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SAILING DIRECTIONS

OP

HENRY HUDSON,

PREPAKBD

FOR HIS USE IN 1608,
FBOM THE
WITH
AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES ;

A DISSERTATION ON THE DISCOVERY
OF THE HUDSON RIVER.

Rev, B. p. DeCOSTA,
AUTHOR OF THE PRE-COLUMBIAN DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY
THE NORTHMEN, ETC.

ALBANY:
JOEL M U N S E L L .
1869.

Inscriftelr

THE HOI*^. OHAELES P. DALY,

THE JUST JUDGE

ACCOMPLISHED GEOGRAPHER.

PREFACE.

It was the author^s intention at the outset to print
the treatise of Ivar Bardsen with a few explanatory
notes ; yet the interest proved such as to induce the
author to enlarge the plan aud include a dissertation
on early voyages to America, with especial reference
to the discovery of the Hudson river, together with a
new translation from the text as given in Gronland's
Hisioriske Mindesmterker and Rafn's Antiquitates Ameri
canos. The influence of this work on modern cartography
would, of itself, afford a fair subject for an essay. But
few of those, who in times past used its material at
second and third hand, knew anything of the origin of
the influence that shaped their views. It is to be
regretted, however, that in the day of Torfseus the
means of interpreting Bardsen aright had been lost,
and that the location of Old Greenland was so long
misunderstood. As it was, however, Torfseus knew
less of the location of Old Greenland in 1617 than
Antonio Zeni in the year 1400. This suggests the
high probability that the Zeni brothers became ac-

vi PREFACE.
quainted with Bardsen's treatise, when in Frisland, the
Faroesland or Faroe, whence the original of Henry Hud
son's mon version came about the year 1490. At all
events, Antonio Zeni had the equivalent of Bardsen's
treatise, and drew up his map of Old Greenland by its
light, while more modern writers, like Torfseus, were
unable to comprehend its purport. Antonio Zeni
knew indusputably where Old Greenland lay, which
Torfseus did not ; a fact that is alone sufficient to vindi
cate the ancient date of his map, — the first, of which
we have any knowledge, that shows any part of the
continent of America.
Stuyvesant Park,
New York, 1869.

CONTENTS,

I. Preface.
II. Introduction.
III. Treatise op Ivar Bardsen,
IV. Revised Translation oe the Treatise
OP Ivar Bardsen.
V. Index.

SAILING DIRECTIONS

HENRY HUDSON

mTBODUCTIOK
Greenland was first colonized by Eric the Red, a
man banished from Iceland for the crime of mur
der.^ He sailed from Iceland with a company of
his friends in the year 982, saying that he would
seek the land formerly seen at the west by Gunn-
biorn,^ when, in the year 876, he was driven away
from the Iceland coast in a storm. In due time
he reached the eastern shore of Greenland, sailed
southward, doubling Cape Farewell, and passed the
winter in Ericseya, one of the fiords on the western
shore. The following summer he fixed his abode
in a place which he called Ericsfiord. It is said

1 Christophessen supposed that Greenland was discovered in
the year 770, and Pontanus (pp. 97-8) gives the Bull of Gre
gory IV, in which Greenland is mentioned. The first impression
is that the document must be a fraud, but possibly the disagree
ment may be otherwise explained. *
'¦^ See the notes to the text of Ivar Bardsen's treatise.
9

10 sailing directions
that " the same summer he explored the western
desert, and gave names to many places."^ The
next winter he spent on an island called Rafns-
gnipa, returning the third year to Iceland.
In the summer of the year 986, he sailed for
Greenland again with a fleet of thirty-five ships,
only fourteen of which reached their destination.
Gradually the colonists multiplied, Christianity
was adopted, churches were built, a line of bishops
was established, voyages to America were inaugu
rated, and society took a somewhat settled form.
Eventually, however, the colonies, after surviv
ing for a period of no less tlian three hundred years,
fell into decline, and then became extinct.
The Greenland settlements were divided into
two districts, or hygds, called respectively the East
and the West Bygds. When attention was first
called to the subject, it was generally, if not unani
mously, believed that the eastern community was
located on the east coast of Greenland, and the
western on the opposite side of that country. But
soon the whole question came into dispute, and the
most eminent of the northern scholars and anti
quarians united in the discussion. In the end, the
old view was found to be untenable.

1 See Prof. Rafn's Antiquities of America, p. 12, and the
author's work on The Pi^- Columbian Discovery of America by
the Northmen, p. 17.

OF HENRY HUDSON. H
In order to settle the question still more effectu
ally, an expedition was dispatched by the king of
Denmark in the year 1828, with instructions to
proceed to Greenland and explore the entire east
ern coast, thus ascertaining by a practical survey
whether it was once inhabited or not. The person
placed in command of this expedition was Captain
Graah, an oflBcer well fitted for the work by his
courage, prudence and capacity. His explorations
extended through a period of two years, in which
time he performed all that, under the circum
stances, any individual could have accomplished.
Starting from Friedericksthal with two boats,
manned chiefly by natives, he passed around Cape
Farewell, and made his way, with much labor and
peril, along the eastern coast, exploring the bays
and fiords in search of some memorial of the North
men, who were said to have formerly lived there.
Spending two summers, and extending his search
as far northward as latitude 65° 30', he was
finally obliged to return to Friederichsthal, with
out discovering a single indication pointing to the
former occupation of that part of the country by
Europeans. This region indeed proved less inhospitable than
was generally supposed, and notwithstanding the
too unapproachable character of the coast, it was
found to be not altogether destitute of inhabitants.

12 SAILING directions
Here and there he discovered a handful of natives,
who subsisted on the products of the land a'^ «l ea ;
yet it was clear from what he saw that no consi
derable European population could possibly have
remained there long. Besides, the natives them
selves, who were perfectly acquainted with every
foot of the territory, had never seen or heard of
ancient ruins of any kind, and had no tradition of
a European settlement.
After the publication of the results of Captain
Graah's explorations, nearly all of those who
had formerly held the old view gradually gave
it up, and to-day it would perhaps be impos
sible to find a student of northern antiquities
who maintains the Icelandic occupation of the
eastern coast.^
Besides, the accounts which exist in the Icelandic
chronicles evidently teach that both the East and
West Bygds were located on the opposite side of
Greenland, and nothing but a misapprehension of
the text of the manuscripts led scholars for a time
to think otherwise.
The fullest account of the colonies in Greenland
is given by Ivar Bardsen or Boty, who, while gene-

1 The learned Asher of Amsterdam indeed supposes that the
settlements were on the east coast, but he does not appear to have
attended much to the history of Greenland. His erroneous
view obscures his discussion on p. cxliii of his Henry Hudson.

OF HENRY HUDSON. 13
rally correct in his statements, nevertheless falls
int& fjae errors. This, however, is not of much
consequence, for the reason that still earlier writers
afford the means of making the necessary correc
tions. In the notes which accompany the text of
Bardsen his errors will be pointed out. Considering
the character of the times in which he wrote, his
account must be accepted as exceedingly intelligent
and fair.
Of the narrative or treatise of Ivar Bardsen we
have several versions. One is given in the learned
Prof. Rafn's great work, Antiquitate.s Americance,^
and a translation in Parehas His Pilgrimes.^ It
is there stated that it was translated out of the
Norsh* language into high Dutch in the year
1560, and from the high Dutch into the low Dutch
by William Barentson, which copy was preserved
by Jodocus Hondius to be translated into English
by William Stere in 1608, for the use of Henry
Hudson. The interest of this document consists, first, in its
antiquity, since it far ante-dates the age of Colum-

' P. 300. — See version, in Gronland's Hist. Mindesmserker.
3 Vol. Ill, pp. 518-21.
3 Prof. Rafn's version is in an antiquated Danish, which is
probably meant by Norsh. The language of the Northmen is
most properly known as the Old Northern, or Dbnsk t-dnga. It
is now spoken in Iceland alone.

14 sailing directions
bus. The substance of it also exists in the ancient
Landanamofhoh, or Dooms-day book of Iceland.
Second, as it comes in the version of Purchas, with
all its changes, corruptions and additions, it is a
literary curiosity. And in the third place it has a
deep interest, with those who admire ancient things,
on account of its association with Henry Hudson,
who carried it with him on one or more of his
voyages. Dr Asher, the accomplished editor of
Henry Hudson the Navigator, published by the
Hakluyt Society, prints the treatise in the appen
dix to his valuable work, but he does not notice
its chief interest. The reason of this is perhaps
to be found in the fact that the history of the
document has not been thoroughly understood
heretofore, except by northern antiquarians like
Professors Rafn, and Magnusson, who also have
failed to point out at large its connection with the
famous Englishman. While interested in the ex
ploits of Bardsen, these scholars were not particu
larly drawn to Hudson. Yet the select number
into whose hands this little work is liable to fall
will perhaps take a kindly interest in both, and
find some material for thought in the fact that the
renowned English navigator, whose name will for
ever be linked with the history of America, sailed
for the northern parts of this continent, carrying
with him the sailing directions used in the Pre-

OF HENRY HUDSON. 15
Columbian age by the Northmen in their voyages
from Norway and Iceland to the Greenland coast.
Of Henry Hudson little is known. He appears
for a brief time, and then vanishes. We know
that he was an Englishman who had one or more
children, though nothing positively certain can be
gleaned in regard to his lineage. After a careful
investigation, Mr. Read in his interesting work on
Hudson concludes that he may have been the
grandson of Henry Hudson an alderman of Lon
don who died in 1555, being one of the founders
of the Muscovy Company. John, the son of the
first mentioned Henry Hudson, was alive in 1618,
living in London. It is possible that Henry Hud
son the Navigator was born "within the sound
of Bow Bells. " His whole life, as known to us,
extends only through a period of four years. We
see him first in the Church of St. Ethelburge,
London, with his crew, receiving the sacrament
prior to setting out on his first voyage, and we
view him for the last time drifting away in an
open boat on the cold North sea.
His first voyage was made in 1607 for the
Muscovy Company, in search of a north-east route
to China along the coast of Spitzbergen. The
second, in 1608, was for the same purpose, and
led him to the region of Nova Zembla. The third
voyage, performed at the expense of the Dutch

16 sailing directions
East India Company, was made in 1609. He
first sailed north-east, where he was repulsed by
the ice near Nova Zembla, and then sailed west,
reaching our own shores, and exploring the Hud
son. In 1610, Hudson again sailed to search for
a north-west passage, the expense of the voyage
being borne by three English gentlemen, when
he explored the bay and strait that bear his name,
passing the winter of 1610-11 in the southern
part of the bay. On June 21st, he was set adrift
with his son and seven companions, in an open
boat, never afterward to be seen.
In his third voyage he probably had with him
the sailing directions of Ivar Bardsen, though on
that occasion he did not come in .sight of the
Greenland coast. During the fourth voyage Green
land was seen June 4th, in latitude 65°, wliere he
was " encumbred with much ice." When the muti
neers were returning to England with Hudson's
ship, they saw " the Desolations," or the southern
part of Greenland. Abacuk Prickett says " this
land is a great iland in the west part of Grone-
land." In the notes an explanation of the origin
of this name will be given. From the Desolations
Hudson had made his way through the strait that
bears his name.
Of what practical use the directions of Bardsen
proved we are not able to say, yet it is reasonable

OF HENRY HUDSON. fj
to infer that they were consulted, from the fact that
they were translated for his special benefit. Under
the circumstances, he would not have overlooked
any suggestions, though he probably did not have
the faintest suspicion of their practical value. Be
sides, it is probable that he viewed the Greenland of
Ivar Bardsen as extending around to the region of
Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla. At least such was
the common view at the time. If he had not under
stood Bardsen as describing the eastern coast of
Greenland, but had caught at his real meaning, his
fourth voyage would have had an entirely different
termination, andpossibly producedmuch more good.
If he had known that colonies existed for the space
of three hundred years on the western coast of that
southern region of Greenland, then called Desola
tions, he would have sought the old Icelandic
track, and taken the course which they pursued in
their high northern explorations, making his way
towards Lancaster sound; and when there, enlight
ened by the experience of three hundred years, he
would have abandoned the delusion of a practical
north-west passage, returning at last, perhaps, to
his home, publishing those discoveries concerning
the Northmen that Egede afterwards gave to the
world. But this was not to be. A mournful fate
awaited him in that dreary clime. In the mean
while he was to rove in the south.
3

18 SAILING DIRECTIONS
Starting from Amsterdam March 25, 1609, he
sailed first for Nova Zembla in search of an open
ing to the Flowery Kingdom. Here the unbroken
ice barriers opposing his progress, and his men be
coming dissatisfied, he gave them their choice of
sailing to Davis's straits, to seek a north-west pas
sage, or of going to the American coast in latitude
forty. They voted in favor of the latter proposi
tion, and though Hudson's instructions, received
from his superiors, enjoined his return to Holland,
in case the north-east passage could not be effected,
he deliberately disobeyed, and turned the prow of
the Half Moon towards the west.
When the heights of Greenland came in view he
veered to the south. Reaching the latitude of
Mount Desert, on the coast of Maine, he delayed in
that romantic region to step a new fore-mast. He
next sailed down the coast near the borders of
Virginia, and returning, entered Delaware bay.
Continuing his northward course, he found the bay
of New York, and, September, 1609, dropped an
chor inside, off Sandy hook. Delaying here onl}^ a
few days, he entered the river, passed the Palisades,
wound his way through the Highlands and reached
the limit of navigable water. It is pleasant to follow,
in imagination, and view him as he appears in Tal
bot's noble picture sailing up this stream. It is the
nut-brown month of September, and the birchen

OF HENRY HUDSON. 19
trees are beginning to glow with autumnal splendor,
while the sky, filled with lazily floating clouds, is
already dreaming of the evening hour. The sa
vages flock to the banks, and embark in their canoes,
to follow the ship of the Manitou, which, borne less
by wind than tide, slowly makes her way along
under the noble Palisades, now flinging themselves
down at full length on the calm, pulseless tide.
The quaint little Half Moon, which afterwards, in
1616,disappeared on the coast of Sumatra, no longer
tosses among the bergs of Zembla, but sluggishly
heads up what Hudson may have hoped was the
passage to India. Yet in the end, whatever may
have been his hopes, he was undeceived ; and after
thoroughly exploring the river he set sail for home.
Thus, though he failed to find a route to India,
the popular notion is that he first discovered that
iloble stream, which, born among the peaks and
passes of the Adirondacks, flows majestically on
through those lovely scenes which it partially
creates, until it loses itself in the sea. And since
some scholars are of the same opinion, let us
briefly inquire into its worth, at the same time al
luding to various early voyages to America.
We have already stated the probabilities in
regard to the degree of practical influence that
Bardsen's work had upon Hudson. He held the
key to old Greenland in his hand, but he does not

20 SAILING DIRECTIONS
appear to have understood its use. But let us
glance also at the case of others.
It has often been asked if Columbus gained any
information from the Icelanders When, in the year
1477, he visited that country. This does not ap
pear probable, for the reason that if he had ob
tained any information it would have doubtless
been in substance that given by Ivar Bardsen.
Columbus, of course, knew nothing of the Ice
landic, and he could not always be sure of meet
ing an Icelandic navigator who spoke Latin, or his
own tongue. If he had obtained the old sailing
directions, he would probably, in his age, have fol
lowed them. In that case, he would have sailed
between Iceland and the Faroe island until he
sighted Greenland; then, coasting south, doubled
the ancient Hvarf at Cape Farewell, and after
wards sailed into Ericsfiord or some of the higher
bays. As it was, however, he had no conception
of land in that direction, and sailed boldly west
past the Canaries, until he reached the island of
Hispaniola, which, to the day of his death, he
firmly believed constituted the western part of the
East Indies.
In regard to Sebastian Cabot the evidence is
clearer. For aught we know he might have re
ceived instructions from the Icelandic sailors who
n his day frequented the port of Bristol, England ;

OF HENRY HUDSON. 21
and when he actually went forth, reaching the
American continent fourteen months before it was
seen by Columbus, he took substantially the course
of the old Northmen.
In this connection it is interesting to note the
fact that Sir John Barrow, in his Ghronological
History of Voyages to the North-west, adduces a
Pre-Columbian voyage by John Vaz Costa Cortereal,
a gentleman of the household of the infanta, Don
Fernandez. This person, on the return from the
voyage, was appointed governor of Terceira, one of
the Azores. His commission was dated at Evora,
April 12, 1464. The statement rests on the au
thority of the Portuguese writer, Cordeyro. Bid-
die, laboring in the interest of Cabot, attacks Sir
John Barrow with that partisan warmth which
leads us sometimes to suspect the fairness of his
statements, and declares {Life of Oahot, p. 283),
that Sir John had not even looked into Cordeyro's
work. Major, however, in the introduction to
his Letters of Columbus (p. xxxi), doubts Biddle's
statement; but, in defending the priority of Co
lumbus's claim, also questions the voyage of Costa
Cortereal, who is represented at that time as seek
ing a north-west passage.
First, it is said, that in his commission as go
vernor of Terceira there is no recognition of his
voyage. But at that early time the voyage may

22 SAILING DIRECTIONS
not have appeared so particularly meritorious;
while, if it had been, it is not so certain that it
would gain mention. Again, it is said that his
attempt to make a north-west passage, took for
granted the existence of a large body of land lying
in the region of America.^ But Major does not
prove that the knowledge of that land was totally
unknown in Europe. In the eleventh century,
Adam of Bremen knew of the existence 'of that
land, which was called Vinland. Major, some
what in opposition to Biddle, says that that Cor
deyro was a respectable historian, and that the
whole question turns on his account. The fact
that no notice of the voyage is found in the cata
logues of Lisbon voyages between 1412 and 1640 is
hardly conclusive. Costa Cortereal may have had
access to some of the sailing directions of the
Northmen, while we actually find Gomera men
tioning the navigator John Kolnus, who in the
year 1476 was clearly sent to Greenland by the
Danish king, Christian I, who reigned in Den
mark and Norway. This is declared by various
old writers. Wytfliet, in his Descriptionis Ptole-

1 By conceding the authenticity of the Zeni chart, which was
certainly drawn up from Icelandic authorities, aud upon which
Hudson, iu turn, largely based his own map, the difficulty, if it
be a difficulty, entirely disappears, since the Estotiland of the
Zeui was a part of America.

