enthely consistent and truth ful. It describes facts and states in the Divine mind, as they are, in a manner perfectly intelhgible ; and all just objection is thus removed. It yet remains that we consider the alleged contra dictions of the Bible to natural science ; but this we defer to the next chapter. rv. ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS OP THE NATUEE OF THINGS, OE OF THE NATUEAL SCIENCES, IN THE BIBLE. It has been the rash affirmation of infidels, that the Bible and modern science are totally irreconcila ble. Their argument has been very brief, and, in their view, very effective : " natural science, so-called, is aU true ; the Bible contradicts natural science ; therefore, the Bible is not true, and not true, it is not from God." But one thing is certain ; to go no further back than the last twenty-five years, those who have ad vanced this syllogism have not increased, but mar vellously diminished, in number; so that at the present moment, the noblest names of science pub- 230 INTEEPEETATION. licly avow their behef, that not one scientific error of any kind is found in all the Bible. Yea, the majority of scientific men are committed to this position ; and the minority may dispose of this fact as they can. Will they dispose of it by denying the competency of their associates in science ? The supposed contradictions are said to refer chiefly to the natural science' — astronomy and geology. Alas ! that any friend of the Bible should wish to have these contradictions proven. Nothing is more certain than the fact, that the Word of God is, and ever must be, in perfect harmony with all true natural science. An inspired book, and that the Bible is such, is a point proved, cannot contra dict existing facts in the natural world. Was there any mystery of science too deep for the Divine Spirit, or, could there be any motive for His failing to direct the sacred penmen infallibly, in things which lay infinitely more clear in his mind, than they ever did, or can lie, in the minds of all the scientific and mortal men that ever hved, or that ever will live upftn earth ? ASTEONOMY. As respects astronomy, it has been objected that the writers of the Bible did not entertaia the modem ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 231 views of this science ; that they regarded the heavens as moving round the earth, and the earth as a vast extended plain. We admit such were their senti ments. They were wholly ignorant of modern astronomy. But the question is not as to their igno rance or their knowledge. It is, do they in their writings contradict any of the facts of this science ? And we reply, it has never been proved that they do. They wrote according to the knowledge they had ; they knew just what they saw of natural phe nomena ; and they never pretended to know more than they actually did know. Yet there is not in all their writing a solitary sentence at variance with the facts of modern astronomy. Ps. civ. 6 is quoted, as one pas sage in which they absolutely contradict this science : " God hath laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed forever." Now it is admitted that the foolish priests, who threatened Galileo, the astronomer, with death for his discoveries, did think this text contrary to modern astronomy. But when we correctly interpret the passage, we find it simply a description of a fact, viz., the felt stabihty of the world. David expresses what he feels ; just as any poet of our day might have done, without being sus pected for a moment of teaching things opposed to the true science of the heavens. To say, popularly, that the earth is steadfast and immovable, that the 232 INTEEPEETATION. sun rises and sets, that the stars go down in the west, is not to oppose science. It is to describe events as they are seen by the eye ; and this is all the contra diction the Bible can be charged with. Astrono mers themselves speak of " fixed stars ;" when they profess to know that they are not fixed, but moving, like all the other starry bodies of the heavens. There is no other passage in the Bible, save that above referred to, and its equivalents, that was ever supposed to be at variance with astronomy ; or if there be more, we know them not. For lack of material in this department, an argument against the Bible has been framed from astronomy, as though these two must if possible be set in array against each other. The argument is put in this form : seeing there is such an immensity of worlds, and this world is positively so small, compared with many others, and as nothing compared with the great whole, the Bible cannot be divine, because this world must be beneath the notice of God, it is so amazingly small. Let it be remembered, in this instance, that science so called is the aggressor, and is responsible for the aggression. The Bible itself teaches the exceeding littleness of this world and of all its inhabitants ; but it also teaches that God created ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 233 them all ; that He cares for them with fatherly ten- dei-ness ; yea, that the Son of God, God manifest in the flesh, suffered death as a sacriflce for sin, so that the penitent might be saved. Now if science con tradicts aU this, let it produce its authority or be silent. Eeason certainly teaches that God created the world, and men of science generally confess as much ; but if He created it. He can care for it. Its amazing littleness can be no hindrance in His way. It is small — ^very small, as the dust of His chariot wheels ; yet this does not disprove His care and con descension towards it ; and it does not prove that He cannot give a revelation of His will to its inhabi tants. The science that would reject the Bible on such grounds, seems to proceed on the principle that mind is of no peculiar importance, hardly worth the Divine recognition ; and that matter is aU impor tant, if there be only enough of it. Is this science ? Is not one mind, one soul, though it cannot be weighed or measured, of more value than a thou sand such material globes as this? This superior worth or dignity of the soul is the basis of all the dignity, as well as the certainty, which belongs to science. What were science without the soul? They imply each other ; and whatever of glory, or of shame, falls to the one, falls also to the other. So 234 INTEEPEETATION. that of aU unseemly acts of suicide, the most un seemly is that of a man of science seeking to cut off the soul from the voice and consolations of its Creator and friend, as expressed in the Scriptures. All such acts are without excuse. But true science never attempts any such acts. What nobler name in astronomy can be named, than Isaac Newton ; and yet his great genius consecrated itself to an abiding faith in the Scriptures as divine ; so that having scaled the heavens and pointed out the true philosophy of the stars, thenceforth he gave himself to the exposition of the Word of God, drinking out of its fountains all the way to the end of his hfe, and leaving behind him the testimony that the beginning of all science was the fear of God and faith in His inspired Word. Out of the depths of the starry heavens, he brought forth clearer evidence of the being and attributes of Jehovah, believing with the Psalmist, that " the heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth His handiwork." A wise astronomer will be the last man to call in question these sentiments ; the objections of an undevout astronomer are not worthy of any very great regard. But very little interest does this alleged contradic tion between' the Bible and astronomy now excite. The faith of Christendom is calmly resting in the ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 235 fact, that this science and the Word of God are at one. GEOLOGY. It is geology, which, at this moment, is only emerging into something like order, that many sup pose to be so irreconcilable with revelation. Some friends of the Bible vainly labor to establish the fact, unconscious of the mischief they are producing. Let ps first of aU ascertain the weU substantiated facts of geology ; that we may compare therewith the simple historical statements of the Bible. If there is any palpable contradiction between the two, it will certainly appear. In grouping together, at one view, the principal facts in geology, we avail ourselves of the labors of one, whose name is a sufficient guarantee of correct ness and candor ; Edward Hitchcock, D.D. In his original and deeply-interesting work — " The Eeligion of Geology " — ^he states the cardinal facts of this science, briefly as follows : I. The rocks forming the crust of our globe appear to have been the result of second causes. H. The same general laws seem always to have prevailed on our globe, and to have controUed its changes. 236 INTEEPEETATION. HI. The changes which the earth has undergone, appear to have been the result of the same agencies, heat and water. lY. The present continents have for a long period formed the bottom of the ocean. Y. The internal parts of the earth are in fusion, and possess a very high degree of heat. YI. The rocks which contain animals and plants, are not less than six or seven miles in thickness, and are composed of many layers of different kinds ; and must have occupied in their formation an immense period of time. YH. The remains of animals and plants are not found in confusion, but for the most part in very regular order, as though they had lived and died where they are found. YIH. About flve different distinct races of these animals and plants seem to have existed and passed away before the creation of the races which now occupy the earth. IX. In the earliest times in which animals and plants lived, the climate over the whole globe seems to have been warm, warmer than it is now between the tropics. X. There is good reason to suppose that the earth underwent many changes before the existence of animals and plants. ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 237 XI. The present condition of the earth seems of recent origin. xn. Among the 30,000 species of animals and plants found in the rocks, very few hving species have been observed; and these few, in the most recent rocks. In the secondary rocks, not a single species now existing has been discovered. XHI. The surface of the earth has undergone an enormous amount of erosion by the action of the ocean, rivers, and the atmosphere. XIY. Northern regions as well as Southern have been swept over and abrased by ice and water ; the force in general being towards the equator. XY. Since this last period, the ocean has been some thousands of feet above its present level in many countries. XYI. Some parts of the world are now being changed, some places are sinking, and others rising. XYH. Every change of importance seems to have been an improvement, fitting it for beings of a higher organization. Finally, the present races of animals and plants are disposed in groups in districts, beyond whose limits they usually droop and die. Here then we have a fuU and intelligible exposi tion of the main facts in the science of geology, the result of long study and enlightened observation. 238 INTEEPEETATION. No doubts can be raised as to its general correct ness. We accept it, as one of the most reliable statements of the science, and are not unwilling to confront with it the records of inspiration. If such be the history of the framework of the earth, written in the process of ages, on the surface of the earth, sure are we that the history given in the Bible, under the guidance of the Spirit of God, wiU not in any case contradict it. He, by whom the Bible was written, directed and completed every change through which the globe has passed from the first hour of its existence ; and, therefore, he was compe tent to secure a record in every respect true to the facts in the case. The general conclusions, then, to which the above facts conduct us, are, that long before man existed, and long before the animals now found on our globe were created, the sohd framework of our planet was in existence ; and after a long succession of periods and ages, the various classes of living creatures, whose remains have been discovered, were created and occupied the earth in their, turn ; till by the depression of the seas and other causes, they perished and were imbedded in the places where we now find them. Thus the earth was prepared for man ; and he, and the other animals and plants now existing, were created, and all things arranged in their ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 239 present order. This is geology, and we beheve it .aU. But what is the Bible's account of creation, and how does it differ from that of geology ? The first announcement of Scripture is, "In the beginning, God created the heavens, and the earth." This certifies to the fact of creation. The universe is not an accident, nor a growth, nor a development of any kind — in its elements, it is a creation, called into being by the voice of the Almighty. Against this, geology has nothing to say, but to assent. The second general statement of Scripture is, that after the event of creation, the earth was " without form and void," by which we understand it was not in the con dition of order and beauty, in which we now find it. Here also, geology is agreed. According to its teachings, there was a vast period, or succession of periods, in which desolation reigned over the globe ; and this we regard as a most singular confirmation of Scripture. The third step in the inspired record, is the break ing up of this chaos, or desolation, through the agency of the Spirit. How long it was before this was accomplished, or by what physical processes, is not in the Bible affirmed. But geology admits the fact of this breaking up, and places no precise limits 240 INTEEPEETATION. to the times in which it was achieved. Thus far, therefore, the two authorities are fully agreed. In due time, however, the present order of things began in our world ; at a date, in round numbers, from the present time, about six thousand of our years. And such, also, is the definitive decision of geology ; and here again is a remarkable confirma tion of the Scriptures. As