hBIi-'*'"^'. ''¦ ¦ YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS SEAT OE OPEHATIOKS CIYIi WATS,, 1861-1865. C)y>US»l.STAT»T«.H a :, BV DOOD, MEAD A COWPMtt ¦ FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS In which the author places the numerical strength of the armies that fought for the Confederacy at approximately 1 ,000,000 men, and shows that 296,579 white soldiers living in the South, and 137,676 colored soldiers, and approximately 200,000 men living in the North that were born in the South, making 634,255 southern soldiers, fought for the Preservation of the Union BY CHARLES C. ANDERSON NEW YORK THE NEALE PUBLISHING COMPANY 1912 Copyright, 1913, by The Neale Publishing Company pN« CONTENTS CHAPTER I General View — Early Moves — Fort Sumter — Ranging the Combatants — Gaining Adherents — Baltimore — Camp Jackson — Western Vir ginia Campaign 9 CHAPTER n Bull Run — Wilson's Creek — Hatteras Inlet — Bel mont — Port Royal — Mill Springs — Fort Henry — Roanoke Island — Fort Donelson — Pea Ridge — First Iron-Clad Battle — New Madrid — New Bern — Kernstown .... 41 CHAPTER III Shiloh — Fort Pulaski — Advance upon Corinth — Forts Jackson and St. Philip — Capture of New Orleans — Williamsburg — Craighead's Bend — Winchester — Fair Oaks — Memphis — Cross Keys — Port Republic — Seven Days' Battles ¦ — Baton Rouge 71 CHAPTER IV Second Bull Run — Richmond, Ky. — Chantilly — South Mountain — Harper's Ferry — Sharps- burg — Corinth — Hatchle Bridge — Perryville — Prairie Grove — Fredericksburg — Chicka saw Bluffs — Murfreesboro — Arkansas Post — Charleston — Port Gibson 100 CHAPTER V Chancellorsville — Champion's Hill — Big Black River — Vicksburg — Hoover's Gap — Donald- sonville — Gettysburg — Helena — Charleston . 131 7 8 CONTENTS CHAPTER VI page Chickamauga — Chattanooga — Mine Run — Tun nel HiU — Red River Campaign — Wilderness . 159 CHAPTER VII Rocky Face Ridge — Spotsylvania — Resaca — North Anna — Dallas — Cold Harbor — Pied mont — Petersburg — Lynchburg — Kenesaw Mountain — Deep Bottom — Monocacy — Peach Tree Creek — Atlanta — Ezra Church . . . 190 CHAPTER VIII Mobile Bay — Weldon Railroad — Jonesboro — Ope- quon — Fisher's Hill — Chaffin's Farm — Cedar Creek — Marais des Cygnes — Hatcher's Run — Spring Hill — Franklin — NashviUe. . . 219 CHAPTER IX Fort Fisher — Dabney's Mills — Bull's Bay Expedi tion — Averysboro — Bentonville — Fort Sted- man — Five Forks — Petersburg — • Selma — Sailor's Creek — Farmville — Mobile — Appo mattox — Capitulations of the Confederate Armies and Fleets 248 Alphabetical List of Southekn Officers Com manding Brigades, or Above ; Commanding a Vessel, or More, with Their Rank and Record, Showing Where They Fought; and Some Other Southerners Who Notably Aided the Federal Cause. The Rank Given is the Highest Held in Battle. Many Officers Received Promotion to Date from March 13th, 1865, and Other Dates, Who Ap pear Not to Have Been Engaged in Battle Thereafter, to Command Commensurately . . 275 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS CHAPTER I General View — Early Moves — Fort Sumter — Rang-- ING THE Combatants — Gaining Adherents — Baltimore — Camp Jackson — Western Virginia Campaign. The people of Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri who were not disposed to fight as Confederates were numerous enough to prevent their States from being used as supports of the Confederacy. These southern States did not need northern armies to overwhelm such Confederates as were their own citizens. As to them, the event did not assume the shape of an offensive movement of northem armies against the majority in opposition. The Maryland, Ken tucky and Missouri antagonists of the Confederates did the great part of the frustrating of their Confederate citi zens who struggled within these respective States, and in each helped fight those Confederates who entered the State from other southern States, and, furthermore, participated outside of their State in the contest against the Confed erates. To southern men recognition should be given that Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri were kept from the Con federates, and that northern armies were not worn battling to reclaim them. A great difference there would have been in the relative strength of the two combatants had the power of Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri been thrown to the Confederate side, and had northern armies met at their northern boundaries Confederate armies intent on dis- 9 10 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS puting every inch of the way, aided by all the govern mental power that the State administrations could exert. The Federal forces which essayed to occupy that part of Virginia which was formed later into the State of West Virginia were composed partly of soldiers from that region and Kentucky, and were not resisted by the western Vir ginia citizens generally. Virginians along the Ohio River did not rise to arms, a united people, to resist the Federal advance, and this left the way clear. A large part of the population of east Tennessee was against the Confederates. While the Confederates were in the majority, taking the State as a whole, they lost control early of much of the resourceful area elsewhere in the State, and were unable to draw strongly upon the lost area for troops. In the mountains of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama also were many men who did not side with the Confederates. In fact, the entire mountain region was permeated with disaffection to the Confederacy. Had it been a separate State, it would have been a large anti- Confederate State in the heart of the South. Treating Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland and the Dis trict of Columbia as southern, but not Delaware, there were 296,579 white soldiers from the South in the armies sup porting the United States. Besides these, there were 137,- 676 colored. Adding these, 434,255 is the total from the South. The District of Columbia and Delaware were both slave-holding. It is thought fair to include the District of Columbia, Maryland lying north of it being classed as southern, and- offset it by excluding Delaware for the pur pose herein. No Delaware officer's record Is given in this work. It may be surmised that there were as many as 200,000 men living in the North but born in the South, who fought the Confederates. The Confederates main tained each year around 400,000 soldiers actively engaged. Some of these were not southern men. The war brought altogether about 1,490,000 Federals into active service. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 11 All told, there were more than two million Federal troops, and around one million Confederate troops. Counting both white and colored, Louisiana furnished 29,276 Federal combatants, while Rhode Island furnished but 23,236 ; Virginia 37,791 and Minnesota 24,020 ; Mary land 46,638 and Vermont 33,288; Tennessee 51,225 and New Hampshire 33,937; Kentucky 75,760 and Connecti cut 55,864; Missouri 109,111 and Maine 70,107, Iowa 76,242, New Jersey 76,814, Michigan 87,364 and Wis consin 91,327. Thus there were more Federal combatants from Louisiana than from Minnesota or Rhode Island; more from Virginia, or Maryland, or Tennessee than from New Hampshire, or Vermont, or Minnesota, or Rhode Island; more from Kentucky than from Maine, or Con necticut, or New Hampshire, or Vermont, or Minnesota, or Rhode Island. Iowa was ahead of Kentucky less than five hundred and New Jersey only about a thousand. There were more from Missouri than from Wisconsin, or Michigan, or New Jersey, or Iowa, or Maine, or Connecti cut, or New Hampshire, or Vermont, or Minnesota, or Rhode Island. Over 100,000 of the Missourians were white. The eleven seceded States contained 5,240,250 white people in 1860. The unseceded slave States, Dela ware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri and West Virginia, contained 3,043,449 white people. In the following pages, the name of a State given after an officer's name is the State wherein he was bom. The main army in the west and the main army in the east were each commanded in battle by a southern man. George H. Thomas, Virginia, commanded the army in the west and John Pope, Kentucky, commanded the army in the east. .Thomas commanded the Military Division of the Missis sippi, and E. R. S. Canby, Kentucky, commanded the Military Division of West Mississippi. These commanded departments, some commanding successively different de partments: Robert Anderson, Kentucky, Department of Kentucky, of Tennessee and of Ohio. J. M. Brannan, 12 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS District of Columbia, commanded the Department of the South. E. R. S. Canby, Department of New Mexico. S. S. Carroll, District of Columbia, Department of West Virginia. J. C. Fremont, South Carolina, Western De partment, Mountain Department. Wm. S. Harney, Ten nessee, Department of the West. David Hunter, District of Columbia, Department of the West, of Kansas, and of the South. S. A. Hurlbut, South Carolina, Department of the Gulf. O. McK. MItchel, Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, and of the South. E. O. C. Ord, Maryland, Middle Department, Department of Virginia, and Depart ment of Virginia and North Carolina. J. McA. Palmer, Kentucky, Department of Kentucky. John Pope, Depart ment of the Northwest. J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky, De partment of Arkansas. George H. Thomas, Department of the Cumberland. Important armies other than the main army in the east and in the west were commanded by Thomas, Pope, Canby, Ord, Fremont, John A. McClernand, Kentucky, W. H. Emory, Maryland, Hunter, Wm. Nelson, Kentucky, B. M. Prentiss, Virginia, and J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky. Usually a corps was not greatly under and not greatly over twenty thousand men — not far differing from the number generally under the command of Jackson, Long- street, Polk, or Hardee of the Confederate armies. Twenty southern men commanded infantry corps, some commanding first one corps and then another. D. B. Bimey, Alabama, commanded the 10th, 3d and 2d; Francis P. Blair, Kentucky, 15th and 17th; Samuel P. Carter, Tennessee, 23d; Thos. L. Crittenden, Kentucky, 21st, 2d In the west; Emory, 19th; J. C. Fremont, 1st in the west; Wm. H. French, Maryland, 3d; G. W. Getty, District of Columbia, 6th; Wm. Hays, Virginia, 2d; Hurlbut, 16th ; R. W. Johnson, Kentucky, 14th ; McCler nand, 13th; MItchel, 10th; John Newton, Virginia, 1st; Ord, 13th, 8th, 18th and 24th; Palmer, 14th; J. L. Reno, Virginia, 9th ; Reynolds, 19th; Thomas, 14th; T. J. Wood, FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 13 Kentucky, 4th. Alfred Pleasanton, District of Columbia, commanded the cavalry corps of the main army In the east. Johnson was chief of cavalry, Military Division of Missis sippi, and Davidson, Virginia, of West of the Mississippi. Important expeditions or raids were under the command of Blair, Carter, MItchel, Reynolds and Lovell H. Rous seau, Kentucky. There were many southern generals of division. There were 160 southern Federals who commanded bri gades in battle, fighting with distinction, or are among the above, whose achievements are mentioned In the following pages. There were a number more who received promo tion to date from the closing months of the War, but have not been found to have fought in battle in their higher rank, and the attempt has been made to limit the record to service rank. About one-half of the southern gradu ates of West Point, numbering 162, took the Federal side. The total number of Confederate generals was 425. The Federal generals totaled 680: thus about one-fourth of the Federal generals were born in the South. There were a great many southern colonels, and a great many south- em officers of other inferior ranks, but their names and services are not mentioned herein. There were 4,000 com missioned officers from Kentucky In the Federal service. The Confederates started practically without a navy, and few naval officers could hope to get Into action early on that side. Naval officers were used to the dealings of the United States with foreign powers, as to which the scheme of government made the United States one, and their voyages around the world tended to give them more than a local affection. Three hundred and twenty-one southerners left the United States navy ; three hundred and fifty remained. Eighty naval commanders of southern birth who were actively engaged on the Federal side with distinction are herein chronicled. The officer who attained the highest rank in the navy — vice-admiral — was a southerner, Farragut, Tennessee. He commanded the 14 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS West Gulf Blockading Squadron, and on the Mississippi River and Its tributaries up to Vicksburg. Bell, North Carolina, also commanded the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. Goldsborough and S. P. Lee, Virginia, com manded the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, and Lee the Mississippi Squadron. C K. Strlbling, South Caro lina, commanded the East Gulf Blockading Squadron. The selection of the birthplace In fixing the status of an officer as southern will be understood. It Is practicable to find the record of the birthplaces of the various officers, whereas difficulties would be met with in searching to dis cover in what State each officer was living at the time the War began, or where each had spent most of his life, or the latitude of the birthplace Irrespective of State lines, or the nativity of his parents. Some of the officers men tioned were southern by birth only, but many officers not mentioned were bom south of the central latitude in States classed as northern, or were living in the South when the War began, or had lived there principally since their majority, or had a southern parent or parents, and It is submitted that the birthplace is not an unfair gauge. Even Grant, Sherman, Rosecrans and Burnside were identi fied or connected with the South in some of these other ways. The names of northern Federals are excluded to the end of this work. Thereby the reader is sure that every name he sees is that of a southern man. While everything to the credit of northern officers is excluded, anything to the discredit of any one of them is avoided. The southern men were not massed under southern com manders in separate armies. Southern officers planned and directed the movements of northern soldiers, and northern officers used southern troops. So It was In the navy. There were southern companies and regiments, and bri gades composed almost wholly of southern men. When the War started the United States had available a steam-fleet of thirty-four vessels. Nearly sixty iron clads were built by the United States during the War all FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 15 except three of the monitor type. Over one hundred ves sels were used on the Mississippi River and Its tributaries by the United States. The navy placed or supported the armies far down in the South, along the Coast or in the interior water-ways, saving the armies from having to guard lines of communication thence to the North. Most of the important victories were won by army and navy together or navy alone, and many times the armies were delivered by reaching or obtaining the protection of the navy. In Missouri, Francis P. Blair, Kentucky, began the for mation of military companies In January, 1861, to use them against secessionists. The name given them was " Home Guards." Secessionists were organized as minute men. United States troops had been sent Into St. Louis to protect the Assistant Treasury and other United States property on the day these two organizations began, Jan uary 11th, 1861. There were in St. Louis semi-military organizations called " Wide- Awakes," composed almost ex clusively of anti-slavery German blood. Blair converted these into Home Guards. To confront them, a brigade of Missouri state troops was in existence, about 580 men. A Union Safety Committee was formed in St. Louis. In the southern part of St. Louis, on the shore of the Mississippi River, was the United States arsenal, contain ing about 60,000 stand of arms and a large supply of munitions of war. The possession of these arms was of large consequence. Blair saw Abraham Lincoln before Lincoln left Springfield to be Inaugurated, and arranged for securing the arsenal. With Blair In close touch with the arsenal, Home Guards were organized, drilled and dis ciplined by United States officers. Winfield Scott, Vir ginia, was Commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States. Scott sent troops to the St. Louis arsenal Feb ruary 16th, 1861, from the Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis. To the courage, moderation and tact of Blair It was largely due that not one member of the Missouri Con- 16 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS vention elected Febmary 18th, 1861, would say he was in favor of the secession of Missouri. W. S. Harney, Ten nessee, was Commander of the Department of the West, with headquarters at St. Louis. Prior to Lincoln's Inauguration Scott caused to be or ganized the most reliable of the Washington volunteers, and called from a distance two batteries of horse artillery, with small detachments of cavalry and Infantry — all regulars. Joseph Holt, Kentucky, was Secretary of War during the months immediately preceding Lincoln's admin istration. March 4th, 1861, Abraham Lincoln, Kentucky, by virtue of his inauguration as President, became Commander-in- chief of the army and navy of the United States. Some military direction he exercised throughout the War. Eight out of fifteen slave-holding States did not choose to secede rather than face the consequences of having the Federal Government exercise its jurisdiction within them in a Lincoln republican administration, pending some ac tion thereof which might decide them otherwise. March 18th, 1861, Thomas H. Hicks, Maryland, Governor of Maryland, applied to Scott for arms and soldiers. If these should become necessary to put down belligerent Mary- landers. The last of March a revolution set In against F. P. Blair and his followers In St. Louis. Thornton A. Jenkins, Virginia, naval officer, with mili tary aid prevented the forts at Key West and Dry Tortu- gas, Fla., from falling into the hands of an expedition sent from New Orleans before the War was begun. He performed secret sei-vlce at the request of President Lin coln. Wm. H. French, Maryland, was in command at Key West from March 27th to November. Florida failed to take possession of Fort Pickens, on an Island commanding the entrance of Pensacola harbor, and South Carolina failed to take possession of Fort Sumter, on a shoal within the entrance of Charleston harbor. The FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 17 United States Government, before the War began, occu pied both forts, and thereby had part possession of each harbor. Henry Walke, Virginia, naval officer, commanded the Supply, and assisted in moving the garrison which took possession of Fort Pickens. This was a first step to ward gaining possession of Florida. The occupation of Fort Sumter was the occasion for the sequence that the Confederates were caused to fire the first shot of the War, which fact. In turn, was used to consolidate the people of the United States in support of the admin istration for the prosecution of the War. Montgomery C. Meigs, Georgia, Chief Engineer, planned, proposed, organized and conducted an expedition for throwing in reenforcements and mounting heavy guns at Fort Pickens. The Powhatan, W. W. Queen, District of Columbia, left New York for Fort Pickens April 6th, 1861, with the steamer Atlantic just ahead, carrying re spectively the artillery and troops. The Atlantic was chartered by Meigs. Robert Anderson, Kentucky, had removed his garrison of 64 men from Fort Moultrie on the mainland of Charles ton harbor to Fort Sumter, December 26th, 1860. Mont gomery Blair, Kentucky, Postmaster-General, interested President Lincoln in the idea of provisioning and reen- f orcing Fort Sumter. The two southern members of the Cabinet, he and Edward Bates, Virginia, Attorney-Gen eral, were the ones ^ho voted in favor of its reenforce- ment. Lincoln adopted the plan. The squadron of four vessels, with two tugs, left New York and Fortress Monroe from April 8th to 10th. Anderson was in command of Fort Sumter. Confederate scouts discovered the Pawnee and Harriet Lane outside Charleston Bar the evening of April 11th. The Baltic also arrived with 200 recruits. Anderson had informed the United States Government at Washington that his supplies would last till April 15th. Bombardment of Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor, S. C, April 12th and 13th, 1861. Two of the United States 18 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS vessels had cannon. The fourth arrived the afternoon of the 13th. Anderson withstood bombardment until about 3 p. M. of the 13th. Officers' quarters and barracks were set on fire the second day, and there was danger that the magazine would explode. He obtained terms permitting his men to march out on the 14th. They embarked, the Baltic taking him and his men away. Fort Pickens, April 12th. A company of 75 artillery men were landed by the Brooklyn, of the naval force al ready before Pensacola. W. P. McCann, Kentucky, re- enforced Fort Pickens, April 14th— 15th, 1861. The United States regular army was very small, 16,000 men. There were United States arsenals containing thou sands of guns and a good supply of ammunition in the most northerly of the southern States. It was of critical mo ment which side should seize them. The Federals had slight means to resist their seizure until armies could be created in the North and marched down, unless Federals should spring up in those southern States and contend for these munitions of war. The regulars were principally in the west, guarding the frontier against the Indians. April 15th, 1861, President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers, calling upon the govemor of each State desig nated for a certain number of men. The governors were, ex officio, commanders-in-chief of the army and navy of their respective States. Richard Yates, Kentucky, was govemor of Illinois un til 1865. He endorsed the call for troops, convened the Legislature In extra session immediately, and moved troops to the southern part of the State. The people of south- em Illinois declared they would never suffer a northem army to pass the southern boundary of Illinois for the pur pose of invading a southern State. Yates was active in raising volunteers. The aggregate from Illinois for the War was 259,147. Yates was relied on by President Lincoln. General Richard Oglesby, Kentucky, Incapaci tated by a wound, was governor of Illinois In 1865. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 19 Samuel J. Kirkwood, Maryland, was govemor of Iowa to 1864. He sent about fifty regiments to the War, most of them for three years. The result was that Iowa was one of the few States in which there was no draft. Alvin Saunders, Kentucky, was govemor of Nebraska Territory from 1861 to the end of the War. He raised 3,000 Federal troops. Frederick P. Stanton, Virginia, was govemor of Kansas Territory from the beginning of the War to June, 1861. He acted with wisdom and judgment. Abraham Rencher, North Carolina, was govemor of New Mexico Territory. Some Federal troops were raised in New Mexico. Rencher held the Territory against the Confederates, Henry S. Lane, Kentucky, carried Indiana for the Re publican ticket In 1860, and became governor of the State on January 11th, 1861, but served only four days. By an arrangement he became United States senator and the power of the State was thrown in favor of the Lincoln ad ministration. Thos. H. Hicks, Maryland, was govemor of Maryland to 1862. He had the Legislature meet in special session in the western part of the State, where the Federal sentiment was strong, on April 24th. Augustus W. Bradford, Mary land, succeeded him, continuing until 1865. He was a strong Federal. Upon Lee's entrance in 1862, he suc ceeded in bringing out Maryland volunteers. Upon Lee's entrance again In 1863, his call drew forth a number of troops for defense. Thos. Swann, Virginia, was gov ernor of Maryland from January, 1865. He supported the Federal administration. The governors then in office in Kentucky and Missouri were against an armed conflict with the Confederate States, and rejected the call for volunteers. Jas. F. Robinson, Kentucky, assumed the duties of governor of Kentucky In 1862, continuing till the fall of 1863. His conduct of affairs was in accord with the Federal administration. 20 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Thos. E. Bramlette, Kentucky, was governor from then till the close of the War. He had been a Federal army officer. Hamilton R. Gamble, Virginia, was governor of Mis souri, 1861-1864. He was one of the recognized leaders of the Federal movement In Missouri. When the State Convention declared the office of governor vacant, he was chosen provisional governor. He was confronted by grave problems. He was a good counselor of the administration at Washington. Federal General Thos. C. Fletcher, Mis souri, was govemor of Missouri in 1865. Francis H. Plerpont, Virginia, was governor of Federal Virginia from 1861 throughout the War. He was a pro nounced anti-slavery man and worked zealously for the Federals. Andrew Johnson, North Carolina, became military gov ernor of Tennessee in 1862. He raised 25 regiments for service in Tennessee. Andrew J. Hamilton, Alabama, was military govemor of Texas. In the early stages there was a struggle of mind against mind In Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, and to some extent in other southern States, between those for and against secession to throw the power of the State and range the majority of the people on the one side or the other. The anti-secessionists in all three States temporized, played for delay and urged a waiting policy. In Maryland the secessionists did not form a military force and battle with arms for the possession of the State Government. The anti-secessionists were not placed under the necessity of literally fighting for the State, and no secession army sprung up in Maryland to necessitate the employment of any army from the North to defeat it. This effort and expense were saved. The Maryland Fed erals went forth and joined the other Federal troops in the North or in the District of Columbia, and the Con- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 21 federates went South and joined the Confederate armies in stead of fighting in their own State. In Kentucky the State Government early requested that the armies of both sides should not enter the State, and the secessionists did not rise in arms and force those op posed to them to battle against them. Loosely organized companies of militia called Home Guards were created, hostile to the secessionists. In Louisville and other places when war impended. Many of these afterward became soldiers of the regular Federal armies, and others remain ing in the State did Important service. Militia were raised by the secessionists and named State Guards, but the drift of them was Into the Confederate armies outside the State. So there was not civil war In Kentucky between the Home Guards and State Guards. Occasional minor clashes oc curred directly between them. In Missouri existing bodies of " Wide-Awakes " were converted into " Home Guards " and other Home Guards were organized. The Governor, C. F. Jackson, sympa thizing with the Confederates, started collecting and or ganizing State troops to restrain Missourians from join ing the Federals, and to dissuade the Federal Government from camping Federals troops within the State, but an early reverse disarmed the Governor's chief force, and the Federals were able to gain the upper hand before the Gov emor could obtain arms and collect a sufficient force to de feat them. The Governor was deposed, and the power of the State Government was thereafter exerted through out the War against the Confederates. Thus the seces sionists were never possessed of the military power of the State from the beginning. So the Federals were never at the disadvantage of struggling to wrest It from them. The disadvantage was on the side of the Confederates, and they tried unsuccessfully through the War to take the authority from the Federals, Confederate armies from else where aiding the Missouri secessionists to make Incursions 22 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Into the State, and being resisted largely by Missouri Fed erals. Missouri Federals also did much fighting in other States. In the convention campaign F. P. Blair was the leader of the unconditional union party. He drew many men opposed to secession from the older parties by using this party name. In westem Virginia the anti-secessionists were strong enough to make of that section the new State of West Virginia. Westem Virginia citizens. In communication with the people beyond their western border, determined to resist eastem Virginia with their help, and together they expelled the Confederates. In Tennessee there was a strong Federal party at the outbreak of the War. When Gov. Harris was driven from Nashville In February, 1862, Andrew Johnson was ap pointed military govemor, and considerable of the power of the State was wielded In the Federal behalf. Arkansas was fairly divided between those in favor of and those opposed to secession in the early part of 1861. An ordinance of secession was passed May 6th, 1861. In October and November, 1863, delegates met at Fort Smith, Ark., to take steps to reorganize the State Government, and In January, 1864, a convention met at Little Rock and framed a constitution which was accepted by the people. In April, 1864, a Federal State Government was organized. J. A. McClernand, Kentucky, recruited a brigade. Jas. M. Shackelford, Kentucky, raised two Kentucky regiments. .Jas. S. Jackson, Kentucky, organized a cavalry regiment. Lovell H. Rousseau, Kentucky, raised two regiments. E. H. Hobson, Kentucky, organized a regiment. W. E. Woodruff, Kentucky, helped establish " Camp Clay," and raise two regiments. Camp Clay was just above Cincin nati. Robert Anderson, Kentucky, opened a recruiting office there for volunteers from Kentucky and westem Vir ginia. Two Kentucky regiments organized at Camp Clay were In westem Virginia In July, 1861, and fought in the western Virginia campaign. Louisville and immediate FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 23 vicinity furnished the principal part of seven Federal reg iments. The Federal armies took possession of Kentucky, and by 1862 the Confederate forces had evacuated the State. Including the Home Guards and those who enlisted but were never mustered in, Kentucky furnished more than 90,000 Federal troops, over 75,000 of them white, includ ing active Home Guards who did not serve outside the State. Two Kentucky regiments were engaged at Mill Springs; fourteen at Shiloh; eight at Perryville; thirteen at Mur freesboro ; nine in the east Tennessee expedition of 1863 ; fifteen at Chickamauga; eleven at Missionary Ridge, and more than thirty in the Atlanta campaign. Jas. Cooper, Maryland, took command of Maryland vol unteers and organized them into regiments. He was in command of Camp Chase. George VIckers, Maryland, be came Major General of State Militia. A. W. Denison, Maryland, recruited a regiment. S. H. Boyd, Tennessee, raised a Missouri regiment. Thos. C. Fletcher, Missouri, recruited a Missouri regiment and organized two more Missouri regiments. There were thirty-seven Missouri regiments in the Federal armies. In Indiana Thos. J. Wood, Kentucky, organized, equipped, mustered into service and sent into the field 40,000 volunteers from April to October, 1861. T. A. Morris, Kentucky, was appointed Quartermaster General of Indiana and had charge of the equipment of Indiana's first regiments. As General, he commanded the first brigade of troops who went from that State. W. P. Benton, Mary land, organized the first company offered by Indiana. J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky, was in command of Camp Morton, Indianapolis, April to May, 1861. J. McA. Palmer, Kentucky, organized a regiment In Illinois. Wm. Vandever, Maryland, organized a regiment In Iowa and led It to the field. Alfred Pleasanton, District of Columbia, was engaged in organizing volunteers at Wilmington, Del., in April, 1861. 24 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Augustus J. Pleasanton, District of Columbia, Brigadier General Pennsylvania militia, organized and commanded a Home Guard of 10,000 men for the defense of Philadelphia. Fremont was in Europe when the War began. He bought a large supply of arms in France. Gabriel R. Paul, Missouri, did good service in keeping Confederates out of New Mexico, in' the operations there in 1861-62. At first, troops of the northem States west of Pennsyl vania were not concentrated there in armies for offensive and defensive operations against the Confederate States lying directly to the south of them. They were generally sent east for the protection of Washington. Then Scott planned a movement down the Mississippi River. This was made the following year, but present movements were directed against Virginia. Kentucky, Missouri, West Vir ginia and Maryland were buffers, saving the North the ne cessity of posting large armies at strategic points to the north of them along their frontier, as well as relieving the North from furnishing the armies of men which would have been necessary for the conquest of these four States, had their people been unitedly hostile, and enabling the Fed erals readily to put armies along their southern rather than their northern boundaries for offensive operations against the States further south. Many Tennessee Federals early moved north Into Kentucky and some Arkansas Federals joined In Missouri the Federals there, helping Kentucky and Missouri to form their line along their southern borders. Alvan C. Gillem, Tennessee, was engaged In the defense of Fort Taylor, Key West, Fla., from the beginning of the War to October, 1861. Bennett H. Hill, District of Co lumbia, commanded at Key West, 1861—62. Chas. M. Thruston, Kentucky, was engaged in guarding the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 1861-62. The call upon Maryland for volunteers, April 15th was for four regiments of Infantry. Gov. Hicks was assured that they were not to be taken out of Maryland except for FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 25 the defense of the District of Columbia. He assured the people that no troops would pass through Maryland except for the defense of Washington. The Atlantic arrived off Fort Pickens April 16th. Wm. S. Harney, Tennessee, commanding the Department of the West, which embraced all the country lying between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, except Texas, New Mexico and Utah, as then constituted, re ported to Winfield Scott, April 16th, that It appeared Gov ernor Jackson, of Missouri, Intended erecting batteries on hills commanding the St. Louis arsenal. Govemor Jack son planned thereby to capture the arsenal and obtain its arms. Harney, apprised of the danger of the capture of the Fort Leavenworth arsenal, ordered Infantry and artillery from several of the western forts to march there with the least delay. J. L. Reno, Virginia, was in command of that arsenal from the beginning of the War to December 6th, 1861. The Powhatan, W. W. Queen commanding, arrived off Fort. Pickens April 17th. Montgomery C. Meigs was al ready there. 600 soldiers were lodged in the Fort with provisions and artillery and other munitions of war that night. Other reenforcements were sent afterward. April 17th, Francis P. Blair returned to St. Louis from Washington. He had procured from the War Department an order placing 5,000 stand of arms at disposal for arm ing the Missouri Home Guards, If necessary. He raised a regiment In Missouri within ten days from the Issue of the President's call. He hastened the recruitment of three ad ditional regiments, and he obtained from his brother, Post master-General Montgomery Blair, Kentucky, orders which facilitated the use of the arsenal for his designs. Chas. Gibson, Virginia, called a mass-meeting at St. Louis. He wrote to Washington urging removal of mu nitions of war from St. Louis to Illinois. The Virginia Convention passed an ordinance of seces- 26 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS sion in secret session the night of April 17th. 55 members voted against It ; 88 for It. Anti-secession members of the Convention from westem Virginia retumed home via Wash ington, and the action of the Virginia Convention became known to the Federal Government. April 18th, a Union meeting was held in Louisville, Ky. Roger Jones, District of Columbia, on duty at the Harper's Ferry arsenal, destroyed It with 20,000 stand of arms when Virginia troops came to seize it, and evacuated Harper's Ferry the night of April 18th. John C. TIdball, Virginia, was engaged in the defense of Fort Pickens from April 19th to July 3d, 1861. April 19th, Federal volunteers from the North passing through Baltimore were stoned by citizens. Soldiers fired on the citizens. Mayor Brown, of Baltimore, marched at the head of the troops to stop the attack. Gov. Hicks called out the local military companies with the same object. Bridges on railroads from Baltimore to the North were burnt that night. Scott was charged with the protection of Washington. Washington was cut off from the North for a week. Cas- sius M. Clay, Kentucky, had enrolled there, quickly and dis creetly, a volunteer force of Federals called the Clay bat talion. Under Scott, a small force of regulars and this battalion commanded by Clay stood guard and constituted the defensive force at Washington until the arrival of the first northern troops, April 25th. The battalion proved a moral force. Afterward Clay, as Minister to Russia, was Influential in the determination of Russia's stand In favor of the United States Government. David Hunter, Dis trict of Columbia, had the duty of protecting President Lincoln's house and person early in the War. Some 200 unorganized men, during the night of April 20th, 1861, crossed the Missouri River at Sibley, joined a company on the north bank, and seized from the United States garrison the Liberty, Mo., arsenal, obtaining a large store of arms and ammunition. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 27 Chas. Steedman, South Carolina, naval officer, conveyed a regiment from Havre de Grace to Annapolis, Md. There was little opposition by the Annapolis authorities, April 20th— 21st, to the landing there of the troops from the North. The fact that Gov. Hicks did not call out the militia to prevent the landing was encouraging. Norfolk, Va., with the navy yard across the river, was evacuated by the Federals the night of April 20th. The navy yard and a number of vessels were set afire. John H. Russell, naval officer, was instrumental In removing vessels from the yard, preventing them from falling Into Confederate hands. Governor Yates sent troops to Cairo April 21st. Harney was relieved of command April 21st. April 21st, Geo. H. Thomas, Virginia, with four com panies of his regiment, dispersed Marylanders who threat ened to tear up tracks of the Pennsylvania Northem Cen tral Railroad. At Clarksburg, westem Virginia, April 22d, an assem bly of delegates of people of western Virginia was called to meet at Wheeling May 13th. Up to April 22d Gov. Hicks had refrained from as sembling the Maryland Legislature. It appeared they would have taken action looking toward secession, or other action which would have been troublesome to the Federal Government. He now issued a summons for the assembling of the Legislature at Annapolis April 26th, feeling that he would lose power If he refused longer. Federal troops took possession of the railroad west from Annapolis. Later, he changed the meeting-place of the Legislature to Frederick — a strong anti-secession locality. They met April 24th. His message to the Legislature when they assembled tem porized. A change In feelings expressed by Baltimore peo ple was perceptible in about a week after the attack upon the troops. The Maryland Senate adopted resolutions styled " Address to the People of Maryland," stating that the Legislature did not have the right to pass an act of 28 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS secession. The Legislature voted against a convention. Chas. Steedman, South Carolina, kept open railroad com munication with the North from Washington. 21,000 arms from the St. Louis arsenal were taken to Springfield, 111., April 26th. At Kansas City, Mo., anti- Federals seized arms and ammunition destined to Fort Union, N. M. April 27th, President Lincoln. formally empowered Scott to suspend the writ of habeas corpus anywhere In or in the vicinity of any military line between Washington and Philadelphia. Hicks asked Scott to send a detachment of troops to Frederick. He also acted to have troops In Pennsylvania sent there. Wm. Nelson, Kentucky, naval officer, on ordnance duty at Washington when the War started, planned the bring ing of United States muskets Into Kentucky in April. He arranged for a secret meeting of prominent Kentucky Fed erals at Frankfort, Ky., which occurred in the latter part of April. Men were designated to distribute arms to be obtained from the Government in Washington. Gov. Jackson, Missouri, had ordered that the militia be assembled, each within its own district, on May 3d, to go Into encampment for six days. This order authorized Gen. Frost, In command of the State brigade, to establish his camp wherever he pleased within the City or County of St. Louis. The Govemor and his associates hoped that this would place a sufficient force within reach of the arsenal to seize it, without disclosing that this was the secret design of the movement. However, the knowledge which the Fed erals had, and their aims, caused them to transfer the sur plus arms from St. Louis to Illinois on April 26th. Vol unteers had been armed and the regulars had theirs. There were then more than 500 regulars and 5,000 well- armed volunteers of St. Louis on the Federal side. Re moval of the arms from the arsenal had taken away the motive which caused the Govemor to order the militia into camp at St. Louis. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 29 May 2d the Missouri General Assembly met. May 4th Winfield Scott ordered that Relay, a few miles from Baltimore, be taken possession of, by Federal troops, which was done the next day. The State brigade went into camp in the westem part of St. Louis May 6th. The camp was named Camp Jackson. Besides the brigade of 700 men, a number of men had come from all quarters of Missouri. Capt. Kelly's company was detached and ordered to Jefferson City, the Missouri Capital, leaving about 630 men. F. P. Blair and others had organized over 6,000 Missouri troops. Blair was in- fonned that the Confederates had sent arms and ammu nition for the State brigade from Louisiana to St. Louis. May 6th, 1861, Tennessee and Arkansas passed ordi nances of secession. The Federals lost the arsenal at Lit tle Rock. The night of May 8th the arms, etc., from Baton Rouge, La., for Gov. Jackson's men arrived at St. Louis. May 10th, 1861, the regulars and Blair, with the vol unteers, marched against Camp Jackson; Blair, Benj. G. Brown, Kentucky, and other leading Missourians having co operated in making arrangements. Brown was in the march. The State brigade, with others, making 1,500 men, surrendered to the 500 regulars and 3,500 Missouri volunteers. The captives were released on parole the next night. There were ten regiments of Home Guards and Missouri volunteers which had been organized. They fired upon citizens in the streets of St. Louis who were taunting them, killing 28. War measures were at once, May 10th, adopted by the Missouri General Assembly. May 11th a shot was fired into the ranks of a regiment of Home Guards marching in the City of St. Louis, and it fired a volley at the crowd. Several citizens were killed. Home Guards terrified the city. Gen. Harney resumed command that day, and resolved to keep Missouri on the Federal side. He took military possession of St. Louis, stationing troops at all important points. 30 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Wm. Nelson, Kentucky, saw President Lincoln early in May, 1861, and told him he must furnish arms to Ken- tuckians, or. In the end, fight for the restoration of the State. He laid before the President his plan for furnish ing arms to the Kentucky Federals. The President ap proved his plan, and agreed to furnish him 5,000 muskets to be distributed in Kentucky. He authorized Nelson to distribute guns to Federals of east Tennessee also. The guns were shipped from Washington to Cincinnati. Nelson went to Cincinnati and forwarded some to Jeffersonville, Ind., opposite Louisville. He went to Louisville. Ar rangements were made for orders to be given for the guns by men in different localities of Kentucky. 1,200 guns were assigned to Louisville, and were brought there and issued to the Louisville Home Guards. Home Guards were formed In various localities, as soon as It was learned that there were arms for them. Guns were sent to Paris, Lex ington, Maysville, Danville and other places in Kentucky. By the exercise of Ingenuity they were distributed safely. A committee from western Virginia went to Washington to procure arms and ammunition. 2,000 minie rifles with suitable ammunition were obtained. They were brought to Wellsburg, Va., May 8th, 1861, and were distributed after ward from Wheeling, western Virginia. First Wheeling Assemblage. — A mass-meeting of a large number of Federals, nearly 400 delegates, from western Virginia was held at Wheeling May 13th, which arranged for the calling of a convention, and appointed a Central Committee to contest the authority of the secessionists and support the Federal Government. The Central Committee worked vigorously. A blockade of the Mississippi River at Cairo was es tablished May 13th. The night of May 13th Baltimore was put practically under martial law by the Federals. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 31 Henry L. Scott, North Carolina, was appointed Inspec tor General of the United States Army May 14th. May 14th Gov. Hicks Issued a call for four regiments to make up Maryland's quota called for by President Lincoln. The offer was refused by the Administration. Volunteers were obtained. Gov. Hicks collected arms and turned them over to the United States Government. The Maryland Legislature were to have reassembled May 14th. The military bill passed by the Missouri Legislature upon the capture of Camp Jackson put the military force of the State under the command of the Govemor, and the officers and men were required to take an oath to obey him alone. Harney, in a proclamation of May 14th to the people of Missouri, denounced the military act, characterizing It as indirect secession and unconstitutional. May 15th the 1st Virginia Federal Infantry regiment was mustered In on Wheeling Island. Montgomery C. Meigs, Georgia, Quartermaster General U. S. Army, directed the equipping and supplying of the armies in the field from May 15th, 1861, to the end of the War. Kentucky Act of Neutrality, May 16th. R. T. Jacob, Kentucky, resisted with boldness and efficiency the effort to have Kentucky secede. May 17th citizens of Louisville formed the " Union Club," which helped determine the stand of Kentucky. This was during the extra Kentucky legislative session of May. A Federal municipal ticket was elected in Louisville, May 17th. The magazine containing the ammunition be longing to the State was under the control of S. B. Buck- ner, anti-Federal, but the new mayor of Louisville de manded the keys, and, backed by the Louisville Home Guards, armed from Washington, enforced the surrender of them. Subsequently the Louisville State Guard were despoiled of their arms by the mayor's order. B. M. Prentiss, Virginia, was placed In command of 32 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Cairo, 111., May 17th. By that time there were about 5,000 Federals there. He organized camps of instruction there. The camp was named " Camp Defiance." He strengthened the post. May 17th Harney telegraphed to Winfield Scott for 10,000 stand of arms for Issue to Federal Missourians In other counties than the County of St. Louis. The Missouri Legislature divided the State into eight military districts, the Governor to appoint a brigadier gen eral to command each, and a major general to command the entire force when called Into active service. May 18th Sterling Price was appointed the major gen eral of the Missouri State force. By that date more than 1,000 volunteers for Gov. Jackson's campaign had gathered at Jefferson City. State Guards were now organized. May 20th, 1861, North Carolina seceded. Magoffin, as Govemor of Kentucky, Issued a proclama tion on May 20th warning the people of the State from taking any part in hostilities on either side, and forbidding both the United States and the Confederate governments from undertaking any occupation of Kentucky territory, and from Invading her soil with a hostile force. An agreement, which came to be called the Price-Harney Peace Agreement, was made between them May 21st. The Missouri State forces were to abstain from fighting the Fed eral Government, and the Federal Government was. In turn, to make no war-like move against the State. Blair's brother-in-law, sent by him, reached Washington May 16th, and persuaded President Lincoln to make an order reliev ing Harney from command of the Department of the West, the weight of Harney's name and Influence having had their force, and extreme measures being now desired. The or der was sent to Blair, to be delivered by him to Harney as and when his discretion decided. An address from the Wheeling mass-meeting was issued to the people of northwestern Virginia May 22d, and separation of westem from eastem Virginia was voted for. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 33 May 23d Virginia ratified at the polls the ordinance of secession. The Federal Virginians, besides voting against it, elected at the same time members of the General As sembly and of Congress. May 24th the Kentucky Legislature passed an act for the arming of the State. For that purpose a " military board " was created. A majority of this board was against the secessionists. It was authorized to borrow money for the purchase of arms for the Home Guards and State Guards, but the law required that the soldiers should take an oath of fidelity to the Constitution of the United States. The Legislature took no pronounced action. The members were too nearly equally divided to take any radical step. The Governor was greatly disappointed. Campaigns against Virginia. An army crossed the Potomac River at Washington and advanced by stages un til it reached Bull Run. Another moved south a short dis tance in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Troops reached Fortress Monroe, Virginia, by water, and started a move on the Peninsula. A forward move was made from the Ohio River into the interior of westem Virginia. In east ern Virginia the object was to defeat the Confederate force Interposed between the Federal forces and Richmond, the Capital of the Confederacy, and enter that city, and the immediate defensive was the protection of Washington, the Capital of the United States. Federal forces crossed into Virginia May 24th and en camped opposite Washington. A detachment set foot upon the east bank of the Ohio River in westem Virginia May 26th. May 27th Federals advanced simultaneously from Wheel ing and Parkersburg, clearing northwestern Virginia of Confederates, and leaving the anti-secession people there free to organize. Part of a regiment which had been or ganized in westem Virginia took cars at Wheeling for Grafton May 27th. 34 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS May 28th the " Department of Kentucky " was created, with Robert Anderson, Kentucky, in command, headquar ters Cincinnati. John Newton, Virginia, was Chief Engineer Department of Pennsylvania, May 29th to July 23d, 1861, accom panying the army In the Valley of Virginia. The advance reached Grafton May 30th. It was sent to drive off the Confederates and protect the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, they having burned some bridges on it. Thos. A. Morris, Kentucky, had been placed In command of all troops in western Virginia. Jacob Ammen, Vir ginia, and Durbin Ward, Kentucky, were among those en gaged in the westem Virginia campaign. W. H. Emory, Maryland, had concentrated troops of four forts at Arbuckle, Indian Territory, and safely reached Fort Leavenworth, Kan., May 31st. E. R. S. Canby, Kentucky, was made acting brigadier general of United States forces In New Mexico In May, 1861. Fremont retumed from Europe in May. He is among those given some of the credit for the creation of iron clads to be used on the Mississippi River. Attorney-Gen eral Bates, Virginia, pointed out the necessity of creating a naval force In the west to get possession of the tributaries of the Mississippi River, then of the Mississippi Itself. The first step In the creation of a Mississippi flotilla was taken in May, 1861, by John Rodgers, naval officer, Mary land, In purchasing the Conestoga, Lexington and Tyler and converting them at Cincinnati into wooden gunboats. R. N. Stembel, Maryland, naval officer, helped alter, equip and man them. Chas. Steedman, South Carolina, and A. H. Kilty, Maryland, naval officers, assisted In organ izing naval forces that operated on the Mississippi In gun boats. John A. WInslow, North Carolina, naval officer, helped construct the Mississippi flotilla and took two divi sions down to Cairo. W. D. Porter, Louisiana, naval officer, helped fit out the gunboat fleet. He designed and FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 35 superintended the constmctlon of the gunboats Fort Henry and Choctaw. Mound City, near Cairo, garrisoned by Yates, Govemor of Illinois, was made a naval depot. At the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, Cairo was an important point, and the naval depot was a large factor in operations. A. M. Pennock, Virginia, naval officer, was placed In command at Cairo. He had charge of It, with the naval station and yard, through the War. He was fleet captain of the Mississippi Squadron. The side holding the Mississippi could cut to the heart of the other. Harney relinquished command of the Department of the West May 30th. Blair wrote the President May 30th out lining a plan for the President to authorize the enlistment in Missouri of a sufficient number of troops to hold Jeffer son City, Lexington, St. Joseph, Hannibal, Macon City, Springfield and other points, and to order the United States troops at Fort Leavenworth, and the regiments that were being raised in Kansas, to cooperate In resisting any incur sion into the State from the southwest. The leaders on the other side were represented as being Intimidated by the blow struck at Camp Jackson. His plan embraced opera tions against the Confederates from the Arkansas line, also to the Gulf along the west shore of the Mississippi. Orders conformably were instantly given by President Lin coln, and a considerable force, fully 10,000 of them Mis souri troops, was available early In June, well organized, armed and equipped for active service. There were then 10,000 at St. Louis, and several thousand Home Guards In different parts of the State, generally well armed and equipped. A thousand regulars were at Fort Leavenworth. Against all, Govemor Jackson had only a thousand par tially organized troops, and most of these were armed with shotguns and rifles. June 1st, Action of Fairfax C. H., Va. Chas. H. Tompkins, Virginia, made a striking attack on a Confed erate force and gained a victory. He had two horses shot 36 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS under him, the second falling and severely injuring him. This cavalry success was the first of the War. George H. Thomas, Virginia, was employed in opera tions In the Shenandoah Valley, June 1st to August 6th, 1861. L. H. Rousseau, Kentucky, went to Washington in June. He was invested with authority to raise two regiments or a brigade. He proposed and established " Camp Joe Holt," between Jeffersonville and New Albany, opposite Louisville, recruiting from Kentucky. Action of PhlHppI, western Virginia, June 3d. T. A, Morris, Kentucky, adopted a plan of sending two columns by night to reach PhilippI from different directions. The Confederates were surprised and routed. June 4th the election for delegates to the westem Vir ginia Convention was held. June 5th 5,000 more guns from President Lincoln were issued to the Kentuckians and the distribution proceeded. That day B. M. Prentiss, Virginia, broke up an anti- Federal camp, five miles inland from Cairo, 111. During the summer and fall of 1861 O. McK. MItchel, Kentucky, was in command at Cincinnati. June 8th Tennessee declared herself out of the Union by popular vote. East Tennessee voted against secession more than two to one. June 11th the Convention met at Wheeling. Its mem bership embraced, besides delegates, the Federal members of the General Assembly. June 11th Gov. Jackson and General Sterling Price had a conference at St. Louis to which F. P. Blair was a party. Not peace, but war in Missouri was the outcome. Gov, Jackson Issued a proclamation June 12th calling the peo ple of Missouri to arms. Orders were issued that day to the commanding officers of the several military districts to immediately assemble all of their available men for in stant service In the field against the Federals. Gov. Jack son learned the 13th that Federal troops were embarking FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 37 at St. Louis with the evident Intention of moving up the Mississippi River against Jefferson City, situated on Its south bank. The Governor and others steamed to Boone- vllle that night. Federal troops began moving on the 13th by land from St. Louis toward Springfield, mostly Mis sourians, in addition to the Missouri volunteers with some regulars who moved by river from St. Louis that day, arriving at the Missouri Capital, Jefferson City, on the 15th, and taking possession. About 1,700 Federals pro ceeded towards Booneville June 16th. Action of Booneville, Mo., June 17th, 1861. The Mis souri volunteers were commanded by F. P. Blair, Kentucky. Marmaduke was encountered, whose orders were to delay the Federals, while other troops of his side united. Marmaduke's force was dispersed when he attempted to fall back in the presence of the Federals, under Gov. Jackson's orders. The disarming of the State forces at Camp Jack son had given the Federals St. Louis and all the adjacent counties. The advance upon the Missouri Capital had caused the State Government to evacuate It, losing prestige and much authority. After Booneville, the State forces had to give up the line of the Missouri and retire to the southern part of the State, the Federals gaining the power to call into their service part of the men In the region between. Blair, finding that Missouri had been detached from the Department of the West, went to Washington and secured the organization of " The Western Department," under J. C. Fremont, with headquarters at St. Louis, the Depart ment consisting of Illinois, Missouri, and all the other States and territories lying between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. June 17th the westem Virginia Convention declared all Virginia State offices held by secessionists vacant, and as sumed to fill them with Federals, forming a new govern ment, and convened a Legislature at Wheeling. June 17th M. C. Meigs, Georgia, Quartermaster Gen- 38 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS eral. Issued proposals for building Mississippi Iron-clads. The Wheeling Convention appointed Francis H. Pier- pont provisional governor of Federal Virginia June 20th. In Kentucky at the election for members of Congress June 20th It was made clear that Kentucky was lost to the Confederates. An eastem Tennessee Union convention at Greeneville declared Its opposition to the Confederate Government June 21st. President Lincoln recognized the new Government of Virginia June 26th. Thos. T. Craven, District of Columbia, succeeded to the command of the Potomac River flotilla June 27th. Con federates maintained a blockade of the Potomac until March, 1862, when they retired to the line of the Rappa hannock River. W. P. McCann, Kentucky, landed additional reenforce ments at Fort Pickens In June. M. C. Meigs contracted for the Government in July for the building of a number of iron-clad gunboats for the westem waters. J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky, was in command of the Cheat Mountain District of Virginia from July to December, 1861. A Federal Virginia Legislature was elected and met at Wheeling July 1st. Two United States senators were elected by it. Wm. Nelson, Kentucky, had commenced the enrollment of troops in central Kentucky. He took the first steps to establish Camp Dick Robinson July 2d. Nelson organ ized two camps and raised regiments. Action of Falling Waters, Va., July 2d. T. J. Jackson met the Federal advance under George H. Thomas, Virginia. Besides observing, he delayed it with artillerv. Thomas moved to the attack and Jackson retired his small force. John Newton, Virginia; R. W. Johnson, Kentucky, and J. J. Abercromble, Tennessee, were among the Federals FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 39 engaged. Thomas, In command of a brigade, led the ad vance of the army towards Winchester, skirmishing at Martlnsburg, Va., July 3d. Carthage, or Dry Forks, Mo., July 5th. This engage ment was nine miles north of Carthage. The retreat of Gov. Jackson's force had been Intercepted by the troops sent by land from St. Louis, who attacked Gov. Jackson. His superior numbers spread around both Federal flanks, and the Federals thereupon retreated. At Neosho, Mo., July 5th, McCuUoch, marching to the relief of Gov. Jackson, captured a company which the Federals had left there. The Federal force from Boone ville had been close after Jackson. They had left Booneville July 3d, with a much superior force. They followed Jackson until they leamed of his victory, when they turned toward Springfield to the aid of their retreat ing comrades. Fremont was put in charge of the Western Department July 6th. July 9th, 1861, the two Kentucky regiments at Camp Clay embarked on steamers for westem Virginia. T. A. Morris, Kentucky, commanding at the skirmish with the Confederates at Laurel Hill, or Laurel Moun tain, western Virginia, pursued them thence July 9th. Combat of Rich Mountain, western Virginia, July 11th. Morris was ordered to march from PhilippI to a position one and a half miles In front of Gamett's principal camp, which was promptly done. A westem Virginia citizen gave Information of a road whereby the Confederate left flank could be turned, and about 2,000 men were moved to do so. A detachment of about 350 Confederates, how ever, was found guarding the road at the mountain summit, which opened fire when the Federals approached. The detachment was forced from its first position, but with reenforcements made a show of resistance on the crest farther on. About half of Pegram's Confederates re treated southward during the night. The force remaining 40 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS with Pegram divided, and Pegram surrendered 555 men, it being thought that the region would not afford food enough for his men to make their way east over the mountains and across the wlldemess. He had attempted to join Gamett until this was found Impracticable. The Confederates who had retreated southwardly made good their escape. Gar- nett, with the main Confederate force, retreated from Laurel Mountain over Cheat Mountain and northwardly. Morris leamed of Gamett's retreat at dawn and started in pursuit. Wm. P. Benton, Maryland, fought bravely and Durbin Ward, Kentucky, was engaged In this combat. Combat of Carrlck's Ford, westem Virginia, July 13th. Morris came up with and struck Gamett at Carrlck's Ford. Gamett was killed at a ford a mile or two farther on, in a skirmish with Morris' troops. His men were not inter cepted in their further retreat east. George H. Thomas, Virginia, drove in outlying forces at Bunker Hill, July 15th. July 15th, 1861, Nelson and other Kentuckians started to establish a camp in the center of the State, " Camp Dick Robinson." This is interesting as the genesis of the Army of the Ohio, soon becoming the Army of the Cumberland. Nelson was made lieutenant commander July 16th and assigned to the command of gunboats patrolling the Ohio River. The army near Washington marched toward Bull Run July 16th. Winfield Scott was unable to take the field, having been unable to walk without assistance for over two years, but he directed the movements In the advance. General Morgan dispersed Home Guards at Cynthlana July 17th. Green C. Smith, Kentucky, caused him to re treat southward. John Pope, Kentucky, was In command of the District of northem Missouri, July 17th to October, 1861. Action of Blackburn's Ford, July 18th. Barton S. Alexander, Kentucky, was engineer officer of the troops engaged. The Federals engaged fell back to Centreville. CHAPTER II Bull Run — Wilson's Cheek — Hatteras Inlet — Bel mont — ¦ Port Royal — Mill Springs — Fort Henry — Roanoke Island — Fort Donelson — Pea Ridge — First Iron-Clad Battle — New Madrid — New Bern — Kerns town. Battle of First Bull Run, or Manassas, July 21st, 1861. J. E. Johnston and one of his brigades had reached the field from the Valley of Virginia the morning of the 20th. The Confederates faced north and were massing on their right to strike the Federal left flank. The Federals turned the Confederate left flank, David Hunter, District of Columbia, leading the flanking force with his division, which started the battle. He was severely wounded very early in the action. The Federals gained ground, but by noon Johnston's army was united with Beauregard's and the Federals were routed. John W. Barrlger, Kentucky, was brave ; J. R. Hawley, North Carolina, showed good conduct. Barton S. Alexander, Kentucky ; W. A. Gor man, Kentucky, and Guy V. Henry, Indian Territory, were engaged. M. C. Meigs, Georgia, was present. D. S. Miles, Maryland, commanded the reserve division at Cen treville. John C. TIdball, Virginia, was engaged. Tompkins, Louisville Chief of the " Knights of the Golden Circle," a secret anti-Federal organization, was killed when just about to seize Louisville following the Bull Run rout. The Missouri State Convention met at Jefferson City July 22d. It deposed Gov. Jackson, vacated the seats of members of the General Assembly, and established a State Government antagonistic to the Confederates, using all Its powers to crush them. The holding of Springfield by the 41 42 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS army enabled this. A proclamation was Issued by the Fed erals, promising not to molest any man who had taken up arms against the Federal Government, If he would retum to his home and remain there quietly, which kept thousands of men out of the State Guard. John C. Tidball, Virginia, was engaged on the defenses of Washington July 23d, 1861, to March 10th, 1862. Fremont reached St. Louis July 25th and assumed com mand. He declared martial law In Missouri. John Newton, Virginia, was Chief Engineer, Department of the Shenandoah, July 25th to August 26th. H. R. Gamble, Virginia, was elected provisional gov ernor of Missouri by the Missouri Convention July 31st. One of his first Important public acts was to obtain from President Lincoln authority to raise a special force of State militia, to be employed only in defense of the State, but to be paid, equipped and supplied by the United States. Fremont reenforced Cairo against a threatened Confed erate attack. August 1st, 1861, the Federals at Springfield, Mo., learned that their antagonists were marching against them. They moved from Springfield, with some prospect of strik ing the three Confederate columns in detail. At Dug Springs, Mo., August 2d McCuUoch's advance force was struck and put to flight. The Federals returned to Springfield later, fearing for their communications. Confederates and State troops followed. A large majority of the Kentucky Legislature elected August 5th were against secession. The day after the election recruits began to arrive at Camp Dick Robinson. Volunteers flocked there from different parts of Kentucky, many from the mountains, and large numbers from east Tennessee. Gov. Magoffin wrote President Lincoln, de claring the neutrality of Kentucky, and urging removal of the forces from the State. Lincoln refused, on the ground that the troops were Kentuckians and were not menacing their fellow citizens. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 43 Nelson gave orders and sent men from Camp Dick Robin son to Lexington which, with Lexington Home Guards, thwarted the purpose of the State Guards to seize their arms en route to Camp Dick Robinson. B. M. Prentiss, Virginia, occupied Cape Girardeau, Pilot Knob and Ironton to prevent them from falling into the hands of Hardee. The western Virginia Convention reassembled August 6th. Battle of Wilson's Creek, Oak Hills or Springfield, Mo., August 10th. A portion, nearly all Missourians, of the Federal army marched to turn the right flank of the Con federate army, the Confederates facing east, while the main body moved to turn the left flank the p. m. of August 9th, which was accomplished. The Confederate right also was successfully turned. Both Federal bodies attacked the Confederates. The Confederates formed a line opposing the attack from the north. Confederate troops east of the creek were moved to support both parts of the field. Confederates then attacked the body on their right flank, routing It. The main Federal body was repulsed and re treated. R. H. Welghtman, Maryland, was killed while commanding a brigade. The Confederates were superior In numbers. The Federal army retreated to Rolla, Mo., reaching there August 17th. The Federals lost 1,317 in the battle and the Confederates 1,230. Citizens of Maryland had formed an anti-secession party. It authorized a State convention for August 15th. August 15th Robert Anderson's command was extended to embrace Kentucky and Tennessee, under the title, " De partment of the Cumberland." August 20th the Federal Virginia Convention passed an ordinance authorizing the creation Of a new State in the westem part of Virginia, provided the people thereof voted in favor of it. The ordinance provided for an election of delegates to meet at Wheeling Nov. 26th, 1861, to frame a constitution for the proposed State. 44 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Campaigns by Water down the Atlantic Coast. Hat teras Inlet, guarded on either side by Forts Hatteras and Clark, was the entrance to Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, North Carolina, rivers flowing eastward from the center of the State Into them. Cities and towns were situated along these rivers and sounds, and commerce with foreign coun tries could be carried on through Hatteras Inlet. An ex pedition against Forts Hatteras and Clark left Hampton Roads August 20th. The need of a naval station and con venient harbor on the South Atlantic Coast led later to an expedition against Port Royal, S. C. Bombardment of Forts Hatteras and Clark, August 28th-29th, 1861. They surrendered August 29th with 670 men, 1,000 stand of arms and 35 cannon. Henry K. Davenport, Georgia, and John H. Upshur, Virginia, were engaged; E. O. Matthews, Maryland, and A. W. Weaver, District of Columbia, assisted in the capture of the Forts — all naval officers. John Guest, Missouri, in command of the boats of the Niagara, cut out the Confederate steamer Aid under the guns of Fort Morgan, Mobile Bay, In August, 1861. During August John Pope, Kentucky, with about 5,000 men, was operating in northem Missouri. A. Pleasanton, District of Columbia, marched a regi ment from Utah to Washington, September— October, 1861. By September 1st there had gathered at Camp Dick Robinson, Ky., four Kentucky regiments and nearly 2,000 east Tennesseans. Robert Anderson's headquarters were moved to Louis ville September 1st. He requested Thomas' services in Kentucky. L. M. Goldsborough, District of Columbia, was In com mand of the North Atlantic Squadron from September, 1861, to September, 1862. Sterling Price, advancing on Lexington, Mo., arrived at Dry Wood, 12 miles east of Fort Scott, on the night of FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 45 September 1st. Fremont ordered the troops at Jefferson City, some 10,000, to Lexington's relief. He also directed troops thither from northem Missouri. The next to highest officer of the Kentucky State Guard, brigadier general, was on the Federal side, Thos. L. Crit tenden, Kentucky. S. B. Buckner, Confederate, was com mander of the State Guard. Confederate General Polk's force entered Kentucky September 3d, headed for Colum bus. The Legislature passed resolutions looking to its expulsion by Kentucky troops to be commanded by T. L. Crittenden. Fremont, having heard that General Pillow was marching upon Cairo, had reenforced It with 3,800 men. Pillow abandoned the proposed attack. Fremont arranged for the equipment of troops and ordered a move on Paducah, which was occupied only six hours In advance of the Confederates' appearance. Vessels were instru mental in the acquisition of Paducah. Confederate Gen eral Zolllcoffer entered Kentucky In the east at the same time with Polk's advance to Columbus, first occupying Cumberland Gap. Polk occupied Hickman and Chalk Bluffs, Ky., September 5th. The troops sent by Fremont landed at Paducah the 6th. Polk took possession of Co lumbus the 7th. Engagement of Lucas' Bend, September 9th. R. N. Stembel, Maryland, naval officer, contributed largely to the Federal success. George H. Thomas, Virginia, was engaged In the De partment of the Cumberland from September 6th, report ing at Louisville that day. He was assigned to command at Camp Dick Robinson September 10th, relieving Nelson. Thomas was given general direction of the Home Guards in central Kentucky. He raised and equipped six regi ments and organized the First Kentucky Brigade, which was the first brigade of the Army of the Ohio, or Cumber land — the nucleus of that army. Nelson was soon as signed to duty at Maysville, Ky., to organize a force to operate in eastern Kentucky. 