OP HENRY HUDSON. 23
maicm Augmentum, published in 1603, after speak
ing of the voyage of the Zeni brothers to Greenland,
tells us that the second person to rediscover that
country was John Skolnus, the Pole, who, in the
year 1476, being in the service of King Christian,
sailed beyond Iceland and Greenland, and landed
on Labrador, the Estoliland of the Zeni brothers.^
Humboldt accepts this voyage as authentic, re
marking, " Skolny was in the service of Christian
11,^ of Denmark, in 1476, and they say that he
sailed past the coast of Norway, Greenland and Fris
land of the Zeni, and landed upon the shore of La
brador." Yet he is in doubt, in regard to Skolnus
having reached Labrador, and says: "I cannot
hazard any opinion on the statement made to this
effect by Wytfliet, Pontanus and Horn. A country
seen after Greenland, may, from the direction indi-

1 The following is the language of Wytfliet : Secundum
detectse huius regionis decus tulit Johannes Scolnus Polonus,
qui anno reparate salutis M. cccc. lxxvi. Octoginta & sex
anius a prima eius lustratione nauigans vltra Nouegiam, Green-
landiam, Frislandiamque, Boreale hoc fretum ingressus sub ipso
Aretico oirculo, ad Labaratoris hanc terram Estotilandiamque
delatus est, multo deinde tempore inteutatum hoc nautis mansit
littus dum algentis climatis gelu, aut infesti maris horrent proeel-
lis baud satis dignum ob prsemium (p. 102). Pontanus (p. 763)
quotes the account of Wytfliet with approval.
2 Both Humboldt and Major make the mistake of putting this
event in the reign of Christian II. Christian I reigned from
1448 to 1481.

24 SAILING DIRECTIONS
cated, have been Labrador. I am, however, sur
prised to find that Gomara [chap, xxxvii] who pub
lished his Historia de las Indias atSaragossa in 1553,
was cognizant even at that time of this Polish pilot.
It is possible that when the codfishery began to bring
the seamen of southern Europe into more frequent
connection with the Scandinavian sailors, a suspi
cion may have arisen that the land seen by Skolny
must have been the same as that visited by John
Cabot in 1497, and by Gaspar Cortereal in 1500.
Gomara says, what in other respects is not quite
right, that the English took much pleasure in fre
quenting the coast of Labrador, for they found the
latitude and the climate the same as that of their
native land, and that the men of Norway have been
there too with the pilot, John Sholny, as well as the
English with Sebastian Cabot." Humboldt adds
to this : " Let us not forget that Gomara makes no
mention of the Polish pilot with reference to the
question of the priority of Columbus, though he is
malignant enough to assert, that it is in fact impos
sible to say to whom the discovery of the New
Indies is due." {Examen Critique, vol. ii, p. 153-4.)
The sentence given from Gomara by Humboldt,
is found in chapter xxxvii of his General History
of the Indies. In chapter xxxix he also remarks
that Bretons and Danes have likewise gone to the

OF HENRY HUDSON. 25
Bacaloas. Kunstmann also calls attention to the
subject in his work. Die Entdeckung Amerihas.
He says (p 45) : On historical grounds, however,
is a voyage hitherto too little noticed, which was
undertaken by the men of the north who formerly
visited the coast of America from Norway in the
second half of the fifteenth century." He then con
tinues : " Francis Lopez Von Gomara, so called
from the name of one of the Canary islands where
he was born, had, according to his own testimony,
obtained from Olaus of Gotha much knowledge
about the condition of Norway and her shipping.
We may thank him for the information given in
his Description of Labrador, that the men. from Nor
way and the pilot, John Skolnus, and the English
with Sebastian Cabot had visited there."
In support of the voyage of Kolnus, we have
the map of Michael Lok, of the date of 1527, as
given in Hakluyt s Divers Voyages touching the Dis-
coverie of America, which was printed in 1582.
This map, Lok says, was based by him upon a
map drawn at Seville, and presented to Henry
VIII, by Verrazano. A large tract of land, which
appears to be the same as that now known as
Baffin's Land, is marked, " Jac. Scolvum, Groes-
land." The voyage of Skolnus does not, however, appear
much like a marvel, when we remember that for

26 SAILING DIRECTIONS
centuries prior to his time the communication
was maintained with more or less regularity. The
last of the seventeen bishops of Greenland, An
dreas, was sent over in the year 1406, and three
years later we have the proof of a marriage per
formed by him in the Cathedral of Gardar. More
over Wormius told Peyrere {Egedds Greenland, p.
xlvii) that down to the year 1484 there was a
company of sailors at Bergen in Norway who still
traded with Greenland. The Icelander, Bioern von
Skardfa, also speaks of a Hamburg sailor, who
sailed in the North seas at about this period,
whose adventures had earned for him the name
of Jon Greenlander.
It is proper here, however, to notice the fact that
Peyrere had scruples about what Wormius told
him of the Bergen sailors ; yet the only argument
that has been brought against it rests on the fact
that in Queen Margaret's reign, 1389, some Nor
way merchants fell under the ban of the law for
sailing to Greenland without the royal license.
This fact, almost accidentally preserved, helps,
instead of conflicting with, the statement of Wor
mius that trade was carried on in 1484. Yet
it is a fact that communication had ceased about
the year 1500. Nevertheless, the truth that a
great continent lay in the ocean at the west,
was still familiar to a class of Scandinavian

OF HENRY HUDSON. 27
minds ; for when in the year 1513, King Christ
ian II ascended his throne, he bound himself
with a solemn vow to reopen the ancient com
munication with Greenland. At the same
time, Eric Walkendorf entered upon the work
with much enthusiasm, but, eventually sharing
the misfortunes of his sovereign, he went to
Rome, where he died without accomplishing his
purpose. When, therefore, we consider the whole question,
the alleged voyage of Costa Cortereal, in 1464,
does not appear at all improbable;^ since he may
have conferred with some one of the Scandinavian
sailors then voyaging to Greenland, and, on the in
formation thus gained, embarked in an expedition
of his own, which at that time might easily have
passed as an event of minor importance to the
world, and thus gained no prominent place in the

1 In this connection it may be of interest to note the fact
that the author of a privately printed work on Columbus (p. 82 )
speaks as follows : " Santarem quotes two works : One by Eras
mus Shmid (apud Fabricius Bib. gren., i, 145), which tends
to show that Homer was aware of the existence of this conti
nent ; the other, by De Guignes, Remarques GeograpMques et
Critiques, from which we learn that the Chinese had established
important commercial relations with America as early as the
year 458 of our era." Which of Santarem's works are referred
to, he does not state. There is no doubt much valuable material
is stored up in the Chinese archives, which in course of time will
be brought to light.

28 SAILING DIRECTIONS
chronicles of the day.^ It may, therefore, yet be
demonstrated to the satisfaction of historical stu
dents that the old sailing directions of Bardsen
were known by a few on the European continent
in those early days of the Cortereals.^ And it is
of sufficient interest to mention in this connection

' If Columbus had been familiar with the Icelandic, he might
have gained this knowledge for himself, when, the very year
following the voyage of Skolnus he sailed far into the north and
visited Iceland.
In the year 1477 he wrote to his son Ferdinand, that " he
sailed a hundred leagues beyond the isle of Thule, the southern
part of which is distant from the equinoctial line seventy -three
degrees, and not sixty-three as some assert ; neither does it lie
within the line which includes the west of Ptolemy, but is
much more westerly.- To this island, which is as large as Eng
land, the English, especially those from Bristol, go with their
merchandise. At the time that I was there the sea was not
frozen, but the tides were so great as to rise and fall twenty-six
fathoms. It is true that the Thule, of which Ptolemy makes
mention, lies where he says it does, and by the moderns it is
called Frislandia; " that is, Faroesland, or Faroe. We may re
member here also that the Bristol traders saved Iceland from
the fate which overtook Greenland. For letter of Columbus,
see Select Letters of Columbus, p. xlv, by Major.
- " The family name was originally Costa or Coste, and is of
French extraction, having come to Portugal along with Count
Alphonzo Henriquez, under whom one of the Costas served in
the taking of Lisbon and conquering Portugal from the Moors.
The family settled in Algarve, and when John Vaz Costa (some
say his father) came to the Portuguese court, he used to live in
such splendor and hospitality that the king observed to him,
' Your presence, Costa, makes it a real Court.' " Major's Letters
of Columbus, p. xlvii.

OP HENRY HUDSON. 29
the testimony of Las Casas, who saw a work by
Columbus^ himself. On the Information gathered
from Portuguese and Spanish Pilots concerning
Western Lands (See Notes on Columbus, privately
printed, Astor Library, p. 85). This seems to in
dicate very clearly that something was known by
the Spanish and Portuguese ; and possibly, when
the treatise referred to by Las Casas comes to light
from among the rubbish of some old library where
it is now buried, we may find the name of John
Vaz Costa Gortereal written thsrein.
But we must now turn to Henry Hudson. The
character of Hudson, judged by the age in which he
lived, was tolerably fair, though, of course, hardly
superior to ordinary examples. If it is true, as Mr.
Read supposes, that Hudson was nurtured under
the influences of the Muscovy Company which
Alderman Hudson helped to form, we should prefer
to have seen him adhering to the service of the
English, instead of taking the pay of the Dutch in
his third voyage. But for this change he doubtless
had satisfactory reasons. It has also been remarked
that in his third voyage he disobeyed his orders.
On this point we may conclude that he was quite

1 Columbus first thought of land at the west in 1470. In
1473 he received a map relative to the subject from the Floren
tine astronomer, Toscanelli.

30 SAILING DIRECTIONS
as capable of judging as the Company. His insub
ordination was, on the whole, beneficial. In his last
and fatal voyage, it is said that he secretly amassed a
large quantity of the ship's stores, after having pro
fessed to have made an equal distribution of all the
provisions on board. This was doubtless with the
best of intentions, since, if he did not ultimately
share them with his men, it must have been clear to
his mind that he could never bring his ship into port.
He also fell into needless trouble with the natives,
which cost lives, and allowed some of them to
become intoxicated on board the Half Moon, where
in her little cabin, they held an unseemly revel.
This, however, was a mistake of judgment. He
lived in an age much ruder than ours, a time when
manners on ship-board were more generally de
praved. On the whole, Hudson was hardly a man to
be spoken against. But, on the other hand, his cha
racter does not demand the high praise which some
have given. He was of fair courage, and persever
ing, but not original or great, in any sense of the
terms. His was a respectable mediocrity. In
navigation he had no new conceptions, but was
rather a copyist. This being so, we might infer
at the outset, that he was not the first to discover
the river which bears his name. We find even
that the voyage to this latitude was suggested by
another.

OF HENRY HUDSON. 31
This was his friend. Captain John Smith, who
argued that in latitude forty he would find a pas
sage to India. The influence of Weymouth, to
whose voyage he had access through Plantius, ap
pears to have been considerable ; while he may also
have seen the globe made by Euphrosynus Vlpius
of Venice, in 1542, which lays down a narrow strait
leading westward in the latitude of the Hudson
river. Hud son must certainly have been acquainted
with the map of Michael Lok, published in
Hakluyt's work of 1582, and Wytfliet's of 1603.
The map of Norumbega and Virginia, given by
the latter, though wrong in the calculation of lati
tudes, shows that navigators were then perfectly
familiar with the coast. On this map Cape Hatte-
ras and Chesapeake bay are laid down under those
names, while the map of Lok shows numerous in
lets between Florida and New York, among which
there is no difficulty in finding Delaware bay. But
in conducting the inquiry let us first ascertain what
were the early opinions in regard to the priority of
the voyage of Hudson.
The common representation teaches that, ac
cording to the tradition of the Indians, Hudson
was the first European that visited this river, the
beautiful Cohotatea of the aborigines. Yet this is
simply a partial view, obtained for political use,
and is manifestly untrue ; for no less a personage

32 SAILING DIRECTIONS
than Petrus Stuyvesant, the governor of New
Amsterdam, himself admitted that the Dutch were
not the first visitors, and inclined to award this
honor to the French. Among other testimonies
we have that of the Dutch Labadists, who came
to New Amsterdam in 1679. Their journal, re
cently translated from the Dutch by Mr. Murphy,
for the Long Island Historical Society, contains the
very interesting statement, that when they visited
Long Island the Indians told them that the first
strangers "seen in these parts" were "Spaniards
or Portuguese," but that they did not remain long,
and that '¦'¦afterwards" the Dutch came. (X. I.
Hist. Coll., vol. I, p. 273). This alone stamps the
story of Van Der Donk with its true character
where he makes the natives declare that they
" did not know there were any other people in the
world" before the Half Moon arrived {N Y. Hist.
Coll., ser. II, p. 137).
Afterwards the Labadists went to Albany, and
on the west side of the river, just below the town,
they saw the remains of an old fort " built as they
[the people] say, by the Spaniards." {L. I. Hist.
Coll., vol. I, p. 318) . Here, then, we have the Span
iards again, though the notion that the fort was
built by them appears to be sufficiently well dis
posed of by the fact presented by Mr. Brodhead
in his History of New York (p. 55), where we find

OP HENRY HUDSON. 33
that Hendrick Christiaensen built a fortified trad
ing house on the island referred to, in 1614. It had
a strong stockade, a moat eighteen feet vpide, and
was armed with two large guns and eleven swivels.
Still, though it is clear that the tradition in regard
to the Portuguese and Spaniards, existed when
the Labadists visited Albany, we must not, at a
time like the present, when American history is
freeing itself from the meshes of fable, allow our
selves to fall into the error of bringing a tradition
to prove a fact, but we should rather use facts to
prove the tradition. Let us therefore inquire what
it is really worth.
First, then, we find that the priority of Hudson's
discovery is denied by the Dutch themselves, who,
according to Dr. O'Callaghan {New Netherland, p.
26), had two ships, those of Sieur Beveren, sailing
in American waters in 1512. Of course we have
no knowledge of the particular places visited. But
when we come to the period of 1598 the statements
assume a tangible form. In the year 1644, the
committee of the Dutch West India Company,
known as the General Board of Accounts; to whom
numerous documents and papers had been in
trusted, made a lengthy report, which they begin
by saying : " New Netherlands, situated in Ame
rica, between English Virginia and New England,
extending from the South [Delaware] river, lying

34 SAILING DIRECTIONS
in 344 degrees, to Cape Malabar, in the latitude
of 41 i degrees, was first frequented by the inhabit
ants of this country in the year 1598, and espe
cially by those of the Greenland Company, but
without making any fixed settlements, only as a
shelter in the winter. For which they erected on
the North (Hudson) and South (Delaware) rivers
there two little forts against the incursions of the
Indians." {N Y. Col. Doc, vol. i, 149).^
This testimony, which we have no means of dis
proving, sweeps away at a single blow the claim of
Hudson as the discoverer of the Cohotatea of the In
dians, as well as that of the noble Delaware ; and
so far as the Englishman may be concerned, we
might well rest the case where the committee of the
West India Company leave it in their report to the
states-general. But there are other claims to be
considered. We must pass over the statements of Holmes,
Chalmers and others, that Cabot, who sailed down
the American coast to the latitude of Gibraltar,
made himself acquainted with all this part of the

1 On this testimony Mr. Brodhead says, in his History of New
York (p. 35 m.), that the statement " needs confirmation," and
refers (in Appendix A) to N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc, app. 96; X.
Y. Lit. World, No. 322, p. 271; N. A. Rev., ix, 163-165;
and Heckewelder, in iV. Y. Hist. Coll., scries II, vol. i, 71-73.
None of these references, however, conflict with the Dutch re
port, which, being based on documents, and coming from

OP HENRY HUDSON. 35
continent, for the reason that we do not know what
he actually accomplished, and come to Verrazano,
who is generally believed to have explored the
coast in 1524. If the record is authentic, it must
also be admitted that this navigator, who made him
self so famous as Juan Florentin, actually entered
the bay of New York and discovered the mouth of
the river. His alleged letter to Francis I, :king of
France, dated July 8, 1524 (see N. Y. Hist. Coll., ser.
II, vol. I, p. 45), states that in sailing northward
along the coast, evidently in the region of New
York, he " found a very pleasant situation among
some steep hills, through which a very large river,
deep at its mouth, forced its way to the sea ; to the
estuary of the river, any ship heavily laden might
pass with the help of the tide, which rises eight feet.
But as we were riding at anchor in a good berth,
we would not venture up in our vessel, without a
knowledge of the mouth ; therefore we took the
boat, and entering the river, we found the country
on its banks well peopled, the inhabitants not dif
fering much from the others [previously mentioned]

an honorable body, seems entitled .to credit. Heckewelder, in
the above reference, simply gives the Indian tradition of the
arrival of Hudson, which, without saying so, appears to teach
that Hudson was the first European who came to the river.
But we have already seen, from the forced admission of the
too partial Van Der Donck, that such was not the unanimous
belief among the natives.