we interpret the record, during the first day of the present world, or order of the world, the dense atmosphere of vapor that surrounded the globe, became rarified, and the face of the sky partially cleared; the light of the sun could have been perceived by the human eye. On the second day, the waters were gathered chiefly into their present positions ; and the dry land appeared, as we now flnd it ; and the seeds and plants peculiar to it were created; all this was on the third day. On the fourth day, the sky was wholly clear, reveal ing the sun and stars, as we now see them, appointed from the flrst, to be for hghts upon earth. Next came the various fishes, and fowls, and creeping things, now existing. On the sixth day, came man, the crowning work of Creation, made in the image of God, to have dominion over aU the earth, and to have fellowship with his heavenly Father. All this work of ordering, and peophng our world, as it is ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 241 now, according to the Bible, was accomphshed in the space of six days. So we interpret the first chapter of Genesis, whose language faithfuUy describes the events of the period, as these events would have seemed to occur to a human spectator. Such a description, the inspired writer meant to give, we fii-mly believe ; and such is the impression left on the unbiased reader of aU ages, seeking to know the meaning of the Word of God. It was designed for aU generations to come ; and a truthful history it is. God would not mock the world with a myth, or a fable, at the very outset of His Inspired Yolume. They, who labor in this nineteenth century, for the first time, to show that Moses meant by the six days a long series of periods, of thousands of years, and that the seventh day is not an ordinary day, but the present seven thousand years since the ceasing of creation, have undertaken an enterprise that will prove too much for them. Moses, in the fourth commandment, affirms the seventh day to be a day of the ordinary length, hke all the six ; and this he affirms of the first Sabbath. This affirmation is final, both as to the theory we have adopted, and the errors of that theory of which we now speak. Cer tainly every principle of correct interpretation obliges us to receive the account in Genesis as the account of events occurring during seven days. 242 INTEEPEETATION. And geology has no data to contravert the fact. It cannot prove that the present order of things could not have been arranged within that period. It says the sohd crust of the earth must have been in exis tence for a very long period before man was created. So let it be ; the Bible contains not one word to the contrary. It says there must have been many dis tinct races of animals and plants in existence, pre vious to those we now behold. So let it be; the Bible contains not one word to the contrary. It says these various races must have been destroyed by the breaking up of the earth's crust, by depres sions of the seas, and earthquakes, and similiar causes. So let it be ; the Bible saith not one word to the contrary, and silence is not contradiction. Any former state of things on this globe may have con sumed thousands of years in completing itself ; there is certainly nothing to hinder us from believing this, so far as the Bible is concerned. But what is any fact of that sort, to the question in hand? What force is there in it, to impeach the veracity of the Bible, as it stands? None, whatever. The Bible affirms that all things in heaven and earth were not developed, but created ; that they are not a growth, nor an accident in any sense ; and that after their creation, chaos reigned ; but how long it reigned is not said, because it is really of no practical impor- ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 243 tance for any man to know. In due time, however, chaos and aU its changes gave place to the system and order we now behold ; and at this point, Moses begins his history. It was the right point for all practical purposes. We must be careful to note that Moses does not affirm that- all things were created expressly in the period of six days, just six thousand years ago. It was in the beginning, that all things in their elements were created ; but the creation of man, and the earth's present inhabitants, both according to the Bible and geology, took place about that period. In this, therefore, both revelation and science are agreed. But let the age of the crust of the world be what it may, and suppose as many races of plants and animals differing from those now existing, as you please, to live and die, before man was created, geology, and the Bible also, teaches that God created and directed all. And if the Bible begins not with the history of the fishes, and ser pents, and monsters of the land and sea, such as geology reveals in the various deposits, what then ! It begins with the history of the world that now is ; it narrates that history, as it actually occurred, and there is not one fact in all the annals and discoveries of geology to contradict it. Had the Bible denied the existence of the globe previous to the six days ; had any other place been assigned to existing ani- 244 INTEEPEETATION. mals than that they actually occupy ; or, had the existence of these immense creatures, whose remains are found in the rocks, and in the alluvial deposits, been positively denied, there had been good reason to say that the Bible contradicts geology. In any of these cases it had affirmed that which is demon strably false. But as the fact is. Scripture is in per fect harmony with all the discoveries of geology. If we have conjectured the opposite, it is our own mis take ; and we ought to correct it, just as we have done in respect to astronomy. Modern discoveries have changed the views of all Christendom respecting the Bible and the science of the heavens. Hear what Luther said, in his "Table-Talk," on this subject : — " I am informed that a new astrologer is risen, who presumes to prove that the earth moveth and goeth about, not the firma ment, the sun, moon, and stars ; hke as when one, who sits in a coach, or a ship, and is moved, thinks he sitteth still and rests, but the earth and trees go, run, and move themselves. Therefore, so it is, when we give ourselves up to our own foolish fancies. This fool -will turn the whole art of asti-onomy up side down, but Scripture showeth and teacheth him another lesson, when Joshua commanded the sun and moon to stand still, and not the earth." And later theologians have held the same sentiments ; but ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 245 who does not smile at such sentiments now ? Tlie whole art of astronomy, as the ancients understood it, is indeed turned up-side down, and that for ever ! But has the Bible been turned up-side down? It has been most remarkably confirmed. And we con fidently look for the same result in respect to the science of geology. The change has already begun. For ten, who a few years ago, looked on that science with distrust, there is not now found one. The most distinguished men of science regard the Bible, rightly interpreted, as, in every respect, at agreement with geology. Those even who maintain the idea, that Moses means long periods of ages, by the words " day and night," in Genesis, profess to find the Bible on their side, confirming the docti-ine of their favorite science. It is then a settled point, that there is no contradiction between the Scriptures and geology. But on this we buUd a conclusion. Neither Moses nor any of the sacred writers knew what we now know of astronomy and geology. The fact may seem to be a confession of their ignorance. Be it so. It redounds very much to the honor of the Bible. For how came it to pass, that neither Moses, nor any other inspired penman, totally ignorant though they were of these sciences, did not wi-ite one sentence at vari ance with them ? There is nothing so rash as igno- 246 INTEEPEETATION. ranee, nothing so ready and eager to rush into error, desperate in its very bhndness. Why then was not their ignorance a snare to them ? Why were they preserved from the palpable blunders of every other class of writers pretending to inspiration? The answer is as certain and infalhble as demonstration can make it — they wrote as they were moved by the Holy Spirit of God. Therefore the Bible is in har mony both with astronomy and geology ; and so far, the evidence is incontrovertible that its origin is Divine. This much may therefore suffice to show, in what manner the supposed contradictions of the Bible are to be disposed of. If it be an imperfect view, it is at least a bird's-eye view of the subject, and the reader must improve upon it for himself. These four things we note in conclusion : 1. Fewer objections are urged against the Bible, in proportion as a true knowledge of the world and its history advances. It has been said, ignorance is the mother of devotion ; say rather, the mother of unfounded objections to the Word of God. Both ignorance and opposition to the Sacred Oracles, are passing rapidly away; and none will mourn their departure. The Bible was made for the highest state of knowledge to which it is possible for man to reach; and every increase of knowledge only ALLEGED CONTEADICTIONS. 247 assists in hastening the glorious victory which awaits the Bible in the future. That future will be as full of joy and peace, as the past has been full of doubt and conflict. 2. The present state of science confirms the veracity of the Bible, in all its statements, both as touching the origin of our world, and the various changes through which it has passed. No thanks to the enemies of the Bible for this. It is a result achieved, despite the wishes even of some of the friends of the Bible; but it is all too well established ever to be reversed. Science and inspiration cannot differ. 3. All objections against the Bible, from natm-al science, dcreprimd facie -without foundation. Because the Bible, written under the superintendence of the Spirit of God, cannot err in that department of know ledge, confessedly the inferior and the least necessary for man to possess. Science and revelation contra dicting each other! rather let him who harbors any such thought, be told, he knows not what he affirms. 4. The principles of religion, having their origin in the nature of God, and in the relations which man sustains to God, are absolutely independent of all facts connected with the physical condition and history of this world, and of the universe. With 248 INTEEPEETATION. the principles of rehgion the Bible has chiefly to do. Hence astronomy and geology, and all natural science whatever, can have no antagonistic attitude towards the Bible. TTiese sciences can never refute, nor overthrow, one of the Bible's doctrines; for though the earth and the material universe were burned up, the principles and doctrines of the Bible would remain just what they are, in themselves, eternally holy, just, good, and true, indestructible as the attributes of God, by the inspiration of whose Spirit they have been recorded on the imperishable pages of the Bible. OEIGIN OP rrs DIFFICULTIES. 249 CHAPTEE xn. ON THE OEIGIN OF DIFFICULTIES IN INTEEPEETATION. It wUl directly subserve the main design of this treatise, to point out here, very briefly, some of the chief sources whence difficulties most generally arise in respect to the meaning of the Bible. The dis covery of the origin of a difficulty, is often the best clue to the removal of it ; and that there are diffi culties in the interpretation of the Bible, none wiU deny, although many can discover these difficulties, who have not patience to seek for them a satisfactory explanation. That they can be solved, and the whole volume commended to the head and heart of every honest man, is as certain, as that the volume itself has been sent forth into the world under the inspiration of the Almighty. At least, more can be achieved in this direction than is generaUy believed. The sources of some of the chief difficulties in interpretation are the following : 11» 260 INTEEPEETATION. I. The character of the Book. It is a revelation of mysteries, and of many doctrines in themselves beyond the power of the human mind to discover. In such a case, even where the language is as trans parent as the light, there is the transcendent nature of the subject to perplex the mind. The only remedy for difficulties from this source, is a child like confldence in the veracity of God, who can not lie. H. The mode of its publication. It was given at intervals ; by men of very different degrees of know ledge, of distinct peculiarities, writing for the men immediately around them, and in some measure acquainted with the events and sentiments recorded. Hence we approach it at a disadvantage. The country of its origin is far distant ; its customs very diverse from our own ; the language dissimilar ; and the genius of its institutions very different from any thing with which we are acquainted. Difficulties arising from these sources must not be pressed beyond reason ; they are such as do not in any sense affect the foundations of religion. in. The antiquity of the Bible is one source of its obscurities. It is the oldest book in existence. Its earliest histories run back to the creation ; and traverse a period which no other writings have described ; while its latest records are two thousand OEIGIN OP ITS DIFFICULTIES. 