46 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS A rally of Kentucky Federal regiments took place, and during the autumn forty were filled and in the field. There were Home Guard companies in addition to these. The Kentucky Confederates flocked to Camp Boone in northern Tennessee. Henry Walke, Virginia, commanded the gunboat Taylor September 12th at Cairo. September 12th the Legislature of Kentucky formally allied the State with the Federals, and invoked the aid of the Federal Government. Combats of Cheat Mountain and Elk Water, September 12th, 13th and 14th. The Federals were attacked. Un der J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky, they held their position. Jacob Ammen, Virginia, was engaged. Reynolds' services In westem Virginia were of merit. Siege of Lexington, Mo., September 12th to 20th, 1861. Henry Walke, Virginia, made a naval reconnoissance to Columbus, Ky., September 14th. John H. Russell, Maryland, boarded and destroyed the Judah the night of September 14th. She was being fitted out at the Pensacola navy yard as a privateer. She was protected by shore batteries and 9,000 men. In this boat excursion he was severely wounded and 20 of his 100 sailors were killed or wounded. This Is the most noted cutting-out that occurred during the War, and received special mention. Wm. Nelson was formally exchanged from the navy to the army September 16th. Just before September 17th many unfriendly members of the Maryland Legislature were arrested by the Federals. A second Incursion into Kentucky was conducted by S. B. Buckner September 17th. The Confederates made their way up the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, and Louisville was threatened. Reliable information that Buckner meditated an advance on Louisville had reached Anderson. He had Louisville troops assembled, and L. H. Rousseau, Kentucky, was ordered to report in Louisville FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 47 with all available troops, as Buckner neared Louisville. Rousseau brought 1,200 men from Camp Joe Holt. Louisville was defended by more than 3,000 Louisville soldiers. Anderson threw forward the force to Muldraugh Hill, where R. W. Johnson, Kentucky, reenforced them with additional companies of Home Guards and assumed command. Buckner's locomotive had been purposely de railed, delaying him. He withdrew to Bowling Green and intrenched. In conjunction with Buckner's movement, Zolllcoffer advanced, threatening Camp Dick Robinson, reaching Barboursville September 18th. Thomas made dispositions and Zolllcoffer retired. Thomas was engaged In organizing Kentucky and Ten nessee volunteers at Camp Dick Robinson from September 18th to October 28th. By the end of the year 28 regi ments of infantry and 6 of cavalry and 3 batteries had been organized. O. ]\IcK. MItchel, Kentucky, was In command of the Department of the Ohio, September 19th to November 15th. He constructed defenses at Cincinnati and organ ized volunteers at Louisville. Thomas rendered abortive an attempt of secessionists to assemble at Lexington, Ky., September 20th, with a plan to seize the arms at Lexington and the Frankfort arsenal, compel the evacuation of Camp Dick Robinson, reach Louisville and gain the State. Thomas, by acting promptly, sending troops to Lexington, caused the concen tration In progress to cease and the plan to be abandoned. Robert Anderson assumed command of the Department of Kentucky September 20th. Lexington, Mo., September 20th. The Federals were overcome and surrendered. Price took 3,000 prisoners, 5 cannon and 3,000 stand of arms. The final attack came before the troops ordered there by Fremont had arrived. John P. C. Shanks, Virginia, was with Fremont September 20th to November 19th. After the fall of Lexington, Fremont moved against Price, who retreated south. 48 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Gov. Jackson called the Legislature together at Neosho, Mo. Fremont obtained guns from the Government at Wash ington the latter part of 1861. John Newton, Virginia, was assistant engineer In the constmctlon of the defenses of Washington September 23d, 1861, to March 10th, 1862, also commanding a bri gade there. September 25th the Kentucky Legislature passed a bill providing for the enlistment of 40,000 volunteers, to serve from one to three years. Fremont left St. Louis September 27th and took the field. Concentrating from various quarters toward Se- dalla, his Army of the West was formed in five divisions. D. Hunter, District of Columbia, commanded the 1st di vision, and John Pope, Kentucky, the 2d. Fifty thousand men were under Fremont's direction. Before this formi dable advance, and with Fremont moving divisions to Inter cept his retreat. Price retired, eluding him, and Fremont followed to southwest Missouri. Action of Greenbrier River, westem Virginia, October 3d. J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky, attacked the Confederates, who held their position. Jacob Ammen, Virginia, was en gaged. Thomas had established Camp Wildcat in eastem Ken tucky, to check the advance of Confederates through Cumberland Gap. Zolllcoffer, In October, moved as far Into Kentucky as London, near where he attacked the Fed erals at Camp Wildcat October 4th, and, after serious loss, retired. Kentucky infantry there were under T. T. Gar rard, Kentucky, and S. P. Carter showed merit. Anderson's health failing, he was relieved October 7th. Action at Ivy Creek, October 8th. Nelson defeated the Confederates, who retreated through Pound Gap into Vir ginia. A. D. Harrell, Virginia, naval officer, informed that a large schooner was lying in Quantico Creek, and that a body FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 49 of troops had assembled there to cross the Potomac into Maryland, boarded and burnt her, October 11th. The first iron-clad was launched at Carondelet, Mo., October 12th ; six others followed In the next twenty days. The Benton was a wrecking boat bought by Fremont and converted Into a strong Iron-clad. Some Kentucky regiments were engaged in an action at Upton Hill, Ky., October 12th. A North Carolina Federal movement, soon after sup pressed, was begun by a convention in Hyde county, which declared independence of the State government October 12th. A convention was called. J. B. S. Todd, Kentucky, was in command of the North Missouri District from October 15th to December 1st, 1861. Thos. J. Wood, Kentucky, was in command of a brigade at Camp Nevin, Kentucky, October 16th to De cember 24th. Action at Rock Castle Hills, October 21st. Troops sent by Thomas were attacked by Confederates, who were repulsed in the morning and again in the afternoon. Action at West Liberty, Ky., October 23d. Some Ken tucky regiments were gngaged. Fremont, October 24th, sent forward a small force, which struck a Confederate force next day guarding Springfield, and charged into Springfield. Fremont's bodyguard was part of the force. Prisoners were freed. The Confederates lost there October 26th, and Fremont occupied Springfield October 27th. J. McA. Palmer, Ken tucky, and Wm. Vandever, Maryland, accompanied Fre- j mont In the Springfield campaign. A minority of the whole membership of the Missouri [Legislature passed an ordinance of secession at Neosho j October 28th. Delegates to the Confederate Congress jwere elected. The combined army and navy expedition against Port „Royal, S. C. — 50 vessels and 15,000 men — sailed from iPortress Monroe October 29th. 50 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS In an action at Woodbury, Ky., late in October, S. G. Burbrldge, Kentucky, defeated the Confederates. Fed eral Kentucky regiments were engaged. Some Federal Kentucky regiments were engaged at Cave City, Morgantown and Rochester in October. Engagements with Confederate batteries near Budd's Ferry, November and December, 1861. G. W. Getty, Dis trict of Columbia, was in command of the Federal artillery. E. O. C. Ord, Maryland, was in command of the brigade forming the extreme right before Washington, November, 1861, to May 2d, 1862. November 1st Winfield Scott's resignation took effect. November 2d Fremont received an order relieving him from command of the Department of the West. He was on the eve of moving south from Tipton. D. Hunter, Dis trict of Columbia, succeeded him. Price had retired to the extreme southwest part of Missouri. November 3d occurred a rising of Union men in east Tennessee, who destroyed railroad bridges. John Rodgers, Maryland, made a reconnoissance in force of Port Royal harbor November 5th. Combat of Belmont, Mo., November 7th. Fremont had arranged for a demonstration upon Columbus, Ky. The gunboats Tyler and Lexington escorted the transports con taining two brigades of 3,100 men. J. A. McClernand, Kentucky, commanded one brigade. Henry Walke, Vir ginia, was in naval command, on the Tyler, and R. N. Stembel, Maryland, commanded the Lexington, The Con federates were driven to the river bank, and their camp was captured. The gunboats engaged the batteries across the river at Columbus, Ky., as a diversion. The Confed erates on the Missouri side were reenforced from Columbus, and the Federals made their way back to the gunboats. Officers of the gunboats were Informed by McClernand of the approach of the Confederates, who pursued the troops to the landing and opened on the transports filling witli soldiers. The fire of the gunboats caused the Confederate? FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 51 to withdraw. The regiment of Napoleon B. Buford, Ken tucky, became separated and made its way north by a road back from the river. They were taken aboard a trans port. The gunboats had covered the retreat of the troops, protected them, prevented the Confederates from cutting off a portion on retreat, and took the troops away. J. G. Lauman, Maryland, was severely wounded in the battle. Port Royal, S. C, November 7th. Bombardment and capture of Fort Walker on Hilton Head and Fort Beaure gard. Naval and military expedition. Chas. Steedman, South Carolina, in the Bienville, commanded the flanking division, and so led the second column In the attack and capture. Fort Walker was reduced and Fort Beauregard was abandoned. John Rodgers, Maryland, served as aide to the flag officer, performing many useful services, and hoisted the United States flag over Fort Walker. The Pocahontas, commanded by Perclval Drayton, South Caro lina, damaged the Fort greatly. Thos. G. Corbin, Vir ginia, commanded the Wabash and fought skillfully. John P. Bankhead, South Carolina, commanded the Pem bina. John H. Upshur, Virginia, and A. W. Weaver, District of Columbia, naval officers, and Robert Williams, Virginia, army officer, were engaged. Fifty-two pieces of ordnance were taken. Port Royal was an Important har bor and valuable for a coaling station. Other forts on the contiguous coast were abandoned In consequence of the victory at Port Royal. Rodgers and Drayton, following the battle, made expeditions along the coast. Drayton went In St. Helena Sound. November 7th J. E. Jouett, Kentucky, with two launches, captured and burned the schooner Royal Yacht, carrying one 32-pounder, at Galveston. He commanded a detach ment of sailors and marines from the Santee. He had a hand-to-hand conflict with the commander of the Royal Yacht, and received two severe wounds In the right arm and right side and lung from a pike. 52 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS November 8th, the British vessel Trent having been stopped. Confederate Commissioners Mason and Slidell were taken off by D. McN. Fairfax, Virginia, who tried to do it in the least exasperating manner. He first went on the Trent alone. Mason was recognized and the crew from the boat which had brought Fairfax was then ordered aboard. November 8th Confederate Colonel Williams' force, pressed by Nelson, retired through Pound Gap. The Army of the West, under Hunter, began to fall back from Springfield November 8th. Hunter's command of the Department of the West terminated the next day. The Department of New Mexico was reestablished No vember 9th, and E. R. S. Canby, Kentucky, was placed In command thereof. He had earthworks thrown up at Fort Craig, and had Fort Union converted into a field- work, with bomb-proof quarters. J. C. McFerran, Ken tucky, built the depot and post at Fort Union 1861—62. November 12th President Lincoln ordered that a naval expedition should be fitted out for the capture of New Orleans. November 15th MItchel relinquished command of the Department of Ohio, embracing Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky east of the Cumberland River and Tennessee. November 16th McCulloch, learning of the retirement of the Army of the West to the railroad termini, Rolla and Sedalia, started against it. Finding it had too much start, he returned to northwestern Arkansas. Price, receiving the Information about the same time as McCulloch, marched November 16th toward Newtonia and then on to Osceola. November 18th the North Carolina Federal Convention elected a provisional govemor, after declaring vacant all State offices. A Kentucky secession Convention met the same day. O. McK. MItchel, Kentucky, was assigned to the command of Camp Jenkins, near Louisville, November 19th, FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 53 David Hunter, District of Columbia, commanded the Department of Kansas from November 20th, 1861, to March 11th, 1862. Fort McRae, November 22d. J. C. P. DeKrafft, Dis trict of Columbia, naval officer, fought this Fort. November 24th John Rodgers took possession of Tybee Island. November 26th the Wheeling Convention met to frame a constitution for the proposed State of West Virginia. The people of the counties named In the ordinance author izing the erection of the new State who voted nearly all voted in favor of Its creation. November 29th Thomas was placed In command of all troops in the eastern half of Kentucky (from New Haven). From November 30th he ranked as Commander of the first division. Army of the Ohio, afterward renamed " Army of the Cumberland." November 30th the Kentucky secessionist Convention passed an ordinance of secession. Some Kentucky regiments fought at Ivy Mountain, Brownsville and Somerset In November. December 1st the Federal Virginia Legislature met at Wheeling. December 3d, MItchel, Kentucky, was given command of the 3d division ; Wm. Nelson, Kentucky, of the 4th division, and T. L. Crittenden of the 6th division. Army of the Ohio. A large portion of Mitchel's division had seen service in western Virginia and under Nelson In eastern Kentucky. Thomas assumed command of the first divi sion on the 6th. December 10th the Confederate Congress admitted Ken tucky Into the Confederacy. At Seabrook and Port Royal Ferry December 11th J. P. Bankhead, South Carolina, commanding the Pembina, was engaged. Federals got the works. Gabriel R. Paul, Missouri, was In command of Fort Union, N. M., December 13th, 1861, to March, 1862. 54 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Perclval Drayton, South Carolina, was sent on a recon noissance of the North Edisto River, December 16th, 1861. Actions of Shawnee Mound and Milford, Blackwater stream, Missouri, Dec. 18th. Pope surrounded and forced the surrender of 1,300 men. Pope's operations led to the retirement of Price from the Osage River toward Spring field. He captured a large supply of provisions from the Confederate stock. Action of DranesvIUe, Virginia, December 20th. E. 0. C. Ord, Maryland, in command of the troops engaged, repulsed J. E. B. Stuart by bravery and merit. B. M. Prentiss, Virginia, commanding the District of Northem Missouri, was ordered to commence a vigorous campaign. He left Palmyra, Mo., December 24th. George B. Balch, Tennessee, naval officer, volunteered for command of the boats in taking possession of Tybee Island, December 26th. Jas. L. Donaldson, Maryland, commanded the District of Santa Fe, December 26th, 1861, to March 9th, 1862. Combat of Mt. ZIon Church, near Hallsvllle, Mo., De cember 28th. Prentiss attacked the Confederates and drove them from the field after a hard struggle. The result of Prentiss' operations was a dispersal of Confed erates north of the Missouri River In Missouri. Sacramento, Ky., December 28th. Some Federal Ken tucky regiments fought here. Some Federal Kentucky regiments fought at Bacon Creek and Rowletts in De cember. By the close of the year the navy held the important approaches to the southern States by water from Cape Hatteras to Florida, with the exception of Charleston, Savannah and Wilmington. John Pope, Kentucky, was in command of the District of Central Missouri, December, 1861, to February 18th, 1862. He organized rapidly an army of about 12,000 men. J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky, was engaged In organizing FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 55 Indiana volunteers from January, 1862, to November, 1862. W. R. Terrill, Virginia, was chief of artillery of the 2d division, Army of the Ohio, In the campaigns from Jan uary to June, 1862. Seabrook, and Port Royal Ferry, January 1st, 1862. Bankhead was engaged. Combat of Middle Creek, opposite Prestonburg, Ky., January 10th, 1862. The majority of the troops were southern. Some Kentucky regiments were engaged. D. W. Lindsey, Kentucky, was engaged. The Confederates, under Marshall, retreated precipitately. While the Federals had taken Hatteras Inlet, the Con federates had fortified Roanoke Island, commanding the channel between Hatteras Inlet and Albemarle Sound. L. M. Goldsborough, District of Columbia, commanding the North Atlantic Squadron, planned and executed an army and navy expedition thereto sailing from Fortress Monroe January 11th and arriving January 13th, 1862. T. J. Wood, Kentucky, was placed In command of the 6th division. Army of the Ohio, January 15th, 1862. He displayed great energy In organizing it. The Nashville Campaign. The Confederates occupied a line In southern Kentucky, with the east around Somer set; the center about Bowling Green, and the west at Co lumbus. The Cumberland and Tennessee rivers extend southeast from the Ohio River not far from its mouth, and the Federal fleet gave the Federals possession of all three rivers so that they could Intervene between the Con federate center and west. The Confederates had blocked the way at the Tennessee line on both rivers with forts. This protected Nashville, on the Cumberland, the Capital of Tennessee, Combat of Mill Springs, Logan's Cross Roads, or Somerset, Ky., January 19th and 20th, 1862. This was the first army conflict won by the Federals. It Improved 56 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS the morale of the Federal armies. In January, 1862, Zol llcoffer, Confederate, began to move further Into Kentucky. George H. Thomas, Virginia, marched from Lebanon, Ky., against him. He advanced to attack the Confederate left with his main force while another body should attack the Confederates In front. Crittenden, Confederate, moved Zolllcoffer against Thomas, hoping to defeat him while his forces were separated. Thomas had placed detachments of cavalry and Infantry to the front to guard against sur prise. Upon the advance of the Confederates S. S. Fry, Kentucky, formed his men and led them at double-quick in the direction of firing upon an infantry regiment and cavalry. He took position along a fence in the edge of the woods. An open field was In his front, crossed by a ravine parallel to his front. He was attacked hard. Zol- Ucoffer mistook a Federal regiment of Kentuckians for Confederates. Fry and others shot at Zolllcoffer, who fell dead. Confederates were getting on the right flank of the 4th Kentucky infantry when Thomas appeared. He hur ried troops to the exposed flank. He placed men to cover Fry's exposed and overlapped right flank. He met Crit tenden's advance with dispositions which told. An ad vance of the 12th Kentucky regiment and movement of east Tennesseans under Saml. P. Carter, Tennessee, checked the Confederate right, and it soon began to give back. The Confederate left flank was turned, a bayonet charge against the Confederate left was successful, and the whole line broke and retreated. Thomas exposed himself during the battle. The 1st, 4th and 12th Kentucky, 2d east Tennessee, and four northern regiments were the ones en gaged in the combat. As the pursuit began, J. M. Har lan, Kentucky, with the 10th Kentucky, reached the field. The Confederates lost at the river twelve guns, where they were cannonaded till dark. During the night they re treated across the river. Much property was captured. The Confederates lost 392 men. About 4,000 men on each side were engaged at Mill Springs. A. C. Gillem, Ten- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 57 nessee, and Durbin Ward, Kentucky, were among those en gaged. This was the only positive victory won by the Federals in Kentucky during the War. It forced back the Confederate line thereabouts and exposed Cumberland Gap. For the New Orleans expedition, David G. Farragut, Tennessee, sailed January 20th. Little Tybee River near Savannah, Ga., January 26th. John Rodgers, Maryland, opened fire on five Confederate vessels, which were driven back. Some Federal Kentucky regiments fought at Palntsvllle and Pound Gap In January. A. C. Gillem, Tennessee, was In command of siege ar tillery and Chief Quartermaster, Army of the Ohio, Feb ruary to June, 1862. The fort on the Tennessee River near the Tennessee- Kentucky boundary line was Fort Henry. The location was vulnerable from the water. Possession of Fort Henry would enable the Federals to Invest Fort Donelson on the land side. Fort Donelson was the Cumberland River defense, a few miles from Fort Henry. The fall of Fort Donelson would open the Cumberland for the fleet to proceed up to Nashville, and dictate the retirement of the Confederate army from Bowling Green through Nashville, giving up Nashville. Navy and army advance on Fort Henry from Cairo, 111., February 2d. Seven gunboats with transports con taining 17,000 soldiers started. Upon this movement against Fort Henry, A. S. Johnston retired toward Nash ville. Bombardment and capture of Fort Henry, Tenn., Feb ruary 6th, 1862. J. A. McClernand, Kentucky, assisted In planning the expedition. Of the four Iron-clads there Henry Walke, Virginia, commanded the Carondelet, and R. N. Stembel, Maryland, the flag-ship, Cincinnati, which fired the first shot. W. D. Porter, Louisiana, had trans formed the Essex Into a gunboat, with the same name. He rendered efficient aid in the battle. The Essex was the 58 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS target of the Confederates, but dismounted five of their guns. The boiler of the Essex was struck, and Porter was severely scalded. McClernand moved to surround the fort, causing the troops to leave it to escape. The vessels re duced the fort. Stembel received its surrender. Walke took charge of the fort, and held It until the troops ar rived. Vessels went on up the Tennessee River to Florence, Ala., before the 13th. They captured a steamer which was afterward converted into a gunboat and ram, seized two more steamers and burnt six. Roanoke Island, February 7th. In this expedition there were perils by land and water. The fleet brought 17,000 troops. L. M. Goldsborough, District of Colum bia, commanding the naval forces, bombarded on the 7th. The Confederate fleet of seven vessels was also engaged. The Confederates lost the Curfew. The other Confed erate vessels, short of ammunition, left that night. A lit tle after 4 p. m. Federal troops began to land south of Fort Bartow to attack, one of the brigades being J. L. Reno's. Goldsborough landed troops. Roanoke Island, February 8th. The navy protected the landing of troops. Jesse L. Reno, Virginia, led the left. He penetrated a difficult morass and succeeded in deliv ering his fire from an unexpected direction upon Confed erates Inside their work. He gained the right flank, the other flank was turned, the attack was continued along the front, and the work was carried by a simultaneous assault. The fleet reduced forts. The Confederates were pursued by Reno's and another brigade, and surrendered near the northem end of the Island. The fleet passed obstructions. The Federals marched against Price at Springfield Feb ruary 9th. The capture of the forts and Roanoke Island was fol lowed up February 10th. In the engagements at Roanoke Island Henry K. Davenport, Georgia, commanded the steamer Hetzel and five gunboats, composing one of the FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 59 three naval divisions. C. W. Flusser, Maryland, com manded the Commodore Perry. 2,650 prisoners and five forts were taken. The capture of Roanoke Island ex posed Norfolk and Portsmouth to attack from the rear. Cobb's Point or Elizabeth City, N. C, February 10th. Goldsborough's vessels followed the Confederate fleet Into the Pasquotank River, engaged It and captured or de stroyed five out of the six vessels. Flusser sunk the Con federate flag-ship Seabird. H. K. Davenport was en gaged. The vessels went up to Elizabeth City and took possession of It. Troops took possession of Fort Henry, February 10th. The men under Richard J. Oglesby, Kentucky, were the first to enter. I. N. Haj^nle, Tennessee, was present. The army marched from Fort Henry against the rear of Fort Donelson, and vessels moved down the Tennessee River, and, later, up the Cumberland. The Carondelet, under Henry Walke, Virginia, preceded the others and fired a few shells Into the Fort February 12th. Fort Donelson, February 13th. Walke, commanding the Carondelet, took position and threw shells Into the Fort as a diversion for the army, moving to invest It. He engaged the water batteries. J. A. McClernand, Ken tucky, made an unsuccessful assault on the outworks with three regiments. Federals entered Springfield, Mo., February 13th. Price retreated, with Federals harassing his rear. Naval battle against Fort Donelson, February 14th. On the A. m. of the 14th the Investment of Fort Donelson had been completed. The Carondelet for two days had main tained a fire beyond the Confederate range. On the 14th, the other vessels having arrived, the fleet attacked the Fort. Walke held his position in the front line of battle. The fire was sometimes concentrated on the Carondelet. Two of the four vessels were struck so as to render them un manageable and cause them to float down the river. The other two covered them and the battle ended. The Carorir- 60 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS delet was the first In and the last out, and was badly damaged, many shots striking her. Bowling Green, Ky., was abandoned by Confederates, February 14th. O. M. MItchel, Kentucky, hurried the retirement of A. S. Johnston's rear-guard from Bowling Green. Battle of Fort Donelson, February 15th. The Con federates attacked McClemand's division, comprising the right wing, early. McClemand fought the defensive battle of the army this day. R. J. Oglesby, Kentucky, on Mc Clemand's extreme right, was first to receive the Confeder ate attack. He was fairly formed to receive it, despite the sudden assault. He held his ground then, but later was forced to retreat. The right was doubled on the cen ter. The center and right were forced around behind the left. A brigade of T. L. Crittenden's division, sent from the Army of the Ohio, maintained Its position after all the troops on its right and left had fallen back. It was then ordered to withdraw and occupy the slope of a hill to the rear. It twice repulsed Its antagonists there In heavy fighting, then was forced back to a new line. The Con federates advanced until they came within the range of the gunboats below the Fort. McClemand sustained the battle from early a. m. until 3 p. m., by his own conceptions. The Confederates moved to hold again their position within the fortifications, but before the movement was com pleted the Federal attack fell on a favorable place on the Confederate right. J. G. Lauman, Maryland, took the breastworks by storm, encountering an abatis on the way. He was one of the first to enter. The lodgment resulted In the surrender of the Fort and over 10,000 men the next moming. Richard J. Oglesby, Kentucky, fought bravely and J. M. Shackelford, Kentucky, A. L. Chetlain, Missouri, M. F. Force, District of Columbia and I. N. Haynie, Tennessee, were engaged. D. Hunter, District of Columbia, commanding the Department of Kansas, con- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 61 tributed to the fall of Fort Donelson by sending reenforce ments promptly. Nelson, with the 4th division of the Army of the Ohio, had been embarked to aid in the fight at Fort Donelson, but did not reach there in time for the battle. The river being opened, gunboats moved up to Nashville, accompanied with an army force, and took position. In an action at Sugar Creek, Ark., February 17th, the Confederates were worsted. Federal cavalry occupied Bentonville, Ark., February 18th. Mcintosh and Price were united. Federals, instead of a front attack, moved from Sugar Creek to Osage Springs — a flank movement which caused the evacuation of the Confederates' strong position at Cross Hollows. Valverde, Fort Craig, N. M., Febmary 21st. Con federates had Invaded New Mexico. E. R. S. Canby, Ken tucky, was In command of the Department of New Mexico. Part of his troops were southern — some from New Mexico. The Confederates took a battery on the Federal left and won the field, but Canby fought with merit. Jas. L. Donaldson, Maryland, was engaged, saving trains Indis pensable to the security of New Mexico. Federals occupied Fayetteville, Ark., February 23rd, 1862. The Confederates retreated into the Boston Moun tains. Federals reached Nashville February 23rd. February 24th Thos. T. Craven, District of Columbia, commanding the Brooklyn, captured the steamer Mag nolia, a blockade runner. O. McK. MItchel, 3d division, with engines and cars captured at Bowling Green upon A. S. Johnston's with drawal south, reached Edgefiel^J, across the river from Nashville, February 24th. Nelson, with the 4th division, reached Nashville by water 25th. Nashville surrendered 26th. Farragut sailed from Fortress Monroe February 25th, 62 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS against New Orleans, his fleet convoying an army. The rendezvous was Key West. He assumed command of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. T. J. Wood, Kentucky, was in command of the 6th division. Army of the Ohio, In the Tennessee and Missis sippi campaign, February 25th to June 26th. Gabriel R. Paul, Missouri, was in command of the Southern Military District of New Mexico, March to Sep tember, 1862. Thomas' division had been sent to Louisville. There It took boats for Nashville, debarking there March 2d to 4th. The 2d division, Amiy of the Ohio, reached Nash ville IMarch 3d. Capture of Fort Clinch and Fernandlna, Fla., March 2d. Perclval Drayton, South Carolina, pushed through the Sound and entered the harbor, and took possession of Fort Clinch, the first United States fort retaken. Bruns wick, Ga., and its harbor, were taken the same day. John R. Goldsborough, District of Columbia, and J. P. Bank- head, South Carolina, were engaged. Campaign to open the Mississippi River from the mouth of the Ohio to Vicksburg, army and navy cooperating. John Pope, Kentucky, was in command of the Army of the Mississippi. The Confederate army retreated south from Nashville, exposing Polk's forces at Columbus, Ky., to capture. Upon Pope's advance, he evacuated Columbus March 3d. Pope appeared before New Madrid March 3d, Investing It. He was south of Columbus, and, by crossing the Mississippi River, would have been in Polk's rear. Andrew Johnson, North Carolina, was appointed mili tary govemor of Tennessee, with the rank of brigadier general, his term beginning at Nashville, March 4th. As such he raised 25 regiments for service In Tennessee. The A. M. of March 4th the Confederate army marched against the Federal army In northwestern Arkansas, hop ing to cut off at Bentonville two divisions south of there. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 63 It arrived at Fayetteville with Price in advance. Arkan sas citizens rode to the Federal camp at Cross Hollows and informed the Federal commands of the approach of the Confederate army. Wm. Vandever, Maryland, reached Huntsville, Ark., March 5th, and learned of the Confederate advance and of Van Dorn's arrival and assumption of command. T. J. Wood's division reached Nashville March 6th. Battle of Pea Ridge, or Elkhorn Tavern, Ark., March 6th to 8th, 1862. March 6th the Federals took position at Sugar Creek, facing south. Strenuous efforts were made to bring together the scattered commands. On the march the rear-guard was struck at Bentonville, and the troops, mostly Missourians, extricated themselves with dif ficulty, fighting all along the way until reenforcements from Sugar Creek met them. Vandever's command from Huntsville, having made a forced march of forty miles, arrived at nightfall. Van Dorn's army came near the Federal line at Sugar Creek that day. He moved at 8 p. M., and marched around to the rear of the Federal army during the night. Pea Ridge, March 7th. The Confederate line of battle faced south In the rear of the Federal position. The Federals, apprised, changed front. The Confederates had hoped to get In position by day, but felled trees obstructed their march. In the early fighting, Vandever's brigade was ordered up as a reenforcement on the Federal right. He marched from near Sugar Creek to Elkhom Tavem, about a mile and a half, quickly, and formed. Soon his whole line became hotly engaged. Price, from the north, was fighting the Federal right, while McCulloch, under Van Dom, was fighting the Federal left from the west. Van dever was on the center and left of the part resisting Price. After successful battery work Price's men moved forward spiritedly. When within easy range, Vandever poured a destructive fire into their ranks. They recoiled and fell ,ba.ck. Vandever inunedlately advanced his brigade, drlv- 64 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS ing the Confederates until they fell back on their reserves. He then retired to his former position. After 2 p. m. the Confederates advanced against the left wing there under Vandever. Vandever ordered forward his Infantry, and a fierce conflict ensued. The Confederate advance was finally stopped, and they were followed by Vandever to the protection of their batteries, when he re tired and formed his line just In front of Elkhorn Tavern, leaving the Confederates In possession of the former Fed eral position. Another attack was made with additional troops against the left there under Vandever, but the Federals were not dislodged from their position in the edge of the wood. Price had forced his opponents back a quarter of a mile. David Shunk, Maryland, reenforced them. Between three and four p. m. Price renewed the battle with a heavy fire, which was the signal for a general ad vance of his force. The battle raged with fury. A great artillery fire was concentrated against the Federal position about Elkhorn Tavern, after a flanking movement to the Federal right. The Confederate Infantry advanced to the assault in heavy masses. A gap had been left near Vandever, and, before he could close It, the Confederates were upon him. In a desperate struggle, Vandever's bri gade was forced by numbers to retreat. It rallied behind a rail fence In the edge of the timber. Other troops gave way. Price again forced the right back. It had now been pressed back a mile. Reenforcements were brought up late In the evening from the Federal left wing, and arrived where Vandever's men were retiring from their last stand hard pressed, which stayed Price's victorious advance. Price was afterward pushed back. Vandever this day had withstood repeated onslaughts with great tenacity, yielding only step by step, when exhausted by losses and without ammunition. Van Dom and McCulloch at first had the advantage on the Federal left. It was hard pressed by McCulloch's FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 65 corps until about 4 p. m. McCulloch and Mcintosh were killed. The Confederates yielded there and disappeared from the front, and it was therefore possible to reenforce the right, losing against Price. By night McCulloch's troops had been rallied and bivouacked north of the battle field. They marched at 1 :30 a. m. to join Price and took position on his right. During the night the Federal army was placed In a new line a little farther back. Pea Ridge, March 8th. The Federal army was united. Vandever's brigade was soon obliged to change position to avoid a raking fire from Confederate batteries. After the batteries had been silenced, a general advance was ordered. The Confederates were driven from the heights of Pea Ridge on their right. The 12th Missouri regiment charged and captured three guns. Cavalry turned the right flank of the Confederate army. Before a general advance of the center and right, the Confederates were forced back. They formed successive new lines, but lost the day. Di viding, some retreated south on the Huntsville road, while others retreated north, and some southwest. Those re treating north turned later into a road running east, and by it were enabled to turn south and join Van Dom, who marched from Huntsville to Van Buren. 600 Confederates were captured. The Federal army was composed largely of Missourians. Vandever's efforts contributed largely to the victory. He aided In the defeat of the Confederates on the 8th. Wm. P. Benton, Mary land, was conspicuous. F. W. Benteen, Virginia, did good service. Jas. A. Williamson, Kentucky, was engaged. Attack of Virginia on Wooden Fleet in Hampton Roads, March 8th. The Virginia had been converted Into an Iron clad from the Merrimac, a United States vessel which the Federals had sunk when they evacuated Norfolk, and the Confederates had raised and which was the first heavy Iron clad that ever fought. The Virginia steamed down the Elizabeth River at noon. She rammed and sunk the Cum berland. The Congress grounded, and, after fighting, 66 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS capitulated. Austin Pendergrast, Kentucky, in command of the Congress the last of the action, swam ashore. Wm. Smith, Kentucky, was on the Congress. The fight was off Newport News. The St. Lawrence, commanded by Hugh Y. Purvlance, Maryland, and the Roanoke, coming from near Fortress Monroe, grounded. They got off and sailed back. The Minnesota grounded about half-way between Fortress Monroe and Newport News. The Congress was set afire with hot shot, shore batteries preventing the Con federates from taking possession. The Virginia returned to Sewell's Point, ebb tide and approaching night prevent ing an attempt of the middle channel to attack the Minne sota. The Virginia's ram was left in the side of the Cumberland. Battle between the Virginia and the Monitor, March 9th. The Virginia came out at 6 a. m., fought the Monitor and damaged the Minnesota. The Monitor got in shoal water. S. Dana Greene, Maryland, executive officer of the Mon itor, had charge of the guns in the turret and fired every shot while he was in the turret, which was till near the close of the action. Soon after noon Greene assumed com mand of the vessel, and had a few shots fired at the Virginia, when withdrawing. The Confederate army in northern Virginia fell back to ward the Rappahannock River March 9th. The Confed erates had maintained a blockade of the Potomac River up to this time. March 10th Confederates occupied Santa Fe, N. M. March 11th Fremont was assigned to command of the Mountain Department, including western Virginia, eastem Kentucky and east Tennessee as far as Knoxville. The Federals took St. Augustine. Fla., March 11th and Jacksonville 12th. New Madrid, Point Pleasant, Mo., March 13th. The Confederates left New Madrid March 14th and Pope occu pied It. He directed an investigation for means to convey transports from above to New Madrid, so that, after FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 67 marching his army south on the west side of the Missis sippi River to a point below Island No. 10, the transports could ferry it across to the east side, when he would have the Confederates at Island No. 10 in a cul de sac. Island No. 10 is at the bottom of a bend in the river. To avoid exposing the transports to the batteries on It, a canal was cut across the neck of the bend with the navy's assistance, and the transports from the north reached New Madrid through it without having to pass Island No. 10. J. McA. Pahner, Kentucky, commanding a division, and Albert M. Powell, Maryland, were engaged at New Madrid. March 13th it was decided for the Army of the Potomac to advance from Fortress Monroe as a base against Rich mond. R. E. Lee was charged that day with the conduct of all military operations of the Confederate army, under direction of President Davis. The possession by the Federal vessels of the Tennessee River to and below the southern boundary of Tennessee cleaved west Tennessee as against the Confederates and ex posed Tennessee and that part of Alabama north of the Tennessee River to the Federal operations, constraining the Confederates to retire their line south of the Tennessee River In northem Mississippi and Alabama along the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, with Corinth as a stra tegic point. Decatur, where the railroad crossed the Ten nessee, is midway between Corinth and Chattanooga, the railroad running north of the river from Decatur to Bridgeport, not far from Chattanooga. The Army of the Tennessee was moved to Savannah and Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River close to the southern border of Tennessee. The Army of the Ohio was started from Nash ville in occupation of central Tennessee and to unite with the Army of the Tennessee around Savannah, where the combined army would be In position to move on Corinth, or, with the Army of the Mississippi, to surround and capture the Confederate forces from Island No. 10 to Memphis. O. McK. Mitchel's division was detached. He 68 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS left Nashville about the middle of March and advanced to Murfreesboro directed against Huntsville, Ala., and that part of the Memphis & Charleston Railroad north of the Tennessee River. The 7th division. Army of the Ohio, was organized before departure of the army from Nash ville. The Army of the Ohio was largely southern in Its or ganization and composition. The 1st division was com manded by Geo. H. Thomas, Virginia ; the 2d, known as a Kentucky division, had as its original brigade commanders Rousseau, Wood and R. W. Johnson, all of Kentucky; the 3d was commanded by MItchel, Kentucky ; the 4th by Wm. Nelson, Kentucky ; the 5th by T. L. Crittenden, Ken tucky ; the 6th by T. J. Wood, Kentucky, and the 7th was distinctively southern. Combat and capture of New Bern, N. C, March 14th, — combined land and water attack. The vessels were from L. M. Goldsborough's squadron. Reno, Virginia, broke the Confederate left. There was a general advance by the Federals, the Confederate center was pierced and the field was gained. March 16th Reno went over the defenses at New Bern, then helped take the works. The Federals occupied New Bern. The Confederates lost 9 forts, 41 heavy guns, 25 other guns, 678 men and large supplies. Bombardments of Island No. 10 between March 16th and April 7th. Walke, Virginia, commanded the Carorir delet; Stembel, Maryland, Cincinnati; A. H. Kilty, Maryland, Mound City. H. E. Maynadier, Virginia, com manded 11 mortar boats. N. B. Buford, Kentucky, com manded an army brigade with the flotilla. March 17th the leading division of the Army of the Potomac embarked for the Peninsula campaign. The Army of the Ohio was delayed at Duck River by high water. Nelson feared the troops at Pittsburg Land ing would be attacked before the two armies would unite, and obtained permission for his division to ford the stream, FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 69 and it hurried on as the head of the army. Plis rapid march through and beyond Waynesboro caused the rest of the army to keep In motion, but for which It would not have reached Pittsburg Landing before the battle was over. Kernstown, or Winchester, Va., March 23d. T. J. Jackson's attack was repulsed and he was forced off the field. A force sent ahead In the moming was met success fully by S. S. Carroll, Maryland, and others. Wm. Har row, Kentucky, was engaged at Kernstown. Siege of Fort Macon, N. C, March 23d to April 26th, 1862. Action of Apache Cafion or of Glorletta, March 28th. The Confederates were checked. Canby, Kentucky, ad vanced to Albuquerque, and the Confederates, having lost their wagon train, retreated before him over a difficult region, suffering privation, and finally moved into Texas. March 29th Fremont assumed command of the Mountain Department. David Hunter, District of Columbia, was in command of the Department of the South from March 31st, 1862, to June 3d, 1863. N. B. Buford, Kentucky, captured Union City, Tenn., March 31st by surprise after a forced march; the Con federate camp and a large amount of supplies fell Into his hands. The Constitution for the proposed State of West Vir ginia was adopted by popular vote In April, 1862. Appalachicola, Fla., surrendered to the Federals April 2d. Henry Walke, Virginia, volunteered to run the gauntlet of the Confederate batteries on Island No. 10. Pope needed a gunboat to protect the troops in transports while crossing to the east side of the Mississippi River. Walke, in the Carondelet, started from above Island No. 10 the night of April 3d. N. B. Buford, Kentucky, commanding the flotilla brigade, furnished some sharpshooters to go with him. He passed Island No. 10, running the gauntlet of the batteries, and reached New Madrid safely. This 70 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS was the first instance of successfully passing the Confed erate batteries, and attacking them in the rear, on the Mississippi. It was a highly Important example of what could be done. It broke the blockade of the Confederate line of fortifications without the loss of a man. It was a valuable and meritorious achievement. Walke silenced the field guns at New Madrid, so that the transports conveyed through the canal landed in safety. April 4th the advance up the Virginia Peninsula com menced. L. M. Goldsborough sent seven gunboats under Wm. Smith, Kentucky, into the York River, beginning April 4th. Among those engaged in the Peninsula cam paign were Robt. C. Buchanan, Maryland; John C. Tid ball, Virginia; C. M. Prevost, Maryland; J. B. Mcintosh, Florida, and D. H. Strother, Virginia. The Federal army around Pea Ridge moved April 5th to meet a threatened raid of Van Dom for the destruction of Federal supply depots at Springfield and Rolla, Mo. Some Confederate forces retumed to northwestern Arkan sas. Price went to Tennessee. MItchel advanced from Murfreesboro April 5th on Huntsville. His operations drew KIrby Smith from east Tennessee, and left the way open for the seizure of Cum berland Gap. Thomas suggested the plan for the occupa tion of east Tennessee, and seizure of the railroad connect ing Richmond with the southwest, executed by MItchel. April 5th the Army of the Potomac came upon Confed erate positions at Yorktown and Lee's Mill, Va. The oper ations before Yorktown lasted from April 5th to May 4th. Nelson's division reached Savannah during April 5th. It was ordered to move south on the east bank of the river. Crittenden's division encamped for the night a few miles back. Walke captured batteries below Island No. 10 on the 6th with but little assistance. R. N. Stembel, Maryland, assisted in the capture and dismantling of the upper bat tery on Island No. 10. CHAPTER III Shiloh — Fort Pulaski — Advance upon Corinth — Forts Jackson and St. Philip — Capture of New Orleans — Williamsburg — Craighead's Bend — Winchester — Fair Oaks — Memphis — Cross Keys — Port Republic — Seven Days' Battles — Baton Rouge. Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing, April 6th and 7th, 1862. A, S. Johnston had succeeded In uniting armies ahead of the Federals, and marched north to the attack. One Federal division was camped further south than others. North of It were McClemand's, behind, and Prentiss', to the left of McClernand. Behind Prentiss was the division of S. A. Hurlbut, South Carolina, and another division was on Hurlbut's right, behind McClemand. The vigilance of B. M. Prentiss, Virginia, gave the first warning of the danger. He increased his pickets, and one of the guards went forward and engaged the Confederate pickets. He also sent forward five Missouri companies to strengthen the picket guard, who opened fire upon the Con federate skirmishers, checking them for awhile. Prentiss sent out a brigade at 8 a. m. of the 6th to find out what was the exact force of the Confederates. It was struck first. But for Prentiss' act, the whole Federal front would have been struck unawares. His men were fighting In front of the southernmost division. That division, sur prised, was forced to yield its position. Prentiss' division moved forward. McClemand rapidly got under arms. He sent three regiments to the support of the left flank of the forward division before the attack fell on him. Hurl but also sent a brigade to support its left. McClemand's division held the right after the forward division had been used up, and fought hard all day, McClemand showing in- 71 72 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS trcpldity. The cannonading was heard at Savannah, and Nelson was ordered to march his division south to Pitts burg Landing; I. e., just across the river from It. Crittenden's and the 2nd division were hurried forward. By noon a route to the battlefield had been found and a guide obtained. Nelson hurried on. Prentiss rallied a considerable force on a new line at 9 o'clock. Hurlbut advanced to Prentiss' support, and Prentiss held his po sition until his right was flanked. He was forced back and rallied on a line which Hurlbut was helping form in the rear. McClemand had been forced back. The ground was won and lost on his Une more than once. He had to change the front of half his command to the west. Hurl but, after 1 p. m., accepted the offer of the gunboat Tay lor's assistance, and Indicated the proper line of fire for it. Confederate batteries were silenced. A. S. Johnston fell in Hurlbut's front. Beauregard took command about 2 p. m. McClemand determined between 2 and 3 o'clock to retire across Tillman's Hollow. A new line was formed north of Hurlbut's headquarters. Hurlbut retired at 4 p. M., under pressure upon his left flank, having withstood superior numbers five hours and charged thrice. This left Prentiss and the division on his right isolated and unsup ported. Prentiss and some of his and the other division were enveloped and forced to surrender. Their resistance weakened the force of the attack which McClernand pres ently sustained In his 7th position on the river road, and retarded the advance of the Confederates which occurred nearly three hours after the retirement of the right wing from the west side of Tillman's Creek. Gunboats aided greatly In checking the victorious Confederates late in the day. Hurlbut hurriedly got into line In rear of the siege guns. A Confederate brigade and two of Chalmers' regi ments crossed Dill's ravine, and Confederate artillery swept the bluff at the landing. Before the final attack Hurlbut changed the front of two regiments, or parts of two, and turned six pieces of artillery to bear upon the point oi ex- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 73 tremlty. The Confederates were succeeding in the final as sault and the left flank was within an eighth of a mile of the Landing. For five hundred yards from the Landing there was not a soldier In line or organized means of de fense. The reserve artillery could effect nothing against the attacking force under shelter of Dill's ravine, and the fire of the gunboats was harmless there on account of the elevation necessary to clear the top of the bluff. Nelson had hurried on, had reached the further river bank, and at 5 p. M. had succeeded In crossing the brigade of Jacob Ammen, Virginia. At once, at the crisis, when Chalmers' skirmishers had approached to within one hundred yards of the battery protecting the position, and gunners were already abandoning their guns, Ammen, accompanied by Nelson, came Into action. Ammen admirably handled his brigade. This was a bayonet charge, the Confederates here being without cartridges, and Ammen's Infantry supports discouraged It. The attack was repelled. The deliver ance of the Federal army was assured when the battery of W. R. Terrill, Virginia, of 24-pound howitzers, which had just arrived from Savannah, Army of the Ohio, dashed up to the support of the faltering line, and, with two other bat teries, turned the Confederate right. He handled his bat tery finely. Ammen repulsed a charge at 6 :30 p. m., and the day's battle ended. The remainder of Nelson's division crossed the river late in the evening and formed the left flank next day. Gunboats kept firing every fifteen minutes during the night. At night Hurlbut's left rested 500 yards from the river. The right flank was about a mile from the river. The remnants of the forward division re maining on the field had been identified with McClemand's division. He had occupied eight successive positions dur ing the day. Hurlbut's division retained Its organization. The mortality in it was greater than that of any other division. There were quite a number of Federal Mis sourians who fought with great spirit on the extreme right. The gunboats. Nelson's troops and Hurlbut's persistence 74 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS were prominent in the saving of the army. The 2d division reached Savannah late in the evening and was hur ried forward in boats. Crittenden's division reached the field during the night on transports from Savannah. Shiloh, April 7th. These two divisions were on the ground early on the 7th, on which day the Army of the Ohio formed the left wing. At 5 a. m. Nelson's division. was formed and moved forward, leading the advance. The battle this day started In his front. He was checked, and, not having artillery, was forced slowly back. Artillery supplied from T. L. Crittenden's division was efficacious in stopping the Confederate advance. Crittenden commanded the left wing of the Army of the Ohio. The tide of bat tle flowed to and fro on Nelson's and Crittenden's strug gling fronts. The Confederates attempted to turn the left, held by Ammen's brigade. After hard fighting, it be gan to give ground. The left flank was then endangered, but disaster was averted by the regular battery of W. R. Terrill. A further strong attempt was made to turn the flank, but Crittenden's and other troops reenforced Nelson. Then a flank attack by Nelson and a front attack by Crit tenden, aided by Terrlll's and other batteries, forced the Confederates back. Crittenden was conspicuous. L. H. Rousseau, Kentucky, took an advanced position early in the day, repulsed a charge, gave a counter-stroke, drove the op posing force and captured a battery, and swept everything before him. He handled his brigade well. It had hard fighting and finally, with Hurlbut, aided in driving the Con federates beyond the southernmost Federal camp location of the day before. Rousseau was steady and retook Mc Clemand's headquarters. Confederate guns on a new line In the rear were captured by Crittenden. Nelson advanced over ground lost the day before. Beauregard, fearing that his line might break under further attacks, selected a new position In the rear and retired, beginning at 2 :30 p. M. McClemand fought valiantly the 7th. S. G. Burbrldge, Kentucky, was conspicuous. E. H. Hobson, Kentucky, FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 75 fought with skill. T. J. Wood's division reached the field during the day and he was engaged. J. G. Lauman, Mary land, commanded one of Hurlbut's brigades. R. W. John son, Kentucky ; M. F. Force, District of Columbia ; Alvan C. Gillem, Tennessee ; A. L. Chetlain, Missouri ; I. N. Hay nie, Tennessee; Jas. S. Jackson, Kentucky; W. C. Whit- taker, Kentucky; J. T. Boyle, Kentucky; Durbin Ward, Kentucky ; S. D. Bruce, Kentucky, and T. T. Crittenden, Alabama, were engaged. 14 Kentucky regiments were In the two days' battle. Confederate Kentucky Gov. Johnson was killed at Shiloh. Hawes succeeded. Walke captured remaining batteries below Island No. 10 on the 7th with some assistance. That day the gar rison of Island No. 10 surrendered and the Island was abandoned. N. B. Buford, Kentucky, was engaged at Island No. 10, and afterward commanded Its garrison. J. McA. Palmer, Kentucky, commanding a division, and Albert M. Powell, Maryland, were engaged there. After the surrender Walke silenced the heaviest battery near there on the Mississippi below. In the operations against Island No. 10 and other Confederate forts around Henry E. Maynadier, Virginia, commanded the mortar flotilla; A. H. Kilty commanded the Mound City, and R. N. Stem bel, Maryland, was engaged. Pope, having crossed to the east side of the Mississippi, advanced and overtook and captured most of the Confed erates, at and near Tiptonvllle, April 8th. His operations were able and valuable, resulting in the capture of 3 gen erals, over 5,000 men, 123 cannon, and mortars, 7,000 small arms, four steamboats, and quantities of military sup plies, without the loss of a man. After the capture of Island No. 10, Pope, with 20,000 men in transports, protected by gunboats, moved down to Fort Pillow. He was withdrawn thence to the united armies advancing upon Corinth. Fort Pulaski, Ga., April 10th and 11th. The Fort 76 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS guarded the approach to Savannah, Ga. April 10th D. Hunter, District of Columbia, commanding the Depart ment of the South, summoned the Fort to surrender. He attacked that day and the next, the navy supporting the troops with bombardment. The Confederate flag was hauled down at 2 p. m the 12th. The success closed the Savannah River to blockaders. Naval officer Aaron W. Weaver, District of Columbia, was among those engaged. O. McK. MItchel, Kentucky, marched from Fayetteville, Tenn., with about 8,000 men, April 10th. He reached Huntsville, on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, next day, capturing about 200 prisoners, 15 locomotives, much rolling stock and other property. He seized and held the railroad and sent expeditions each way on it. The one sent east captured five more locomotives, seized Stevenson and attacked Bridgeport, Ala. Later, a force sent by him advanced to the river opposite Chattanooga, and fired upon the trenches and town with field artillery. A brigade sent west crossed the Tennessee River, and went to Tuscumbia, Ala. A force went to Russellvllle, Ala., some distance south of Tuscumbia. Within a few days he had taken 120 miles of railroad. His operations drew KIrby Smith from east Tennessee, and left the way open for the seizure of Cumberland Gap. The Confederate plan of campaign was deranged by his expedition against Chattanooga. Advance upon Corinth. The Army of the Mississippi was united with the Army of the Ohio and the Army of the Tennessee. The combination was organized as right wing, center, left wing, reserves and cavalry. Thomas was given command of the right wing, or Army of the Ten nessee; Pope, with the Army of the Mississippi, of the left wing, and McClernand of reserves, In the advance on Corinth. The Army of the Ohio mostly was in the center. At Yorktown, Va., April 11th, Wm. P. Sanders, Ken tucky, was engaged. The organization of the Missouri militia created by Gov. Gamble was completed about the middle of April, 1862, FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 77 when the number was 13,800, but the men had seen service along with the United States volunteers before. The force was afterward limited to 10,000 by Congress. Action of Peralta, N. M., April 15th. Gabriel R. Paul, Mo., and J. C. McFerran, Kentucky, were engaged. E. R. S. Canby, Kentucky, caused Confederate forces to leave New Mexico. He defended New Mexico from Sibley's formidable inroad. David G. Farragut, Tennessee, bombarded Forts Jack son and St. Philip, defending New Orleans on the river below, April 16th to 24th, 1862. Bombardment of April 18th commenced in the morning. Farragut first sent Henry H. Bell, North Carolina, up the Mississippi River with the steamers Kennebec and Wissahickon to ascertain what preparations had been made by the Confederates to prevent the passage of the forts. He reported accord ingly. Walter W. Queen, District of Columbia, commanded the second of the three divisions of the mortar flotilla — seven vessels — doing good work. The fire becoming hot, John Guest, Missouri, was sent with the Octorara to the head of the line to open fire on the forts with his 11-inch pivot. Queen's division suffered considerably. Fort Jackson's citadel took fire that evening. The mortar bombardment continued until the moming of April 24th. Action of South Mills or Camden, N. C, April 19th. The expedition started April 18th, Reno, Virginia, in com mand. It was hoped to convey the idea that the entire Federal army was marching upon Norfolk from the rear. Reno went in transports up the Pasquotank to within three miles of Elizabeth City, N. C. A part of his force pushed forward to surprise the Confederates, but they had been warned, his guide misleading him, and attacked the de tachment. Reno, with his main force, got into action. He flanked the Confederates, causing their retirement, when a gunboat drove them from the woods. The Confederates then repulsed an attack, but the Federals came out in fair 78 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS order. Chas. W. Flusser, Maryland, naval officer, was en gaged. Reno was in command of a division In the De partment of North Carolina, April to August, 1862. Forts Jackson and St. Philip. On the night of April 20th two steamers, under the direction of Henry H. Bell, North Carolina, chief of staff, found a passage-way on the west bank of the Mississippi River, where the cables were parted. Hulks had been sunk connected by cables, thus obstructing the river. The examination of the cables was a daring feat. S. P. Lee, Virginia, commanded the Federal advance di vision below the forts. Santa Fe, having been evacuated by the Confederates, was taken by troops in Canby's command April 21st. Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, April 24th, 1862. The passage was begun at 2 a. m. Farragut advanced in three divisions. Bell commanded the last. Chains were slung over the hulls as a protection. N. B. Harrison, Vir ginia, commanded the leading vessel, the Cayuga. It re ceived the fire of Fort St. Philip, and passed the forts. It was then beset by several large steamers, which dashed at It. The Cayuga fired on the Gov. Moore when thirty yards away. The Oneida, commanded by S. P. Lee, Vir ginia, grandson of Richard Henry Lee, was one of the three vessels first to pass the forts and encounter the Con federate fleet. At one time the Oneida was engaged alone with both forts. The Oneida went to the Cayuga's as sistance, raking the Gov. Moore with her starboard broad side at the distance of a few feet. The antagonists were dispersed, and three of them destroyed. The Cayuga dashed on up the river, followed by the rest of the division, firing into everything they met. The Hartford was Farra- gut's flag-ship. While passing, she was set on fire by a fire raft, grounding in the effort to avoid it, but extinguished the flames. The Brooklyn, T. T. Craven, District of Co lumbia, commanding, silenced Fort St. Philip in passing it. Finding the Hartford hard aground, exposed to the fire of FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 79 both forts, he had kept alongside to divert the fire until Farragut could get away. He was cool. The Hartford was struck 32 times in the hull and rigging, and the Brook lyn was severely punished In passing the forts. She fired a broadside at the Louisiana In passing. The Brooklyn be came entangled, and was attacked and rammed by the Manassas. She was next attacked by a large steamer, which she used up, and passed up the river. She was struck 17 times In the hull. Bell was on the Sciota, com manded by Ed. Donaldson, Maryland, which set" fire to two steamboats, and destroyed a vessel. The Va'Tuna had gone up the river, and became engaged with two vessels. Lee, in the Oneida, went to her aid. The two vessels rammed the Varuna, and Lee drove the two rams ashore, forcing their burning, and capturing the commander of the Gov. Moore. The Varuna sank in shoal water, and Lee went to her relief, helping to rescue the officers and men. On Farragut's staff were Bell and P. Drayton, South Carolina, expert organizers and adminis trators of detail. E. T. Nichols, Georgia, commanded the Winona, and John H. Russell, Maryland, commanded the Kennebec. John Guest, Missouri, commanded the Owosco. A. D. Harrell, Virginia, participated In the bombardment. Eleven Confederate vessels were destroyed. The passage of the forts was an achievement of the first importance. The danger was deemed excessive. The Chalmette batteries, about six miles below New Orleans, were passed the same day by Farragut. The Hartford and the Cayuga, under Harrison, stood the first brunt of the action, and the guns were silenced. The Brooklyn, T. T. Craven commanding, fired at them. S. P. Lee participated in their capture. Farragut occupied New Orleans April 25th. He had opened the lower Mississippi and captured the largest city of the South, the Confederates losing It permanently. The ministers of France had Indicated recognition of the Con federacy very soon, but abandoned the purpose after Fai'- 80 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS ragut reached New Orleans. The attitude of the British Govemment also had been very disquieting. There re mained within the area held by the Confederates no city larger than one of about 40,000 population. Fort Macon, Beaufort Harbor, N. C, was bombarded April 25th by vessels of L. M. Goldsborough's squadron, and surrendered next a. m. Charles W. Flusser, Mary land, was engaged. Fighting In front of Yorktown April 26th. Surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, April 28th, to Farragut's fleet. John H. Russell, Maryland, was present. E. T. Nichols, Georgia, received the surren der of Fort St. Philip. Russell participated In all the operations of Farragut's fleet in the Mississippi up to Vicksburg. S. P. Lee, Virginia, went up the Mississippi with the gun boats to Vicksburg, in command. Craven, with seven ves sels, was sent up the river from New Orleans. Action near Bridgeport, Ala., April 29th. MItchel at tacked Bridgeport. Confronting the Confederates with a portion of his command, he made a detour with the main body, and advanced upon Bridgeport. Confederates were surprised, and driven across the Tennessee River, mainly by artillery. Later, he dispersed with artillery the other portion of Kirby Smith's force, coming up to assist their comrades. He took Bridgeport and 350 prisoners. The Federal army conveyed to the Mississippi by Far ragut took possession of New Orleans May 1st. May 1st, during an attack made on the left flank of the army on the Virginia Peninsula, L. M. Goldsborough's ves sels shelled Confederate artillery posted on a hill to the left and forced It to retire. Campaign in Arkansas. Federals moved from Elkhorn eastward and occupied Batesvllle, northeastern Arkansas, May 3d. The Confederate army evacuated the position of York- town and Lee's Mill May 3d and 4th. Among those en- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 81 gaged in the siege operations against the Yorktown line were W. H. Emory, Maryland; Wm. H. French, Mary land; G. W. Getty, District of Columbia; P. St. George Cooke, Virginia, commanding the cavalry regulars ; D. B. Bimey, Alabama, conspicuous ; Robt. C. Buchanan, Mary land ; Horatio G. Gibson, Maryland ; Wm. Hays, Virginia ; A. Pleasanton, District of Columbia ; Barton S. Alexander, Kentucky; John C. TIdball, Virginia, and B. F. Davis, Alabama. W. P. McCann, Kentucky, commanding the Maratanza, engaged the batteries there. Thos. H. Patter son, Louisiana, naval officer, was engaged. Cooke was in command of advance guard in combat near Williamsburg 4th. Troops were sent by water up the York River to threaten the rear and flank of J. E. Johnston's army. On May 5th the gunboats were sent up by Wm. Smith, Kentucky, In naval command on the York River. T. H. Patterson In the Chocura proceeded to West Point. Lebanon, Tenn., May 5th. Confederate John H. Mor gan was defeated with the loss of 105 men, guns and horses. Green C. Smith, Kentucky, was wounded. Battle of Williamsburg, Va., May 5th. Johnston held his line against the attack, and retired from Williamsburg during the night. David B. Bimey, Alabama, showed merit. Cooke, Emory, TIdball, John W. Davidson, Vir ginia ; Wm. Hays, Virginia ; B. F. Davis, Alabama ; H. G. Gibson, Maryland; and Wm. P. Sanders, Kentucky, were engaged. May 6th Wm. Smith, Kentucky, escorted transports to West Point, carrying advance division, which landed the 6th. Combat of West Point, Va., May 7th, 1862. B. S. Alex ander, Kentucky, engineer officer, landed the leading division, which disembarked near West Point. John New ton, Virginia, commanding the brigade most heavily en gaged, was attacked soon after landing, but repulsed the opponents. He led his command. Wm. Smith sent the 82 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Maratanza Into action, W. P. McCann, Kentucky, com manding. He drove off the Confederate battery attack ing the division. The gunboats did effectual work in the repelling of the attack. At the end of the day Newton occupied an advanced position. Baton Rouge, La., was captured by Farragut May 7th. May 8th the Galena and her escorts under John Rodgers, Maryland, started working their way up James River. L. M. Goldsborough shelled Sewell's Point, Va., north of Nor folk, May 8th. Combat of McDowell, westem Va., May 8th. While the Army of the Potomac was working up the Peninsula toward Richmond, with vessels of Goldsborough's squadron moving up the river on its right, a smaller army was at Fredericksburg, interposed between the Confederates and Washington ; another force was between there and the Valley of Virginia; a Federal army was working south in the Valley against Staunton, and Fremont, who had pushed eastward a large force in westem Virginia, had several com mands scattered to the west and northwest of Staunton, in the mountain area near the boundary between Virginia and westem Virginia, not far from Staunton. The Federals threatened a union of these and the Valley forces against Staunton, and a union of all the forces east of the Blue Ridge against Richmond, — from the north and from the east In concert. The object for the Confederates was to threaten Washington, separate still further these com mands, preventing their union; clear the Valley, and threaten Maryland that way ; then to unite the Confederate armies against the Army of the Potomac menacing Rich mond. T. J. Jackson had Ewell's army replace his, and disappeared from the Valley. The Valley Federal army moved north. It not appearing but that its rear was threat ened. Jackson moved south, however, cut across the Val ley and joined Edward Johnson against McDowell. When Jackson reached McDowell he was attacked unsuccessfully, and the Federals retreated. Fremont responded to a call FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 83 for help, sending forward supports. The Federals re treated to Franklin. Farmlngton, Miss., May 9th. A division of Pope's wing was assailed by the Confederates in heavy force. It fought for several hours, and then withdrew across Seven Mile Creek to Pope's main line. The Monitor attacked Sewell's Point May 9th. Next day L. M. Goldsborough's vessels engaged and silenced the batteries there, passed up to Norfolk, Va., and occupied It. Hugh Y. Purvlance, Maryland, and Aaron W. Weaver, District of Columbia, were engaged. Craighead's Bend, near Fort Pillow, Tenn., May 10th. The Confederate fleet met the Federal fleet. The Cincin^ nati, R. N. Stembel, Maryland, leading, hastened to the aid of an attacked mortar-boat, and was attacked by the Confederate rams. She was followed by the Mound City, A. H. Kilty, Maryland. H. Walke, Virginia, In the Carondelet was the first to come within aiding distance of the Cincinnati, and struck the boiler of one of the vessels. The Cincinnati was rammed and sunk. Stembel was se verely wounded, and Incapacitated for further active serv ice. The Mound City also was rammed and sunk. It was a heavy action, vessels of both fleets being damaged or de stroyed. John A. WInslow, North Carolina, was present. The Confederate vessels retired, and the Carondelet alone remained in possession of the battlefield. The fleet bombarded Fort Pillow until June 4th. The Virginia was blown up by the Confederates May 11th. Baton Rouge, La., was occupied May 12th by the Fed eral land forces. Farragut took Natchez May 13th. May 13th an act was passed by the Federal Legislature of Virginia giving consent to the formation of the new State to be called West Virginia. John Rodgers, Maryland, on his way up the James River in May silenced the battery at Rock Wharf and In 84 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS the Galena engaged the battery at Hardin's Bluff, while wooden boats passed it. Fort Darling, Drewry's Bluff, Va., May 15th. Gun boat attack by the fleet under Rodgers. In the Galena he fought the Fort three hours and twenty minutes. Two- thirds of his crew were killed and wounded. S. Dana Greene, Maryland, was engaged. The Confederates crossed the Chlckahominy Immediately after this, and the way was opened for the Federal advance to within seven miles of Richmond. May 17th L. M. Goldsborough, District of Columbia, de stroyed the two abandoned batteries at Rock Wharf and Hardin's Bluff. The same day there was a naval expe dition up the Pamunkey River, and Confederate vessels were burnt. Thos. H. Patterson, Louisiana, commanded the leading gunboat In the expedition up the Pamunkey River to White House, to open the way and In support of the Army of the Potomac. Movement on Corinth. Thomas' advance on May 17th brought on a spirited combat. His troops drove the Con federates across Bridge Creek. Thomas had the Confed erate left reconnoitered, and It was driven back some dis tance, and there was a corresponding advance of his whole Army of the Tennessee. May 18th Wm. Smith, Kentucky, being senior, replaced Rodgers In command on the James River. The advance division of Farragut's squadron, under S. P. Lee, Virginia, summoned Vicksburg to surrender May 18th. The Vicksburg batteries were passed. Lee par ticipated in both passages of the Vicksburg batteries, the Oneida being second In line on each occasion. Front Royal, Va., May 23d. The Massanutton moun tain range runs part of the length of the Shenandoah Val ley, dividing the Valley. While the Federal army blocked the westem valley at Strasburg, T. J. Jackson hurried north In the narrower eastem valley and struck a small force at Front Royal, Va., commanded by John R. Kenly, FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 85 Maryland. Kenly's command was dispersed or captured, but his fight gave the army at Winchester some time to start north. May 23d and 24th. The brigade of John W. David son, Virginia, occupied Mechanlcsvllle after a brief en counter with a column of Magruder's command. Near Newtown T. J. Jackson struck the flank of the Valley army, capturing supplies, arms and prisoners. John C. Tidball, Virginia, was engaged In an action at New Bridge, Va., May 24th. Battle of Winchester, May 25th. The Valley army was defeated by T. J. Jackson. C. H. Tompkins, Virginia, was engaged. Jackson threatened Harper's Ferry. Edward Stanley, North Carolina, commissioned by President Lincoln temporary governor of that part of North Carolina under Federal control, arrived at New Bern, N. C, May 26th. Action at Hanover C. H., Va., May 27th. W. H. Emory, Maryland, commanded cavalry, with some artil lery, participating in dislodging the Confederates, clearing the army's right flank. Wm. B. Royall, Virginia, was en gaged. Action at Mechanlcsvllle, Va., May 27th. John C. Tid ball, Virginia, and Wm. P. Sanders, Kentucky, were en gaged. May 28th the advance on Corinth met stronger oppo sition than any before. The Confederates attempted to regain a position taken from them by Thomas, Army of the Tennessee, and also attacked the 2d division. Army of the Ohio, In the center, unsuccessfully, R. W. Johnson, Kentucky, routing Confederates in his front. The Confederates evacuated Corinth the night of May 29th. Pope, with the Army of the Mississippi, pursued to Baldwin, capturing supplies, prisoners and arms, and destroying other material. Among those engaged in the advance upon Corinth were T. J. Wood, Kentucky ; R. W. Johnson, Kentucky ; E. H. Hobson, Kentucky ; N. B. Bu- 86 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS ford, Kentucky; Jacob Ammen, Virginia; W. R. Terrill, A'irginia; Albert M. Powell, Maryland; Alvan C. Gillem, Tennessee; Jas. S. Jackson, Kentucky; Henry M. Judah, Maryland, and A. L. Chetlain, Missouri. Chetlain com manded the post of Corinth. May 29th, John Rodgers, Maryland, was again In com mand on James River. In Jackson's demonstration against Harper's Ferry May 26th to 30th, Jas. Cooper, Maryland, and D. S. Miles, Maryland, were engaged. Thos. H. Patterson, Louisiana, from June to October, 1862, was senior officer of the naval forces in the York and Pamunkey rivers, and in constant cooperation with the Army of the Potomac. Battle of Fair Oaks or Seven Pines, Va., May 31st and June 1st, 1862. May 31st, while part of the Federal army was on the north bank of the Chickahomlny, J. E. Johnston struck the part on the south bank, the river be ing very high. The Federals were driven around Seven Pines while holding on at Fair Oaks. On the Seven Pines field, the brigade of John J. Abercromble, Tennessee, was attacked in the second position, the first line of defense, half a mile to the front, having been carried. Aber- crombie's brigade on tMe right, after gaining ground, was cut off, and sustained a severe attack. It was about to be overwhelmed when reenforced from a corps coming from the north bank of the Chickahomlny, W. A. Gorman, Ken tucky, leading. The Chickahomlny had been crossed with great difficulty. Gorman exerted himself to hold the line when an attempt was made to turn the Federal right. He led a bayonet charge. The Confederates held at Fair Oaks most of the corps from coming to the succor here, and gained the second line, and some of their troops on the Williamsburg road were pushed far toward the Federal third position. J. E. Johnston was wounded about 7:30 p. M. B. S. Alexander, Kentucky, was engaged. Seven Pines June 1st. The Confederate attack was FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 87 upon the brigade of Wm. H. French, Maryland. The Confederates fell back some time after French had been reenforced. D. B. Bimey, Alabama, had strong outposts well to the front, which delayed Confederates advancing east. Bimey had advanced and struck the Confederate right flank there. Under the front and flank attack Ma- hone and Armstead, Confederates, gave way in disorder. Birney's center met with but little resistance until it struck a Confederate force in a strong position on a wood road In front of French's left wing. One of Birney's regiments was engaged on the Williamsburg road, and two of French's also advanced into the wood a short distance before the action there ended. French led a bayonet charge in per son with address. Wilcox, Confederate, sustained this at tack east of Seven Pines, and was withdrawn on account of the fighting to the north of Seven Pines. The Confed erate right wing retired during the day to the position of the Federal first line of defense of May 31st. There was no general battle June 1st. R. E. Lee took command of the Confederate army just before 1 :30 p. m. that day. Fremont had been moved northeastward and other troops westward In the attempt to intercept Jackson, but he slipped between them. While part of the Shenandoah Valley command ad vanced to Port Republic, E. O. C. Ord, Maryland, com manding a division, remained at Front Royal. Early In June Chas. W. Flusser, Maryland, took posses sion of Plymouth, N. C, and held it unaided by land forces until June 15th. J. B. S. Todd, Kentucky, commanded a division In the Army of the Tennessee from June 3d to July I7th. Near Jasper, Tenn., June 4th, 0. McK. Mitchel's expe dition against Chattanooga skirmished successfully with a brigade under Adams. Fort Pillow was evacuated by the Confederates June 4th. Thomas was in command of Corinth from June 5th to S2d. 88 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Battle of Memphis, Tenn., June 6th. This was a heavy naval fight. The Federals had five gunboats with 68 guns, 4 rams. The Confederates had 8 gunboats with 28 guns. The Confederate fleet met the Federal. The Carondelet, commanded by Walke, was In the front line, and was the principal gunboat engaged by the Confed erate ram Arkansas. Vessels of both fleets were damaged or destroyed, the Van Dom alone, of the Confederate ves sels, escaping. Memphis was taken that day, with large stores and navy yard, and the steam-ram Tennessee build ing there was destroyed. Maynadier, Virginia, did good service In the battle. Mitchel's expedition reached the Tennessee River op posite Chattanooga June 7th. It bombarded Chattanooga 7th and 8th. Battle of Cross Keys, Va., June 8th. T. J. Jackson held the bridge at Port Republic separating Fremont and troops which had moved south In the narrower eastern valley. The brigade of S. S. Carroll, Maryland, In advance reached Port Republic the 8th, and there was a contest for the bridge. At Cross Keys, on the 8th, Fremont unsuccessfully attacked Ewell, posted to the west of the bridge. Combat of Port Republic, June 9th. Another brigade had come to the support of Carroll. If Jackson could rout these two brigades quickly, he could then turn, join Ewell and meet Fremont. The first Confederate assault was by the Stonewall brigade and was repulsed by Car roll's brigade. Dick Taylor captured a battery. Candy, Kentucky, recaptured It and took a Confederate gun and 67 prisoners. The stout resistance of the two brigades before they were overcome and pushed north lost Jackson so much time and required such force that Jackson concentrated east of the bridge, ordering Ewell over, after holding Fremont in check, and the bridge was burnt, thus preventing further battle between Fremont and Jackson. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 89 James Island, Charleston Plarbor, June 10th. Robt. Williams, Virginia, was engaged. After the occupation of Corinth, the Federal combina tion was resolved Into the former armies. Thomas was relieved of command of the Army of the Tennessee and then of Corinth, and was restored to the command of the 1st division. Army of the Ohio. A campaign for the capture of Chattanooga was pro jected. The Army of the Ohio started for East Tennes see June 10th, repairing the Memphis & Charleston Railroad from Corinth to use as a line of communication, in addition to the Tennessee River. The movement was directly upon Chattanooga. At James Island, Charleston Harbor, June 13th and 14th, Robt. Williams, Virginia, and J. R. Hawley, North Carolina, were engaged. Action of Old Church, Va., June 13th, was fought by Wm. B. Royall, Virginia, who received six saber wounds in hand-to-hand conflict, and made a stubborn fight, but was overwhelmed by the numbers of the Confederates. He cut through and joined the main army. Combat of Secessionville, S. C, June 16th. The Fed erals were severely repulsed. Robt. Williams, Virginia, was engaged. In June, 1862, A. H. Kilty, Maryland, commanded an expedition to the White River, Ark. St. Charles, Ark., was captured by troops supported by the vessels, June 17th. The gunboats battled with the Confederate bat teries, the batteries being carried. The steam-chest of the Mound City was struck, and Kilty was scalded by the steam which filled the vessel. Cumberland Gap was occupied by Federals June 18th, the position having been turned, causing Confederate evac uation. The Confederates left It in maneuvers. The Fed eral troops were largely Kentuckian. Saml. P. Carter, Tennessee, and J. G. Spears, Tennessee, helped occupy it. 90 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS June 18th transports with supplies were ordered sent up the James River under convoy of gunboats under John Rodgers, Maryland. June 19th another corps was transferred to the south side of the Chlckahominy. A deserter on June 24th gave information of Jackson's movement to strike the Federal rear. Jackson arrived at Ashland June 25th. Seven Days' Battles. Action of Oak Grove, Va., June 25th. Federal pickets south of the Chlckahominy were pushed forward and gained ground for an attack set for the next day. Federals occupied the advanced ground. Wm. H. French, Maryland, was engaged. P. St. George Cooke, Virginia, commanded the cavalry watching on the right wing which reported the advance which turned out to be Jackson. Farragut's fleet was assembled at Vicksburg June 25th. Vicksburg was bombarded next day. John Pope, Kentucky, was assigned to the command of all the troops In northem Virginia June 26th, and Fremont was relieved. Pope commanded the Army of Virginia from June 27th to Sept. 2d. Battle of Mechanlcsvllle, or Beaver Dam Creek, Va., June 26th-27th. The left of the Federal picket line south of the Chlckahominy was thrown forward preliminary to attack. P. St. George Cooke reported that Jackson was advancing slowly on the flank of the part of the Army of the Potomac north of the Chlckahominy. The Federals were forced back from their Intrenchments a mile to Beaver Dam Creek, near Ellerson's mill, where they repulsed an attack. Next morning they were constrained by Jack son's flank movement to fall back early to Gaines' Mill battlefield. Wm. Hays, Virginia, was among those en gaged. The Confederate loss was 1,365; Federal 361. Battle of Gaines' Mill, June 27th, 1862. The Confed erate attack commenced shortly after noon. A division crossed from south of the Chlckahominy to the support of FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 91 the right wing, reaching the field at 3 :30 p. m. The brigade of John Newton, Virginia, arriving at 4 p. m., was sent to the center and drove back the Confederates, retaking ground held by the Confederates only a short time. There was fierce fighting In the position of Robt. C. Buchanan, Maryland, the ground being lost and re gained. Buchanan fought with credit. Jackson's army from the Valley was now fully united with Lee's and bore down in force upon the right flank. Late In the p. m. the Confederates gained the line at a number of points, and the whole line gave way. About 6 p. m. nearly the whole of the army In sight seemed suddenly to disappear in confusion to the rear. Three batteries of artillery had been posted in reserve, with Cooke's weak cavalry brigade. The three batteries opened a furious fire. No hope was left save in this feeble force In reserve. Cooke instantly advanced to support the batteries. He charged to bring them off safe. He directed their firing, which was reported very effective. It caused the Confederates to halt. Cooke was with his men. Wm. P. Chambliss, Virginia, led the charge and was struck by seven balls. The Confederates had emerged from a wood, and were met by the cavalry charge and artillery fire. They hesitated and destruction of the right wing north of the Chlckahominy was pre vented. Some of the artillery was saved. The brigade of Wm. H. French, Maryland, advancing boldly, and another brigade, came up from the river before dusk. They covered the retreat, and Cooke, with the cavalry, guarded the rear while the right wing crossed to the south side of the Chlckahominy. Cooke was the last general officer on the field on the left. That wing of the army was saved from further disaster In the flooded river and swamps close behind It. Cooke's cavalry destroyed the Chickahomlny bridge, the rear-guard in retreat having gotten over the river by 6 a. m., and retreat commenced to the James River as a base, while the Confederates op erated on the old line to the Pamunkey, not knowing but 92 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS that AVhite House would continue to be the base. John W. Davidson, Virginia, and John C. Tidball, Virginia, were brave and useful. G. W. Getty, District of Colum bia, C. H. Tompkins, Virginia, and B. S. Alexander, Ken tucky, were also engaged In the battle. Action at Goldlng's Farm and Gamett's Farm, June 27th and 28th. Confederates lost 461, Federals 368. John W. Davidson was conspicuous ; B. S. Alexander was engaged. Bombardment of Vicksburg batteries by Farragut, June 27th. T. T. Craven, commanding the Brooklyn; H. H. Bell, North Carolina, and John H. Russell, Maryland, were engaged. Bragg succeeded Beauregard in command of the Con federate army at Tupelo, Miss., June 27th. June 28th Farragut ran northward past Vicksburg with two of his ships and five gunboats — all but three vessels of his fleet. The Hartford, Oneida, second In line, com manded by S. P. Lee, Virginia ; the Sciota, Ed. Donaldson, Maryland, and Winona, E. T. Nichols, Georgia, succeeded. W. W. Queen, District of Columbia, commanded the mor tar-boats and passed the batteries. The Federal fleet at Memphis moved down the river June 29th. Seven Days' Battles. Action of Allen's Farm or Peach Orchard, June 29th. Wm. H. French, Maryland, was engaged. Battle two miles west of Savage Station and at Savage Station, Va., p. m. of June 29th. Lee was striking at the Army of the Potomac on Its retreat to the James. The Federal line was broken in the center. The brigade of W. A. Gorman, Kentucky, was pushed In, and held Its ground. The line then held fast till the close of the battle. Wm. H. French, Maryland, was engaged, and In command of the Infantry rear-guard, then and in the retreat to Malvern Hill. P. St. George Cooke was in command of the remnant of the cavalry division present In retreat from Savage Station to Harrison's Landing. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 93 June 29th the Army of the Potomac opened communica tion with John Rodgers, Maryland, who again commanded the vessels on the James River. Seven Days' Battles. White Oak Bridge or Turkey Creek, Va., June 30th. Bombardment by Jackson princi pally. French and Davidson, Virginia, were present. J. B. Mcintosh, Florida, was engaged. French remained when other troops fell back that night, to deceive the Confederates by firing field-pieces in the direction of the bridge. Battle of Glendale, Charles City Cross Roads, or Fray- ser's Farm, June 30th. Fighting was along the whole line this day. D. B. Birney, Alabama, was on the right of the front line. Newton, Virginia, was on the right, and was efficient. He held the center there. His brigade did well. The Confederates took the field. French, Cooke and Robt. C. Buchanan, Maryland, were engaged. Lovell H. Rousseau, Kentucky, was given command of a division In June, 1862, succeeding MItchel. Ord com manded at Corinth, June to August. Malvern Hill, Va., June 30th. John Rodgers' gunboats aided in repulsing Holmes. Seven Days' Battles. Battle of Malvern Hill, Va., July 1st. The Confederates attacked at 3 p. m. and again at 6 p. M. The brigade of John J. Abercromble, Tennessee, with two other brigades, pushed after the repelled troops, and advanced the right of the line. Colors were captured. Robt. C. Buchanan, Maryland, helped drive a portion of the Confederates from the field. Gunboats under John Rodgers aided. They fired upon Magruder's rear. Buchanan was the main infantry rear-guard from Malvem Hill leaving the field. The Confederates lost 5,355 and the Federals 3,214. French, G. W. Getty, District of Columbia ; Wm. Hays, Virginia, and John C. TIdball, Vir ginia, were engaged. Among others engaged In the Seven Days' Battles were Alfred Pleasanton, District of Colum bia, and Wm. Chapman, Maryland. Wm. H. Emory, 94 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Maryland, operated on the right flank of the army with a mixed command of Infantry, cavalry and artillery. Farragut's fleet and the one from Memphis joined north of Vicksburg July 1st. Harrison's Landing, July 2d. Emory and Tidball were engaged. The Army of the Potomac was thereafter under the protection of Rodgers' gunboats. Wm. Gibson, Maryland, was present during all the op erations on the James River while the Army occupied Harrison's Landing, and guarded with three gunboats its recrossing of the Chlckahominy. N. B. Harrison, Vir ginia, commanded the Mahaska during the operations be fore Richmond and the retreat to Harrison's Landing. H. R. Gamble, Virginia, war Governor of Missouri, in 1862 ordered the enrollment of the total fighting popu lation of Missouri, giving authority for the placing In active service of a sufficient force to maintain the peace. Federal Missouri militia occupied every town of impor tance in the State. The military establishment there was about 50,000 men, mostly Missouri State militia. Morgan, Confederate, raided Kentucky, July 4th to 30th. On Morgan's five raids Into Kentucky, Kentucky troops were after him or confronted him. On this raid Jeremiah T. Boyle, Kentucky, and Green C. Smith, Ken tucky, were active in resisting him. Point of Rocks, July 4th. W. P. McCann, Kentucky, captured gunboat Teaser. He was with the army at Malvern Hill, July 4th. C. W. Flusser, Maryland, was in command of an expe dition sent by L. M. Goldsborough, District of Columbia, July 9th to the North Carolina rivers leading into the North Carolina sounds. He started from Plymouth, N. C, went up the Roanoke River, reached Hamilton the 9th In the Commodore Perry and captured it — batteries, steamers, schooners and supplies. Murfreesboro, Tenn., July 13th. Forrest had advanced from Chattanooga. He captured Murfreesboro and T. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 95 T. Crittenden, Alabama, with a brigade and cavalry under him. Crittenden had arrived only the day before. Nelson was dispatched with his division from Athens via Nashville against Forrest. While at Murfreesboro Nelson con structed strong field works. Pope took command of the Anny of Virginia July 14th. Three Federal vessels approached the ram Arkansas in the Yazoo River, Miss., Walke commanding the Caronde let. The Arkansas engaged them July 15th, and followed them down the river. Walke bore the brunt of the fight with the Arkansas. The Arkansas proceeded and ran the gauntlet of both fleets, taking position under the Vicksburg batteries. Farragut, with his fleet, repassed the Vicksburg batteries going south with little loss, and attacked the Arkansas in passing. S. P. Lee, Virginia, and E. T. Nich ols, Georgia, passed and were in the engagement with the Arkansas. The command of David G. Farragut, Tennessee, up to May, 1863, Included the Mississippi River as far as Vicks burg, and all its tributaries below, and the coasts from Pensacola, Fla., to the western boundary of Texas. Morgan, Confederate, took Cynthlana, Ky., July 17th, commanded by J. J. Landram, Kentucky. There was a hard struggle and severe loss on both sides. Landram escaped, slightly wounded, to Paris, where the next day he rallied and united several detachments, and harassed Morgan in his retirement from Kentucky. Lee sent Jackson to oppose Pope's advance In northern Virginia. Jackson's troops reached GordonsvIUe July 19th. July 20th Farragut's fleet was ordered to New Orleans, where it arrived July 29th. The Confederate army in northem Mississippi was started for Chattanooga July 21st. July 22d two vessels, W. D. Porter, Louisiana, command ing one of them, from the fleet above Vicksburg unsuccess fully attacked the Arkansas. Porter passed Vicksburg 96 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS southward in the Essex to attack the Arkansas. The Es sex was badly cut up by the Vicksburg batteries. Bragg reached Chattanooga July 29th. Hardee left Tupelo bound there the same day. Confederates were driven from Mt. Sterling, Ky., by Home Guards July 29th. Coggin's Point, Va., July 31st. Thornton A. Jenkins, Virginia, senior naval officer present, repulsed the Con federates. Orange C. H, Va., was occupied by Pope's troops Au gust 2d. Combat of Baton Rouge, La., August 5th. Brecken- ridge. Confederate, unsuccessfully attacked Baton Rouge. The Arkansas had come down from Vicksburg to aid. The Confederates attacked and drove back the land force. W. D. Porter, Louisiana, In the Essex, contributed ma terially to the defense. The Federals finally pushed the Confederates, who retired from the field. Porter, with the Essex, Cayuga and other vessels, en gaged the Arkansas. The Arkansas was pierced through and through, disabling her steering gear. She went ashore and was set on fire and destroyed. D. McN. Fairfax, Vir ginia, was engaged. George H. Thomas, Virginia, was in command at Decherd, August 5th to 16th. Battle of Cedar Mountain, or Cedar Run, Va., August 9th. Jackson forced back Pope's advance force. S. S. Carroll, District of Columbia, and Chas. Candy, Kentucky, were engaged. Gallatin, Tenn., August 12th. Morgan had started on another raid. R. W. Johnson, Kentucky, commanding a cavalry force, was sent from McMInnvIlle against Morgan August 11th, which placed him between Morgan and For rest. He attacked Morgan at Gallatin, was defeated and retreated. Morgan pursued, attacked, and received the surrender of Johnson and the men remaining with him, about 75 In number. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 97 Manassas Campaign of 1862. The Army of the Potomac evacuated Harrison's Land ing August 16th. It moved back down the Peninsula, took ship, and, as fast as the troops debarked on the Potomac, they were hurried to unite with Pope's army. August 16th Wm. Nelson, Kentucky, was given two field-batteries and some experienced cavalry and infantry officers, and sent to Kentucky, to organize troops, re establish communications, and operate against the Con federate cavalry. He was relieved of command of the 4th division, Ammen succeeding him. Kirby Smith was then In motion toward central Kentucky. Nelson took charge of affairs in that State, and organized the fresh troops assembling for Its defense. On reaching Kentucky, Nel son was ordered to proceed to Lexington and assume com mand of troops there, at Lebanon and elsewhere around. Nelson ordered troops to Richmond, Ky. Farragut sent an expedition which successfully attacked Corpus Christi, August 16th to 20th, 1862. Galveston, Sabine Pass and Corpus ChrlstI fell into Federal hands within a short time, through the operations of his vessels. Tennessee and Kentucky Campaign. Instead of longer interposing between the Army of the Ohio and the lower South, or defending Chattanooga by occupying It, Bragg planned to get by the Army of the Ohio and push across Tennessee, keeping undisclosed whether he designed the capture of Nashville, or to move to the east of it and occupy Kentucky. E. Kirby Smith preceded him, enter ing southeastern Kentucky, and marching upon Lexington and Covington, opposite Cincinnati. The cavalry raids of Morgan and Forrest were preliminary to the grand army movement. Kirby Smith reached Barboursville August 18th, in rear of the Federals at Cumberland Gap. Fed erals occupied Rogers' and Big Creek Gaps in Smith's rear, and he advanced boldly into the rich portion of Ken tucky. Alfred Pleasanton, District of Columbia, was engaged 98 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS in covering the withdrawal of the Army of the Potomac to Yorktown, August 18th and 19th. J. L. Reno, Virginia, was In the movement to Newport News and the Rappa hannock. He was given command of the 9th corps in August. August 19th, the Department of the Ohio was formed of the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Mis souri and Kentucky east of the Tennessee River, and in cluding Cumberland Gap. Thomas was In command at McMInnvIlle August 19th to September 3d. Bragg started troops from Chattanooga to crossing the Tennessee River the 19th. Thomas recon noitered thoroughly to the south and east. Edgefield Junction, Tenn., August 20th. Morgan was not checked until he reached Edgefield Junction, a few miles north of Nashville. Forrest swept around Nashville, and Morgan remained north of Nashville. The Alabama arrived at Azores, August 20th, and took on her armament of eight guns and stores from a transport which had preceded her. She entered upon her Confed erate career as a commerce-destroyer. Gallatin, Tenn., surrendered to the Confederates August 21st. Henry M. Judah, Maryland, was in command of Fort Denison from August 23d to September 5th. August 23d W. D. Porter, Louisiana, left Baton Rouge in the Essex, and followed the Confederate gunboat Webb to Vicksburg. Jackson turned west, marched around Pope's army, crossed its rear east-bound, and reached Manassas Junc tion to the northeast between Pope and Washington the night of August 26th, capturing the army supplies, hav ing occupied Bristoe during the day. Action of Kettle Run or Bristoe Station, August 27th. Pope moved troops quickly to Bristoe, where they attacked Ewell, left there by Jackson, who separated his forces, moving them to the west and north. Pope captured some FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 99 prisoners at Bristoe Station, Ewell having withdrawn un der fire. Action of Thoroughfare Gap, evening of August 27th, and August 28th. John Buford, Kentucky, was engaged. Lee was hurrying the rest of his army on Jackson's track, to pass through Thoroughfare Gap and unite with Jack son. Bragg's army was fairly started on his campaign Au gust 28th. Combat of Groveton, Va., August 28th. Troops moved by Pope encountered Jackson. Pope's troops fought at Gainesville, Germantown and near Centreville that day. T. J. Wood, Kentucky, was employed in pursuit and driving away of Forrest's brigade of cavalry, August 29th. CHAPTER IV Second Bull Run — Richmond, Ky. — Chantilly — South Mountain — Harper's Ferry — Sharpsburg — Cor inth — Hatchie Bridge — Perryville — Prairie Grove — Fredericksburg — Chickasaw Bluffs — Murfreesboro — Arkansas Post — Charleston — Port Gibson. Battle of Second Bull Run or Manassas, August 29th and 30th. The Confederates faced east. At first Bull Run they faced to the west when the Federals advanced to the attack from that direction, so that the positions of the combatants were reversed in the second battle. On the 29th Reno, with the 9th corps, reenforced the troops on the field. Most of his corps had been pushed into action by noon. Besides the 9th corps, he commanded another division during the battle. Pope arrived on the field about noon. He was concentrating to defeat Jackson before Lee could join, but Lee was already In touch. Reno's corps, with two other divisions, assaulted about 1 p. M. At 5 p. M. Reno was in an attack on Hill, which forced his lines back, Jackson's left being pressed toward his center. Second Bull Run, August 30th. Reno, on the Federal right, was in the assault In the morning. Buchanan, Mary land, rendered brave and strong service on the Federal left. Jackson, badly shaken, yet held a line against Pope's heavy assaults. The Confederate army was united and Longstreet, on Jackson's right, helped repulse the as sailants. Reno was withdrawn from the right center late in the afternoon and thrown Into action on the left. Lee made a general attack, and succeeded. Buchanan's bri gade fought hard on the extreme left to preserve the line 100 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 101 of retreat by the tumpike and stone bridge. Reno re mained on the Henry house hill until about 9 p. m. and covered the retreat. His corps fought well. Reno was soldierly. D. B. Bimey, Alabama, fought with credit. Wm. Birney, Alabama, was conspicuous. John Buford, Kentucky, commanding Pope's cavalry, was cool, judicious and brave. Wm. Chapman, Maryland, was engaged. Some of T. J. Wood's cavalry worsted Forrest at Mc MInnvIlle August 30th. August 30th orders were given for the concentration at Murfreesboro of the Army of the Ohio, at the time disposed west of Chattanooga. When Kirby Smith was reported moving toward Louis ville, Wm. Nelson, Kentucky, was dispatched to Louisville to defend it. He went on to Lexington, and collected some troops. Battle of Richmond, or Kingston, Ky., August 30th. The battle started at Kingston, near Richmond. Smith had succeeded in coming into contact with the army hastily assembled. The Federal left moved forward to turn the Confederate right. This was met by Smith, who then sent a brigade to turn the Federal right. The Federals still advanced their left, but were checked and finally forced back. The Confederates gained the Federal right, and broke it in a charge. Two miles farther north, the Federals made a stand, and the Confederates struck their right again, while at tacking In front. The Federals were routed, and fell back in front of Richmond. Nelson arrived and directed the formation of a line near the town. He judiciously se lected a commanding ridge close to Richmond for the stand, both flanks resting on woods. Smith again at tacked in front while flanking and Nelson retreated. A force of Confederates had been sent early in the moming to gain the rear of Richmond, and they increased the dis order. In the battle J. J. Landram, Kentucky, had sev eral horses shot under him. He received a severe wound 102 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS in the head, partly blinding and incapacitating him for further active service. Nelson was wounded. Smith con tinued north to Lexington. Nelson returned to Louisville, took command there and organized, from every direction, 30,000 to 40,000 troops. During September the greater portion of Smith's army remained In the vicinity of Lex ington. He sent Heth's troops north. In August George B. Balch, Tennessee, naval officer, ascended Black River 25 miles, drove a Confederate bat tery from its earthworks and engaged infantry on the bluffs. Hindman, Confederate, commenced to move north with 7,000 men early in September for southwest Missouri. Battle of Chantilly, or Ox Hill, Va., September 1st. Jackson had gone on another turning movement around Pope's right. Just before sunset Reno met Jackson's ad vance. Pope having sent a force to meet such a move. A division of Reno's corps drove two of A. P. Hill's brigades back in much confusion. The Federals were forced back in disorder, and the brigade of D. B. Bimey, Alabama, was sent to the front. Bimey, coming into command of a division, at once made a bayonet charge with his own brigade, which gained some ground. Birney held some of the ground that night. Wm. Birney, Ala bama, was engaged. John Newton, Virginia, served in handling troops In the retreat from Bull Run to Washington, September 1st and 2d. Federals evacuated Lexington, Ky., September 1st. In September, 1862, J. McA. Palmer, Kentucky, was given command of the 1st division of the Army of the Mississippi. September 1st Bragg telegraphed Price, Informing him that the Army of the Ohio was retiring upon Nashville, and that he must watch the army west of the Tennessee River to prevent Its junction; or, if It should escape, follow it closely. Martial law was declared in Cincinnati Septem- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 103 ber 2d. Kirby Smith occupied Lexington, Ky., September 2d. S. P. Lee, Virginia, was appointed acting rear-admiral September 2d. Bragg entered Kentucky September 5th. The Army of the Ohio reached Murfreesboro the same day. Bragg's movement Impelled the detachment of two divisions to it from west of the Tennessee. It moved on to Nashville. The way was clear to Bragg. While the Army was at Murfreesboro, information was received of Nelson's defeat at Richmond, and that Bragg's course Indicated Invasion of Kentucky. S. P. Lee, Virginia, relieved Goldsborough of the com mand of the North Atlantic Squadron September 5th. Lee held It until October 12th, 1864. He was engaged In blockading the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina, and cooperating with the armies In the defense of Norfolk, New Bern and Washington, N. C, fighting Iron-clads and heavy fortifications In Trent's Reach, and field batteries along the line of communication of the Army on James River, which he held continuously. He arranged and maintained an extensive blockade, originating the system of a girdle of cruisers, which baffled the Confederates in their efforts to obtain foreign recruits, supplies and muni tions of war. 54 blockade runners were captured or de stroyed by the Squadron under Lee. Besides blockading, it was engaged In 91 actions and expeditions during his command. Maryland Campaign. R. E. Lee entered Maryland September 5th. A. W. Bradford, Maryland, Govemor of Maryland, Issued a proclamation for the enrollment of Marylanders In military organizations. Volunteers were so organized. Henry M. Judah, Maryland, was in command of Cov ington, Ky., September 5th to 8th. Heth's troops reached the suburbs of Covington September 6th. Troops were rushed to Cincinnati by the Federals. 104 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Washington, N. C, September 6th. During the siege of Washington W. P. McCann, Kentucky, had command of five gunboats. Lee occupied Frederick, Md., September 6th. W. D. Porter, Louisiana, In the Essex, retuming from Vicksburg, was fired upon by the Port Hudson batteries September 7th. John Pope was In command of the Department of the Northwest, September 7th, 1862, to January 30th, 1865. By order of September 7th Thomas was assigned to the command of NashviUe with his. Palmer's and a third division, retaining It to September 14th. Bragg had crossed the Cumberland River at Carthage and was mov ing rapidly toward Louisville. The Army of the Ohio raced with him. Breckenridge was left to operate against and Invest Nashville. Bragg's troops tore up the railroad track between Franklin and Bowling Green. Alfred Pleasanton, District of Columbia, was in com mand of the advance cavalry division in the Maryland campaign. He was engaged in driving Confederates from PoolsvIUe September 8th, and from BamesvIUe and Sugar Loaf Mountain September 9th to 11th. Humphrey Marshall, Confederate, moved Into Kentucky through Pound Gap after Smith secured a hold In Ken tucky. The Govemment of Kentucky sought refuge at Louisville. September 10th Beauregard received orders In Mobile assigning him to command of the Department of South Carolina and Georgia, headquarters Charleston. A. Pleasanton drove Confederates from Frederick City and through Cactochin Pass, September 12th, 1862. Harper's Ferry, September 12th to 16th. Lee disposed troops to capture the force at Harper's Ferry. Some occupied the heights opposite Harper's Ferry on the north side of the Potomac; some occupied Loudoun Heights in Virginia just to the east of Harper's Ferry, while Jackson marched from Maryland, crossing the Potomac west of FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 105 Harper's Ferry, and marching east to help surround It on the west and south. September 12th Thomas was ordered to join the main army. The head of Bragg's army appeared at MunfordvIUe September 13th. The Confederates attacked Harper's Ferry September 13th. Action at MunfordvIUe September 13th and 14th. The Confederates were repulsed. Sterling Price entered luka. Miss., unresisted September 14th. The Federals had sent three divisions to the Army of the Ohio, retaining two west of luka. Hurlbut, South Carolina, was ordered to make a strong demonstration to ward Grand Junction. He was at Bolivar. Harper's Perry attack continued September 14th. B. F. Davis, Alabama, escaped with cavalry, cut his way through the Confederate lines, captured an ordnance train of Longstreet, and reached Greencastle, Pa., September 15th. E. O. C. Ord, Maryland, commanded the left wing In the operations In Mississippi In August and September, 1862. He commanded the district of Jackson, Tenn., In September and October, 1862. Battles of South Mountain or Boonsboro, September 14th. Turner's Gap. A. Pleasanton, District of Columbia, had leamed the ground the day before by reconnoissance, and posted the advance troops of Reno's corps on the south side of the pike. Reno went to the front, assumed direction of affairs, and opened the battle. Fox's Gap Is one mile south of Tumer's Gap. Both gaps were occu pied by Confederates. Reno outflanked the Confederates at Fox's Gap, his troops advancing on the ridge of the mountain from the south by a road which crossed the one through Fox's Gap, while he attacked also from the east. Pleasanton was In the battle. His batteries were weU 106 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS served this a. m. Confederate Garland's brigade was routed from near Fox's Gap on the ridge. Reno's corps and another forced the Gap, and some of his troops carried the crest of Fox's Gap. His corps drove Confed erates from heights on one side of the main pike. He broke the Confederate left. The Confederates lost a com manding hill on their left before night. Confederate Drayton's brigade was driven west from about Fox's Gap. The Confederates held the field generally till night. Reno was killed about 7 p. m., while bravely leading his men. Lee ordered withdrawal after 9 p. m. Crampton's Gap. Confederates were posted near the eastern base of the mountain. The head of the Federal corps came upon the Confederate cavalry supported by Infantry about noon. John Newton, Virginia, occupied the center. His activity was conspicuous. Two of his regiments reenforced the leading brigade on the left. His brigade helped take the Gap and he fought with credit. Confederates were dislodged from a stone wall and pursued to the crest and down the opposite side. Four hundred prisoners were taken In the battle. At South Mountain, French, Maryland; Getty, District of Columbia; John Buford, Jr., Kentucky; W. A. Gorman, Kentucky; Ho ratio G. Gibson, Maryland ; Sol. Meredith, North Carolina, and Carr B. White, Kentucky, were engaged. Harper's Ferry capitulated to Jackson about 8 a. m., September 16th. D. S. Miles, Maryland, commanding the post, was mortally wounded. John R. Kenly, Maryland, was engaged. In skirmish of Boonsboro September 16th, A. Pleasan ton, District of Columbia, drove back Confederate cavalry. John C. Tidball, Virginia, was engaged. Confederates attempted to blockade the Ohio River, Sep tember 16th. Thomas left Nashville that day to join the army at MunfordvIUe. Bragg reached MunfordvIUe September 16th and at tacked the Federals. They surrendered to the number of FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 107 4,076 that evening. Nelson commanded at Louisville while the Confederates were approaching. Battle of Sharpsburg or Antietam, Md., September 16th and 17th. There was some fighting by the Federal right on the 16th. The Confederate left was reached in the p. m. and engaged. Sharpsburg, September 17th. The battle opened with an advance by the Federal right. The regular brigade of Robt. C. Buchanan, Maryland, reenforced A. Pleasan ton, who had crossed some cavalry and batteries over Boonsboro bridge. They felt the Confederate line heav ily. Confederates were pushed back to the wood around Dunker church. French, commanding a division, fought in the center at the sunken road, or bloody lane. He at tacked, and after fierce fighting drove the Confederates from about the Roulette and Cllpp farm buildings. The Confederates were pressed slowly back by his and another division till they lost the sunken road. French took some prisoners. He made a second advance to help relieve the right. He performed valiant and useful service. New ton, Virginia; Tidball, Virginia, and A. Pleasanton were brave and efficient. Wm. Hays, Virginia, commanded the artillery reserve of the 5th corps. John Buford, Jr., Ken tucky; Sol. Meredith, North Carolina; W. A. Gorman, Kentucky; Getty; Carr B. White, Kentucky; Wm. M. Graham, District of Columbia; H. G. Gibson, Maryland; Wm. Harrow, Kentucky; C. M. Prevost, Maryland, and B. F. Davis, Alabama, were engaged. Federals evacuated Cumberland Gap the night of Sep tember 17th. It appeared there was no chance of escape, but the topographical engineer had been geologist of Ken tucky, was thoroughly familiar with the country, and con ducted the retreat through eastern Kentucky to the Ohio River. The command was made up of Kentucky and Ten nessee regiments. S. P. Carter, Tennessee; J. G. Spears, Tennessee, and D. W. Lindsey, Kentucky, held commands. O. McK. MItchel, Kentucky, was in command of the De- 108 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS partment of the South and 10th corps, September 17th to October 30th, 1862. Chas. Steedman, South Carolina, silenced batteries of St. John's Bluff, Fla., September 17th. Lee remained In line at Sharpsburg the 18th and crossed to the west side of the Potomac that night. September 18th Ord was advanced to within six miles of luka. The Confederates evacuated Harper's Ferry September 19th. September 19th Confederates attacked Owensboro, Ky., and were repulsed. Battle of luka, September 19th. Price's pickets were driven In by the Federal advance at 2 p. m. The Confed erates gained ground during the day, but withdrew near morning. Jas. S. Jackson, Kentucky, was engaged. Actions at Shepherdstown Ford, Blackford's or Boteler's Ford, Va., September 19th to 21st. The Federals who had crossed to the Virginia side were driven back across the Potomac. A. Pleasanton and TIdball were engaged. luka, September 20th. Ord, Maryland, was ordered in the morning to push forward. He had been ordered to await battle from the south, and it was not known the day before that battle had been waged by the other Federal body from the south. Ord entered luka that day. Thomas joined the main army with his divisions Septem ber 20th. Bragg had been directly between the Army of the Ohio and Louisville. He got out of the way, and moved north east to Bardstown, and the Army of the Ohio moved for Louisville September 22d. The leading column reached LouIsviUe the 25th. Price effected a junction with Van Dom at Ripley Sep tember 28th. The last of the Federal army reached Louisville Sep tember 29th. Thomas received the appointment that day to command the Army of the Ohio and declined it. He FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 109 was made second in command next day. After reaching LouisvUle the army was formed into three corps, and T. L. Crittenden, Kentucky, was given command of one of them. Action near Newtonia, Mo., September 30th. The Fed erals were driven back. Geo. PI. Hall, Virginia, hearing artillery firing, hastily marched to the battlefield. The Federals were retreating. He broke the Confederate pur suit. J. J. Abercromble, Tennessee, In defense of Washington, was in command of works about Chain Bridge, September, 1862, to April, 1863. W. H. Emory, Maryland, organized an infantry division at Baltimore In October and November, 1862. October 1st the Army of the Ohio commenced Its march from LouIsviUe upon Bragg at Bardstown. Bragg and KIrby Smith had not united, and a force was sent to hold Smith. Thomas was instructed to move with Crittenden's corps, on the Lebanon and Danville road. St. John's River Expedition. A combined army force under J. M. Brannan, District of Columbia, and navy force under Chas. Steedman, South Carolina, sailed from Hilton Head October 1st. They opened fire on Confederate forti fications at St. John's Bluff the 2d and reduced them on the 3d. Hurlbut telegraphed information to the Army at Corinth, Miss., October 2d that Van Dom and Price were at Poca hontas. The troops from Cumberland Gap reached the Ohio River at Greenupsburg October 3d. They embarked for Vicksburg during the fall. Expedition against Franklin, on Blackwater River, Vir ginia, under command of C. W. Flusser, Maryland, three vessels, October 3d. His vessel. Commodore Perry, fired on by soldiers, ran ashore. He fought hard and sheUed Franklin. Battle of Corinth, Miss., October 3d and 4th, 1862. A Federal brigade was sent to the northwest, which was at- 110 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS tacked and fell back. R. J. Oglesby, Kentucky, was the first to receive the Confederate attack. He was fairly formed to meet It, despite the suddenness. He was des perately wounded. The Federals occupied their inner line of fortifications at the close of the day. Corinth, October 4th, — a severe battle. The Confed erates carried some of the Intrenchments, but were forced back and retreated west. Newtonia. The Confederates retreated October 4th without accepting battle, the Federals having been reen forced. The Confederates retired into northwestern Ar kansas after this. Federals entered Arkansas. Afterward they followed Cooper, Confederate, into the Indian Terri tory. October 4th, Hawes was installed as Confederate provi sional governor of Kentucky at Frankfort, the army pro tecting. Bragg had been disappointed at not receiving Kentucky accessions. Combat of Hatchle Bridge, October 5th. S. A. Hurl but, South Carolina, came south from Bolivar, led the pur suit of Van Dom, and met him at Hatchie Bridge, striking the head of the column and Intercepting the retreat. Ord, arriving from Jackson, Tenn., assumed command, and drove back troops that had crossed the bridge. He was wounded severely and the command devolved on Hurlbut. The Confederates continued their retreat by another road. St. John's River Expedition. Steedman, with Brannan's cooperation, captured a battery at St. John's Bluff Octo ber 5th, and made a demonstration with gunboats 200 miles up St. John's River. They had caused the Confederates to evacuate Jacksonville. Steedman held the St. John's River to Lake Beaufort. The Confederates evacuated Lexington October 7th. Farragut sent an expedition which took possession of Galveston October 8th. John Guest, Missouri, commanded the Owosco at the capture of the forts at Galveston. Battle of PerryviUe or Chaplin HIUs, Ky., October 8th. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 111 Jas. S. Jackson, Kentucky, with raw troops, held the left flank ; Rousseau, Kentucky, was next. Rousseau moved his right forward a half mile for water. Confederates ap peared and Rousseau brought up his other two brigades. There was artillery firing. After 2 p. m. the Confederatels attacked, and J. S. Jackson was killed at the first fire while leading his men. The Federal left was turned and the line gave way. The Confederates were checked later. Rous seau repulsed strong attacks. He was finally forced back. The Confederate line advanced nearly a mile. The battle was fought mostly by Rousseau's and Jackson's divisions. W. R. Terrill, Virginia, showed bravery. He was killed in a rear position while urging forward his brigade. Both the left and right flanks of the corps were turned. Rous seau was resourceful. When the right was turned he had a battery of six guns stop the advance. His intrepidity was recognized. A brigade of T. J. Wood's division, Crit tenden's corps, did good service. S. S. Fry, E. H. Hob son, Durbin Ward and Ell Long, all of Kentucky, were engaged. Curran Pope, Kentucky, commanding a brigade, was mortally wounded. Lawrenceburg, Ky., October 8th and 9th. A portion of Kirby Smith's army did some fighting. On the 9th Bragg marched to unite with Smith, and then remained eight miles from Perryville for two days. Bragg commenced a retro grade movement, and, at Harrodsburg, Ky., October 11th, his rear-guard was attacked, and he lost 1,200 men, mostly sick and wounded. At Stanford, Ky., October 13th, T. J. Wood, Kentucky, engaged Confederate artillery and cavalry, and pursued the Confederates. The Army of the Ohio followed Bragg as far as London, Ky., and then turned toward middle Kentucky. Thomas was left In chief command with the army. He conducted it toward Bowling Green and Glasgow, under orders. October 21st, Confederates near NashviUe were attacked and driven. 112 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS J. A. McClemand, Kentucky, was authorized October 21st to raise and organize troops to aid him in an expedi tion against Vicksburg and to open the Mississippi River to New Orleans. He concentrated troops at Memphis. The plan was for him to move south and another army was to move up from New Orleans, and the two were to be combined. St. John's River Expedition. Action of Pocotaligo, October 24th. J. M. Brannan, District of Columbia, com manding the land force in the expedition to St. John's River, defeated the Confederates under Walker, and drove them to Pocotaligo bridge. He successfully retreated to Broad River before a large force. Guy V. Henry, Indian Territory, and J. R. Hawley, North Carolina, were en gaged. October 30th the name " Army of the Ohio " was aban doned. The troops of the Department were designated as the 14th army corps. This name soon gave place to " Army of the Cumberland." Thomas was charged with keeping open the line of railroad communication between Louisville and Nashville. He organized cavalry and di rected them to pursue Morgan. Jacob Ammen, Virginia, was In command of Covington, Ky., Camp Denison, O., and Camp Douglas, 111., October 30th, 1862, to April 14th, 1863. Benj. F. Sands, Maryland, was senior officer command ing a division in the blockade of Wilmington, N. C, No vember, 1862, to Febmary, 1865. Leaving Grand Junction November 4th, the Army of the Tennessee advanced toward Holly Springs. McClemand was concentrating at Memphis a large force, which was to move by the river and cooperate against Vicksburg. Confederates were repulsed at Nashville, November 5th. The Federals had moved quickly enough to prevent Bragg from occupying Nashville. Bragg moved to Murfreesboro. November 7th, the army was reorganized : Thomas was assigned to the center and Crittenden to the left wing. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 113 Part of the army reached Nashville November 9th. Crittenden came from around Glasgow. H. K. Davenport, Georgia, was In charge of the North Carolina sounds November 10th. Fredericksburg Campaign. The Army of the Potomac began Its march November 15th from Warrenton toward Fredericksburg. There was an artillery duel near Fred ericksburg the 17th. Lee reached the hills around Fredericksburg November 21st, p. m. Mississippi expedition sailed from New York for New Orleans December 4th— 6th. Prairie Grove, Ark., December 7th. Hindman had marched against the Federals. Troops were coming from the north by the Fayetteville road to reenforce the Fed erals. Hindman kept dismounted cavalry In front of the Federal line, skirmishing, while he moved along the Fay etteville road against the advancing force, past the Federal flank. This force wished to cross the creek, but the ford was commanded by Confederate artillery. John C. Black, Mississippi, and another command and artillery were moved on the right by a road cut through the timber and crossed Illinois Creek there to attract the attention of the Confed erates, cause them to remove some of the artillery bearing upon the regular ford, and enable the main force to cross at the regular ford. Eighteen guns were, in consequence, gotten across the creek. Then W. W. Orme, District of Columbia, moved forward and crossed the creek at the regular ford, under a heavy fire from the Confederate ar tillery, and Immediately prepared for action. His artillery opened fire upon the Confederate batteries and position. Orme was In the left wing, which moved forward. He forced his opponents back. The Confederates advanced against the left. Orme so placed artillery that the Con federates were driven back. His Infantry forced them further back. His troops were afterward forced back with loss. Black and others were brought to their assistance and charged. Black, with bravery, captured a battery. 114 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS being severely wounded. Orme led his troops in person and succeeded In checking and driving back the advancing line. But the Confederates pushed them again. They were aided with reenforcements while retreating, but were forced back. Hindman countercharged, but Orme's and other guns stopped his troops. About 2 o'clock the other Federal body approached. Federal cavalry had threat ened HIndman's train, causing him to detach a division to protect it. On the Federal right wing, the opposing forces advanced and met. The Confederates were forced back there, then the Federals. The Confederates were checked with artlUery brought forward and forced back. Federal infantry there advanced repeatedly, but could not pass the summit of the hill, on account of the deadly musketry fire. The Federals advanced again at twilight, and Frost, Confederate, com menced moving rapidly around the Federal right flank. The Federals fell back within range of their guns, which drove the Confederates with grape and cannister. The Confederates commenced to withdraw about midnight. The Federal army was largely southern. After the battle, the Confederates fell back, reaching Little Rock near the middle of January. Expedition against Vicksburg from Memphis, Decem ber, 1862. Walke, Virginia, was sent ahead with six vessels to clear the Yazoo River and cover the landing of the army. This was well performed. December 11th and 12th Walke made expeditions up the Yazoo River to destroy batteries. In preparation for the assault upon Chickasaw Bluffs. He sent tin-clads to de stroy the torpedoes. December 12th gunboats were sent. One was blown up and later the whole fleet worked there. The Army of the Potomac bombarded Fredericksburg December 11th. The work of constructing bridges was delayed by the fire of Confederates from near the edge of Fredericksburg. December 11th and 12th were spent In crossing the river. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 115 Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 13th, 1862. The Federal left moved to the attack at 8 :30 a. m. Troops pressed through a gap between two Confederate brigades. They stopped at the second line, and were struck also on the flanks in retiring. Some of the troops of D. B. Birney's division were thrown forward In sup port, but were also overpowered. However, the arrival of his division at the crisis during the Confederate pur suit gave it a chance to occupy the line of battle, and materially aided In saving a threatened battery, the Con federates faced by It f alHng back to their line. The army made successive vain attempts against the Confederate left center, French's division participating. He made the first attack on Marye's Heights. Getty was in the attack there later. Getty and Newton commanded divisions in the battle, and A. Pleasanton a cavalry division. Wm. Bimey, Alabama, was wounded. John Buford, Ken tucky, was conspicuous. Robt. C. Buchanan, Maryland; S. S. Carroll, District of Columbia; H. G. Gibson, Mary land; Wm. Hays, Virginia; Gabriel R. Paul, Missouri; J. C. Tidball, Virginia; Kenner Garrard, Kentucky; and Sol. Meredith, North Carolina, were engaged. D. R. Ransom, North Carolina, was brave and efficient. Henry A. Morrow, Virginia, was valiant. Aaron W. Weaver, District of Columbia, was In an en gagement with Confederate batteries near Port Hudson, December 14th. The Army of the Potomac recrossed the river at Fred ericksburg the night of December 15th. Under date of December 18th, 1862, McClernand was put in command of the 13th corps and Hurlbut of the 16th. Vicksburg Campaign of 1862. An army moved down the Mississippi from Memphis against Vicksburg December 20th. Van Dom captured Holly Springs, Miss., and the supplies of the West Tennessee Army there December 20th. Forrest raided into west Tennessee, breaking its communi- 116 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS cations. These prevented that army from cooperating with the other against Vicksburg. December 21st S. P. Carter, Tennessee, with T. T. Garrard, Kentucky, and three cavalry regiments, made his way from Lebanon, Ky., through the Cumberland Moun tains Into southwest Virginia and Tennessee destroying railroad tracks down toward Knoxville, Tenn., and bridges on the Tennessee & Virginia Railroad, and retumed to Ken tucky via JonesvIUe, Va. This was an important raid, with valuable results. It afforded relief to the Army of the Cumberland when pressed at Murfreesboro, and had an inspiring effect upon cavalry commands. E. H. Hobson. Kentucky, attacked Morgan six miles from MunfordvIUe. Action of Knob Gap, December 26th, 1862. The Fed erals attacked the Confederates, W. E. Woodruff, Ken tucky, participating. Murfreesboro Campaign. The Army of the Cumber land started from Nashville December 26th toward Mur freesboro. December 27th Federal troops from Prairie Grove marched on Van Buren, Ark. They occupied Van Buren next day and HIndman's force retreated. After the cap ture of Van Buren, Marmaduke, Confederate, was sent against Springfield, Mo. C. B. Holland, Tennessee, com manding enrolled Missouri militia of the district, took steps to collect his command there. Vicksburg Campaign. Walke's vessels, cooperating, attacked Haines' Bluff, a little north of Vicksburg, on the east bank of the Yazoo River, December 27th, 1862. Geo. M. Bache, District of Columbia, was engaged. The landing of the army at Chickasaw Bayou, below, was cov ered by Walke's gunboats. Battle of Chickasaw Bluffs, Johnston's Landing, Miss., December 28th and 29th, 1862. This was an unsuccess ful attack against Vicksburg. At Johnston's Landing F. P. Blair, Kentucky, commanding the right, led the way FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 117 across the Bayou. His brigade was prominent In the as sault. After crossing the Bayou, It reached the foot of the hills and took two lines of rifle pits. Blair fought hard to gain the crest. He lost one-third of his brigade. Jas. A. Williamson, Kentucky, led a brigade assault against a strong force well Intrenched, and held his ground when all support had been withdrawn. He was seriously wounded. S. G. Burbrldge, Kentucky, and W. J. Landram, Kentucky, commanded brigades. Thos. C. Fletcher, Missouri, was wounded, and D. W. Lindsey, Ken tucky, was under fire. After the battle, the army was re- embarked and taken back to Milliken's Bend. Murfreesboro Campaign. Wheeler raided entirely around the Federal army, starting the night of Decem ber 29th. S. S. Fry, Kentucky, commanded a division protecting communications at the time of the battle. December 30th a brigade crossed the river, leading the movement to occupy Murfreesboro with a division. T. J. Wood, Kentucky, received Information through prisoners that Breckenridge's corps was present. Wood and Palmer, Kentucky, thought the brigade should be recalled. T. L. Crittenden, Kentucky, agreed with them, and suspended the movement. The brigade was recalled from a perilous situation. December 31st the act for the admission of West Vir ginia as a State was approved by President Lincoln. It was afterward ratified by a convention and by the people of that region. Battle of Murfreesboro, December 31st-Jan. 3d. Bragg moved against the Federal right. A movement was started against the Confederate right. Bragg struck the right flank. Before the news had reached the Fed eral left, Crittenden's corps, a division there had crossed the river. T. J. Wood, Kentucky, had withdrawn two brigades to follow. Palmer, next down the Une, had made a slight advance early In the morning. Next in line was one division of Thomas' corps, with the other, Rousseau's, 118 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS behind it. Then caine the right wing — two divisions in line, with R. W. Johnson's, fortunately, behind. At early mom Bragg struck the right flank heavily. The end brigades in line were quickly broken. R. W. Johnson, Kentucky, had taken all precautions against surprise. At 6:22 his outposts were driven In and cavalry attacked his extreme right. He formed and made a slight advance. The Confederates, working to the rear of the line, struck him. Pie ordered up his reser\'e brigade. All were com pelled to fall back, outnumbered greatly and flanked. The line brigade of W. E. Woodruff, Kentucky, received the attack with veteran courage. In the second stage of the battle. Woodruff was among those attacked and aided In repulsing a Confederate at tack. A second attack was repulsed. A third Confed erate attack was successful. Woodruff's was the last bri gade of his division to go. He retreated through the woods, then turned, and charged the pursuing Confed erates with such vim that he regained his former position, but, being unsupported, could not hold it. The right wing was driven to the rear of Thomas, holding the center. After the right was turned, the left was recalled from Its movement against the Confederate right. Third stage. When Thomas perceived that the di vision immediately on his right had changed position with ominous portent, he ordered Rousseau to move two bri gades to its right and rear. Its right flank, though ex tending far back, was exposed. Hardee was moving to take Thomas in reverse. The Confederates were also mov ing against his right flank and front. Rousseau's move checked the advance of the Confederates. A heavy con flict ensued. Rousseau fought bravely and well. Wood ruff, and a portion of R. W. Johnson's division, fell back to the right of Rousseau's division. Johnson won merit. Thomas repulsed the first attacks against him. The further break of the division now between Thomas' two divisions made a gap between Rousseau and his other dl- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 119 vision, into which the Confederates rushed. The flanks of both were In the air, and soon both were nearly sur rounded. Thomas ordered two brigades of the line division to fall back. Rousseau led his reserves to the front and sent a battalion of regulars to the assistance of the other division, which had recoiled. Crittenden's early for ward movement on the left had kept Breckenridge from adding to the mass attack which was so disastrously bear ing back the Federal right and center. Saml. W. Price, Kentucky, commanding a brigade In Crittenden's corps, was ordered to hold the ford, and Impressed that It must be done to the very last, to prevent the Confederates from flanking the Federal left. A new disposition had been made of all troops not on the battle front. Thomas re ceived reenforcements from Crittenden. Thomas' two di visions, and Palmer, the southernmost of Crittenden's divisions, were compelled to fight in all directions. After hard fighting, the three divisions were firmly connected. Thomas selected a new temporary and a new permanent line. He ordered his divisions to withdraw to form the new line. He first directed that a new line should be taken running along a depression In the open ground In rear of the cedar woods, to be held until the artillery could be retired to high ground near the Nashville tumpike selected for the new permanent line. He massed the ar tillery on the heights. Rousseau withdrew under a heavy fire to the depression, asking the commander of the division of Crittenden's corps which had returned from across the river to move the division to his right. The Confederates came on, and much credit Is due to Rousseau in the check ing of them, giving time for the formation of the new line on the high ground. He charged desperately, hurling the Confederates back into the cedars. Four assaults had been made on his position. The attack from the front and flank struck Palmer, Kentucky, with great fury. He was so nearly enveloped that the reserve changed front to the rear. Part of his division which broke away fought 120 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS its way to the new line on the high ground. Crittenden's troops were aligned and reenforced the troops on the new Une. The stout defense of Thomas had enabled the right wing to partly reorganize and take place on the high line. Bragg now, while continuing up to the left wing, made dispositions to turn that also. Breckenridge crossed the river. Thos. J. Wood, Kentucky, made dispositions to meet the attack, placing batteries to fight the Confederate batteries across the river. The " Round Forest," high wooded ground at the railroad, was the objective of the Confederates as the key-point. They made repeated at tacks on It. Crittenden, with his division commanders, bent his energies to throw together troops and batteries enough to hold the point. Wood held the extreme left. He helped well, though wounded In the foot at 10 a. m. He and Palmer managed their commands with judgment, skill and courage in the crisis. Hardee was now forced to take the defensive, Crittenden's other division and Rous seau contributing largely to that result. The Confed erate attack against the Federal left was repulsed. Palmer was seriously beset and received several supports from Wood. Kentucky troops here were hotly engaged. Missouri troops performed valuable service. Brecken ridge, with four brigades, assailed the Federal left at the Round Forest. About the whole of the Federal line was at right angles to Its original line and curved back. Palmer and Wood managed to withstand assaults. Palmer withstood terrific assaults in the final position. Critten den's corps maintained its position. Thomas had helped form the line. Crittenden rode at the head of his troops for hours, and was under deadly fire. Confederate cavalry during the day passed entirely around the Federal army, striking at the trains. The deeds of Thomas, Crittenden, Rousseau, Palmer and Wood this day were heroic. After the day closed Thomas and Crittenden were against re treat. E. H. Murray, Kentucky, fought bravely, com- jnanding cavalry, when the Confederates got in the Fed- FIGHTING BY SOUTPIERN FEDERALS 121 eral rear. That Thomas, with the third of the army to his right gone from its place, and with the accumulated mass of the Confederate army pressing on at flank and rear, and assailing the front, remained Intrepid and so handled troops that a line opposed Bragg at the close of the day, stamped him with honor. Murfreesboro. There was little fighting January 1st. In the afternoon Crittenden moved troops across the river and formed battle line against Breckenridge. Confed erate cavalry operated in the Federal rear. Galveston, Texas, January 1st. Magmder, Confed erate, with ordinary river boats and troops, defeated the Federal vessels, sunk the gunboat Westfield, captured gun boat Harriet Lane and the small land force, and received the surrender of Galveston. Farragut reestablished the blockade before the Harriet Lane could be converted Into a Confederate cruiser. From January, 1863, Farragut was employed, in conjunction with the army. In forcing a way Into the Interior of Louisiana. T. A. Jenkins, Vir ginia, on the Hartford was fleet captain of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. Murfreesboro, January 2d. At 3 p. m. the Confed erates advanced against the Federals who had crossed to the east side of Stone River. They broke the lines of S. W. Price, Kentucky, and others and followed to the river. T. L. Crittenden, Kentucky, to cover the retreat, appealed to his chief of artillery, and 68 guns were effectively massed against the victors. Musketry also played on them. Seven regiments from Thomas' corps crossed the river after the Confederate advance was stopped, charged, pursued the retiring Confederates, and the position was re taken. The Federals intrenched a line on that side of the river. Murfreesboro. There was little fighting January 3d. At 6 p. M. Thomas threw forward two brigades, one un der J. G. Spears, Tennessee, and drove the Confederates from the woods In their front and the Intrenchments be- 122 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS yond. Following this spirited attack, Bragg, with his po sition endangered, withdrew during the night. He feU back behind Duck River at Manchester, TuUahoma and ShelbyvIUe. During the battles of Murfreesboro, Thomas gave val uable council. Palmer, Kentucky, was skillful. Eli Long, Kentucky, was wounded. W. C. Whittaker, Kentucky, and Durbin Ward, Kentucky, were engaged. S. S. Fry, Kentucky, commanded a division protecting communica tions at the time of the battle. J. A. McClernand, Kentucky, arrived at Milliken's Bend January 3d, 1863, and assumed command next day, naming the army " Army of the Mississippi." On that day he embarked the army, 32,000 men, accompanied by a fleet of 3 Iron-clads and 6 gunboats, in an expedition up the Arkansas River against Arkansas Post, Ark. Action of Springfield, Mo., January 7th and 8th, 1863. Marmaduke, Confederate, made the attack, which was re pulsed. The Federal troops were largely Missourians. Geo. H. Hall, Virginia, was ordered with cavalry out to meet Mannaduke's advance. He engaged the Confeder ates, then retired to the Federal line. Upon Shelby's ad vance. Hall made a sortie. He helped repulse an attack on the Federal right. Marmaduke, unsuccessful, with drew next day. January 9th, 1863, the Army of the Cumberland was organized as the 14th, 20th and 21st corps. Battle of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, Ark., January 10th and 11th, 1863. McClemand disembarked his army near Arkansas Post January 10th. Iron-clads began the attack, Geo. M. Bache, District of Columbia, being among those engaged. Arkansas Post, January 11th. The Federal attack was renewed by both army and fleet. Chas. R. EUet, District of Columbia, In the Monarch helped cut off retreat by the ferry. After a heavy bombardment of nearly four hours, the Confederates surrendered. S. G. Burbridge, FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 123 Kentucky, led the charge preceding the surrender. His men were swarming over the Intrenchments when the white flag was raised. Bache silenced guns. Wm. Vandever, Maryland, was conspicuous. F. P. Blair, Kentucky, W. J. Landram, Kentucky, and D. W. Lindsey, Kentucky, were engaged. McClernand took nearly 5,000 prisoners. The Cincinnati, commanded by Bache, and another ves sel, went up the White River directly after this, W. A. Gorman, Kentucky, accompanying with troops in trans ports. St. Charles, Ark., was taken. Action of HartsvIUe, Mo., January 11th, 1863. Mar maduke attacked and gained an advantage over a small Federal command. " Mud March " against Lee. The Army of the Po tomac marched to cross the river a few miles above Fred ericksburg, January 20th and 21st, 1863. The elements rendered the roads practically Impassable and the Army retumed. The Army of the Mississippi retumed to Milliken's Bend, and was employed until July In operations against Vicksburg. January 31st, 1863, Confederate rams Chicora and Palmetto State slipped out of Charleston harbor before day and attacked the blockading vessels. J. M. Frailey, Maryland, commanding the Quaker City, was among those who went to the assistance of the Keystone State when rendered helpless and effected a rescue. The Quaker City was partly disabled. One Federal steamer surrendered, and the others steamed out of range. Chas. R. EUet, District of Columbia, In the ram Queen of the West ran the Vicksburg batteries the night of Feb ruary 2d. Cotton bales, designed for protection, took fire and set fire to the vessel. The cotton was thrown overboard. EUet went south to the Red River. He burnt three steamers ; retumed, and captured two. The " Army of Kentucky," abqut 14,000 men, was com bined with the Army of the Cumberland in February, 1863. 