36 SAILING DIRECTIONS
being dressed out with the feathers of birds of
various colors. They came forward towards us
with evident delight, raising loud shouts of admi
ration, and showing us where we could most se
curely land with our boat. We passed up this
river about half a league, when we found it formed
a most beautiful lake three leagues in circuit, upon
which they were rowing thirty or more of their
small boats, from one shore to the other, filled with
multitudes who came to see us. All of a sudden,"
he says, " as is wont to happen to navigators, a violent
contrary wind blew in from the sea, and forced us
to return to our ship, greatly regretting to leave this
region which seemed so commodious and delightful,
and which we supposed must also contain great
riches, as the hills showed many indications of
minerals." Here the description will be recognized
as tolerably good, while the reference to minerals
agrees with the impression received by Hudson when
he looked upon the white-green cliffs near the
Elysian Fields at Hoboken. (See Brodhead, p. 34,
andi Asher' s Hudson,'^. 90). Leaving New York,
this voyager professes to have sailed northward to
Rhode Island, and from thence passed on to Maine,
where the coast is well described.
Verrazano was an officer in the privateer service
of Francis I. In 1523 he captured two ships sail
ing from Mexico to Spain, freighted in part with

OF SENRY HUDSON. 37
the arms and jewels of Montezuma and his lords.
The capture enabled him to make princely presents
to the king and nobility of France.^ It has been
conjectured that he was hanged for piracy, about
the year 1527-8.
But the discovery of the Hudson does not depend
even upon Verrazano. We have another early
navigator, who sailed upon these coasts, in the per
son of Estevan Gomez. Sir John Barrow says in
his Chronological Account of North-western Voyages
(p. 54), that Gaspar Ens is the only writer who
mentions Gomez at all. And yet Gomez is no
myth, as we shall see. Purchas's account, taken
from the brief tract of Gaspar Ens, published at Co
logne, in 1612, is very meagre, yet the voyage of
Gomez is perfectly well known,^ though not men
tioned by various prominent writers. In 1519

1 Those who desire to read what is to be said against the
authenticity of the Verrazano letter, are referred to the search
ing paper of Buckingham Smith, Esq., who is so eminently
qualified by his researches in this department to speak on the
subject. - The references Biddle gives are the following, which all bear
on Gomez : Peter Martyr, dec. vi, c. x, and dec. viii, c. x ;
Oviedo (^General History^, c. x ; Ramusio, vol. Ill, p. 52, in In
dex, title Stephano ; Gomara, c. xl; De Bry {Gr. Voy.'), pt. iv,
^.QQ;Fvmee{HistoryoftheIndies),io\.^2; Herrera, dec. ill, lib.
VIII, c. viii ; Galvano (Hakluyt,lG01), p. 66; Eden (Decades') fol.
213 ; Sir WiUiam Monson (Naval Tracts), b. iv. To thesemay
be added Wytfleet, p. 101.

38 SAILING DIRECTIONS
he sailed as the chief pilot of Magellan, but
finally left him at the Magellan straits under
unfortunate, if not disreputable circumstances, and
returned home. After finding him engaged in
that southern expedition, it is not difficult to believe
that he subsequently explored the northern parts
of the American coast.
Galvano says of Gomez that, failing to obtain a
command in the new expedition to the Moluccas in
1524, he went to the northern coast of America to
search for a new passage to those islands. The
" Earle Don Fernando de Andrada, and the Doctor
Beltram, and the marchant Christopher de Sarro,
furnished a gallion for him, and he went from
Groine in Galicia to the island of Cuba, and to the
point of Florida, sailing by day because he knew
not the land. He passed the bay of Angra, and
the river Enseada, and so went over to the other
side. It is also reported that he came to Cape
Razo, in 46 degrees to the north ; from whence he
came backe againe to the Groine laden with slaves.
In this voyage Gomez was ten monthes."-^
It was the theory of Gomez, that as when with
Magellan he found a southern strait leading to the
Indies, so he would now find a short route to the

' Hakluyt's Selections, ed. 1812, p. 34; Peter Martyr, decade
VIII, p. 601 ; Gomara, lib. I, cap. v. These are the references of
Galvano.

OF HENRY HUDSON. 39
same place by searching the American coast at the
north. He accordingly obtained a caravel, and set
out, according to Navarrete, in Februarj^, 1525, to
perform the voyage. He failed to find any open
ing to the Indies, but nevertheless explored a great
portion of the coast and discovered the Hudson.
Of this the most satisfactory proof exists.^
His voyage was of importance for the reason that
it convinced several of the continental governments
of the folly of searching any longer for that unreal
passage which employed the best energies of the
Dutch and English for nearly a century afterwards.
But let us now speak of the expedition more in detail.
Estevan Gomez was a Portuguese sailor in the
service of Spain. In 1524 he attended the congress
at Badajos, Sebastian Cabot likewise being present.
At this congress, Portugal, being jealous of the in
fluence of Spain, opposed the plan for an expedition
to the Indies ; but soon after the difficulties be
tween the powers were adjusted, and the king
of Spain, in connection with some merchants, fitted
out a caravel, as already stated, giving Gomez the
command. Peter Martyr having described the council of
Badajos, held in 1524, which dispatched a fleet to

1 See Lopez (^History of India), ed. 1555, c. 12, 40; Oviedo
{History of India), 1537, torn, ii, lib. xxi, c. 8-9 ; Asher's Henry
Hudson; pp. Ixxxvii, cxlv ; Historical Magazine, 1866, p. 368.

40 SAILING DIRECTIONS
the Indies by the old route, he speaks of the deci
sion arrived at to seek a new route northward by
America. He writes : " It is also decreed, that one
Stephanus Gomez (who also himselfe a skillful
Navigator) shall goe another way, where by be-
tweene the Baccaloas, and Florida, long since our
countries, he saith he will finde out a way to
Cataia : one only shippe called a Caravel is fur
nished for him, and lie shall have no other thing in
charge, then to search out wether any passage to the
great Chan, from out the diuers windings, and vast
compassing of this our Ocean, were to be found"
(dec. VI, chap, x) . Peter Martyr ^ thus speaks of
the return of Gomez : " Now I come to Stephanus
Gomez, who as I haue already sayd in the end of
that booke presented to your Holinesse [Pope
Clement VII,] beginning (before that) was sent
with one Caravel to seeke another Straight be-
twene the land of Florida and the Bachalaos
sufficiently known, and frequented. He neither
finding the straight, nor Gaitaia which he pro
mised, returned backe within tenn monethes after
his departure. I always thought and presupposed
this good man's imaginations were vayn and friuo-
lous. Yet wanted he no suffrages and voyces in

1 Pope Leo was so much pleased with the narrations of Martyr
that he used to sit up late at night reading them to his sister
and the cardinals.

OF HENRY HUDSON. 41
his fauor and defence. Notwithstanding he found
pleasant and profitable countries, agreeable with
our Parallels, and degrees of the Pole." The writer
then refers to a matter which he had treated of very
extensively in Decade vii, chapter iii, saying : " Li-
centiatus Aiglionus [Ayllon] also a Senator in
Hispaniola by his freindes, familiars travailed
& passed the same strange shores to y" North of
Hispaniola, Cuba, and the lucaia^i Mands neere y"
Bouihalaos^ & the countryes of Chicora, and Duraba
whereof I speake at large before. Where, after
the declaration of the rites, and customs of the na
tions and the descriptions of notable hauens and great
riuers, groues of Holme, Oake, and Oliues, and
wild vines euery where there spreading in the woods,
they say, they founde also other trees of our coun-
trey and that surely not in short Epitome, but con
suming and expending great bundles of paper
therein. But what need haue we of these things
which are common with all the people of Europe ?
to the South, to the South [sic], for the great and
exceeding riches of the ..-S^qunoctiall they that seek
riches must not go vnto the cold, and frosen north."
The full account of this voyage does not men
tion what was done at the northern part, near

' Cabot appears to have found this Basque word in use among
the natives, which, if true, proves that the Biscay fishermen had
anticipated the voyage of Columbus.
6

42 SAILING DIRECTIONS
the " Bachaloas," by which was meant the country
above the forty-fourth parallel. It is therefore to
be regrettfed that Peter Martyr did not think it
worth while to give the contents of those great bun
dles of paper^ These regions he had already re
marked were " long since our countries. "
One story is delated of Gomez's return (D. vni,cx),
thought very laughable. He tells the pope: "In
this adventure yOur Holinesse shall heare a plea
sant & conceited puffe of winde arising, able to pro
cure laughter. This Stephanus Gomez hauing
attained none of those things which wee thought he
should haue found, lest he should retume empty,
contrary to the laws set down by vs, that no man
should offer violence to any nation, fraighted his
shipp with people of both sexes, taken from cer-
taine innocent halfe naked nations, who contented
themselues in cottages insteede of houses. And
when he came into the hauen Clunia, from whence
he set sayle, a certaine man hearing of the arri-
ual of his shippe, and that hee had brought Escla-
vos that is to say slaues, seekinge no further, came
postinge vnto us, with pantinge & breathless spirit
sayinge, that Stephanus Gomez bringeth his shippe
laden with clones and precious stones; and
thought thereby to have received some rich pre
sent, or reward. They who favored the matter,
attentiue to this manns foolish and idle report.

OF HENRY HUDSON. 4g
wearied the whole Court with exceedinge great ap
plause, cuttinge of the worde by Aphseresis, pro-
clayminge, that for Esclavos, hee had brought
Clauos (for the Spanish tongue calleth slaves Es
clavos, and clones Clauos) but after the Court vnder-
stoode that the tale was transformed from Clones
to slaves, they break foorth into a great laugh
ter, to the shame and blushinge of the fauorers who
shouted for joy. If they hadd learned that the in
fluence of the heauens could be nowhere infused
into terestiall matters prepared to receiue that aro-
maticall spirit, saue from the .^Equinoctiall Sunne,
or next vnto it, they would have knowne, that in
the space tenn moneths (wherein hee performed his
voyage) aromaticall Clones could not bee founde."
Gomez appears to have done his work quite
thoroughly. In the course of the voyage he drew
up a map, the outlines of which were afterwards
embodied in the planisphere made by Ribero, now
preserved in the British Museum. At a congress
held at Badajos after the voyage of Gomez, where
the most distinguished geographers of Spain and
Portugal met to settle the disputes arising out of
Pope Alexander's grant, the outlines of America
were fixed for the first time from the discoveries of
both nations.^

' See Asher's Henry Hudson the Navigator, p. xci Asher
complains that Gomez's discoveries were so poorly put upon paper

44 SAILING DIRECTIONS
The explorations of Gomez appear to have been
the most thorough in latitude forty and forty-one.
Oviedo had his reports, and gives among his de
scriptions the following statements:
" From Cape St. John to Cape or Promontory of
the Sands, in 38° 20' are thirty leagues North North
east ; thence other 30 leagues North is Cape San-
tago in 39° 30'; thence the coast turns South-west
20 leagues to bay St. Chripstabel in 39°. From that
bend made by the land the coast turns northward,
passing said Bay 30 leagues to Rio St. Antonio
in 41°, which is north and south with said bay."
{Hist, ilfa^.,1866, p. 369).
A careful comparison of all these accounts
will persuade the reader that by the bay of St.
Chripstabel is meant the lower bay of New York
in connection with Raritan bay, and that Rio
St. Antonio is the Hudson river. The latitudes
are sufficiently exact for those times, but what
is more noticeable is the fact stated, that this
river lay north and south with the bay, which can
not be affirmed of any other river of note in this
locality. In Ribero's map,"^ the whole country from

by Ribero. Yet we must remember that this was done at a
time when map-making was in its infancy, and scientific accuracy
was not always expected.
1 The following, in relation to the early cartography of America,
may here prove appropriate. Juan de la Cosa, otherwise known

OP HENRY HUDSON. 45
New Jersey to Rhode Island is called the land of
Estevan Gomez, while the land southward is called
the land of D Ayllon. Sprengel unites with Asher
in demonstrating the discovery of the Hudson
by Gomez. Asher thinks that the Spaniards who
came to the coast after Gomez, also sometimes

as JuanViscuyno, was a Biscayan. This person, accompanied
Columbus on his second voyage to America, and took part in five
expeditions, two of which he commanded. Bernardo de Ibarra
says "that he saw and heard the Admiral [Columbus] complain
of Juan de la Cosa, saying, that because he had brought him
to these parts for the first time, and as a man of ability bad taught
him navigation, he went around saying that he knew more than
himself." {Notes on Columbus, privately printed. New York,
1866, p. 38) Peter Martyr also says, speaking of the early maps :
" Of all other, they most esteem them of Johannes de la Gossa, the
companion of Fogeda (whom we sayde tobe slayne of the people
of Caramaivi in the hauen of Carthago) and another expert pilote
called Andreas Moralis, had set forth." {Dec, 11, cap. x.)
These testimonies show that his reputation was deserved. In 1507
he received a pension of 50,000 maravedis for his services to the
king. In 1507 he was appointed mayor of Uraba, and two years
later, attending the expedition of Ojeda, at Darien, he lost his
life, being slain by an Indian.
In 1832, Humboldt found his Mappamundi in the library
of W^alcknaer. This map was sold at auction in Paris for 4,020
francs. Perhaps it was the identical map that Petyr Martyr
found in the study of Bishop Fonseca when he went to consult
him in 1514, on the subject of newly found territories Beecher,
in his Landfall of Columbus, p. xiv, says it is an "old docu
ment not worthy to be called a chart ; " but Humboldt testifies
that it is the most important map known concerning the earliest
history of the geography of the new world. Santarem and
Lelewel coincide with this opinion. The map covers more than
fifteen square feet of surface. The inscription is as follows :

46 SAILING DIRECTIONS
called the river by his name, Bio de Gamez, as
some also styled a river on the coast of Maine, in
stead of Rio St. Anthony. Asher informs us that
the Hudson is thus called in the Spanish routiers
made at the time for the use of those timid sailors
who, even down to the seventeenth century, were ac-

Juan de la Cosa lafizo en el puerto de Sta Maria en ano do
1500. Above the inscription is a figure of St. Columbus, carrying
the infant Christ through the sea, holding a globe, surmounted
with a cross, in his right hand. A portion of the map in
outline is given in Lelewel's Collection of Anciettt Maps. Also
in Humboldt's Examen Critique, vol. v ; in Ghillany's Behaim ;
and in Raman de la Sagra.
The oldest printed map which contains the new world is the
Vniversailor Cognoti Orbit of John Ruysch, which appeared
in the edition of Ptolemy printed at Venice in 1508. The
part upop which the western continent appears is given in Ghih
tansy's Behaim.
The first person to suggest the name America as a proper name
for the new continent was Martin Waldsee Muller, or Hylaco-
mylus, who printed it in his Globus Mundi in 1507. A writer
in a German review, in the course of an examination of Runst-
mann's maps of America, declared that he had seen the name on
a,n old map attached to a work by the Pole, John de Stobnicza,
which appeared in 1512. But a careful examination reveals no
such map, and the probability is that the reviewer in question
was in error. {Archeologia of the London antiquaries, vol. xl).
A copy of a hitherto unknown map has, however, been disco
vered in the queen's library at Windsor Castle, and Mr. R. T. Ma
jor, the accomplished author oi Prince Henry the Navigator, has
exercised his ingenuity in providing a date for it. He claims
these points for this map : namely, that it is the earliest map to
indicate the severance of America from Asia, of Cuba from Japan,
and the first to represent the southern continent.

OP HENRY HUDSON. 47
customed to skirt the coast, instead of steering boldly
in a direct course for desired ports in the West Indies.
The mouth of the Hudson — Rio de Gamez— was
one of their stations, as was the case with the island
of Nantucket, called by the routiers Juan Luis or
Juan Fernandez.^

In this map Cuba and the Baccalloas appear as islands, and
the name America is given to the southern continent. Mr.
Major fixes the date of this map at 1513-14, for this reason,
among others, that it seems to indicate Balboa's discovery of the
Pacific. He attributes the authorship to no less a person than
that great genius Leonardi Da Vinci ; and it must be confessed
that he sustains his positions with no little candor and ability.
But when we come to the year 1520 we have the word America in
a map whose age no one can dispute. This is the Mappamundi of
Appianus, which is given in the work of John Camertis.
One of the most interesting of the early maps is that of Ribero,
which bears the date of 1527, and gives the results of both Span
ish and Portuguese explorations down to that date. A section of
this invaluable map is given in the work of the unfortunate
Lelewel. It is of especial interest in connection with the present
work, for the reason that it performs an important part in esta
blishing the discovery of the Hudson by Gomez in 1525. Other
ancient and highly interesting maps relating to America will be
found in the collections of Kunstmann, and Jomard. The map
of Antonio Zeni is referred to elsewhere.
1 In answer to a letter of inquiry. Dr. Asher writes to me,
under date of Heidelberg, Feb. 24, 1869, that the routiers
referred to are in the British Museum. In this connection I
may state that the old maps, which I have consulted, invariably
call the Hudson, Rio St. Antonio, and never Rio de Gamez, as
stated to be the case in the above mentioned routiers. On the
other hand the river of Gomez is always represented in the
latitude of the Penobscot, to which Gomez himself possibly
gave his name.