261 years old. What changes have overtaken the world, since that day! What revolution in language, in nations, in science ! How the mind of man has enlarged the sphere of its knowledge since the Sacred Eecord was closed. But let not the Bible be pre judged on that account. Let candor and patience have their perfect work. lY. Its unscientific method of narration gives rise to many perplexities ! It is not the work of minds trained in the schools. It has no art but that of simplicity, thrown off its guard. With no guile in their hearts, the writers often seem not to know that guile exists. They are so anxious to deliver their message, that they seldom regard unbelief, or objec tion as at all possible. And yet this simplicity is a stone of stumbling and a rock of offence. John, one of the most artless and transparent of all the writers, is often most in need of a wise and wary interpreter. But here candor should meet with candor ; and soon the simphcity of the sacred writers will protect them from the charge of all evil intentions. Y. The controversial character of some of the books has created difficulties. This is true in refer ence to many passages in Job, and the Epistles of Paul. The language of controversy is guarded ; aimed at some one point ; and easily perverted when taken out of its connection. It is from this source 252 INTEEPEETATION. that the differences between Paul and James have arisen. The removal of all such difficulties is best achieved by mastering the point of controversy and then interpreting the language accordingly. YI. False interpretations have given rise to diffi culties which otherwise never could have arisen. Passages have first been misinterpreted ; then these misinterpretations have been set in array against other portions of the Bible, as though they were wholly irreconcilable, and the Scriptures have been made inconsistent with themselves. The remedy in such a case is to interpret right, then the Bible wUl need no self-reconciliation. YII. TTie progressive nature of Eevelation has been one great source of perplexity. This involved a change of dispensation from the simple patriarch ate, to the mysterious economy of sacrifices, and the more glorious dispensation of the Gospel ; and these changes wrought others in the use of terms, and introduced new ideas under old terms, which stiU haunt the mind in their old significations, creating confusion in our thoughts as a matter of course. But we must endeavor to keep up with the light of revelation, and allow our minds to expand as its hght expands, foUowing the Divine manifestation as it goes forward, -without fear or doubting. YHI. Imperfections in our translations have given OEIGESr OF ITS DIFPIOULTrEg. 263 rise to many things hard to be explained. The Enghsh translation now in use, is probably the best ever made ; yet there are imperfections in it, where the frue sense of the original has not been conveyed, or conveyed only in part. The foUowing are exam ples : Matt. vi. 26, " Take no thought for your hfe." Phil. iv. 6, " Be careful for nothing." The original is — " Be not over anxious." Col. i. 15, " The first born of every creature." It should have been " Pre-eminent over every creature." Acts ii. 27, " Thou wilt not leave my soul in hell." The Greek is : " In the state of the dead." 1 Sam. h. 25, " Be cause the Lord would slay them." The Hebrew is : " Therefore the Lord would slay them." Mark ix. 24, " I beheve, help thou my unbelief." The original for " help " is an idiom very difficult to render into English. Its meaning is : " Come to my help that my unbehef may be changed into faith." IX. Modes of speech have been the occasion of many perplexities ; some of these modes are com mon to Hebrew, some to Greek, and others to aU languages. (1.) Thus a part is used for the whole, and the whole for a part. Gal. v. 14, " For aU the law is fulfilled in one word." Matt. iv. 8, "Showeth him all the kingdoms of the world." James v. 17, 254 INTEEPEETATION. " It rained not on the earth." In both instances Palestine alone is meant. (2.) The thing, or person to which another is com pared is spoken of as the thing, or person himself. Jas. iii. 6, " The tongue is a fire, a world of iniquity." Matt. xxvi. 26, " Take, eat, this is my body." Jas. iv. 14, " What is your life ? it is a vapor." Matt. xvii. 12, " I say unto you Elias is come." (3.) The instrument, or means, or mere occasion of an event is spoken of as though it were the abso lute and efficient cause of that event. Jas. v. 20, " Let him know, that he that converteth a sinner, shall save a soul from death." 1 Pet. i. 22, " Seeing ye have purified your souls in obeying the truth." " Go thy way, thy faith hath made thee whole." Luke viii. 48. (4.) An incidental result is often spoken of as though it were the decreed result preordained by the will of God. Matt. x. 34, "I came not to send peace, but a sword." Jno. xvu. 12, " None of them is lost, but the son of perdition ; that the Scriptm-e might be fulfiUed." 1 Pet. ii. 8, " 'Whereunto also, they were appointed." This is repeated in Acts xxviii. 26, 27, in somewhat different language ; and it is one of the most frequent occasions of objection. But the difficulty is removed at once when we remem ber, it is only a mode of speech, and nothing more. OEIGIN OF ITS DIFFICULTIES. 265 (6.) Physical terms are applied to the soul and its states, as though the soul were itself a material object, and governed by material laws admitting of no power to the contrary. This ought never to be forgotten. Eph. v. 14, " Awake thou that sleepest, and arise from the dead, and Christ will give thee hfe." Eph. u. 1, " And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sin." Col. iv. 6, " Walk in -wisdom toward them that are without." Col. ii. 12, " Buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him." 1 Cor. x. 12, " Where fore let him that thinketh he standeth, take heed lest he faU." (6.) Universal terms are employed, and are left to be hmited by the context, by other texts, or by the nature of the subject. Here the artlessness of the Bible shines forth conspicuous, on every page. Phil. iv. 13, " I can do aU things through Christ," *. e., "I can endure aU sorts of adversity." Eph. V. 24, " Therefore as the Church is subject unto Christ, so let the wives be to their own husbands in everything ;" i. e., in what is right. So Col. iu. 22. 2 Cor. V. 17, " Behold all things are become new ;" i. e.. Your heart is renewed in its affections. 1 Jno. hi. 9, " Whosoever is born of God doth not commit sin ;" *. e., does not habituaUy disobey God. (7.) Things are said to be done, and events to 256 INTEEPEETATION transpire, when the meaning is, they were attempted to be done, or, it seemed as though they were done. Exod. vii. 11, " The magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments." Eev. XX. 1-6, &c. This last passage is a symbolical description of events to transpire in the history of the world ; and the writer describes them as though he saw them. But how foolish to regard him as foretelling the descent of a literal angel, with a key and chain, the binding of Satan and his literal imprisonment in a bottomless pit ! the raising of the dead and the coming of Christ to reign in person at Jerusalem for a thousand years ! (8.) Hyperboles, or exaggerated comparisons, are a fruitful source of perplexity. They are the most common in the Psalms and prophets ; and very general in all oriental -writings. But they are to be explained, by a reference to the subject of which they speak. Common sense is the remedy for all such difficulties. " He hath broken my teeth with gravel stones," Lam. iii. 16. "The wicked are estranged from the womb ; they go astray as soon as they be born, speaking lies," Ps. Iviii. 3. " Put on the whole armor of God," Eph. vi. 11 ; i. e., arm yourselves with every Divine resource against evil. (9.) Things contingently, or morally impossible, OEIGDSr OF ITS DIFFICULTIES. 257 are spoken of as absolutely and purely impossible. Gen. xxxvii. 4, "They hated him, and could not speak peaceably to him." There was no want of ability in the case. Jno. xii. 39, "Therefore they could not believe." 1 Jno. iii. 9, " He cannot sin, because he is born of God." 2 Pet. u. 14, "Eyes that cannot cease from sin." Gal. v. 17, " Ye can not do the things that ye would." In this last case, there is, as in all the rest, no want of ability, but of opportunity, through the strife of the two opposing principles. As in the declaration of Joshua, "Ye cannot serve God ;" that is, they could not serve then- idols and God at the same time. The same was the saying of our Lord: "Ye cannot serve God and Mammon." These forms of speech are among the most common in our language ; yet out of no deeper sources than these have sprung many of the bitterest controversies between Christians, and many of the most profoimd objections against the Bible 1 (10.) Things inconsistent with the character and will of God, are said to be impossible, when there is no absolute impossibility in the case. Mark vi. 6, " And he could do there no mighty works." Tit. i. 2, " Which God, that cannot he, promised before the world began." X. But, finally, the grand fountain of difficulties, in respect to the meaning of the Bible, is in the 258 mTEEPEETATION. heart of man. By sin it is naturally ignorant, stupid, and incapable (so to speak) of all spiritual knowledge. The want of a willing mind throws an eclipse over the entire sacred volume ; objec tions a thousand times answered, are a thousand times brought up and insisted on; and it would verily seem as though it were easy to understand all other books ; they being plain, consistent, and true; while the Bible is held to be precisely the opposite, dark, unreasonable, subtle, and hard to be understood. But not without forethought has the Bible been sent on its mission. Divine wisdom has imparted to its pages that holy simphcity, that purity and truth, which is without stain, and whereby human duplicity is put to shame. By its own inherent resources, it is slowly rising over all objections, like the sun over the mists of the morning. Every passing year throws clearer light on its path. Its truthfulness is being daily vindicated against all the world. The highest names of science rejoice in its spotless integrity. Perpetual success attends it. Its path is toward glory and immortality. No old age overtakes it. Not a blush of conscious dishonesty ever reddens on its cheek. Descendino- from the earliest dawn of literature, it will survive to regenerate all literature, and to infuse new vigor, OEIGIN OP ITS DIFFIOULTrES. 259 for long generations, into all the powers of the human mind. Weakness in the Bible there is none. Contradictions ? Ther^ are spots on the sun, but no contradictions in the Bible. "The words of the Lord are pure words ; as silver in a furnace of earth, purified seven times." 260 THE BIBLE. CHAPTEE Xm. ON THE MOEAL POWEE OF THE BIBLE, WITH EEFEEENCE TO ITS SOUECES. The moral power of the Bible, that is, its influence over the hearts and actions of men and nations, is a phenomenon which its enemies have never attempted to deny. We well remember, after the lapse of nearly half a century, the time, manner, and language in which this peculiarity of the Bible was first made known to us. It was on the afternoon of a bright Sabbath, and from the lips of a Scottish patriarch ; said he : " The Bible is the best book in the world." It sounded something grand, yes, sub lime, in our youthful thoughts, that one particular book should have this pre-eminence ; and the saying has lost none of its truth, or sublimity, since that day, in om- view. We like its comprehensiveness. It expresses aU that can be said of the Bible, in one brief Saxon sentence. It implies that the Bible wields over the world by far a greater amount of SOUECES OF ITS POWEE. 261 moral and intellectual power, than all other books ; and this fact the history of the world certainly demonstrates. The Bible of a truth is the best book in the world. It is the primate of all books, and will never have a successor. It is the fountain-head of our purest and most infiuential hterature. In the arts and sciences, it is the source of all progress. Poetry is ever ready to confess its obligations to this Book of books. There is no oratory in the halls of learning, of legislation, or of justice, but ever seeks to refresh itself from the pages of the Bible. Painting has hence derived its sublimest conceptions. All genius rekindles at its divine touch. What a storehouse of thought, of mental impulse, there is in this one familiar volume ! Men of the loftiest mental endowments find in it themes of investigation, illimitable. The entire reh- gious life of our world, so expansive and joyous, has its springs in the Word of God. Time itself will end, before the magic stimulus of this one book wiU cease to be felt in the minds of men. It is certain the world is never weary with its study ; for there is more patient study expended upon it every day, than upon all other books put together. There are more books traceable to the Bible, than to any and all books in existence. It furnishes themes for the pulpits of Christendom, 262 THE BIBLE. and spiritual food for miUions of the best disciplined minds in aU lands. It is read in all Christian fami lies daily. It is the grand book of reference and final appeal in all schools of theology. The mis sionary carries it beyond the seas, into the midst of heathenism, not doubting but, by its aid, he will soon lay all the idols prostrate. It is brought to the bedside of the dying, as the only balm of the weary heart, in the valley and shadow of death. The anxious inquirer, seeing behind him the wrath to come, and constrained to cry, "What must I do to be saved?" comes to the Bible for an answer ; and there he finds a Saviour. And what is wonderful, in the ceU of the maniac, its words of truth and soberness mysteriously awe the children of wretchedness into attention, and bring even over their troubled coun tenances, the sunshine of the love of God. It has been more signally preserved, during a longer succession of ages, than any other book. It has outlived more intense criticism ; it has been oftener copied and printed; it has been oftener interdicted by kings than any other book. Tyrants have hated it with unquenchable hatred ; for it has done more than any other agency to confound their counsels, and mar their ambition. In the hands of patriots, it is the sacred standard of liberty and right. Kings are sworn to the duties of their office SOUECES OP ITS POWEE. 