124 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Febi-uary 3d the Mississippi River levee was cut at Yazoo Pass, giving a route from the north into the Yazoo River. Guy V. Henry, Indian Territory, was In command of a light brigade In the expedition to Florida, February 4th to April 24th, 1863. A secessionist convention at Frankfort, Kentucky, was dispersed by Federals, February 18th, 1863. Benj. F. Sands, Maryland, naval officer, was In an en gagement at Fort Caswell February 23d. Henry M. Judah, Maryland, was In command of the District of Western Kentucky, February 25th to March 1st, 1863. February 26th the Cherokee national council repealed the ordinance of secession. Suffolk, Va., Campaign. About Febmary 26th, 1863, Longstreet was detached from Lee's army and placed In command of the Department of Virginia and North Caro lina, with headquarters at Petersburg. Albert M. Powell, Maryland, was Chief of Artillery of the 17th corps from February, 1863, to July, 1864. Perclval Drayton, South Carolina, with the Passaic, Patapsco and Nahant, engaged Fort McAllister, in the river below Savannah, Ga., March 3d, 1863. Combat of Thompson's Station, Tenn., March 4th and 6th, 1863. L. D. Watklns, Florida, was engaged. Federals took Jacksonville, Fla., March 10th, 1863. Yazoo River Expedition from the North, combined mili tary and naval force, March 11th, 1863. The fleet at tacked Fort Pemberton, at the head of the Yazoo River, unsuccessfully. Jas. P. Foster, Kentucky, commanded the Chillicothe in the expedition down the Yazoo. The Chillicothe and another vessel attacked Fort Pemberton on three different days. The Chillicothe was damaged, The command of the expedition devolved latterly upon Foster. He performed valuable services. After the cut ting of the levee, while the rushing waters of the Missis- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 125 sippi were filling up a channel before reaching the normal, the Confederates had utilized the time in making their de fenses on the Yazoo strong. Port Hudson, La., March 13th and 14th. In attack on the 13th, W. H. Emory, with one division, reached the rear of Port Hudson. Port Hudson, March 14th. The Federals moved to the rear — 12,000 men. Farragut ran the batteries that night with seven of his vessels, after a vigorous engage ment, the Hartford leading. T. A. Jenkins, Virginia, commanded the Hartford. He was fleet captain and Far ragut's chief of staff. C. R. EUet commanded the Switzer land. Farragut reached the mouth of Red River, and blockaded It tlU May 2d, 1863. The command of the Red River enabled the army to turn Port Hudson from the west by the Atchafalaya River. An expedition was engaged from March 14th to 27th In the attempt to reach Sunflower and Yazoo rivers above Haines' Bluff via Steele's Bayou and Deer Creek, thereby to avoid the Confederate defenses on Haines' Bluff In op erations to the northeast against Vicksburg. Bache com manded the Cincinnati In this expedition. Combat of New Bern, Defense of Fort Anderson, Neuse River, opposite New Bern, March 14th and 15th. HIU and Pettlgrew, with 3,000 men and 18 guns, attacked. Henry K. Davenport, Georgia, commanding gunboats, suc cessfully defended, silencing the guns, and saving the fort. The Hunchback was effective and the skill and vigor of naval officer W. P. McCann, Kentucky, were im portant aids. March 18th, 1863, the House of Representatives of New Jersey passed peace resolutions. Thornton A. Jenkins, Virginia, engaged batteries at Grand Gulf March 19th. He engaged batteries at War renton between March 21st and 28th. Passage of Vicksburg, March 25th, 1863. C. R. EUet, District of Columbia, commanded the Switzerland. 126 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Jenkins engaged batteries at Grand Gulf March 30th. Combat of Dutton's HIU, or Somerset, March 30th. Saml. P. Carter, Tennessee, was engaged. The Confed erates retired after a five-hours' engagement. March 31st Confederates appeared near Washington, N. C. They resorted to siege methods for 18 days. H. K. Davenport sent vessels to protect It, Including the Hunchback under McCann, Kentucky. Henry A. Morrow, Virginia, was employed in an ex pedition to Port Royal, Va., In April, 1863. David G. Farragut, Tennessee, with the Hartford, T. A. Jenkins, Virginia; Switzerland, Chas. R. EUet, and Albatross, engaged and passed the Grand Gulf batteries April 1st. He went on as far as the Red River, ravaged in It, and destroyed Confederate gunboats. Battle of Charleston, Bombardment of Forts Sumter, Moultrie and Beauregard, April 7th, 1863. Drayton, South Carolina, with the Passaic, was second in line. Five Federal vessels were disabled. The Keokuk sank next morning from the effects of the battle. John Rodgers, Maryland, commanded the Weehawken; D. McN. Fairfax, Virginia, Nantucket, and Thos. Turner, District of Columbia, New Ironsides. Turner handled his vessel with courage, judgment and ability. The Federal attack was unsuccessful. Turner was engaged in operations < around Charleston till August, 1863. Ed. Barrett, Louisiana, assisted In the blockade of Charleston. The army In Louisiana started crossing the Mississippi River April 9th, and marched against Dick Taylor, Con federate. Suffolk, Va., Campaign, Operations on the Blackwater River. Longstreet advanced April 11th and made un successful attempts on the Federal lines. Suffolk Campaign, Defense of the Nansemond River, April 12th-26th. The Confederates made a sudden move In force to cross the Nansemond River, and thereby reach Suffolk to attack the Federal force there. S. P. Lee, Vir- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 127 ginia, commanding the North Atlantic Blockading Squad ron, hastily moved two flotillas to hold the line of the river, one comprising the Stepping Stones and seven other gunboats In the upper Nansemond, and the other of four gunboats in the lower waters. G. W. Getty, District of Columbia, commanded troops. Combat of Fort BIsland, La., April 13th. Emory, Maryland, was engaged. Emory's division and another were moved to try to hold Taylor In position, while a third should gain his rear. Taylor fell back during the night of April 13th. John C. TIdball, Virginia, was in the raid of cavalry from the Army of the Potomac toward Richmond, April 13th to May 2d, preliminary to the Chancellorsville cam paign. Combat of Irish Bend or Indian Ridge, La., April 14th. Taylor met the Federals advancing against his line of re treat in the a. m., and attacked them, extricating himself. April 14th, the Confederate land batteries attacked Lee's gunboats in the Nansemond. Jacob Ammen, Virginia, commanded the District of lUInois, April 14th to December 16th, 1863. The Federal army started south from north of Vicks burg, down the west side of the Mississippi River, April 15tli. The fleet bombarded Vicksburg that night. Longstreet menaced Suffolk, April 16th to 30th. The vessels, with transports, passed Vicksburg south bound the night of April 16th, Walke, Virginia, In the Lafayette, among them. He passed successfully to Carthage, La., ten miles below Vicksburg, where was en camped, under McClernand, the advance division of the army. McClernand marched farther down to Perkins Land ing ; afterward, to Hard Times — 22 miles below. An important cavalry raid down Mississippi, planned and directed by S. A. Hurlbut, South Carolina, was in j)rogress from April 17th to May 2d- 128 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Hill's Point, Battery Huger, at the mouth of the west branch Nansemond River, April 19th. The upper Nanse mond flotlUa, sent by S. P. Lee, and G. W. Getty, District of Columbia, commanding the storming column of 300 troops, captured the battery. They captured five guns and 130 men. Longstreet was attempting to surround Suffolk. The army In Louisiana occupied Opelousas AprU 20th. It moved on Alexandria, thence returned, crossing the Mississippi River April 23d, and moved to the rear of Port Hudson. April 20th J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky, made a successful raid, destroying railroad track, capturing 180 prisoners and large supplies, and returning to Murfreesboro with out loss. He had 4,000 Infantry and 2,600 cavalry. Horatio G. Gibson, Maryland, was Chief of Artillery, Army of the Ohio, April 20th, 1863, to January 22d, 1864. Six transports and barges passed Vicksburg the night of April 22d. April 22d the lower Nansemond flotilla sent by S. P. Lee made a landing expedition to Chuckatuck, several miles in land. The investment of Port Hudson was completed April 26th. By blockading the mouth of the Red River, Far ragut prevented supplies therefrom from reaching Port Hudson during Its Investment. Chancellorsville Campaign. Lee was posted around Fredericksburg. The Army of the Potomac started In a flanking movement upon his left and rear. The second corps marched on the north of the Rappahannock River April 28th for Bank's Ford, four miles above Fredericks burg. Part of the army crossed the Rappahannock at Kelly's Ford that day. Sol. Meredith, North Carolina, forced the crossing of the Rappahannock. A cavalry raid against Lee's railroad communications started on the 29th, crossing the Rappahannock. John FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 129 Buford, Kentucky, and John C. Tidball, Virginia, par ticipated. A. Pleasanton, District of Columbia, had the advance In the initial march to ChancellorsvIUe the 29th, with a small cavalry force. Grand Gulf, Bald Head, Bombardment, April 29th. The fleet engaged the batteries but did not silence the guns. H. Walke, Virginia, commanded the 2d division of the fleet in the attack on Point of Rocks. He attacked Bald Head, silencing the main fort on Point of Rocks. John H. Russell, Maryland, naval officer, was engaged. The 13th corps, McClernand, Kentucky, commanding, was in the fleet ready to seize the works should they be silenced. The fleet, with McClemand, passed Grand Gulf. Walke remained after the heavy bombardment, firing till night to prevent the reoccupation of the batteries. Engagement at Haines' Bluff, April 29th— May 1st. This was a naval demonstration north of Vicksburg dur ing the attack on Grand Gulf. F. M. Ramsay, District of Columbia, commanding the Choctaw, participated. McClemand gained information of a good landing place at Brulnsburg and road thence to Port Gibson. The army crossed the Mississippi River there April 30th. Mc Clemand led the advance from the river. The way had been found for the army from Milliken's Bend by way of New Carthage to a point on the Mississippi opposite Brulnsburg by his corps. Chancellorsville Campaign. Part of the Federal army arrived at Chancellorsville April 30th. The 6th and 1st corps crossed the Rappahannock three miles below Fred ericksburg the same day, trying to hold Lee while the main body at Chancellorsville should come down on his left flank and rear. Lee left a force to face that below Fred ericksburg, turned west and marched upon Chancellors vIUe. The 1st corps afterward recrossed the river. Buffington was captured by D. Hunter, District of Co lumbia, the latter part of April. 130 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Ales. A. Semmes, District of Columbia, naval officer, at tacked the batteries of Tampa, Fla., in April, 1863. J. J. Abercromble, Tennessee, was In command of a division at Centreville from April to August, 1863. Battle of Port Gibson, Magnolia HIUs, Miss., May 1st, 1863. McClernand, Kentucky, by a forced march reached Port Gibson. He planned the battle and disposed the forces at the commencement of the battle, surprising the Confederates. His corps was engaged in the battle. One Confederate wing was outflanked and retreated, the other wing following before sunset. 384 Confederates were cap tured. The evacuation of Port Gibson and Grand Gulf was the sequel. Among those engaged were Wm. P. Ben ton, Maryland ; Albert M. PoweU, Maryland ; T. T. Gar rard, Kentucky; D. W. Lindsey, Kentucky; W. J. Lan dram, Kentucky; David Shunk, Maryland; M. F. Force, District of Columbia, and John D. Stevenson, Virginia. MonticeUo, Ky., May 1st. S. P. Carter, Tennessee, with 5,000 men, attacked the Confederates under Pegram, and drove them from the field with heavy loss. Henry A. Morrow, Virginia, was In an expedition to the Northem Neck of Virginia in May, 1863. CHAPTER V Chancellorsville — Champion's Hill — Big Black River — Vicksburg — Hoover's Gap — Donaldsonville — Gettysburg — Helena — Charleston. Battle of Chancellorsville, Va., May 1st to 4th, 1863. The Army of the Potomac marched east of Chancellors ville a few miles May 1st. When they came upon Lee's advance, they retumed to Chancellorsville. Lee struck some of the retiring troops near Chancellorsville that after noon. The Federals occupied Port Gibson, Miss., May 2d. S. G. Burbridge, Kentucky, was among the first to enter the place. Chancellorsville, May 2d. The Federal arrangement was — left, 5th..corps, then 2d ; center, 12th and Birney's division of the 3d; right, 11th, with Pleasanton's cavalry near. Lee assailed the Federal left with cannon and musketry while Jackson marched around to reach the Fed eral right flank. When Jackson was discovered moving to the southwest by Catharine Furnace, A. Pleasanton was sent to observe. He placed his command at Hazel Grove. D. B. Birney, Alabama, reported a continuous movement of Confederates toward the Federal right. Having a rifled battery open on Jackson with effect, he caused the latter to withdraw to a more southerly road, Birney taking possession of the Catharine Furnace road. Jackson marched on, leaving a rear-guard to sustain any attack. Bimey, ordered to advance, struck the rear, capturing 600. Lee assaulted with artillery and infantry on the Federal left at 2 :30 p. m. The 12th corps had advanced In the center unsuccessfully. About 6 :30 p. m. Jackson reached 131 132 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS the flank and rear of the right wing. He struck and crushed the flank, which was panic-stricken. The whole 11th corps went quickly. Fugitives came pell-mell upon the rear of the Federal center. Jackson was coming rap idly between Birney and the army. An attempt was made to recaU Bimey. Alfred Pleasanton, District of Colum bia, was of much service in the arresting of Jackson's further progress. He faced about when the 11th corps passed in flight. He rapidly moved the two regiments of cavalry at hand and a battery to the head and right flank of Jackson's advancing columns, when, making a cavalry charge and bringing up his own guns, he was able to make some Impression. The cavalry charged into the woods, and he got his battery of horse artillery into position. He also placed six more guns offered him. Three charges against his guns were made and repelled with great slaughter. In front of these batteries Jackson fell, and they swept the road while his men were trying to bear him to the rear. Pleasanton succeeded In getting ten more guns, making 22 In all. He thus acted with effect In a condition of critical peril. Meantime, French's division of the 2d corps was moved from the left at double-quick to present a front to Jackson's Infantry, the brigade of Wm. Hays, Virginia, being one of those so employed, holding ground vacated by the retreating 11th corps. Pleasanton saved Bimey from being cut off. Bimey arrived at Hazel Grove between 9 :30 and 10 p. m. He took position in front of the artillery. Before midnight Jackson's men cut Birney's connection with the rest of the army, but he restored It with a column attack, charging down the plank road, using the bayonet, driving the Confederates back, and recovering part of the lost ground. He brought away several guns which had been abandoned. Pleasanton cooperated with the artillery. When troops of the 3d corps fell back, French and another division of the 2d corps charged the Confederate left, which somewhat re- FIGH[TING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 133 lieved the 3d corps. French, Maryland, was valiant and useful this day. May 2d, the three cavalry regiments started by Hurlbut from Tennessee, having passed down the length of Missis sippi, reached Baton Rouge, La. They had moved in separate bodies, riding 600 miles, destroying railroad bridges and stores, and 3,000 stand of arms. They brought into Baton Rouge over 1,000 horses and many head of cattle. This achievement was of service to the army op erating against Vicksburg. Grand Gulf was occupied by the Federals May 3d. Walke, Virginia, fired upon the batteries at the time of the evacuation. Getty made a reconnoissance and commanded In an en gagement on the Providence Church road near Suffolk, May 3d. Chancellorsville, May 3d. About 5 a. m. the 3d corps began to retire to the left of the right flank. J. E. B. Stuart commanded in place of Jackson, and attacked early. His attack caught the 3d corps In motion, D. B. Birney in the rear. Pleasanton had 40 guns in position. They did heavy execution against Stuart. The 3d corps was forced back, Stuart took Hazel Grove, placed artillery, enfiladed the 12th corps at Fair View and Chancellorsville, and damaged the 3d corps badly. The brigade of S. S. Car roll, District of Columbia, and another one of French's brigades, attacked Stuart's, flank hard, a service of merit. Stuart and Lee united. The Federals were driven from the field and took a new position to the north, toward United States ford. Fredericksburg. The 6th corps, east of Fredericks burg, striving to join the main army at Chancellorsville, pressed to Fredericksburg by daylight. The division of John Newton, Virginia, led and opened the way to the rear and left of Fredericksburg. The heights behind the town were assaulted, and flank movements were made un- 134 FIGHTING BY SOUTPIERN FEDERALS .successfully. An attack on Marye's Heights was made under the direction of Newton. It was in two columns supported by a line. The advance was checked but re sumed, and the stone wall was carried at the point of the bayonet at 11 a. m., with heavy loss, after a hard con flict. Newton had gotten on the Confederate flank. There was hand-to-hand fightmg along the wall. 1,000 men and some artillery were captured. This was a notable achievement. Salem Church. The 6th corps was obstructed in march ing on to the vicinity of Salem Heights, where the Con federates made a stand supported from the main army. It attacked about the middle of the afternoon. Newton, with the left wing, made several gallant assaults. The fight was quite severe. The crest of the woods was gained, but the Confederates forced the Federals back. The corps retired on Bank's Ford. Lee, having detached to meet the 6th corps, refrained from a general assault this day on the main army In Its new position. Chancellorsville, May 4th. Lee extended his right un til Marye's Heights and Fredericksburg were again In his hands. Newton made arrangements for withdrawal via Bank's Ford, quickly acquainting himself with the roads thereto, and establishing communication with the force In charge of the pontoons there. Lee attacked the center and left of the 6th corps at 6 p. m., threatening to cut It off from Bank's Ford. The corps fell back to the ford, and recrossed the river during the night. May 4th Farragut's vessels took possession of Fort de Russy, La. Chancellorsville May 5th. The Army of the Potomac recrossed to the north side of the Rappahannock River the night of May 5th. In the Chancellorsville battles Wm. M. Graham, District of Columbia, commanded an artillery reserve. H. A. Morrow, Virginia, fought with merit. Wm. Hays, Virginia, was wounded and captured. Among those engaged were Gabriel R. Paul, Missouri ; Sol. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 135 Meredith, North Carolina ; Chas. Candy, Kentucky ; Wm. Bimey, Alabama; J. B. Mcintosh, Florida; C. M. Pre vost, Maryland; John C. TIdball, Virginia; B. F. Davis, Alabama; John Buford and Kenner Garrard, Ken tucky. Farragut sent the expedition which was up the Red River, cooperating with the army there. The vessels steamed up to Alexandria, La., and the army arrived there May 7th. Alexandria was captured. After this, Far ragut operated against Port Hudson from below. The army that had captured Port Gibson moved east across Mississippi In two parallel lines — one led by Mc Clernand. Combat of Raymond, Miss., May 12th. Raymond was won by the advance of the brigade of John D. Stevenson, Virginia. The Confederate force of 5,000 was unable to stand against the Federals. M. F. Force, District of Co lumbia, was engaged. McClemand withdrew with skill from the front of the Confederates at Edwards' Station to join the other column marching upon Jackson, Miss. Combat of Jackson, Miss. J. E. Johnston evacuated after some fighting, losing 17 guns. Wm. P. Benton, Maryland, and Albert M. Powell, Maryland, were en gaged. John D. Stevenson, Virginia, followed the Con federates out of Jackson. One of Hurlbut's spies brought in J. E. Johnston's dis patch directing that the army from Vicksburg establish communication. The Confederate plans and movements were thereby disclosed. That army had moved southeast from Vicksburg to oppose the Federal army's progress. The Federal army moved to cut Johnston off from the junction point — Bolton. McClemand seized Bolton promptly. Blair moved toward Edwards' Station, fol lowed by McClernand. Battle of Champion's HIU, or Baker's Creek, Miss., May 16th. This was a chance meeting. McClernand, Ken- 136 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS tucky, had come upon the Confederate army while it was making a retrograde movement. It was put in line of battle. McClemand's was the only corps that was up when the battle commenced. He attacked. The Federals In force reached the field. John D. Stevenson, Virginia, made a charge that broke the Confederates' left flank — a striking achievement. His men charged across ravines, up a hill, and through an open field, capturing seven guns and several hundred prisoners, and thus gaining the road in the Confederate rear, which cut off Loring and com pelled him to cut loose from the army, losing all his guns. He turned up at Jackson. The Confederate army re treated toward Vicksburg, having lost 3,839 men, about 2,000 of them prisoners. Wm. P. Benton, Albert M. PoweU, T. T. Garrard, Kentucky; D. W. Lindsey, Ken tucky ; S. G. Burbridge, Kentucky ; W. J. Landram, Ken tucky ; David Shunk, Maryland, and M. F. Force, District of Columbia, were engaged. Battle of Big Black River, Miss., May 17th, 1863. McClemand's corps was the first that came upon the Con federate army's position at the river. It carried the same by assault, the Confederates making a short stand. The part of the Confederate army on the east side of the river fled across, and the bridge was burnt. 17 guns, 1,751 prisoners and several thousand small arms were captured. Benton, T. T. Garrard, Lindsey, Burbrldge and Shunk were engaged. The Federal army reached Vicksburg next day. Battle of Vicksburg, Miss., May 19th. F. P. Blair, Kentucky, led In the assault. His division was distinguished by planting its colors on the Confederate works. The Federal army was repulsed. T. T. Garrard, W. J. Land- dram, Lindsey and Burbrldge were engaged. A fleet of gunboats under Walke had ascended the Yazoo River. The opening of communication with the army, now back of Vicksburg, was an object. It reached Yazoo City May 20th. The only remaining Confederate FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 137 navy yard, vessels and other property, all amounting to $2,000,000 In value, were destroyed upon the capture of the city. Francis M. Ramsay, commanding the Choctaw, was In the fleet. Battle of Vicksburg, Miss., May 22d. The gunboats opened fire on Vicksburg defenses and the army assaulted. It was repulsed, but had obtained a lodgment at two points on the line — on Confederate Generals Forney's and S. D. Lee's fronts. A detached work in Lee's line was cap tured, but was retaken In a few minutes. McClemand re ported that he had gained the Confederate advanced In trenchments in several places. S. G. Burbrldge, Ken tucky, and Wm. P. Benton, Maryland, planted colors on the slope of the earthworks. Attack was made by Blair's division. The fleet kept up a heavy fire during the as sault, mortar-boats shelling the city and batteries. T. T. Garrard, Lindsey, Landram, Shunk, Force and Stevenson were engaged. Siege of Vicksburg, and fighting in the Vicksburg trenches. May 23— July 4, 1863. Mortar-boats continued shelling the city and batteries. The gunboats bombarded May 27th, June 20th and at other times. The siege guns In rear of Vicksburg were worked by naval crews. The Missouri militia organization of Gov. Gamble, Virginia, en abled the sending of troops from Missouri to aid the army before Vicksburg when menaced by J. E. Johnston. E. 0. C. Ord, Maryland, was In command of West Point, May 24th and 26th. Port Hudson was Invested May 25th. Vicksburg, May 27th. The fleet attacked. Geo. M. Bache, District of Columbia, commanding the Cincinnati, showed commendable courage. His vessel was sunk. Battle of Port Hudson, May 27th and 28th. The Fed erals made an unsuccessful assault. Farragut, Tennessee, participated from the Mississippi River. T. A. Jenkins, Virginia, commanded the Monongahela, temporary flag ship, which attacked the batteries. 138 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Henry A. Morrow, Virginia, was engaged in an expe dition to Westmoreland C. H., Va., In June, 1863. Guy V. Henry, Indian Territory, became acting Chief of Artillery, Department of the South, in June, 1863. A. C. Gillem, Tennessee, as Adjutant General of Ten nessee, June 1st, 1863, to April 1st, 1865, created a credit able body of soldiers. June 1st, 1863, Democratic Convention In Philadelphia sympathized with Vallandigham, the expatriated Demo cratic candidate for govemor of Ohio. A peace meeting was held in New York City June 3d, called by leading Democrats to devise means for ending the War. H. Walke, Virginia, dispersed Confederates under Rich ard Taylor at SImmsport, La., and blockaded the mouth of the Red River June 4th. Combat of JMIUIken's Bend, Liverpool's Landing, June 6th to 8th. June 6th, Confederates attacked Milliken's Bend on the west side of the Mississippi River, and the garrison was driven from the works to the levee. F. M. Ramsay, District of Columbia, In the Choctaw, prevented their capture, shelling the Confederates and forcing them to retreat. The Bragg was commanded here by Joshua Bishop, Missouri. The Lexington, commanded by Bache, District of Columbia, reached the scene of action as the Confederates were making off and shelled them. The loss was : Confederate 652 ; Federal 428. Alfred Pleasanton, District of Columbia, was In com mand of the cavalry corps. Army of the Potomac, from June 7th, 1863, to March 26th, 1864. The army before Vicksburg received a division from Hurlbut, June 8th-14th, 1863. Gettysburg, Pa., Campaign. Lee moved from between the Army of the Potomac and Richmond, and made for Pennsylvania, finally threatening Its Capital — Harris- burg. He depended upon the menace to Washington and northern cities to lead to the sending of the Army of the FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 139 Potomac after hinL His movements were veiled and one corps was left interposed between the Army of the Potomac and Richmond until his van was far on the way. By June 8th Longstreet's and Ewell's corps had joined Stuart's cavalry at Culpeper. June 8th Lee sent Jen kins' brigade as Ewell's advance into Shenandoah Valley. MonticeUo and Rocky Gap, Ky., June 9th. S. P. Carter, Tennessee, defeated Pegram's forces. Cavalry Combat at Brandy Station, Beverley Ford, Va., June 9th. Pleasanton had been sent , against Stuart's cavalry and to obtain information. Pleasanton attacked Stuart. John Buford, Kentucky, gained ground. He was conspicuous. B. F. Davis, Alabama, was killed. The Federals were worsted. Ewell marched via Winchester, Martlnsburg and Wil- liamsport. Longstreet moved along the eastem slope of the Blue Ridge. Battle of Winchester, Va., June 13th-16th. The In ferior Federal force made a stand against Ewell, and lost out, most of the men being captured. In June, 1863, the Illinois General Assembly was for peace, and Its govemor, Richard Yates, Kentucky, pro rogued It and conducted the War operations of Illinois un til the following year. Ammen, Virginia, was In com mand of the District of Illinois. After the Army of the Potomac fell back, A. P. HIU left Fredericksburg and followed Ewell, but crossed the Potomac at Shepherdstown. After HIU had passed Long- street's rear, Longstreet crossed the Blue Ridge and Shenandoah and crossed the Potomac at WlUIamsport. Pleasanton commanded the cavalry that followed Lee's army Into Maryland. Lee had sent Imboden toward Cum berland to destroy the railroad and canal from there to Martlnsburg. June 14th, Jenkins and Rodes, Confederates, drove out the Martlnsburg garrison. Battle of Port Hudson, June 14th. The Federal army 140 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS assaulted unsuccessfully. Farragut participated from the river. Richard Taylor, Confederate, appeared on the west bank of the Mississippi River near New Orleans, creating alarm for the safety of the city. Emory, Maryland, was there and took the proper measures of defense. Ewell crossed the Potomac June 15th. Action at Aldle, Va., June 17th. The fight was be tween a part of Pleasanton's cavalry and Stuart's. The Federals remained in possession of the field. A. Pleas anton, John Buford, Kentucky, and John C. TIdball, Vir ginia, were engaged. Democratic Mass Convention, 40,000 delegates, was held at Springfield, IU., June 17th. The Indiana Legislature was broken up by Republi cans in 1863 to prevent the passage of the " military blU." June 17th John Rodgers, Maryland, with the Wee hawken, engaged the heavier Iron-clad Atlanta in Wassaw Sound, Ga. The Atlanta went aground, and was so in jured that she surrendered. Her damages were readily re paired. Rodgers, bravely confident of the monitors, was eminent in the demonstration of their qualities of re sistance. E. O. C. Ord, Maryland, was In command of the 13th corps from June 18th to October 28th, 1863. He was en gaged in the siege of Vicksburg from June 18th to July 4th. Action of Middleburg, Va., June 19th. A. Pleasanton and John Buford were engaged. Fleet attacks on Vicksburg, June 19th— July 4th. Francis M. Ramsay, District of Columbia, during the siege, on a floating battery, enfiladed Confederate batter ies and sustained a heavy fire on the Federal right. The State of West Virginia came Into being June 20th, 1863. That day the officers met at Wheeling and or ganized the new State. The Federal Virginia Executive FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 141 removed the archives of Federal Virginia to Alexan dria, Va. J. B. Wheeler, North Carolina, was Chief Engineer, Department of the Susquehanna, June 20th to September 18th, 1863. Cavalry Action of UppervUle, Va., June 21st. A. Pleasanton, John Buford and Tidball were engaged. TuUahoma, Tenn., Campaign. The movement was a concentration on the Confederate right, covered by a feint upon the left. Upon Lee's entrance, A. W. Bradford, Maryland, Gov emor of Maryland, called for 10,000 volunteers. A num ber of troops for defense were gained thereby. Action at Hoover's Gap, Tenn., TuUahoma Campaign, June 24th. The brigade of mounted infantry of the di vision of J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky, attacked the Confed erates at Hoover's Gap. It drove them back to the south- em entrance, where they held possession until Thomas came up with infantry, Reynolds, with two other brigades, and J. M. Brannan, with three coming up, when the Con federates gave up possession of the defile. T. L. Critten den, Kentucky, participated. Action of Liberty Gap, Tenn., TuUahoma Campaign, June 24th and 25th. On the 24th R. W. Johnson, Ken tucky, seized the Gap, having a sharp skirmish with a part of Cleburne's division. The Confederates attacked Johnson's division on the 25th. They first attacked his center, then attempted to gain the hills so as to command Johnson's flanks, but failed, withdrawing late in the even ing. Their loss was over 400. Stuart reached the rear of the Army of the Po tomac June 25th forenoon. It was moving toward the Potomac and occupying all roads. Stuart crossed the Potomac two days after the Army of the Potomac, whose rear-guard crossed June 26th. Action of Garrison Creek, June 26th. Thomas ad vanced toward Fairfield and met the Confederates in force 142 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS on the heights north of Garrison Creek. He drove them steadily, Rousseau and Brannan operating upon the left flank and J. J. Reynolds against the front and left. The Confederates assumed a new position, and attempted from the hills to enfilade Thomas' line, but were expelled. He pushed them to within five miles of Manchester, T. L. Crittenden following. Thomas had gained so much ground toward Manchester that it was practicable to con centrate the whole army there, and force Bragg to aban don his position or give battle outside his works. He seized Manchester June 27th. Combat of Donaldsonville, La., Fort Butler, June 27th. W. H. Emory, Maryland, with troops, and the vessels in the river, together resisted the Confederate attack on Fort Butler. Some Confederates got into the Fort. One of Farragut's vessels was present and fought hard. The Winona, commanded by A. W. Weaver, District of Co lumbia, arrived during the engagement and continued in It until the end, rendering effectual service. The Con federates retired. W. H. French, Maryland, was in command of the Har per's Ferry district, June 27th to 30th. EweU reached Carlisle, Pa., and Longstreet reached Chambersburg, Pa., June 27th. Early, Confederate, entered York, Pa., June 28th. Stuart captured a wagon train of the Army of the Po tomac at RockvIUe, a few miles northwest of Washington, that day. Early June 28th Thomas sent a brigade to break the raUroad south of Decherd. That day he threw troops toward TuUahoma. Thus was the movement to force Bragg back from TuUahoma begun. Bragg's communi cations were interrupted at Decherd and he retired from TuUahoma the 29th. T. J. Wood, Kentucky, was em ployed In the advance on TuUahoma. The turning move ment had succeeded, Bragg having withdrawn entirely from this line. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 143 Heth, Confederate, reached Cashtown, Pa., June 29th. Early on the morning of June 30th, Thomas leamed that Bragg had evacuated the position at TuUahoma. Pursuit began. Rousseau and another of Thomas' divi sions overtook the Confederate rear-guard at Bethpage bridge and skirmished. Bragg had crossed the Cumber land Mountains and middle Tennessee was secured. Cavalry action of Hanover, Pa., June 30th. Stuart attacked Federal cavalry, but failed to rout them. He went on that night to York. Battles of Gettysburg, Pa., June 30th to July 3d, 1863. Heth sent Pettigrew's brigade to Gettysburg June 30th to procure shoes. John Buford, Kentucky, com manding one of the three cavalry divisions at the battles of Gettysburg, entered Gettysburg that afternoon, under In structions from Pleasanton, District of Columbia, and Pettlgrew withdrew on his approach. Pleasanton was In chief command of all the cavalry with the army. Im pressed by the Importance of the position, Buford, ex pecting the early retum of the Confederates in force, placed one brigade to the north and his other to the west of Gettysburg. Martial law was proclaimed In Baltimore June 30th. In the operations of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, January to July, 1863, G. B. Balch, Tennes see, commanded the Pawnee; C. Steedman, South Caro- Una, commanded the Paul Jones and Powhatan; Wm. Gibson, Maryland, Seneca; A. Pendergrast, Ken tucky, Water Witch; J. M. FraUey, Maryland, Quaker City; T. H. Patterson, Louisiana, James Adger; J. H. Upshur, Virginia, Flambeau; P. Drayton, South CaroUna, Passaic; D. McN. Fairfax, Virginia, Montauk and Nantucket; John Rodgers, Maryland, Weehawken, and T. Tumer, District of Columbia, New Ironsides. Thomas occupied TuUahoma July 1st. Bragg fell back to Bridgeport, Ala., on the north bank of the Ten nessee River below Chattanooga. 144 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Getty was In command of an expedition from White House to the South Anna bridges, July lst-8th. Stuart shelled Carlisle, Pa., July 1st. Robertson's Confederate cavalry command crossed the Potomac at WlUIamsport July 1st. During the Gettys burg campaign Imboden, Confederate, commanding cav alry, proceeded north in concert some distance west of Lee's regular army. He destroyed railroad bridges, and cut the Chesapeake & Ohio canal below Cumberland, Md., wherever he could. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1st, 1863. This was a chance battle. Neither army was concentrated. Troops of each were hurried to the field during the 1st and 2d. Part of Lee's army was west of Gettysburg; part north, and part east. The Ai-my of the Potomac was spread out to the south of Gettysburg. Seminary Ridge is west of Gettysburg and McPherson's Ridge is west of that, both running north and south. John Buford took posi tion on McPherson's Ridge. A. P. Hill, wishing to dis cover what was in his front, advanced from the west by day. Buford met and resisted the advance, and sustained the fight, using his horse artillery, until Infantry of the 1st corps arrived. Sol. Meredith, North Carolina, opened the infantry fight. The Federal infantry were forced back to Seminary Ridge. Archer, Confederate, took po sition In McPherson's wood. At a critical juncture, Mer edith, commanding the " Iron Brigade," swung it around, moved through a wood and outflanked and turned Archer's right, capturing him and a portion of his brigade, pur suing the remainder across WlUoughby Run. The other Confederate brigade was driven back north of this by other troops. The Federals reestablished the line on Mc Pherson's Ridge as a result of Meredith's success, Mere dith holding McPherson's wood. The command of the 1st corps devolved on John Newton, Virginia. About 12:30 p. m. Buford reported that Confederates were mass ing between the York and Harrisburg roads, three or four FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 145 miles north of Gettysburg. He confirmed the informa tion, the 11th corps was at hand, having reached the scene a little past noon, and dispositions were made to meet the Confederates. By one o'clock Buford had re ported Ewell's approach from the north by the Heidlers- burg road, and the 3d and 12th corps were called up. They were Informed at 2 p. m. of the conditions. Ewell ordered Oak Hill, north of McPherson's Ridge, occupied by an artillery battalion, which opened on both Federal corps, enfilading the line, causing the withdrawal of part of the Federal line to Seminary Ridge. The brigade of Gabriel R. Paul, Missouri, at the north part of the Fed eral line on Seminary Ridge, facing west, was attacked from the north by Iverson. With the aid of another brigade Iverson was defeated. The latter lost 500 killed and wounded and three regiments captured. Paul was shot and lost both eyes. The Confederates attacked the north part of the Federal positions on McPherson's Ridge and Seminary Ridge. The 11th corps, unconnected, was facing north, in position east of Seminary Ridge. Early, coming from the east, advanced on its right flank and rear, forcing It back to Its original position, thence to Cemetery hill, south of Gettysburg, uncovering the right flank and rear of Newton's corps, making its right un tenable. The general Confederate advance was about 3 p. M. Newton was heavily engaged along his whole line. His left was outflanked. Meredith repeatedly repulsed assaults of the Confederates, but, as the retirement of other troops uncovered his left, he fell back to successive positions, from which he inflicted heavy losses. He was severely wounded this day. Some of his men manned a battery at Seminary Ridge. Buford had thrown half a brigade of cavalry south of the Fairfield road. After 3:20 Buford was asked to support the center, near the right of the 1st corps, as well as he could with cavalry. About 4 p. m. the whole Confederate line advanced to final attack against the Federals on Seminary Ridge. Newton 146 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS withdrew under orders. On the right Buford's men held Lane's brigade in check for some time. The battery manned partly by Meredith's men raked Scales' brigade, causing confusion. The Federal right was uncovered and these troops feU back fighting to Cemetery hill. Buford assembled his command on the plain west of Cemetery hill, covering the left flank, making a show of force opposite the Confederate right against the peril of pursuit. The Federal right was established on Gulp's hill. The 11th corps had been struck north of Gettysburg in front and on both flanks almost simultaneously. Buford's moving out and forming for the charge delayed the Confederates to form squares in echelon, and aided Newton's escape. Buford rendered material assistance in the forming of the lines on Cemetery hill. Only one small brigade and batteries were on Cemetery hill when the rout came. Late In the day, one of Newton's divisions occupied Gulp's hill. Buford rendered signal service In his valorous and strenu ous efforts this day. Newton well filled a grave responsi bility. Henry A. Morrow, Virginia, was wounded while carrying the flag of a regiment after four color-bearers had been killed and three wounded. He was a prisoner from July 1st to 4th. Escaping, he rejoined' his com mand. Paul was brave and useful. Battle of Gettysburg, July 2d. Cemetery Ridge extends north almost to Gettysburg, then curves around to the east Uke a fish-hook, with Gulp's hill near the eastem end. The straight part is considerably longer than the curve, but the center is within supporting distance of the south end of the curve. Round Top is at the south end of the straight part with Little Round Top forming the part of the ridge just north of it. The Emmitsburg road runs southwest from Gettysburg, between the parallel ridges, — Cemetery and Seminary — about a mUe apart. Stuart left Carlisle for Gettysburg the 2d. The Federal line was formed from Gulp's hill around the curve and southwardly, branching off to the Emmitsburg road, with an angle at FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 147 the Peach Orchard, troops extending from there back to the ridge near Little Round Top. Longstreet's troops marched concealed to strike between the Peach Orchard and Little Round Top. D. B. Bimey, Alabama, disclosed by reconnoissance the presence of Confederates flanking the left. His division was posted from the Devil's Den (a rough mass of bowlders just west of the Round Tops) to the Peach Orchard and along the Emmitsburg road. It was well in the afternoon when Longstreet struck. Bir ney repulsed the first attacks. Toward six the angle at the Peach Orchard was broken in. A Maryland brigade advanced to the rescue of the 3d corps, some of the troops reaching as far as the Loop and Peach Orchard. One of Birney's brigades got In the Interval between two Con federate regiments about the wheatfield, forcing the flanks back. Birney took command of the 3d corps a little after six, and handled it ably. A part of Newton's corps was brought up to the aid of the left. The Federals reached the summit of Little Round Top while the Confederates were climbing It, and held It after a hand-to-hand struggle. The command of a brigade • there devolved on Kenner Garrard, Kentucky. The Maryland brigade held a position near the Trostle building of service to Federal troops which were falling back. Wright broke the Federal Une on Cemetery Ridge near the center, but, not being supported, was expelled. That part of the Federal line west of Cemetery Ridge having been forced back, the Federal line was restricted to Cemetery Ridge. The brigade of S. S. Carroll, District of Columbia, ar rived just in time to save East Cemetery Hill (near Get tysburg) when Early carried it. This was a notable achievement. At Gulp's hill, the right flank was turned by the Con federates, who were stopped by two regiments of Newton's corps placed in echelon. These attacks were after Long- street's, 148 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS At the close of the day Confederates held the Devil's Den and the ridge to its left, and the right extending well up on the northwest slope of Round Top. They held a part of Gulp's hill. Battle of Gettysburg, July 3d. Fighting at Gulp's hiU began at dawn. The Federals drove the Confederates out of the Federal intrenchments there, and resisted a front attack. The Confederates made one or two attempts to regain possession. The Maryland brigade and Chas. Candy were on this part of the line. A demonstration to turn Confederate Ed. Johnson's left on this part of the field caused him to withdraw to Rock Creek. Confederate Robertson's cavalry following Lee's army reached Cashtown about 10 a. m. A. Pleasanton moved from Emmitsburg July 3d directly toward the baggage and ammunition trains of Lee and was met at Fairfield by Robertson. About 11 a. m some of A. P. Hill's skirmishers and Federals began fighting over a bam and his artillery be came Involved. Imboden arrived on the field at noon. The great cannonade began about 1 p. m. Pickett's charge started at 1 :40 p. m. John Newton, Virginia, was in charge of that part of the ridge to the south of the position against which, mainly, Pickett was directed. He stood behind batteries during the artillery duel which opened a destructive oblique fire when Pickett charged. The Confederates drifted further away. The Confed erate right split passing a farm building, and the two bodies diverged as they advanced. A brigade of Newton's corps pressed forward Into the gap between the Confed erate advancing lines. Alexander's artillery opened fire on it. Part of the men were faced north and part south, thus firing upon the flanks of both Confederate bodies advancing. The advance of the two regiments of this brigade, with the fire of the batteries around Newton, helped cause the supporting forces of Wilcox, Wright and Perry to fall back. D. B. Birney's corps was behind New- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 149 ton's. The conmitind of the division against which Pickett struck devolved on Wm. Harrow, Kentucky. His own brigade had been behind the front line, but joined the line in the fight. The Confederates had taken a piece of the line immediately north of It. The brigade charged from the south Into the clump of trees, then held by the Confederates. The grove was jammed with Pickett's men. It extended from a short distance below to near the crest of the ridge. Pickett emerged from the woods at 3 p. m. It was the lot of Harrow to repulse Pickett, which mo mentous feat he performed. Two companies in his divi sion were thrown behind a cross wall to the north of the break In the line, and Pickett's left flank felt the fire from that direction. As Pickett was falling back, the Confed erates repulsed cavalry from the southern part of the field, who galloped up between the lines of the two armies. Meantime, Stuart had gone around the Federal right flank to strike the Federal right and rear. About 2 p. m. John B. Mcintosh, Florida, who understood Stuart's tac tics and had discerned his position, moved dismounted cav alry forward In the direction of Rummel's house. The Confederates met them. Other cavalry of his moved up. He sent for reenforcements. He drove back the Confed erates, occupying their position about the Rummel house. When the full Confederate line charged, Mcintosh had his left charge, rallying headquarters' staff, buglers and or derlies, and gathering up other men for the charge, and struck the Confederate right flank. The flank attacks told on the Confederates. Mcintosh and others in the front then got the advantage and the Confederates fell back to their starting-point. Mcintosh established an advanced skirmish line. Mcintosh's service was brave and valuable. Stuart had the main body of Confederate cavalry and his purpose failed. At nightfall both sides held substantially their original position. Wm. Hays, Virginia, commanded the 2d corps, July 3d to September 13th. 150 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Passage of Elk River July 3d, by Thomas. J. M. Brannan, District of Columbia, and Eli Long, Kentucky, were engaged. Bragg fell back to Bridgeport. Later he crossed the Tennessee River not far from Chattanooga. Chattanooga was an Important strategic point. The rail road running via Chattanooga northeast afforded the most direct and convenient means of communication between Richmond and Mississippi, while from Cleveland, Tenn., a few miles east of Chattanooga, a line of railroad ran to the southeastern coast. From It Virginia could be ap proached from the rear, and it was a base for operations In the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Terms of surrender of Vicksburg were agreed upon July Sd. On the 4th 31,600 men were disarmed and paroled. 172 cannon were taken. In the operations against Vicks burg McClemand and then Ord commanded the 13th corps. Among those engaged were: of the army, F. P. Blair, Kentucky, and J. G. Lauman, Maryland, commanding divisions ; M. F. Force, District of Columbia ; John D. Stevenson, Virginia ; T. T. Garrard, Kentucky ; Bernard G. Farrar, Missouri; W. W. Orme, District of Columbia; Wm. Vandever, Maryland ; D. W. Lindsey, Kentucky ; S. G. Burbridge, Kentucky; W. J. Landram, Kentucky; W. P. Benton, Maryland ; David Shunk, Maryland ; Jos. R. Cockerill, Virginia; N. B. Buford, Kentucky and Jas. A. Williamson, Kentucky ; of the navy, Henry H. Bell, North Carolina, and A. M. Pennock, Virginia, fleet captains; W. D. Porter, Louisiana, commanding the Essex; Chas. R. EUet, District of Columbia, commanding the Switzerland; Jas. P. Foster, Kentucky, commanding the Lafayette; John Guest, Missouri, and F. M. Ramsay, District of Columbia. Foster performed valuable service. WUlIam- son showed good conduct. Gettysburg, July 4th. Lee, having concentrated on Seminary Ridge, stood In line there all day, but was not assaulted and did not attack again. He was sending back FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 151 wounded and prisoners preparatory to a retum to Vir ginia. French guarded lines of communication and threatened those of Lee, July lst-4th. At the battle of Gettysburg Meredith's loss was 1,163. Newton, In addition to the 1st corps', commanded the 3d division of the 6th corps. Wm. Hays, Virginia, commanded the 2d corps when the battle ended. Birney commanded the 3d corps from the evening of the 2d. A. Pleasanton commanded the cavalry corps. D. R. Ransom, North Carolina, performed brave and useful service. He was wounded. He, John C. Tld- baU, Virginia, and C. H. Tompkins, Virginia, commanded artillery brigades. Wm. M. Graham, District of Colum bia, S. S. Carroll, District of Columbia, and Chas. Candy, Kentucky, were engaged. Battle of Helena, Ark., July 4th. B. M. Prentiss, Vir ginia, commanded the Federals. The Confederates carried the position In the center, but were repulsed with consid erable loss, the gunboat Tyler saving the army force. Many of Prentiss' regiments were southern. The Con federates were under Holmes and Price. Franklin Pierce addressed a Democratic mass-meeting at Concord, N. H., July 4th, alluding to Vallandigham as a martyr of free speech. Morgan, Confederate, having crossed the Cumberland River at Burksville, Ky., with about 2,600 men, reached Tebb's Bend, Green River, July 4th, and attacked a Fed eral regiment there. J. M. Shackelford and E. H. Hob son, both of Kentucky, pursued him. French, Maryland, destroyed Lee's pontoon bridge at Falling Waters July 5th, sending a raiding party from Frederick. This delayed Lee's crossing of the Potomac. Hagerstown and WlUIamsport, Md., July 6th. John Buford, Kentucky, was engaged in an attack on Imboden at WlUIamsport. Imboden was carrying the wounded and prisoners to Virginia. 152 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Wm. H. French, Maryland, was in command of the 3d corps from July 7th, 1863. He joined in the march against Lee after Gettysburg, being engaged in several sharp actions. Thos. H. Patterson, Louisiana, was engaged in blockade duty off Wilmington July 7th, 1863. Morgan crossed the Ohio River at Brandenburg July 7th. He dashed across the southern parts of Indiana and Ohio, pursued by J. M. Shackelford, E. H. Hobson, R. T. Jacob and Wm. P. Sanders — all of Kentucky, with Kentucky troops. H. M. Judah, Maryland, went with the " tin-clads " up the Ohio River, to head him off and keep him from recrossing. Port Hudson surrendered July 9th. 6,340 men, 20 heavy guns, and 31 field-pieces were taken. Farragut co operated In the Investment and capture. Henry H. Bell, North Carolina, assisted. T. A. Jenkins, Virginia, was in chief command of the naval forces below. Advance upon Jackson, Miss., from Vicksburg, July 9th to 16th. Martial law was proclaimed in Louisville July 10th. Operations against Charleston Harbor — Fort Wagner, Morris Island ; James Island and Folly Island, July 10th- 18th. The Federal fleet, with troops, attacked and secured a lodgment on the south end of Morris Island July 10th, and prepared to attack Fort Wagner. Troops landed and occupied three-fourths of the Island. Along with this, naval officer G. B. Balch, Tennessee, landed troops on Folly Island at night, and a force was sent to James Island. July 11th an unsuccessful assault was made on Fort Wagner. Guy V. Henry, Indian Territory, and J. R. Hawley, North Carolina, were engaged. The Montaiik, Fairfax, Virginia, commanding, and other vessels partici pated. John Love, Virginia, commanded a force in pursuit through Indiana of Morgan, and In an action with him at Mt. Vcmon, Ind., July 11th. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 153 Combat of Jackson, Miss. Ord's corps was engaged. In the assault troops of the division of J. G. Lauman, Maryland, were pushed close to the Confederate works, were struck In flank and suffered great loss. The Federals were repulsed. Martial law was proclaimed In Cincinnati July 12th. Draft revolts, July 13th to 16th. Public opposition was manifested in advance of the time for the enforcement of the draft to begin — July, 1863. The draft in New York City began July 13th. The absence of militia due to Lee's invasion was availed of and citizens of New York resisted by force, cutting telegraph wires, burning build ings, beating and killing negroes. Quickly the city was at their mercy. A thousand persons were killed and wounded, over fifty buildings were destroyed, and many were plundered. They were fought for three days and nights. Bombardment of Charleston Harbor, July 13th. Fair fax, Virginia, participated. Donaldsonville, La., July 13th. Aaron W. Weaver, District of Columbia, was In engagement with Confederate batteries below Donaldsonville after the fall of Port Hud son. T. A. Jenkins, Virginia, was wounded passing batteries twelve miles below Donaldsonville In 1863. Lee recrossed the Potomac the night of July 13th. E. R. S. Canby, Kentucky, In command of the City and Harbor of New York, was engaged in suppressing the draft revolts from July 14th. His courage, skill and judgment did much to that end. He remained In command till November 15th. There were draft revolts in Boston July 14th and 16th, and in Brooklyn, Jersey City, Staten Island and other places July 15th. The Federals landed In force on Morris Island July 15th. Combat of James Island, Fort Grimball, Stono River, July 16th. Balch, Tennessee, was senior officer In the 154 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Stono River. His vessel, the Pawnee, helped in making a landing on James Island. The Pawnee and Marblehead, G. H. Scott, Virginia, commanding, were attacked by bat teries, the Confederates making a simultaneous attack on the land force. The Pawnee had chain cables up and down her sides. Balch, in repulsing it, Is credited with having saved the troops from the land attack. The Fed erals were expelled from James Island. J. E. Johnston evacuated Jackson, Miss., the second time July 16th. Ord and Blair were engaged in the oper ations against relieving forces and occupation of Jackson. The Federals having gained the entire Mississippi River, the first merchant steamer from St. Louis reached New Orleans July 16th. Battle of Fort Wagner, S. C, July 18th. The fleet bombarded and the troops marched up Morris Island and attacked the Fort unsuccessfully, losing heavily. J. R. Hawley, North Carolina, was engaged. W. M. Gibson, Maryland, commanded the Seneca. After this. Fort Wag ner was besieged till September 6th. Wm. H. French, Maryland, was engaged in the action of Manassas Gap, Va., July 23d. Buffington Island, near SalinevIUe, July 26th. The head of Hobson's column, under Shackelford, struck Mor gan's rear, Judah his flank, and two vessels opened on his front. Most of Morgan's force, about 1,200, were captured. R. T. Jacob, Kentucky, was engaged. Mor gan surrendered to Shackelford, Kentucky, at New Lisbon, the same day. Kentucky troops had followed him across the Ohio, into Indiana and Ohio, and mainly surrounded and captured him. Wm. P. Sanders, Kentucky, met the raid of Scott started July 28th. He defeated Scott at Lancaster, cap turing 200. Later, 500 more prisoners were taken. Thos. H. Patterson, Louisiana, cut out the Steamer Kate from under batteries at New Inlet, near Fort Fisher July 31st. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 155 EU Long, Kentucky, and others reached Huntsville, Ala., In July, capturing prisoners and supplies. Ord was with the Army of Western Louisiana, August to October, 1863. John C. Tidball, Virginia, was engaged on defenses of Washington, August, 1863, to March, 1864. J. M. Shackelford, Kentucky, led cavalry from Camp Nelson, Ky., to Kingston, Tenn., In August, 1863. Little Rock Expedition, August 1st to September 14th, 1863. J. W. Davidson, Virginia, commanded cavalry di vision. His 6,000 troops had been taught as dragoons. He moved south from Missouri by Crowley's Ridge In eastern Arkansas. A junction of other troops with his was effected at White River. Cavalry Actions of Kelly's Ford, Rappahannock, Brandy and Culpeper Stations, Va., August lst-4th, 1863. John Buford, Kentucky, was engaged. August 4th fleet reconnoissance up the James River started. It was severely handled. The Army moved from Duvall's Bluff upon Little Rock August 18th, Davidson commanding the cavalry. Federals sheUed Chattanooga August 21st. Thos. H. Patterson, Louisiana, participated In an at tack upon and capture of a flying battery a few miles above Fort Fisher August 23d. August 25th many regiments were in the squares of New York City to enforce the draft. Patterson destroyed the Clipper Hebb August 26th. Action of Rocky Gap or White Sulphur Springs, August 26th-27th. J. R. Meigs, District of Columbia, was en gaged. Campaigns of Knoxville and Chickamauga. The Army of the Cumberland started from Winchester, Tenn., for Chattanooga. Another army started from Lexington, Ky., for Knoxville the same day. Saml. P. Carter, Tennessee, commanding a cavalry divi sion, had the advance In the occupation of east Tennessee 156 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS iu August and September, 1863. L. D. Watkins, Florida, was engaged with him. Carter defeated Morgan's forces near Emory August 28th, and Smith's forces at London August 29th. The Army of the Cumberland began crossing the Ten nessee River August 29th. Thomas' corps and the 20th corps crossed thirty miles below Chattanooga. They moved against Bragg's communications southward, to force the evacuation of Chattanooga. The passes through which the Army crossed Lookout Range were two, twenty- six and forty-two miles south of Chattanooga, taken re spectively by Crittenden's, Thomas' and the 20th corps. The indication was that Bragg was falling back upon Rome to save his communications. Geo. M. Bache, District of Columbia, made a successful raid in the White River in August, 1863. With the Lex ington, Cricket and Marmora he went up the White. He sent the Cricket up the Little Red River and proceeded to Augusta. Knoxville was occupied September 2d. There were nine Kentucky regiments and some Tennessee regiments in this army. Fort Wagner and Battery Gregg, Charleston Harbor, were evacuated by the Confederates the night of September 6th, 1863. A. R. McNair, Louisiana, of the navy, and Guy V. Henry, Indian Territory, of the army, were among those engaged in the operations against them. September 7th, 1863, Justice Campbell, a southerner who had resigned from the Supreme Court of the United States at the outbreak of the War, wrote : " The condition of things In the mountain districts of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama menaces the ex istence of the Confederacy as fatally as either of the armies of the United States." Capture of Cumberland Gap, September 9th. J. M. Shackelford, Kentucky, received the surrender of the force of 2,000 under Frazier, and 14 guns. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 157 Lee relinquished Longstreet and his two divisions, or ders of September 9th, to swell Bragg's army in the Chickamauga campaign. Occupation of Chattanooga, September 9th.. T. L. Crittenden, Kentucky, took possession with troops of Wood's division. Crittenden was ordered September 10th to seek the Con federates in the direction of Ringgold. A negro that evening Informed T. J. Wood, Kentucky, of the position of Bragg's army about Lafayette. Wood reported the information to headquarters at Chattanooga. A brigade was ordered to reconnolter toward Lafayette, which met an opposing force and forced It back across the Chicka mauga River at Lee & Gordon's mills. T. L. Crittenden was ordered to the mills and Thomas to Lafayette. Thomas met a resistance that convinced him he was In the presence of the Confederate army. Crittenden's re connoissance south of the mills sustained Thomas' opin ion. Thomas' troops were withdrawn from a dangerous position, Bragg having concentrated to strike them. Thomas took the responsibility of ordering that the 20th corps, fifty miles distant on the way to Rome, close up with him. J. W. Davidson, Virginia, effected a crossing of the Arkansas River September 10th, despite efforts of men left on the south side. He fought a sharp action at Bayou Fourches, five miles out from Little Rock, for two hours, batteries on the north bank aiding him. The Con federates fell back to Little Rock. Price brought over his main force from north of the river on account of Davidson's turning his position, and then evacuated Little Rock. About 1,000 prisoners were captured in this expe dition. Davidson showed courage and skill. T. H. Ben ton, Tennessee, and Jas. M. True, Kentucky, were engaged. Bragg moved against Crittenden about the 11th. His combinations failed of execution. September 12th the Army of the Cumberland was concentrating to fight at 158 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Lafayette. That day, S. A. Hurlbut, in command of Memphis, forwarded report that J. E. Johnston was re- enforcing Bragg at Chattanooga, saying he thought the report true. September 13th, 1863, Crittenden made dispositions for defense. He sent a force to reconnolter toward Lafayette, which met Confederates near Lee & Gordon's mills, and drove them three miles. This aggressive movement dis concerted Polk, and, instead of obeying repeated orders to attack he called for reenforcements. Polk had received three distinct orders to attack at daylight. The 20th corps withdrew that day and moved to join Thomas. From September 13th to 17th Thomas advanced his corps slightly day by day. Action and capture of Culpeper C. H., Va., September 13th. A. Pleasanton and Henry A. Morrow, Virginia, were engaged in this creditable affair. On September 17th the three corps of the Army of the Cumberland were in supporting distance of one an other. Thomas closed up on Crittenden. J. B. Wheeler, North Carolina, was Chief Engineer of the Army of Arkansas, September 18th, 1863 to the end of the War. CHAPTER VI Chickamauga — Chattanooga — Mine Run — Tunnel Hill — Red River Campaign — Wilderness. Battle of Chickamauga. North of Lee & Gordon's mlUs is Alexander's bridge over the Chickamauga Creek, and north of that is Reed's bridge. September 18th the Confederates fought at Alexander's bridge, were repulsed by one of Reynolds' brigades and crossed at a ford below. That afternoon they forced the crossing of Reed's bridge. During the night a great part of the Confederate army crossed to the west side of the Chickamauga. Crittenden formed the left wing on the 18th, and Bragg aimed to turn his left flank, occupy the Lafayette road running north and south and cut the Army off from Chattanooga. Thomas, however, also moved from the center past Crit tenden, and thus, unknown to the Confederates, held the left, prolonging the Federal position considerably to the north of Crittenden, while the presence of a great part of the Confederate army west of the Chickamauga was unknown to the Federals. The 20th corps remained the Federal right wing. Battle of Chickamauga, September 19th and 20th, 1863. Bragg commenced early the 19th trying to turn the Fed eral left and gain the road into Chattanooga, hoping to throw his army between the Federal Army and Chatta nooga without discovery. Thomas directed J. M. Bran nan, District of Columbia, with two brigades, to recon nolter toward Reed's bridge, which the Federals had burnt the evening before, and capture. If possible, a force which had crossed before the bridge had been burnt, the Confederate forces extending far beyond not being visible. Brannan's reconnoissance developed the Confederates and 159 160 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS brought on the battle, disturbing Bragg's combinations, and preventing the blow from being sudden. Thomas was In chief command on the field this day. The center had not connected with him. T. L. Crittenden, Kentucky, directed J. M. Palmer, Kentucky, to reconnolter the road north. The noise of battle was heard ere it could return. Brannan posted the brigade of J. T. Croxton, Kentucky, to the left, and with two more moved forward. Croxton also advanced and encountered three brigades of cavalry under Forrest, which were covering Bragg's right flank. Forrest called up Infantry. Thomas rode forward to see what was happening, and found Croxton heavily engaged, but holding his ground, and ordered up supports. Bran nan also sent reenforcement to Croxton's left. The Fed erals were beaten back. Bragg was surprised to find such a force on the Federal left. He supposed Brannan was trying to turn his right flank and suspended dispositions. There was then a chasm between Thomas and Crittenden. Thomas obtained from Crittenden support In the shape of Palmer's division. Croxton drove the Confederates about a half mile. The Federals there advanced and pressed the Confederates back. R. W. Johnson, Ken tucky, had hurried from Crawfish Springs arriving almost simultaneously with Palmer, and just in time to prevent the rout of the Federal left. Cheatham advanced to the support of the Confederate forces, but was hurled back by an attacking column which Thomas had organized, the reenforcements overlapping the Confederates. Palmer, with Johnson on the left, moved forward, and, after an hour's fighting, forced Cheatham back a mile and a half, Johnson capturing seven guns with a large number of prisoners. Reynolds arriving soon after Johnson, formed to the right here. Crittenden moved troops to fill a gap yet remaining between him and Thomas. Early in the day the Confederates unsuccessfully attempted to cross the Chickamauga near Lee & Gordon's mills. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 161 During a lull, Thomas, to strengthen his left, retired Brannan's and another division to a commanding position on the road to Reed's bridge. The Confederates struck Thomas further down the line than the first attack and took ten guns. The broken troops were reenforced. The reorganized division of Brannan came to their support. In transferring Brannan's division from the left to the right of Reynolds, Thomas drove back the Confederates after his line had been pierced. Brannan made a striking charge upon the victorious Confederates. Some of the guns were recaptured. Palmer had sent supports. Five brigades had been borne back with broken lines, when Thomas moved Brannan in the exigency from his left to his disordered right. J. T. Croxton, Kentucky, defeated the effort to turn Reynolds' right and rear. He reached there just in time. The timely reenforcement, the quick reformation of portions of Palmer's and Reynolds' divi sions, and the play of artillery, arrested the disaster. The artillery was especially effective. When the Confed erates moved through the chasm they were met by troops from Crittenden and Brannan's, which wheeled upon them from near Kelley's house. With Johnson, Reynolds helped greatly In repulsing the attack. Reynolds, by able generalship and hard fighting, restored the broken line In his front. Bragg's whole right had been stopped. At 3 p. m. Hood attacked the right center. Troops had been sent to turn the Confederate left and were met by a large force moving to separate the two wings of the Federal army. Two brigades were driven from position. There was then a wide breach In the Federal right center. The Confederates had captured artlUery and seized the Chattanooga road. Reenforcements came up. Thos. J. Wood, Kentucky, moved with two brigades. The efforts of the Confederates to pass around the right of the troops to the north of him were defeated. The Confederates were forced back by Wood and three other fresh divisions. 162 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Wood was valiant and effective. His horse was killed un der him. At 5 p. M. the Confederates renewed the battle against the left flank, pressing It heavily. Thomas had selected ground for a new and more compact line. Before John son's division and another could be withdrawn to It, they were attacked by Cleburne's fresh division, supported by Cheatham's. The left flank was forced back some distance. After a heavy night conflict of an hour, the Confederates were stopped. The rapid movement of the whole army to the left had saved it. The dispositions had prevented the success of Bragg's strategy and tactics. Late In the day a Confederate effort at Lee & Gordon's mills was re pulsed. The three corps had been mixed. Thomas was handling one division each from the other two corps. Crittenden had two divisions posted to support either the left or the right. Longstreet reached Ringgold In the evening with several brigades. During the night he reenforced Bragg. The next day he commanded the left wing and Polk the right wing. Thomas made rude breastworks of logs, found in the woods, stones and rails along his entire front during the night, which were of essential service the next day. Battle of Chickamauga, September 20th. This day the Federals had both flanks well refused. Thomas com manded the six divisions on the left; there were two at the right, and Crittenden commanded the two in reserve. The Confederates outflanked Thomas' left. There was a heavy fog and Polk did not attack at daylight as ordered. Thomas desired one of his divisions for his left flank. Crittenden directed Wood to relieve it, and directed that two brigades take position in rear of Wood in reserve. Only one of the brigades sent to Thomas was ready in time for his left flank. The Confederates attacked heavily and Thomas' left flank was overlapped, but Thomas placed troops who checked the onslaught into his flank and rear. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 163 The Confederate attack was broken, Thomas' artillery being especially effective. Thomas had repeated his re quest for reenforcements. Another of the brigades from Crittenden came. Thomas withstood heavy frontal as saults. Two more brigades on the right were ordered to Thomas, a third to follow. Crittenden was directed to send two brigades. All but one of the reserve brigades were thereby put in motion to the left. Wood moved to pass behind Brannan and support Reynolds just as Longstreet attacked. A reserve brigade was thrown toward the wide vacant space. Longstreet was soon upon them. The last brigade of Wood's division to leave position was severed as it retired and Brannan was struck In flank. When Brannan was struck, he gathered his division on a hill at right angles to his former position and half a mile in rear of Reynolds. He took a strong position, but Isolated, a high knoll called Snodgrass hill, on the curving ridge running east then north, named " Horse Shoe Ridge," to the right and rear of his former one. The Federal right wing was routed. After some order had been restored, that wing retreated on to Chattanooga. Crittenden him self was borne back in the rush and went to Chattanooga. T. J. Harrison, Kentucky, coming from the south, met Longstreet's left with a most effective charge with one regiment, armed with Spencer repeating rifles. He at tacked the Confederates in rear and took 200 prisoners back south toward Crawfish Spring. One of Reynolds' brigades with Spencer's also attacked from that quarter. Longstreet thought a large force had struck his left flank, the continuous firing deceiving him. The Confederates broke and fled. They charged again, and again broke and fled, when the brigade and Harrison poured a volley into them. Three more times the Confederates charged and were hurled back. Harrison's regiment was mounted Infantry. It moved off under orders, and helped guard the ammunition train to Chattanooga. The rapid move ment of Brannan's batteries threw a division into utter 164 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS disorder, and, in this condition. It was involved in the rout of all the troops on Brannan's right. There was artillery In the rear. Many guns fell into the Confederates' hands. Brannan's right flank, in swinging back under fire, when the line was broken, was thrown into temporary confusion. His left was secure, and order was soon restored. He was able to maintain position until a lull enabled him to gain the new one. Reynolds' right flank was exposed. He changed front so as to be at right angles with the Une on his left. There he held firmly to Palmer's right. Wood moved to fill the gap between Reynolds and Brannan. If he should be unable to occupy and hold this interval. Long- street would be in position to pass through, cut off Bran nan, turn and strike Reynolds and then attack the three divisions which held of the original line on the left. Wood coolly changed front under fire, so as to face south instead of east, and caused one of his brigades to charge with fixed bayonets. The Confederates fell back and Wood gained time to fill the gap between Reynolds and Brannan par tially. All the divisions left on the field were commanded by southerners except one of Thomas' divisions. Wood reported to Thomas. Thomas' extreme left had again re pulsed attacks simultaneously with an attack upon his right, which, too, was repulsed. When Longstreet broke through, Thomas had ridden to his right to hurry up re enforcements for the left. The Confederates advanced in the woods In rear of Reynolds. Thomas had expected help from that quarter. He had just repulsed Brecken ridge's attack on the left. Three brigades had double- quicked across the Horse Shoe (now the shape of the Fed eral line, both flanks having been bent and extended back to meet Confederates threatening to work around into the Federal rear) to the Federal new right. They were barely In time. Stewart and Bate to the right of Longstreet had taken up his attack. Thomas chose the strong position on a spur of Missionary Ridge at right angles to his old line and placed troops. For a time there were but five divisions FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 165 In line against the whole Confederate army. Confederates were concentrating on both flanks, and made heavy as saults. From noon Thomas' line stood the attack. The approach of hostile columns first revealed to Thomas some what of the condition on the right, though he did not leam the extent of the disaster till late In the day. He received report from one of his staff of being fired upon by troops in the rear of Reynolds. He gave orders they should be fired upon if proven hostile. Fighting soon disclosed that the Federal right had been turned. Thomas directed Wood to form on the left of Brannan and notified Reynolds that Confederates were In his rear. The Confederate left wing then fell upon Wood and Brannan. They resisted furious onslaughts. They were Insulated, and a strong Confed erate force passed around Brannan's right flank to his rear. Thomas took position in the rear of Wood's line. With no troops between, he now saw the Confederates ad vancing in a direction to strike him before he could reach his troops. At this dire moment, reenforcements from the north around Ringgold came — Whittaker, Kentucky, and another brigade. As the Confederates moved down the northem slope of the ridge toward the rear of Brannan and Wood, Whittaker's and the other brigade were hurled at them, drove them over the ridge and formed on Bran nan's right, but lost heavily. These two brigades were the salvation of the army. They stopped the advance Into Thomas' rear. Of Whittaker's staff officers three were killed, three wounded, and one killed or captured. Long- street had flanked the new Federal right. Whittaker had marched about four miles to the battlefield. To the south of Thomas' line was a gorge. As Whittaker approached, the Confederates who had passed the gorge and were form ing on the ridge for assault hesitated. Whittaker, when sent against the Confederates in the gorge and on the ridge, advanced in two lines at double-quick. When well up the ridge the men, almost exhausted, were halted for breath. The Confederates were dislodged. His brigade plunged 166 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS into the gorge through which HIndman's left was pouring. Thomas' direction of the troops drove the Confederates over the hills at 3 :35 p. m. Whittaker was wounded, and four of his five staff officers were killed or mortally wounded. At 3 p. m. Longstreet had called for reenforce ments. They were not given, and Longstreet attacked again. Twice the Confederates charged and were driven back from the ridge. In repelling Longstreet's third as sault, the 4th Kentucky regiment joined one of Brannan's brigades and fought with it until night. Wood's and Brannan's men rushed at the Confederates with the bayonet and sent them down the slopes. A Kentucky brigade lost 75% of its strength. Longstreet put In his reserve division — Preston's. Hindman was, however, driven from the hill above ViUetoe's by Whittaker's and the other brigade from Ringgold, notwithstanding which, Preston was put In, and Longstreet renewed the attack with his whole force. Long- street, in heavy force, was repeatedly repulsed. The Fed eral position was like a parapet — finely defensive. One of Palmer's brigades was put In between Wood and Reyn olds. Bragg again attempted to turn Thomas' left and gain the RossvIUe road. He partly succeeded. Thomas had not been reenforced save by one brigade of Wood's di vision. Breckenridge, on the Confederate right, took in reverse the Federal main line near Kelley's. He had no support ; he advanced boldly, but was overwhelmed by the reserve brigades of Johnson's, Palmer's and Brannan's di visions. He was driven around Thomas' left. Furious attacks upon Palmer and Johnson failed. None of the divisions on Thomas' left was engaged again until late in the afternoon. Two brigades were retumed to the Federal right. About 1 :30 one of Brannan's brigades arrived from a successful charge on Breckenridge. It was about 1:30 Snodgrass hlU was assaulted. Brannan's right was overlapped. After awhile Thomas received orders placing him in FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 167 command of all the forces. He felt that it would ruin the army to withdraw it at that time, and determined to try to hold the position till night. He tried to have two of the routed right-wing divisions which had stopped from their flight brought up to aid his right, but they were found to have moved on and only one returned. The 17th Kentucky regiment reached it. The Confederate right attacked at 4 p. m. Cleburne car ried the breastworks, and Breckenridge and Walker pushed on, passing the Chattanooga road, when their right was un able to overcome the forces covering the Federals' re treat. Some one had ordered Thomas' corps ammunition train to Chattanooga, and many division trains, separated, had gone to the rear. Ammunition on the battle line got short. The Federal east front fell back, and the two Confed erate wings united. Preston gained the ridge running east from Snodgrass hill a half hour later. Longstreet's at tack at 4:30 gained the salient. Two captains whom Thomas had sent to the rear for ammunition came back. Ammunition was supplied and orders to withdraw by di visions at 5 :30 were Issued — Reynolds first. Thomas, go ing to direct him, met a force that had gained the woods In Reynolds' rear. He ordered Reynolds to charge them. The Confederates yielded there. Part of them were driven beyond Thomas' left. Thomas posted brigades to hold the road while the troops passed by. Palmer, Johnson, and his left flank division were attacked as they left position. The division called up by Thomas from the routed right wing neared the field about night. Thomas often came within speaking distance of the men during the day. Wood, Kentucky, was stmck several times and severely contused. Whittaker, Kentucky, lost 164 klUed, 654 wounded and 518 missing, total 1,326 — a noteworthy rec ord. J. T. Croxton, Kentucky, was wounded. The serv ices of the brave Brannan, Johnson, Palmer, Wood and Reynolds are worthy of mention. Durbin Ward, Ken- 168 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERAXS tucky, fought with merit. He was severely wounded. Alex. M. Stout, Kentucky, was engaged. Rousseau was engaged In the Chickamauga campaign. Eli Long, Ken tucky, was engaged in the pursuit of Wheeler and Roddy. L. D. Watkins, Florida, commanded a cavalry brigade. Thomas was ordered to RossvIUe Gap. During the night he formed a new line at RossvIUe. At Chickamauga, the rout of half the army going on, Thomas had to fight the whole victorious Confederate army with the remaining half, or conform in the direction of retreat. His decision commanded plaudit. With calamities crowding, accumulating disorders, he kept in domitable, composed and resourceful. His defensive bat tle of Chickamauga shines In the line of the great defensive battles. September 21st Thomas was occupied in checking the Confederate advance on Chattanooga. He made arrange ments for withdrawal from RossvIUe to Chattanooga, and the troops marched to Chattanooga during the night. September 22d the Army of the Cumberland was placed ' In positions around Chattanooga. Weakened, It was in peril there. Marching orders were received September 22d for the 11th and 12th corps to go from the Army of the Potomac to Its assistance. The movement com menced from the east side of the Rappahannock the 24th. Bragg had the Army of the Cumberland Invested in Chat tanooga by the 24th. Reenforcements were sent also from Vicksburg and the Department Including It. Alex. A. Semmes, District of Columbia, made a demon stration on Bayport, Fla., In September, 1863, which re sulted In the destruction of an English blockade-runner. Wm. P. Sanders, Kentucky, became Chief of Cavalry, Department of the Ohio, in September, 1863. Jas. H. Stokes, Maryland, was In the Chattanooga campaign. In command of an artillery division, October, 1863, to February, 1864. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 169 John Newton, Virginia, was in the Rapidaii campaign, October to December, 1863. Bragg sent cavalry against his opponent's communica tions, which captured McMInnvIlle October 4th. Near Murfreesboro a saber charge by the 2d Kentucky, led by Eli Long, Kentucky, dislodged Wheeler's rear guard. At Duck River Long made a headlong charge against Davidson's division, and drove the Confederates 13 miles, killing and capturing many. At Farmlngton Long was wounded. He fought well. Bragg bombarded Chattanooga October 6th. October 7th Lee was at work In a turning movement of the Federal right flank. The Federals fell back, cross ing the Rappahannock. John Buford, Kentucky, cov ered the movement. Action of Auburn, October 7th. French, Maryland, was engaged. Action of Brandy Station, October 11th. A. Pleas anton, District of Columbia, was In command. Fort Morgan, October 12th. Wm. K. Mayo, Virginia, naval officer, fought with credit. Shelby, Confederate, had entered Missouri. He cap tured several posts In southwest Missouri. In an action near Marshall, Mo., October 13th, he was defeated and his artillery captured, and his command scattered by Mis souri miUtla. He was pursued out of the State. P. St. George Cooke, Virginia, was in command of the Baton Rouge District from October 13th, 1863, to May, 1864. Action at Auburn, Va., October 14th. S. S. Carroll was engaged. Combat of Bristoe Station, Va., October 14th. A. P. Hill was about to attack the 3d corps when the 5th corps, bringing up the rear of the Army of the Potomac, unex pectedly approached his rear. He faced about, they 170 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS fought, and the 5th corps gained an advantage, withdraw ing on Ewell's approach. The Confederates were pun ished smartly. John Buford and S. S. Carroll were en gaged. The Federals continued north to CentrevIUe. After ward, Lee fell back, followed by the Federal army. George H. Thomas, Virginia, was in command of the Department and Army of the Cumberland from October 19th, 1863. Bragg commanded the Tennessee River, and the rail road above Bridgeport, and the shortest and best wagon roads on both sides of the river, between Bridgeport and Chattanooga. The roundabout route for the Federals was over sixty miles, while the distance by railroad was only twenty-six. October 19th the Brown's Ferry route was discovered. Thomas received the Information. He was engaged in opening communications by the Tennessee River and Lookout Valley to November 24th. The army was not in a condition to retreat over the poor routes ac cessible, and Thomas determined to hold Chattanooga to privation. Confederate cavalry north of the Tennessee River stopped a train of ammunition and medical supplies. Thomas ordered the concentration of the 11th and 12th corps at Bridgeport. By October 22d, he had ordered and commenced the work of opening communication via Bridge port. His efforts for improved order were responded to by the troops. The 11th and 12th corps remained under him, after October 24th, augmenting the Army of the Cumberland, but the troops which later made the left wing — i. e., the Army of the Tennessee, were not under his command. Fort Sumter was bombarded during forty days and nights beginning October 26th, 1863. Troops of the 11th and 12th corps crossed at Bridge port, October 26th. Cane Creek, Ala., October 26th. Blair, Kentucky, oc- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 171 cupied Tuscumbia October 27th, after the fight at Cane Creek. Brown's Ferry was taken by Thomas October 27th. The 11th and 12th corps, under Thomas' direction, moved to effect a junction and restore communications to Chat tanooga the 27th. They connected at Brown's Ferry 28th, and the river was thus secured from Lookout Val ley to Bridgeport, breaking the fatal power of the siege. Afterward Brannan, District of Columbia, as Chief of Artillery of the Army of the Cumberland, was charged with preparing the fortifications for heavier guns, and sending for such guns and ammunition. J. McA. Palmer, Kentucky, was assigned to the com mand of the 14th corps October 28th, 1863. Combat of Wauhatchie, Tenn. Bragg made a night at tack October 28th on some of Thomas' troops which had connected at Brown's Ferry. Others coming up from the river, the Confederates withdrew. October 30th, representatives from about twenty Arkansas counties assembled at Fort Smith to take measures for forming a Federal State govemment. A meeting was held at Little Rock that day. Alex. A. Semmes, District of Columbia, attacked the batteries of Tampa in October. Guy V. Henry, Indian Territory, was engaged In op erations against Charleston tUl November, 1863. J. R. Meigs, District of Columbia, was Chief Engineer, Department of West Virginia, November 3d, 1863, to August 17th, 1864. Longstreet left the vicinity of Chattanooga for hostili ties against Knoxville November 4th. Action of Droop Mountain, W. Va., November 6th. J. R. Meigs, District of Columbia, was engaged. Mine Run Campaign. The Army of the Potomac moved against Lee. Passage of Kelly's Ford, November 7th. French, with the 2d and 3d corps, forced the passage. 172 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Combat of Rappahannock Station, Rappahannock re doubts, November 7th. Federal batteries made little im pression, and near night the Federals charged, and cap tured the works. The Confederates lost 1,674; Federals 417. K. Garrard, Kentucky, was among those engaged. These two successes enabled the army to cross and move south. The next day beyond Brandy Station French pushed the Confederates. Combat of Campbell's Station, Knoxville, Tenn., No vember 16th. When the Confederates came upon Knox ville, Wm. P. Sanders, Kentucky, Chief of Cavalry, de layed them with some cavalry while the Infantry were con structing defensive works. He held his position next day, while using his men dismounted to Interpose a screen while Infantry dug the trenches. He had rail barricades for his men. He exposed his person when necessary to keep his men from retreating therefrom. He was mortally wounded. Sanders had made a good record. The time gained was precious. The Federals fell back from their first position when the Confederates moved to flank their left. They maintained their second position and at night continued on to Knoxville. Saml. P. Carter, Tennessee, was engaged. J. M. Shackelford, Kentucky, commanded the cavalry corps at Knoxville from November 17th to December 4th, 1863. November 22d Buckner's division was sent to reenforce Longstreet before Knoxville. Battles of Chattanooga, Tenn., November 23d, 24th and 25th, 1863. Thomas commanded all of the army ex cept the left wing, which attacked the north end of Mis sionary Ridge. He proposed that the 12th corps push around the north end of Lookout Mountain, dislodging the Confederates. Orchard Knob was a mile south of the Federal line, and was the advanced position of the Con federates. Missionary Ridge, east of that, extends north and south. Bragg's right flank rested, not on the north- FIGHTING BY SOUTPIERN FEDERALS 173 ernmost summit of Missionary Ridge, but on the third one to the south — a much stronger position. Orchard Knob, November 23d. Thomas executed a reconnoissance in force, so disposing his forces as to take advantage of the success gained. Thomas moved Wood's and another division to the foot of Fort Wood and formed them in Une, Wood on the left. Palmer, Kentucky, held that part of Thomas' line facing south and southwest. R. W. Johnson, Kentucky, commanded one of the two di visions of Palmer's corps. The 11th corps was in rear of the center. At 2 p. m. Thomas advanced. Wood be gan the advance. He deployed before Fort Wood, moved forward and led in carrying Orchard Knob and a hill to the right. Other troops were moved up on the right and left. Palmer supporting him. Wood struck In flank Con federates fighting the troops laboring for the position on the left. The reconnoissance was well executed, securing important ground, driving Confederates from the ad vanced line. Thomas signaled Wood : " You have gained too much to withdraw; hold your position and I will support you." So minor heights were carried, and a line a mile In advance was obtained, theretofore occupied by Confederates. The position was fortified. This suc cess caused Bragg to weaken his force at Lookout Moun tain. That day Thomas directed that the 12th corps make a demonstration against Lookout Mountain next moming, and, if feasible, take it at the north point. During the night of the 23d, Brannan, Chief of Artillery, moved forty pieces of artillery, and placed them on the north side of the Tennessee River so as to command the opposite ground, and aid In protecting the approach to the point where the south end of the bridge to be used by the left wing in crossing was to rest. Lookout Mountain, November 24th. The brigade of W. C. Whittaker, Kentucky, crossed Lookout Creek at Wauhatchie, drove back the Confederate pickets, swept down its right bank, clearing it of Confederates, and 174 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS covered the crossing of other forces. He ascended Look out Mountain on the west side to the foot of the palisade, and, with other troops, marched along Its western slope to the north point. Brannan had guns at Moccasin Point, on the north bank of the Tennessee River, which opened a direct fire on the north point of Lookout. The Confed erates along the western side were driven. The 12th corps turned the northern slope of Lookout Mountain at 1 p. M., Whittaker highest up. On Craven's farm, half-way up the point, the Confederates made a stand, but were de feated and retreated down the eastern side. Brannan's ar tillery rendered Important aid. Some Confederate troops were on the summit, the palisade rising between. The 12th corps connected with Thomas' other troops this day. He directed Its position and movements. T. C. Fletcher, Missouri, was engaged. Missionary Ridge, November 24th. This demonstra tion by Thomas against the Confederate left occupied Bragg while the movement against his right was gaining momentum. Thomas had Eli Long move on the left flank of the combined Federal armies, cross Chickamauga Creek with his brigade, and make a raid upon the Confederate communications to the northeast. Long crossed on the 24th, reached Tyner's Station, and went as far as Charles ton, Tenn. Three divisions of the left wing were under F. P. Blair, Kentucky. The left wing moved over the Ten nessee River on the 24th. It started at 1 p. m. to seize a hill at the north of Missionary Ridge. Cavalry crossed to the east of South Chickamauga River and rode to strike communications at Chickamauga Station. The 11th corps, of Thomas, effected a junction with the left wing, or Army of the Tennessee. By 4 p. m. the left wing had occupied the two northernmost summits of Missionary Ridge. Bragg evacuated Lookout Mountain during the night. Eight volunteers from the 8th Kentucky infantry, before daylight 25th, ran up the United States flag on the pali- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 175 sades of Lookout Mountain. The Confederates burnt bridges over Chattanooga Cteek. Missionary Ridge, November 25th. Early the 25th Thomas had the 12th corps march south toward RossvIUe. Later, he ordered an advance upon Confederate works on their left. Both armies were massed heavily on the east. The Federal efforts to turn and break the Confederate right flank failed. There was a depression between the hill gained by the Federal left wing and the remainder of Missionary Ridge. The Federal attack was repulsed. A division from Thomas was sent to aid. The 12th corps was delayed four hours restoring a bridge necessitated by the burning of the bridges over Chattanooga Creek. As a relief to the left wing, Thomas was ordered to advance a force at the center to the rifle-pits, first line, and re form, without waiting for Bragg to further weaken his center to meet the 12th corps on his left. The 12th corps forded Chattanooga Creek a little after 3 p. m. It made for RossvIUe Gap to menace the Confederate left flank under Thomas' orders. The 12th corps reached the Con federate left flank, which retreated beyond RossvIUe. The 12th corps was then disposed to sweep northward along Missionary Ridge. While thus forming, Thomas' center advance was made, between 3 and 4 p. m., Brannan's guns supporting. Thomas' storming line was two and a half miles front. His division that had helped the left wing had retumed. Bragg had a line at the base, another half way up, and intrenchments at the top of Missionary Ridge where Thomas assaulted. His troops drove the Confed erates who were in front of the lower line of rifle-pits so rapidly and foUowed them so closely that they went over the first line of works just after the Confederates. With out orders, being exposed to a fierce fire, they started charging up from the rifle-pits. Seeing that the charge was on, Wood and others gave appropriate orders to add weight to it. The Federals were so close behind the Con federates ascending the ridge that the latter fired high to 176 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS keep from killing their own men. The Federals did not re form, but went on over the second line and made for the crest. Wood charged on horse-back. Wood's and an other division chmbed over the Confederate barrier in their fronts on the crest, part of the Confederate line retreating precipitately. Many were captured and many others threw away their arms as they fled. R. W. Johnson's di vision participated In the charge up Missionary Ridge on the right center. He moved up the ridge In line, taking the ridge in his front. Wood's men enfiladed the Confed erate line. The 12th corps swept northward. Johnson advanced, capturing many troops driven north along the ridge by the 12th corps. He moved upon RossvIUe. At RossvIUe the 12th corps had come upon the flank of a Confederate division, which retreated along the ridge and were thrown on Palmer's corps, many being captured. Thomas captured 37 guns on the summit. The 12th corps carried works on the summit at Bragg's left near sun down. One of Wood's brigades was in the pursuit down the eastem slope of Missionary Ridge. The Confederates occupied a second hill in rear of Missionary Ridge and re sisted, but Thomas' men pushed up the hill slowly, and moved to surround it, almost succeeding before the Con- rederates hastily fled, leaving artillery and many prisoners — a large part of the entire number captured on the field. Thomas' left division participating In the assault had the longest fight for the possession of the ridge. Bragg's headquarters were in Thomas' possession just before sun set. Wood fought till dark. In the battle Thomas cap tured forty pieces of artillery. In the battles of Chattanooga Thomas showed to ad vantage. Palmer, commanding the 14th corps, and Reyn olds the 19th, made a good record. Blair commanded the 15th corps. Brannan, commanding the Artillery Re serve, was In charge of the artillery of the combined arm ies of the Cumberland and the Tennessee. Chas. Candy, Kentucky; J. A. Williamson, Kentucky; Jas. H. Stokes, FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 177 Maryland, and Jos. R. Cockerill, Virginia, were engaged. Eleven Federal Kentucky regiments were at Missionary Ridge. Montgomery C. Meigs, Georgia, provided trans portation and supplies for the forces at Chattanooga, was present during the bombardment and investment, and en gaged in the battles of Chattanooga. Rousseau was em ployed In the Chattanooga campaign. Chickamauga Station, November 26th. Palmer, Kentucky, In pursuit after the battles of Chat tanooga, picked up many prisoners and much abandoned property. He overtook and charged the Confederate rear guard, breaking It and capturing three guns. Eli Long's brigade was dispatched for the relief of Knoxville. He was sent with picked men to communicate with the besieged army. A relieving army In three di visions, which were to act Independently, marched to the reUef of KnoxviUe. Blair commanded the right division in the advance. Wood was In the march. Mine Run Campaign. The Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapldan River November 26th and moved to ward Mine Run. French, Maryland, crossed at Germanna Ford. He was In command of the 3d corps. Payne's Farm, Va., November 27th, 1863. French's ad vance was checked and he was engaged. Combat at Ringgold Gap, November 27th. Thomas fought. The Confederates were pushed and took up a retired Hne. Mine Run Campaign. A Federal corps moved the night of November 28th to flank Lee's right. Combat of KnoxviUe, Fort Sanders, November 29th and 80th. Longstreet unsuccessfully attacked the Fort and to the right of it. Mine Run Campaign. A corps massed during the night of November 29th to reach Lee's left flank and rear. Lee understood the movement against his right flank, and for tified against it, and the Federal attack was abandoned there. 178 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Battle of Mine Run, Va., November 30th. Federal bat teries opened on Lee's left, and two corps were in position to attack there, but the fortification of Lee's right, pre venting attack on it, prevented the coordinated attack on his left. S. S. Carroll was engaged in the Mine Run campaign. From November, 1863, L. H. Rousseau, Kentucky, was in command of the District of the Tennessee. December 1st the Army of the Potomac started to re tire north of the Rapldan. Thomas reorganized his army between December 1st, 1863, and May 2d, 1864. He became the commanding general of the whole force opposed to the Confederate army near Chattanooga, the command of which passed from Bragg to Hardee December 2d. The siege of Knoxville was raised the night of Decem ber 4th. The Army of the Ohio had been enabled to hold Knoxville by supplies furnished by Tennesseans in sym pathy with the Federal army. The 4th corps. Army of the Cumberland, was part of the force which reenforced KnoxviUe, December 4th— 6th. After the siege of Knoxville was raised, EU Long, Ken tucky, went toward North CaroUna to cut off one of Long- street's trains. Action of Bean's Station, and Morristown, Tenn., De cember 14th. J. M. Shackelford, Kentucky, had pursued Longstreet after the siege of Knoxville was raised. Shackelford had 4,000 cavalry. The Confederates had a brigade, parts of two others, and artillery. Shackelford fell back at night. Hardee was succeeded by Polk December 23d. Attack by fleet at Stono River, December 25th. The Pawnee, commanded by Geo. B. Balch, Tennessee, was struck 46 times. The Marblehead was opened on by Con federate batteries. The Pawnee took an enfilading posi tion and caused the retreat of the Confederates. He after ward captured two guns. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 179 Jos. E. Johnston assumed command of the Confederate army relieving Polk December 27th. Calhoun, Tenn., December 27th, 1863. Eli Long, Ken tucky, with a small force defeated Wheeler's men. Long charged a small force of Confederates who had been sep arated from the main body after the main fight and scat tered it, taking 131 prisoners. In the Red River campaign, December, 1863, to July, 1864, Emory, Maryland, commanded the 19th corps and 1st division. T. A. Jenkins, Virginia, commanded a division block ading the entrance of Mobile Bay, December, 1863, to August, 1864. J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky, commanded the defenses of New Orleans from January to June, 1864. Farragut was before Mobile from the beginning of 1864 till its capture. Sol. Meredith, North Carolina, was In command of Cairo early in 1864. Saml. P. Carter, Tennessee, defeated Confederates at JonesvIUe, Va., January 3d, 1864. Ord, Maryland, was in command of the 13th corps in the Department of the Gulf, January 8th to Febmary 20th, 1864. January 11th, 1864, a provisional free-state govem ment was inaugurated at Little Rock, Ark. A conven tion assembled at Little Rock and framed a Federal State constitution. Dandridge, Tenn., January 15th. Wood, Kentucky, confronted Longstreet's men. January 20th Farragut made a reconnoissance of Mobile Bay, Forts Gaines and Morgan. Getty was Acting Inspector General, Army of the Po tomac, January 27th to March 18th, 1864. In action near Pocotaligo River in Febraary, 1864, Guy V. Henry, Indian Territory, was conspicuous. He served his pieces weU. Two horses were shot under him. 180 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Expedition from Vicksburg to Meridian, Miss., Feb mary 3d to March 5th. Hurlbut, South CaroUna, com manded one of the two columns. There were 20,000 men and 20 guns. The railroads were destroyed en route. Action of Camp FInnegan, February 8th. Henry, Indian Territory, captured a battery at Camp FInnegan the night of February 8th without the loss of a man, taking about 100 prisoners, 8 guns and valuable prop erty. The expedition from Vicksburg reached Meridian Feb ruary 14th. The army remained there till the 20th, when it was put in motion toward Central Mississippi. It remained in Canton till the 28th. Later the troops went to Vicksburg and Memphis. Battle of Olustee, Fla., Florida Expedition, Febmary 20th, 1864. Henry had marched west from Jacksonville, in command of a small brigade of cavalry and mounted in fantry, and proceeded to within three miles of Lake City. The main body moved February 20th, Henry In advance. J. R. Hawley, North Carolina, commanded a brigade at the Battle of Olustee. The Federals were defeated and Henry covered the retreat. There was a meeting at Louisville of a Border States " freedom convention " February 22d-23d, 1864. There were a hundred delegates from Kentucky, Missouri, Ten nessee and Arkansas. Farragut attacked Fort Powell, Mobile Bay, Febmary 22d to March 2d. He bombarded it for six days. Federal Louisiana chose a governor February 22d. H. G. Gibson, Maryland, was in command of the Dis trict of Northem Central Kentucky, Febmary 22d to April 9th, 1864. February 22d, 1864, Thomas, in chief command of the army he was with, started on a formidable reconnoissance against Johnston at Dalton, Ga. His movement was upon Rocky Face Ridge, Tunnel Hill at the north and Buz zard's Roost on the ridge. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 181 Combat of Tunnel Hill, February 22d to 25th. Palmer, Kentucky, took possession of Tunnel HIU February 24th. Johnston's men successfully resisted Thomas at Buzzard's Roost the 25th. There was fighting at Dug Gap the 26th and Buzzard's Roost the 27th. Bragg, on Febmary 24th, was charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy. Thomas withdrew his forces and retumed to Chattanooga. F. M. Ramsay, District of Columbia, commanded a naval expedition via Red River up the Black and Ouachita rivers February 29th. Bache, District of Columbia, com manded the Lexington. At Trinity and Harrisonburg Polignac was repulsed. Ramsay went nearly to Monroe, La., on the Ouachita. March 6th Geo. B. Balch, Tennessee, with gunboats, participated in ah expedition up the St. John's River. Red River Campaign against Shreveport, La. The most formidable naval force ever collected In the western waters, convoying 10,000 troops, entered the Red River March 12th, 1864. Three divisions landed at SImmsport, La., March 13th, part of the vessels having turned into the Atchafalaya River with these troops. Another body of troops marched from Brashear City and Franklin, La., March 13th. The vessels all went up the Red River to Fort de Russy, and the troops at SImmsport marched on the 14th to Fort de Russy. Nearly 40,000 men were In the expedition. Fort de Russy was captured March 14th by assault. In this campaign F. M. Ramsay commanded the Choctaw; Bache the Lexington, and J. P. Foster, Kentucky, the Lafayette. The fleet arrived off Alexandria, La., the 15th. Other troops followed on transports. Alexandria was occupied by the Federals March 16th. The Confederates retired up the river. Twenty Federal gunboats went up the Red River. The 1st and 3d corps passed out of existence March 182 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 23d, 1864, in reorganization. Newton came to Thomas. March 23d A. W. Weaver, District of Columbia, sent boats from the Winona which captured a steamer in Santee River, causing Confederate batteries to fire on her. The troops who had come by land from Brashear City reached Alexandria March 25th and 26th. Transports carried the army advance from Alexandria to Natchitoches, whence the army marched toward Shreveport. Vessels went up to Springfield Landing, about thirty miles below Shreveport, carrying 2,500 soldiers. Columns moved from Little Rock and Fort Smith, Ark., also directed against Shreveport. March 31st, 1864, Longstreet's troops, having wintered in east Tennessee, retired to Virginia. In March, 1864, in Arkansas, the Federal State con stitution was ratified by popular vote. In April, a Fed eral State government was organized. Ord was in command of troops assembled at Grafton, Webster and Beverly, W. Va., April 6th to July 9th, 1864. Red River Campaign. Action of Pleasant Hill, April 7th. W. J. Landram, Kentucky, was engaged. Red River Campaign. Combat of Sabine Cross Roads, April 8th. The division of W. J. Landram and the other troops at the front were overcome. They were driven back with other troops sent to reenforce them. Emory, Maryland, commanding the 19th corps, received order to advance, 3:40 p. m., and Instantly started. Battle of Pleasant Grove or Mansfield, April 8th. At Pleasant Grove, three miles from the battlefield, Emory met the routed troops. His men forced their way through the fugitives and obstacles and formed a line, with J. W. ]\IcMillan, Kentucky, In reserve. His dispositions were good. Quickly Taylor attacked him, pressing heavily on his right, but McMillan was brought up, and the pursuit was checked about night. Emory was then in command of the troops engaged. He displayed marked bravery and FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 183 skiU, repelling Confederate charges. The discipline of his troops told. The army was saved and probably the fleet. Emory fell back at midnight. He covered the re treat next day to Pleasant Hill, — fifteen miles away. Battle of Pleasant HIU, April 9th. Emory commanded the troops engaged. He took position. In mid afternoon the Confederates attacked the Federal left. One of his own brigades. Its commander killed, was crushed. The Confederates fell upon and enveloped both flanks of an other brigade, and drove It back. Emory made a strong stand. He quickly ordered a charge of McMillan's troops, which was of vital aid. The Confederates failed to drive the Federals. Taylor attempted to turn the Federal right, and one of Emory's brigades was moved to that flank, which later was heavily struck. His other brigades also were forced back. He charged In turn and drove the Confederates. The Confederates exposed their right flank and were thrown into confusion. The Federal army fell back at night, and the Confederates occupied the field next day, following with cavalry. D. H, Strother, Virginia, was among those engaged in the Red iUver campaign. The fact that the army had not come up Indicating its defeat, the vessels at Springfield Landing dropped back down the river. An Intercepted dispatch disclosed to E. Kirby Smith that the Federals would fall back to Alex andria. He withdrew April 10th to move against the Fed- er-als in Arkansas moving upon Shreveport. Some troops, however, worried the retreating army. Jacob Ammen, Virginia, commanded the District of East Tennessee from April 10th, 1864, to January 14th, 1865. April 11th GlUem, Tennessee, was placed In com mand of a Tennessee division of cavalry. Army of the Cumberland. The Red River army reached Grand Ecore April 11th. There were over 45 vessels above. Action of Bayou Pierre, April 12th. Taylor had sent 184 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS troops across the Red River, who planted batteries on a high bluff three mUes below Pleasant tllU Landing. Con federate cavalry with three cannon attacked the vessels and transports descending near Blair's Landing. Bache, commanding the Lexington, was In the fleet. The Osage, aground, was attacked. Bache was visiting aboard. The engagement was between the Osage and Lexington and a Confederate brigade. Bache on the Lexington enfiladed the Confederates, disabling their battery. The Confed erate commander was killed and his men retired. The Federals from the north did not reach Camden, Ark., 90 miles northeast of Shreveport, until April 15th. John Edwards, Kentucky, was in the march from Little Rock. Price, with cavalry, opposed It. J. B. Wheeler, North Carolina, participated In the occupation of Camden, AprU 18th to 26th. Battle of Plymouth, N. C, Fort WlUIams, Fort Gray, April 17th to 20th. The Confederates assaulted Fort Gray and were driven back by C. W. Flusser, Maryland, with the Miami and Southfield. April 18th the Confederate ram Albemarle started down the river toward Plymouth. She came down during the night, nusser, with the Miami and Southfield lashed to gether, met the Albemarle, hoping to run his vessels so as to get the Albemarle between them, but the Albemarle ran close to the southern shore, then suddenly turned and ran her prow into the side of the Southfield, sinking her, part of the crew going down with her. The Albemarle's chain plates were entangled. She was borne partly down with the Southfield. Flusser fired the first three shots himself, from the Miami, right alongside. He was killed by the fragment of a shell. An attempt to board the Albemarle was defeated. The Miami left. Plymouth was captured April 20th. Hoke attacked the fortifications in the moming. The Albemarle fired into the resisting forts all day. Hoke carried the works, losing considerably. FIGHTING BY SOUTPIERN FEDERALS 185 Longstreet rejoined Lee April 22d. Battle of Monette's Ferry, Cane River, La., April 23d. Bee, Confederate, had taken position to contest the passage of Cane River, while other troops harassed the Federal rear at CloutlervIUe. The Confederates numbered about 8,000. Emory, commanding on the field, menaced them In front, while he sent a force to ford the river three miles above the Ferry, and turn Bee's left flank. This was success- fuUy done, and Bee withdrew to Beasley's, thirty miles away. This cleared the way for the army to march into Alexandria. April 23d the Governors of Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Wis consin and Indiana offered to raise for the Federal armies 85,000 men for 100 days. The offer was accepted. April 23d, 1864, Beauregard's command was changed to the Department of North Carolina. April 24th a Confederate attack on Emory's rear guard was repulsed. At Henderson's hill, April 25th,, Emory repulsed the Confederates. Low water in the Red River stopped the fleet's descent. A dam was built, storing the waters, and Bache's vessel, the Lexington, was the first to sweep through the weir. The large Federal armies prepared for a concerted forward movement the latter part of April — the Army of the Potomac In northem Virginia against Richmond; the Army of the James at Fortress Monroe via the river against Richmond from the south ; the armies around Chat tanooga against Atlanta, and the army at New Orleans against Mobile. 20,000 men left Annapolis April 27th to occupy the position of the Army of the Potomac as It moved forward. The Red River army reached Alexandria AprU 27th. McClemand, Kentucky, took command of the 13th corps at Alexandria. The Federals evacuated Camden, Ark., April 27th, on account of the capture of their train at Mark's miU two days before. 186 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS April 28th near Alexandria the Confederates attacked McClernand, and got east of the Federal army. Taylor moved a part of his command to the river below Alexandria, and operated against the gunboats and transports. Canby, Kentucky, took charge of the army at Atchafalaya and conducted It safely to New Orleans. Battle of Jenkln's Ferry, Ark., or Saline Bottom, April 30th. The Saline River was swollen and the Confederates caught up with the retreating army. The Confederates won the field. The battle ended at 1 o'clock, the Federals leaving their dead, wounded and wagons on the field. J. B. Wheeler, North Carolina, was engaged. Francis M. Ramsay, District of Columbia, commanded an expedition up the Black and Ouachita Rivers in April. J. J. Abercromble, Tennessee, was in command of depots about Fredericksburg, Va., for the distribution of troops, etc.. In May, 1864. Rocky Face Ridge Battles, Operations Around Dalton, Ga. Rocky Face Ridge runs north and south. John ston's position was about Dalton, east of the ridge. The Army of the Ohio, moving south from Cleveland, threat ened his right flank and rear. The Army of the Cumber land, under Thomas, faced the ridge from the west, and the Army of the Tennessee proceeded south behind Thomas until it approached Johnston's left. In the Atlanta campaign the troops under Thomas numbered 60,000 to 66,000. Those not under him were the Army of the Tennessee, 24,000, later Increased by 9,000, and the Army of the Ohio, 13,000. Generally the Army of the Cumberland under Thomas was engaged against John ston's front, while the other two armies made turning and flank movements. Troops of Thomas reconnoitered toward Tunnel Hill May 2d, and developed the Confederates in force there. During the Atlanta campaign, Kentucky was protected against raiders by S. G. Burbridge, Kentucky. In May he started for Virginia with a large mounted force. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 187 The Wlldemess Campaign. The Army of the Potomac moved from north of the Rapldan the night of May 3d. Battle between the Albemarle and her consorts. Bomb shell and Cotton-Plant, and the Federal fleet. May 5th. The Albemarle and the two steamers, carrying troops, came down the Roanoke River to Its mouth. The double- enders Mattahasett, Sassacus, Wyalusing and Miami, and smaller vessels steamed up Albemarle Sound to give bat tle. W. W. Queen, District of Columbia, commanded the Wyalusing. The Bombshell surrendered. The Federal vessels retired from the losing fight. The Wyalusing was thought by those aboard to be sinking. Draft was ordered In Maryland and Kentucky, May 5th. S. P. Lee, Virginia, brought the Army of the James, 40,000 men, up to Bermuda Hundred May 5th. Battle of the Wilderness, May 5th and 6th, 1864. The Army of the Potomac started south from Germanna Ford, whereupon Lee came east on two roads which crossed the road occupied by the Federals. Ewell was on the north ern road and HIU on the southern, or Orange plank road. The Federal right moved in force to the attack. By 8 A. M. May 5th It had developed the presence of Hill and Ewell. The Federal left wing was nearly ten miles away. Ewell was forced back, but the Federals in turn were forced back. A. W. Denison, Maryland, was engaged on the Federal right. Getty's division at Wilderness Tavern was moved out by the Brock road in the forenoon to drive HiU back, if possible. Getty formed Une of battle on the Brock road across the plank road. He was ordered to hold this junction at all hazards. He held his ground against severe pressure by Hill until the advance of the left wing reached him at 3 o'clock, when he informed it that Hill had two divisions In his front, and the line was intrenched. D. B. Birney, Alabama, was placed on the left of Getty In two lines of battle along the Brock road. S. S. Carroll was on the extreme right here. At 4:30 188 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Getty marched to the attack, striking the Confederates. Birney was thrown forward on his left. The fight at once became very fierce. Carroll's brigade was sent in to support Getty on the plank road. Carroll was conspicu ous. He was wounded but stayed on the field. Hill's right was forced back by the left wing. Birney's blow on Hill's right helped prevent him from interposing between the two wings of the Federal army. Lee sustained his position. Henry A. Morrow, Virginia, was severely wounded. Wilderness, May 6th. The 9th corps was brought for ward the night of the 5th and placed in the Federal cen ter. Longstreet made a night march toward the field. Just before 6 a. m. the Federal right was attacked by Ewell. He was repulsed. On Hill's line it was expected that Heth and Wilcox would be relieved during the night, and, consequently, their line was not rearranged and strengthened. The Federal left attacked at light, the blow falling heaviest south of the road. D. B. Bimey, with his own and another division, pushed forward on the left of the Orange plank road and drove the Confederates from their rifle-pits. The Confederate right wing was overlapped and Hill's line gave way, rolled up from the right and retreated in disorder along the road a mile and a half until it reached Poague's artillery. The Federals got abreast of the guns when Longstreet came up. Their advance was stopped and they were forced back. Lee out flanked the Federal left and drove It back in confusion upon the Brock road. Lee's right moved again to flank, but Confederate troops north of the plank road mistook them for Federals, and the two Confederate bodies fired at each other. Jenkins, Confederate, was killed and Long- street was seriously wounded. R. H. Anderson succeeded to the command of Longstreet's corps. The left center attacked north of the Orange plank road and made some progress, but reenforcements enabled the Confederates to drive them back. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 189 Frequent attacks on Ewell were unsuccessful. An un successful attempt was made to turn his left near the river, and heavy assaults were made on his line. At 3 :45 p. M. the Confederate right wing advanced In force. Anderson took possession of the Federal line of intrenchments, but Carroll, at a double-quick, drove him out. He struck the advancing Confederates in flank, after they had driven the division in their front, and rushed through the gap. The Confederates suffered and the Fed erals regained their former position. The attacks upon the Federal left were not decisive. Two brigades of Ewell's left moved out of their works at sunset, and stmck the Federal right flank. The Fed erals were driven from a large part of their works there, and two generals and 600 men were taken prisoners. The Confederates there formed an advanced line, and the Fed eral right took up a new line farther back. Getty, fight ing with valor, was severely wounded in the Wlldemess battles. Denlson's fighting was of merit. Morrow fought with credit. TIdball, Virginia, and Mcintosh, Florida, were engaged. Fred T. Dent, Missouri, did good work. The Army of the James was in position up the James River at Bermuda Hundred by May 6th. S. P. Lee's gun boats which accompanied the army dragged James River above City Point for torpedoes. Some of the vessels were blown up by torpedoes. The fleet protected the right flank of that army during May. Assault of the Army of the James upon the Richmond railroad above Petersburg May 6th and 7th was repulsed with heavy loss. CHAPTER VII Rocky Face Ridge — Spotsylvania — Resaca — North Anna — Dallas — Cold Harbor — Piedmont — Peters burg — Lynchburg — Kenesaw Mountain — Deep Bot tom — Monocacy — Peach Tree Creek — Atlanta — Ezra Church. Rocky Face Ridge. There was cavalry fighting at Tunnel Hill May 6th and 7th. Thomas was engaged In the operations around Dalton, May 6th to 13th. Con federates made a show of resistance to Palmer May 7th. Newton and another division charged and cleared the hill. Confederates fell back to Buzzard's Roost. The Army of the Potomac started toward Spotsylvania the night of May 7th. Rocky Face Ridge, May 8th. The Federals attempted to cross to the east side of Rocky Face Ridge through its gaps. Mill Creek and Dug, and over the crest. Buzzard's Roost and Mill Creek Gap are about midway between Tun nel HIU on the north and Dug Gap on the south. Palmer, Kentucky, occupied Thomas' center. Newton, Virginia, was sent two miles northward, where the ascent was easier. He stormed the ridge, succeeded in getting a force on it and carried a portion of it. Wood, Kentucky, supported him with artillery and musketry fire. One of Newton's brigades advanced along Rocky Face Ridge. He wrested one-third of It from the Confederates. Buzzard's Roost, Mill Creek Gap. Thomas pressed the Confederates into their intrenchments. Dug Gap. The brigade of Chas. Candy, Kentucky, and other troops of Thomas' army ascended the mountain, pushing back the Confederates. It was a strong position and was not taken. A second and a third attempt failed. 190 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 191 These attacks covered the movement of the Army of the Tennessee south to Snake Creek Gap to turn Johnston's left flank. Thomas had his 12th corps hide this flank movement. The Army of the Tennessee arrived In Snake Creek Gap May 8th. It advanced on Resaca. Battles of Spotsylvania, Va., May 8th-20th. Todd's Tavern, May 8th. Confederate cavalry occupied the road near Spotsylvania C. H. The Federal cavalry not dis lodging them. Federal infantry were sent forward. Lee, aware of the Federal move, had moved also, and Confed erate Infantry supported their cavalry and forced back the Federal column, which Intrenched. The 6th corps in the evening struck heavily at Anderson's right wing, but Ewell arrived, and helped In a serious repulse of the Fed erals. Chas. H. Tompkins, Virginia, commanded the ar tillery brigade of the 6th corps in the Spotsylvania battles. There was fighting on the Catharpin road May 8th. Spotsylvania, May 9th. Hill's corps arrived In the moming, under the command of Early. The day was spent principally intrenching. D. B. Birney and another division of the 2d corps moved for the flank of the Con federate left. He crossed the Po River and met resistance. A cavalry raid against the Confederate communications with Richmond began May 9th. May 9th the Army of the James advanced toward Pe tersburg, but could not cross the Appomattox. It fell back to Its intrenchments. Thus the attempt to take Petersburg from the north failed. Jacksonville was occupied May 9th. Geo. B. Balch, Tennessee, was in the expedition. Rocky Face Ridge. The Federals attempted to take Rocky Face Ridge through Mill Creek Gap and over the crest unsuccessfully from the west. May 9th, 10th and 12th. May 9th Thomas attacked the Gap. Palmer, Ken tucky, sent a brigade up one of the spurs south of the Gap. The Army of the Cumberland was somewhat heavily engaged. Five partial assaults f aUed. 192 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS The Army of the Tennessee passed through Snake Creek Gap and reached the vicinity of Resaca at 2 p. m. the 9th. Finding Resaca firmly held. It withdrew to Snake Creek Gap. There was fighting on the 9th tiU dark. Johnston reenforced Resaca. Combat of Cloyd's Mountain, W. Va., May 9th and 10th. Jenkins, commanding the Confederates, was kiUed, and his force was defeated. Carr B. White rendered brave and dutiful service. Spotsylvania, May 10th. Po River. D. B. Birney, Alabama, was attempting to find the Confederate left and force It back. Troops reached the Shady Grove road, and threatened the Confederate rear and trains. Lee was found intrenched east of the Po. Although he faced east and north, he held the direct road to the south. Bimey, while withdrawing, was attacked. Confederate guns took the men in the rear from northeast beyond the Po. Early was moved from the right against and struck Birney's rear division heavily, as it was about to recross the Po. The divisions got back north of the Po. Laurel Hill. The Federals attacked the left center un der Anderson and were repulsed. They assaulted there again and were bloodily repulsed. They made a third assault — very strong — near sunset, and got within a part of the works, D. B. Bimey participating, but where the attack failed the Confederates turned and struck their flank, and they were driven out. Carroll participated in the assault upon the Confederate line northeast of the Po, fighting valiantly. A. W. Denison, Maryland, fought with merit and was wounded. The Federals attacked at this time further to the Con federate right also, striking Ewell. Dole's brigade was broken, and the Confederate works there were captured with 300 prisoners. The Confederates on both sides of the break fell upon the flanks, and other troops hurried to the front, and the Federals lost the works. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 193 Hoke, Confederate, arrived at Petersburg from North Carolina May 10th. Spotsylvania, May 11th. Movements along the Federal Unes indicated a withdrawal from Anderson's front. Late in the p. m. artillery hard to get out was ordered with drawn. S. S. Carroll, District of Columbia, was twice wounded in the battles about Spotsylvania, May 9th-llth, and disabled from further active service In the field. Yellow Tavem, Va., May 11th. Confederate cavalry were worsted and Stuart was mortally wounded. The Federal cavalry passed the outer defenses of Richmond. Canby, Kentucky, was in command of the Military Di vision of West Mississippi, extending from Missouri to the mouth of the Mississippi and from Texas to Florida, May 11th, 1864, to the end of the War. Spotsylvania, May 12th. Federals moved at midnight, and took position within 1,200 yards of the Confederate line, Lee's right center. They stormed it at dawn, cap turing the Bloody Angle. The removed artillery had not been replaced In time. D. B. Birney's and another divi sion formed the first line in the attack on the Bloody Angle. After a hand-to-hand conflict, guns being used as clubs, they leaped over the breastworks front and flank, and over whelmed the Confederates. John C. TIdball, Virginia, commanded the artillery brigade In the Bloody Angle fight. Ed. Johnson, commanding the division. Brigadier General Steuart, 30 guns and 2,800 men were captured. Ten of the guns could not be gotten off. Lee's troops to the right drew back to a second line In rear of the Angle, and poured a heavy fire upon the victors' left, which fell back. Con federate reserves hastened up. Combatants met in the rear of the captured works, and the Federals were forced back to the base of the salient. On the left of the salient the Federal attack was pressed. A gap had been made in the Confederate line. Lee managed to maintain a front, but could not recapture the Angle. There were five efforts. 194 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS the fighting about the works continuing tiU late at night. Getty's division was heavily engaged at the Angle, An attack upon the Confederate left was repulsed. An attack on the Confederate right was met by Confederate troops moving to strike the flank of the salient and re pulsed. Denison, Maryland, was engaged this day. C. H. Tompkins, Virginia, commanded the artillery brigade of the 6th corps, part of which was engaged at the Bloody Angle. Rocky Face Ridge, May 12th. Newton, Virginia, was holding the north end of Rocky Face and the roads around it. One of Thomas' corps and some cavalry were con fronting Johnston. All the other Federal troops were In motion to concentrate at Snake Creek Gap. About 10 a. m. a heavy column advanced toward Newton's left. The division of Wood, Kentucky, moved from Tunnel Hill to his support. The Confederates then withdrew, after driv ing back Newton's skirmishers. By a night march, John ston reached Resaca. Drewry's Bluff, Fort DarUng, Va., May 12th-16th. The Army of the James moved on Richmond May 12th. It turned the flank of some of the Drewry's Bluff works May 13th, moved foi*ward and faced another line of works. Geo. B. Dandy, Georgia, and Guy V. Henry, In dian Territory, were engaged. Spotsylvania, May 13th, Ewell retired to a new line before daylight. Between May 13th and 18th the Army of the Potomac worked east. Anderson was shifted by Lee from the left to the right. The Red River army, consisting of the 19th corps under Emory, and the 13th under McClemand, started east from Alexandria, La., May 13th. The cavalry command of E. H. Murray, Kentucky, was enlarged May 13th. May 13th some of Thomas' troops occupied Dalton, which Johnston had evacuated, and followed the Confed- FIGHTING BY SOUTPIERN FEDERALS 195 erates toward Resaca, capturing some prisoners. Thomas was engaged in demonstrations against Resaca until it was occupied May 16th. Battle of Resaca, May 13th to 16th, 1864. The Con federates reached Resaca the 13th. The other Federal forces had followed the Army of the Tennessee south. Resaca, May 14th. Johnson's division was the first to engage the Confederates. Johnson and Newton plunged into the thicket, and worked their way Into the reentrant angle in Hardee's front. Wood came abreast of Newton and drove the Confederates from the rifle-pits. The di vision of Henry M. Judah, Maryland, had a desperate struggle; others coming to its help a part of the Con federate intrenchments was taken. Newton relieved an other division. He had to go over heavily exposed ground to reach it. Johnston attempted to turn the Federal left flank, Thomas moved troops to meet him. They amved just as the flank had been turned and pressed back, and repulsed the Confederates. Hood's attack on the left of the 11th corps, which nearly rolled It up, was after 3 p, M. Federals moved south, crossing Oostanaula River at Lay's, or Tanner's, Ferry, the 14th. Cavalry of Kenner Garrard, Kentucky, moved toward Rome. Beauregard's command was extended to cover Virginia south of the James May 14th, 1864. Resaca, May 16th. Some of Thomas' troops began the battle. Johnson again threatened the left flank, Thomas carried some hiUs. W. T. Ward, Virginia, effected a lodgment in the Confederate fortifications. He drove the Confederates from a battery, charged the retreating men, and took 217 prisoners. About 5 p. m. Confederate Ste venson's division left the main line and charged In column to gain possession of lateral hills leading to the abandoned battery. Thomas' men repulsed them. Thomas' army did considerable fighting this day. Trenches were taken, 196 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS and after nightfall they took some guns. The night of the 15th Johnston abandoned Resaca. Brannan was en gaged at Resaca. Combat of New Market, Va., May 15th. The Federals were defeated by Breckenridge. J. R. Hawley, North Carolina, and J. R. Meigs, District of Columbia, were engaged. Hunter subsequently took command. May 16th Thomas' men engaged Johnston's rear-guard. He pursued directly from Resaca. There was considerable fighting by his men toward night. Drewry's Bluff, Va., May 16th. Beauregard defeated the Army of the James. Their right was turned and they were attacked in front. They fell back to Bermuda Hun dred, and were forced to take refuge in the Bermuda Hundred peninsula. Combat of MarksvIUe, La., May 16th. Emory, Mary land, commanding the 19th corps, was engaged. M. C. Meigs, Georgia, was In command of Belle Plain and Fredericksburg, base of supplies of the Army of the Potomac, May 16th-18th. The South Carolina Union Convention met at Beaufort, S. C, May 17th. Action of AdalrsvIUe, Ga., May 17th. About 4 p. m. Wood, Kentucky, and Newton, Virginia, found resistance increasing till Newton's skirmishers aroused a heavy fire. The skirmishing of Newton and Wood kept Increasing, till It grew Into an engagement. The Army of the Ohio having passed his right, Johnston fell back. Thomas sent a division toward Rome which fought May 17th and captured Rome May 18th. Machine shops, iron works, stores and cotton were taken. Spotsylvania, May 18th. Federals again attacked Lee at the salient and were repulsed. D. B. Birney and another division supported the assault on the line nearly in front of the work he had carried on the 12th. Hunter, District of Columbia, was in command of the FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 197 Department of West Virginia from May 19th to August 8th, 1864. Action of CassvIUe, May 19th, 1864. Newton engaged Johnston's rear-guard on the way to Kingston. At Cass vIUe Johnston advanced In two lines of battle. Thomas' men fought the Confederates back. Spotsylvania, May 19th. Ewell's corps was thrown around the Federal right wing, to develop the Federal po sition. This threatened the Federal communications. He was engaged and withdrew at night. In the Wilderness campaign, TIdball commanded the artillery brigade of the 2d corps; Tompkins of the 6th, and D. R. Ransom, North Carolina, commanded a horse artillery brigade. Mcintosh, Florida, was engaged. El- well S. Otis, Maryland, fought with merit at Spotsyl vania. The Army of the Potomac started the night of May 20th for the North Anna. Lee started next a. m. Hill and the 6th corps, retiring from Its lines, fought some that afternoon. May 20th, 1864, the ram Tennessee appeared in the lower bay. Mobile Harbor. A few days later she came down to Fort Morgan, and thereafter guarded the en trance to the Bay. Lee reached the North Anna about noon May 22d and crossed. May 23d F. P. Blair, Kentucky, with two divisions and Eli Long's brigade, was ordered to move from Huntsville, Ala., on Rome and Kingston. Battle of North Anna, May 23d and 24th. The mom ing of the 23d the Federals appeared on the north bank. The 5th corps crossed that afternoon at Jericho Ford. It encountered the Confederates when It moved out from the river. Two of D, B. Birney's brigades attacked a small earth work covering approaches to the bridge on the telegraph road north of the river, and stormed and carried It. Tid- 198 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS ball, Virginia, was engaged. The Confederates were un able to bum the bridge and fell back during the night. North Anna, May 24th. The 2d corps crossed in the morning some distance to the east of where the 5th corps had crossed. Ox Ford, where Lee's line touched the river, was between the two corps. The 6th corps crossed at Jericho MIU and joined the 5th. The 2d corps moved out and came upon Lee's right. Both Federal wings were across the river, but Lee was between them. The center attempted to cross between Ox Ford and the bridge, but failed with loss. A detachment from the 5th corps moved east to help the center, but was driven back, losing heavily. The division of T. L. Crittenden, Kentucky, forded at Quarles mill, between Ox Ford and Jericho Ford, and con nected with the left of the 5th corps. P. St. George Cooke, Virginia, was General Superin tendent of the recruiting service of the army from May 24th, 1864, to the end of the War. CassvIUe, May 24th. Johnston stood one day. Hood insisted that Federals had passed him going south. Battles around DaUas, May 25th-28th, 1864. New Hope Church, May 26th. The Federals had come directly from Kingston, leaving the railroad. Many unsuccessful assaults were made upon Hood's position. The division of Newton was deployed to the right by 6 p. m. There was a gap of probably three miles between Thomas and the Army of the Tennessee, which was at Dallas. Candy, Kentucky, repulsed Confederates; then, with other of Thomas' troops, drove Confederates a half mile. Thomas' men later drove some Confederates back a mile and a half to New Hope church. They were here repulsed. Wood, Kentucky, was engaged. R. W. Johnson, Kentucky, was severely wounded. After the battle, the passing of the Federal armies to the left began. May 26th Thomas made a reconnoissance to Dallas to determine the position of Johnston's left flank, and open communication with the Army of the Tennessee. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 199 Federal cavalry maneuvered on Lee's left flank, and the Federal right wing was withdrawn north of the North Anna River the night of May 26th. The Army of the Potomac then moved to the east. Battles around Dallas. Action of Pickett's MiUs, New Hope church or Burnt Hickory May 27th, 1864. Thomas was engaged. He sent troops to try to strike Johnston's right. The division of T. J. Wood, Kentucky, was marched by ThomaS' to strike the Confederate right flank, R. W. Johnson, Kentucky, supporting on Wood's left. At 5 p. M. Wood's men began the main battle, assaulting the Confederate main line determinedly. The Confeder ates poured a fire on Wood's left flank and forced It back, and his right flank also was stmck. The troops were with drawn, Johnson also assaulted, and he was wounded. The assault was unsuccessful. The attempt of Palmer and the 4th corps to turn the Confederate right failed. During the day, the Confederates came out of their works and attacked Newton, and were repulsed with loss. The leading corps of the Army of the Potomac crossed the Pamunkey at Hanovertown the morning of May 27th. There was a cavalry fight at Hawes's Shop. The Federals were reenforced and finally prevailed. Battles around Dallas, May 28th. The Army of the Tennessee attempted to withdraw from Dallas, so as to move by the rear to the army's left, but Hardee attacked heavily. The Confederates were repulsed. Troops of the division of Wm. Harrow, Kentucky, repulsed an attack of Confederates on their position. Thomas, and Newton under him, were occupied In the movement against Pine Mountain with almost daily severe engagements. May 28th to June 20th. The two principal armies in Virginia confronted each other at Totopotomoy Creek, May 28th to 31st. May 29th Johnston intended a general attack, commenc ing on the Federal left, but Wood and Johnson were found intrenched there. He demonstrated In front of New- 200 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS ton. The Army of the Tennessee was attacked unsuccess- fully. Henry was engaged about Bermuda Hundred May 6th to 29th. Totopotomoy, or Huntley's Corner, Va., May 30th. Lee attacked the Federal left unsuccessfully, and the Federals attacked In turn without important results. TIdball, Vir ginia, was engaged. Lee's position being too strong, the Federal army worked southeast. T. S. FiUebroun, District of Columbia, commanded the Passaic against Fort Sumter in May, 1864. Hunter advanced to Mt. Jackson by the last of May. B. S. Alexander, Kentucky, was Chief Engineer of the defenses of Washington from June 1st, 1864, to the end of the War. Ashland cavalry fight June 1st, 1864, was brought on by Mcintosh, Florida, in a successful dash at the railroad bridges over the South Anna. He fought with merit. Hunter drove Imboden's cavalry out of New Market, June 1st. The Federal Infantry reached the railroad at Ackworth June 1st. Johnston fell back to a new line, with Brush Mountain on the right. Pine Top standing forward near the center, and Lost Mountain on the left. The Army of the Tennessee marched down the railroad to near Brush Mountain. Thomas bore toward Pine Top, and the Army of the Ohio came against an outpost near Gllgal church abreast of Pine Top. The Army of the Tennessee over lapped Hood. The Army of the Ohio penetrated between Lost Mountain and Gllgal church. Its artillery took Hardee in reverse. Battle of Cold Harbor and Bethesda Church, Va., June 1st to 3d. Lee changed face to the northeast at Cold Harbor, his right being then down on the Chickahomlny. The 18th corps. Army of the James, reenforced the Array of the Potomac. It had come by water to White House, Va. The 6th and 18th corps reached Cold Harbor June FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 201 1st. The Confederates were forced back in places, and a part of their outer line of rifle-pits was occupied, but their line was not materially damaged. Henry, Indian Terri tory, on the extreme right, led the assault of his brigade upon the Confederate works. He had two horses shot un der him — one while leaping over the Confederate breast works. He carried the rifle-pits in front, but found the position commanded by an earth-work on the right flank and fell back. Cold Harbor, June 2d. Breckenridge, Hoke and Pickett had reenforced Lee. On the Federal right at Bethesda church In the afternoon Early surmised that the Federals were withdrawing from his front, and attacked, capturing several hundred prisoners. There was heavy artillery firing and skirmishing at Ber muda Hundred June 2d. The gunboat Water Witch was boarded and captured by Confederates June 2d in Ossabaw Sound, Ga. Austin Pendergrast, Kentucky, commanding, was cut down in de fending her. June 2d Hunter drove Imboden's cavalry through Har risonburg. Jones' troops began joining Imboden the night of June 3d. Battle of Cold Harbor and Bethesda Church, June 3d. The Federal attack along the whole front of nearly six miles was begun on the Federal right, Birney supporting. Early's corps on the Confederate left below Bethesda church was attacked unsuccessfully. Lee's center was attacked heavily. A line occupied by Kershaw, containing an angle and otherwise weak, had been abandoned, the Con federates withdrawing to new intrenchments made during the night, straightening the line. The attack upon the straightened line was repulsed with carnage, and with In significant loss to the covered Confederates. Within eight minutes thousands of men dropped. All three Federal corps attacking were enfiladed on account of the Confed erate position. An order for a second advance was an- 202 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS swcred by the troops under shelter moving forward, those lying down firing. A third order was met by simply firing where they lay. The Federals then attempted regular approaches. The Confederate line was broken on the right at one point, but was at once restored. At Cold Harbor D. B. Birney, Alabama; and T. L. Crittenden, Kentucky, com manded divisions. Tidball, Virginia, was engaged 3d— 5th. Tompkins, Virginia, commanded the artillery brigade of the 6th corps ; D. R. Ransom, North Carolina, commanded a brigade of horse artillery. Henry, Indian Territory; R. N. Bowerman, Maryland, and Mcintosh, Florida, were engaged. Around Dallas, May 25th— June 4th, Brannan and New ton were engaged. An attack on the 2d corps was repulsed June 5th, Tid- ball's artillery brigade participating. Combat of Piedmont or Staunton, Va., June 5th. Hun ter, In a ten-hour battle, defeated the Confederates. The Confederate left wing was doubled up by a flank attack. Jones was killed. The Confederates lost about 1,500 men, 3 guns, and 3,000 stand of arms. J. R. Meigs, District of Columbia, was engaged. Hunter occupied Staunton, June 6th. Breckenridge's command, sent by Lee, came and barred the way to Lynch burg at Rockfish Gap east of Staunton. Hunter moved south In the Valley, making for Lynchburg that way. Con federate cavalry obstructed his progress and Breckenridge moved to Lynchburg with the Blue Ridge between him and Hunter. Hunter occupied Lexington, burning the Vir ginia MiUtary Institute. Cold Harbor, June 6th and 7th. Early made two ef forts against the Federal right flank and rear, but found It well Intrenched. TreviUan Raid. June 7th cavalry of the Army of the Potomac started from the Pamunkey against the Virginia FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 203 Central RaUroad and to join Hunter. June 8th Plunter formed a junction with two other commands at Staunton. Francis M. Ramsay, District of Columbia, commanded an expedition Into the Atchafalaya River In June, 1864. In an engagement at SImmsport, La., June 8th, Confeder ates attacked him unsuccessfully. June 8th F. P. Blair, Kentucky, with the 17th corps, reached the army at Ackworth, Ga., having left 1,500 men as a garrison at AUatoona. His corps was attached to the Army of the Tennessee. The night of June 8th Federal cavalry moved with J. R. Hawley to threaten Petersburg, Va., from the City Point road. They retumed to City Point on account of delay to cavalry coming from the road south of Petersburg. Petersburg lines, June 9th. Wise on the Confederate left had the only regular soldiers. While Federal cavalry appeared, S. P. Lee's gunboats opened fire on Fort Clifton and other Confederate positions on the river. Federal cavalry charged on the Jerusalem plank road from the south. Artillery and cavalry reenforcements stopped and drove them. Petersburg lines, June 10th. In the effort to capture Petersburg, cavalry carried works on the south side, but the expedition failed. The Confederate line was a semi-circle, with the ends resting on the river. It was weak. Short and strong works were constructed later by Lee's army. June 10th Palmer's corps advanced toward Pine Moun tain, and gained an eminence within artillery range. Morgan, on a cavalry raid, had taken Mt. Sterling, Lex ington and Cynthlana, Ky. Hobson, Kentucky, came the afternoon of the 11th to relieve Lexington. He was at tacked in front by Giltner, while Morgan assailed him In the rear, and compelled him to surrender. The Alabama, needing repairs, entered the port of Cher bourg, France, June 11th. Cavalry Combat of TreviUan Station, Va., June 11th 204 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS and 12th. The Federal cavalry, barred, returned to West Point, Va. Combat of Cynthlana, Ky., June 12th. S. G. Bur bridge, Kentucky, with 5,200 men, attacked Morgan at Cynthlana, struck him hard and defeated him. Morgan lost half of his command, and marched back to Virginia. June 12th J. A. WInslow, North Carolina, commanding the Kearsarge, learned at Flushing, Holland, that the Alabama had arrived at Cherbourg. The Federals started from Cold Harbor the night of June 12th. G«tty was In the march from the White House to the James River. Lee ordered Early to the Shenandoah Valley June 12th to strike Hunter's rear and then threaten Washington. Early was detached and started next day. The Federal advance corps reached James River the night of June 13th. The Army commenced crossing the James next day, at Wilcox's Landing. The 18th corps was at Bermuda Hundred the 14th p. m. It crossed the Appomattox River that night, and moved on the south side against the Petersburg defenses without delay. Pine Mountain, Ga., June 14th. The shot which klUed Polk, Confederate corps commander, is said to have been fired by Thomas' order. That night Johnston abandoned Pine Mountain. Hulks were sunk at Trent's Reach in James River be tween June 15th and 18th to protect the Army of the Potomac and the fleet from the Confederate fleet above. June 15th Thomas marched through the abandoned works at Pine Mountain, and Newton and another of Thomas' divisions, with supports, carried an Intrenched skirmish line, and advanced nearly to Johnston's main line. Newton was stopped. The other division, not being held back, fought unsuccessfully till dark. Battles of Petersburg, Va., June 15th to 18th, 1864. There was some fighting by about 7 a. m. on the east. The 18th corps appeared near Petersburg. Cavalry dem- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 205 onstrated from the south, withdrawing when they believed the Infantry were not going to attack from the east. Then the Infantry to the east attacked the Confederates. The 18th corps assaulted near sunset and carried the lines northeast of Petersburg from the Appomattox River for over two and a half miles. Hoke's division, returned by Lee, reached Beauregard the evening of the 15th. The Federals had flanked battery No. 5 on the Confederate left. Hagood's brigade arrived and took position on a new line closely In rear of the captured works. That night Lee tented near Drewry's Bluff. E. T. Nichols, Georgia, naval officer, successfully en gaged a Confederate battery at Four Mile Creek, James River, June 16th. J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky, was engaged In organizing forces for the capture of Mobile and Forts Gaines and Morgan June 16th to August 2d, 1864. Hunter Invested Lynchburg, Va., June 16th. Early had marched to near Charlottesville by the 16th. Battle of Petersburg, June 16th. The Confederate lines in front of Bermuda Hundred were evacuated early A. m., and troops marched to the help of Petersburg. The Federals made a general assault after 5 p. m., the conflict lasting for three hours. D. B. Bimey, Alabama, stormed and carried the ridge In his front. He broke the Confed erate line and effected a lodgment. The fighting was in favor of the Confederates on their left, and seriously against them on their right. The Federals bombarded with pauses until morning. Johnston moved his left back from Lost Mountain the night of June 16th to a new line behind Mud Creek. One of the brigades of Newton's division there captured by a rush an intrenched line and Its defenses. The Federals had taken possession of the Bermuda Hun dred line when Bushrod Johnson left it for Petersburg. Lee recaptured it the 16th and 17th, his army arriving from north of the James. 