48 SAILING DIRECTIONS
From all the foregoing testimony it must be
clear to unprejudiced minds that, whoever may
claim the honor of first discovering the River of
St. Anthony, Henry Hudson can claim no part
in it. Verrazano, Estevan Gomez, and the Dutch
of 1598 all rise up to claim a long priority. Thus
the old Labadist tradition takes life and meaning.
And such a result seemed long ago to have
been anticipated and feared by the friends of
Hudson who have, at times, caught a glimpse
of the truth. The statement of Wassanaar who
{N. Y Doc. Hist., vol. i, 35) speaks of the river
of St. Anthony (for such we have a right to
call it), as "the river called, first Bio de Mon-
tagnes, now the River Mauritius, lying in 40 J de
grees," seems to have troubled Benson, like some
handwriting on the wall, cancelling Hudson's claim.
Still he was of good courage and inclined to be
fair. Yet, notwithstanding the river was called
River of the Moutitains, he tells us that the early
explorers, whoever they may have been, probably
did not approach nearer than the Narrows.^ It

1 Benson quoted Van Der Donck who says : "There are some
who maintain that the Spaniards were in this country many years
before, but, finding it so cold, left it ; but I could never so under
stand it." But the Labadists so understood it, and even Petrus
Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor, favored the French. Benson
hesitates to sanction Van Der Donck, and says, " He was a Dutch
man, and doubtless penned the passage, in asseveration of their

OF HENRY HUDSON. 49
would, in the absence of all testimony to the con
trary, appeared quite as reasonable to have con
cluded that they sailed up the Hudson, for when it is
once fairly entered, the name given by Wassanaar,
who was never in this country, and obtained it
abroad, appears every way appropriate. Indeed,
no one can say that Verrazano himself did not give
this name its European reputation . For in his letter
he well nigh brings out the idea, when he speaks of
the stream as a river of, or among, the ste&p hills.
According to our best knowledge, if we concede
the voyage of Verrazano, that navigator first
found ^ this grand river {Grandissima riviera), and
Estevan Gomez named it. They were separated
from one another by scarcely a year's time, and '
neither appears to have had any knowledge at the
time of what the other had done.

title to the river as the first discoverers of it. He also says :
•' I cannot forbear from the conjecture that they [the Spaniards]
approached so near as distinctly to discern the opening, the
Narrows, and concluding it to be the entrance to a river, and
Nevesinck and Staten Island being the only land on the coast
apparently mowntainous, thence the name River of the Mount
ains" N. Y. Hist. Coll., N. S., vol. 11, p. 90. My own view,
after carefully consulting the map of Ribero and others, is that
the name River of the Mountains may have been first applied to
a river, east of Mount Desert. Maine, and afterwards transferred
to the Hudson.
1 One well known and accomplished writer says that Verra
zano simply " looked into the harbor of New York." This, how
ever, is not the way that navigator states it.
7

50 SAILING DIRECTIONS
What Verrazano accomplished at the River of
the Steep Hills we are perfectly assured of, but
how far Gomez ascended the so-called Bio
St. Antonio ^ we are unable to say. Yet when we
consider that his special aim was to search for
some strait that might carry him to the Indies, it
is not at all likely that he would have neglected to
ascertain whither this broad opening led.
There is another point that has been claimed for
Hudson which it will prove interesting to examine.
One writer tells us that Hudson, by noting the sin
gular amelioration of the climate, originated the
great idea of an open polar sea," and refers to Mr.
Murphy's monograph on Hudson as first bringing
forward this fact. But Mr. Murphy simply says (p.
12) that after his second voyage he became known
"because he had reached, as was supposed, that
tempting region of Arctic exploration, the open
Polar sea." De Veer's account of the Dutch
expedition of 1594, which account (p. 41) was

' Benson, iu his Memoirs says, that " the promontory in the
Highlands [is] called Anionic's Noze, after Antonie De Hooge,
secretary of the colony of Rensselaerwyck." He gives no au
thority for the opinion. The Labadist brethren called it An-
tonis neus {L. I. Hist. Coll. vol. I, p. 330) and say that all the
headlands," bear the names that were originally given to them,"
and this because it has the form of a man's nose. All the Dutch
Anthonies appear to have claimed it in turn ; but what if it
should finally appear that it was named by the Spaniards, who
gave the whole river into the charge of St. Anthony ?

OF HENRY HUDSON. 51
probably written by Barentz, argues substantially
in favor of an open sea. It is distinctly declared
that " the nearness of the pole was not the cause of
the great colde we felt."
The writer says that it is " as hot under 23 i°
as under the line," and asks "what wonder' then
should it bee that about the North Pole also and
as many degrees on both sides of it should not bee
colder then right under the Pole." He afterwards
continues, "Thus much will I say, that though we
held not our direct pretended course to North-east,
that therefore it is to bee iuged that the colde
would have let no one pass through that way, for
it was not the Sea, nor the nearnesse unto the
Pole, but the ice about the [main] land that let
and hindered vs (as I sayd before) for that as soon
as we made from, the land, and put more into the
Sea, although it was much further northward, pre
sently we felt more warmth ; and in that opinion
our pilote William Barentz died."
In the account of the voyage of 1595 the writer
argues against the old idea " y* 350 miles at least
of the North Pole on both sides are not to be sailed,
which appeareth not to be true, for that the White
sea and farther northward is now sayled." The
writer also says that it is by the farre colder there
[on the main] then it is a greate deal nearer the
pole in the large seas." His theory was that the

52 SAILING DIRECTIONS
ice came down the rivers of northern Europe and
accumulated on the coast, while the water to the
northward was open, affording a route to China.
Hence the expedition of 1595 boldly tried to push
north of Nova Zembla, instead of seeking to go as
at fii^t between that island and the main. If any
navigator of that period is entitled to be considered
the originator of the theory of an open polar sea,
that person was Barentz, the pilot of the first three
expeditions, with which Hudson had no connec
tion. The same view is supported by the letter
of President Jeanin, written from the Hague,
January 21, 1609, to Henry IV, and given by
Asher in his Henry Hudson the Navigator (p. 244).
In this letter (p. 245) he says " an English pilot,
who has twice sailed in search of a northern pas
sage, has been called to Amsterdam by the East
India Company, to tell them what he had found,
and whether he hoped to discover that passage.
They were well satisfied with his answer, and had
thought they might succeed in the scheme." This
does not even bear out the remark of Mr. Murphy
before quoted, where he intimates that the Dutch
had supposed Hudson had reached the open sea.
Jeanin afterwards says, " Plancius maintains, ac
cording to the reasons of his science, and from the
information given him, both by the Englishman
(Hudson) and other pilots who have been engaged

OP HENRY HUDSON. 53
in the saine navigation, that there must be in the
northern ports a passage corresponding to the one
found near the South pole by Magellan. One of
these pilots has been there three [thirteen, i. e., 1594]
years ago."
This pilot who preceded Hudson has already
been alluded to, and his own language shows
that it was he, and not Plancius, who worked out
the idea of an open polar sea.^ This claim for
Hudson is therefore unsupported. Indeed it will
be found impossible to erect a character of great
ness for Henry Hudson. As already remarked
his mind was cast in an ordinary mould, and
possessed no elements of originality. He was a
good copyist but hardly more.^

' I here use the popular language in regard to the Polar sea.
In the year 1500, it is believed Columbus predicted the disco
very of the North pole.
2 Foster claimed that Hudson discovered Spitzbergen, having
forgotten his own declaration, in another place, where he says
" Hudson saw Spitzbergen in 1607, which had been discovered
eleven years before by the Dutch." Barrow, speaking more
to the point, says in his Chronological History of Arctic Regions,
that " it deserves to be remarked that he was the first of north
ern navigators, and probably the first Englishman, who made
observations on the inclination or dip of the needle." His
observation made in his second voyage may be found in Ashers
Henry Hudson, p. 25. If Barrow had said that Hudson was
the first of a class of navigators to record the dip of the needle
it would have been better. He certainly could not have been
the first to notice the fact, unless all his predecessors were blind.

54 SAILING DIRECTIONS
It only remains now to speak briefly of the trans
lators of Ivar Bardsen's work.
First is William Barentz, or Barentsen, the dis
tinguished explorer. Barentsen was a Dutch
navigator, who made three voyages for the purpose
of reaching China by north-east sea. His first at
tempt was in 1594, and the second in 1595, and
the third the following year. The account of these
expeditions, originally written in Dutch, are given
by Purchas,^ with some brief memoranda by Barent
sen himself. Purchas says that he found the sail
ing directions of Bardsen among Hakluyt's papers
in Barentsen's own hand. Hakluyt says that it was
loaned to him, by Peter Plancius, in Amsterdam,
March 27, 1609. It does not appear that Barent
sen ever made use of the directions. The date of
his death I do not find. The version of Bardsen
which fell into his hands is, in the opinion of Prof.
Rafn and others, the best extant.
Jodicus Hondius, who is mentioned as possess
ing the first translation, was born at Wackene, in
Flanders, in the year 1563. In his eighth year
he began to draw and engrave on steel and ivory,
afterwards becoming distinguished as a scientific
map engraver. During the siege of Antwerp,
he was employed by the Duke of Parma in exe-

1 See Purchas his Pilgrimes, vol. ill, pp. 473, 518.

OF HENRY HUDSON. . 55
cuting some statues in bronze. He was recom
mended by the duke to visit Italy to study art,
but declined the opening. Afterwards he went
to England, but eventually settled in Amsterdam,
where he died in 1611. His son succeeded him in
his profession. Among the portraits which he en
graved are those of Queen Elizabeth, Sir Francis
Drake and Thomas Cavendish.
Of William Stere, merchant, who translated
Barentsen's version into English, nothing of parti
cular interest is known.
Peter Plancius was a minister of the reformed
faith in Amsterdam. Born in Drenoutre, Flan
ders, in 1552, he pursued his studies in England
and Germany. He was ordained to the ministry
in 1577, and preached in various parts of Bra
bant. His books were publicly burnt at Ypres.
Afterwards becoming -minister of the Reformed
Church at Brussels he officiated there for a period
of six years. On the capture of that place by the
Duke of Parma, he escaped into Holland, disguised
as a soldier, and settled over the church in Amster
dam, where he proved a determined opponent of
the doctrines of Luther and Arminius. He sat in
the synod of Dort in the year 1618, and was a
member of the committee on the translation of
the Old Testament. He died in the city of his
adoption May 25, 1622, aged seventy years. He

56 SAILING DIRECTIONS
gave directions concerning his burial, in accord
ance with which his remains were interred in the
south church-yard of Amsterdam.
The Rev. Peter Plancius, in common with many
of his Belgian countrymen, did much to make
Holland the centre of geographical knowledge.
Asher says that Plancius was one of the most emi
nent of the geographical students, and, like the
late Sir John Barrow, was universally known for
his interest in the search for a northern route for
China, a subject which he had discussed with Hud
son himself,-' taking an active interest in all the
voyages of the distinguished navigator. It is also
said that he opened a school for the study of navi
gation, with especial reference to new routes to
China. He afterwards had an interest in a ven
ture to the Hudson river. It must be conceded
that his influence upon the whole subject of disco
very was highly beneficial.

Since the foregoing was put in type, the new
volume of the Maine Historical Society, edited
by Dr. Kohl, of Bremen, has come to hand.
Concerning the voyage of Kolnus, he says on
page 114:

' See Asher's Henry Hudson, p, xlvi.

OF HENRY HUDSON. 57
" Many have repeated this report without finding
any other authority for it than Gomara and Wyt
fliet. But the Danish and Norwegian writers upon
this subject consider that voyage as altogether
apocryphal, and say, that their old northern histo
rians and documents do not contain the slightest
mention of such an expedition. Moreover, they
think that if it was made at all, it could have been
nothing more than an attempt to find out again the
lost Old Greenland, and not to make new disco
veries in the distant west. The learned Polish geo
grapher, Lelewel, though inclined, from a patriotic
motive, to make a great deal of the undertaking,
ascribed to his countrymen, has found no Polish
authority whatever."
To these statements no weight need be attached,
for a variety of reasons.
The sweeping declaration that Danish and Nor
wegian writers consider "that voyage as altogether
apocryphal," is rested on the opinion of Finn Mag-
nusen, expressed in GronlandJs Historiske Mi/ndes-
moerker (vol. iii, p. 630), and in his Essay on the
Ancient Trading Voyages from England to Iceland.
As regards the fact that the "old northern his
torians and documents do not contain the slightest
mention of such an expedition," it may be observed :
First. That we have no proof that the state ar
chives of Denmark, at the period referred to, were

58 SAILING DIRECTIONS
of that perfect and comprehensive character which
would insure the record of every such event.
Second. That if they were thus perfect, originally,
we have no proof that the collections remain unim
paired. Third. We are not positive that these or
other archives do not contain some reference to this
voyage. Hakluyt lamented that there was no
account of the ships or the persons engaged in the
English expedition of John Rut to America, in the
year 1527, and his regrets were echoed by the princi
pal writers who followed, down to the time of Dr.
Lardner and the Edinburgh Cabinet who accom
panied the expression of regret with others that
savored of indignation. Yet all the while the evi
dence existed, and might have been read at the time
even in Purchas. And if so many writers could
overlook, for so long a period, the testimony in re
gard to Rut, it is not at all unreasonable to suppose
that the full history of Skolnus may still be lying in
some neglected corner. At least the multitude of
similar cases that might be cited should inspire us
with a large degree of caution.
Gomara, in 1553, did not bring forward John
Skolnus without reason. Michael Lok in 1582,
appears to have had entire confidence in his voy
age ; while Wytfliet had quite full information of
the expedition in 1597. It is of course, to be
lamented that he made no mention of his authority.

OP HENRY HUDSON. 59
Still the Swedish historian Pontanus followed him
without hesitation. On far less authority. Dr. Kohl
accepts the voyage of D^nys of Honfleur, set down
for 1506.
As to Dr. Kohl's remark that the northern his
torians confine the object of Kolnus's voyage to a
search for Old Greenland, we have only to say that
no one attributed to it a larger aim. Yet, even with
that purpose in view, it would have been just as
easy for him to have discovered Labrador in 1476,
as for Biarne when, on a similar voyage, in 985, to
discover the continent of America.
The insinuation that Lelewel felt inclined to
magnify this " undertaking ascribed to his country
men," has no foundation in the Polish writer's
simple and disinterested account. Besides the voy
age was never ascribed " to his countrymen." It
was uniformly ascribed to Denmark, Kolnus being
merely the pilot.
It is a sufficient reply to the statements that he
"found no Polish authority whatever" for this voy
age, to say that Lelewel did not look for any Polish
authority (see his Geographic Du Moyen Age, vol.
II, p. 106).
Laying aside all national prejudices, and viewing
the alleged voyage of Kolnus in all its bearings,
it, on the whole, appears sufficiently reasonable to
be classed among authentic voyages. It might

60 SAILING DIRECTIONS.
well have been forgotten by the people of Denmark
(if it was forgotten) at a time when the nation was
constantly threatened by calamity. The great ob
jection to the voyage of Kolnus is, very likely,
based upon that unfortunate hallucination which
still sways so many minds, and leads not a few his
torical students to look upon pre-Columbian voyages
from the European Conti/tient, as a sort of libel upon
the name of that illustrious navigator whose real
merits do not always enter into estimates of
his character, or dignify traditional admiration.
Happily, however, the world moves ; and when ill-
founded prejudice has passed away, the opponent
of pre-Columbian voyages will find that he has been
shorn of his most powerful argument.

SAILING DIRECTIONS.

A Treatise of Iver Boty a Gronlander, translated
out of the Norsh Language into High Dutch, in
the yeere 1560. And after out of High Dutch, i/nto
Low Dutch, by William Barentson of Amster
dam, who was chiefe Pilot aforesaid. The same
Copie in High Dutch is in the hands of loDOOVS
HoNDivS, which I haue scene. And this was
translated out of Low Dutch by Master William
Stere, Marchent, in the yeere 1608, for the use of
me Henrie Hudson. William Barentsons
Booke is in the hands of Master Peter Plantivs,
who lent the same to me.
\ N primis, it is reported by men of
Wisedome and Vnderstanding borne
in Gronland, That from Stad^ in
Norway to the East part of Is
land, called Hornnesse,^ is seven
dayes sayling right West.
Item, men shall know, that betweene Island and

1'

1 The words in the old Danish text given by Rafn is also
Stad, a city or town. Bergen is the place referred to.
'^ Horn-nesse simply means Horn- Cape, the term nesse or mess
having the same signification wherever it occurs.