263 on the holy Bible. In courts of justice it is the guardian angel of truth and equity, and to kiss that book is to stand in the very presence of the King of kings. Against infidehty, atheism, and delusion it is the only successful champion, that never sur renders ; these giant evils cower and stand abashed in its presence, as guilt and shame in the presence of innocence. The Bible is translated into more languages, and is actually read by a greater propor tion of the world, and is also more revered and loved than any other book. There is everywhere a more ready deference to its sentiments, on all the great questions that perplex men, than there is, or ever was accorded to any other volume. It is esteemed as worthy of the faith of all men, and the enterprise is on foot, to place it as soon as possible in every family on the globe. What book, we ask, obtains such universal honor as this ? There is none worthy of such honor, hut itself. He, to whom was given more wisdom, than usuaUy faUs to the lot of men, said, in the olden time, " where the word of a king is, there is power." This is true of the Bible, with an emphasis ; for it is the word of a King — even the King of kings, the King eternal, immortal, and invisible, the only wise God ; and through aU lands, and through all time, there has gone with it, a power as wonderful as it 264 THE BIBLE. has been blessed. During these last three hundred years especially, has this power been felt on a large scale. See its effect, first on Luther ; then on Ger many, and then on England. This last, indeed, owes all its greatness, political, intellectual, and moral, more directly to the Bible, than to all other causes under God. Her rise dates only back to her recep tion of the Bible. When she bade it welcome, in spite of her kings and bishops, from the hands of the heroic William Tyndale, a martyr of noble memory, she was but a third rate kingdom, inferior «ven to Portugal on the sea. But as soon as the Bible was read in her homes, and preached in her pulpits, and believed by her people, a new glory burst on her path. The commerce of the world fell into her hands. Science was born, and grew in such prosper ity as the world had never seen before. The whole face of England was changed. Wealth flowed into all her ports; the colonies of other nations, the sources of luxury and power, yielded to her arms, almost without a blow. In a very short time, they said, she swayed the sceptre of an empire, on which the sun never set ! But, in the meanwhile, the nations which banished the Scriptures, and put in their pl^ce the traditions of the Eoman Church, were struck with decay. The wealth of Mexico and Peru, and the jewels of SOUECES OF ITS POWEE. 266 the distant East, could not preserve their dominions. As there is no rising from political and social degra dation, without the Bible, so there is no permanency in civihzation, or power, without it. Euin immedi ately overtakes every people that rejects the Word of God. All this does the history of the world prove ; and if so, then it is manifest, that the power of this divine book is, as yet, only in its infancy, slowly expanding into its fuU and ripe maturity. What will it be, when, in the course of ages, it has reached, enlightened, and purified, the great heart of universal humanity ? What then, is the secret of this power ? what are the elem/5nts of which it consists ? We answer, the secret of its power is in the fact, that it is from God, and in its adaptation to aU the manifold wants of man's dependent, spiritual nature. I. Thus, in the first place, of aU books claiming a Divine origin, the Bible alone sets forth the right law of moral conduct. Men have wearied themselves to this hour, with their attempts to settle the first principles of right and -wrong. Nor is there any prospect of a speedy agreement among philosophers, as to what these first principles are. On the other hand, how authorita tive, and consistent, have been the teachings of the 12 266 THE BIBLE. Bible, on this subject, from the first. "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God, with all thy heart, and thy neighbor as thyself" No other book ever announced such a form of words, embracing with such match less brevity, and yet with such infinite amplitude, the entire rudiments and essentials of all law; sim ple enough to be understood by a child, and deep enough to task all the energies of the wisest of men. Wherever these words are pronounced, men recognize in them a divine power over the conscience, at once peculiar and impressive ; and this recognition is the ready response of the soul, to the voice of its Crea tor. AU was uncertainty, till these words were announced. With a calmness, and a clearness, that is di-raie, they settle for ever the great law of morals for every creature, placing it on none of the shifting foundations of hiunan expediency, but on the sohd immovable basis of the sovereignty of God ; thus commending it to the universal conscience of the world, and binding aU men to the duty of obedi ence, by the most august of aU sanctions, the holy and unchangeable wiU of God. Here lies the strength of the law on the hearts of men, its right- ness, and its righteous sanctions; not its rightness only, but the just and solemn penalties by which it is guarded. Such is the law of moral conduct in the SOUECES OF ITS POWEE. 267 Bible ; and such is one element of its wonderful power over men. It goes down into the conscience, and directs the very first motions of action in the soul. It places you in the very presence of the eter nal Jehovah ; and gives you His wiU to obey, on the authority wherewith He is invested. n. In the next place, the view which the Bible presents of man's condition, contributes to its sin gular influence over him. The condition of man, as a child of sin and sorrow, has been a stone of stumbling, and a rock of offence, from the beginning; causing one to plunge into Atheism, another into Fatalism, a third into sensual ity, and a fourth into despair. The question has been, not simply why is sin in the world ? but what is man's relation to the first sin, of the first man ? Many of the devoutest and deepest thinkers have maintained that, since the first sin of the first man, sin has descended in human nature, by the laws of generation, the child from the moment of its exis tence being, in actual character, what Adam was after he had voluntarily broken the divine law. According to this view, our relation to the first sin, is the relation of a necessary effect, to its antecedent and necessary cause. But the results of this view, have been to perplex the whole subject of moral 268 THE BIBLE. government, and along with it, the whole character of God Himself. An awful obstinacy has been engendered in the minds of thousands ; they have cast off all fear of God, and regarded religion as a thing overwhelmed in self-contradictions. Others, professing indeed to hold this view, have governed their hearts rather by the practical demands of the divine law, to the neglect of their false theory ; in happy inconsistency, refusing to walk according to their own faith. To the question, why sin is in the world, various have been the answers. Some have said, it is here because men existed in another world, sinned there, and were sent here into a state of sin, as into a house of correction. Others have viewed it as an essen tial thing to the display of the divine glory ; decreed as the means of greater good. But it may be truly affirmed, that man has not improved in his moral condition under ^any of these theories. They have not met the rational demands of his moral nature. They have thrown no light upon his path ; they have afforded no sanitary influence to his heart. What then is the Scriptural view of man's present condition? The Bible teUs how the flrst sin took place ; it defines sin, always with strict precision, to be transgression of law ; it affirms every man's per sonal responsibility, his perfect freedom, and indefea- SOUECES OP ITS POWEE. 269 Bible obligation to keep the whole law of God, in aU its requirements ; and it declares that every man shall answer for his sins, as deeds, voluntarily done in his body, contrary to the wiU of his rightful sovereign. The relation, therefore, which every man holds to sin, according to the Bible, is that of an independent and adequate cause to its appro priate effect ; and consequently, the relation of every man to the first sin, is that he voluntarily re-enacts it in his own person. Left to the freedom of his wiU, and to those constitutional tendencies inherited in his descent from Adam, he sins, as did Adam, and inherits the curse. Such, as we gather it, is the doctrine of the Bible. Nowhere is sin said to be a quahty, or property, or bias of nature ; it is always an act, a thing of choice, against which all nature protests. You wUl search the Bible in vain, for any legal, or moral, or personal conglomeration of all mankind into one hteral representative person, responsible for aU, acting, and sinning for aU ; and in whom aU hved, died, and were condemned. Nor in the Bible vsdll you find any evidence of man's pre-existence ; nor indeed one sentence of mystery in reference to this whole subject. It maintains fearlessly the doctrine of man's probation, the right eous moral government of God, administered in an economy of grace, and in due time to be vindicated 270 THE BIBLE. from all charges of injustice. It calmly assures every man, that as he sows now, so shall he reap hereafter ; and that for his own deeds, every man shall give account unto God. This is one element of its mighty power over the world. " What is the most solemn thought " — said one to the great Web ster — " that ever passed through your mind ?" Af ter some moments of profound silence, the statesman answered, with a countenance clothed in solemnity : " The most solemn thought that ever passed through my mind, is the thought of man's responsibility to God." It is just so; and the Bible confirms it. That holy book, speaking to the world in God's stead, assures every man, high and low, rich and poor, bond and free, that he is accountable to God for his conduct ; it puts every man on his good behavior, for time and eternity ; and human nature being what it is, men must take heed to their ways, with such a system before them, sanctioned as it is by all the solemnities of the Godhead. The Bible aUows no man to merge himself into any other per son, or to palm off his transgressions as things bom with him, as his hands or his eyes. It performs the office of Nathan, and with uplifted hand, and finger direct, it declares to every sinner chargeable with sin, " thou art the man." SOUECES OF ITS POWEE. 271 HI. Another element of power in the Bible is, the view there given of the character of God. This is a point of the most vital importance. If the Bible had failed here, it had failed altogether. For it is a law, as inexorable as the law of gravita tion, that the individual and nation wiU be in moral character according to the character of the deity they worship. The condition of all heathen nations i^s proof of this. The attributes they ascribe to their idols, they copy in their daily conduct ; and these attributes are the offspring of their benighted and selfish hearts. So that they are hteraUy gods to themselves ; and hence they wUl never rise, by their own resources, out of the fearful pit into which their sins have plunged them. We do not mean to say, that the heathen have no powers of mind to know the attributes of the true God, nor, that they cannot discover these attributes from the world around them. This is our position : that copying as they ever do, in their own conduct, the attributes of their idols, which have previously been suggested out of their own hearts, they never will, in this process, arrive at the knowledge of God as he is, and so wiU never rise from the depths of sin into which they have fallen. They must first be taught out of the Bible, the character of God. But in vain do we search the wide world, for just 272 THE BIBLE. conceptions ot God, until we open the Scriptures. Ask the wisest of ancient philosophers, the man whose opinions governed the schools even do-wn to the time of Bacon, ask him, who, or what is God ? His answer is — " The universe is God." Or, his great rival, whose fame is scarcely at all inferior, and whose philosophy tinged all Christian theology for a thousand years, ask Plato, and he says — " God is an extremely subtle matter, such as air." Now if these are the loftiest conceptions of the wisest of men, what must be the conceptions of the ignorant common people. Surely, weU did Paul say : " The world by wisdom knew not God." But open the Bible, and your soul is immediately fiUed with awe, as though you were suddenly brought into the presence of the King of kings, a glorious Being like to no mere imagination of the wicked human heart. Here is the true God revealed in his true character. He is infinite in Power, Holiness, Justice, Goodness and Truth. You are disposed to veil your face at the sight, to tremble and adore. "God is a Spirit, and they that worship Him must worship Him in spirit and in truth. God that made the world, and all that are therein, seeing He is Lord of heaven and earth, dwelleth not in temples made with hands, as though He needed anything, seeing He giveth to aU, hfe and breath, and aU SOUECES OF rrs powee. 273 things. Forasmuch, then, as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold or silver, or stone, graven by art, or man's device. And the times of this ignorance, God winked at; but now commandeth all men every where, to repent ; because he hath appointed a day, in which He will judge the world in righteousness, whereof He hath given assurance unto all men, in that He hath raised Him from the dead. For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him, should not perish, but have everlasting hfe. God is love, and he that dwelleth in love, dwelleth in God, and God in him. This is the true God, and eternal life." Such is the view of the divine character as given in the Scriptures ; and in the Scriptures alone. The God of the Bible is the Creator, Proprietor, and Judge of all ; infinitely holy, just and merciful ; slow to anger, yet by no means wiUing to clear the guilty and impenitent ; condescending to the lowest of His creatures, providing a sacrifice for sin ; will ing to forgive the penitent, but punishing the rebel- hous with the just penalty of His eternal law. And such precisely are the conceptions of the Divine Being, necessary to the formation of a pure, and stable moral character in man ; and they constitute an important element of the power of the Bible. 