62 SAILING DIRECTIONS
Gom- Gronland, lyeth a Risse '^ called Gombornse-skare.^
bornse-
skare. There they were wont to have their passage for

1 Risse, the old preterite of the verb rise, used by Ben
Jonson, but now obsolete. It seems to mean a place where the
ocean's bed is lifted up above the water. The term does not
occur in the Danish.
- Gombornse-share, i. e., Gunnbiorn's scMer or rock. Here
the locality of these famous rocks is left undecided, but the Dan
ish version says that they lay " half way " between Iceland and
Greenland. Torfseus says that these rocks were sLs sea miles
from Geirfuglesker ofi'Reikiavik, and twelve miles south of Garda
in Greenland ; yet it is possible that they may have been sunk
in some of the many convulsions that have happened in and
near Iceland. The Landanama, or Icelandic Dooms-day book,
has some account of their original discovery by Gunnbiorn, Ulf
Krage's son, in the year A. D. 876. In the year 970, Snaebiorn
and a company of adventurers sailed from Iceland to tfiese rocks
where they spent the winter. The account says that :
" Snsebiorn also took Thorod from Thingness, his step-father
and his five sons, and Rolf took St«rbiorn. The last named re
cited the following verse, after he had a dream :
Both ours
dead I see ;
all empty
in Northwestern Sea ;
cold weather,
great sufi^ring,
I expect
Snajbiorn's death.
They sought Gunnbiorn's Rocks and found land. Snaebiorn
would not permit any one to go ashore in the night. Stacrbiorn
landed notwithstanding, and found a purse with money in an
earth hole, and concealed it. Snaabiorn hit him with an axe so
that the purse fell down. They built a cabin to live in, and it
was all, covered with snow. Thorkel Red's son, found that there
was water on a shelf that stood out of the cabin window. This

OP HENRY HUDSON. 63
Gronland. But as they report there is Ice on the Theiong
^ North bot-
same Risse, come out of the long North Bottome,^ so *'"°-
was in the month of Goe [about February.] They shoveled the
snow away. Snsebiorn rigged the ship ; Thorod and five of his
party were in the hut, and Stserbiorn and several men of Rolf's
party. Some hunted. Stserbiorn killed Thorod, but both he
and Rolf killed Snsebiorn. Red's sons and all the rest were
obliged to take the oath of allegiance to save their lives. They
arrived on their return at Helgeland, Norway, and later at Vadil
in Iceland." See Pre-Columbian Discovery, pp. 11 —15.
This is about all the positive history connected with Gunn
biorn's Rocks ; yet it may be interesting to state what Graah
says on the subject in his acdount of the boat voyage along the
eastern shore of Greenland. When in latitude about 65° 35' a
heavy gale set in which drove some ice out to sea, " by which
means," he says " I got sight of two, or perhaps, three large is
lands in that direction, distant frotn forty to fifty miles. These
are, probably, the islands between which Danel states that he
passed in the year 1652, though they lie somewhat nearer the
main land, than, according to his account, they ought. It is like
wise in all likelihood, these same islands that the ancients called
Gunbiorn's Skerries, and which, they state, lay midway between
Iceland and Greenland, that is to say (according to my interpre
tation of the words) midway between Iceland and the Bygd in
Greenland, which, in fact, they do exactly, if, by the Bygd we
are to understand the present district of Julian's Hope, and
keep in mind, that, in the early period of the Greenland colo
nization, those sailing for the colony did not shape a course
direct S. W. from Iceland, but. first steered west till they made
the land and then proceeded south along the shore." — Graah's
Expedition, p. 100.
1 North Bottome. The Danish is Botnen, meaning the North
ern ocean, from whence, since the times of Eric the Red and
Snsebiorn, the ice has been drifting more freely than before.
It now crowds upon the eastern coast with such force that it is
almost impossible to make a boat voyage along the shore except
at certain brief and favorable seasons.

64 SAILING DIRECTIONS
that we cannot use the same old Passage as they
thinke.'^ Item, from Long-nesse ^ on the East side of Island
to the aboue said Hornynesse,^ is two dayes sayle to
the Brim-stone Mount.*

1 This paragraph, it must be observed, is not so full as in
Rafn's Danish version, which also says that the distance from
Snsefellsness to Greenland is ¦' two days' and two nights' saU."
Graah says of the Danish version : " Eggers has, in my opinion,
satisfactorily proved, that the old writers have committed an
error here in stating the distance to be a two days' sail to the
west, and that in the place of two we should read fow. Worms-
kiold, on the other hand, who combats Eggers's statements, holds,
that the error lies in the punctuation of the passage. I, for my
part, believe both are right ; and while I read with Eggers ybwr
days ' ; instead of two, I place, with Wormskiold, a comma after
the words ' er kortest til Gronland,' [shortest to Greenland]
from which correction it results, that the distance from Iceland
to Ghmbiorn's Skerries was four days sail to the west, and
Gunbiorn's Skerries being expressly stated to be exactly half
way between Iceland and Greenland, that is, between Iceland
and the Bygd, the distance between the latter, was eight days'
sail" (p. 100, w.).
* The Danish says that Long-nesse, or Langeness, is on the
north-east side of Iceland, which is the more exact statement, as
will be seen by consulting a good Icelandic map.
3 This is what is now known as the East Horn, or Cape.
4 In the Danish version we read till [<o] Svalbarde [in] Haffs-
batnen. Svalbarde indicates a frozen shore, and Haffsbotnen,
a sea-bay. Rafn calls attention to the original observation on
this point in the Saga of Olaf Tryggvesson, in Sturleson's Heim-
skringla. See Rafn's Antiquitates Americans, p. 303, n. ; and
Laing's Heimskringla. The Brimstone mount referred to is
Hecla. Purchas says that in the last voyage of Hudson " they
passed Island, and saw Mount Hecla cast out fire, a noted signe
of foule weather towards ; others conceive themselves and de-

OP HENRY HUDSON. 65
Item, if you goe from Bergen in Norway, the
course is right West, till you bee South of Boke-
nesse^ in Island: and distant from it thirteene^
miles or leagues. And with this course you shall
come vnder that high Land that lyeth in the East
part of Groneland, and is called Swaster.^ A day swaster.
before you come there, you shall have sight of a
high Mount, called Huit-sarke:'^ and between Whit- wmu-
sarlce and Groneland ^ lyeth a headland called Her- Hemoians Hooke.
noldus Hooke ; ® and thereby lyeth an Hauen, where

ceive others with I know not what purgatorie fables hereof con
futed by Arngrim Jonas, an Islander, who reproveth this and
many other dreams related by authors, saying that from the
year 1558 to 1592 it never cast forth any fiames." {Asher, p.
140 ; Purchas, ill, p. 654).
1 Reikianess, the cape near the capital of Iceland, at the
south-west extremity.
2 The Danish version says twelve. Olaf Trygvesson's Saga
also says twelve. These twelve miles equalled about seventy or
eighty common miles.
3 The Danish for Swalster is Hvarf, which means a place of
turning, by which is understood the promontory some distance
northward from the south point of Greenland.
¦* In the original Huidser/c, which means white shirt, the jo-
kul at the extremity of Greenland.
•5 By Groneland is meant that port for which the Icelanders
usually sailed, and called the East Bygd, though situated on the
west coast, in the modern district of Julian's Hope.
" Hernoldus Hooke, is simply Heriulfsness, a little to the west
of Huidserk. In this connection we must notice the correspond
ing directions of the Landanama Bok, which agree with the
directions laid down in this paragraph : " From the houses
[Bergen] in Norway, you must sail steadily to the west to
Hvarf in Greenland, passing north of the Shetland [islands],
9

66 SAILING DIRECTIONS
the Norway Merchant Ships were wont to come :
Sound and it is called Sownd Hauen}
Hauen in
m' Item, if a man will sayle from Island to Gron
land hee shall set his course to Snofnesse,^ which is
by West Bokenesse^ thirteene* miles or leagues right
West one day and night's ^ sayling, and after South
west to shun the Ice,® that lyeth on Gombornse-
slcare ; and after that one day and night North-

so that the horizon is seen between the mountains, if the weather
is clear, but South of the Faroe Island, so that the horizon is seen
between the mountains, and south of Iceland, so that you fall
in with birds and whales." The region of whales is situated
about where Ivar Bardson puts it, twelve Icelandic sea miles,
or nearly eighty ordinary miles from the coast. Graah, after
summing up the whole matter, says at the conclusion, " I am very
confident that a seaman of the present day, if, without compass,
chart or quadrant, he was directed to sail from Bergen to Cape
Farewell, would follow the exact course laid down in the Landcu-
nama Booh." See Graah, p. 157. This book was begun by
Erode, called the Wise, about the year 1100, and was finished
before the death of Brlandson in 1334. See Pre-Columbian
Discovery, p. xxiii, n. It is interesting to know that Henry
Hudson went forth on his voyage of 1609 with these ancient
directions, which might have proved an invaluable guide.
1 Sownd Hauen, i. e.. Sand Haven.
^ Snasfellsness.
3 Reikianess.
* The Danish again differs from this translation, putting the dis
tance at twelve miles.
5 The original says, een Dagh och een Natt ; on which Rafn
remarks : forsitan II daegr duobus nycthemerus.
8 That fine old Icelandic work called the Royal Mirror {Spe
culum Regale), speaking of the ice, says : " This ice lies more
in the direction of north and north-east than south, south-west.

OP HENRY HUDSON. 67
west. So shall he with this course fall right with
the aboue sayed Swaster, which is high Land, un
der which lyeth the aforesayd Head-land, called
Hernoldus Hooke, and the Sownd Hauen.
Item, the Easter ^ Dorpe ^ of Groneland lyeth East
from Hernoldus Hooke, but neere it, and is called
Skagen Ford * and is a great village. |^g«»
Item, from Skagen Ford, East, lyeth a Hauen
called Beare Ford,* it is not dwelt in. In the sean
' Ford.
mouth thereof lyeth a Risse, so that great ships
cannot harbour in it.
Item, there is great abundance of Whales : and
there is great Fishing for the killing of them there : Agreat
° ° ° flsWgfor
but not without the Bishops consent, which keep- ^'^'^^¦
eth the same for the benefit of the Cathedrall

and west; for which reason, he that would reach the land must
sail around it, till he passes all the ice, and then sail in for the
land." It says that it has " often chanced that those sailing for
this land have held in too soon, and have thus got caught in the
ice, where some have been lost, and others have with much ex
ertion escaped ; and the method they have usually adopted was
to haul their boats upon the ice, and make the best of their
way with them to the shore, abandoning their ships and all
their goods on board of them to destruction. Some have man
aged to live on the ice in this way four or five days, others even
a longer time." See Rafn's Antiquitates Americans, p. 305, n.;
Graah, p. 159.
1 Easter, or east.
- Dorpe, the original is bygd, a district.
3 Shagenford, that is Skagafiord, from Skagefjord.
'^ Beare ford, from Bere fjord, the fiord of bears.

68 SAILING DIRECTIONS
church. In the Hauen there is a Swalth -^ and when
the Tide doth runne out, all the Whales doe runne
Agreat iuto the sayd Swalth.
Swalth. ''
Item, East of Beare Ford, lyeth another Hauen
ABabmg called Allobonq Sound : ^ and it is at the mouth
Sound. "^
narrow, but farther in, very wide: the length
whereof is such, that the end thereof is not yet
knowne. There runneth no Streame. It lyeth
store of full of Uttlc Islcs. Fowlc and Oxen are there com-
oxen.

1 Swalth, eddy, or whirlpool. In such places the smaller fish
usually resort to play or seek their food, and hither they are
always followed by the whales.
^ Allabong Sound. It is with difiiculty that we recognize the
phrase in Purchas. The old Danish is Ollumlengri, which Rafn
translates, Omnium-longissimus, the longest (fiord) of all.
Those who in old times supposed that the East Bygd lay upon
the east coast of Greenland located it in latitude 70°, making it
identical with Scoresby's Sound, which place was discovered by
the Dane, Volgvard Boon, in 1769. In the very old maps of
Greenland, the sound was represented as narrow, and extending
nearly across Greenland, which it almost reduced to an island.
We know now that this place was certainly on the west coast.
Besides, Scoresby's Sound, as Graah observes, has strong cur
rents, and no isles, birds or eggs ; while its mouth, instead of
being narrow, is four or five times wider than any other fiord
in Greenland of which we have any knowledge. There are
nevertheless places that correspond to Ollum-leingri in the
southern tracts of Greenland. At Illoa Arctander saw green
fields, and in two of the entrances to this fiord there are nume
rous small isles and holms. There are also many birds and eggs,
though the current is rapid. Yet the current may have been
created by one of those changes constantly occurring, while in
the day of Bardson the ice-blinks may have cut ofi' approach
and rendered it impossible to reach the end.

OP HENRY HUDSON. 69
mon : and it is playne Land on both Sides, growne
oner with greene grasse.
It&m, East from the Icie Mountayne, lyeth an The Me
Hauen Fendebother ;'^ so named, because in Saint TOeHauenofFende-
Olaves time there was a Ship cast away, as the ''°''"'''-
Speach hath been in Groneland; In which Ship was
drowned one of Saint Olaves men, with others : and
those that were saued did burie those that were
drowned, and on their Graues did set great stone
Crosses, which we see at this day.
Item, from somewhat more East toward the Icie
Mountayne lyeth a high Land, called Corse Hought^ h^^^m
vpon which they hunt white Beares, but not with- ^0^*'
out the Bishops leaue, for it belongeth to the Ca- MoTe^BaBt-
thedrall church. And from thence more easterly, Desert.
men see nothing but Ice and Snow, both by land
and Water.
Now we shall return again to Hernoldus Hooke, jhe towns
'-' ' from Her-
where we first began to come to the first Town Sol/.

1 Fendeboiher. The original is Finsbv,der. The notes of
Rafn throw no additional light on this passage. By referring
to the sagas which relate to Greenland, it will be found that
shipwrecks were of very frequent occurrence. The greater part
of Eric the Red's fleet was cither driven back from Greenland
or lost.
2 Corse Horught. The original is Kaarsooe or Cross Island.
Wormskiold, who advocated the exploded theory of a settle
ment on the east coast of Greenland, thought that this island was
Jan Mayen, sixty-five miles from the nearest point of Green
land, and eight hundred from what he thought was the East

70 SAILING DIRECTIONS
that lyeth on the east side of Hernoldus Hooke,
called Skagen Ford: and so we will write the
West- names of all that lye on the West-side of the Ford
ward. ''
or Sound.
Item, West from Hernoldus Hooke, lyeth a Dorpe
Thetowne called Kodosford,^ and it is well built : and as you
of Godoa- ' •'
sayle into the Sound, you shall see on the right
hand a great Sea and Marsh : and into this Sea run
neth a great streame : and by the Marsh and Sea
Agreat staudcth a great Church,^ on which the Holy
Church D 7 J
^ue" Crosse is drawne, of colour white : it belongeth to
Cross on

with a
wlCr
it.

Bygd. In Zorgdrager's map there was a cross, yet it did not
indicate the name of the isle, but pointed to the graves of
seven Dutchmen who in 1643 attempted to winter there. We
may yet be able to identify this place in some of the fiords of
the west coast.
^Kodosford, from Ketilsfjord. Every chief settler who went
to Greenland appropriated some advantageous spot and gave it
his own name to mark his proprietorship. Thus we read that
" Among those who emigrated [A. D. 985-6] with Eric and es
tablished themselves, were Heriulf Heriulfsfiord, who took Heri
ulfsness, and abode in Heriulfsness, Ketil Ketilsfiord, Rafn
Rafnsfiord, Solvi Solvidale, Helgi Thorbrandson Alptafiord,
Thorbjornglora Siglefjord, Einar Einarsfiord, Hafgrim Haf-
grimsfiord and Vatnahver, Arnlaug Arnlaugsfiord : and other
men went to the west district."
This name Ketil, is probably that from which all the modern
forms have been derived. See Saga of Eric the Red in Anti
quitates Americanse, p. 15; and Pre-Columbian Discovery, ¦p. 17.
The location of the fiord in question cannot now with certainty
be pointed out.
- The Danish calls it Auroos Church.

OP HENRY HUDSON. 7_[
Enelnesse de Hokesong^ and the land to Peters
Wike?
Item, by Peters Wike lyeth a great Dorpe called Peters
Wartsdale,^ by which lyeth a Water or Sea of twelue warts-
miles or leagues oner: in which is much Fish. f^i" *'"'
And to -Pefers Wike Church belongeth Warfe(iaZe™"«"i»
o Towne.
Bay or Towne, and the villagesi.
Item, neere this Bay or Towne, lyeth a Cloyster
or Abbey,* in which are Canons Regular,, it is dedi
cated to Saint Olaves, and Saint Augustines name. AMonas-
terie.
And to it belongeth all the Land to the Sea side,
and towards the other side of the Cloyster.
Item, next Godosford,^ Ijeth. a. £ord called Bompnes

1 Who this person was does not now appear. In the Danish
version Enelnesse de Hokesong is not mentioned.
2 Peters Wike {Niigh) or bay. The origin of this name is
obscure. •^ Wartsdale from Vatnsdale.
* The voyage of the Zeni brothers performed very near the end
of the thirteenth century,, gives an account of a monastery in
Greenland ; but the account is so poor that it leads us either
to question the correctness of the narrative or to find some
other location for the abbey. Besides it appears to describe
what was seen on the east coast, where no monastery was ever
built, and the writer confines himself almost entirely to a single
point, as if he really knew nothing about Greenland. Yet this
is not so. He simply lacked correct information on this point.
Of the reality of the.religious houses in Greenland at that early
period there can be no doubt.
5 Here Purchas's, or rather, Hudson's version, varies from the
Danish, which says, " next to Ketilsfiord," instead of Godosford,
which may mean Gardafiord.

72 SAILING DIRECTIONS
ANunne- ford :^ and there lyeth a Cloyster of Nuns of Saint
rie. Benedicts Order.
Item, this Cloyster to the bottome of the Sea and
Wegen to Wcgcn Kcrkc,^ was Dedicated to Saint Olave ^
Kerke. the King. In this Ford lye many small Isles.
And to this Cloyster belongeth halfe the Ford and
Hotwaters the Church. In this Sound are many Warm Wa
in Grone
land. ters.* In the Winter they are intollerable hot:
but in the Summer more moderate ; and many
Bathing in them are cured of many diseases.

^ Rompnes ford is Rafnsfjord, or the bay of Rafn, an early
settler mentioned in a previous note.
¦^ Wegen Kerke. The Danish is Voge Kierche.
3 Saint Olaf Trygvesson, king of Norway at the close of
the tenth and at the beginning of the eleventh century.
* These thermal springs are found iu Greenland, as well as in
Iceland, where they especially abound. Graah says of the
Greenland springs : " On our way back we visited the hot springs
at Ounartok. The western side of this island, which lies at the
mouth of a firth of the same name, is lofty, rugged and almost
totally naked, while the opposite side is low and clothed with
the most luxuriant vegetation. It is on this side that the
springs are situated, lying, all three of them, close by one an
other, at the N. E. corner of the island. Of these springs, the
one nearest the sea is altogether insignificant : the temperature
of its water was found to be 26° ; the second, a few paces from
it forms a lake of about forty-eight feet in circuit, and the tem
perature of its water was 27° ; the third is still larger, being
about seventy! feet in circuit, and its water from 32° to 33J°,
all of Reaumur. The depth of these pools nowhere exceeded a
foot, and their bottom is composed of a soft, blueish clay, through
which the warm water bubbled up at several places. The two
large ones the Greenlauders have dammed up with stone, and
make use of as bathing places. Near the middle of one. Arc-

OP HENRY HUDSON. 73
Item, betweene Bompnes and the next Sound,
lyeth a great Garden called Vose,^ beloneina; to the a place
¦^ ° ' O O called rose
King.^ There is also a costly Church dedicated to ?o\hf °^
Saint Nicolas. This Church had the King before saint iyrj.
this. Neere it lyeth a Sea of Fresh water,^ called '"'"*•
->  in which is great abundance of Fish, without
number. And when there falleth much Rayne, that
the waters do rise therewith, and after fall againe,
there remayneth vpon the Land much Fish drie.
Item, when you sail out of Emestnes Ford,* there Emestnes
, ¦ Ford.
lyeth an inlet, called South-woders wike :^ and some- smmwo-
ders Wicke.

tander found, in 1777, the remains of a small building, which
he took to be from the time of the old colonists, and whose walls
were then a foot and a half high. Every vestige of them has,
however, vanished, and their place is occupied by the remains
of an old Greenland hut. The water of these springs deposits a
siliceous or calcareous sediment like Geyser and Strokr in Iceland.
The Greenlanders state that it is much hotter in winter than in
summer : but this opinion may proceed from the circumstance of
the atmospheric air being much colder." — Expedition, p. 36.
1 Vose, original Foss.
^ The revenue derived by Denmark and Norway was not alto
gether inconsiderable.
^ The Danish does not indicate that the water of this lake was
fresh ; yet curiously enough this has been reported by others.
Arctander says that at Kakartok he discovered on the top of a
small hill a fresh-water lake, containing cod and halibut, and
whose waters rose and fell. Arctander is positive, yet Graah
says that he could neither find it nor learn anything about it
from the natives. A man like Arctander certainly could not
have altogether imagined this.
'' Emestnes ford, Danish, Einersfjord.
5 South-woders wike, Danish Thorvaldsvig, the fiord or bay of
Thorvald, one of the early settlers.
10

74 SAILING DIRECTIONS
what higher in the same Sound, and on the same
Blaming, side, lycth a little Cape called Blaming .--^ and be-
Gran- yond that lyeth another Inwike called Granwike,^
wicke.Daieth and above that lyeth a Garden called Daleth,^
Garden. which belongeth to the Cathedrall Church. And
on the right hand as you sayle out of the sam^e
Agreat Souud, lycth a great Wood,* which pertayneth to
Wood. the Church, where they feede all their Cattell,* as

1 Blooming, the Danish is Klining. On the significance of
this name Rafn remarks : Promontorium illud probabiliter
abundavit aliquo argillse, calcis aut limi genere, vel murorum
constructioni vel terras. Isetamini apto. — Antiquitates Americanse,
p. 311 n.
"^ Granwike. 'O&msh. Granevig. Prof. Rafn remarks that this
name has a variety of derivations. Among others he gives
Grauevig {Grafavik) sinus fossarum, vel Sepulchorum, which
would indicate that it was the Golgotha of Greenland." Antiqui
tates Americanse, p. 311 n.
3 Daieth. The word was suggested to the translator by Daler,
from the Icelandic Dalr, a common name for gardens in Iceland
and Scandinavia.
* Woods. A great wood or forest in the mind of an Ice
lander need not amount to more than a patch of birches vary
ing from one foot to ten feet high. In Iceland there was stand
ing a short time since, one tree twenty-six feet high, which was
regarded with wonder. Ivar Bardsen doubtless felt that the low
birches and shrubs that are found in parts of Greenland merited
the term applied.
s Cattle are frequently mentioned in the Sagas that describe
Greenland. It is not likely that many were kept in the later
period of the colonies. In modern times there has been nothing
to prevent the people from keeping such animals, though it has
been found better to substitute dogs for horses. Crantz says,
that in " the year 1759, one of our missionaries brought three

OP HENRY HUDSON. 75
Oxen, Kine and Horses : And to the Church per- oxen,
^ Kine, and
tayneth the Sound of Emestnes Ford. The high ^'"^®^'
Land Ijdng off Emestnes Ford, is called The- Bay-
mos hayth :^ so called, because that on those Hills
doe runne many Boe Deere, or Beyne Deer,^ which
they vse to Hunt, but not without the Bishops
leaue. And on this high Land is the best Stone Excellent stone, that
in all Groneland. They make thereof Pots, be- ^Jfrt!*"""*
cause fire cannot hurt it. And they make of the
same Stone Fattes,^ or Cisterns, that will hold ten
or twelue Tunnes of water.

sheep with him from D_enmark to New Herrnhuth. These have
so increased by bringing some two, some three lambs a year, that
they have been able to kill some every year since, to send some
to Lichtenfels, for a beginning there, and, after all, to winter
ten at present. We may judge how vastly sweet and nutritive
the grass is here, from the following tokens : that tho' three
lambs come from one ewe, they ' are larger, even in autumn,
than a sheep of a year old in Germany." He says that in the
summer they could pasture two hundred sheep around New
Herrnhuth; and that they formerly kept cows, but that it
proved too much trouble. Crantz's History of Greenland,
vol. I, p. 74.
' Ramos Hayth or Rensoa.
^ Reyne Deer. This affords another proof that the Ice
landic colonies were all situated on the west side of Greenland,
as there are no reindeer on the east coast.
3 Stone Fattes. This material is still found on the west
coast of Greenland, though it is not abundant. In the course
of three hundred years it might well become scarce. The Da
nish Rensoa is distinctly called an island, though the same idea
is conveyed by Hudson's version; the language of which could
only be applied to insulated land.

76 SAILING DIRECTIONS
Item, West from this lyeth another high Land
called The long high Land .-^ and by another called
Eight  whereon are eight great Orchards,^ all belong-
great Or- i m i
?on"fng to' iiig to the Cathedrall Church. But the Tenths
draii* ^' thereof thev give to the WarsdelV Church.
Church. "^ °
Item, next to this Sound lyeth another Sound
called Swaster Ford,* wherein standeth a Church
Swaster Called Swastcr. This Church belongeth to all
Ford. this Sound, and to Bornse Ford,^ lying next it. In
this Sound is a great Garden belonging to the
King, called Saint Henlestate.^
Item, next to that lyeth Ericks Ford,' and entring
Mryiks therein lyeth an high Land called Ericks Hought ;^
Bought.

1 Long High Land. Langoa, equivalent to Long Island.
^ Orchards, • Here again we must remember that we have a
Greenlander's idea of a great orchard, which we are taught by
the Danish to translate farms.
3 Warsdell, i. e., Wartsdale.
'' Swaster Ford, Hualsefiord from Hvalsoefjord.
^Romse Ford. This should read Ramstadefiord.
•* Henlestate, should read Thiodhildestad. Rafn thinks it was
called thus after the wife of Eric the Red, and says quse villa ita
probabiliter appellata est a Thjodhilda {populi Bellona vel de-
fensatrice), quod nimirum nomen uxor Eiriki Ruf cum baptismi
Christiani sacramento accepit, prius Thorhilda { Thori dci Bel
lona) vocata.
''Erics Ford. Ericsfiord, the home of Eric the Red, the
place where he finally found rest from his wandering, and from
whose village of Brattalid his sons and daughter sailed in
their voyages to New England, sharing the hardship and the
honor of the new discoveries with Thorfinn Karlsef ne.
s Erics Hought, or isle.

OP HENRY HUDSON. 77
which pertayneth the one halfe to Dewers Kerke,^
and is the first Parish church on Gi'oneland, and
lyeth on the left hand as you sayle into Ericks Ford :
and Dewers Kerke belongeth all to Meydon Ford,
which lyeth North-west from EricJcs Ford.^
Item, farther out then Ericks Ford, standeth a
Church called Skogel Kerke,^ which belongeth to all skogeiKerke.
Medford: And farther in the Sound standeth a
Church called Leaden Kerke.^ To this church be
longeth all thereabout to the Sea ; and. also on the
other side as farre as Bousels.^ There lyeth also a
great Orchard called Grote Lead,^ in which the Gus-
man (that is a chief or BaylifFe ouer the Boores)
doth dwell.
And farther out then Ericks Ford, lyeth a Ford
or Sound called Fossa, which belongeth to the Ca- Fossa Sound.
thedrall Church : and the sayd Fossa Sound lyeth

' Dewers Kerke. Dyurenes church. This name, says Rafn,
comes from dyr a beast, or animal, and means promontorium
animalium. -Meydon Ford, from Mittfjord, signifying Middle-fiord.
3 Skogel KerJce^ from Solefjellds Kierche, Solefiells Church
or Sunny Hills church.
J Leaden Kirhe, from Ley der Kierche ; the term Leyder
having a derivation signifying a place of assembly, consultation,
or debate.
5 Bousels, from the Danish Burfielld, signifying caves of the
mountain. " Grote Lead. Here we must recognize Brattalid, from .Sraife-
lede, where the house of Eric the Red stood.

78 SAILING DIRECTIONS
as men sayle out towards Ericks Ford : and to the
North of it lye two Villages, the one called Ener
Bay, and the other Farther Bay, because they lye so.
Item, from thence farther North lyeth Breda
Ford. "^
Larmmt Ford,^ and after that Larmont Ford^ from that
Ford.Ice Dorpe. Wcst, and from Larmont Ford to the West is Ice
Dorpe:'* All these are places built, and in them
dwell people.
Item, from the Easterbuilded Land to the
Wester Dorpe is twelue miles or leagues :* and the
rest is all waste land. In the Dorpe on the West
standeth a Church, which in times past belonged to
the Cathedrall Church, and the Bishop did dwell
The Sker- there. But now the Skerlingers ^ have all the West
lengers.

1 Breda Ford, or Bredefiord from Bredefjord.
2 Lormont Ford, or Lodmundfiord, from Lodmundfjord.
3 Ice Dorpe seems to refer to the region distinguished for its
inclemency. '' This agrees with the modern examinations of the territories of
Greenland. The testimony of the ruins combines with the lite
rary argument to put the East Bygd in the present district of
Julian's Hope, or eight days' sail from Iceland. Graah found
from the study of both sources of information that the West
Bygd began in latitude 62°, 30', almost exactly a six days' boat
journey, or one hundred and sixty-eight miles from Immarti-
nek, the most northerly and westerly fiord in Julian's Hope,
where ruins are found ; or, as Graah says, the West Bygd be
gan close to and north of the ice-blink of Frederic's Hope. See
Graah's Expedition, p. 165.
= Skerlingers, i. e., Skraellings, a term thought by some to mean
small men. It is the term always used by the Icelandic writers

OP HENRY HUDSON. 79
Lands and Dorps. And there are now manv Many
•' Horses,
Horses, Oxen and Kine, but no people, neither mn?.*"^
Christians nor Heathen : but they were all carried
away by the Enemie the Slterlengers.
All this before written was done by luer Botv Juer Boty,
•' ^ The au-
borne in Gronland, a principall man in the Bish- *'''"'¦
ops Court : who dwelt there many yeers, and saw
and Knew all these places. He was chosen by
the whole Land as Captayne, to goe with ships to
the Westland, to driue away their enemies the
Skerlengers.^ But hee coming there, found no
people, neither Christians nor Heathen, but found
there many Sheepe running being wilde, of which
Sheep they tooke with them as many as they
could Carrie, and with them returned to their
Houses. This before named luer Boty was him-
Selfe with them.^

when speaking of those natives whom they met. See Pre-
Columbian Discovery, p. 41 n.
1 A tradition of the conflicts between the Icelandic colonists
and the natives appears to have been preserved in the account
given to Crantz by the natives, who called the men who came
to Greenland Kabluncts, saying that a quarrel arose, which
finally terminated in the extinction of the latter. A locality
called Pissiksarbik is pointed out in the district of Ball's River as
the scene of the battle. The name indicates a place of shooting
arrows. Near by are some old Icelandic ruins. Crantz, vol.
I, 204. '- Here the original ends, though Prof. Rafn gives four para
graphs by a later hand.

80 SAILING DIRECTIONS
ACTeat To the North ^ of the West Land, lyeth a great
cauldSfi- Wilderness with Clifes or Rockes, called Hemel
md Hats-
^^;.^^ ^}^ Hatsfelt."^ Farther can no man sayle, because
the West-
land. there lye many Swalgen * or Whirl-pooles ; and
also for the Water and the Sea.
Mines of Item, in Groneland axe many Siluer Hills* and
Siluer, ' _ ¦'
Beires, mauy white Beares with red patches ^ on their
whiteHawkes, ^^ beads; and also White Hawkes, and all sorts of
Fish, as in other Countries.
Item, there is Marble Stone® of all colours, also

1 The North, the so-called uninhabitable region ; though the
Northmen penetrated much farther into the polar region, and
had a summer station near the mouth of Lancaster Sound. See
Pre-Colwmbian Discovery, p. xxxii.
2 Hemel Hatsfelt, from the Danish, Hemelrachs Fjelld.
Rafn suggests that this is from Himinraki= coelum petens vel
tangens. It probably took the name from a pinnacled rock.
3 Swalgen, from Haffsvcellege.
* Silver Hills. The things here enumerated are also men
tioned in the Royal Mirror. These additions to Bardsen's
work were not made from a personal knowledge of the country.
Graah speaks of the mountainous icebergs as resembling silver
hills ; but this is probably not what the writer referred to.
This touch calls up the style of Spaniards, who wrote after the
rediscovery of America by Columbus. Crantz mentions " Cat-
Silver." •¦^ This statement is from the Royal Mirror.
^ Crantz says, " Of the limestone kind we find on the seaside
a good deal of coarse marble of all sorts of colors, but the great
est part black and white, with veins running through it. On
the strand we find broken pieces of red marble with white,
green, and other veins, which acquire such a polish by the fre
quent rolling and washing of the waves, that it is not much inferior
to the best Italian marble." — Greenland, vol. I, p. 54.

OP HENRY HUDSON. gl
Zeuell stone or the Loadstone,^ which the fire can
not hurt, whereof they make many vessels, as ^
* * * Pots, and other great vessels.^
Item, in Groneland runneth great streames, and
there is much Snow and Ice : But it is not so cold, ormeiana
not so cold
as it is m Island or Norway.'^ Vvn^
/tem, there grow on the high Hills, Nuts andi^r^'ts.
Acorns, which are as great as Apples, and good to

' Graah found a rock at Serketnoua, containing a magnetic
substance of such intense power as to cause the compass to vary
14°- 2 There is a blank here in Purchas's version.
3 We may notice here that Crantz says that this stone is
found at Ball's River, where it is. quite abundant. It is com
pounded of clay, and in working falls off like fine flour, making
the fingers greasy. It is easily, cut, yet ponderous and compact.
When rubbed with oil, it becomes very smooth, though expos
ure to the air renders it porous. The natives cut lamps and
kettles from it, while it also makes the best of crucibles. Near
Lake Como, the people formerly carried on quite a trade in ves
sels made of such stone. See Scheuchzer's Natural History,
Switzerland, P. I., p. 379. Also see Pring's Natural History,
L. XXIII. c. 22.
'' Concerning this paragraph it may be said, that the climate
of Greenland is extremely variable, and that the cold weather,
though severe, does not last. but a few days at a time, the severe
cold being followed by moderate weather ; while in. the sum
mer it is often uncomfortably warm. Sometimes when it is ex
tremely cold in Europe, the winter in Greenland will prove
warm. Egede says that in the well known cold winter of 1739-
40 there was no ice in the Bay of Disco until March, and that
the wild geese went north in January. Crantz thinks that less
snow and rain falls in Greenland than in Norway. See Crantz's
Greenland, vol. I, p. 50. 11

82 SAILING DIRECTIONS
eat. There groweth also the best Wheate, that
can grow in the whole Land.^
This Sea Card ^ was found in the lies of Ferro ^ or
farre, lying between Shot-lant * and Island, in an
old reckoning Booke, written aboue one hundred
yeeres agoe ; * out of which this was all taken.
Pmus and Item, Punnus and Potharse^ haue inhabited Is-
Pothane.