274 ¦ THE BIBLE. The man who reveres, and worships, and loves the God of the Bible, wiU give evidence of a pure, and holy life. With open face, beholding as in a glass the glory of the Lord, he will be changed into the same image, from glory to glory, even as by the Spirit of the Lord. lY. There is another source of this power which belongs to the Bible : it reveals the only persuasive, by which the human heart is ever won to the love and pursuit of hohness, viz. : Christ crucified, as a sacrifice for sin, and commended to the soul by the illumination of the Holy Sphit. In this particular, the Bible stands alone, and pre eminent, hke some mighty mountain towering above the plain, high above aU other pretended revelations. The remedy, by which the dread waywardness, and wickedness of man's heart are removed, is the Bible's o-wn. Untaught of God, man could not so much as have imagined such a remedy possible. If, by some chance, he had reached that idea, then his conscience would have represented it as wholly improbable. Finite, and guilty, and perplexed, how could he have arrived at any such knowledge, as that revealed in Christ ? God manifest in the flesh ; suffering as man ; rising from the dead ; atoning, and interceding for the chief of sinners — impossible ! And even so SOUECES OP ITS POWEE. 275 must sinful men have reasoned, respecting the work of the Holy Spirit on the penitent heart. Here was a mystery too deep for all human understanding, or discovery. But it is through this very mystery of the Spirit, and of God manifest in the flesh, applied to the con victed and penitent heart, that the soul is ever puri fied from the love of sin, and made wilhng and stable, in the love, and service of God. This is the only sovereign bahn for sin, the only sure method of salvation from disobedience, and death eternal. Neither science, nor law, nor learning, nor the voice of nature, heard like music in the deep places of the soul, has ever yet accomphshed the renovation of the soul. It is Christ crucified, that is the power of God, and the wisdom of God to this grand end. The savage, dwelhng in habitations of horrid cruelty, has not been able to withstand it ; though guilty of a thousand crimes, he has found peace and hope, by faith in the Son of God. Idolatry, and every form of human wickedness, has yielded to the charms of the Cross of Christ. Its victories fiU every land. There is not a saint in heaven, but owes his blessed ness to the mystery of the cross ; for such is the pro found death to aU hohness, superinduced upon the heart, by transgression, that no means short of the 276 THE BIBLE. blood of Christ, has ever sufficed to raise one poor sinner from its wretched embrace. The sinner has withstood all the convictions of his reason, all the terrors of his conscience, aU the bounties of nature, all the miseries of sin long endured ; but this — the death of Jesus, an atonement for his sins, a pledge of God's willingness to pardon and save him — this, he has not been able to withstand. Oh ! the divine power of the cross of Christ I It has wrought mira cles, and alone can work the miracle of subduing, and saving the soul, to the love and service of God. And because this is the great theme of the Bible, therefore it possesses a power over the world, at once pecuhar, and pre-eminent. It is, in this respect, the best Book in all the world. Y. And summing up all its characteristics in one, and in one sentence pointing to the grand source, whence all its peculiar characteristics proceed, it is the inspired Word of God. Though good men -wrote it, and though it bears all the marks of their mental peculiarities, so that it really conveys the personal behef, and extended reasonings of Job, Moses, Samuel, David, Ezra, Isaiah, Daniel, Paul, and John ; yet, nevertheless, there is in it, over and above all, the divine infaUi- .SOUECES OF ITS POWEE. 277 bUity and energy of the Spirit of God, of Him who made the soul, and at whose voice the soul is wont to awake, as a harp at the touch of the minstrel. The Bible is the Word of God, therefore it goeth forth conquering, and to conquer among the nations ; often attacked, but never defeated; outhving aU opposition ; disarming prejudice ; converting its ene mies ; claiming, because it is worthy of, universal regard ; in courts of justice, in senates, in halls of legislation, in the chamber of the dying, in semina ries of learning, and at the family altar, everywhere, the mightiest among the mighty ; pulling down the strongest holds of Satan; giving strength to the weak; hope to the oppressed, and joy to those in sorrow ; not like any other book ; its powers for good to man increasing, as the centuries sweep onward ; guiding the nations as truly as individuals into the paths of peace ; overthrowing the dominion of sin, and imparting to aU who receive it, a blessed fore taste of eternal life with God in glory. In the lan guage of one who imitated with rare felicity, the pious George Herbert, we say : The Bible ! that's the Book, the Book indeed, The Booli of books ; On wMcb -who looks. As he should do, aright, shall never need 278 THE BIBLE. "Wish for a better Hght, To guide him in the night ; Or when he hungry is, for better food. To feed upon, Than this alone. A Book, to which none may be compared For excellence ; Pre-eminence Is proper to it, and cannot be shared. Di-^inity alone Belongs to it, or none. APPENDIX. APPENDIX. ON MAXIMS. In the chapter on Maxims we have said, that every science has its maxims, or first principles. This is true even of the science of law, supposed to be one of the most shifting and uncertain of aU departments of human knowledge ; and it may be not out of place, to record some of these maxims, on these pages, seeing they throw a strong light on the subject of interpretation. From this record, it will appear that whatever the science of law may be in its practice, it is certainly well and deeply founded in its principles. They bear on their face the im press of sound sense, and are as self-evident as any decisions of the human mind need be, to secure them 281 282 APPENDLX. all due reverence. There has been a latent con tempt for lawyers perhaps in the schools of theology ; and perhaps it has been mutual, the disciples of one science despising the peculiar pursuits of the disci ples of the other. Now, while we defer to none in our respect for men, whose chief business in life has been the study of theology, we must be permitted to say, that weighing well these maxims in the science of law, we would most heartily rejoice were there no other theories, or doctrines propounded from the pulpit, but such as are consistent with them. Our theology would suffer no damage, by letting go its antique and somewhat infirm method of constructing its systems, and taking instead, the system presented in these fundamental truths of a much despised science. In the case of theologians, the mind has apparently wrought out a theory of religion, often under the embarrassing infiuences of a vitious tradition, or with a written instrument in view, many parts of which have been misunderstood, and others most grievously perverted. But in the case of teachers of law, the mind has had in view simply its own innate sense of right and wrong, the clear, honest decisions of an impartial judgment, guided by a desire to enact that which is just and equal, between man and man. 'The consequence has been, that while theologians. ON MAXIMS. 283 in the name of religion and the Bible, have an nounced and often adopted principles at manifest war with common sense, and common justice, and directly subversive of all equity even in the Divine government, lawyers have stood firm as the advo- vates of principles, which the understandings and consciences of all men must receive at once as disin terested, just, and true, calculated to work no injury, and representing justice even in God, the Supreme Lawgiver and Judge, as pure, incorruptible, and jealous for the rights and happiness of the meanest of His creatures. We have not attempted to follow any distinct method in the selection and arrangement of these maxims. The Latin form has in some instances been retained, with a translation. LEGAL MAXIMS. 1. Summa ratio est quse pro rehgione facit. If in any case the laws of God and man are at variance, the former are to be regarded as the higher law. 2. The law consists not in particular instances and precedents, but in the reason of the law ; for reason is the life of the law — 'Uay, the common law itself is nothing else but reason. 3. The sense of the words of a law is to be inter- 284 APPENDIX. preted according to their fair and ordinary meaning, at the time of its enactment. 4. Optimus interpres legum consuetude. Custom is the best interpreter of laws. 5. General words shall be aptly restrained accord ing to the subject matter, or person to which they refer. 6. Where a statute vnll bear two interpretations, one contrary to plain sense, the other agreeable thereto, the latter shall have the preference. 7. No statute shall be construed in such a maimer as to be inconvenient, or against reason. A latent ambiguity may be removed by evidence. In the absence of ambiguity, no exposition shall be made, which is opposed to the express words of the instru ment. It is not allowed to interpret where there is no need of interpretation. 8. The law will judge of a deed by looking at the whole. 9. He, who considers merely the letter of an instrument, goes but skin deep into its meaning. 10. Nothing is so consonant with equity, as that every contract should be dissolved by the same means which rendered it binding. 11. No man shall take advantage of his own wrong. 12. He, who does an act through the medium of another, is in law considered as doing it himself. ON MAXIMS. 285 13. Necessity is no law. Where the act is com pulsory and not voluntary, and where there is not a consent and election on the part of the doer, the law charges no man with guilt. 14. The law cannot confer a favor on one to the loss and injury of another. An act in law shaU prejudice no man. 15. The law shaU not, through the medium of its executive capacity, work a wrong. 16. The practice of the court, is the law of the court. 17. When the court cannot take judicial notice of a fact, it is the same as if the fact had not existed. Quod non apparet, non est. 18. Lex semper dabit remedium. There is no wrong in law without a remedy. 19. It were infinite for the law to consider the causes of causes and their impulsions, one of another; therefore it contenteth itself with the immediate cause, and judgeth of acts by that, without looking further. 20. The act of God injures no man. 21. The law does not seek to compel a man to do that which he cannot possibly perform. 22^ Ignorance of the law does not excuse. 23. The law, in some cases, judges of a man's previous intentions by his subsequent acts. 286 APPENDIX. 24. It is a principle of natural justice that the intent and the act must both concm- to constitute the crime. 25. Whosoever grants a thing, is supposed, also, tacitly to grant that without which the grant itself would be of no effect. 26. Nemo punietur sine injuria. Punishment follows crime only ; the innocent go free. 27. Hsereditas nunquam ascendit. Heirship does not ascend but descend. 28. That which cannot be done directly, cannot be done indirectly. 29. The presumption of innocence shaU stand until guilt is proved. 30. Ubi eadem est ratio, eadem est lex. Like reasons make hke laws. 31. The express mention of one thing, implies the exclusion of all others. Eom. xiv., 12. " So then, every man shall give account of himself unto God." 32. Nemo debet bis puniri pro uno delicto. No man ought to be punished twice for the same offence. 33. Dolus circuitu non purgatur. However long a fraud may run, it is still a fraud. How admirably many of these legal maxims apply to the science of sacred interpretation, and to the whole groundwork of rehgion! How clear the ON MAXIMS. 287 vein of sound common sense and justice running through them ! As axioms they spring naturally from the primary conceptions and decisions of the human mind ; and, therefore, they cannot but touch the soul of aU truth. Framed in distinct view of the relations existing between man and man, they throw a strong and steady hght on many of the deepest problems of the divine moral government, and on the relations of man universally with his Creator and Judge. Eeason is stamped upon them, and that stamp gives them value and currency over the whole domain of truth. Would theologians but acquaint themselves thoroughly -with these maxims, they would assuredly be saved from adopting some of the absurdities into which they faU, in reference to the higher science of Eeligion. For, although there is no Gospel in mere law, yet, the moral law of the Bible and its principles constitute the sub stantial and immovable basis on which the Gospel stands. There is no comprehending the need of the Gospel, but through a knowledge of that law. " By the law is the knowledge of sin ;" and the know ledge of sin brings with it, the knowledge of the need of a Saviour. Hence, to go astray in our potions of the law, is to necessitate our going astray in respect to the Gospel. The interpretation of the the law, and of man's abilities under the law, 288 APPENDIX. of the penalties by which it is sustained, and of the grounds on which the guilt of its violation is charged on man, are points of fundamental impor tance. To fail to discover the meaning of the Bible, on any of these matters, is a grievous error in a minister of the Gospel ; to present precisely the meaning of the word of God, on these various topics, is to possess the sword of the word of God, and to wield it for the conviction and conversion of the souls of men. We cannot refrain from the refiection how plainly these first principles in the science of law, refute that absurd dogma in which some theologians take such strange delight, viz., that the race of mankind existed, sinned, and was condemned in the sin and person of Adam. It would be a new thing under the sun for such ideas to be uttered in courts of justice. Nor can their utterance in class-rooms be accounted for on any other ground than that of theologians claiming for themselves privileges granted to no other class of men ; among which is the privilege of saying what is intrinsically at variance with reason, without the inconvenience of having their sayings doubted. HOW TO PEOVB A DOCTEINE. 289 n. WHAT IS rr TO PEOVE A DOCTEINE FEOM SCEIPTUEB ? This is an important and practical question ; and we shall proceed here to give it an answer, because of its direct bearing on our main subject of inter pretation. 1. To prove a doctrine from Scripture, it is not enough that we quote a text, or texts, which sound like the doctrine. The sound of Scripture may be the very opposite of the sense of Scripture. It would not profit a doctrine to have the mere sound of a text in its favor, while the sense of the same text condemned it. Acts viii. 38, "They went both down into the water," soimds as if baptism was by immersion ; but it does not prove it. Matt. xxvi. 26, " This is my body," sounds as though transub- stantiation were taught in Scripture ; but it does not prove it. Heb. vi. 6, " If they shaU fall away," sounds as if the doctrine of Christians faUing from grace and perishing in heU, were iildeed true ; but 13 290 APPENDIX. it does not prove it. Eom. viu., 7, " Because the carnal mind is enmity to God," sounds as though the mind itself were sinful, and essentially hatred towards God ; but it merely proves that the actions of the mind, in the case of the sinner, are opposed to God. Matt, xvi., 18, " Thou art Peter, and on this rock I will build my church," is often quoted to prove that the church is founded on Peter. Alas ! if it had been, it had long since perished. " As in Adam all die " — 1 Cor. xv., 22, sounds as though aU mankind were seminally, legaUy, personally alive in Adam, and died in his death ; but no train of ideas was so infinitely distant from the thoughts of the Apostle. According to his meaning, transparent oiji the very face of his words, in their proper connec tion, no such absurd transcendentahsms can be got out of them. Something more than sound is required to prove a doctrine from Scriptm-e. 2. It is not enough to quote passages quoted by others. This is blindly trusting to authority ; but if we may judge from some conspicuous examples, authority in such matters is very like a broken reed. The Westminster theologians quote James iii, 2, " in many things we offend all," to prove that no man can keep the commandments of God; it proves, simply that aU men sin ; but is wholly silent as to their inability. By the same theologians, 1 John how to PEOVE A DOCTEINE. 291 v., 7, is quoted to prove the doctrine of the Trinity ; and yet that passage, it is well known, does not belong to John's Epistle at aU. Jas. v., 16, "Con fess your faults one to another," is quoted to prove the doctrine of the confessional ; but it actuaUy dis proves it, by proving that Christians are to acknow ledge their faults to one another, without reference to priests. Eom. u., 11, "There is no respect of persons with God," is quoted to prove the salvation of all men ; it simply means that God does not pre fer Jews to Gentiles, but is equally just to all. 1 Tim. ii, 6, " There is one God and one Mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus," is quoted to disprove the divinity of our Lord ; it proves only his humanity, and says nothing about his divinity. So it requires something more than the mere repetition of oft quoted texts to prove a doctrine from the word of God. 3. Neither is it sufficient to quote a text proving only something implied in the doctrine. A thing implied in a doctrine is not the doctrine. There lies before us the examination sermon of the Eev. Naph. Daggett, D.D., professor of divi nity in Yale College, in 1766 ; and also his Latin exegesis, written out legibly and very neatly in his own hand-writing, and now more than one hundred years old. The latter is on the question, " Did the 292 APPENDIX. human soul of Christ exist previous to the incarna tion ?" The author takes the affirmative, and quotes Col. i, 15, " The first bom of every creatm-e ;" John xvii., 5, " 0, Father, glorify thou me with thine own self with the glory which I had with thee before the world was ;" John vi, 62, " What and if ye shall see the Son of Man ascend up where he was before," to prove his doctrine. But though these texts do indeed prove certain things implied in the pre-existence of Christ, previous to the incarnation, they by no means prove the pre-existence of his human soul. The same imperfect logic is very common. For instance, to prove that the sin of our first parents is laid to the charge of all their posterity, a text is quoted to prove all men sinners. But all men may be sinners, in many ways, without its being true that God charges them all with the guUt of the first sin. Again. To prove that Christians actuaUy faU away in many cases, and perish in heU, texts are quoted (we suppose because no others can be found) proving that Christians may possibly faU away and perish. You have not proved any man a thief, by proving his ability to steal. So of the divinity of our Lord ; you have not disproved it, by quoting one, or any number of texts proving that he was man. For one text, and there are many such, HOW TO PEOVE A DOCTEINE. 293 asserting that he was God, settles the question. To prove some shred, or fragment of a doctrine is not enough. When the ostrich hides its head in the sand, it is not quite covered, from the sight, nor safe from the arrow of the hunter. Alas ! how often men play the ostrich, with their doctrines and the Bible. 4. To prove a doctrine from Scripture, you must find the sense of Scripture, asserting the whole doc trine, in the same, or eqiuvalent terms, in all its length and breadth, clearly and not in such a way as to require any labored efforts to make the proof appear. The doctrine and the Scripture must be one and the same proposition, in sense, and not in words only. This perfect agreement, or coincidence between the proof and the thing to be proved, is the only solid foundation on which aU doctrines must rest. It may indeed turn out that you wiU find it neces sary to remove some ambiguity from the text, or some objection alleged on the strength of its authority ; but, if there are texts plainly and unequivocally asserting the doctrine, to be foimd, these are always to be taken in preference to any others. For any process of interpretation, however well conducted, ¦wiU throw a shade of doubt on the point to be proved. There is a natural and strong conviction in the minds of most men, that perspicuity and 294 APPENDIX. directness belong to the Word of God, dispensing with aU elaborate efforts to explain it. If the doctrine to be proved passes by a name not known in the Bible, a name perhaps, that has arisen in controversy, or through convenience, then it may be necessary to state it in its simplest elements, so that the quotations from Scripture may exactly cover it. Thus the doctrine of the Trinity is not known by that name in the Bible, but when we state it in its simplest form, it is precisely covered and proved by Matt, xxviu., 19, " In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." So also, of the doctrine of total depravity. It is not found in Scripture under that name ; but it is estab hshed fully by the words — " There is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good and sinneth not ;" " There is none righteous, no not one." To prove a doctrine then, from the Bible, we must establish a manifest oneness of meaning between the Scripture and the doctrine. Unless this is done, nothing is done. Nor can we refrain from saying, that aU our investigations into confessions of faith, have deeply impressed us with the conviction, that in this respect, they are remarkably deficient. They often quote passages constituting no proof of their doctrines whatever. Much of the quotation in the pulpit is also of the same character. It is a standing HOW TO PEOVE A DOCTEINE. 295 complaint that candidates for the ministi-y are defi cient in this particular ; and the occasion of it, pro bably is, the purely metaphysical method pursued in theh instruction. This is a subject deser-ving the special attention of all Sabbath school teachers and. students of the Bible. No attainment is so earnestly to be desired, as that of being able to quote directly and pointedly the proof texts of all our doctrines, from the Scrip tures. It is an indispensable qualification of every religious teacher. How much evil is done, how many good opportunities are lost, for lack of it ! With what power does the sermon appeal to the hearer's heart, when the perfect harmony between it and the Bible is made cleai-ly and undeniably to appear. 296 APPENDIX. m. OTHEE SYSTEMS. It formed no part of our original design to speak of the labors of others, only in the most general terms ; yet it may serve as some apology for what we have attempted, in this treatise, and as a criterion of our correctness, to notice somewhat briefiy, the rules laid down by some recent writers on this science. In our sketch of the history of Interpreta tion, it .was manifest, the importance of having a general system of principles was very early under stood. All indeed, who have made any serious attempt to study the Bible, have confessed the value of such a system. It was only after we had completed our list of Axioms and Eulea, in this treatise, that the desire arose in our mind to know what principles had been proposed by interpreters in Great Britain and this country, from the revival of Biblical study in the last century, to our own times. This would bring OTHEE SYSTEMS. 297 the progress of the science more directly under our eye ; and enable the student and reader to judge of the various principles which have been, from time to time, employed, by the leading expositors of the Word of God. Our chapter must not run to an unreasonable length, and therefore we shaU select only a few names, as a specimen of others, more or less known in the religious and hterary world. DE. JOHN BEOWN. He was the cotemporary of Doddridge, and Dod dridge immediately succeeded Matthew Henry, deservedly known as the " Great Commentator." Brown, in his self-interpreting Bible, a work which keeps its place yet in the hands of thousands, has given a series of rules for the work of interpretation. He was probably led, both to the idea of a self -inter preting Bible, and to that of arranging a series of exegetical laws, from the fact that neither Henry nor Doddridge had condescended to any such under taking. He was proverbially a sagacious and good man ; whose sound common sense and cool judg ment raised him to a level with the best critics and expounders of the Bible. The foUowing are his Eules, somewhat abbreviated. 298 APPENDIX. 1. Let us pray for the influence of the Holy Spirit. 2. Being renewed in our minds, we ought to search the Bible. 3. We must earnestly study to reduce aU our Scriptural knowledge to practice. 4. We must begin in an orderly manner, proceed ing from the plain, to the obscure. 5. We must form in our minds a brief coUection of the most plain histories, doctrines, laws, &c., that they may serve as a criterion for our understanding the others. 6. Not only must every passage be understood, in harmony with the analogy of the faith, but with the scope and tendency of the book, or chap ter, where it is found. 7. Yarious texts must be compared. 8. We ought not to content ourselves with any general view of any text, but search out what it intends. 9. Christ being the great subject and end of Scripture, we ought everywhere to search, if we can find him. 10. As to the infinite mind of the Holy Spirit, every subject and every event are at oncQ perfectly in view, His words ought always to be understood in the fullest latitude of signification, that the analogy of the faith, and of the context, can admit. OTHEE SYSTEMS. 299 11. It is necessary to have the principles of poe try, and of prophecy, and of figurative language, fixed on our minds. 12. Where the writers contradict each other, we must labor to discover their harmony. 13. To obtain an exact knowledge of the Scripture, it is necessary to know the geography of the country, and the chronology, and history of the nation. 14. We must peruse the original Scripture, in humility of mind. On a review of these rules, we are disposed to infer that their author had not entertained very dis tinctly before his mind, the essential nature of a rule of interpretation. A rule is something diverse from a direction how to use it, or, a good advice how to prepare our minds for the work of exegesis. It must be a proposition, compelling our assent, as appro priate to, and worthy of its object. It must have an axiomatic force, so as to confirm our decisions, when they are right, and reprove, and restrain us, when they are wrong. Some of the above rules are cer tainly not at aU fitted for a safe interpretation. DE. SAMUEL DAVmSON. Our limits compel us to pass to the notice of a liv ing writer, Dr. Samuel Davidson, of England; who 300 APPENDIX. has however given more attention to this science, than any other individual in his denomination. He is a thorough scholar, and deeply skilled in the higher criticisms of the Bible. But it is quite doubt ful, whether his heavy volume will commend itself to the popular mind, as a satisfactory and useful help to the interpretation of the Scriptm-es. Only one section of 95 pages, out of 760, has been devoted to the most important topic of the book — the statement and illustration of the principles of interpretation. And what is even more remarkable, when we come to discover what these principles are, we find he has but one ; expressed in one short sentence : " the usus loquendi, or usage of the writers, must be ascer tained." But without controversy, this must be a wonder ful principle, if through its aid alone, the whole Bible is to be explained. It must have an omnipo tent effect, to accomphsh that, on which huge fohos have been expended. It is in truth but sending us to the study of the usage of the Bible, before attempting to ascertain what the Bible means. We must first be sure of the usage, then we can proceed to interpretation. But this is introducing us to a new science, in place of instructing us in one that we desire to understand. He was fully aware of this, and he has therefore OTHEE SYSTEMS. 