1 Rafn says, and with reason, that the writer who added these
things to the account of Bardsen confounded the productions
of Greenland with those of Vinland (New England). Con
cerning the grains, Crantz says : "The Europeans have seve
ral times attempted to sow barley and oats. They grow as fine
and as high as in our countries, but seldom advance so far as
the ear, and never to maturity." — Greenland, vol. I, p. 64.
2 With the previous paragraph the Danish version of Rafn ends.
'* Situated north of Scotland, one hundred and seventy miles
northwest from Shetland and three hundred and fifty south
east from Iceland. They are twenty-two in number, seventeen be
ing inhabited. The principal is Stromoe. The people are
descendants of the Northmen, and speak a dialect of the Norse,
though the official language is Danish, as the isles belong to
Denmark. The possessor of this " Sea-Card" came by it very
naturally. 4 These, with the Orkneys, were held by Northmen and their
descendants. 5 This, it will be perceived, carries the somewhat modern ver
sion from which Hudson's was translated, back to the period of
Columbus. All that follows appears to be of the same age as
the Faroe version of Bardsen. At what time it reached Holland
we are unable to conjecture, though a copy of the treatise was
probably in the hands of John Skolnus, and by him may have
been communicated to the Spanish or Portuguese by whom he
was known.
^ The writer here, it must be remembered, is not Bardsen, but
one who knew much less about Iceland. We are at a loss for an

OP HENRY HUDSON. 83
land ceertayne yeers, and sometimes have gone to
Sea, and haue had their trade in Groneland. Also
Punnus did give the Islanders their Lawes, and
caused them to bee written, Which Laws doe con
tinue to this day in Island, and are called by name
Punnus Lawes.

I

The Course from Island to Groneland.
F men bees? South from the Hauen of Bred Ford
in Island, they shall sayle West, till they see
Whitsarke vpon Grone land, and then sayl some
what South west, till Whitsarke bee North off you,
and so you need nor fear Ice, but may boldly sayle
to Whitsarke, and from thence to Ericks Hauen.
If men bee North the Hauen of Bredford in
Island, then sayle South west, till Whitsarke beare
North : then sayl to it, and so come to Ericks
Hauen.

account of Punnus and Potharse. The laws of Iceland were
drawn up by Ulflijot and Grim Geitskor in the year 928, after
the former had spent three years with Thorleif the wise in Nor
way. In Arngrim Jonas' account of Iceland (Part II, sec. 1.)
we find the following : " In the year 1050 it was decreed in a
solemn assembly of the inhabitants, that temporal or political
laws (the constitutions whereof being brought out of Norway
were communicated to the Icelanders by Uflijot in the year
926 [?] ) should everywhere give place to the canon of Divine
law."

84 SAILING DIRECTIONS
Trdebo- If you scc Icc, that cometh' out of Trolebothon}

than. p CI 1
you shall go more Southerly, but not too far South
for feare of Freesland,^ for there runneth an hard
Streame, And it is fifteen miles or leagues from
Fresland. Item, Freesland lyeth South, and Island East
from Gronland.
Item, from the Ice that hangeth on the Hilles in
Gronland, commeth a great Foggs, Frost and Cold.
Troiebo- And such a Foffge cometh out of the Ice of Trole-
thm,a. °°
leme^."" b'othon : and it is a great Wilderness.
The Mm- There are Sables, Marternes, Hermelens, or
°ii^'^' Ermins, White Beares, and White Hawkes, Scales,
1 Trolebothen. In the former part of the treatise, this is
called the Long North Bottome. The Danish there is Botnen,
for which Rafn gives Trollebotnen.
- The whole subject of Frisland has often been treated as
a mystery. Asher, however, gives a solution. The Venetian
brothers are reported to have visited Frisland, Engroneland,
Iceland and Estotiland in 1387. Their chart, the original
of which still exists, was derived from the Scandinavians.
Nearly the whole of the northwestern part of Jodocus Hon-
dius's map was copied from it. Still this map of the Zeni
brothers was very imperfect, Iceland not being so well drawn
as Greenland. Frisland also is badly depicted, being located
where no land was ever known, so that the only explana
tion to be given is that they confounded Frisland with the
Faroe Islands. This led to the appearance of Frisland, in
subsequent maps as a separate country lying in the sea south
west of Iceland. No one questioned its existence, and down to
a late period it was usually represented. Frobisher had a copy
of the Zeni chart, but owing to lines of latitude and longi
tude placed upon it by later hands was led in several mistakes.

OP HENRY HUDSON. 85
White and gray. Gold and Siluer Hills, also Fish
dryed and salted, and thousands of Salmons : also
store of Losh Hides and other Hides. There are
Hares, Foxes, Wolues, Otters and Veltfrasen.
Now if it please God they come to Gronland,
then shall they let but two men on shoare ; who
wiU take with them divers kinds of M?irchandize :
and let them deale with good order, and let them
be such as can make good Reports, what they
there doe see or finde ; and let them observe
whether men may Land there or no, with the
loue of the Inhabitants. And I counsaile and

The southern point of Greenland is in latitude 60°, but the
added lines made it appear in 65° ; accordingly, when, in July,
1577, he came upon the Greenland coast in latitude 61°, he
supposed that he had reached Frisland. He therefore reports
that the map of Zeni suited the country well, whereas the land
seen was the southern part of Greenland. Davis also came in
sight of the coast in latitude 61°, but finding that this was the
wrong latitude for Frisland, concluded that this was a new dis
covery, and called it Desolations. Touching the coast again
in latitude 64°, he concluded that Desolations was an island,
not having seen the line of coast between. Thus Desolations
came to have a distinct existence on the map, and when Hud
son says that he " raised Desolations," he means the land south
of what he has marked as Greenland on his map. Busse Land
laid down on many old charts east of Desolations had a still
less real existence ; one of Frobisher's ships, the Busse, meet
ing large fields of ice there, which were mistaken for an island.
See Asher, p. clxv. Of course, the subsequent searches made
for an island of ice, were unsuccessful. The popular idea
which afterwards prevailed was that the land was sunk by an
earthquake.

86 SAILING DIRECTIONS
charge those that shall trade for Gronland, that
they set no more folks on Land, but they keep
men enough to man the Ship. And looke well to
the course you do hold to Gronland, that if those
that bee set on shoare be taken, they may come
home again with God's helpe. For if shipping
returne, they may come home or bee released in a
yeere and a day. And in your living there so
demean yourselues to them, that in time you may
win the Countrey and the people.^
Good Remember my Scholar and Clearke, which shall
counsell ,
tog to'"^"" there bee appointed as Commander, that you send

ing Orordand

those on Land, that will show themselues diligent
Writers, and that they carrie themselues so, that
they may learn thereby the State of the Countrey.
They shall take with them two Boats and Eight
Tynder- Oares, and take Tynder-boxes for fire if there be
hoxes for _ ^^
^''^- no Habitation. Also set vp Crosses of Wood or
Stone, if need be.

1 In reading the foregoingwe are forcibly reminded of the gene
ral neglect of the true policy by Hudson, in common with most
navigators and settlers, which neglect has cost so much blood
and treasure. In the account of Hudson's third voyage we
have the following : " In the morning we manned our scute
with four muskets andsixemen, and tooke one of their shallops
and brought it aboard. We then manned our scute with twelve
men and muskets, and two stone pieces or murderers, and drave
the savages from their houses, and took the spoyle of them, as
they would have done of us." Asher's Henry Hudson, p. 61.

OP HENRY HUDSON. 87

This Note following was fovmd in an old Booke of
Accounts, in the Yeere 1596.

I

N primis. From Gtad, in Norway, standing
neere the Latitude of sixtie three Degrees,^

you shall hold your course due West : and that courses
tor Oron-
course will bring you upon Swartnesse, in Gronland. ''"^•
And in this course is the least streame and least
perill of Swalgen or Indrafts. There is lesse perill
this way, then is on the North-side ; you shall
keep S of the sea on Preeseland side, and one
third on Island side. And if it bee cleere weather,
and you haue kept your course right West, you
shall see the Mount of Sneuel lokul ^ in the South
west part of Island. And if you have a storme in Astorme
in the
the North, you must shunne it as you can, till ^°'*''-
Whitsarke bee North of you. Then shall you wmu
'' '' sarke.
sayle right with it, and seeke the Land : and you
shall find a good Hauen, called Ericks Ford. Ericks
° ' Ford.
Item, If you bee between Gronland and Island,
you may see Sneuels lokul on Island and Whitsarke

1 Here we have the first indication of modern science to be
found in these sailing directions ; though immediately after
Freesland is mentioned.
- Sneuel lokul, or Snsefellsjokul. Ajokul is a mountain per-
petually covered with snow.

88 SAILING DIRECTIONS
on Gronland, if it be cleere weather. Therefore
men of experience doe assume that it is but thirtie
leagues betweene both.
Also if you haue a storm between Gronland and
Island, you must haue care you bee not laid on
Freesland^ with the Streame and Winde; for the
Streame or Current doth run strong vpon Frees
land out of the North.
Also if you haue a storme out of the South, you
shall not sayle out of your course, but keepe it as
neere as you can possibly, till Whitsarke in Gron
land \ie2x& North of you : then sayle towards it,
and you shall come into Ericks Ford, as it is afore
said in the first Article. -

1 Freesland. We must note here again that this is by a mo
dern writer. Frisland does not appear in anything that Ivar
Bardsen, or any other Icelander or Greenlander wrote.

OP HENRY HUDSON.

Ivar Bardseris Sea Card, translated from Prof.
Bafris version.
[Antiquitates Americans, p. 300.]
Men of understanding born in Greenland say
that from the north of Stad in Norway to the
east coast of Iceland called Horn is seven days
sail west.
Item. From Snasfellsness on the west coast of
Iceland the distance to Greenland is shortest, and
it is said to be two days and two nights sail west
ward. Then Gunnbiorn's Rocks lie half way be
tween Iceland, and Greenland. This course was
anciently taken, but now it is said there is ice on
the rocks that has come out of the Northern Ocean,
so that it is no longer possible to go that way
without peril of life, as will afterwards be seen.
Item. Prom Langeness which is on the north
east of Iceland to the above said Horn-ness, it is
two days and two night's sail to Sualbarde in
Haffsbotnen. Item. They who sail the course from Bergen to
Greenland, without coming to Iceland, hold west
until they come in the region of Reikianess south
of the promontory of Iceland, from which they
should then be distant twelve Icelandic sea miles
12

90 SAILING DIRECTIONS
south, and then, keeping the same westerly course,
steer for that part of Greenland which is called
Huarf. The day before the said Huarf is seen,
will be seen another snow mountain called Huid
serk ; and between these two mountains and Huarf
and Huidserk lies a ness called Heriulfsness and
near it is a harbor called Sandhaven, where mer
chants were wont to come.
Item. In sailing from Iceland you must take
your departure from Snaefellsness, which lies at a
distance of twelve sea-miles north-west from Reik
ianess, and shape a course to the west for a day
and a night, and then to the south-west until you
have passed all the ice above mentioned lying at
and around Gunnbiorn's Rocks. You must then
steer north-west for a day and a night which will
bring you to Huarf in Greenland, where Heriulfs
ness and Sandhaven are situated.
Item. The most eastern district in Greenland is
situated, straight east from Heriulfsness, and is
called Skagafiord, and it is a village.
Item, East of Skagafiord is a bay called Bears-
fiord which is not dwelt in . At the mouth of the bay
is a long risse lying across the inlet so that large
ships cannot harbor in it. There are many whales
and much hunting for them, though not without
the bishop's consent, as the fishery belongs to the
Cathedral Church. And in this bay is a large

OP HENRY HUDSON. 91
whirlpool, in which whirlpool the whales run in
when the tide runs out.
Item. East of Bearsfiord is another haven called
the Longest-of-All, which at the mouth is narrow,
but farther in very wide. The length of it is so
great that the end of it is not known. There is
no current. It contains many little islands.
There are many birds and eggs, and it is plain
land on both sides covered with grass.
Item. A little further towards the east from the
ice mountain there is a port called Finsbudr, from
the name of a page of Saint Olaf who with many
others was wrecked here. And those that were
saved buried those that were drowned, and on
their graves they set great stone crosses, where
they stand to this day.
Still farther east towards the ice mountains,
is a great island called Cross, where there are
many white bears, which cannot be hunted
without permission of the Bishop, as the island
belongs to the Cathedral. Beyond it to the east
nothing is to be seen at sea or on the shore but
ice and snow.
Item. Now we shall return to the affairs already
touched upon concerning the Greenland colony.
Item. On the East side of Heriulfsness is a
colony called Ketilsfiord, which is well built. Sail
ing into the fiord you see on the right hand its

92 SAILING DIRECTIONS
mouth, into which a great flood runs. Opposite
the mouth stands a church called Auroos Church,
consecrated to the Cross, which church holds all
the islands, rocks, and things thrown up by the
sea, without as far as Heriulfsness, and those within
as far as the Bay of Peter.
Item. At the Bay of Peter is a large habitable
tract called Wartsdale, before which tract is a large
lake, twelve sea miles long, abounding in fish.
The Church of Peter holds the tract of Wartsdale.
Item.. Near this place is a great monastery dwelt
in by regular canons, which is consecrated to Saint
Olaf and Saint Augustine. The monastery holds
all interior lands to the end of the bay, and all
those on the outside.
Item. Next to Ketilsfiord is Rafnsfiord, in the
interior of which lies a cloister of nuns of Saint
Benedict's Order. This cloister holds all the in
terior lands to the end of the bay and the exterior
part as far as the Voge Church, dedicated to Saint
Olaf the king. In this bay are many little islands,
one-half of which belong to Voge Church, and the
other half is held by the Cathedral Church. In
these little islands are many hot springs, which in
winter are so hot that no one can approach them,
but in summer they are more temperate, so that
many bathing in them are cured of disease. And
near this is Einarsfiord, between which and the

OP HENRY HUDSON. 93
aforementioned Rafnsfiord is a great garden called
the Foss, which belongs to the king. Here
stands a splendid church dedicated to Saint Nicho
las, to which the king appoints priests. Next to
this is a great lake, abounding in fish, which, after
rising with tides and rains, flows back leaving a
great number of fish on the sand. And when you
sail out of Einarsfiord to the left is a branch of the
sea called Thorvaldsvike. And somewhat above
in the same fiord is a promontory called Klining.
Beyond this is another branch called Granevig ;
above which is a large garden called Daler, which
is held by the Cathedral Church. On the right
when sailing out of the fiord is a great forest,
which is the property of the Cathedral, in which
forest all the great and small cattle are pastured.
The Cathedral Church holds all Einarsfiord and a
great island called Rensoa, that lies before Einars
fiord, where in the autumn season many rein-deer
resort, and which they commonly hunted, though
not without the permission of the bishop. In this
same island are the softest stones to be found in
all Greenland, of which they make pots and ves
sels, which on account, of their durability the fire
will not injure. And from one rock they made
vessels that hold ten or twelve tuns.
And far west from this lies another long island,
called Langey, on which are eight great farms.