301 occupied by far the greater part of the section, in show ing how the usage is to be ascertained. Doubtless it is of very great importance to know the usus loquendi,' but the practical question arises, would a person, for instance, acquainted with the usage of the English language, be, ipso facto, qualified for the interpreta tion of any book, say on English jurisprudence? We think not. There are many things, besides mere roots, and uses of words, which enter into the science of int-erpretation. There is the relation of one car dinal truth to another, the relation of one argument to another; and the primary meaning of words, a thing in itself distinct from usage — and are all these to be disregarded ? Who can make himself believe that mere usage exhausts the whole science of inter pretation ? when in truth it is only a mere accessory. The merits of this treatise by Dr. Davidson, do not lie in its presenting a safe and comprehensive system of ultimate principles, such as must serve to guide us in our attempts to understand the Sacred Yolume. Its sketch of the history of the science, is learned and interesting; and its quotations of the Old Testament, in the New, are full and instructive ; but the volume itself wiU not serve to popularize the science of interpretation. Men of the schools should lead the popular mind, and not be dead weights on its progress ; they should make it fal; \n love with 302 APPENDIX. the science, and not be for ever studying to remove it out of the way of their comprehension. G. J. PLANCK. It may be weU to select one German system of modern times, as a specimen, at least, of a class of interpreters in that country, greatly on the increase, and in whose success we feel the deepest fraternal interest. We select that of Prof. G. J. Planck, translated by Dr. Turner, of New York. His principles are : 1. Seek the hteral sense of every passage, as it must be afforded, either by the general usage, or by one peculiar to the writer. 2. That is always the true sense of the sacred writer, which, either alone, or at least, as the most natural sense, could be suggested by his expressions to the men for whom he wrote. 3. Constant reference must be had to the character and views, and known principles of the writer. " These three general laws, comprise almost all that can be prescribed to interpreters." Such a system is too general to be useful. It dis poses of the whole subject in too summary a manner, to be satisfactory. It leaves us whoUy in the dai-k OTHEE SYSTEMS. 303 on a multitude of points, where we most deeply feel the need of some practical principles to guide us. It is as though we were inquiring of this author, the way to a certain place within a few miles, and he should gravely give us direction to foUow the sun, or keep the North pole in our eye. B. B. EDWAEDS. We retum to our own country ; and here, the first name that should with propriety meet us, is that of the true hearted chieftain, Moses Stuart. But apart from his translation of Ernesti's dry and duU trea tise, we are not aware, that he has left anything of his ovm, in the shape of a series of rules in this science. He was wont to say, "the interpretation of language, is as natural to man, as the use of it, and that the laws of interpretation are the practical principles, by which men have always been guided, in interpreting each other's lang-uage." Now the coUecting and arranging of these principles, we regard as a thing very much to be desired. It would prove a guide to the inexperienced, and a check on the unruly. Above aU, it would dehver us, after so long a time, from the deadly influence of a mere tra ditionary interpretation. For the principles of such a system are fundamental, and independent of all 3C4 APPENDIX. human authority ; they existed before the Fathers ; and if the Fathers have interpreted the Bible con trary to these principles, then we forsake the Fathers, and cleave to the principles. Tliey only can guide us right ; and by their help, we shall be able to give a reason for the faith that is in us. We are only sorry that the first of American Bib hcal students, did not himself leave us such a sys tem. His successor, B. B. Edwards, in an article on the subject, gives us the following : 1. All true interpretation, is founded on grammar and lexicography. 2. Biblical science recognizes the fundamental importance of historical interpretation. 3. Another principle relates to the harmony of the Scriptures, with the discoveries of natural science, 4. The Bible is to be interpreted in perfect consis tency with the laws of the human constitution. 5. The interpreter must feel real sympathy with the truths he is studying. ' As a logical apparatus, having in view the science of Biblical interpretation, these principles are cer tainly defective. As propositions, they are not suffi ciently defined, to be of much practical value ; they should have a sharper edge, to do good service in. this work. OTHEE SYSTEMS. 305 PEOF. A . NOETON. He was a leader in his sect ; a man of polite learn ing, and of some depth in the literature of criticism, though not without some signs of being superficial, and narrow in his views. Although the difference between the foUowers of his creed, and the great body of evangelical interpreters, are by Unitarians sometimes said to arise in the very nature of truth itself; yet on their own admission, many of these differences are owing to the interpretations forced on the Sacred Scriptures. The science of hermeneu tics therefore, has not escaped their notice ; and they have said, that by this means, they can successfully overthrow the orthodox faith. Prof. Norton, in his statement of reasons, for rejecting the orthodox views of christian doctrine, presents us with the fol lowing rules, by which we are to be guided, in ascertaining the sense of the Scriptures : 1. Where the words are capable of more than one meaning, the true meaning is to be determined, solely by a reference to extrinsic considerations. 2. The words themselves can afford us no assistance in determining the meaning intended by the writers. 3. We may reject the hteral meaning of a passage, S06 APPENDIX. when we cannot pronounce with confidence, what is its true meaning. These are Unitarian principles of interpretation. The first thought that arises in our mind, when reflecting on them, is, with such a system of rules, what must have been the author's creed ? Nay, with such rules, could he have had any settled creed at all ? His last principle puts the literal meaning in every case, at the mercy of all who are unwilling to receive it. If we are not confldent of its true mean ing, we may reject it. Who, with any remaining reverence for the Bible, would embrace such a prin ciple of exegesis, as that ? The second principle, is a denial of one of the plainest of all facts, in respect to a revelation, viz. : " the sufficiency of words, to convey the meaning of an inspired writer." It was on this very principle, unfortunately, but inevitably, that the author of " God in Christ," alighted, when on his brief jour ney from the faith of his fathers. His introduction is an elaboration of the principles of Norton. Did it not grow out of a kindred fact in both minds ? — the 'fact, that both refused to receive simpliciter the inspiration of the record? If the words are of no sufficient aid in respect to the meaning, where is the meaning to be ascertained? In all honesty, to inter pret the Bible on such principles, is practically to OTHEE SYSTEMS. 307 renounce all candor, and affirm our purpose of inter preting it according to our caprice only. Socinus said of our Lord's divinity, " seeing the thing itself cannot be, I take the least inconvenient interpreta tion of the words ;" and this is an honest confession of the cardinal principle of aU such errors as the denial of the Godhead of the Saviour. They are obliged to adopt it, or receive the doctrine they hate. They say, "the thing cannot be," and revelation itself is silenced. But we submit, is this reverential ? Can faith in the Word of God consist with such principles ? It were altogether more consistent with the principles- of honesty for those who seriously adopt such principles, to say at once, " the authority of the Bible, we do not admit ;" for in that case, the world would know where they stood. But this pro fessing to submit to the Bible, and at the same moment rebelling against its authority, is unworthy of any sincere mind. Either the Bible is the stan dard of faith, or it is not. If it is not, then there is an end to all discussion on such points as those above mentioned. But if it is, then in all its clear and unam biguous statements, whether they be such as reason can discover, or such as lie beyond the limits of its powers, we are bound to the simple course of accept ing them without a moment's hesitation. The very highest honor and reverence belongs to the Bible ; 308 APPENDIX. and we have yet to know the man, willing to accept the supremacy and inspiration of the Bible, who did not stand immeasurably removed from the creed of Unitarianism. A chUd-like disposition in reference to the reception of the plain and obvious sense of the Scriptures, is a strait gate, through which no Unitarian can enter, without casting away his beset ting sin. PEOF. MCLELLAND. The latest book, in a systematic form, on this science which we notice, is from the pen of Prof. M'Clelland, of New Brunswick Seminary, N. J. It has been adopted in one or two theological schools ; although Dr. Davidson, of England, says of it, " It need scarcely be said that it will not advance the the science of hermeneutics, nor be very acceptable to theologians. A great part of the subject, has been left untouched." Sac. Her. p. 711. There is an attempt at wit, in this book, which strikes us as very much out of place. But we are astonished, that out of 236 pages, only 146 are devoted to the subject of interpretation ! A glance at the maxims and rules, is all that our limits allow. His maxims are four. 1. The object of interpreta tion is to give the precise sense of the writers. OTHEE SYSTEMS. 309 2. The method of interpreting the Bible, must be the same which we apply to any other book. 3. The sense of Scripture is (in general) one ; we must not assign many meanings to a passage. 4. Interpreta tion of Scripture requires suitable preparation. His " special rules " are eleven. 1. Carefully investigate the usus loquendi. 2. Examine the par aUel passages. 3. The consideration of the author's scope helps interpretation. 4. Examine the context. 5. We must know the character, age, sect, and other peculiarities of the writer. 6. Let there be a con stant appeal to common sense. 7. Study the tropes and figures. 8. Attend to the Hebrew idioms. 9. Much of Scripture being prophetical, we should acquaint ourselves with the nature and laws of that kind of composition. 10. AUow no interpretation, that wiU cast a shade of doubt over the perfect purity of our Lord's teachings, or those of his apostles. 11. We must study and apply the art of criticism. It does not become us to say, all that might be said, of these maxims and special rules. We leave them, rather, to the judgment of our readers. But we cannot dismiss this portion of our book, without an expression of a conviction already uttered, that many who have written on this important subject, have not settled in their own minds, what is the true 310 APPENDIX. nature and form of a law in this science. Proposi tions, in the above instance, are placed among the maxims, which have no relation to the science, what ever ; and mere advice is set down among the special rules, as though it were a first truth, or a decision of universal common sense, to which all must submit I Surely this is not what the science of interpretation demands. Neither the nature of the case, nor the laws of sound logic, require any such course as this. From the above imperfect treatise, as well as from some other facts, we strongly incline to the belief, that this cardinal science, on which so much depends, in reference to the spread of the Gospel, and the victory of the kingdom of God, over the ignorance and perverseness of men, is but very httle understood ; there is certainly very much to be done, even in this country, before it is made to occupy the pre-eminence which belongs to it, both in the pulpit, and in the theological seminary. The blessings of a grateful Church, will follow the man, who wins for the science of interpretation, its proper place, and becoming honor, in the minds of those who love the Bible, and who receive it with all joy, as the infallible Word of God. PEESENT STATE OP EXEGESIS. gll lY. THOUGHTS ON THE PEESENT STATE OF EXEGETICAL IN- STEUCTION IN OUE THEOLOGICAL SEMENAEIES. The relation of the instruction given in our theo logical seminaries, to correct interpretation of the Scriptures, cannot but be very close. It is aU but mathematically certain, that the student will carry with him into the sacred desk, the principles and spirit of his instructor in this science ; so that for all the purposes of a high moral infiuence on the minis try, and on the people, whom the ministry serve in the Gospel, there is no station so full of responsi bihty, none so important, in its influences for good, or for evil, as the station of the professor of sacred hermeneutics. He gives currency to whatever laws of intei-pretation he may adopt ; and they find their way speedily, into every Christian congregation in the land. K he inspires his pupils with right prin ciples ; if he infuses into their minds a right enthu- 312 APPENDIX. siasm for the science itself; it is well, he has dis charged his duty. But if, on the other hand, the professor fails to kindle in the student's mind a pro per zeal for this subject, if he wastes his time on points of but little practical importance, if he pro ceed in his instructions with more regard to details, and the mere preliminaries of the science, and thus leaves his scholars really ignorant of its grand and fundamental principles, to begin the preaching of the Gospel, without a familiar knowledge of the laws by which the sense of the Word of God is to be ascertained, he is altogether at fault, his influence is injurious. We hold that, to the student of theology, this science is decidedly the most important of aU. It is the basis of all sound doctrine. There is no authority for any doctrine from the pulpit, if it be not found in the records of inspiration. To know that it is there, is the student's only passport to the sacred desk. He ascends that desk to preach the preach ing that the Bible bids him. But how shaU he do this, if he does not first understand the art of inter preting the Bible ? If he fails in this respect, we see not what authority he can have to opens his hps, as an ambassador of Christ. Here then arises, therefore, an important inquiry, which we suggest with all deference : How, or by PEESENT STATE OF EXEGESIS. 313 what methods, are our young men taught to inter pret the Holy Scriptures ? This is not the question, who are the instructors, and what are their quahfi- cations ? If pressed to answer such an inquiry as this last, we would say without hesitation, that some of the profoundest scholars of the age occupy the chairs of Biblical exegesis and literature, in our theological seminaries. We can say more. At no previous period have the subsidiary helps to Scrip tural interpretation been so complete, nor so perfectly within the" reach of aU interested in this noble study. Never have the libraries of exegetical hterature been so ample, as they are now. The grammars and lexicons of the original languages of the Bible, have arrived at a state of perfectness, such as no age of the world has ever vtdtnessed. And never has the importance of Biblical science been so universaUy felt, and acknowledged by all classes. The question, therefore, is not an irrelevant one. It connects itself very closely with the subject of this book, and with the interests of true and undefiled religion. It is: by what methods are our young men instructed in the important, and fundamental science of ascertaining the meaning of the Word of God? We desire that two things may be taken for granted, in this inquiry : that there is a science, 314 APPENDIX. strictly and properly called the science of interpreta tion, with its axioms and laws, ascertained and classified, or capable of being ascertained and classi fied, like the axioms and laws of any other science ; and that there is a class of men professedly engaged in teaching this science. Our inquh-y is, as to the methods these instructors pursue in the course of their profession ? What are the facts in this case ? In rejily, it may be stated, that the first thing in the way of instruction in this science, to which the stu dent's attention is directed, is the acquisition of the Hebrew language. But the acquisition of the Hebrew language is not necessarily connected with the science of interpretation, in our view of the matter, any more than the acquisition of any other language whatever. It enables the student to read the Scriptures in Hebrew, that is all ; or, we might add, it enables him to judge of the correctness of the common translations of the Bible, and perhaps a better appreciation of the rhetorical force and beauty of the Scriptures generally. But it certainly does not impart to him the first maxim, or law of the science of interpretation. With a perfect knowledge of the Hebrew, equal to that of his mother tongue, he is yet a stranger to the first elements of this science. Do aU Jews, who, by their education, speak and write Hebrew, as we speak and write PEESENT STATE OF EXEGESIS. 315 English, understand the prmciples of interpretation, just in vh-tue of their knowing the language in which the Old Testament was written? Yerily no one wiU pretend that they do. The acquisition of the Hebrew is very weU in its place; but it is not essentially necessary in the study of the particular science before us ; at least, no more so, than is the acquisition of the English itself. But when some little progress is made by the stu dent, in the rudiments of this ancient language, he is then introduced, either to the reading of extracts, or of the Hebrew Bible itself, as the second step in his course. Of course, this is all well ; but even in this exercise, the chief point is not the unfolding of the principles of exegesis, in an orderly and logical manner. The object is to perfect the pupil in the grammar of the Hebrew language, to impart a greater facUity in his pronunciation, and the correc tion, it may be, of some loose phrase in our common English translation. Up to this moment, there has been no positive approach to the science itself. AU this training, and it generally occupies many months, the student might have received in the common school, without the least suspicion, that he was receiving instruction in the science of interpretation. The meanwhile, the same course has been pro gressing in reference to the New Testament in 316 APPENDIX. Greek ; with this difference, that the student is sup posed to be already master of this language. He is therefore called on, at the outset, to translate cer tain passages, of a particular book in course ; and having a lexicon of the New Testament, he is ques tioned as to the different meanings there given, of the most important words occurring in the text. As a part also of this exercise, extemporaneous remarks are made by the professor, and in latitudes, where lib erty of speech is freer than in others, questions are put by the student, in respect to the meaning of the pas sage, or of the more prominent difficulties it contains. The same course is pursued, though if memory serves, not so frequently, nor with such minute ness, in the case of the Hebrew Bible. For in this latter instance, the pupils rarely attain to the same facility, which they exhibit in regard to the Greek. The Hebrew language is more fugitive, and difficult of acquisition ; and students have less disposition to discuss difficulties, where a thorough knowledge of the language is wanting. To get through a tolerably ready translation, and showing the construction of the chief words, is usually the extent of their anxiety. Now, it is admitted, that these exercises and extemporaneous criticisms, by the professor, are all necessary and proper enough. In their nature and PEESENT STATE OF EXEGESIS. 317 tendency, they verge towards the science ; but that is alL We cannot be in error, when we say, that with all this preparation, the teaching of the science has not yet begun. This method is not that of the chair of Christian doctrine. Its incumbent would first of all, divide his subject into its natural divisions. He would confine himself and his pupils to the proof of the particular doctrine, which it might be his design to establish ; and thus he would proceed, until he had gone over the whole system in all its parts ; presenting each and all its divisions, as skillfully, and with as much power of argument and iUustration, as he could command. He surely would not direct his pupils, Bible in hand, to read certain portions of the Scriptures, the discourses of our Lord, for example, expatiate on some of their doc trinal bearings, and then dismiss his class, as fully instructed in the science of systematic theology. And yet it might be, that in this way, the entire systematic platform of doctrines might be surveyed, and much useful instruction imparted. But if any professor of systematic divinity should pursue this method, and none other, he would certainly faU in estabhshing his reputation, as a skillful teacher of Christian doctrine. Since this treatise has been in process of composi tion, we have taken care to inquire of several, who 318 APPENDIX. had passed the usual term of study, under the very best instructors, as to the methods pursued, and have been uniformly answered, either that they pursued no particular system, or that they did not distinctly recollect, whether they had studied the science at all ! The science, as such, had not been impressed on their attention. Here is the secret, we beheve, of the fact, that so many preachers fail in the point of connecting their sermons, distinctly and clearly with the text, which they announce. And in this very particular also, it appears to us, lies another secret, viz. :' the inefficiency of the great majority of discourses, delivered from the pulpit. The power of any discourse, for the purposes of convincing and converting the soul, hes, more than anywhere else, in the clear and undeniable foundation of the discourse on the authoritative Word of God. If the sermon rest on the text, and cannot be disjoined from it, then it will both interest and impress the hearer. But is it any wonder, that this is not the case; with a vast majority of discourses, when the art of deter mining the meaning of the text is but imperfectly understood ? because not adequately elaborated, and set forth to their comprehension. It has been often noticed, as a matter of complaint, that theological students, in many instances, are not apt at the quotation of proof texts from the Scrip- PEESENT STATE OF EXEGESIS. 319 tures. But important as the abihty and aptness to quote proof texts undoubtedly is — that they should understand the science of interpretation, is vastly more important. What other qualification in a min ister, can take the place of this ? And to us, nothing is more plain, than the mere knowledge of Greek and Hebrew, however perfect, can never impart this one indispensable attainment. The knowledge of all the languages on earth, could not impart it. It is to be taught scientificaUy, and studied apart, as a thing of the first importance, toward which, the mind is to be directed in aU its disciplined energy. The want of logical method is what we deplore. It is against a fragmentary, and merely rudimental system, that we protest. The details of verbal criti cisms, in our view, are wholly out of place, as a substitute for the statement, defence, and Ulustration of the fundamental laws of this precious science. But lectures are also given to the classes. This is a step in the right direction ; yet, if in these lectures, the whole subject is discussed, it is more than any thing our experience has afforded. If they attempt an exposition of the science in a comprehensive and logical form, independently of the mere grammar of the Scriptures, and exhibithig the essential facts and laws, on which all men must consistently pro ceed, in their attempts to reach the sense of the 320 APPENDIX. Word of God — it would be perfectly satisfactory ; it would meet every demand of reason, in the case. In reply, we heard it once said : " We confess, there is no regular system of rules taught, yet the science of interpretation is taught." But if this were true, here then would be an exception by itself; for in respect to no other branch of knowledge, can the same thing be said. Who would think of teaching logic, or natural philosophy, or mathematics, or any other science whatever, without a system ? without regular laws, fixing the boundaries of the various particulars, and laying down principles for the s;overnment of the learner. To impart sound and orthodox explanations of cer tain passages of Scripture, to pass under review all the difficult passages of the Bible, to guide the stu dent to a thorough acquaintance with the original language in which the Bible was written, may all be well enough ; but it is not teaching the science of exegesis. When scholars pass through just such a training, and then come to the actual duties of the sacred desk, they have the art of interpreting the Scriptm-es yet to learn. If a vigorous mind carry them forward to a thorough acquisition of this science, in its useful and practical form, it is well ; they make useful, progressive, and faithful ministers of the glorious Gospel ; if indifference in regard to PEESENT STATE OF EXEGESIS. 321 the matter take possession of them, they must lack one of the most effective qualifications of the sacred office. But it does stand to all reason, that, giv- ipg up, as they do, three whole years, to the work of fitting themselves to be expounders of the Bible, " workmen not needing to be ashamed," they should be called upon to look this science of interpretation directly in the face. It should be insisted on, that the acquisition of the original languages is merely preliminary, and in no sense a substitute for the study and acquisition of the axioms and laws, of a profound and fundamental hermeneutics. Neither should students be permitted to suppose, that any degree of proficiency in the knowledge of languages, will be regarded as equivalent for the knowledge of this science. They should be held strictly to the fact, that it is a science, having all its axioms and laws, as determinate, and as sharply dis tinct, as those of any other science whatever. Even systematic divinity itself, however well understood, does not dispense with the logical pursuit and thorough acquisition of this science. Hermeneutics is the first, and altogether the most necessary of the sciences, connected with the Christian ministry ; and no terms can be found, in which its importance can be properly set forth. On the soundness of the principles laid down as its fundamental laws, 14* 322 APPENDIX. depends, all the purity, consistency, and effectiveness of those expositions, which proceed from the pulpit ; and our heart can pray for no greater blessing to our country and the world, than a wise, well-ordered, and Scriptural system of interpretation, inaugurated in our theological schools, and urged upon the awakened attention, of all candidates for the sacred office of the ministry. May divine wisdom be poured into the lips of our instructors, and grace from the eternal throne guide them, in the responsi ble duties which devolve upon them, as teachers of the mysteries of God, to those who go out from them, as the teachers of a wayward, and erring gen eration. Amen. THE END, BOOKS PUBLISHED BV CHAS. SCRIBNER. 4 J^ew Edition He-vised and Enlarged^ with a Sc^^ptural Index ri-nd Pur