94 SAILING DIRECTIONS
The Cathedral Church holds the whole island
except a tenth, which belongs to the Wartsdale
church. And next to Einarsfiord is Hualsefiord,
in which is a church called Hualsefiord's, which
with the fiord and all adjacent belongs to Kamb-
stadfiord. In this fiord is a royal garden called
Thiodhildestad. And next to this is Ericsfiord in the mouth of
which is an island called Erics Island, part of
which belongs to the Cathedral Church and part
to the Church of Dyurenes. The Church of Dy
urenes is the principal church in Greenland, and
stands on the left hand entering Ericsfiord. All
of Medfiord are under Dyurenes Church ; Med-
fiord extends north-west from Ericsfiord. Far
from thence in Ericsfiord is Solefields Church,
which belongs to Midfiord. Far in the interior of
the fiord is a church called Leyder Church. To
this church belongs all to the end of the bay and on
the other side as far as Burfielld. All from the
outside of Burfielld is owned by the Cathedral
Church. There is also situated a great orchard
called Brattelid, where the Bailif lives.
Farther out from Langoa are four islands, called
Lamboer, or Lambornse, thus called, because they
lie between Langoa and Lamboer. Before the
middle part of Ericsfiord is another narrow fiord
called Fossafiord. The islands enumerated belong

OP HENRY HUDSON. 95
to the Cathedral Church before mentioned situated
in Fossafiord in the middle of Ericsfiord.
And north opposite Ericsfiord are two branches
of the sea of which one is called the Exterior and
the other the Interior, by which names they are
known. And near by northward is Breidafiord, in which
fiord is Medfiord. Hence far northward is Eya-
fiord; next to this is Borgafiord, after which is
Lodmundfiord, then Isefiord, which is the most
western of the fiords in the East district. The
islands are all occupied by settlers.
And between the East and the West Bygd it is
twelve sea miles, the whole extent of which is
waste lands. In the west Bygd stands a splendid
church, called Stennes Church where in former
times was the bishop's seat. Now the Skraellings
hold all the country west ; it is nevertheless full
of horses, goats, oxen, sheep, and all the animals
are wild. There are no inhabitants, neither
Christians nor Pagans.
Item. Ivar Bardson, a Greenlander, of Garda,
the Episcopal seat of Greenland, who was Bailiff
many years, related these to us, having himself
seen all these things before related, and been one
among them. He was selected as captain to go to
the West Bygd to drive thence the Skraellings.
And when they came there there were no men

96 SAILING DIRECTIONS.
neither Christians nor Pagans, but a great many
wild sheep and cattle, of which they put some on
board their vessels and brought them to their
homes. One of the men was Ivar above men
tioned. Item. Far to the north of the West Bygd is a
great mountain called Hemelrachi, beyond which
it is not advisable to sail, on account of many
whirlpools by which all the sea is filled.
Item. Greenland has many silver mountains and
many white bears with red spots on their heads,
white falcons, whales teeth and many fish such as
abound in all lands. There is also marble stone
of all colors, soft rocks, that are not injured by
fire, from which the Greenlanders make pots, urns,
vases and vats of ten or twelve tuns capacity.
There is also an abundance of rein-deer.
Item. In Greenland there are never great tem
pests. Item. In Greenland there is much snow ; there
it is not so cold as in Iceland and Norway. On
the tops of the hills there grow alders, and fruits
of the size of large apples and very sweet. There
is also found the best of wheat.

Note.— Line 14, page 18, for " When," read " Before."
The statement in the same paragraph depends upon the calcu
lation of Hudson, who put the latitude of the place in 44° 1'.

INDEX.

Acorns, 81.
Adam of Bremen, 33.
Adirondacks, 19.
Albany, 83.
Alders, 96.
Algarve, 38, n. 2.
AUabong Sound, 68.
America, v, vi, 19, 59.
Amsterdam, 18, 33, 53, 54, 55, 56,
61.
Antiquitates Americanae, v, 13.
Antoine's Noze, 50, n.
Antonis Neus, 50 n.
Antwerp, 54.
Apples, 81, 96.
Arctander, 68 n. 73 n.
Arminius, 55.
Asher, 14, 53, 53 n, 56.
Astor library, 39.
Auroos church, 93.
Azores, 31.

Bacaloas, 35.
Baffin's Land, 35.
Ball's River, 81 n.
Bardsen, Ivar, v, vi, 9, 13, 13, (
n. 95, 96.
Barentz, 13, 51, 53, 54, 61.
Barrow, Sir John, 31,53,56.
Bay of Peter, 93.
Bayliffe, 77.
Beare Pord, 67, 68, 90, 91.
Beares, 69, 96.
Benson, 50 n.
Bergen, 36, 61, n. 65, 89.
Biarne, 58. 13

Biddle, 31, 33.
Bishops, 10.
Bishops of Greenland, 36.
Books burnt, 55.
Boon, Volgard, 68 n.
Borgafiord, 95.
Boty, 13. (See Bardsen).
Bousels, 77.
Bow Bells, 15. .
Brabant, 55.
Brattalid, 77 m., 94.
Bredford, 83.
Breidafiord, 95.
Bremen, 56.
Brimstone Mount, 64.
Bristol, 30,38 TO.
Biitons, 34.
Brodhead, Hon. J. Romeyn, 33.
Brussels, 55 ; Reformed church of,
55.
Bull of Gregory IV, 9.
Burfield,94.Busse Land, 86 n.
Bygd, 63, TO.
Bygd, east, 10.
Bygd, west, 10, 13.

Cabot, Sebastian, 30, 31,34.
Canaries, 30, 35.
Canons, 71.
Cape Bloming, 74.
Cape Parewell, 9, 66 to.
Cape Hatteras, 31.
Cathedral Church, 36, 67, 69, 74, 76,
91, 98.
Cattle, 74 to. 96.

98

INDEX.

Cavendish. Thomas
Chesapeake Bay, 31.
China, 15, 53, 54, 56.
Chinese, 37 to.
Christian I, 33, 33, to. 3.
Christian II, 37.
Christianity, 10.
Christians, 95, 96.
Christophessen, 9.
Chronicles of Iceland, 13.
Church of Peter, 93.
Cisterns, 75.
Climate of Greenland, 81 n.
Cloyster, 71, 73.
Cohotatea, 31.
Columbus, 30, 31, 34, 37, 38, 39,
53.
Cordeyro, Rev. Pather, 31, 33.
Corse Hought, 69.
Cortereal, Gaspar, 34, 39.
Costa, John Vaz 31, (See Cortereal),
33, 38 m., 37, 38 TO, 3, 39.
Crantz, 75 to., 80 to.
Cross Island, 69 to.
Crosses, 69, 70.

Daler, 93.
Daieth, Garden of, 74.
Daly, Hon. Charles P., iii.
Danel, 63 to.
Danes, 34.
Davis Straits, 18.
De Guignes, 37 n.
Delaware Bay, 18.
Deneys, of Honfleur, 59.
Denmark, 11, 33, 57, 59, 60.
Desolations, 16,'17, 86 m.
De Veer, 50.
Dewers Kerke, 77.
Die Entdeckung Ameiikas, 35.
Disco, 81 TO.
DSnsk Tunga, 13 m., 3.
Dooms-day Book, 14, 63 to.
Dort, Synod of, 55.
Drake, Sir Prancis

Drenoutre, 55.
Dutch, 15, 59, 38, 50.
Dyurenes Church, 94.

East Horn, 64 to.
East India Company, 16, 53.
Easter Dorpe, 67.
Edinburgh Cabinet, 58.
Egede, 17.
Eggers, 64 to.
Einarsford, 93, 93, 94.
Elizabeth, Queen. 55.
Bmestness Ford, 73, 75.
England, 30, 55.
Eric the Red, 9, 68 to., 69 to.
Erics Pord, 77.
Erics Hauen, 83.
Ericseya, 9.
Ericsfiord, 9, 30, 94, 95.
Erlandson, 66 n.
Estotiland, 33.
Europe, 58.
Evora, 31.
Examen Critique, 34.
Explorations, Captain Graah's, 10.
Eyafiord, 95.

Fabricius, 37 to.
Farms, 93.
Parbe, vi, 30, 38 n, 66 m.
Faroesland, vi, 38 m.
Fendebother, 69.
Ferdinand, 38 m.
Fernandez, Don, 31.
Pinsbuder, 69 n., 91.
Pish, 96.
Flanders, 54, 55.
Florida, 81.
Flowery Kingdom, 18.
Fossa fiord, 94.
Fossa Sound, 77.
Poster, 53 n.
Freesland, 84.
Friedericksthal, 11.

INDEX.

99

Frisland, vi, 84 n., 8(
Prisland^a, 33, to. 1.
Frobisher, 84 to., 85.
Erode, the Wise, 66
Fruits, 96.

Garda, 36, 95.
Geirfuglesker, 63 to.
Geitskor Grim, 83 to.
Germany, 55.
Goe, 63 TO.
Golgotha, 74 n.
Gomara, 33, 34, 35, 57, 58.
Gombornse-Skare, 63.
Gomez, Estevan, 49, 50.
Good Counsel, 86.
Graah, 11, 13, 68 n., 66 m.
Granevig, 93.
Granwike, 74.
Graves, 69.
Greenland, v, vi, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18,
19, 30, 38.
Greenlander, Jon, 36.
Gregory IV, 9.
Groneland, 16, 63, 63.. (See
Greenland).
Grote Lead, 77.
Gunnbiorn, 9, 63 TO., 68 m., 89,
90.
Gunnbiorn's Skerries, 63, n. 64, m.
66.
Gusman, the, 77.

Haffsbotnen, 64 m., 89.
Hakluyt Society, 14, 35, 31, 54,
58.
HalfMoon,18, 19, 30, 33.
Hecla, 64 to.
Heimskringla, 64 m.
Helgeland, 63 to.
Hemel Hatsfelt, 80.
Henriquez, Alphonso, 28 to., 3.
Henry IV, 53.
Henry VIII, 35.

Heriulfness, 65 to., 90, 93.
Hernoldus Hooke, 65, 67, 69, 70.
Highlands, 18.
Historiske Mindesmwrker, (Grone-
land's), V, 3.13, to.
History of the Indies, 34.
Hokesong, Enelnesse, 71.
Holland, 18,55,56.
Homer, 37 to.
Hondius, Jodocus, 13, 54 to., 84 m.
Horn, 89.
Horn, Cape, 61 TO.
Hornnesse, 61, 64, 89.
Hualsfiord, 94.
Huarf, 90.
Hudson, Henrie 61.
Hudson, Henry, vi, 18, 14, 15, 16,18,
19, 39, 30, 31, 50, 53, 53 to., 56,
64, 66, 86, 96.
Hudson, Henry the Alderman, 15,
39.
Hudson, John, 15.
Hudson River, 49, 56.
Huidserk, 90.
Huitsarke, 65.
Humboldt, 33 m., 3, 34.
Hvarf, 30.

Ice, polar, 51, 53.
Iceland, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 33, 68.
Icelandic, 16, 30.
lUoa, 68 n.
India, 19, 30, 31, 50.
Isefiord, 95.
Island, 61, 64.
Isles of Ferro, 83.
Italy, 54.
Ivar Bardsen, 66 to.. 88 m., 89.
Iver Boty, 61.

Jan Mayen, 69 to.
Jeanin, President, 53.
Jodocus, Hondius, 61.
Jonas, Arngrim, 65 to.

100

INDEX.

Jonson, Ben, 69 to.
Julian's Hope, 63 m., 65 m.

Kakartok, 73 to.
Ketilsfiord, 91, 93.
Klining, 93.
Kodosford, 70.
Kohl, Dr., 56,59.
Kolnus, John, 33, 34, 35, 56, 83.
Krage, Ulf, 63 to.
Kunstmann, 35.

Labadists, 33, 50 m.
Labrador, 34, 59.
Laing, 64 to.
Lamboer, 94.
Lambornse, 94.
Lancaster Sound, 17, 80 m.
Landanama, 14, 62 to., 65 n.
Langeness, 89.
Langey, 98.
Langoa, 94.
Lardner, 58.
Las Casas, 39.
Leaden Kerke, 77.
Lelewel, 57, 59.
Letters of Columbus, 38 to.
Leyder Church, 94.
Lichtenfels, 75 to.
Lisbon, 33.
Loadstone, 81.
Lodmundfiord, 95.
Lok, Michael, 35, 31. 58.
London, 15.
Long High Land, 76.
Long Island, 33.
Longest of All, 91.
Longnesse, 64.
Luther, 55.

Magellan, 53.
Magnussen, Prof. Finn, 14, 57.
Maine, 18.

Maine, Historical Society of, 56.
Major, R. W., 31, 33, 33 to., 38.
Manitou, 19.
Marble, 80.
Medfiord, 94 95.
Medford, 77.
Meydon ford, 77.
Monastery, 93.
Moors, 38, n. 3.
Mountains, 49 to.
Mount Desert, 18, 49 to.
Murphy.Mr., 33, 50,53.
Muscovy Company, 15, 39.

Narrows, 49 to.
Natives, intoxicated, 30 ; killed, 30.
Needle, dip of, 58 to.
Nevesinck, 49 n.
New Amsterdam, 83.
New Herrnhuth, 75 ra.
New York, 18, 49 to.
North, 18.
North Bottome, 63.
Northern passage, 53.
Northmen, old track of, 31.
Northmen, Pre-Columbian Disco
very of America by, 10 to.
North pole, 51, 53, n.
North sea, 15.
Norumbega, 31.
Norway, 15, 33, 38 to., 61,68 to., 87.
89.
Notes on Columbus, 29.
Nova Zembla, 15, 16, 17, 53.
Nuns, 73, 93.
Nuts, 81.

Olaf Tryggvesson, 64 to,, 65 m.
Olaus, 35.
Old Greenland, 57, 59.
Old Northern, 18 n.
Orchards, 76.
Orkney, 5, 83 to.
Ounartok, 73.

INDEX.

101

Pagans, 95,96.
Palisades, 18, 19.
Parma, Duke of, 54, 55.
Peter's Wike, 71.
Peyrere, 36.
Pilots, 24, 53.
Pilots, Portuguese and Spanish,
29, 33.
Plantius, Rev. Peter, 31, 52, 53, 54,
55, 56, 61.
Polar sea, original idea of, 50, 53.
Pontanus, 9, 23, 58.
Portugal, 38 n.
Potharse, 83.
Pot stone, 93.
Pre-Columbian age, 14.
Prickett, Abacuk, 16.
Pring, 81 n.
Productions of Greenland, 84.
Ptolemy, 38 TO.
Punnus, 83.
Purchas, 13, 54, 58, 64.

Queen Margaret, 36.

Rafn, Prof., v, 10, 18 to., 3, 54, 61,
64 74
Rafnsfiord, 93, 98.
Raymos Hayth, 75.
Read, Hon. J. Meredith, 15, 29.
Reaumur, 73.
Reckoning Booke, 83.
Reikianess, 65 to., 89.
Reindeer, 93, 96.
Rensoa, 93.
Rensselaerwyck, 50 n.
Reyne deer, 75.
Ribero, 49 to.
Rio St Antonio, 50.
Risse, 63, 63.
River of the Steep Hills, 49, 50.
Riviera Grandissina, 49.
Rokness, 65.
Rolf, 63 ra, 63 to.

Rome, 37.
Rompnes, 73.
Romse Ford, 76.
Royal Mirror, 66 to, 80 to.
Rut, John, 58.

Sacrament, 15.
Sandhaven, 90.
Sandy Hook, 18.
Santarem, 37 to.
Saragossa, 34.
Scandinavian saUors., 34.
Scheuchzer, 81 to.
Scolvum, Jac, 35.
Scoresby's Sound, 68 to.
Sea Card, 83.
Serketnoua, 81 to'
Seville, 35.
Sheep, 96.
Shetland Islands, 65 to.
Ships, 10.
Shot-lant 83.
Shmid, Erasmus, 37 to.
Silver Hills, 80, 85.
Skagafiord, 90.
Skardfa, Bioern Von, 36.
SJiogel, 77.
Skogen Ford, 67, 70.
Skolnus, 33, 58, 59, 60.
Skraellings, 95.
Smith, Capt. John, 31.
Snaebiorn, 63 to, 63 to.
Snsefellsness, 64 to, 89, 90.
Sneuel Jokul, 87.
Snoflfesse, 66.
Solefields Church, 94.
Sound Hauen, 66, 67.
South Pole, 53.
South Woders Wike, 78.
Spaniards, 33, 49 m., 50 ra.
Speculum Regale, 66 to.
Spitzbergen, 15, 16, 58.
St. Anthony, 50, to.
St. Augustine, 93.
St. Benedict, 73, 93.

102

INDEX.

St. Ethelburge, church of, 15.
St. Henlestate, 76.
St. Nicholas, 78, 98.
St. Olaf, 91, 93.
St. Olave, 69, 73.
Stad, 61, 87, 89.
Stserbiorn, 63 ra., 63.
Staten Island, 49 to.
Steep HUls, 49, 50.
Stennes Church, 95.
Stere, William, 18, 55, 61.
Stone Fattes, 75.
Sturleson, 64 n.
Stuyvesant, Petrus, 33.
Sualbarde, 89.
Sumatra, 19.
Svalbarde, 64 n.
Swalgen, 87.
Swalth, 68.
Swartuesse, 87.
Swaster, 65, 67.
Swaster church, 76.
Swaster ford, 76.

Talbot, 18.
Terceira, 31.
Testament, Old, 55.
The Hague, 53.
Thiodhildestad, 94.
Thorkel, Red, 63 ra.
Thorleif, the Wise, 83.
Thorod, 62 to.
Thorvaldsvike, 93.
Thule, 38 ra.
Torfseus, v, 63 ra.
Toscanelli, 39, ra. 1.
Trading voyages, 57.
Traditions, 31.
Trolebothon, 84.

Ulflijot, 83 ra.
Vadil, 63 ra.
Van der Donk, 33.
Vats, 96.
Venice, 31.
Verrazano, 53, 49, 50.
Virginia, 31.
Vinland, 33.
Vlpius, Euphrosynus, 31.
Voge, church, 93.
Vose, garden of, 78.
Wackene, 54.
Walkendorf, Eric, 37.
Warm waters, 73.
Warsdell Church, 76.
Wartsdale, 71, 93,94
Wassanaar, 49.
Wegen Kerke, 73.
Western Lands, 39.
West Rokenesse, 66.
Weymouth, 31.
Whales, 68.
Wheate, 83, 96.
Whirlpools, 80.
Whitesarke, 87, 88.
White Sea, 51.
Whitsarke, 65, 83.
Wormius, 36.
Wormskiold, 64 ra.
Wytfleet, 31, 57, 58.
Ypres, 55.
Zembla, 19.
Zeni Brothers, v, vi, 33 to, 33, 71, 84
Zewell Stone, 81.

3 9002

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