206 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Battle of Petersburg, June 17th. Fighting began early. The Federals attacked early. They were repulsed three times. They merely forced the Confederates into a strong interior line. About dusk a part of the Confederate Une was wholly broken, and disaster was imminent to the Con federates, when Grade's brigade arrived, leaped over the works, restored the line, drove the Federals back, and cap tured about 2,000 prisoners. The firing lasted until shortly after 11 p. m. Battle of Lynchburg, June 17th and 18th. Action of Diamond HIU, June 17th. Early's advance division went by rail to Lynchburg the 17th. Hunter attacked. J. R. Meigs, District of Columbia, was engaged. Battle of Petersburg, June 18th. During the night the Confederates had fallen back to a new line on their left. This withdrawal to the interior line delayed the attack from early moming until noon. The attack had been or dered for 4 A. M. Confusion was caused by not finding the Confederates in the old position. There were partial unsuccessful attacks before noon. Lee's vanguard reached the field in the a. m. His army was now south of the James. Lee in person arrived at 11 :30 a. m. When the grand attack was made at noon, two of his divisions had reached the Petersburg lines. The attack was repulsed. Another grand attack at 4 p. m. by the 2d, 9th and 5th corps was repulsed. Later attacks by the 5th and 9th corps were repulsed. Mcintosh, Florida, was engaged in the battles around Petersburg. Federals had possession of James River up to City Point. Battle of Lynchburg, June 18th. Hunter's efforts were unsuccessful. He attacked right of the turnpike and was repulsed. Early having gotten heavy reenforcements to Lynchburg, Hunter retreated the night of the 18th. The rest of Early's men reached Lynchburg by rail late p. m., 18th. D. H. Strother, Virginia; John S. Witcher, Vir ginia, and Carr B. White, Kentucky, were in the Shenan doah Valley campaign. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 207 Action of Mud Creek, June 18th. T. J. Wood, Ken tucky, and John Newton, Virginia, threw forward a strong line of skirmishers upon Johnston's new position, partly surprised their opponents and took a portion of their main line. The success led Johnston to abandon his position. June 19th, 1864, John A. WInslow, North Carolina, commanding the Kearsarge, fought the Alabama. The marksmanship of the Kearsarge was of a high order. The Alabama was sunk. She had 9 killed In the battle, 10 drowned and 21 wounded. The use of chain armor pro tecting the Kearsarge was patterned from Farragut, who used It with benefit In passing the forts to reach New Or leans. Early drove Hunter's rear-guard through Liberty the 19th p. M. He afterward captured ten pieces of artillery. Hunter retreated to and along the Kanawha River west ward to the Ohio River. Early, after a brief pursuit, marched for Maryland. Thomas, and Wood and Newton under him, were en gaged in battles and skirmishes about Pine and Kenesaw Mountains, June 20th to July 2d. June 20th Whittaker crossed Nose's Creek, and later carried a wooded hill in his front, and barricaded and held his position against repeated and furious assaults. Confederates were driven back. Bmsh Mountain, June 20th. The Federals attacked the Confederates unsuccessfully. The night of June 20th-21st a brigade of the Army of the James effected a lodgment on the north bank of the James at Deep Bottom. White House, Va., June 21st. J. J. Abercromble, Ten nessee, was In command of the depot at White House in June, 1864, being engaged in its defense against Hamp ton's Legion, Early's pursuit of Plunter lasted through June 21st. He then marched for Maryland. 208 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS The Confederate fleet came down the James River below Dutch Gap June 21st in a demonstration. Alex. A. Semmes, District of Columbia, passed and si lenced Howlett house batteries on James River In June, 1864. There was a midnight bombardment. Around Kenesaw Mountain, June 21st. Wood, Ken tucky, carried an Intrenched hill-top, and then gained an eminence which commanded the Confederate skirmish Une, and permitted the advance of the right of the 4th corps. Johnston made three unsuccessful attempts during the night to dislodge Wood. Johnston had moved his right wing over to the left unknown to the Federals. Battle of Weldon Railroad, Jerusalem Plank Road, Pe tersburg Lines, June 21st and 22d. Cavalry raid against Lee's railroad communications captured Reams' Station 7 A. M. 22d. On the Jerusalem plank road Confederates got in be tween the 2d corps, under D. B. Birney, and the 6th corps, and thereby defeated the Federals. Bimey was engaged. Next moming Federal Infantry advanced and reached the Weldon Railroad without much opposition. Combat of Gulp's Farm, Gulp's House, Ga., June 22d. Thomas' troops at 3 A. m. drove Confederates from a hill a mile In front of the center of the 20th corps. Hood made a forced night march from the right flank to the left, and attacked the Army of the Ohio and some of Thomas' troops hard. He was repulsed. At 3 p. m. Confederates attacked on Thomas' front and were repulsed. By pressure against Johnston's flanks, he was forced to contract his lines, and assumed the Kenesaw Mountain position, with his right still at Bmsh Mountain. Early started north June 23d. Combat of Lafayette, Tenn., June 24th-25th. PiUow, with 3,000 men, caUed upon L. D. Watkins, Florida, to surrender. He defended the town until reenforced by Croxton, Kentucky, commanding the 4th Kentucky FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 209 mounted Infantry, when Pillow was finally repulsed. Wat kins showed courage and capacity. Work by the Federals on the Petersburg mine com menced June 25th. The main gallery was 51 feet ; lateral galleries — left 37 feet, right 38 feet. New Hope Church, June 25th. Thomas' men were engaged. Deep Bottom, Va., June 27th. The 2d corps was crossed to the north side of the James River the night of June 26th with cavalry. On the 27th the Confederates were driven from their intrenched position at Deep Bot tom, losing four guns. Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., June 27th, 1864. The Army of the Ohio crossed OUey's Creek, some distance south, holding a large force to oppose it. The Army of the Tennessee on the left did likewise. Thomas attacked the Confederate center at two points south of Kenesaw. Newton's division led one attack, another division partici pating. Palmer, Kentucky, made the other attack. One attack was against Lorlng's left, the other against Cheat ham's front. Cannonading preceded. Newton's men went far. A brigade stopped, was urged forward again, and reached the Confederate works, but was repulsed. The other division reached the Confederate works, but was com pelled to halt. The men were left In a critical position, but Thomas had them construct defenses, keeping up a vigorous fire to do it. Newton's troops were less exposed in the advance but obstructions forced them to fall back. Newton assaulted again unsuccessfully. A brigade cap tured one line of Confederate breastworks In the battle. Palmer's men succeeded in making a shelter close to the Confederate works. The attack had been repulsed. The position assaulted is comparable In strength with the Cem etery at Gettysburg. Saml. W. Price, Kentucky, signally led a regiment in assault on a position on the Moulton and Dallas road. 210 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS capturing and holding it against large numbers until re enforced. Brannan won merit. After this, the Army of the Tennessee was sent to join the Army of the Ohio, and the cavalry to the Chattahoochee River far below Johnston. Early left Staunton June 28th. Combat of Deep Bottom, June 28th. Confederates attacked the Federals and checked them. The Federals recrossed to the south bank of the James River, the nights of the 28th and 29th. G. W. Getty was engaged In an expedition to Reams Station and the Weldon Railroad, June 28th to July 10th, 1864. Geo. M. Bache, District of Columbia, commanded the four vessels In the army and navy expedition up the Arkansas River, June 29th. At Clarendon, Ark., he de feated the Confederate batteries and troops. Emory was In command of the forces at Morganzia in June, 1864. J. R. Hawley, North Carolina, and Henry, Indian Ter ritory, were engaged In the Army of the James In the Petersburg campaign, June, 1864. John C. Tidball, Virginia, commanded the artUlery bri gade of the 2d corps In the Richmond and Petersburg campaigns. May to July, 1864. Early reached Winchester July 2d. Johnston abandoned Kenesaw Mountain the night of July 2d. Thomas occupied Kenesaw Mountain July 3d at daylight. The Federal force in the Shenandoah Valley, Va., evac uated Martlnsburg July 3d and retreated across the Po tomac at Shepherdstown that night. Geo. B. Balch, Tennessee, was engaged in naval opera tions In the Stono River, S. C, July 3d to 11th, particu larly the bombardment of Battery Pringle. T. S. FiUebroun, District of Columbia, commanding the Monr tauk, was engaged. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 211 Combat of Ruffs, Ga., July 3d— 4th. Thomas was en gaged In an assault at Ruffs the 4th. Combat of Smyrna, July 4th. Thomas skirmished up to the Smyrna works July 3d. There was some fighting at Smyrna the 4th, demonstrating that Johnston was there in force. Federals evacuated Plarper's Ferry the night of July 4th. Early demonstrated against Maryland Heights from the Virginia side the 5th and crossed part of his com mand to Maryland at Shepherdstown. Action of Chattahoochee River, July 6th. Thomas was engaged. Early menaced Maryland Heights on the Maryland side July 6th. He occupied Hagerstown and Boonsboro. Early's movements threatened Washington. Two divi sions of the 6th corps were detached from the Army of the Potomac, and the 19th corps, just arriving from New Or leans, was diverted to its defense. Passage of the Chattahoochee River, Ga., July 6th to 10th. Newton, Wood and Brannan were engaged. J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky, was put In command of the 19th corps, of the west, July 7th, 1864. Bombardment of Fort Pringle, Stono River, S. C, July 7th to 10th. Engaged, Balch, Tennessee ; FiUebroun ; A. F. Crosman, Missouri, and Alex. A. Semmes, District of Columbia. Semmes participated in the operations at Charleston till Its surrender. Crossing of the Chattahoochee, July 8th— 9th. The Federals feigned to the right and crossed on the left and intrenched. Johnston crossed and burnt his bridges. Thomas took the shortest line to Atlanta, with the Army of the Ohio above him, and the Army of the Tennessee still farther above, going by Roswell to Decatur — east of Atlanta. Early passed through Frederick, Md., July 9th. Combat of Monocacy River, Md., July 9th. The Fed erals took position behind the river. Confederate cavalr}' 212 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS crossed the river and stmck their left flank, followed by Gordon. The left was thrown back, opening the way to the bridge near the center, where Ramseur now crossed, and the small Federal force was routed. Early neared Wash ington the 10th. He detached troops to threaten Balti more, and A. W. Bradford, Maryland, Govemor of Mary land, called out militia to defend it. French, Maryland, was in command of troops assembled at Havre de Grace during the demonstration against Washington. L. H. Rousseau, Kentucky, had been stationed at Nash ville for the protection of communications of the army moving toward Atlanta. He had prevented Wheeler from damaging the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. July 10th he started from Decatur, Ala., with the brigade of T. J. Harrison, Kentucky, and another brigade, marching southeast on a raid far down in Alabama to Opellka, to sever railroad communication with the west, and prevent reenforcements and supplies from being received by John ston from the west. Ord was In command of the 8th corps, and all troops in the Middle Department, July 11th to 21st, 1864. Early came up to the Washington works July 11th, which were manned just as he was moving upon them. They were weakly held before. Some of Emory's troops arrived before 2 p. m. He defended the city that day and the next, with Getty serving. M. C. Meigs, Georgia, com manded a division occupying trenches east of Fort Stevens, July 11th to 14th. Fort Stevens, Washington, D. C, July 12th. Early remained the 12th and a Federal reconnoltering force from the city in the afternoon was driven back. He commenced retiring at night. Thomas was engaged In crossing the Chattahoochee, July 12th to 17th. Getty was with the forces following up Early in his re tirement to the Shenandoah Valley, July 13th to August 9th. J. R. Kenly, Maryland, participated. Early re- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 213 crossed the Potomac above Leesburg, Va., the mom of the 14th. Bradley Johnson's detachment had threatened Baltimore and had started for Point Lookout to try to release the soldier prisoners, but had retumed. Early moved from Leesburg, after resting over the 16th, and reached the Shenandoah Valley through Snicker's Gap. July 16th Rousseau burned four storehouses and their contents of provisions at YoungsvIUe, Ala. July 18th he sent out raiders on the Atlantic & Montgomery Railway, who destroyed a large section, defeated a Confederate force and took 400 conscripts. In nine days Rousseau had trav eled 300 miles. He was 100 miles in Johnston's rear. Hood succeeded Johnston In command of the Confed erate army July 18th. Battle of Peach Tree Creek, Ga., July 19th-21st, Wood constructed a bridge, and forced the passage of Peach Tree Creek July 19th, driving the Confederates from its defenses. Thomas' other troops fought their way over. Peach Tree Creek, July 20th. Thomas was in chief command on the field. The battle was fought by the Army of the Cumberland under his personal directions. Cross ing Peach Tree Creek one of his corps was divided. Two divisions marched to connect with the Army of the Ohio, leaving an interval of nearly two miles between Thomas and his detached troops aligned with the Army of the Ohio. Newton remained on Thomas' left. Next was W. T. Ward, Virginia. Palmer's corps held Thomas' right. All having crossed, were stretched along the creek. Hood saUIed from his Peach Tree line and stmck the 20th corps, which had just crossed Peach Tree Creek. Hardee on the right, and Stewart on the left, in lines that overlapped Newton's position, assaulted at 3 p. m. The battle was opened by Hardee, falling on Newton. Newton and another general of division made dispositions for defense. Newton placed a four-gun battery and constructed slight rail barricades. The Federals were surprised, and taken at much disad- 214 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS vantage in position. Most of Thomas' line had not had time to barricade. A division struck Newton in front, another passed his left flank and thrust Itself between Pea- vine and Peach Tree Creek, and a third attacked his right flank. Whole battalions of Confederates went far into the gap east of him. He first acted to repulse the attack on his left, using reserve artillery. His soldierly eye, though he had not anticipated an assault, had previously marked a fine spot for artillery, and had led him to have two guns placed there. The two guns so placed in reserve helped beat back the flank movement when he was Isolated. Thomas, behind the creek, turned some reserve batteries upon the Confederate battalions and cannonaded the thick ets that bordered the creek, sweeping the valley as far as the cannon could reach. The flanking Confederates broke in confusion. Newton next repelled the front attack. His rifles and cannon, with Incessant firing, stopped and repulsed it. One brigade which participated then changed front at right angles, and engaged the third Confederate division, which had advanced between Newton and the troops on his right, and had faced east. Ward's division now advanced from cover, and Its skirmish line held the Confederates In check until the whole division had reached a hill to the right and rear of Newton. Ward drove back the Confederates shattered. He advanced and filled the Interval on Newton's right and fortified. The attack which swept on along Thomas' line was repulsed, though the ranks were shaken in places. The Army of the Ten nessee was working to the east so rapidly that Cleburne's division was taken away to help meet It. Stewart drove Thomas' right from Its works, and held them until driven out by an enfilade fire of batteries placed in position by Thomas. Hood made a second general attack, commencing upon Newton's left in the effort to double up his line by taking it in reverse as well as In flank. The crisis came with the reappearance of Bate's division to the left and rear of FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 215 Newton. Thomas hurried up the artillery of Ward's divi sion, in person urging the horses on, using his sword on them, planted them alongside the two left by Newton and then directed the action of the guns. They fired at short range furiously, and the attack was repulsed there. The battle passed on to the right, but the Federal line was now compact, and the direct assaults failed. Charge after charge was repulsed. R. W. Johnson, Kentucky, on the right was heavily attacked. Four divisions and a brigade had withstood the heavy Confederate attacks. Thomas was with the troops In the battle at points of extreme danger. He exposed himself In different portions of the field. Newton's conduct of his command was scientific, and his valor was prominent. Wood, to the left, beyond the two-mile gap, was some what heavily engaged during the afternoon. A division of the Army of the Tennessee swept Wheeler's cavalry back, until he made a stand at Bald HIU Knob, where Cleburne came. Ord, Maryland, was in command of the 18th corps, July 21st to September 30th, 1864, in the operations before Richmond. Battle of Atlanta, Ga., July 21st and 22d. On the 21st Thomas brought forward his three corps. Blair was ordered to seize Bald HIU. M. F. Force, Dis trict of Columbia, with support, charged the hill and car ried it, losing heavily. It was a high hill, which gave a fuU view of the heart of Atlanta. Hood gave up the Peach Tree line, and after dark drew back two corps Into the outer works. Battle of Atlanta, or Decatur, July 22d. The night of the 21st Hardee was sent south, then around the Federal left flank until his rear was nearly past Its extreme left. The Confederate trenches having been deserted from Bald HiU to Thomas' right, the Federals closed on Atlanta, skirmishing. Blair held the left of the Federal line. A Federal corps had remained for the night a mile or more 216 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS in rear of Blair's general line. It had sent a detachment to hold Decatur, support the cavalry and take care of some army wagons and had marched toward Atlanta. Fortui tously, one division was nearly parallel to Hardee's front, so that when the skirmish shots rang out, they had merely to face about and were In a good line. Their position was most fortunate. Hardee had to cross some open fields. He had turned the left flank. Battle raged. About 3 p. m. Cheatham attacked the Federal left in front and took possession of some Federal defenses there. Hood attacked all along the east front of Atlanta. Blair's corps, during the day, was attacked first from the rear, then flank, and then front. It was beaten back at right angles hinging at Bald Hill. The line of the Army of the Tennessee was broken. The Confederates drove back a portion of a division, and flanked the rest, causing the whole division to break to the rear in confusion, losing guns. The troops stopped their retreat at the line occu pied by them In the moming, and reformed. They, Wood's division, and another brigade, recaptured some of the cannon which had been lost. Wood struck the Con federate flank, breaking It. Blair repulsed a front attack. He made his men spring to the reverse side of their Intrenchments ready to fire. They then fought other Confederates from that side. M. F. Force, District of Columbia, was conspicuous. He charged upon Confederate works, and, after their capture, defended his position until severely wounded. Hardee bore off eight guns. Cheat ham captured five guns. After fighting till night. Hood withdrew. The Army of the Ohio and Thomas tried to break through the Atlanta intrenchments during the battle in vain. Rousseau, Kentucky, arrived at Marietta, Ga., July 22d, having come through by a long circuit, accomplishing his raid through Alabama and Georgia. He suggested the expedition, organized and commanded it. In 15 days he traveled 450 miles, took and paroled 2,000 prisoners, killed FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 217 and wounded 200, defeating a Confederate force at the Coosa River, and captured 800 horses and mules. He destroyed 31 miles of railroad track and many supplies. He passed through Talladega, and destroyed the railroad thence, and went 25 miles to Opellka, doing some harm to the branch road. Early established himself at Strasburg July 22d. The State Convention of Federal Louisiana adopted a new constitution July 22d, 1864. Rousseau's cavalry was In a raid to Love joy Station, Ga., July 26th to 31st, to destroy the railroad track in Hood's rear. July 28th E. T. Nichols, Georgia, naval officer, was en gaged in the shelling of batteries at Four-mile Creek. July 27th the Army of the Tennessee was marching around the rear of the other two armies to close upon Atlanta on the southwest side near Ezra church. Battle of Ezra Church, Ga., July 28th, 1864. Blair occupied the center of the Army of the Tennessee. Hood sent a force against the right of the Army of the Ten nessee. At 8 A. M, there was increasing skirmishing. Hood attacked before the right had Intrenched. Confed erates, in small force, passed beyond the extreme right. Two regiments from Blair's corps, with repeating rifles, and other regiments came to the rescue. The repeat ing rifles were remarkable In their execution. Cannon were placed. Blair was watchful and helpful. The flank ing Confederates were killed or retreated, and the attack spent Its force. Hood withdrew within his fortified lines. During the battle the Army of the Cumberland skirmished heavily on its whole front as a diversion. After this battle the Federal right was gradually worked eastward and southward. The latter part of July Canby, Kentucky, made ar rangements with Farragut to cooperate against Mobile, Ala. In person he moved along the eastern shore of Mo- bUe Bay, 218 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Battle of the Crater, Petersburg Mine, July 30th. The explosion was about 4 :30 a. m. Federal troops filled the crater. Advances around its sides failed. The Federals who reached the Confederate trenches on the sides of the crater sought refuge with others In the crater. Mahone, Confederate, charged on the crater at 2 p. m. and cap tured It. Henry was engaged before Fort Harrison. In July, 1864, Wm. K. Mayo, Virginia, took command of the monitor Nahant in front of Charleston and discov ered the port was not closed to commerce entirely. A more vigorous system was adopted with good results. During July and August there were frequent engagements in the James River between the fleet of S. P. Lee, Virginia, and Confederate batteries. After July, 1864, D. B. Birney, Alabama, commanded the 10th corps. Army of the James. Canby, Kentucky, landed a division on the west end of Dauphin Island, Mobile Bay, August 3d, and prepared to besiege Fort Gaines. August 4th Palmer felt part of Hood's Une heavily. One of Thomas' divisions pushed up against the Confed erates August 5th. CHAPTER VIII Mobile Bay — Weldon Railroad — Jonesboro — Ope- QuoN — Fisher's Hill — Chaffin's Farm — Cedar Creek — Marais des Cygnes — Hatcher's Run — Spring Hill — Franklin — Nashville. Battle of Mobile Bay, Passage of Forts Gaines and Morgan, August 6th. Farragut, Tennessee, had the forts, torpedoes, iron-clad Tennessee and three gunboats to en counter. P. Drayton, South Carolina, commanding the Hartford, was his fleet-captain. Farragut had eighteen vessels In aU. The Tecumseh, Manhattan, Winnebago and Chickasaw were monitors. Farragut's vessels were lashed together in pairs. The fleet moved by 6 :45 a. m. The Confederate vessels took position across the entrance to the Bay and raked fore and aft, doing great damage. The monitors were In advance. The Tecumseh was sunk by a torpedo. The Hartford passed to the head of the wooden vessels by Farragut's order, going over torpedo ground. The Hartford and the Metacomet, commanded by J. E. Jouett, Kentucky, lashed to her, passed the forts and got Into the Bay ahead of the others. The Confed erate gunboat Selma, In front, raked her fore and aft, as she had to keep a narrow channel. The Tennessee came near her, then turned and made for the fleet, some distance behind, still in front of Fort Morgan. Jouett, at 8 a. m., was permitted to cut the Metacomet loose and attack the Selma. The Metacomet was the fastest vessel in the fleet. He overtook the Selma, closed with and captured her. He exhibited coolness, promptness and good conduct. The Gaines was crippled by the Hartford before the Selma sur rendered. The Gaines ran aground and was set on fire, 219 220 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS The crew escaped to Fort Morgan. B. Gherardi, Louisi ana, commanding the Port Royal, joined in the chase of the Morgan, Gaines and Selma. W. P. McCann, Ken tucky, commanding the Kennebec, pursued the Morgan. The Hartford reached the deep water of the Bay and anchored. The Tennessee made for the fleet, which passed the fort before she could reach them. The Kennebec, lashed to the Monongahela, rammed the Tennessee. The Richmond, commanded by T. A. Jenkins, Virginia, follow ing the Hartford, was now ahead, with the others, except the Brooklyn, half a mile astern. The Tennessee sheered off from the Brooklyn, and put two shells through and through her sides. The Richmond gave the Tennessee three broadsides, but they were harmless. The fleet anchored around the Hartford, except four vessels, which had put after the Confederate gunboats. The Tennessee, after remaining near Fort Morgan, came against the fleet. Attempts were made to ram the Tennessee injuriously, the Monongahela striking her with an iron prow, knocking it off, and the Lackawanna with a wooden prow. They were harmless. The Tennessee made for the Hartford. The two slid against each other. A shot from the Chickasaw cut the Tennessee's rudder-chain. She was not steerable thereafter, and her fighting career was ended. From the time the Hartford struck the Tennessee, the latter did not fire a gun. The Tennessee surrendered at 10 m m. 280 captives were taken with the Tennessee and Selma. The small gunboat Philippi, in attempting to run by the Fort, was sunk, and was afterward burned by the Confederates. Drayton showed marked fighting capacity In the battle. Gherardi was cool and courageous. Ed. Donaldson, Maryland, commanded the Seminole. J. C. P. DeKrafft, District of Columbia, commanding the Conemaugh, fought Fort Powell, Mobile Bay. Fort Powell was evacuated the night of August 5th. The great fighting career of Farragut Is capped by his FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 221 conduct of the battle of Mobile Bay. The presidential election was coming on, and. If there were to be no success of the Federal forces, the war party had no show of win ning. Lincoln in the presidency was at stake. The battle of Mobile Bay brightened the outlook. After it, the armies In Georgia were not required to march against Mo bile, following the capture of Atlanta, and were free to proceed with other plans. The battle stopped blockade- running into Mobile. 104 guns and 1,464 men were taken In the operations. Canby, Kentucky, was engaged in land operations against Mobile between August 6th and 23d. August 6th R. W. Johnson, Kentucky, was given com mand of the 14th corps. Hood felt Thomas' line from right to left. Fort Gaines, Mobile Harbor, surrendered August 7th as a result of Farragut's victory. T. A. Jenkins, Virginia, was engaged there. August 7th Johnson's corps advanced, carried a line of rifle-pits and established a line close to the Confederate works. Confederate cavalry moved against the Federal communications. Wheeler recaptured Dalton and Resaca and destroyed railroads. Forrest also did great damage in Tennessee. Rousseau, commanding at Nashville, set to work to foil them. Emory, Maryland, was engaged in following Early from Washington to the Shenandoah, opposing him till large Federal reenforcements arrived, August 7th. Early with drew to Fisher's hill before the Federal advance. He had just entered Maryland again. The Federals withdrew to Halltown when Early, in turn, was reenforced. Fort Morgan, Mobile Bay. Troops and "guns were landed by the Federals at Navy Cove August 9th. Far ragut's fleet attacked the Fort, bombarding daily. August 9th there was a great cannonade of Atlanta. The Federal Shenandoah Valley army started south from 222 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS near Harper's Ferry August 10th, aiming at Early's Une of retreat. Getty was in the Shenandoah campaign, Aug ust 10th to December 2d. Combats of Deep Bottom, Va. Birney's corps, and the 2d corps and cavalry were sent over James River the night of August 13th to threaten Richmond from the north side of the James. Combat of Deep Bottom, August 14th. D. B. Birney participated on the left — next James River — gaining some advantage and taking four guns. George B. Dandy, Georgia, fought well. By August 14th troops had approached within 700 yards of Fort Morgan. By the 16th Canby's men had erected several batteries of heavy guns on the land ap proach. Craven, District of Columbia, commanding the Niagara, captured the commerce-destroyer Georgia near Lisbon August 15th. Combats of Deep Bottom, Bayliss Creek, Va., August 16th to 18th. Birney was on the right. He carried the Confederate lines and captured 300 men. Later the Con federates drove him back. Incidentally, the weakening of Lee's forces south of the James aided the Federals in seiz ing the Weldon Railroad. J. R. Meigs, District of Columbia, was Chief Engineer to the middle military division In the Shenandoah cam paign, August 17th to October 3d. Battles of the Weldon Railroad, August 18th to 20th. Globe Tavem, Va., August 18th. Federals moving to the Weldon Railroad were confronted by Confederates. At first, they were forced to fall back to prevent the turning of their left flank ; then they drove the Confederates and held the railroad. Globe Tavern, August 19th. Federals were attacked by Lee, who seized part of their line. Federals were re enforced and regained nearly all of their ground. The line of the 5th corps was drawn back about a mUe, August FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 223 20th. The force north of the James recrossed the night of August 20th. Weldon Railroad, Globe Tavem, August 21st. Lee assaulted the intrenched Federals. Hagood's brigade got inside the works on the Federal left, and part of them were captured. Lee gained an advantage, with large cap tures, but the Federals held on. Reams Station, August 21st-22d. The 2d corps de stroyed the track for some distance. Action of Charlestown, August 21st. Getty lost con siderably. By August 21st Canby's troops had approached within 200 yards of Fort Morgan. Fort Morgan, Mobile Bay, August 22d. There was heavy bombardment by Farragut's fleet and Canby's guns. T. A. Jenkins, Virginia, was engaged. All but two of Its guns were disabled. It surrendered August 23d. The garrison was 400 men. Jenkins was left In command of Mobile Bay Division until February, 1865. R. W. Johnson, Kentucky, was Chief of Cavalry, Mili tary Division of the Mississippi, August 22d to October 27th, 1864. He was dispatched to NashviUe to equip and forward cavalry from that station. Weldon Railroad. The 2d corps had burnt some miles of track when notified August 24th that Confederates were moving to the Federal left. Battle of Reams Station, Va., August 26th. The Fed erals had an intrenched camp. Lee made a reconnoissance at 2 p. m. He attacked the Federal right there twice and was repulsed. At 5 p. m. Hill opened with artillery. The Federals were attacked on their right and lost the line and artillery. They retook some of the line by means of a line formed at right angles, and sweeping down. The Federal left was put to flight. Lee failed to drive the Federals from a new line, and reenforcements came to them before dark. They retreated after dark. Elwell S. Otis, Maryland, commanded a regular brigade 224 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS in operations around Petersburg, and, during the early fall of 1864, on and near the Weldon Railroad. A rifle ball passed through the left side of his head, while serv ing on the line of the Weldon Railroad. August 26th the Investment of Atlanta was abandoned. One corps was left to protect communications. The others wheeled to the south against the railroad to the southeast, which was the Confederate line of communica tions. The Army of the Tennessee at the extreme south aimed at Jonesboro, not fortified, 26 miles below Atlanta on the railroad. It neared Jonesboro and Hardee faced it. Expedition of Sterling Price, Confederate, August 28th to December 2d. Leaving Camden, southern Arkansas, he moved north through central Arkansas and northeastern Arkansas ; north through eastem Missouri to the out skirts of St. Louis ; west across the entire State, appearing before the Intrenchments of the Capital — Jefferson City ; south along the western border of Missouri, passing for a short distance Into Kansas ; south through western Arkan sas, Into Indian Territory, across it toward the center into Texas ; through Texas some distance ; then into Arkansas, ending not far from the starting point. He fought at Pilot Knob, Jefferson City, Lexington, Boonville, Little and Big Blue, Westport, Osage and Marais des Cygnes. Hunter's command of the Department of West Vir ginia ended August 29th. Battle of Jonesboro, August 30th, 31st and September 1st. August 30th a Federal attack upon Lewis' brigade was repulsed. One of Thomas' divisions reached the railroad southeast of Atlanta. A part of Thomas' army was attacked by Hardee's and Lee's corps, which were repulsed. Jonesboro, August 31st. Hardee attacked the Army of the Tennessee and was repulsed. Blair's corps was in the center. Rude breastworks were made and Hardee again failed. The Federals struck the West Point road and then the Macon road. FIGHTING BY SOUTPIERN FEDERALS 225 Battle of Jonesboro, September 1st. The Federal ai-rn- ies were concentrated upon Jonesboro. Thomas, join ing the left of the Army of the Tennessee, mainly fought the day's battle. The 14th corps of the Army of the Cumberland, under Thomas' personal directions and or ders and In his presence, attacked Hardee's corps, posted behind intrenchments, and carried the works. One of Johnson's divisions carried Its entire front. It was the most complete and successful assault upon formidable works of the whole campaign, and led to the relinquish ment of Atlanta next day. Nearly 1,000 men, 8 guns and seven battle flags were captured. Brannan, District of Columbia; Newton, Virginia, and Wood, Kentucky, were engaged In the assault of the Intrenchments. Rousseau pursued Wheeler In Tennessee, September 1st to 8th. Occupation of Atlanta, September 2d. The 20th corps, of Thomas' command, entered Atlanta. The Confed erate forces had been drawn away. Hood then took position at Lovejoy's Station, 30 miles southeast of At lanta. During the night Hardee fell back to Lovejoy's station. Lovejoy's Station, September 2d. Part of Thomas' army attacked the Confederates. Wood reached their po sition near 6 p. m. He was severely wounded, but did not leave the field. Newton was engaged. The vigilance of Canby had prevented trans-Mississippi troops from joining Hood. In the Atlanta campaign Palmer, Kentucky, and John son, Kentucky, commanded the 14th corps and Blair the 17th corps. Brannan was chief of artillery of Thomas' army. Newton, Virginia ; W. T. Ward, Virginia ; Wood, Kentucky; Wm. Harrow, Kentucky; H. M. Judah, Maryland commanded divisions. Kenner Garrard, Ken tucky, and E. H. Murray, Kentucky, commanded cavalry divisions. The bravery of Brannan, Whittaker, and Wil liamson, Kentucky, was recognized. E. W. Crittenden, 226 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Kentucky ; Thos. C. Fletcher, Missouri ; Theo. Jones, Dis trict of Columbia ; Jas. S. Martin, Virginia ; Durbin Ward, Kentucky ; Wm. Vandever, Maryland ; Chas. Candy, Ken tucky; EU Long, Kentucky; T, J. Harrison, Kentucky; M. F. Force, District of Columbia; John T. Croxton, Kentucky; Jas. P. Brownlow, Tennessee; Jos. A. Cooper, Kentucky, and T. J. Henderson, Tennessee, were engaged. Vandever was at Rome from May 22d. Long operated in north Alabama to June 6th. There were more than thirty Federal Kentucky regiments in the Atlanta cam paign. Brannan arranged artillery for the defense of Atlanta. Newton was engaged in the occupation of Atlanta. The Shenandoah Valley army moved forward from Charlestown September 3d. Greeneville, Tenn., September 4th. Morgan, the Con federate cavalry leader, was surprised and killed while on an advance to attack Alvan C. Gillem, Tennessee, at Bull's Gap, Tenn. Gillem found Morgan in a house In Greene- viUe. He was killed attempting to escape. September 7th Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, was evacuated. In September, 1864, S. P. Lee, Virginia, spoke about the Albemarle, and two plans were submitted to him for her capture or destruction. Lee approved one and had it placed before the Navy Department at Washington. The purchase of suitable vessels was ordered. September 8th Price crossed the Arkansas River at Dardanelle on his way to Missouri. The Federal army was concentrated in Atlanta Septem ber 9th. In the operations around Petersburg Federals drove picket lines across the plank road, and advanced their permanent Une half a mile, September 10th. Henry was engaged In the operations around Petersburg from June to September, 1864. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 227 Thos. H, Patterson, Louisiana, was senior officer of the outside blockade off Charlestoiu September 15th. September 18th part of Early's army was before Mar tlnsburg. Battle of Winchester or Opequon, September 19th, 1864. At daylight the Federals crossed the Opequon. Early was attacked on his left flank and front. One bri gade was driven back, but the position was regained. Then the Confederates forced the attacking body off. This was about 11 a. m. Rodes was killed in the Confed erate attack. Breckenridge's part of the army reached the field from Martlnsburg about 2 p. m. Emory's corps broke the first line of the Confederate left and threw It into confusion. Emory posted a regiment In a projection of wood, with orders not to fire until the pursuing Confed erates should have passed them. As they thus received a volley from behind, a volley from their front sent them back. The Federal center was driven back. The line was restored. After a lull. Federal cavalry got in the left rear of the Confederates. The Federals were outflanking the Confederate left. The Confederate line there fell back, and a new line was formed. The 8th corps or Army of West Virginia, advanced against the left and again the cavalry got to the left rear. The line there gave way, and Early fell back through Winchester, formed a new line, checking the Federals until darkness ended the at tack, then retired to Newtown. Getty was valiant and useful in the battle. Mcintosh, Florida, played a signal part, losing a leg. The fighting of I. H. Duval, Virginia, was of merit. J. R. Meigs, District of Columbia, was en gaged. By night September 20th Emory and others were on the heights of Strasburg. September 20th Forrest started against Federal posts and communications in Tennessee. He captured Athens, Ala., and 600 prisoners. September 21st Hood shifted 228 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS his position to Palmetto Station — 25 mUes southwest of Atlanta, preparatory to a campaign against the commu nications of the army at Atlanta. When Hood started against communications Newton was sent to Chattanooga. Fisher's HIU, Va., September 22d. A force of the Fed erals was marched to Little North Mountain, near the left flank. They stmck Early's left and rear so suddenly as to cause his army to break and retreat. This was near sundown. Getty fought with spirit. His division did good work. J. R. Meigs was engaged. At Opequon and Fisher's HIU the Federals captured 21 guns. That night the Federals followed Early to Woodstock. 995 Con federates were captured. The Federals pushed Early through Harrisonburg and Staunton, but Early never crossed to the east of the Blue Ridge. By September 24th the Federals had followed the Con federates to Mt. Jackson, where they were driven from a strong position. The Federal cavalry struck Staunton and Waynesboro, then retired before Early. The Valley was now devastated from Staunton to Winchester. Combat of Fort Davidson, Pilot Knob, or Ironton, Mo., September 26th-27th. Price skirmished the 26th and at tacked the Fort 27th. Thos. C. Fletcher, Missouri, com manded infantry forces at Pilot Knob courageously. Price was repulsed, but the Federals evacuated that night. They dropped back, and Price attacked the defenses of St. Louis, some miles south of the city. He was repulsed. He then moved toward Jefferson City. The enrolled militia of cen tral Missouri were called out, and troops were concen trated at Jefferson City. Newton and another division were sent September 28th to contend against Forrest in Tennessee. Next day Thomas Was ordered back to Stevenson and Decherd to look after Tennessee, protecting communications. Fort Harrison, Chaffin's Farm, Va., September 29th. The night of September 28th, the 10th corps under D. B. Bimey and the 18th under Ord were crossed to the FIGHTING BY SOU'THERN FEDERALS 229 north side of the James River. O'n the 29th they car ried the strong fortifications and Intrenchments below Chaffin's farm, known as Fort Harrison. Ord valiantly stormed the Fort. He was severely wounded. Bimey at tacked the works at Spring HIU, on New Market Heights. The defenses were strong — abatis, marsh and redoubt. They were carried by a bayonet charge. This was the key-point to the Confederate defenses. 15 guns had been captured and the New Market road and Intrenchments, a position from which Richmond was seriously threatened. Geo. B. Dandy, Georgia, was engaged at Fort Harrison. Fort Gilmer was then attacked, but the Federals were re pulsed with loss. Wm. Bimey, Alabama, was engaged. Poplar Springs Church, Va., September 30th. D. B. Bimey took the Confederate works. Moving to the left, the troops were attacked and forced back until supported by those holding the captured works. The Federal cavalry was attacked and repulsed the Confederates. Rousseau, Kentucky, went after Forrest, and stopped him from damaging the railroad between TuUahoma and Decherd. At Pulaski, Tenn., he repulsed Forrest the last of September. Forrest pushed on to Columbia, where Rousseau confronted him, saving Columbia. Rousseau's movements circumvented Forrest. Battle of Fort Harrison, September 30th and October 1st. Lee assaulted Fort Harrison several times unsuccess fully September 30th and October 1st, losing about 2,000 men and 7 battle-flags. Birney Intrenched the Chaffin's Bluff Une, Ord and Bimey had advanced their lines to within seven miles of Richmond. Action of Carroll Station, September 30th— October 1st. A. C. Gillem, Tennessee, drove Vaughn out of his works. J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky, was In command on the Mis sissippi River from Its mouth to Memphis, October -to De cember, 1864. Hood crossed the Chattahoochee River at Campbelltown October 1st, and moved northwest on Dallas, a detachment 230 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS destroying fifteen miles of railroad track above Marietta. He sent French's division against AUatoona. The Fed eral armies at Atlanta foUowed Hood. One corps was left at Atlanta. Action of King's Salt Works, near SaltvUle, Va., Oc tober 2d. In September S. G. Burbridge, Kentucky, ad vanced through eastern Kentucky and up the Big Sandy River upon the salt works. At Liberty Hall, Va., Giltner met him, and delayed him so that Breckenridge got to the salt works first. Burbridge attacked on the 2d. He was repulsed and fell back, pursued to the Louisa Fork of the Big Sandy. Thomas arrived at Nashville October 3d. He con verged four columns upon Forrest. Rousseau and John T. Croxton, Kentucky, commanded two of the columns. Forrest turned south and withdrew across the Tennessee River. When Hood moved north Thomas made disposi tions against him. Combat of AUatoona Creek, or AUatoona Pass, Ga., Oc tober 5th. Reenforcements had arrived from Rome, and the Federals held the place, losing heavily, while the Con federate loss was somewhat more. Wm. Vandever, Mary land, at Kenesaw Mountain, succeeded in signaling over the heads of the Confederates a message to hold on; that the main army troops were on the way. Action of Darbytown Road, near Fort Harrison, Va., October 7th. Federal cavalry were driven back with heavy loss. The Confederates captured nine guns. They then attacked the Federal infantry line there and were re pulsed. Defense of Jefferson City, Mo., October 8th. Price at tacked the defenses, but, being closely pursued from St. Louis, left, moving up the Missouri River. A. Pleasanton, District of Columbia, contributed to his decampment. Troops of the Department of Kansas were collected to de fend against Price. 24 regiments of Kansas militia were FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 231 hastily organized. Pleasanton was among those following him. John C. Tidball, Virginia, was in command of the 9th corps artillery brigade from October 9th, 1864, to April 2d, 1865. Horatio G. Gibson, Maryland, was In command at Lou don, Tenn., October 12th to November 18th, 1864. S. P. Lee, Virginia, relinquished command of the North Atlantic Squadron October 12th, 1864, having held It since September, 1862. Hood by a circuit reached Resaca October 12th. He summoned it to surrender, but did not attack. He de stroyed the railroad for twenty miles. He took Dalton, October 13th. The Federal army from Atlanta followed to Resaca, then turned west to Intercept Hood. Hood es caped to Gadsden, Ala. The Federals stopped at Gayles- ville, Ala., about fifty miles to the northeast. Hood, after a short pause, crossed the mountains and went to Decatur, Ala.; finally opposite Florence, Ala, Combat of Darbytown Road, Va., October 13th. The Federals lost heavily, going against new works being con structed by the Confederates on the line of the Darbytown Road. J. R. Hawley, North Carolina, was engaged. Preparations were made for the march through Georgia, to reach a new base, with a view to joining the forces around Richmond, the inland march of a thousand miles being too long to attempt. Under date of October 19th Thomas was put In command of all the Military Division of the Mississippi except the army which was to march through Georgia. He was asked to defend the line of the Tennessee during its absence. When Hood appeared at Decatur, the 4th corps was sent to Thomas. When Hood went to Tuscumbia, the 23d corps was started for Ten nessee, to follow his orders. Battle of Cedar Creek, Va., October 19th. The 8th corps held the Federal left; Emory with the 19th corps 232 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS the center ; Getty with the 6th corps the right. At dawn. Early attacked the 8th corps in front and around the rear, and quickly passed on to the rear of Emory. It was a fatal surprise. The 8th corps was gone in a few min utes. Emory made an attempt to form a line, but un successfully. His corps repulsed the first show in their front. When the Confederates appeared In their rear, they retreated a mile and a half, when, the pursuit having stopped, he formed a Une. Getty made a show of resist ance. After the rout of the 8th and 19th corps, when Pegram and Ramseur were before the front of the 6th corps, Wharton advanced against Its left, but fell back before its efforts. Cavalry on the right met Confederate cavalry sent by Early to make a demonstration there. Getty's Infantry made itself felt on the Confederate ad vance. The artillery with the cavalry was the only artil lery left to the army. AU not captured had been sent to the rear. The 19th corps had gone to the west of Get ty's corps and moved north, while Getty fell back before the Confederates. Getty was thus falling back to a po sition at Emory's left. Emory's corps had fallen back another mile and prepared for action. The men threw up rude breastworks. Emory repulsed an attack at 10 a. m. Two of Getty's divisions had retreated to Emory's line by 11 a. m., and then had been gotten back. Getty's own division was at the front. This division and the cavalry were the only troops left resisting the Confed erates. Wharton had been ordered to form his division and hold the Federal cavalry around MIddletown in check. About noon Emory was ordered to fall back to his final rear position. While facing the Federal position two miles north of MIddletown Early ordered the captured ar tillery, arms and wagons sent back. The cavalry attacked the Confederate right several times. The Federal cavalry had formed, and had arrayed itself on the Confederate right, having advanced to that position. After the Fed eral line had been formed, the cavalry on the Federal left FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 233 charged, scattering the Confederates In their front. The successful Federal advance was late in the afternoon. The Confederate end-brigade was not In touch with the next, and the Federals pushed In between. The division of J. W. McMillan, Kentucky, on the extreme right enveloped the Confederates. Emory helped strike the Confederates when they were flanked and driven. His first division later formed nearly at right angles with the Confederate front, so that it was able to crowd them back. The cavalry charged the Confederate right unsuccessfully. A small part of the Confederate force on the left, with artillery, held the Federals In check some time. Ramseur was mor tally wounded, and the artillery ammunition gave out, the balance of the left gave way, and Early ordered the right to retire. A rout ensued, the Federals reaching their moming camp. Early lost artillery on the field, and a large part of the artillery he lost was at night south of Cedar Creek near Strasburg, by a cavalry attack, along with the breaking of a bridge. Altogether he lost almost all his artillery and trains. Getty commanded the 6th corps during part of the battle. Besides, he commanded a division of It. C. PI. Tompkins, Virginia, commanded its artillery brigade with honor. Thos. M. Plarris, Virginia, commanded a di vision. W. H. Ball, Virginia, was heavily engaged. David Shunk, Maryland, commanded one of McMillan's brigades. D. R. Ransom, North Carolina, commanded horse artillery. Wm. B. Curtis, Maryland, and Milton Wells, Virginia, were engaged. Emory and Getty, forming new lines after the moming rout, formed thereby a quick barrier between the Confed erates and Washington, with a fleeing army in the back ground, and the overthrow of the Lincoln govemment yawning beyond at the election to occur just then. October 20th Early's infantry marched for New Market at 3 A. M. His cavalry held Fisher's hill until after 10 A. M. After this battle, all of Early's army was sent away. 234 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS except Wharton's division and cavalry and artillery. He established himself at Staunton. Lexington, Mo., October 20th. Resisting Price tlU night, the Federals fell back to the Little Blue River. Little Blue, Mo., October 21st. Price engaged the Fed erals, and they fell back, the stream being fordable above and below. S. P. Lee, Virginia, was ordered to the command of the Mississippi Squadron October 21st. A. M. Pennock, Vir ginia, was In command of the Mississippi Squadron for a short time before Lee took command. Action of Big Blue River, October 22d. Just as the Federals were being driven from the line of the Big Blue by Price, A. Pleasanton's cavalry came up, and attacked Price's rear east of Independence, routing it. Pleasanton sent forward a message giving notice of his arrival. That night Price's army encamped on the west side of the Big Blue, just south of Westport. Near Westport, October 23d, there was fighting over an area of five or six square miles nearly all day. By sun down Price was retiring. He entered Linn county, Kan sas, at once. Pleasanton was In command of cavalry pur suing Price toward Fort Scott, Kan. Battle of Little Osage or Marais des Cygnes, near Mound City and Mine Creek, Kan., October 25th. Price placed his artillery, supported, on a high mound in the prairie. Pleasanton charged with dash, broke the Confed erate line, routed the force on the field, and captured eight guns. Generals Marmaduke and Cabell and about a thou sand men. Retreating, Price was closely pursued by the Federal cavalry, his rear-guard being almost constantly un der fire. Decatur, Ala., October 26th. Hood moved from Gads den and attacked Decatur. He skirmished there October 27th. In accordance with the plan adopted by S. P. Lee, the Albemarle was blown up the night of October 27th. She FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 235 sank in eight feet of water. Pier upper works were above water. The torpedo launch was the plan of W. W. W. Wood, North Carolina. The torpedo used had been intro duced by him. It contained a grape shot. Battle of Boydton Plank Road or Hatcher's Run, Va., October 27th. The whole Federal army except the men necessary to hold the Une was moved by Lee's right flank. The passage of Hatcher's Run was forced. The Federals reached the Boydton plank road where it crosses Hatch er's Run — six miles from the Southslde Railroad. They were reaching for It. Finding Lee's fortifications extend ing on, they attempted to withdraw. There was a gap left between the 2d and 5th corps. Lee made a powerful attack on the right and rear of the 2d corps, which was faced to meet It. The conflict was deadly. The Federals withdrew that night to their old position. Combat of Darbytown Road and Fair Oaks, Va., Oc tober 27th. In support of this Hatcher's Run movement, the Federals made a demonstration north of the James, attacking the Confederates unsuccessfully on the WlUIams- burg road, and carrying a work on the York River Rail road, which was afterward abandoned. Combat of Morristown, Tenn., October 28th. Alvan C. Gillem, Tennessee, defeated the Confederates, taking 600 prisoners and 13 guns. At Newtonia, In southwest Missouri, October 28th, Price made another stand, and was driven from the field with heavy loss. This was the second combat in severity of his campaign. Hood continued the investment of Decatur October 28th and withdrew at 4 a. m. 29th. The occupation of the Tennessee River by S. P. Lee's vessels prevented Forrest from crossing and moving east to join Hood, and Hood was thus prevented from cross ing the Tennessee River at GuntersvIHe In eastem Ala bama, and moving on Stevenson and Bridgeport, and on Nashville earlier than he did. Hood went to Florence in- 236 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS stead, crossing one division October 30th. John T. Crox ton, Kentucky, was watching on the north bank of the Tennessee River with other cavalry. He detected Hood's crossing and reported It to Thomas. Croxton led his bri gade of only 1,000 against the Confederates, and then posted It for observation. He helped drive Confederate cavali-y back upon the infantry at Florence. Thomas or dered reenforcements to Croxton and made combinations against Hood. Thomas' advance Infantry was at Pulaski when Hood started from the Tennessee River. He directed the concentration of both his corps on Pulaski, with Intent to impede rather than seriously contest Hood's advance on Nashville. At Johnsonville, Tenn., on the Tennessee River west of Nashville, Forrest caused the destruction of three gunboats and eight transports, October 30th to November 4th. He then moved south on the river to Clifton. Through an in tercepted dispatch from President Davis to Kirby Smith, Canby prevented him and Magruder with Confederates west of the Mississippi River from crossing and reenforcing Hood In the faU of 1864. A. L. Chetlain, Missouri, was In command of the post and forces of Memphis, Tenn., from October, 1864. He recruited and organized colored troops of Kentucky and Tennessee, raising a force of 17,000 colored troops. John Newton, Virginia, was In command of the District of Key West and Tortugas, Fla., from October, 1864, to the end of the War. J. J. Reynolds, Kentucky, was temporarily In command of the Military Division of West Mississippi in Novem ber, 1864. Price crossed the Arkansas River above Fort Smith with a few pieces of artillery. His army was much reduced. Thos. C. Fletcher, Missouri, was elected govemor of Missouri In November. November 3d Thomas ordered the 23d corps from around Chattanooga by rail to Nashville. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 237 NashviUe Campaign. November 4th Croxton was driven across Shoal Creek by Hood's advance, he having driven Croxton back from the Tennessee River and laid a pontoon bridge across It. The advance of the 23d corps reached Nashville Novem ber 5th. In November, 1864, Bragg was placed In command of the Department of North Carolina. Emory was in permanent command of the 19th corps from November 7th to the end of the War. November 12th telegraphic communication between Thomas and the army in Georgia was severed. Thomas sent the 23d corps by rail from Nashville south to the vicinity of Pulaski, arriving there November 13th. The 4th corps was already In Hood's way. The two corps were united, and, under Thomas' orders, faced Hood near Pulaski. Action at Bull's Gap, near Morristown, Tenn., Novem ber 13th. Gillem, Tennessee, repulsed two attacks, and was then defeated by Breckenridge, who took his artillery trains and baggage. Thomas directed a force against Breckenridge to drive him into Virginia, and try to de stroy the salt works at SaltvUle, and the railroad as far into Virginia as practicable. The force was made up of Infantry and dismounted cavalry under Jacob Ammen, Virginia; GlUem's Tennessee force, and mounted troops under S. G. Burbrldge, Kentucky — 4,200 men In all. A detachment was sent Into North Carolina to hold the mountain passes. Forrest came up at Florence November 14th. March to the Sea. The combined army set forth No vember 15th. Wheeler's cavalry came up November 16th. H. G. Gibson, Maryland, was engaged In opening com munication from Knoxville with troops engaged at Straw berry Plains November 18th-20th. Hood advanced from the Tennessee River toward Nash- 238 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS vlUe November 19th. November 20th Thomas directed that his army near Pulaski prepare to fall back to Colum bia. November 22d, under his orders. It started back. Croxton, November 23d, helped cover the retirement from Pulaski to Columbia, having a severe fight at the junction of the roads to Pulaski and CampbellsvIUe, maintaining his position. Thomas made dispositions for the defense of the line of the Duck River. He was trying to delay Hood till he could receive reenforcements at Nashville. The Federals gained Columbia only by a night march. A di vision of cavalry was formed under R. W. Johnson, Ken tucky. John W. Davidson, Virginia, was In command of a cavalry expedition from Baton Rouge, La., to Pascagoula, November 24th. He moved from Baton Rouge to Tan gipahoa, where he broke up the railroad, destroying bridges, etc., pushing on to Frankllnton and West Pas cagoula, taking some prisoners and causing alarm for the safety of Mobile. Columbia, Tenn., November 26th and 27th. The army, under Thomas' orders, faced Hood at Columbia. He pressed the Federal lines. The Federals crossed the Duck River the night of the 27th. Land and Water Expedition up Broad River, November 28th, against the railroad connecting Charleston and Sa vannah, In support of the army marching to the sea. Balch, Tennessee, commanded the Pawnee. E. 0. Mat thews, Maryland, commanded the naval artillery. Com munication was opened with the army. November 28th, reports Indicating Hood's intent of crossing Duck River and movement to north of Colum bia having been received, Thomas directed, when confirmed, the army should withdraw to Franklin. Forrest crossed Duck River the evening of November 28th, and Hood fol lowed next day. J. J. Reynolds. Kentucky, was In command of the De- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 239 partment of Arkansas, November 29th to the end of the War. S. P. Lee, Virginia, kept open communication by the Cumberland River when the safety of Thomas, during Hood's advance, depended largely on his prompt receipt of reenforcements and supplies. Combat of Spring HIU, Tenn., November 29th. At 1 o'clock the Federal cavalry reported to the army at Duck River that Hood's infantry. It was believed, would begin crossing Duck River at daylight, and advised retirement to Franklin. At 3 :30 Thomas, at Nashville, sent such orders. Before sunrise Confederate Cheatham's corps was crossing, five miles east of Columbia. Wood's division was crossed to the north side to support the cavalry In holding the fords above. Two divisions were sent toward Spring Hill, while the trains and spare artillery were sent back, covered by them. Hood was crossing Duck River during the early hours. One of Wood's brigades, sent east for observation, reported the crossing of Duck River by the Confederates. The division which Newton had commanded till shortly be fore this went on to Spring HIU. One brigade was de ployed and drove back the Confederate cavalry. Another was posted on a wooded knoll nearly a mile to the east. A heavy infantry force attacked this brigade. Hood had now passed the army's left flank, and the division con fronted was twelve miles from the main army. The Con federates were in force. Confederate cavalry struck a train at Thompson's Station — three miles north. The third attack upon the brigade to the east succeeded. Its right flank was overlapped. It rallied and reformed at Spring Hill. The Confederates came on and were can nonaded. Although Confederate cavalry were on the main road to Franklin, both north and south of Spring HiU, and Infantry were in force menacing a long stretch ' of the road. Hood's infantry failed to occupy the road, and the Federal army passed by, retiring north. Confed- 240 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS erates feinted during the day at efforts to lay a pontoon bridge and force a crossing at Columbia. The nearest aid to the Federal division at Spring HiU was seven miles south — at Rutherford Creek. AU the other Federal troops were stiU at Duck River. Whittaker's brigade and other troops arrived about 7 p. m. Whittaker was placed to cover a cross-road a mile or two below Spring Hill. He assisted in holding the tumpike against Hood's advance. The 28th Kentucky regiment of Whittaker's brigade did special service in helping to keep Hood's ad vance from the turnpike. At 11 p. m. Thomas tele graphed to Franklin for the withdrawal of the army at once should the Confederates attempt to get on the flank with infantry. The army all night long was marching past Spring Hill and Hood's army on a parallel road near by. Croxton, Kentucky, with cavalry, covered the retirement with skill on the 30th. Forrest's cavalry surrounded and made fre quent dashes upon the rear Infantry brigade unsuccess fully. Wood's division protected the train at Thompson's Station in an extremity from a cavalry attack. It had been deployed on the east of the road at 3 a. m. Whit taker had been posted where the Confederate line was near est to cover the passing of troops still In the rear. Battle of Fl-anklln, Tenn., November 30th. By noon the army, except the rear-guard, had reached Franklin. Croxton's cavalry were pushed back by infantry on the Lewisburg pike. He resisted until 2 p. m., then moved to his left and crossed the Harpeth River to resist For rest, who was striking for the rear of the army. At 4 p. m. Hood's grand attack was made. Two brigades remained between Hood and the Federal main line, about half a mile from the latter. Before this great force they were routed, and the Confederates rushing after them entered the broken lines in the Federal center. Two captured bat teries were used to enfilade the Federal line, and the Con federates began to gain ground right and left. A brigade FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 241 and the 12th and 16th Kentucky regiments, who had sprung forward, by the fiercest hand-to-hand fighting re gained the works, an achievement of special note. Some other troops turned and helped. The attack here of the Confederates was finally repulsed. The command of the 4th corps devolved on Thos. J. Wood, Kentucky. He was the ranking officer south of the river at the time, and commanded with decided ability. Eight guns were re captured. Stewart reached the works near the Federal left. Simultaneously with Hood's Infantry assault, his cavalry advanced. Forrest, north of the river, was held In check. Croxton helped oppose Chalmers' cavalry, whUe T. J. Harrison, Kentucky, looked to the left and rear. Chalmers was forced back across the river. Hood at tacked the right of the Federal Une again and again un successfully. The 44th Missouri regiment, to the right of the first break, had the greatest loss. Whittaker was on the right, and was engaged. Hood made attack after at tack tiU after night. Forrest was held in check during the day and night. Hood's assault had mostly failed, but the FedereJ army fell back during the night toward "NashviUe. Thos. J. Henderson, Tennessee, fought bravely and well. Jas. I. Gilbert, Kentucky, showed bravery. S. P. Lee, Virginia, was asked by Thomas November 30th to patrol the Cumberland River. He had vessels move up the Cumberland to Thomas' support. The flag ship was stopped at ClarksvIUe by low water. He kept open army communications. He also vigilantly guarded the lower Mississippi against the intervention of trans- Mississippi forces. Combat of Honey Hill or Grahamsville, S. C, November 30th. The Confederates checked and worsted the Feder als, who retired during the night toward the gunboats. The Federals had been sent from the sea-coast to obtain a foothold for the army marching to the sea, and to cut off Confederate reenforcements from Savannah. E. 0. Matthews, Maryland, commanded naval light artUlery at 242 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Honey HiU. A. P. Crosman, IVIissouri, naval officer, was engaged. G. W. Smith's Confederate command reached Savannah at 2 a. m. the 30th. December 1st, Wood acted as rear-guard. The army reached the Nashville works that day. Jos. A. Cooper's brigade came in after a narrow escape. Troops from Mis souri, except two or more regiments engaged at Franklin, were just arriving. Thomas did not have an army at Nashville until December 1st. He had been concentrating other troops upon Nashville. The men were from many commands and not coordinated. Wood was in command of the 4th corps in the later operations around Nashville. Hood appeared before Nashville the 2d and took position. Combat of Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 5th. L. H. Rousseau, Kentucky, repelled Forrest's cavalry and Bate's division of infantry. The Confederates lost sensibly. Combat of Deveaux's Neck, S. C, December 6th to 9th. Crosman was engaged. December 9th the Federal army was close against the Sa vannah fortifications. Under full instructions from Thomas, the force directed against Breckenridge advanced December 9th, and pushed him back into Virginia. H. G. Gibson, Maryland, was engaged under Ammen covering the movement into south west Virginia. Gillem, Tennessee, was engaged in an action near Wythe- ville December 10th. About 4,000 cavalry entered south west Virginia through east Tennessee. The Federals oc cupied Bristol and Abingdon, Va., and advanced upon Wytheville, where lead mines were. Fort McAUIster, near Savannah, Ga., was captured by the Federals December 13th. They then occupied Hutch inson's Island, crossed the Savannah River below Savan nah, and established works on the South Carolina shore, al most within range of the Confederate line of retreat. At Kingston December 13th Gillem badly defeated a Confederate force. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 243 Battle of Nashville, Tenn., December 15th and 16tli, 1864. Thomas' battle plan was for a force on the ex treme left to threaten the Confederate right early that morning, and for the entire right wing to make a grand left wheel, assaulting, and, If possible, overlapping Hood's left. Wood, Kentucky, with the 4th corps, was to form the pivot and threaten, if not attack, Montgomery HIU, a prominence in advance of the Confederate main line. The 23d corps was to be in reserve near the left center. Jas. L. Donaldson, Maryland, had organized quartermaster and commissary forces as soldiers, and commanded a division embracing them. The army moved before daylight. The force on the left kept Cheatham on the Confederate right employed. S. D. Lee was held In position by Wood's menace, except two brigades sent to the Confederate left. Thomas' cavalry worked around Hood's left, the infantry right wing joining its left. The Confederate skirmishers fell back before the advance of the right wing and Wood. Thomas approved Wood's plan of attack. About 1 p. m. the 4th corps, under Wood, assaulted Montgomery Hill. It carried the work, taking some prisoners. The position was strong and was important to Hood's line. The ascent in front was abrupt. Wood's troops attacked principally by the left, and gained the top. Wood handled his men in handsome style. The whole line swept forward there, and many prisoners were taken. A work on Hood's ex treme left was taken, and the Confederate line in that quar7 ter gave way. Thomas' reserves were sent to prolong the infantry right and enable the cavalry to work around the Confederate rear. The brigade of Jos. A. Cooper, Ken tucky, then lost more than the losses of the rest of the 23d corps during the two-days' battle when, on the right, he made a charge and met a force intended for a counter blow. Thomas' cavalry, making a wide detour, beyond Hood's left, dismounted and advanced upon his flank and full in the rear, capturing works and guns. At this, ac cording to plan, Thomas' infantry Unes assaulted. Hood's 244 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS left was driven, losing 17 guns — his center still held. It was shelling. Wood, ordered to assault, battled with his whole corps. His guns converged their fire on a fortified hill near Hood's center. Then one of his divisions charged, carried the intrenchments and took the hill, cap turing guns and prisoners. On the left also Thomas gained ground. Hood's whole center and left were forced to abandon their works. They fell back to the Granny White pike. Hood's left was forced back several miles to a new position at the foot of the Harpeth Hills. The re treating line was followed by Wood's entire corps, by the right wing and by the cavalry. Croxton, Kentucky, cov ered and relieved the Federal right and rear. The at tack upon Hood's right had led him to draw troops from his center and left. Night soon fell. Bate had come from Hood's right when the redoubts were assaulted at Hood's left, and at dusk Cheatham's corps was moved from Hood's right to his left, and a line was taken for the army some two miles in rear of the moming position. It was a stronger position. Thomas took 17 guns and 1,200 men during the day. During the night Hood worked to estab lish his new lines. Thomas and S. P. Lee, Virginia, were actively co operating, and the river was so effectively patrolled above and below the city, under Lee's directions, by gunboats that crossing was impossible. R. W. Johnson's cavalry, with the cooperation of Lee's gunboats, drove Confederates from their established batteries on the Cumberland River below Nashville. Johnson's valor was exhibited. Nashville, December 16th. The day opened with an advance by Wood as he moved forward at early dawn, driving skirmishers, until he confronted Hood's new line of defenses on Overton's hill. At one point his corps came near the salient at Overton's hill. The other corps took position on his left and right. At noon, attack was fully developed upon this and adjacent elevations. Hood's left was turned again, Thomas' cavalry passing beyond it, gain- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 245 ing the rear and securing a lodgment on the Granny White pike. Wood permitted a brigade with supports to charge Overton's hill. They failed with much loss. Hood had sent a division from his left to withstand attacks here. The cavalry, having reached Hood's rear, were moving north to the rear of his left flank. They reached it, got two guns in position, shelled Bate, and charged against him just as Thomas' infantry in front were climbing the hill. The picture Is that of the dismounted cavalry com ing up In the rear of Hood's left flank, while the Infantry charges from its front and west side, and the position Is carried, with 27 pieces of artillery. After the cavalry had gained Hood's left and rear, they captured a dispatch from him ordering Chalmers to drive them thence or all was lost. Between 3 :30 and 4 p. m., when cavalry and artillery were at work on the rear of Hood's left flank, Thomas ordered the infantry advance. The men ran from the cavalry down the hill to the right and rear. There was a general charge. After the works had been taken to Wood's right, he and the left wing renewed the assault on Overton's hill and swept all before them. The Confederates broke all along and fled in disorder. Eight more guns were captured. Wm. R. Marshall, Missouri, led his brigade In a charge on the Confederate works, and, on horseback, was among the first over the breastworks and among the gunners, capturing the Polnte Coupee battery of four brass pieces on the Hillsboro pike, and pursuing the Confederates a half mile. Croxton, In reserve when the Confederates broke, was ordered to mount and push without delay through Brentwood. He encountered Hood's cavalry, which delayed the Federals until infantry passed and a rear-guard was in place. Hood partly re formed at Brentwood. Johnson was ordered to move rap idly by the Hillsboro pike, and, after crossing the Harpeth River, to turn up Its south bank and fall upon the Con federates at or near Franklin. At Nashville, a Kentucky and a Tennessee regiment each captured four guns. 246 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS In the Nashville battles, Kenner Garrard, Kentucky, commanding a division, was conspicuous and efficient. Among those engaged were Whittaker, Jas. I. Gilbert, T. J. Harrison, and Durbin Ward, aU of Kentucky. This was the decisive battle of the War. Estimated by it Thomas shows well among the world's captains. Col lecting and organizing a sufficient cavalry in advance of the battle, and tasking every usable force in a way to gain the greatest combined weight were heavy labors. This victory put the Federal administration at ease in regard to the place — around Savannah, Ga., — where the great army was at this juncture. Action at Marion, Va., December 16th. GlUem, Tennes see, routed Vaughn and pursued to Wytheville, destroying the lead mines there. Thomas began pursuit of Hood December 17th. Wood was the leading infantry in the pursuit, using his artUlery. In Hood's retreat from Tennessee, Wood handled his troops with ability. Late in the evening. Hood's rear guard made a stand a mile north of the West Harpeth River, and was driven. Johnson's division struck the Con federates at Franklin, and they left 1,800 wounded and 200 Federal wounded to fall Into Thomas' hands. Thomas requested S. P. Lee to send gunboats up the Tennessee River to head off Hood. The operations of the squadron on the Tennessee prevented Hood on his retreat from crossing up to the head of navigation. December 18th Thomas ordered troops to Decatur to push Hood from that direc tion, threatening his communications from west of Flor ence. Thomas organized various raiding expeditions, and sent troops to other departments, December, 1864, to May, 1865, which materially contributed to the final overthrow of the Confederates. Action of Marion, Va., December 18th. Breckenridge held his position with about one thousand men during the day. During the day the Federals detached a force which FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 247 destroyed the salt works at SaltvUle. A Tennessee regi ment did the work. The Federals then withdrew. Much war material was captured and much property destroyed by Thomas' expedition into Virginia. In the pursuit of Hood, R. W. Johnson and Croxton tried to reach around the Confederate rear-guard and strike a column at Spring Hill, but were stopped by Ruth erford Creek being up. All the Federal cavalry were delayed at Rutherford Creek and then at Duck River by a flood. Rousseau, with 8,000 men, defended Fort Rosecrans during the Nashville campaign. Savannah was evacuated by the Confederates December 20th. Hoke's division left Lee for Wilmington, N. C, December 20th. The Federal squadron arrived In sight of Fort Fisher, protecting Wilmington, December 20th. December 21st Farragut, Tennessee, was made Vice-Ad- miral. The Federals entered Savannah December 21st. In the March to the Sea Blair, Kentucky, commanded the 17th corps. W. T. Ward, Virginia, commanded a division. After the capture of Savannah, 6,000 men were sent from Lee to Hardee. Jas. A. Williamson, Kentucky, was In command of the district of Missouri, at St. Louis, after the occupation of Savannah. Powder on the old gunboat Louisiana was exploded near Fort Fisher the night of December 23d, Intended to dam age the Fort. At Buford's Station, while Hood's rear-guard and For rest were confronted and engaged on the tumpike, Crox ton, Kentucky, struck the flank, causing it to retreat rapidly, and capturing a number of prisoners. The pur suit of Hood was resumed south of Duck River the 24th. The gunboats under Lee had reached Chickasaw, Miss., December 24th, and soon after captured two guns from a battery at Florence. CHAPTER IX Fort Fisher — Dabney's Mills — Bull's Bay Expedi tion — Averysboro — Bentonville — Fort Stedman — Five Forks — Petersburg — Selma — Sailor's Creek — Farmville — Mobile — Appomattox — Capitulations of THE Confederate Armies and Fleets. Battle of Fort Fisher, December 24th and 25th, 1864. The navy had convoyed troops to Fort Fisher. The ves sels were more than seventy in number. They bombarded on the 24th. The bombardment was continued on the 25th, and a brigade was pushed forward to within a few hundred yards of the Fort. Smaller vessels covered the disembarkment of the troops. Some Important guns on the Fort were destroyed. At Fort Fisher Wm. Radford, Virginia, commanded the New Ironsides and the Iron-clad division of the squadron. He led the way. A. W. Wea ver, District of Columbia, commanded the Chippewa; Bache, Powhatan; J. M. Frailey, Maryland, Tuscarora; F. M. Ramsay, District of Columbia, Unadilla; D. B. Ridgely, Kentucky, Shenandoah; Jas. H. Spotts, North Carolina, Pawtucket; B. F. Sands, Maryland, Fort Jack son; Chas. Steedman, South Carolina, Ticonderoga, and John H. Upshur, Virginia, A. D. Vance. The Iosco under John Guest, Missouri, was effective. A. R. McNair, Louisiana, was engaged. December 26th Forrest drove back T. J. Harrison's skirmishers and captured a gun. Croxton and others fell upon his flank and drove him from the field. Stono River, December 25th. G. B. Balch, Tennessee, In the Pawnee, was victorious. Hood reached the Tennessee River December 25th. 248 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 249 After he crossed the Federal cavalry started from Decatur, Ala., and overtook him, destroying his pontoon train and all of his wagons, and capturing several hundred pris oners. French was In garrison at Fort McHenry, December 27th, 1864, to January 5th, 1865. The force from Thomas' army reached Decatur De cember 28th. Thomas' pursuit was suspended at Lexing ton, Ala., the same day. Canby, Kentucky, prevented the armies west of the Mis sissippi River from crossing, as ordered, to aid Johnston, and then Hood In the Nashville campaign. He did this by holding the best crossings with strong detachments, and keeping a floating army. In conjunction with the gunboat fleet. In constant motion up and down the Mississippi. Canby sent Davidson, Virginia, In an expedition to Jack son, Miss., in December. E. O. Matthews, Maryland, naval officer, was in engage ments at Tulifinny Cross Roads in December. In the Federal armies before Petersburg and Richmond up to December 31st Ord commanded a corps and Getty, Thos. M. Harris, Virginia, and Wm. Bimey commanded divisions. Others participating In the operations were A. W. Denison, Maryland; H. A. Morrow, Virginia; Henry; Hawley ; Milton Wells, Virginia, commanding a West Vir ginia brigade; W. B. Curtis, Maryland, and Andrew W. Evans, Maryland. Tompkins and Tidball commanded re spectively the artillery brigades of the 6th and 9th corps. Thomas' 23d corps, starting January 2d, went to Wash ington. Later, it was sent against Wilmington, N. C. Montgomery C. Meigs, Georgia, was at Savannah, Jan uary 5th to 29th, supplying and refitting the army there. It started north from Savannah January 6th, 1865. January 6th, 1865, vessels sailed from Fortress Monroe, Va., for Fort Fisher, with 9,000 troops. They arrived off Beaufort January 8th. Ord, Maryland, was In command of the Army of the 260 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS James and Department of Virginia and North Carolina, January 8th, 1866, to Febmary 6th, and of the Anny of the James and Department of Virginia thenceforward to the end of the War, being engaged In the various opera tions around Petersburg, occupation of Richmond, and pursuit of Lee to Appomattox. He also commanded the 24th corps in the closing engagements. Hood's army went Into camp at Tupelo January 10th, 1865. Battle of Fort Fisher, January 13th to 15th, 1865. Attacking Fort Fisher was the most formidable armada ever assembled, about 70 vessels, and about 9,000 soldiers. The iron-clads under Radford, Virginia, were sent in to engage the Fort January 13th. They took the Fort's fire and fired back. The rest of the fleet was occupied that day till 2 p. m. landing troops and stores. Upshur, Vir ginia, of the gunboat A. D. Vance, was charged with the duty of landing troops and stores, provisioning the army and protecting its flank with the lighter gunboats. In the afternoon the fleet opened a terrific fire. Iron-clads kept up a slow fire through the night. Fort Fisher, January 14th. The bombardment con tinued through the day and night, badly damaging the guns of the Fort. The army was approaching on the river side, partly covered by the formation of the land. Fort Fisher, Grand Bombardment and Assault, January 15th. The assault by sailors, on the northeast face, failed. Wm. Radford, Virginia, commanded the Iron-clad division and the New Ironsides. She used her 11-Inch guns with great effect In firing Into the traverses filled with Confed erates who were resisting the advance of the Federal sol diers after the sailors' assault had failed. This confused the Confederates. The traverses were cleaned out. Rad ford showed high ability in fighting, maneuvering his vessel and taking care of his division. His vessel did more exe cution than any other. The bombardment was unprece dented. Before noon but one heavy gun remained FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 251 serviceable in Fort Fisher on the land face. Sailors and marines approached on the ocean side while the army worked nearer on the land side. The marine attack was repulsed. G. M. Bache, Powhatan, commanded the right wing in the sailors' assault on the sea-face of the works. He was severely wounded. The army got within the Fort from the land side, and the fighting continued until after night fell, when the garrison was withdrawn to Fort Buchanan. The fleet had well aided the land forces, who had gained a lodgment in the work. The Confederate vessels had spiked the guns, and taken the means of trans port, and Lamb's soldiers, over 2,000, had to surrender, with 169 guns. Wilmington was the only open blockade- running port In the hands of the Confederates toward the close of the War. At Fort Fisher Weaver, District of Columbia, com manded the Iron-clad Mahopac; D. B. Ridgely, Kentucky, commanded Shenandoah; Steedman, Ticonderoga; J. M. Frailey, Maryland, Tuscarora; Upshur, Virginia, A. D. Vance and reserve division ; F. M. Ramsay, District of Columbia, Unadilla; John Guest, Missouri, Iosco; J. H. Spotts, North Carolina, Pawtucket; B. F. Sands, Mary land, Fort Jackson. A. R. McNair, Louisiana, was en gaged. Pocotaligo Bridge, S. C, was taken by the Federals January 15th. Blair's corps was taken by water from Savannah to Pocotaligo, whence he menaced Charleston. The night of January 16th— 17th the Confederates blew up Fort Caswell, on the right bank of the Cape Fear River, near Wilmington. Operations against Mobile. Canby, Kentucky, was or dered January 18th to move against Mobile. The 16th corps was detached from Thomas' headquarters. The bad condition of the roads had stopped his pursuit of Hood at Eastport, Ala., in January. The defenses on the west being strong, Canby deter mined to approach Mobile on the east, where he would 252 FIGPITING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS have the full benefit of the cooperation of the navy. The principal works were Spanish Fort, commanding the mouth, and Blakely, commanding the head of the Appalachee. The movement was In two columns — one from Dauphin Island under Canby in person, and the other from Pensa cola. There were about 32,000 men with Canby, and about 13,000 in the other column. Wm. P. Benton, Mary land, commanded a division in the campaign. In the Nashville campaign, from September 7th, 1864, to January 20th, 1865, Thomas captured 11,857 men, and 1,332 were exchanged, and took 72 guns and 3,079 small arms. He received the oath of submission of 2,207 deserters. Seven brigades of Hood's army and some artillery were sent to Mobile. 5,000 of the soldiers joined Johnston In North Carolina. About 9,000 are said to have left the ranks between Tupelo and North Carolina. Forrest's cav alry went to Mississippi. January 22d the Confederates sent a party down the James River to examine the river obstructions. January 23d the Confederate fleet proceeded down the river to Trent's Reach. The Fredericksburg passed the obstruc tions, but the Virginia and Richmond ran aground. They were discovered at daybreak, and the Federal Battery, Fort Parsons, opened on them. The Onandaga, which on the approach of the Confederate vessels had retired down the river, now retumed and joined in the attack. With the flood-tide the Virginia and Richmond were floated off, and withdrew up the river. Confederate gunboat Drewry, and a torpedo launch, were destroyed. The armor of the Virginia was penetrated. That night the Confederate fleet came down again, but retired after hot firing from the batteries on the banks. They started down at 6 p. m. The Fredericksburg passed obstructions at 1 :15 a. m. She returned and anchored above the Virginia. The land batteries began firing before day. On the second trip the FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 263 exhaust pipe of the Virginia and smoke-stack were found so riddled as to fill the gundeck with smoke and steam, which was the cause of the Confederates returning. The pilots of the Virginia were blamed. H. G. Gibson was in command of Knoxville and a bri gade from January 28th, 1865, to the end of the War. January 28th, 1865, the vessel of Wm. Radford, Vir ginia, did more execution than any other vessel In the fleet. Pope was In command of the Military Division of the Missouri from January 30th, 1865, to the end. The Federal army started on the march through the Carolinas February 1st. From February, 1865, to the close, Benj. F. Sands, Maryland, commanded the division blockading the Texas coast. Lee was made commander-in-chief of the Confederate forces Febmary 2d, 1865. Battle of Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, Va., February 5th to 7th, 1865. The Federals had some severe fighting with the troops of A. P. Hill and Gordon, extending In trenchments. Henry A. Morrow, Virginia, was gallant and of service. He was severely wounded while bearing colors of a regiment In rallying troops. By February 7th the Federal lines were extended to Hatcher's Run. The 16th corps was started from Eastport February 6th against Mobile. The designation of the Department of Virginia and North Carolina was changed to the Department of Vir ginia Febmary 8th. The 23d corps arrived at Fort Fisher February 9th. February 9th, Balch, Tennessee, with the Pawnee, So noma and Daffodil, ascended Tagodo Creek, North Edisto, S. C, and engaged three batteries of 11 or 12 guns, driving Confederates from their earthworks. The Pawnee was hit ten times, Sonoma twice and Daffodil twice. T. S. FiUe broun, District of Columbia, commanded the Sonoma. 254 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS James Island, S. C, February 10th. From 2,000 to 3,000 of the Federal right column effected a landing on James Island, two miles from Charleston. Febmary 10th Palmer, Kentucky, was given command of the Military Department of Kentucky, relieving S. G. Burbridge, Kentucky. BuU's Bay Expedition, February 11th. Fabius Stanly, North Carolina, commanded the naval forces, mounting 68 guns and 13 field-pieces. Its success was followed by the fall of Charleston. Balch, Ridgely, FiUebroun, A. A. Semmes, District of Columbia, and A. W. Johnson, District of Columbia, were In It. Rousseau, Kentucky, was given command of the District of Middle Tennessee, headquarters Nashville, February 12th. Lee assumed supreme command of the Confederate forces February 17th. Columbia, S. C, was captured and destroyed the night of February 17th. Charleston, S. C, was evacuated February 17th. Gus- tavus H. Scott, Virginia, took part, with the Cana/ndaigua, In the reduction of Charleston. He was senior officer at Its surrender. Weaver was on advanced picket at Charles ton when It was entered the 18th. A. A. Semmes was en gaged in the fall of Charleston. Jos. M. Bradford, Tennessee, was concerned. Wm. K. Mayo, Virginia, was present. Fort Anderson, Cape Fear River, N. C, was attacked by water February 18th. It was abandoned the 19th. It was half way between Fort Fisher and Wilmington. Ed ward E. Stone, Georgia, commanded the Monitor Montauk, foremost vessel at the capture. He was slightly wounded. The Montauk bore the fire some hours. The squadron captured Forts Strong and Lee near Wilmington. F. M. Ramsay, Unadilla, and Spotts, Pawtucket, were in several engagements with Fort Anderson and other forts on Cape Fear River. Wm. C. Wise, Virginia, commanded the flag- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 255 ship Malvem in attacks on Forts Strong and Anderson, and various operations on the Cape Fear River. The Confederates abandoned Wilmington, N. C, Feb ruary 22d. The 23d corps and other forces occupied it the same day. Some of the corps were sent to New Bern, and moved thence via KInston to Goldsboro to open the railway. The main forces moved directly on Goldsboro. Communication with the army marching up from Savan nah was Instituted via river from Wilmington to Fayette ville about the 23d. February 23d Thomas arrived at Eastport with Instruc tions to fit out an expedition of 5,000 or 6,000 cavalry to demonstrate upon Tuscaloosa and Selma in favor of Canby's operations against Mobile and central Alabama. February 25th Johnston succeeded Beauregard in com mand of the forces in North Carolina. February 27th Thomas was actuated to have cavalry again raid into Virginia, and destroy the railroad as far toward Lynchburg as possible. Federal cavalry marched south in the Shenandoah Val ley February 27th to Staunton, Va. T. S. FiUebroun, District of Columbia, was in engage ment with batteries in Tagodo River, Febmary, 1865. S. S. Carroll, District of Columbia, was In temporary command of the Department of West Virginia, February- March, 1865. Cornelius K. Strlbling, South Carolina, commanded the Eastern Gulf Blockading Squadron, February, 1865, to the close of the War. Combat of Waynesboro, Va., March 2d, 1866. Fed erals overcame Early with weak resistance, capturing the supplies, ammunition and a great part of the force. Geo. L. Gillespie, Tennessee, was among those engaged. The Federals proceeded to destroy the Virginia Central Rail road, and the James River canal. Cheraw, S. C, March 3d. F. P. Blair, Kentucky, cap tured 26 guns. 256 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS John Newton, Virginia, fought an action at National Bridge, near St. Marks, Fla., March 6th. Battle of KInston, N. C, March 8th to 10th, 1865. Jackson's Mills, WUcox's Bridge, Wise's Fork. Sam. P. Carter, Tennessee, commanded the left wing. Hoke's divi sion was engaged. Bragg fought on the south side of the Neuse River, 8th to 10th. The night of the 10th he crossed the Neuse, and retired toward Goldsboro, leaving a detachment at KInston. Federals occupied FayetteviUe, N. C, March 11th, and Kinston March 14th. March 14th Jenkins, Virginia, was ordered to the James River. He remained there until after Lee's surrender. Geo. L. GiUespIe, Tennessee, was engaged In the action at Ashland, Va., March 14th-15th, 1865. Combat of Averysboro, N. C, March 16th, 1865. The division of W. T. Ward, Virginia, and another division of the 20th corps were deployed In front of the Confeder ate line. Ward's skirmishers soon developed the Confed erates. He was engaged in the general battle. A brigade was sent to the left and got In the rear of the Confederate Intrenchments. The Confederates lost a battery and some men, and retreated to another line of works a short way back, and the Federals took position in front of them. Ward captured three guns and 217 men. Hardee re treated during the night. Ward pursued him through Averysboro. Johnston had Hardee fight at Averysboro to gain time to concentrate his army. Johnston was uniting all his available Infantry at Smithfield, and Hardee's re treat was toward Raleigh to make It appear that the way to Goldsboro was clear. March 18th Thomas' cavalry crossed the Tennessee River near Eastport, and started toward Tuscaloosa, Ala. The force was largely mounted infantry. Battle of BentonvIUe, N. C, March 19th to 21st, 1865. Plampton's cavalry moved out the morning of the 18th FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 257 to meet the Federals. He skirmished until afternoon, when he was pressed back to the crest of a wooded hill, which overlooked a very large field, which he favored as a proper place for the battle. He dismounted his men and held the position against a slight attack. Hampton moved out the moming of the 19th, and again occupied his position of the previous evening, while the infantry took position, then he fell back. The Federals struck Bragg's left vigorously. Hardee sent one division to its support, and his other to the extreme right. The attack upon Bragg was repulsed with heavy loss, and an other upon Stewart. The Federal left wing was separated from and ahead of the right wing. A deserter (a Federal prisoner induced to enlist with the Confederates) gave in formation that Johnston was commanding in front, intend ing to strike this wing before the other could support It. He reported a very large force Immediately In front. Johnston stmck Thomas' old corps, the 14th, which fought with determination. It was badly battered, but managed to present a front. Johnston had come down stealthily from Smithfield. A mile in rear the 14th corps rallied on the 20th In a dense growth of young pines. Johnston continued to press the Federals back, except on the Fed eral right, resting on a swamp, and covered by Intrench ments. Vandever, Maryland, was bravely engaged on the right, which held fast. About the time Hardee's corps arrived in the morning, a heavy attack was made on Hoke's division, and Bragg applied for reenforcements. Johnston complied. This prevented the full weight of Hardee's corps from being thrown on the Federal left with the other troops. The Federal assault was repelled early in the forenoon and Johnston's counter attack was In the after noon. A messenger with the tidings of Johnston's pres ence reached the separated right wing about sundown. About 6 p. m. the Federals made an aggressive showing, but with little effect. They were able to hold their ground 258 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS then untU night. The Confederates retumed to their first position after night fell, carrying three guns and the Federal wounded. The Federal wings were in touch by noon 20th and made repeated attacks during the day. Mobile Campaign. Canby's easterly column left Pensa cola March 20th. It feinted toward Montgomery, moving to Pollard, then turned toward Mobile. Thomas' other cavalry expedition left KnoxviUe about March 20th, on the raid toward Lynchburg. The force was the division of A. C. Gillem, Tennessee. It came to Wilkesboro, N. C. The troops were about 10,000 in num ber. They destroyed the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad from Wytheville nearly to Lynchburg, captured more than 6,000 prisoners, and destroyed many stores. S. P. Carter, Tennessee, drove out the Confederates and occupied Goldsboro, N. C, March 20th. Bentonville, March 21st. The armies from Wilmington and Savannah were vIrtuaUy united. The right wing was up. The day was spent in light fighting. There was active skirmishing on the Confederate left. A small Con federate force was hurried to meet the flanking troops and charged successfuUy. Johnston's left flank was endan gered, threatening his retreat by bridge, and he retreated during the night toward Raleigh. The Federals pressed him hard, but were repulsed. From Bentonville the 22d the army marched to Golds boro. In the Campaign in the Carolinas Blair commanded the 17th corps. Force and Vandever commanded divisions. Theo. Jones, District of Columbia, was in the march. In the army from Wilmington Carter and T. J. Henderson, Tennessee, commanded divisions from Beaufort. Jos. A. Cooper, Kentucky, commanded a division. Both of Thomas' cavalry expeditions moved March 22d. The one headed on Lynchburg was to go later Into North Carolina, FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 259 Wood's corps was ordered by Thomas to advance from Huntsville as far into east Tennessee as It could supply Itself, repairing the railroad, and fonn, if necessary, a support to the North Carolina cavalry expedition, which did go into North Carolina, and a detachment into Vir ginia. A detachment struck Salem, Va. M. C. Meigs, Georgia, was at Goldsboro March 22d to April 13th, 1866, directing the opening of communica tions for supplying the armies In North Carolina. Thomas' Alabama cavalry expedition moved south. Forrest was 150 miles southwest of Eastport. The move ment In Alabama was under Thomas' direction. John T. Croxton and Eli Long, both of Kentucky, commanded divisions. A. J. Alexander, Kentucky, was engaged. There were 13,500 men. This was a unique expedition — In some measure the campaign of a mounted army. It fought in the field and against fortified places. It was di rected by Thomas up to Selma. The North Carolina and Lynchburg expedition was ef fective. It swept through southwest Virginia, blocking Lee's communications with that region, and diminishing his supplies, and, turning into North Carolina, It captured the military prison at Salisbury, and interinipted Lee's railroad communications through that fertile region. It was a factor in the needy condition which was dictating the abandonment of Richmond. The Federal cavalry from the Valley of Virginia had destroyed the Virginia Central Railroad for miles, and the James River canal. It arrived at White House, Va., March 19th. It moved from White House March 24th for the James. During this move Ord sent forces to cover the crossings of the Chlckahominy. Battle of Fort Stedman, Va., March 25th, 1865. About 3 A. m. Fort Stedman was aroused, unusual commotion on the Confederate side having been noticed. The Confed erates advanced to surprise the Fort In the darkness of the early hours. They assaulted the line in front of the 260 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 9th corps. The attack first feU on Battery X and the works to the right. Some Confederates were captured there. The Confederates attacked the rear of Fort Sted man, having entered by the breach of Battery X, and took possession of the Fort. They took a part of the line to the right and left, established themselves, and turned the guns of Fort Stedman against the Federals. Confederates passing to the left of Fort Stedman marched between Fort Haskell and its pickets. They were seen and howitzers were trained on them, and fired on the head of the Confederate column. Confederates attacked Fort Haskell unsuccess fully. Other Confederates from Fort Stedman advanced along the trenches to the right. Some of the 3d Maryland regiment came Into Fort Haskell, assisting It. The Con federates captured concealed batteries XI and XII, to the left of Fort Stedman. The Confederates could not easily deploy to advance upon the military road east, because of enfilading fire of Battery IX and Fort Haskell. The tel egraph line to City Point was cut early. Some of the Confederates, accordingly, reached the military road. The field artUlery, directed by John C. TIdball, Virginia, com manding the artillery brigade of the 9th corps, took po sition on the hills in rear of Fort Stedman, and opened on the captured works and space around. He gathered a large number of pieces of artillery, and so planted them, In rear of the captured works, as to sweep the space be tween the Unes. The guns drove the Confederates to bomb- proofs, materially Interfering with the deployment of a line of battle. TIdball was courageous and serviceable. Federal reserves were brought up. The Federal line was f omied in a semi-circle. At 7 :30 an advance on the Fort Stedman line was made. Fort Stedman and the whole Intrenched line were retaken. Nearly 2,000 Confederates were captured, and the others lost heavily in getting back. They met a fire from Fort Haskell, and batteries IX and McGIlvery. 3d Maryland and other troops charged along the breastworks and helped reoccupy Fort Stedman. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 261 Assault on Petersburg Lines. The 2d and 6th corps were ordered to advance at once and feel the Confederates. Pushing forward, they captured an Intrenched picket line in their front, taking prisoners. The Confederates failed in hard efforts to regain this line. Getty, with bravery, contributed. The Federal cavalry from the Shenandoah Valley, via White House, crossed James River, and joined the army in front of Petersburg March 27th. Canby, Kentucky, laid siege to Spanish Fort March 27th. Wm. P. Benton, Maryland, commanding a division, was on the left. March 28th Federal Monitor Milwaukee was blown up by a torpedo in Mobile Bay. Next day the Osage was blown up. Action of Gravelly Run, or Quaker Road, Va., March 29th. Federals started at 3 a. m. Cavalry had been in structed to move In the direction of Dinwiddle C. H., and to be ready to strike the Confederate right and rear. The Intention was to reenforce It with a corps of infantry, and cut Lee off from the route toward Danville, in case the Federals should be successful. Ord had drawn three divisions from north of the James and transferred them to the Federal left. The remainder of Ord's army was left to hold the Federal lines. He extended from the works in front of Petersburg to the Intersection of Hatcher's Run and the Vaughan road. There was a heavy rain March 29th and 30th, and most of the cavalry was ordered back. The 2d and 5th corps moved on parallel lines against Lee's flank, and encountered his line of battle. A sharp fight occurred. The 2d corps was opposite Lee's extreme right. Battle of Boydtown and White Oak Roads, Va., March 31st. The cavalry reported Confederates intrenching at Five Forks and westward a mile. Lee had sent Pickett there, with Infantry and cavalry. The 5th corps ad vanced to find out how large a Confederate force held the 262 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS White Oak Road and to dislodge It. It assaulted vig orously. The Confederates drove two of the divisions back upon the third. Reenforcements came from the 2d corps, and by noon the Confederates were checked. The Federals took the offensive and a flank attack was made on the Confederate troops facing the 5th corps. The Confederates soon fell back. There was a forward move ment by the 5th corps later in the afternoon, the Confed erates receding. The 5th corps had been sent forward this day by two roads. In the hope of catching the Confed erates between them. Action of Dinwiddle C. H., Va., March 31st. Federal cavalry a little north of Dinwiddle C. H. were driven back east. The cavalry had struck the Confederate right and rear, but, after some success, had been driven. The cav alry made a stand on high ground just north of Din widdle. They held their position there after fighting. Gillespie, Tennessee, was engaged. Montevallo, Ala., March 31st. The brigade of A. J. Alexander, Kentucky, leading Thomas' Alabama cavalry expedition, struck the Confederates, driving them In con fusion by a charge. Fred. W. Benteen, Virginia, with the 10th Missouri cavalry, swept over the bridge, and, swinging Into a thicket bordering the creek, dismounted his men. He advanced against the Confederate position. Forrest was ousted and pursued to Randolph. Big Mulberry Creek, April 1st. Forrest presented bat tle front. EU Long, Kentucky, formed, and broke For rest's Une. The brigade of A. J. Alexander hurried up and formed on Long's left. They advanced and Forrest was routed. Alexander captured two guns and Long one. The brigade of J. T. Croxton, Kentucky, was detached at Elyton to move on Tuscaloosa, while the main command marched toward Selma. A Confederate division marching from Tuscaloosa toward the Federal main force had Its rear-guard struck by Croxton, who Interposed between it and Its train. The main force learned this by an Inter- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 263 cepted dispatch, and that the Confederates intended at tacking Croxton at daylight, April 1st, and other important Information. The main force pushed on to ward Selma. Long was ordered to help push Forrest toward Selma. Ebenezer Church, April 1st. Federals stmck Forrest's right wing. Long's division attacked, and, with the aid of A. J. Alexander's brigade, carried the position In a short while. Alexander fought with skill and spirit. The Confederates retreated toward Selma. Canby's column from Pensacola deployed before Fort Blakely April 1st. John C. TIdball, Virginia, was engaged in assault from Fort Sedgwick on Confederate works April 1st. Battle of Five Forks, Va., April 1st, 1865. The force facing the Federal cavalry fell back In the early morning. The 5th corps joined the cavalry In the morning. The cavalry followed up the Confederates, and about 1 p. m. reported that they were retiring behind their Intrenched position at Five Forks. About 3 p. m. reports reached Fitzhugh Lee of a large body of infantry marching around and menacing the Con federate left flank. Cavalry dismounted demonstrated against the Confederate front, the Confederates facing south. At 4 o'clock the Federal Infantry formation against the Confederate left flank was complete, and the Federals attacked Pickett. The dismounted cavalry as saulted as soon as the Confederate left flank was struck. A portion of the 5th corps line gave way at one time. Pickett's left flank was crushed. The Confederates main tained the right of their line, confronting the cavalry, after the left and center had given way. The 5th corps then swept down the line. The Federal advance toward the railroad was repulsed by Rosser's cavalry. Pickett had 7,000 men, and was driven westward rapidly. He was driven back several miles, the retreat becoming a rout, fol lowed principally by the cavalry. Fitzhugh Lee remained 264 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS in position on Hatcher's Run near Five Forks during the night. Pickett had five brigades and R. H. Anderson was bringing three brigades by a circuitous route. Thus eight brigades were missing in the Petersburg contest next day. Richard N. Bowerman, Maryland, fought with bravery and good conduct. David L. Stanton, Maryland, was con spicuous. Gillespie, Tennessee, was engaged. Battle of Petersburg, — Grand Assault, April 2d, 1865. The turning of Lee's right exposed his communications and necessitated his movement to cover them. A successful assault might hold him. The assault was ordered on the Petersburg lines at 4 :45 a. m. The Confederate line was broken by 5 :15 a. m. The lines were broken In various places. Ord was engaged early. He broke through in trenchments and carried the line on Hatcher's Run. At 8 A. M. the division of Wm. Hays, Virginia, carried an important earthwork, with 3 guns and most of the garri son. About 8 :30 a. m. a report came from Ord of the capture of works south of Hatcher's Run. Ord car ried a considerable part of the works, taking many pris oners. Lee's right having been struck, the Army of the Potomac troops there and Ord were both directed to face eastward, and close up toward the inner lines which cov ered Petersburg. They swung to the right, closing all Confederates on that side In Petersburg. Lee then made a determined fight against the 9th corps, which was threat ening his Inner line on his extreme left, and the bridge across the Appomattox. Lee assaulted It repeatedly, but did not force It back. Lee had ordered Longstreet up from the north side of the James, and with Longstreet re enforced his extreme right. By noon nearly all of the outer works were In the Federal hands except two strong redoubts — Forts Gregg and Whitworth. About 1 p. m. three of Ord's brigades swept down upon Fort Gregg, which surrendered after a fierce fight. Geo. B. Dandy, Georgia, commanded one of the brigades and took a prominent part. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 265 Win. B. Ciirtis, Maryland, performed striking and efficient service in its capture. Fort Whitworth was then aban doned. One of Ord's divisions took Fort Alexander, shortening besieging lines and weakening the defenses of Petersburg. The evacuation of Petersburg began at 10 p. M., April 2d. That day, under orders. Admiral Semmes blew up the Confederate vessels In the James River. In the campaign against Petersburg, Getty, Wm. Bir ney and Thos. M. Harris, Virginia, commanded divisions. Harris was valiant in the assault on Petersburg. John S. Witcher, Virginia, showed bravery and merit. Tompkins, Virginia, commanded the artillery brigade of the 6th corps. Fred T. Dent, Missouri, obtained mention. Hawley, North Carolina, and Andrew W. Evans, Maryland, were engaged. Bache commanded the flag-ship on the James In the final operations. Jas. H. Spotts, North Carolina, was engaged In the bombardment of batteries above Dutch Gap in April, 1865. Combat of Selma, Ala., April 2d. An Englishman who had been employed by the Confederates In planning and constructing the fortifications of Selma was arrested. He made a topographical sketch of them, and explained them and the surrounding country. Long's division took the advance to Selma. Arriving, he dismounted his men, and formed on the left of the road. His division, A. J. Alex ander's and another brigade, carried the works at a single charge dismounted. He drove the Confederates to the city. His rear had been threatened, but he merely strengthened it with a regiment. The charge was a fine one, the line being completely exposed. Long was se verely wounded. Alexander fought with valor. Selma was captured with 32 guns and 2,700 prisoners, and large stores. The arsenal, powder-works, etc., were destroyed. The Siege of Fort Blakely, Mobile Harbor, began AprU 2d. K. Garrard's division was on the left. 266 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Petersburg surrendered at 4:28 a.m., April 3d. Fed eral troops were pushed west early with all haste. The cavalry were pressing the Confederates. Richmond, having been evacuated, was entered at 8:15 A. M. Many guns were captured in it. 6,000 Confed erates were taken. Farragut had temporary command In the James River, where he was stationed at the time of the fall of Richmond. Wm. Radford, Virginia, commanded the James River Di vision of the North Atlantic Squadron until its fall. F. M. Ramsay and A. A. Semmes, District of Columbia, were present. A. W. Weaver, District of Columbia, took the Mahopac up James River, and participated in night bom bardment of Confederate works near Richmond just previ ous to their evacuation. He, too, was present at its fall. Wm. C. Wise, Virginia, commanded the flag-ship Malvern on James River during the final movements against Rich mond, and it carried President Lincoln up to Richmond April 4th, it being the first Federal vessel to reach the city. April 4th Ord marched toward BurkevIUe to head Lee off from Danville. Lee, arriving at Amelia C. H. 4th a. m., found the army supplies ordered not there. He lost nearly 24 hours trying to collect subsistence in the country. He might have worked around the Federals and kept down the railroad but for this delay. Croxton, Kentucky, had an engagement with Wirt Adams near BrldgevIUe April 4th. Croxton captured Tuscaloosa, Ala., destroying military stores. Amelia Springs, Va., April 5th. The cavalry inter cepted Lee's advance down the Richmond & Danville Rail road toward BurkevIUe. Lee was then at Amelia C. H. He marched west therefrom during the night. He had learned of the approach of Infantry and general advance of the Federal army toward BurkevIUe. This defeated his design of moving down the railroad. His march was directed upon Farmville, where supplies were ordered from Lynchburg. The change of route threw troops over roads FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 267 traveled by artillery and wagon trains, impeding the ad vance and embarrassing movements. High Bridge, April 6th. Ord had sent a force to de stroy High Bridge, beyond Sailor's Creek, over the Appo mattox. It struck the head of Lee's marching column, while preparing to cross the Appomattox, and attacked, causing the loss of precious time. The Confederates were between Ord and this force of less than 600 infantry and cavalry. They charged Lee's advancing columns repeat edly. Most of the men were killed or wounded, and the rest finally surrendered. The delay was damaging to Lee. The Federals captured a large part of his wagon trains. The affair contributed greatly to the day's success at Sailor's Creek. Battle of Sailor's Creek, DeatonvIUe, or Harper's Farm, Va., April 6th. Longstreet's corps reached Rice's Station. Anderson, commanding Pickett's and B. R. Johnson's di visions, became disconnected from the rear of Longstreet. Federal cavalry penetrated the Interval and attacked the wagon train. This seriously delayed the march of the center and rear, enabling the Federals to mass upon their flank. Anderson found a heavy force of cavalry posted strongly In his front. Ewell was behind Anderson, and the Federals came up on Ewell from the east. Anderson at tacked in front and was repulsed, while Ewell, without artillery, held the force In rear In check. Before the ad vancing Federals reached the crest of the heights occupied by EweU, his troops in heavy column charged Impetuously upon and through the center of the assaulting line. The Federal center was completely broken and a disaster was imminent. The Confederate piercing column now became exposed to a renewed fire of Federal artillery east of Sailor's Creek. The right and left wings of the Federals each forced Ewell's flanks back, and, wheeling toward the center, poured infantry fire upon his flanks. Anderson was broken and dispersed and the Federals came up through Anderson's position from the rear, completing the encom- 268 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS passment of Ewell on his rear and right. Confederate officers tried to form lines to the right and left to repel the flank attacks. Federal troops on the flanks were pushed up to within a few feet of the massed Confederates, rendering Impossible any re-formation or change of direc tion. A few were bayoneted on each side. Ewell's force, including Commodore Tucker and his marine brigade, which, under cover of a dense forest, had been passed by, surrendered. Gordon was behind Ewell. All the moming, aided by W. H. F. Lee's cavalry, he had been checking the Federal advance on the road from Amelia Springs, and protecting the trains. He became exposed to combined assaults, bravely resisted, and twice repulsed them. The cavalry having been withdrawn to another part of the line of march. Federals massing heavily on Gordon's front and both flanks renewed the attack about 6 p. m. and drove him from the field in much confusion. Ord pushed out to Rice's Station. The march of the Confederates continued during the night. Getty and Gillespie were among those engaged at Sailor's Creek. Ord hurried along a more southerly road, while the Army of the Potomac followed Lee's steps. Wm. Hays, Virginia, was assigned to command of the artillery reserve April 6th. Combat of Farmville, Va., April 7th. Lee crossed the Appomattox at High Bridge and set the bridge afire. The Federals managed to extinguish the flames ere they had made much progress. At Farmville some of the Confed erate troops missed their food supply. The train was re moved on the approach of the Federals. Lee, marching toward Appomattox C. H., intended to march thence by CampbeU C. H., through Pittsylvania to Danville, The roads were very bad and progress was slow. Troops on the north side of the Appomattox River near Farmville were driven back by Fitz Lee. The second corps was also on the north side, isolated from the rest of the infantry. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 269 It was heavily engaged. The 6th coi-ps was ordered to cross the river and move rapidly to its support. Getty was engaged. The head of Lee's column reached Appomattox C. H. in the evening, April 8th. March was ordered to be re sumed at 1 A. M. the 9th. In the early part of the night Federals attacked Walker's artillery train near Appomat tox Station and were repelled. Shortly after, Federal cav alry dashed toward Appomattox C. H. till halted by the Confederate line. During the night there were indications of a large force massing on Lee's left and front. Fitzhugh Lee was directed to ascertain its strength and delay his advance till daylight, if necessary. Geo. L. Gillespie, Ten nessee, was engaged In an action at Appomattox Station, April 8th. Lee's vanguard was pushed back to Appo mattox C. H., losing guns and men. Spanish Fort, Mobile Harbor, April 8th. There was bombardment by 90 land guns and all vessels within range. Lodgment was effected in the evening on the right. Dur ing the night the garrison retreated. The Federals cap tured 500 men and nearly 50 guns. Canby, Kentucky, commanded the army, assaulting and occupying the Fort that night. Wm. R. Marshall, Missouri, led his brigade in the advance on Spanish Fort. He was wounded in the neck, but continued In command. Fort Blakely, Mobile Harbor, April 9th. Canby, com manding the army, took Fort Blakely by a general assault of 16,000 men. He captured 3,423 men and more than 40 guns. Kenner Garrard, Kentucky, led the storming column which captured the Fort. Jas. I. Gilbert, Ken tucky, performed faithful and good service In the cam paign against Mobile and Its defenses. Canby accom plished an Important and valuable service In the reduction of the defenses of Mobile. Appomattox Station, Lee's Surrender, April 9th, 1865. Ord marched with two corps from daylight April 8th until the morning of the 9th with a rest of only three hours. 270 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS About 6 A. M. 9th, with Gordon on the left, Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry moved forward and opened the way. A heavy force was discovered opposite Gordon's right, which, mov ing toward Appomattox C. H., drove back the left of the cavalry and threatened to cut off Gordon from Longstreet, Federal cavalry at the same time threatening to envelope Gordon's left flank. Ord's force and a division of the 6th corps reached Appomattox Station about daylight. Gordon withdrew across the Appomattox River and Con federate cavalry advanced on the Lynchburg road and became separated from the army. Ord's men and the 5th corps troops took position on the high ground to the south and southwest of Lee, supporting the cavalry, heading Lee off. Ord was present. The ground was open to Lee on the northwest and thickly wooded. Thos. M. Harris, Vir ginia, sent out a detachment which silenced the last Con federate guns at Appomattox. Lee's army wanted sub sistence and a supply could not be gathered in the country. Supplies ordered to Pamplln's Station from Lynchburg could not reach the army. The men were worn out and exhausted. Lee was led to surrender the army on parole. An essential contributing cause to this result was Ord's skillful, hard march the night before. In Lee's army there remained 7,892 organized Infantry with arms. In all, 26,000 men were surrendered. Getty, Gillespie and Geo. B. Dandy, Georgia, were engaged at Appomattox. In the Appomattox campaign Ord commanded the Army of the James, with the defenses of Bermuda Hun dred, etc., the 24th and 25th corps and cavalry. Wm. Hays, Virginia, commanded the artillery reserve. Hays, Getty and Wm. Bimey commanded divisions. TIdball commanded the artillery brigade of the 9th corps. A. W. Denison, Maryland; R. N. Bowerman, Maryland; David L. Stanton, Maryland; Dandy; Wm. B. Curtis, Maryland; Harris; and Henry A. Morrow, Virginia, participated. Morrow commanded the " Iron Brigade " from Petersburg to the close of the War. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 271 April 9th Thomas' cavalry expedition which had been in Virginia moved into North Carolina again. At German- ton, N. C, the force divided, part going to Salem and the main body to Salisbury. The railroad was destroyed to Danville. Getty was in the march from Appomattox to Danville, and to and about Washington, from April 10th to the close of the War. The combined army in North Carolina started from Goldsboro for Raleigh April 10th. It reached Smithfield the 11th, Johnston had fallen back to Raleigh. The fleet gained the rear of Mobile by the Blakely and Tensas, and Canby's men crossed the Bay under convoy. Forts Huger and Tracy were captured April 11th. Maury, in command at Mobile, marched out April 11th, and Canby entered next day. Maury withdrew to Merid ian, Miss, Near Salisbury, N. C, April 12th, Thomas' cavalry defeated 3,000 Confederates, Gillem, Tennessee, partici pating with good conduct. 18 guns and over 1,200 pris oners were captured, and the Confederates were disorgan ized. The Federals entered Salisbury that day. The railroad south of Salisbury was destroyed. Montgomery, Ala., surrendered to Thomas' Alabama cavalry expedition April 12th. Federal cavalry occupied Raleigh April 14th. The night of April 14th President Lincoln was shot. He died in the moming, and Andrew Johnson, North Caro lina, was sworn in as President that day, thereby becoming commander-in-chief of the army and navy. Action of Columbus, Ga., AprU 16th. Part of the bri gade of A. J. Alexander, Kentucky, in Thomas' Alabama cavalry expedition, struck the Confederate pickets and drove them through Girard. Alexander showed skill and daring. The Confederates destroyed the bridge across the River to Columbus, Ga. The Federals attacked at another point and secured a bridge. Benteen's Missourians crossed 272 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS the bridge. Columbus was captured. It was a night at tack. 1,200 prisoners, 52 field-guns, and large quantities of arms and stores were taken. The Confederate ram Jackson, nearly finished, was destroyed. April 16th, West Point, Ga., was taken by a brigade moving separately from the main force at Columbus. Three guns were captured. April 17th negotiations were had for the surrender of Johnston's army. Macon, Ga., was occupied April 20th by Thomas' cav alry. After the 20th Croxton commanded a division. Thomas made dispositions for the capture of Jefferson Davis and his party, with the result that he was captured. A. C. Gillem, Tennessee, was engaged in an action near AsheviUe, N. C, April 22d. April 26th Johnston surrendered 29,924 men on parole. J. T. Croxton, Kentucky, marched 653 miles to get up with the main cavalry force, joining at Macon May 1st. He destroyed five large Iron-works and large supplies and captured four guns. The old command of General Morgan surrendered to Hobson, Kentucky, at Mt. Sterling, May 1st. May 4th, 1865, Richard Taylor surrendered to Canby at CItronelle all remaining Confederate forces east of the Mississippi. The naval forces surrendered also. Croxton, Kentucky, was given the instructions under which Jefferson Davis was captured. Under the theory that he would attempt to escape toward the Florida coast, detachments were sent out. He was captured by the cav alry near Irwinsville, Ga., May 10th. May 10th Sam Jones' command of 8,000 men surren dered at Tallahassee, Fla. May 11th Jeff Thompson's command of 7,454 men sur rendered at Chalk Bluff, Ark. Kirby Smith surrendered to Canby all of the trans- Mississippi forces, 20,000, May 26th. June 2d, 1865, Benj. F. Sands, Maryland, with his gun- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 273 boats, took possession of Galveston, Texas — the last city to surrender. June 3d Lieut. J. H. Carter and the Confederate naval forces under his command surrendered. S. A. Hurlbut, South Carolina, commanded the Depart ment of the Gulf the last year of the War. Sol. Meredith, North Carolina, was in command of Paducah at the close of the War. S. P. Lee, Virginia, commanding the Mississippi Squad ron, occupied the last months of the War In convoy duty, maintaining communication on the Mississippi, blockading the Red River, and in active operations with the army by the fleets in the Tennessee River and the Cumberland River. This was an exacting and difficult service. There were hot engagements with the Confederate batteries and troops on the banks. Lee received the surrender of the last of the Confederate fleet on the western waters. Any reader whose view of the deeds of northem Federals may have been obscured by the foregoing recital can bring them clearly before him by the perusal of special works devoted to them and general histories. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SOUTHERN OFFICERS COMMANDING BRIGADES, OR ABOVE ; COM MANDING A VESSEL, OR MORE, WITH THEIR RANK AND RECORD, SHOW ING WHERE THEY FOUGHT; AND SOME OTHER SOUTH ERNERS WHO NOTABLY AIDED THE FED ERAL CAUSE. The Rank Given is the Highest Held in Battle. Many Officers Received Promotion to Date from March 13th, 1865, and Other Dates, Who Appear Not to Have Been Engaged in Battle Thereafter, to Command Commensurately. Abercromble, John J., Tennessee. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Falling Waters. Shenandoah campaign, 1861—62. At Fair Oaks his brigade was cut off and sus tained a severe attack. He was wounded. Seven Days' Battles. At Malvem Hill he pushed after the repelled Confederates and helped advance the right of the line. He commanded troops before Washington. In Its defense, was in command of works about Chain Bridge, September, 1862, to April, 1863. In command of a division at Cen treville, April to August, 1863. In command of depots about Fredericksburg for the distribution of troops, etc.. May, 1864, and at White House, June, 1864, being en gaged in Its defense against Hampton's Legion. Abert, John J., Maryland. Commander corps of Topographical Engineers. 275 276 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Alexander, A. J., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Peninsula campaign. Gettysburg campaign. Atlanta campaign. At Montevallo his brigade, leading, struck the Confederates, driving them in confusion by a charge. At Mulberry Creek, he hurried his brigade up and helped defeat Forrest. He captured two guns. At Ebenezer Church, skillful and bold, he aided in taking the Confederate position. He was conspicuous in the noted charge which captured Selma. At Columbus, Ga., part of his brigade struck the Confederate pickets and drove them through Girard. Alexander, Barton S., Kentucky. Brigadier General. Blackburn's Ford. Bull Run. Before Yorktown. West Point, landing the leading division. Fair Oaks. Gaines' Mill. Goldlng's Farm. Chief Engineer of defenses of Washington, June 1st, 1864, to the end of the War. Ammen, Jacob, Virginia. Brigadier General of Volun teers. West Virginia campaign of 1861. Cheat Moun tain. Greenbrier. At Pittsburg Landing his brigade was the arriving reenforcement which, with some assistance, pre vented the Confederates from reaching the landing in their final charge on the 6th, handling his brigade finely. Next day resisted Confederate attempts to turn the left, occu pied by his brigade. Advance upon and fighting before Corinth. Commanded a division In the fall of 1862. In command of Covington, Ky., Camp Denison, O., and Camp Douglas, HI., October 30th, 1862, to April 14th, 1863. In command of District of Illinois, April 14th to December 17th, 1863 ; of districts of Middle Tennessee and Kentucky, January 2d to 26th, 1864, and of District of East Tennessee, April 10th, 1864, to January 14th, 1865. Commanded force of 4,200 sent by Thomas against Breckenridge, December, 1864. In command of camps of In.struction in several districts of Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee. Anderson, Robert, Kentucky. Major General U. S. Army. He was commended for his defense of Fort FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 277 Sumter. Commanded militia of Kentucky during the period of neutrality and for a few weeks thereafter. In com mand of Department of Kentucky, May 28th to August 15th, 1861. Opened a recruiting office In Cincinnati for volunteers from Kentucky and westem Virginia. He thwarted Buckner's advance on Louisville. He had the privilege of selecting four brigadier generals to serve under him. He chose Thomas as one. In command of the De partment of the Cumberland, or Department of the Ohio, August 15th to October 13th, 1861. Bache, Geo. M., District of Columbia. Lieutenant Commanding. Commanded Iron-clad Cincirmati, Missis sippi Squadron, 1862—63. He was In the attack on Haines' Bluff. Arkansas Post, silencing guns with the Cincinnati. He went up the White River directly after the capture of Fort Hindman. Capture of St. Charles. Expedition through Steele's Bayou and Deer Creek In the Cincinnati. Engagement with Vicksburg batteries May 27th, 1863, where the Cincinnati was sunk. He fought with courage. At Milliken's Bend the Lexington under Bache reached the scene of action as the Confederates were making off and shelled them. He commanded steam gunboat Lexington, 1863—64. He made a successful raid In the White River, with the Lexington, Cricket and Mar mora. He sent the Cricket up the Little Red River and proceeded to Augusta. Expedition via Red up Black and Ouachita Rivers. Red River Expedition, commanding the Lexington. Osage aground was attacked. Bache was visiting on board. A Confederate brigade fought the Osage and Lexington. Bache, In the Lexington, enfiladed the Confederates, disabling their battery and driving them off. Lexington was the first to sweep through the weir, after the fleet was stopped by low water, and a dam had been built to store the water and float it down. He com manded four vessels in the army and navy expedition up the Arkansas River. At Clarendon, Ark., he defeated bat teries and troops. Powhatan both assaults on Fort Fisher. 278 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS He commanded the right wing in the sailors' assault and was wounded severely. In command of flag-ship on James River. Bainbrldge, Edmund C, Virginia. Chief of Artillery 12th army corps, December, 1863, to April, 1864. Balch, George B., Tennessee. Commander. As a vol unteer, he led the force which landed In boats and took possession of Tybee Island. He ascended the Black River 25 miles, drove a Confederate battery from earthworks and engaged infantry on the bluffs. In command of Pocor hontas, later of the Pawnee, 1862-65. He was engaged In operations of the South Atlantic Squadron between Jan uary and July, 1863. He landed troops on Folly Island at night during the Morris Island operations. He was attacked July 16th, 1863, by two batteries. Confederates making a simultaneous attack on the soldiers. He repulsed the attack and is credited with having saved the troops. Balch was senior officer on the Stono River. The Pawnee helped In making the landing on James Island. On the Stono River, December 25th, 1863, the Pawnee was struck 46 times. The Marblehead was opened on by batteries. The Pawnee took an enfilading position and caused the retreat of the Confederates, afterward capturing two guns. Gunboat expedition up St. John's River, occupying Jack sonville. Operations in Stono River In 1864, particularly bombardment of Battery Pringle. Balch was In the at tempt to cut the railroad between Charleston and Savan nah. Honey HIU. Attack on Fort Fisher. Tagodo Creek, North Edisto, with Pawnee, Sonoma and Daffodil, he ascended and engaged three batteries, driving the Confed erates from their earthworks. Pawnee was hit 10 times, Sonoma and Daffodil twice each. Bull's Bay. Ball, William H., Virginia. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. He fought bravely and well in the Shenandoah Valley campaign, 1864, being heavily engaged at Cedar Creek. Won honor In the campaign .before Richmond. Bankhead, John P., South Carolina. Commander. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 279 Susquehanna. He commanded the Pembina at Port Royal, Seabrook and Port Royal Ferry. In command of the Florida at the capture of Fernandlna, Fla., Fort Clinch and St. Mary, Ga. When the Monitor foundered be was in command, and was among the last to leave her. Barrett, Edward, Louisiana. Lieutenant Commander. In command of the Catskill blockading Charleston. He captured the Deer, the only blockade-runner captured by a monitor. Commanded gunboat Massasoit. Barrlger, John W., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. In command of Fort Ellsworth. Fought with valor at Bull Run. Chief Commissary, Army of the Ohio. Bates, Edward, Virginia. Attorney General of the United States. Led In pointing out the necessity of cre ating a naval force In the west to get possession of the tributaries of the Mississippi River, then of the Mississippi Itself. BeU, George, Maryland. Chief of Commissariat, De partments of Washington and the Potomac. Brigadier General. Bell, Henry H., North Carolina. Commodore. Went up the Mississippi River preliminary to the bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip to obtain Information. He was under a heavy fire finding a way past the cable ob structing the river. Commanded the last of the three divisions In the passage of the forts, capturing one vessel, and destroying two. He was fleet captain. He was active in the capture of New Orleans, and restored the U. S. flag on the New Orleans custom house. In passage of the Vicksburg batteries June 28th, 1862. Siege of Vicksburg. For a time in 1863, Bell was In command of the West Gulf Squadron. He rendered essential service in the blockade. Capture of Port Hudson. Bell was a good organizer and administrator of details. Benteen, Fred. W., Virginia. Did good service at Pea Ridge. Commanded a brigade at Big Blue. Bold and 280 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS helpful at Osage. At Montevallo, with the 10th Missouri cavalry, he swept over the bridge, and, swinging into the thicket bordering the creek, dismounted his men and ad vanced against the Confederate position, contributing to the victory. At Columbus, Ga., his Missourians crossed the bridge into the city, which then fell. Benton, Thomas H., Jr., Tennessee. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Commanded a brigade at the seizure of Little Rock. Benton, William P., Maryland. Major General of Vol unteers. Organized the first company offered by Indiana. He had a command at Rich Mountain, where he displayed bravery. Pea Ridge, conspicuous. Port Gibson. Jack son. Champion's Hill. Black River. Planted colors on the slope of the earthwork at Vicksburg May 22d, 1863. He commanded a division in the campaign against Mobile and Its defenses. Berrien, John M., Georgia. Naval Captain. Com manded at Norfolk in 1865. Birney, David B., Alabama. Major General of Vol unteers. Raised a regiment in Pennsylvania. Was con spicuous at Yorktown and Williamsburg. At Seven Pines he delayed the Confederate advance east June 1st. He had moved forward and struck the right flank of Confed erates there. Birney and French pushed Confederates back. Seven Days' Battles. Glendale. Fought ably at Second Manassas. During the battle of Chantilly, com mand of a division devolved on Birney, who ordered a bayonet charge by his own brigade, which gained some ground. At Fredericksburg some of his troops were thrown forward In support of the troops who had pierced Jackson's line. The arrival of his division at a critical moment during the Confederate pursuit occupied the line of battle and aided In saving a battery. At Chancellors vIUe he reported continuous movement of Confederates toward Federal right. He had a rifled battery open on the Confederates with effect, causing them to withdraw FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 281 to another road. At midnight his division was advanced, charging down the plank road, driving back Confederates, and recovering a part of the ground lost by the 11th corps, bringing away several of the abandoned guns. He occu pied the rear in the retreat on ChancellorsvIUe next day. At Gettysburg July 2d, Bimey disclosed by reconnols- sances the presence of Confederates flanking the left. Be fore Longstreet's attack his division was posted from the Devil's Den to the Peach Orchard and along the Emmits burg road. Birney repulsed the first assault. Toward six the angle at the Peach Orchard was broken in. He commanded the 3d corps from soon after 6 p. m. One of his brigades got In the Interval between two Confederate regiments about the wheatfield, forcing the flanks back. At the Wlldemess his division was placed on the left of Getty in two lines of battle along the Brock road. He advanced to the attack. There was fierce fighting. With his own and another division, he pushed forward on the left of the Orange plank road, and drove Confederates from their rifle-pits. He was used with two other divi sions to strike Hill's right heavily, preventing Hill from Interposing between the 2d and 5th corps. At Spotsyl vania, May 10th, while withdrawing from the Confederate left, he was attacked. His division participated In the 7 p. m. assault. Birney's and another division formed the first Une In the attack on the Bloody Angle, Lee's center, at Spotsylvania, dashing over the front and flank of the works, surprising and overwhelming the Confederates In their trenches. In the hand-to-hand conflict guns were used as clubs. Ed. Johnson and most of his division. Brigadier General Geo. H. Steuart and part of two bri gades and 30 guns were captured. At Spotsylvania May 18th with another division he supported the assault on the line nearly in front of the work they had captured. At North Anna two brigades of Birney's division attacked fortification on the north side of the stream, stormed and carried it. The Confederates were unable to bum the 282 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS bridge and feU back during the night. Cold Harbor. Jerusalem plank road. In the general assault on Peters burg June 16th, 1864, he carried the ridge in his front. After July, 1864, he commanded the 10th corps. Army of the James. Deep Bottom August 12th, gained some ad vantage, taking four guns. He participated on the left of the force threatening Richmond August 14th. Six guns and several hundred prisoners were taken. In the fighting near there, August 16th to 19th, he was on the right. September 29th Bimey and Ord took Fort Harri son, with 16 guns, and a considerable portion of the in trenchments. Fort Harrison was strong. Fort Gilmer. Confederates assaulted Fort Harrison several times unsuc cessfully, with loss. Birney, WiUiam, Alabama. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Conspicuous at Second Bull Run. Chantilly. He was wounded at Fredericksburg. Chancellorsville. Fort Gilmer. Commanded a division in the campaign against Petersburg and the Appomattox campaign. Bishop, Joshua, Missouri. Lieutenant Commanding. General Bragg, siege of Vicksburg and at Helena, July 4th, 1863. Black, John C, Mississippi. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Wounded at Pea Ridge. Won honor at Prairie Grove. He helped menace the Confederate left flank, hav ing been moved across the creek. He fearlessly charged the position of the Confederates and captured a battery, being severely wounded. He was gallant in the assault on Fort Blakely. Blair, Francis P., Jr., Kentucky. Major General of Volunteers. Raised a full regiment In Missouri within ten days from the Issue of the President's caU. To the cour age, moderation and tact of Blair it was greatly due that not one member of the Missouri Convention elected Feb ruary 18th, 1861, would say he was In favor of the seces sion of Missouri. He organized Home Guards, who guarded the St. Louis arsenal, containing 65,000 stand of FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 283 arms. Arms in the arsenal were distributed to the Guards. He suggested capture of the State troops under General Frost. With his volunteers and regulars the State Guard at Camp Jackson was surrounded, and he received Its surrender. This prompt action was a large factor In the prevention of the secession of Missouri and Kentucky. At Johnston's Landing Blair took two linos of rifle-pits. At Chickasaw Bayou his men crossed the Bayou and reached the foot of the hills. He was prominent in the assault at Arkansas Post. He led In the assault on Vicks burg May 19th, 1863. It was his division which planted its colors on the works. Blair made attack at Vicksburg May 22d. Occupied Tuscumbia after fight at Cane Creek. He commanded the 15th corps at Missionary Ridge. In the march to the reUef of Knoxville, he commanded the right column, there being three divisions acting independ ently. Commanded the force marching from Huntsville, Ala., on Rome and Kingston, joining the main army June 8th. Carried Bald HIU, which gave him a full view of the heart of Atlanta. Atlanta, July 22d, 1864, the first blow against the main line struck Blair, whom the Confed erates were unable to drive. Repulsed a front attack, then had his men spring over their parapets and fight other as sailants from the reverse. During the day his corps was attacked first from the rear, then flank, then front. At Ezra Church Blair was watchful and helpful to the assailed right wing. In command of the 17th corps in Atlanta campaign, March to the Sea, and Campaign In the Caro linas. He menaced Charleston from Pocotaligo. He forced the Confederates to give way at Orangeburg. Cap tured 25 guns at Cheraw. Blair, Montgomery, Kentucky. Postmaster General. Interested the President in the Idea of provisioning and reenforcing Fort Sumter. Opposed Its surrender. Re fused to remain in the cabinet if done. Boarman, Chas., Maryland. Naval Captain. Special service. 284 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Bowerman, Richard N., Maryland. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Brave and good conduct at Five Forks. Appomattox campaign. Boyle, Junius J., Maryland. Commodore. Com manded naval asylum at Philadelphia, 1863-65. Boyle, Jeremiah T., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. He organized troops in Kentucky, and pre pared defenses against invasion, displaying ability therein. Shiloh. Kentucky troops under him met Morgan, actively opposing, on his first raid. U. S. Military Commandant of Kentucky, headquarters Louisville, June 1st, 1862, to January 12th, 1864. Bradford, Jos. M., Tennessee. Lieutenant Commander. Commanded Nipsic. Was under fire a number of times at Charleston and Stono Inlet. Fleet captain South At lantic Blockading Squadron, November, 1863, till the end of the War. Fall of Charleston. Bramlette, Thos. E., Kentucky. Raised a Kentucky Infantry regiment. Govemor of Kentucky, elected In 1863. Brannan, J. M., District of Columbia. Major General of Volunteers. Defenses of Washington, November-De cember, 1861. In command of Department of Key West, January 10th to March, 1862. In command of Port Royal, June to September, 1862. In command of Depart ment of the South, September 6th— 17th, 1862. In com mand of Expedition to St. John's River, Fla., resulting in reduction of batteries on St. John's Bluff and evacuation of Jacksonville, performing daring and useful service. Distinction at the Battle of Jacksonville. Combat of Pocotaligo, driving Confederates to Pocotaligo Bridge. Successfully retreated to Broad River before a large force. St. John's Bluff. In command of the Department of the South, October 30th, 1862, to January 24th, 1863. In command of a division of the Army of the Cumberland in the Tennessee campaign, April to September, 1863. Ploover's Gap. He helped drive the Confederates from FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 285 heights north of Garrison Creek. Evacuation of TuUa homa. Passage of Elk River. At Chickamauga recon noltering, he brought on the battle. He posted Croxton to the left, and helped press the assailing Confederates back. Transferred to another part of the field, he made a striking charge upon the victorious Confederates, driv ing back the Confederates after the line of battle had been pierced. The second day, when Brannan was struck, after the Confederates had poured into a gap and separated the two wings of the army, his right, in swinging back under fire, was thrown into temporary confusion. Order was soon restored ; he gathered his division on Snodgrass HIU, a strong position, which enabled Thomas to form a line at right angles to the front line. Brannan resisted furious attacks, fighting Intrepidly. Chief of Artillery, Depart ment of the Cumberland, October 10th, 1863, to the end of the War. He arranged defenses of Chattanooga: was charged with preparing the fortifications for heavier guns and obtaining the guns and ammunition. In charge of the artillery of the combined armies of the Tennessee and Cumberland, Battle of Chattanooga. He placed guns to protect the crossing of the Tennessee River by the left wing, and aided the taking of Lookout Mountain by a direct artillery fire on the mountain front from across the river, on Moccasin Point. His guns supported the center In the charge on Missionary Ridge. Invasion of Georgia. Operations around Dalton. Resaca. Dallas. Sustained his reputation at Kenesaw Mountain. Passage of the Chattahoochee. Combat of Peach Tree Creek. Com manded artillery forces In the Investment of Atlanta. As sault of intrenchments at Jonesboro. He made a hand some showing In the Atlanta campaign. Occupation of Atlanta, arranging the artillery for Its defense. Pie was at Chattanooga, Nashville and on Inspection tours of the Department of the Cumberland, from October, 1864, to the end of the War. His record for the War is honor able. 286 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Brice, Benj. W., Virginia. Major General U. S. Army. Paymaster General. Brown, Benj. G., Kentucky. Consulted In the project against Camp Jackson, Mo., and was In the march against it. He commanded a brigade. Brownlow, J. P., Tennessee. Commanded a brigade in the Atlanta campaign with credit. Bruce, S. D., Kentucky. Recruited a regiment. In spector General of Plome Guard. He had a part in having the Department of the Cumberland established. Commanded Smithland, Ky., and built fortifications at the mouth of the Cumberland River. Commanded and forti fied Bowling Green. At Pittsburg Landing his brigade was in the Army of the Ohio, crossing the river under fire to take part. ClarksvIUe, Tenn., clearing the Cum berland River of obstructions. He forwarded supplies and troops to Thomas In the Nashville campaign. Buchanan, Robert C, Maryland. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Defenses of Washington, November 27th, 1861, to March 10th, 1862. Engaged In the Peninsula campaign. Before Yorktown. Seven Days' Battles. At Gaines' Mill he fought fiercely and with effect, ground being lost and regained. Glendale. Brave at Malvern HIU, where he helped drive a portion of the Confederates from the battle-ground. Main Infantry rear-guard leav ing there. At Second Bull Run he rendered stout service on the left. He fought hard to preserve the line of re treat. Maryland campaign. At Antietam his brigade of regulars reenforced Pleasanton, who had crossed some cav alry and batteries over Boonsboro bridge. Rappahannock campaign. Showed valor and merit at Fredericksburg. In command of Fort Delaware, March 16th to April 14th, 1863. New -Orleans, in command of 1st Infantry, De cember, 1864, till close of the War. An accomplished Infantry officer. Buford, John, Jr., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Chief of artillery to a corps. Attached to FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 287 the staff of Pope. Kelly's Ford, August, 1862. Thor oughfare Gap, August 28th, 1862. Commanded Pope's cavalry in Second Bull Run campaign. Wounded at Second Bull Run. Chief of cavalry in the Maryland cam paign. South Mountain. Antietam. Conspicuous at Fredericksburg. Raid against Richmond, May, 1863. Beverly Ford, where his brigade attacked Confederates and gained ground. Aldle. Middleburg. Upperville. Entered Gettysburg June 30th and Confederate infantry withdrew. He took possession of Gettysburg, occupied Seminary Ridge, and placed cavalry to the north of Gettysburg. July 1st, he took position on McPherson's Ridge; met Hill's advance, and sustained the fight, using his horse artillery, until Infantry came. Reported massing of Confederates north of Gettysburg and approach of others. After Federals retreated to Seminary Ridge, he threw cavalry south of the Fairfield road. He held Lane's brigade on Confederate right in check for some time. Covered retreat to Cemetery HIU. Moving out and form ing for the charge, he delayed" Confederates to form squares In echelon, and aided the escape of the 1st corps. He materially assisted In forming infantry lines on Ceme tery HIU. Supported the center and about 4 p. m. was required to make a show of force opposite Confederate right. His services at Wolf's hill and Round Top were conspicuous. At WlUIamsport attacked Imboden, car rying wounded and prisoners to Virginia. Followed Con federates to Warrenton, Va. He covered retrograde movement of the army to Bull Run, October, 1863. Bu ford was brave and made a name as a cavalry officer. Buford, Napoleon B., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. In command of Cairo, 1861-2. In com mand of division at Jacinto, June to September, 1862. Belmont. Island No. 10. Commanded its garrison. He captured Union City by sui-prlse after a forced march. Fort PIUow. Advance upon Corinth. Corinth, October 3d, 1862. Operations against Vicksburg, Febmary, 1863. 288 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS In command at Columbus, Ky. Cairo, March to Septem ber, 1863. Helena, September 12th, 1863, to March 9th, 1865. Burbrldge, Stephen G., Kentucky. Major General of Volunteers. Raised a regiment. Routed Confederates at Woodbury, Ky. Distinction at Shiloh. Expedition against Vicksburg. Chickasaw Bluffs. At Arkansas Post his men were swarming over the intrenchments when the white flag was raised. He was among the first to enter Port Gibson. Champion's Hill. Big Black River. Vicksburg assault. May 19th, 1863. Planted colors on the slope of the earthwork at Vicksburg May 22d, 1863. During the Atlanta campaign, Kentucky was protected against raiders by Burbrldge. In May, 1864, he started for Virginia with a large mounted force. On Morgan's 5th raid Burbridge fell upon him heavily at Cynthlana. Morgan, defeated, lost half his command, and marched back to Virginia. In September, 1864, Burbridge ad vanced through eastem Kentucky, and up the Big Sandy River upon King's salt works. He was opposed at Lib erty Hall by Giltner, and Breckenridge reached SaltvUle works first. Burbridge attacked, was repulsed, and fol lowed to the Louisa fork of the Big Sandy. He held com mand In Thomas' force sent against Breckenridge in De cember, 1864. In command of District of Kentucky un til February 10th, 1865. Canby, E. R. S., Kentucky. Major General of Volun teers. Made acting brigadier general of U. S. forces in New Mexico, May, 1861. In command of the Depart ment of New Mexico, November 9th, 1861, to September 18th, 1862. Defended New Mexico against Sibley's formidable Inroad from Texas, at Fort Craig, Valverde and Peralta, exhibiting judgment, courage and generalship. Apache Cafion, Glorietta. Canby advanced to Albu querque, and the Confederates having lost their wagon train retreated over a difficult region, suffering privation, and finally moved Into Texas. His courage, skUl and FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 289 judgment did much to successfully suppress the draft riots in New York. In command of the City and Harbor of New York to November 15th, 1863. In command of the Military Division of West Mississippi, extending from Missouri to the mouth of the Mississippi, and from Texas to Florida, May 11th, 1864, to the end of the War. He took charge of the Red River army at Atchafalaya on re treat and conducted it safely to New Orleans. The latter part of July, 1864, he made arrangements to cooperate with Farragut against Mobile. With administrative talent, he well organized and equipped his forces. He landed a division on the west end of Dauphin Island, Mobile Bay, August 3d, and prepared to besiege Fort Gaines. His vigilance prevented trans-Mississippi troops from joining Hood during the Atlanta campaign. After the faU of Atlanta, he Intercepted a dispatch from President Davis to Kirby Smith and Magruder to cross the Mississippi River to join in the Tennessee campaign. He prevented the armies west of the river from crossing, as ordered, first to aid Johnston In Georgia, and then Hood against Thomas, by holding the best crossings with strong detach ments, and keeping a floating army. In conjunction with the gunboat fleet, in constant motion up and down the river. Canby moved on Mobile In two columns. He was with the one from Dauphin Island. The other was from Pensacola. Laid siege to Spanish Fort March 27th, 1865. Bombardment of Spanish Fort, AprU 8th, by 90 land guns and all vessels within range. Lodgment was ef fected in the evening on the Confederate right. During the night the garrison retreated. Canby captured 500 men and nearly 60 guns. Fort Blakely was taken by a general assault April 9th, with 3,423 prisoners and more than 40 guns. The fleet gained the rear of MobUe by the Blakely and Tensas and Canby's men crossed the Bay un der convoy. Forts Huger and Tracy were reduced with the aid of the navy. Canby entered MobUe April 12th. The capture of Mobile was a signal event. Occupation of 290 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Mobile and of Montgomery. May 4th he received the surrender of all remaining forces east of the Mississippi, and May 26th of all west of the river. Candy, Chas., Kentucky. Cedar Mountain. Chancel lorsvIUe campaign. Gettysburg, recapture of Gulp's HIU. Chattanooga. His brigade, with other troops, as cended the mountain at Dug Gap, pushing back the Con federates, May 8th, 1864. At New Hope Church his bri gade repulsed Its antagonists ; then, with other troops, pushed them back a half mile. Carr, Overton, District of Columbia. Commanded Quaker City, South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 1861. Commanded navy yard, Washington, 1864—5. Carroll, S. S., District of Columbia. Brigadier Gen eral of Volunteers. Operations In West Virginia, Decem ber 7th, 1861, to May 23d, 1862. Following Jackson south In the Shenandoah Valley, May— June, 1862. At Kernstown he helped cause the retirement of Jackson's advance force in the morning, prior to the regular battle. It was Carroll's brigade which reached Port Republic June 8th and had encounter with Jackson's vanguard. At Port Republic, June 9th, the first assault was repulsed by Carroll. Cedar Mountain. Wounded in skirmish near the Rapldan River, August 14th, 1862. Fredericksburg. Rappahannock campaign. At Chancellorsville his bri gade and another attacked Stuart's flank hard. At Get tysburg, when Early carried east Cemetery Hill, he was just In time to save It. He was dauntless and highly use ful. Bristoe Station. Mine Run operations, November 26th to December 3d, 1863. Wilderness, May 5th, sup ported Getty on the plank road. Wounded, he stayed on the field. Next day Anderson's division took possession of the Federal line of Intrenchments, but Carroll's bri gade, at a double-quick, drove them out. He struck them In flank. Spotsylvania, May 10th, participating in as sault upon the Confederate line northeast of the Po. He was twice wounded in the battles of Spotsylvania, and dis- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 291 abled for further active service In the field. In temporary command of the Department of West Virginia, February- March, 1865. CarroU's merit during the War was recog nized. Carter, John C, Virginia. Commodore. Commanded steamer Michigan on the Great Lakes in 1862-1864. Carter, Samuel P., Tennessee. Major General of Vol unteers. Organized a Tennessee brigade. He fought well at Wild Cat, Ky. Mill Spring. Occupation of Cumber land Gap, June 18th, 1862. He commanded a brigade in the successful retirement therefrom to the Ohio River. In December, 1862, he crossed the mountains from Kentucky into east Tennessee, and destroyed the railroad and bridges between the Virginia line and Knoxville. This raid was attended with valuable results, from the relief It af forded the army pressed at Murfreesboro, and it stimu lated cavalry commands generally. Dutton's Hill. At MonticeUo he attacked Pegram's men, and drove them with heavy loss. Holston. Carter's Station. Beaver Dam. West's. Had advance cavalry division when east Tennes see was occupied, August and September, 1863. He de feated Morgan's forces near Emory and Smith's at Loudon. At Big Creek he was attacked and most of his command was captured. Siege and Battle of Knoxville. Defeated Confederates at JonesvIUe. He commanded a division In the march through the Carolinas. Assigned to command of a division in the district of New Bern. Commanded left wing at KInston, baffiing Bragg. Commanded 23d corps. Occupied Goldsboro, driving out the Confederates. Chambliss, William P., Virginia. Bull Run and Peninsula campaigns. Daring at Hanover C. H. At Gaines' Mill he led the cavalry charge after the rout, which stopped the Confederate rush. He was struck by seven balls. Chapman, William, Maryland. Defenses of Washing ton. Peninsula campaign. Before Yorktown. He com manded a brigade of regulars in the Seven Days' Battles. 292 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Malvem Hill. He fought bravely and weU at Second BuU Run. Chetlain, A. L., Missouri. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Occupation of Paducah. Commanded post and forces of Smithland, Ky. Participated in the movement on Fort Henry. Fort Donelson. Shiloh. Prominent at Corinth. He commanded the post of Corinth. In com mand of post and forces of Memphis from October, 1864. He recruited and organized colored troops of Tennessee and Kentucky, raising a force of 17,000 of them. Clay, Casslus M., Kentucky. Volunteers under him added to the small force of regulars under Scott constituted the defensive force at Washington during the week it was cut off from the North. He enrolled them with dispatch and caution. Minister to Russia, serving in influence to ward the support of the Russian govemment for the Lin coln administration. Cockerill, Jos. R., Virginia. Commanded a detached brigade during the Vicksburg campaign. Chattanooga. Colwell, Stephen, Virginia. Strong Federal supporter during the War. Conway, Moncure D., Virginia. Delivered beneficial ad dresses In England. Cooke, P. St. George, Virginia. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Commanded the regular cavalry in the Army of the Potomac during the Peninsula campaign. Before Yorktown. Williamsburg, May 4—5. Just before the Seven Days' Battles, he reported Jackson's advance. Commanding the cavalry north of the Chickahomlny he reported, June 26th, that Jackson was coming against the flank. At Gaines' MIU, when the army fled from the field, Cooke instantly advanced to support three reserve batter ies. He charged to bring them off safe. He directed their effective firing. The Confederates halted, and that wing of the army, with the flooded river and swamp close in its rear, was extricated. He guarded the rear while the right wing crossed. Cooke destroyed the Chlckahominy bridge. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 293 He was the last general officer to leave the field. In com mand of the remnant of the cavalry division present in the retreat from Savage Station to Harrison's Landing. Glendale. In command of Baton Rouge District, October 13th, 1863, to May, 1864. General superintendent of the recruiting service of the army. May 24th, 1864, to the end of the War. Cooper, James, Maryland. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Took command of all the volunteers in Maryland and organized them into regiments. Defense of Harper's Ferry, May 26th to 30th, 1862. In command of Camp Chase. Cooper, Joseph A., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Was In the march through Georgia. After the battle of Franklin, his brigade reached Nashville after a narrow escape. At Nashville, his brigade lost more than the losses of the rest of the 23rd corps during the two days' battle, when he made a charge on the Federal right and met a force intended for a counter-blow. In com mand of a division in the Carolina campaign. Corbin, Thos. G., Virginia. Commander. Attached to the steamer Wabash of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 1861—3. Port Royal, ably aiding In the cap ture of Forts Beauregard and Walker. In command of flag-ship Wabash, 1862—3. Steamer Augu,sta North At lantic Blockading Squadron, 1864—5. Corwin, Thos., Kentucky. Minister to Mexico, 1861— 1864. Craven, Thomas T., District of Columbia. Commodore. In command of Potomac flotilla from June 27th, 1861. Forts Jackson and St. Philip. Finding the Hartford hard aground, exposed to the flre of the forts, he kept alongside In the Brooklyn to divert the fire until the Hart ford could get away. Silenced Fort St. Philip In pass ing it. Passed Fort Jackson. Became entangled, and when attacked by ram Manassas and a steamer, he used up the steamer. He passed up the river, engaging sev- 294 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS eral gunboats. Cool and Indifferent to danger. Chalmette batteries. Capture of New Orleans and subsequent op erations on the Mississippi. Engagement with Vicksburg batteries June 28th, 1862, and other engagements along the Mississippi up to and including Vicksburg, July, 1863. In 1862 placed In command of the Niagara, and served along the coasts of England and France the latter part of the War. Commanding Niagara, he followed iron-screw steamer Georgia, commerce-destroyer, out of Liverpool, and seized her outside of Lisbon. Crittenden, E. W., Kentucky. Commanded a brigade in the Atlanta campaign. Crittenden, Thos. L., Kentucky, Major General of Vol unteers. In command of the 5th division. Army of the Ohio, from December 3d, 1861. Gallant and effective at Shiloh the second day, commanding left wing of the Army of the Ohio. In September, 1862, given command of one of the three corps of the Army of the Ohio. Perry ville. He suspended movement to occupy Murfreesboro after finding, through prisoners, that Breckenridge's corps was present. Stone River — moved early toward Bragg's right wing, which kept Breckenridge from adding to the mass which later bore back the right and center. His corps maintained its position. He rode heroically for hours along his lines under deadly fire. Held the ford to keep Bragg from flanking the left. He sent supports to Thomas and aligned with him in the last position. Ex erted himself In placing troops to hold the key-point. At night, he was opposed to retreat. January 2d, when Con federates had driven Federals who were east of Stone River, he ordered artillery to cover the retreat, which they did effectually. Hoover's Gap. Occupied Chattanooga, September 9th, 1863. He made dispositions for defense September 13th : reconnoitered toward Lafayette and drove Confederates three miles, which disconcerted Polk and pre vented him from an attack which would have caught the army at great disadvantage. Chickamauga, September FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 295 I9th — he sent supports to Thomas. Moved troops to fill a gap between him and Thomas. In command of a di vision. Army of the Potomac, 1864. North Anna. Cold Harbor. Crittenden, Thomas T., Alabama. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Philippi. Arriving only the day before to take command, he faced Forrest and was defeated at Mur freesboro July 13th, 1862, being captured. Released In October, he was in the War till May 5th, 1863. Crosman, A. F., Missouri. Lieutenant Commander. Commanded Somerset In 1862, and Wabash, 1863—4. Two engagements with battery Marshall on the east end of Sullivan's Island. Engagement with Fort Pringle on Stono River. Cooperated with the army on Stono River several times, engaging Fort Lamar once. He was with naval brigade on expedition to sever the railroad from Charleston to Savannah. Honey Hill. Deveaux Creek. Cross, Osborne, Maryland. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Chief Quartermaster, Army of the Mississippi, Pittsburg Landing, AprU 13th to June 13th, 1862. Deputy Quartermaster General, February 26th, 1863. Croxton, John T., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. At Chickamauga, 19th, posted to the left, he advanced and encountered Forrest's cavalry, who called up infantry. Drove Confederates about a half mile. He was heavily engaged, but stood fast. Efficacious in de feat of effort to turn Reynolds' right and rear, arriving just In time. On the 20th, he was wounded and his bri gade suffered greatly. In the fall of 1864, Croxton com manded one of the four columns converged against For rest, who was moving against posts and communications in Tennessee of the combined armies around Atlanta. He reported Hood's crossing of the Tennessee River In ad vance on Nashville. He led his brigade of only 1,000 against Confederates, and then posted It for observation. Helped drive cavalry back upon Infantry at Florence. 296 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS He was driven across Shoal Creek by Hood's advance, Helped cover the retirement from Pulaski to Columbia, having a severe fight at the junction of the roads to Pulaski and CampbellsvUle, maintaining his position. Re ported appearance of Confederate cavalry on the Duck River, east of Columbia. With cavalry, he covered the retreat from Spring Hill with skill. FrankUn — pushed back by Infantry on the Lewisburg pike, he resisted until 2 p. M., then crossed the river and resisted Forrest. Helped force Chalmers back across the river. Forrest was held in check during the day and night. He exhibited valor and merit. At Nashville, December 15th, he was valiant, covering and relieving the right and rear. In pur suit of the routed army next evening, having an encounter. At Buford Station, while the Confederate rear-guard. In fantry and cavalry, were confronted and engaged, Crox ton struck the flank, captured a number of prisoners, and drove the cavalry. December 25th, after Forrest had driven back skirmishers and captured a gun, Croxton and others fell upon his flank and drove him. He won honor In the campaign from the Tennessee River to Macon, Ga. His brigade was detached at Elyton to move on Tusca loosa. He struck the rear-guard of a division marching from Tuscaloosa toward the main Federal force and In terposed between It and its train. BrldgevIUe. Captured Tuscaloosa. He marched separately 663 miles, and joined the main force safely at Macon. He had destroyed five' large iron-works and large supplies, and had taken four guns. He was given the Instructions under which Presi dent Davis was captured. Curtis, William B., Maryland. Shenandoah campaign, 1864. Commanded a brigade at Cedar Creek. Cam paign against Petersburg. Did valiant work In the cap ture of Fort Gregg. Commanded a brigade in the Ap pomattox campaign. He performed faithful and efficient service during the War. Cuyler, John M., Georgia. Brigadier General U. S. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 297 Army. Lieutenant Colonel medical Inspector. As senior medical officer at Fort Plenry during the first years of the War, his services were of much value in organizing the medical department of the armies congregated there. Dandy, George B., Georgia. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Captures of Folly Island, Morris Island and Fort Wagner. Port Walthall Junction. Drewry's Bluff. Deep Bottom. Deep Run. FusseU's MUls. Operations around Petersburg. In command of a brigade taking a prominent part In the capture of Fort Gregg. Appomattox C. H. Davenport, Henry K., Georgia. Commander. At tached to the Cumberland. From 1861 to 1864 he com manded steamer Hetzel. Engaged In naval fight on James River in 1861. Commanded one of the three divisions at Hatteras Inlet. Commanded the Hetzel and five gun boats at Roanoke Island. New Bern. Senior officer In command of the Sounds of North Carolina, June, 1862, to June, 1864, and accompanied the army on expeditions wherever gunboats could go. Elizabeth City. Destruc tion of Confederate naval force In the Sounds. Defense of Fort Anderson, and repulse of Pettlgrew. Investment of Washington, N. C. Defense of New Bern and repulse of Hoke. Davidson, John W., Virginia. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Defenses of Washington from beginning of the War to February, 1862. Williamsburg. Lee's MiUs. Mechanlcsvllle occupation May 24th, 1862. Brave at Gaines' Mills. Savage Station. White Oak Bridge. Glendale. Courageous at Goldlng's Farm. In command of St. Louis, District of Missouri, Febraary 23d to June 6th, 1863, directing the movement of the troops of the District at Pilot Knob, Frederlcktown and Cape Girardeau, and pursuit of Confederates during Marma duke's raid into Missouri In April, 1863. In command at Brownsville, Ark. In command at assault and capture of Bayou Metre, Ark. In command at Ashley's Mills. He 298 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS moved south from Missouri and joined the troops at White River, Ark., In the campaign against Little Rock. His 6,000 cavalry had been taught as dragoons. Fought at Bayou Fourches, 5 miles from Little Rock. Batteries on the north bank aided him. After a sharp struggle of two hours the Confederates feU back. His crossing of the Arkansas River had been resisted. Price evacuated Lit tle Rock, on account of Davidson's turning his position, and Federals captured the city. In charge of Westem Division Cavalry Bureau March 11th to June, 1864. Chief of Cavalry, MUitary Division of West of the Mis sissippi River, June 26th, 1864. In command of cavalry. expedition from Baton Rouge to Pascagoula, November 24th, 1864. He moved from Baton Rouge to Tan gipahoa, where he broke up the railroad, destroying bridges, etc. ; pushed on to Frankllnton and West Pas cagoula, taking some prisoners, and creating alarm for the safety of Mobile. In command of Second Cavalry, March 6th, 1865, to the end. Davis, B. F., Alabama. Engaged before Yorktown. Williamsburg. Defense of Harper's Ferry, from which he cut his way through Confederate lines, and reached Greencastle, Pa. Commanded a brigade at Antietam. Belle Plain and vicinity. He was killed while command ing a brigade at Beverly Ford. De Krafft, J. C. P., District of Columbia. Commanded Niagara In assault on Fort McRae. Commanded Cone maugh, Fort Powell, Mobile Bay. Denison, A. W., Maryland. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Recruited a Maryland regiment. Laurel HIU. Daring at White Oak Ridge, where he was wounded. Fought with merit at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania. Campaign against Petersburg and Richmond. He com manded a brigade In the Appomattox campaign. Dent, Fred T., Missouri. Brigadier General U. S. Army. His services were of merit at the Wilderness and in front of Petersburg. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 299 Denver, J. W., Virginia. Brigadier General of Volun teers. Served In the westem States, August 14th, 1861, to March 5th, 1863. Donaldson, Edward, Maryland. Commander. Com manded the Sciota In the bombardment and passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, setting fire to two steam boats. Passed Vicksburg June 28th, 1862. Attack on Vicksburg. Commanded Keystone State, North Atlantic Squadron, 1864. Commanded Seminole In the battle of Mobile Bay. Donaldson, Jas. L., Maryland. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Commanded District of Santa Fe, December 26th, 1861, to March 9th, 1862. At Valverde saved his trains, indispensable to the security of New Mexico. No vember 10th, 1863, he became Chief Quartermaster of the Department of the Cumberland, and had to provide the army besieged at Chattanooga with supplies to maintain its position. Upon him depended the forwarding from Nashville of nearly all of the material for the Atlanta campaign and March to the Sea. He thoroughly drilled, organized and disciplined his quartermaster and commissary forces as soldiers, with which, as a division, he did valiant service at NashviUe. Douglass, Jos. B., Kentucky. Brigadier General of EnroUed Missouri State Militia, September 1st, 1863, to March 12th, 1865. Drayton, Perclval, South Carolina. Commander. Com manded the Pocahontas In the capture of Port Royal. Ex pedition In St. Helena Sound. Reconnoissance of North Edisto River. Engaged in the passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. Pawnee. With the Passaic, Patapsco and Nahant he engaged Fort McAllister. Femandlna. He took possession of Fort Clinch, the first United States fort retaken. Bombardment of Fort Sumter, April 7th, 1863, and other operations of the South Atlantic Squadron be tween January and July, 1863. Fleet commander of the West Gulf Squadron. Commanded Hartford and fleet 300 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS captain at the Battle of Mobile Bay, with high service. He was brave and able, and a good organizer and admin istrator of detail. He fought with energy, devotion and zeal. Duval, I. H., Virginia. Brigadier General of Volun teers. Fought at Opequon with valor and merit. He performed courageous and worthy service in the War. Dyer, A. B., Virginia. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Chief of Ordnance, U. S. Army. In command of Spring field armory, August 22d, 1861, to September 12th, 1864, he largely extended Its machinery for Increasing the manu facture of small arms. He Invented a projectile for can non. Easton, L. C, Missouri. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Chief Quartermaster Army of the Cumberland in the field December 15th, 1863, to May 4th, 1864. Pres ent at the operations of the campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta, and to the end of the War. Chief quarter master of the armies in the Atlanta campaign. Edwards, John, Kentucky. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Commanded a brigade In the march from Lit tle Rock to join the Red River expedition, the march be ing opposed by Price with cavalry. EUet, Chas. R., District of Columbia. In command of steam ram expedition, 1862. Commanded Queen of the West In Red River cruise. He burnt three steamers, re tumed and captured two. Commanded the Monarch at Arkansas Post, January lOth-llth, 1863, and helped cut off retreat by the ferry. Passed Vicksburg batteries south the night of Febraary 3d, 1863. Commanded Queen of the West in movement toward Vicksburg. Commanded Switzerland in passage of Port Hudson, March 14th and 15th, 1863 ; passage of Vicksburg, March 26th, 1863, and siege of Vicksburg. He was In the passage of Grand Gulf. Emory, W. H., Maryland. Major General of Volun teers. In command of the troops at Forts Cobb, Smith, FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 301 Washita and Arbuckle, I. T., at the beginning of the War, which he concentrated at Arbuckle. Pie captured advance guard of Confederate Texas forces, and safely reached Fort Leavenworth, Kan., May 31st. Defenses of Wash ington, August 16th, 1861, to March 10th, 1862. Be fore Yorktown. Williamsburg. At Hanover C. H. he commanded cavalry with some artillery, participating In dislodging Confederates, and clearing the army's right flank. Confederates suffering loss. He fought with bravery and credit. Seven Days' Battles. Harrison's Landing. In command of the defenses of Yorktown, August-September, 1862. Organized Infantry division at Baltimore, October— November, 1862. With the army in Louisiana In 1863. Attack on Port Hudson, March 13th, 1863, reaching the rear of Port Hudson. Camp BIsland. Irish Bend. Emory's division and another were left to hold Taylor in position, while a third tried to gain Taylor's rear. Taylor fell back, was attacked next day, and 1,800 Confederates were captured. Defense of New Orleans. In June Taylor created alarm for the safety of New Orleans, appearing near on the west bank of the Mississippi. Emory, In command at New Orleans, as sured its safety. Donaldsonville. Red River campaign, December, 1863, to July, 1864. Pleasant Grove — when troops ahead were driven back from Sabine Cross Roads, Emory was advancing. He met the routed troops at Pleasant Grove. His men forced their way through the fugitives and formed. He was attacked quickly, Tay lor pressing heavily on his right, but McMIUan was brought up and the pursuit was checked about night. His skill and the valor and discipline of his troops were ef ficacious. He displayed unwonted bravery. He fell back at midnight, and covered the retreat of fifteen miles next day to Pleasant HIU. He took position there. Confed erates attempted to turn the Federal right, and his third brigade was moved to that flank, which later was heavily struck. Taylor attacked the Federal left. Emory's 802 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS other brigades were forced back. The Confederates were driven in turn. Emory ordered a charge of McMillan's brigade which was of vital consequence. Emory was In command of the troops engaged. The Federals held the field till night, then fell back. At Cane River, Emory, commanding the army, sent a force to ford the river three miles above the ferry and turn Bee's left flank, while Emory engaged him In front. This was successfully done, carrying the position, and Bee was driven off, clearing the way for the army to march back to Alexandria. In com mand of the 19th corps. MarksvIUe. In command of U. S. Federal forces at Morganzia, June, 1864. Defense of Washington, Early appearing before the works there July 11th, 1864. Some of Emory's division arrived in defense before 2 p. M. He defended the city that day and the next. Early retiring at night. Following Early from Washington to the Shenandoah, August, 1864. Commanding the 19th corps, he fought with bravery and merit In the Shenandoah campaign, August— November, 1864. Opequon — Emory crossed, broke the first line of Early's left, and threw It Into confusion. Fisher's HIU — by night he and others were on the heights of Strasburg. At Cedar Creek he held the center. When the left wing was quickly routed, he attempted unsuccessfully to form a line. His corps repulsed the first appearance in their front. When the Confederates reached their rear, they broke to the west, and retreated north a mile and a half. Then he formed a line. Under orders he fell back an other mile and prepared for action. The Confederates charged him unsuccessfully. In the afternoon the Fed erals took the offensive, and Emory's corps broke Gordon's line on the extreme Confederate left. Early's end brigade was not In touch with the next. Emory's troops envel oped the Confederate left, drove It back, and the Federals reached their morning camp. In permanent command of the 19th corps, November 7th, 1864, to the end of the FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 303 War. Emory was a thorough soldier, resourceful and dauntless. He had the capacity to command. Evans, Andresv W., Maryland. Was brave and useful at Valverde. He commanded a cavalry brigade in the campaign around Petersburg. Cavalry action at Ap pomattox C. H. Fairfax, Donald McN., Virginia. Commander. Board ing of Trent and taking Mason and Slidell therefrom. Commanded Cayuga, Nantucket and Montauk. In com mand of naval forces between New Orleans and Port Hud son in 1862, cooperating with the army at Donaldsonville. Pursuing the Arkansas was in sight when she was set on fire. Operations of South Atlantic Squadron between January and July, 1863. Commanded Nantucket in the attack on the outer forts of Charleston Plarbor, April 7th, 1863. He commanded the Montauk in the attack on Fort Wagner, July 10th, 1863. Operations before Charles ton untU August 25th, 1863. Farragut, David G., Tennessee. Vice Admiral. Sailed from Fortress Monroe carrying an army for New Orleans, Febmary 25th, 1862. He assumed command of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. Passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, above the mouth of the Mississippi, in wooden ships. A fire raft was pushed against his flag ship, the Hartford, and she struck a shoal. Eleven Con federate vessels were destroyed. Hartford was In the first brunt in the passage of the Chalmette batteries. Farragut captured New Orleans. Took Forts Jackson and St. Philip. He captured Baton Rouge and Natchez. Vicks burg was beset, and the Vicksburg batteries were passed. He bombarded Vicksburg from June 26th, 1862. June 28th in the Hartford, with six other vessels, he ran the batteries and joined the other fleet above Vicksburg. He repassed the batteries, attacking the Arkansas in passing. He was blockading in the Gulf during 1862. Captured Corpus Christi, Sabine Pass and Galveston. After Ma- 304 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS grader recaptured Galveston and captured the Harriet Lane, Farragut reestablished the blockade before the Har riet Lane could be converted Into a Confederate cruiser. From January, 1863, he was employed in conjunction with the army In forcing a way into the interior of Louisiana. Ran by Port Hudson, the Hartford leading, and estab lished communication with the upper Mississippi fleet and with the army operating against Vicksburg. He reached the mouth of the Red River, and blockaded it tiU May 2d. He gave the navy command of Red River, and enabled the Federals to turn Port Hudson from the west by the Atchafalaya. Engaged the batteries at Port Hudson. He passed Grand Gulf with three gunboats. Destroyed Confederate gunboats and prevented supplies from reach ing Port Hudson during Its Investment. Maintained com munications for the army operating against Port Hudson. Farragut's command up to May, 1863, Included the Mis sissippi River as far as Vicksburg, and all its tributaries below, and the coasts from Pensacola to the west boundary of Texas. He sent expedition up the Red River, co operating with the army. In the spring of 1863. Captured Alexandria. After May 7th he operated against Port Hudson from below. Participated from the river in the army assaults on Port Hudson May 27th and June 14th, 1863. Assisted In Investment of Port Hudson, bombard ing daily, and In its capture. Attack on Donaldsonville was repulsed by Farragut's gunboats, which fought hard. He kept before Mobile from the beginning of 1864 to its capture. Made a reconnoissance of Forts Gaines and Morgan, Mobile Harbor. Attacked Fort Powell, MobUe Harbor, from February 22d to March 2d, 1864. At the Battle of Mobile Bay, Farragut had the forts, torpedoes, formidable iron-clad Tennessee and three gunboats to con tend with. The Confederate vessels, in position across the entrance to the Bay, raked fore and aft, doing great dam age. A monitor having been sunk by a torpedo, Far ragut passed to the head of the wooden vessels, going over FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 305 torpedo ground. He passed Forts Gaines and Morgan. The Selma raked his flag-ship, the Hartford, fore and aft. The Gaines was crippled by the Hartford, ran aground and was set on fire. The Selma was captured. The fleet passed the forts and anchored In the deep water of the Bay. Later the Tennessee attacked the fleet. Vessels of the fleet fired broadsides and attempted to ram her. She made for the Hartford. The two slid against each other. A shot cut the Tennessee's rudder and she could be steered no longer. She surrendered. 280 prisoners were taken with the Tennessee and Selma. Fort Powell was evacuated that night. He attacked Fort Morgan after that, bom barding daily. Heavily bombarded it August 22d, dis abling aU but two of its guns. The garrison of 400 men surrendered with the Fort next day. Farragut's entrance into Mobile Harbor obviated having the army around At lanta move against Mobile. 104 guns and 1,464 men were taken In the operations. The battle stopped blockade-run ning into Mobile. The victory served especially in the critical campaign for the presidency then waging. Far ragut had a temporary command in James River, where he was stationed at the time of the fall of Richmond. Farragut had quickness of perception and resolution in the midst of conflict. His work on the water was of permeat ing value. His victories have place among the great naval exploits of the world. Farrar, Bernard G., Missouri. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Commanded a brigade In the siege of Vicks burg. FUlebroun, T. Scott, District of Columbia. Lieutenant Commander. Commanded Chenango. Commanded Pas saic against Fort Sumter In May, 1864. Montauk, op erating against Battery Pringle in Stono River, July, 1864. Sonoma, Tagodo River, engagement with batter ies, February, 1865. Bull's Bay expedition, followed by the fall of Charleston. Fletcher, Thos. C, Missouri. Brigadier General of 306 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Volunteers. Recruited one Missouri regiment and or ganized two more. Wounded at Chickasaw Bayou. Lookout Mountain. Commanded a brigade in the Atlanta campaign. At PUot Knob he commanded Infantry forces with address. Elected governor of Missouri, No vember, 1864. Flusser, Chas. W., Maryland. Lieutenant Commander. Commanded Commodore Perry at Roanoke Island. At Cobb's Point he sunk the Confederate flag-ship Seabird. The Confederate fleet was destroyed. Vessels went up to Elizabeth City and took it. He took possession of Ply mouth, and held it. Was in command of expedition sent by Goldsborough to the North Carolina rivers leading into the sounds, capturing Hamilton. Shelling of Franklin, Va., commanding three vessels in the expedition. The Commodore Perry was fired on by soldiers. She ran ashore; then fought hard. Fort Macon. South MiUs. Confederates assaulted Fort Gray, Plymouth, April 18th, and were driven back by Flusser with the Miami and Southfield. The Confederate ram Albemarle came down the river toward Plymouth. Flusser, with the Miami and Southfield lashed together, hoped to run his vessels so as to get the Albemarle between them. The Albemarle ran her prow into the side of the Southfield, sinking her. The Albemarle's chain plates were entangled, and she was borne partly down with the Southfield. Flusser person ally fired the first three shots into her from the Miami alongside. He was killed by a fragment of a shell. An attempt to board the Albemarle was defeated. Flusser was fearless and of conspicuous efficiency. Force, M. F., District of Columbia. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Fort Donelson. Shiloh. Port Gibson. Raymond. Champion's Hill. Vicksburg assault. May 22d, 1863. Siege of Vicksburg. Charged Bald HIU, at Atlanta, with support, and carried it, losing heavijly. Conspicuous before Atlanta, charging upon Confederate works, and, after their capture, defending his position un- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 307 tU severely wounded, July 2d, 1864. March to the Sea. He commanded a division in the Carolina campaign. Foster, James P., Kentucky. Lieutenant Commander. Commanded Neosho. Commanded the Chillicothe In ex pedition down the Yazoo, performing valuable services. The Chillicothe and another vessel attacked Fort Pember ton on three different days. The Chillicothe was dam aged. The command of the expedition, which included a large number of troops, devolved on Foster. He did ef fective work during the bombardment and siege of Vicks burg. He commanded the Lafayette from January 1st, 1864, and in the Red River campaign. Frailey, J. M., Maryland. Commander. Commanded the Quaker City. Engaged in operations of South At lantic Squadron between January and July, 1863. He helped resist the Confederate rams Chicora and Palmetto State off Charleston, going with others to the aid of the Keystone State when she was rendered helpless, and she was saved. His vessel was partly disabled. He commanded the Quaker City, North Atlantic Squadron, In 1864. Com manded the Tuscarora In both attacks on Fort Fisher. Fremont, J. C, South Carolina. Major General U. S. Army. In Europe when the War broke out, he bought a large supply of arms In France. He retumed in May. The arms arrived at Boston June 27th. It is claimed that he conceived the Idea of Iron-clad vessels to penetrate the southern country, which resulted In the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson and Nashville, etc. The idea was that, if the boats were made shot-proof by heavy iron armor, the Confederate country could be pierced by every navigable river. In command of " The Western Depart ment " from July 25th, 1861, consisting of Illinois, Mis souri, and all the other States and Territories lying between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. He se cured the reenlistment of many Home Guards, and fortified St. Louis. With nearly 4,000 troops he proceeded to Cairo, strengthening Prentiss, and placing it in security. This 308 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS caused Polk to order Pillow to evacuate New Madrid, and hasten to Randolph and Fort Pillow on the Tennessee side. The Benton was a wrecking boat bought by Fre mont and converted into a strong iron-clad. He ordered the movement on Paducah, which was occupied in conse quence. He proclaimed martial law In St. Louis upon news of the defeat at Wilson's Creek. He set more than 20,000 soldiers In motion southward September 27th, 1861, under Hunter, Pope and others. He occupied Springfield, Mo. Commanding the Army of the West he caused Price's retirement to the southwest comer of Missouri. Relieved of command of the Department of the West, No vember 2d, 1861. March 29th, 1862, he assumed com mand of the Mountain Department, including western Vir ginia, eastem Kentucky and east Tennessee as far as Knoxville. When Jackson appeared against the Federal force at McDowell, he sent forward a support. Cross Keys. French, William H., Maryland. Major General of Volunteers. In command of Key West, March 27th to November, 1861. Defenses of Washington, November 30th, 1861, to March, 1862. Advance upon Manassas and the Rappahannock, March, 1862. Before York- town, April 5th to May 4th, 1862. He sustained a heavy attack at Fair Oaks and led a bayonet charge in person. He and D. B. Bimey pushed the Confederates back. His fighting was noted. Oak Grove. At Gaines' Mill, his bri gade and another prevented a rout by coming up as the wing north of the Chlckahominy was being swept from the field. He advanced boldly, and the Confederate pursuit was arrested. He covered the retreat. Peach Orchard, acting as rear-guard. Savage Station. White Oak Bridge. Glendale. In command of the rear-guard on retreat to Malvem HIU. Malvem Hill. South Moun tain. Antietam — drove D. H. HUl's division from about the Roulette and Cllpp Farm buildings. He made some progress, taking prisoners. His division and another took FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 309 the " Bloody Lane." He was conspicuous. At Fred ericksburg his division made the first attack on Marye's Heights. His services were Important at Chancellors vIUe. After the Third Corps fell back, his and another di vision charged the Confederate left, which somewhat re lieved the Third Corps, In command of the Harper's Ferry District, June 27th-30th, 1863, guarding lines of communication and threatening those of Lee, July 1st to 4th, 1863. He sent a raiding party from Frederick which destroyed Lee's pontoon bridge at Falling Waters, and delayed his crossing of the Potomac after the battle of Gettysburg. In command of the 3d corps from July 7th, 1863. Joined In following Lee after Gettysburg, be ing engaged in several sharp actions. Manassas Gap. Rapldan campaign. Auburn. In authority over the 2d and 3d corps he forced the passage of the Rappahannock at Kelly's Ford, November 7th, 1863, enabUng the Fed eral army to cross and move south. Commanded the 3d corps in the operations at Mine Run, November 26th— 30th, 1863. He was engaged at Payne's Farm. In com mand of the troops assembled at Havre de Grace during the menace of Washington, July, 1864. In garrison at Fort McHenry, December 27th, 1864, to January 6th, 1865. Chief and Inspector of Artillery of the Middle Department, January 5th, 1865, to the end of the War. For the War, his services were of merit. Fry, C. H., Kentucky. Acting paymaster general. Fry, S. S., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volun teers. At Mill Springs he formed his men, and led them In at the double-quick. He was attacked hard. He and others shot at Genl. ZoUIcoffer, who feU dead. Perry viUe. In command of a division protecting communica tions at the time of the battle of Murfreesboro. Gamble, H. R., Virginia. As Governor, put Missouri on a fighting basis. Gardner, W. H., Maryland. Naval Captain. Com mandant at Mare Island. On special service, 1862. 310 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Garrard, Kenner, Kentucky. Major General U. S. Army. Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg,— bold and useful. He held Little Round Top. Following Lee to Warrenton. Rappahannock Station. Mine Run operations. Operations around Chattanooga. Invasion of Georgia. Did valiant and telUng work in expedition to Covington, Ga. He cut the railroad east of Atlanta. He was constantly engaged on detached expeditions, and was in frequent engagements during campaigns. In 1864 he commanded a cavalry division of the Army of the Cum berland. Dashing and efficient in the battle of Nashville. Operations against Mobile, March 10th to AprU 13th, 1865. He led the storming column which captured Fort Blakely. Movement upon Montgomery. The merit of his services during the War was recognized. Garrard, T. T., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Was with S. P. Carter in his raid into southwest Virginia and east Tennessee, December, 1862. Port Gib son. Champion's HIU. Big Black River. Vicksburg as saults. May 19th and 22d, 1863. Gatling, Richard J., North Carolina. Inventor of the Gatling gun, used by the Army of the James on James River. Getty, George W., District of Columbia. Major Gen eral U. S. Army. An able artillerist, he was in command of the artillery In the engagements with Confederate bat teries near Budd's Ferry, November and December, 1861. Before Yorktown. Peninsula campaign. Gaines' Mill. Malvem Hill. South Mountain. Antietam. He com manded a division at Fredericksburg. Commanding a division, he was courageous and useful in the operations about Suffolk, during its defense, April 11th to May 3d, 1863. In command of storming column in assault of Hill's Point. With naval help the works and battery of 5 guns and 130 men were captured. He made a recon noissance and commanded in an engagement at Providence church road. In command of expedition from White FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 311 House to South Anna bridges, July 1st— 8th, 1863. Act ing Inspector General, Army of the Potomac, January 27th to March 18th, 1864. At the WUdemess, Getty's division was moved out by the Brock road to try to drive Hill back. He advanced, the fighting became very fierce and his bravery was marked. He was severe ly wounded. Richmond campaign. March from White House to James River, June, 1864. Movement against Petersburg. Expedition to Reams Station and Wel don Railroad. He served in defense of Washing ton, facing Early, July 11th and 12th, 1864. Fol lowing of Early to the Shenandoah Valley, July 13th to August 9th. Shenandoah campaign, August 10th to December 2d, 1864. Charlestown. Opequon — crossing the stream, he fought vigorously and well. At Fisher's Hill his division did good work. Cedar Creek — command ing the 6th corps, or right wing, during part of the battle and his division the remainder. He made a show of re sistance when the 19th corps was surprised, with Confed erates In their rear, the left wing having been stampeded and made off to the west and then moved north. The 6th corps fell back toward the 19th and two of its divi sions lined up on Its left by 11 a. m. Then the two di visions marched back to the front. Getty's own division was at the front. This division and the cavalry had been the only troops resisting the Confederates after the rout of the left and center. With Pegram and Ramseur before the front of the 6th corps, Wharton had advanced against its left, but fell back before Its efforts. Getty's troops made themselves felt against the Confederate advance. Operations against Petersburg, December 12th, 1864, to April 2d, 1865. His fighting In the assault of March 25th, 1865, was soldierly. Assault of April 2d upon the Petersburg works. Appomattox campaign. Sailor's Creek. Farmville. Present at the capitulation of Lee. March to DanvIUe and to and about Washington April 10th to the end of the War. 312 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Gherardi, Bancroft, Louisiana. Lieutenant Commander. Fort Macon. Commanded Chocura, 1863-4. At Mobile Bay, commanding the Port Royal, he showed coolness and courage. He joined In the chase of the Morgan., Gaines and Selma. He commanded the Pequot and Mohican. Gibson, Charles, Virginia. Called a mass-meeting In St. Louis, which was of weight in determining the action of the convention — 302 against secession. Wrote to Washington urging removal of arms from St. Louis to Illinois. Gibson, Horatio G., Maryland. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Defenses of Washington, December 19th, 1861, to March 10th, 1862. Before Yorktown. Williams burg. Helped guard the rear on the retreat to Malvern HIU, June 25th-29th, 1862. South Mountain. Antietam. Fredericksburg. Chief of Artillery, Army of the Ohio, April 20th, 1863, to January 22d, 1864. In command of District of North Central Kentucky, Febmary 22d to April 9th, 1864. In command at Loudon, Tenn., October 12th to November 18th, 1864. Engaged in opening com munication from KnoxviUe with troops engaged at Straw berry Plains, November 18th-20th, 1864. Under Ammen covering raid into southwest Virginia, December 10th— 20th, 1864. In command of Knoxville and a brigade, January 28th, 1865, to the end. Gibson, William, Maryland. Lieutenant Commander. Commanded steamer Yankee, Potomac flotilla, 1862. He was present during the various operations on the James River while the army occupied Harrison's Landing, and guarded with three gunboats the recrossing of the Chlcka hominy. He captured several vessels In a night expedition up Chip Oaks Creek. Commanded steam gunboat Seneca, South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 1862—3. He was senior officer on the Ogeechee, January, 1863, blockading Confederate war steamer Nashville. Engaged In operations of the South Atlantic Squadron between January and July, 1863. Commanded Seneca in combined attack on Fort FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 313 Wagner, July 18th, 1863. Engaged in three attacks on Fort McAllister and the destruction of the Nashville. Commanded Iron-clad Catskill, steam gunboat Nepsic, steamer Sonoma and iron-clad Lehigh, 1864. In frequent engagements with batteries near Charleston, Commanded Mahaska, 1865. Gilbert, Jas. I., Kentucky. Major General of Volun teers. Distinguished gallantry at Franklin. Nashville. Faithful and meritorious service during the campaign against Mobile and Its defenses. Gillem, Alvan C, Tennessee. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Defense of Fort Taylor, Fla., from the begin ning of the War to October, 1861. Was bold and efficient at Mill Springs. In command of siege artillery and chief quartermaster. Army of the Ohio, February to June, 1862. Shiloh. Advance upon Corinth. Operations in Tennes see during the first half of 1863. As Adjutant General of Tennessee, June 1st, 1863, to April 1st, 1865, he created a creditable body of soldiers. April 11th, 1864, he took command of a Tennessee division of cavalry. Surprise and killing of Morgan while on his way to attack Gillem. Drove Vaughn out of his works at Carroll Station. De feated Confederates at Morristown, taking 500 prisoners and 13 guns. At Bull's Gap, after repulsing two attacks, he was worsted. Near Wytheville. At Kingston he badly defeated a Confederate force. At Marion he fought bravely and well, routing Vaughn and pursuing to Wythe- vUle. The lead mines there were destroyed. Capture of SaltvUle. GiUem's division left Knoxville, March 20th, 1865, and destroyed the Virginia & Tennessee RaUroad from WythevUle nearly to Lynchburg, first moving Into North Carolina. Defeat of Confederates and capture of Salisbury. Near AsheviUe. GIHespIe, George L., Tennessee. Chief Engineer to cavalry force. Waynesboro. Ashland. Dinwiddle C. H. Five Forks. Sailor's Creek. Appomattox Station. Capitulation at Appomattox C. H. 314 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Glendy, WiUiam M., Virginia. Commodore. Goldsborough, John R., District of Columbia. Naval Captain. Commanded the Union, blockading off Charles ton, Savannah, Cape Hatteras and In the Potomac flotilla, 1861. He captured and sunk the Confederate schooner York. Bombarded the fort off Point Mathias on the Po tomac. Commanded the Florida In 1862. Capture of City and forts around Fernandlna, — Forts Clinch and St. Mary. Commanded the Colorado in 1863. Goldsborough, L. M., District of Columbia. Rear Ad miral. Commanded the Minnesota, September, 1861. In command of the North Atlantic Squadron, which Included operations in the Chesapeake and tributary waters, and In the North Carolina sounds and the Wilmington block ade. He planned and executed the joint army and navy expedition to the sounds of North Carolina, capturing Roanoke Island. He was present, landed troops, passed obstructions, and afterwards had the Confederate fleet cap tured in Pasquotank River. New Bern was occupied by a detachment of his flotilla squadron. Cooperating with the army's advance up the Peninsula upon Richmond, he sent seven gunboats Into the York River. While the army was fighting May 1st, 1862, his fleet shelled Confederate ar tillery posted on a hill to the left, and forced It to retire. Capture of Fort Macon and garrison. His fleet engaged and sUenced batteries at Sewell's Point, leading to the evacuation of Norfolk, and he passed up to Norfolk. His command of the North Atlantic Squadron extended from September, 1861, to September, 1862. Gorman, W. A., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Bull Run. He led a bayonet charge at Fair Oaks. Exerted himself to hold the line when an attempt was made to turn the Federal right. His brigade led the division coming to the support of Abercromble when about to be overwhelmed. At Savage Station his line gave, then held, and the Federals made a stand to the day's end. South Mountain. Antietam. He rose to the command FIGHTING BY SOUTPIERN FEDERALS 315 of a division. With troops in transports, he was in the expedition up the White River, January, 1863. St. Charles was taken. Pie commanded Plelcna, Ark. Graham, Lawrence P., Virginia. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Superintended cavalry recruiting service and commanded depot, Carlisle Barracks, Pa., to September, 1861. He organized and commanded a cavalry brigade at Washington, D. C, In the Army of the Potomac to April, 1862. His services during the War were of merit. Graham, Wm. M., District of Columbia. Peninsula campaign. Antietam. He commanded an artillery bri gade at Chancellorsville. Gettysburg. Commanded a bri gade of horse artillery In the Army of the Potomac, Au gust, 1863, to April, 1864. He was courageous and capa ble. Greene, S. Dana, Maryland. Executive officer of the Monitor from January 24th, 1862, until she foundered. Fighting the Virginia, he had charge of the guns in the Monitor's turret, and personally fired every shot until near the close of the action, when he took command. Engage ment with Confederate batteries at Drewry's Bluff, May, 1862. James River flotilla, June to September, 1862. On the Florida in 1863. Iroquois. Guest, John, Missouri. Commander. In command of the boats of the Niagara, he cut out the steamer Aid under the guns of Fort Morgan, Mobile Bay, In August, 1861. He commanded the Owosco In the bombardment and passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and capture of New Orleans. Battles on the Mississippi up to and including Vicksburg. He commanded the Owosco at the capture of the forts at Galveston. Commanded the Sangamon, the first U. S. vessel fitted with a spar tor pedo — his invention. In command of the Lehigh and Galatea. The Iosco was effective at Fort Fisher Decem ber 24th, 1864. He commanded her at both of the Fort Fisher engagements. 316 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Guitar, Odon, Kentucky. Brigadier General Missouri State Militia. Guthrie, Jas. V., Kentucky. Helped establish Camp Clay and raise two regiments of Kentucky infantry. Hagner, P. V., District of Columbia. Brigadier Gen eral U. S. Army. Lieutenant Colonel of Ordnance. HaU, George H, Virginia. Brigadier General Missouri State Militia. At Springfield, Mo., January 8th, 1863, he was ordered forth with his cavalry to meet Marmaduke's advance. He contested It and fell back. In the battle, upon an advance of Shelby, Hall made a sortie. He helped repulse an attack on the Federal right. Hamilton, Andrew J., Alabama. Brigadier General of Volunteers. MiUtary Governor of Texas. He was sent to command troops at Matamoras. Hammond, William A., Maryland. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Surgeon General. Harlan, John M., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Morgan's third raid, December, 1862, was met at Rolling Fork by Harlan, a great part of whose troops were Kentuckians. Harney, William S., Tennessee. Brigadier General U. S. Army. In command of the Department of the West. He reported April 16th, 1861, that It appeared Govemor Jackson intended erecting batteries on hills commanding the arsenal at St. Louis. He saved Leavenworth post by moving troops there from several forts. He issued a proclamation warning the people of Missouri of the evils of secession. He made an agreement with Price, his ob ject being to prevent Missouri from seceding. Took mili tary possession of St. Louis. He was arrested In April, 1861, by Confederates. Resumed his command May 11th, 1861. He addressed the people of Missouri, denouncing the military act of the Legislature as indirect secession and unconstitutional. Plarrell, A. Davis, Virginia. Commander. Informed that a large schooner was lying In Quantico Creek, and FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 317 that a body of troops had assembled there to cross the Potomac, he boarded her and set her on fire, destroying her October 11th, 1861. Participated In the bombard ment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, commanding the Miami. Commanded the Chickopee, North Atlantic Block ading Squadron, 1864—5. Harris, Thomas M., Virginia. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Conspicuous at MIddletown. Commanded a division at Cedar Creek. Operations around Petersburg. High conduct In assault on Petersburg. Appomattox campaign. He sent out the detachment that silenced the last Confederate guns at Appomattox. Harrison, N. B., Virginia. Commander. Commanding the Cayuga he led the fleet in the passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. The Cayuga was beset by several large vessels. She rid herself of them and dashed up the river, followed by the division. She destroyed three vessels. He and Lee finished up the Confederate fleet. With the Hartford, Harrison In the Cayuga bore the first brunt of the action with the Chalmette batteries. Commanded the Mahaska In the operations before Richmond, and the re treat to Harrison's Landing. He commanded Lee's flag ship, the Minnesota, 1862—3. He took part in attacks on the South Carolina coast until the fall of Charleston. Harrison, T. J., Kentucky. At Chickamauga when Longstreet broke through the Federal line, Harrison, com ing from the south, charged with a regiment of mounted infantry armed with Spencer repeating rifles. The result was important. A brigade with Spencer's also attacked, and the continuous firing deceived Longstreet into thinking a considerable force had struck his left flank. The Con federates there broke and fled. They charged again with the same result. Three more times the Confederates charged and were hurled back. Harrison moved off under orders, taking 200 prisoners back south. Commanded one of Rousseau's two brigades In the expedition from Decatur to Opellka, which interrupted railroad communications to 318 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Atlanta from the west, and which successfully marched on to a junction with the army operating against Johnston. Franklin. Nashville. He fought Forrest in the pursuit of Hood. Harrow, WUUam, Kentucky. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Kernstown. Antietam. At Gettysburg be com manded a brigade, and, during Pickett's charge, the command of the division against which Pickett struck de volved upon him. Harrow's brigade charged from the south into the clump of trees then held by the Confederates near the crest of the ridge. The grove was jammed with Pickett's men. Pickett emerged from the woods and It was Harrow's lot to repulse him. His brigade had been behind the first line, but joined the line in the fight. Around Pickett's MiUs, May 28th, 1864, troops of his division repulsed the attack of the Confederates on their position. Hawley, J. R., North Carolina. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Good conduct at Bull Run. Siege opera tions against Charleston. Fort Morris. Fort Wagner, James Island. Pocotaligo. Olustee. His command and cavalry moved the night of June 8th, 1864, to threaten Petersburg. Drewry's Bluff. Deep Run. Darbytown Road. New Market. Operations around Petersburg. Haynie, I. N., Tennessee. Brigadier General of Volun teers. Fort Henry. Fort Donelson. Shiloh. Hays, William, Virginia. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Defenses of Washington, September 15th, 1861, to March 10th, 1862. He served well in command of a brigade of horse artillery in the Peninsula campaign. Be fore Yorktown. Williamsburg. Mechanlcsvllle. Malvem Hill, commanding artillery brigade. In command of re serve artillery in the Maryland campaign. Antietam. Fredericksburg, commanding artillery reserve. In com mand of reser%'e artillery in the Rappahannock campaign, December, 1862, to May, 1863. He was wounded and captured at ChanceUorsvUle. At Gettysburg he succeeded FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 319 to the command of the 2d corps the evening of July 3d, and retained it till September 13th. Following up of Lee to Warrenton. In command of a division In the Richmond campaign. Operations around Petersburg. In the Pe tersburg assault, April 2d, 1865, his division carried an important earthwork, with three guns and most of the garrison. He commanded a division In the Appomattox campaign, and was assigned to the artillery reserve April 6th. He was an able artillerist, and performed hardy and significant service In the War. Henderson, Alex., District of Columbia. Chief En gineer of the steam-sloop Adirondack and iron-clad Onon daga. When the Confederate fleet came down James River, January 23d, 1865, he signaled its approach to the Onondaga from the ai-my signal tower on shore. Henderson, Thos. J., Tennessee. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Performed brave and worthy service during the campaigns in Georgia and Tennessee, especially Frank lin. He commanded a division from Beaufort In the cam paign in the Carolinas. Henry, Guy V., Indian Territory. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Commanded a battery at Key West, Fla., and Hilton Head, S. C. Bull Run. In defenses of Wash ington, July to December, 1861. Expedition to Florida, February 4th to April 24th, 1863. Acting Chief of Ar tillery, Department of the South, June, 1863. Opera tions against Charleston, July— November, 1863. Descent upon Morris Island. Bombardment of Fort Sumter, Au gust 17th-23d, 1863. Siege of Fort Wagner. Conspic uous at Pocotaligo, serving his pieces admirably. He had two horses shot under him. He captured a battery at Camp FInnegan without the loss of a man, taking about 100 prisoners, 8 pieces of artillery and valuable property. In the Florida expedition he commanded a small brigade of cavalry and mounted Infantry, marching from Jackson ville to within three miles of Lake City. In the main movement he was in the advance. Olustee — when the 320 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Federals were defeated he covered the retreat. Operations before Richmond, Bermuda Hundred, May 6th to 29th, 1864. Drewry's Bluff, May 12th to 16th. At Cold Har bor, June 1st, 1864, he led the assault of his brigade upon the Confederate works, and had two horses shot under him — one while leaping over the Confederate breastworks. On the extreme right, he carried the rifle-pits in front thus, but found the position commanded by an earthwork on the right flank. Operations around Petersburg, June to Sep tember, 1864. Mine assault, July 30th, In front of Fort Harrison. The value of his brave services before Peters burg and In the War was recognized. HIU, Bennett H., District of Columbia. Brigadier Gen eral U. S. Army. In command of Key West, 1861-2, and of the Military District of Michigan, May 23d, 1864, to the end of the War. Plobson, E. PL, Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volun teers. Was at Camp Hobson till February, 1862. He organized a Kentucky regiment. Showed skill at Shiloh. Movement upon Corinth. Perryville. He commanded the southern division of Kentucky. He attacked Morgan in December, 1862, six miles from MunfordvIUe. He pursued Morgan through Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. His troops were the ones which ran Morgan down and captured him. The head of his column struck Morgan's rear at Buffington. He repelled raids at Lexington, Ky. June 11th, 1864, he tried to relieve Lexington, but was attacked in front, while Morgan assailed his rear, and compelled him to surrender. The old command of Mor gan surrendered to him May 1st, 1865. Holland, CoUey B., Tennessee. Brigadier General En rolled Missouri State MUItla, October 27th, 1862, to Jan uary 12th, 1865. When Marmaduke moved against Springfield at the beginning of 1863, Holland, command ing enrolled Missouri militia of the district, took steps to coUect his command there. Springfield was saved. Holt, Joseph, Kentucky. Secretary of War In the FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 321 months just preceding Lincoln's inauguration. He was appointed Judge Advocate General of the United States, September 3d, 1862. In 1864 he was placed at the head of the Bureau of Military Justice. Major General U. S. Army, March, 1866. Hunter, David, District of Columbia. Major General of Volunteers. Was charged with the duty of protecting President Lincoln's house and person. At Bull Run his division led the flank movement which started the battle. He was severely wounded very early in the fight. He served under Fremont In Missouri, and commanded one of his divisions. Placed In command of the Department of the West, November 2d, 1861. In command of the De partment of Kansas from November 20th, 1861, to March 11th, 1862. He contributed to the faU of Fort Donelson by sending reenforcements promptly. He commanded the Department of the South, March 31st, 1862, to June 3d, 1863. He captured Fort Pulaski, Ga., April 11th, 1862, with naval support, closing the Savannah River to block ade-runners. Capture of Buffington. Expedition against Charleston. In command of the Department of West Virginia, May 19th to August 8th, 1864. He drove Im boden's cavalry out of New Market, June 1st, 1864, and through Harrisonburg next day. At Piedmont, In a ten- hour battle, he defeated the Confederates, captured 1,500 men and 3 guns. W. E. Jones, commanding the Con federates, was killed. He occupied Lexington and raided the Shenandoah Valley south to Lynchburg. Lee was Im pelled to detach a strong force to face him. He invested Lynchburg. Diamond HIU. Lynchburg. Hurlbut, S. A., South Carolina. Major General of Vol unteers. In command of Fort Donelson in 1862. He was the first to reach Pittsburg Landing, and held it for a week alone. In the battle there, he fell back only when flanked. He withstood superior numbers five hours, and charged three times. He accepted the offer of the gun boat Tyler's assistance and indicated the proper line of FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS fire. The Confederate batteries were silenced. Sidney Johnston, commanding the Confederate army, fell In his front. Hurlbut gave information of the approach of Van Dom upon Corinth. After the battle of Corinth, he led the pursuit. Met the Confederates at Hatchie Bridge, striking the head of the column. When Ord was wounded the command devolved on him. In command of the 16th corps from December 18th, 1862. He planned and di rected the raid down Mississippi from Tennessee to Baton Rouge, which facilitated the clearing of the way for the campaign against Jackson and Vicksburg in May, 1863. In command at Memphis, September, 1863. He com manded one of the two columns In the march from Vicks burg to Meridian in Febmary, 1864. In command of the Department of the Gulf during the last year of the War. Jackson, James S., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Organized a cavalry regiment. Shiloh. luka. Corinth. Athens. At Perryville, holding the left flank with a raw division, he was killed while leading his men. The battle was fought In great part by his and Rousseau's divisions. Jacob, R. T., Kentucky. Resisted with boldness and efficiency in the Legislature and before the people the effort to have Kentucky secede. He rendered active and useful service, especially to the Army of the Ohio In Ken tucky. He helped resist Morgan's raid, following until his capture. He became lieutenant governor of Kentucky in 1863. Jameson, WilUam, Virginia. Commodore. Jenkins, Thornton A., Virginia. Captain. Cooperated in preventing the forts at Key West and Dry Tortugas from faUIng Into the hands of an expedition sent from New Orleans before the War was started. He performed secret service at the request of President Lincoln. He commanded the steam-sloop Wachusett on the James and Potomac rivers In 1862. He was the senior officer present at the repulse of the Confederates at Coggin's Point, and FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 323 at the attack on the Federal flotilla off City Point. In command of steam-sloop Oneida, autumn of 1862. He blockaded Mobile. Fleet captain and chief of staff of Farragut's squadron. Commanded the Hartford. Led the fleet at the passage of Port Hudson, March 14th, 1863. Engaged batteries of Grand Gulf and Warrenton. Com manded the Monongahela, temporary flag-ship, in the at tack on Port Hudson ending May 28th, 1863. Surrender of Port Hudson, being in chief command of the naval forces below. He was wounded In a fight with Confed erate batteries at College Point, Miss. Commanded divi sion blockading the entrance to Mobile Bay, December, 1863, to August, 1864. Commanded steam-sloop Rich mond. Mobile Bay — following the Hartford, he ran half a mile ahead of the other vessels in the Richmond. He gave the Tennessee three broadsides. Surrender of Forts Morgan, Powell and Gaines. He was left in command of the Mobile Bay division until February, 1865. March 14th, 1865, he was ordered to the James River and re mained there until after Lee's surrender. Johnson, Andrew, North Carolina. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Military Governor of Tennessee. PIIs courage helped hold Nashville against a Confederate force. As military governor, he raised 26 regiments for service in Tennessee. April 15th, 1865, he became President of the United States, and, thereby. Commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. Johnson, Andrew W., District of Columbia. Lieutenant Commander. Commanded the Lehigh. Commanded the MontoMk in Stono River. Bull's Bay expedition, imme diately before the fall of Charleston. Johnson, R. W., Kentucky. Major General U. S. Army. At the beginning of the War, he was employed in guarding the upper Potomac. First Shenanadoah cam paign. FaUIng Waters. Bunker Hill. He was placed in command of Kentucky Home Guards, 1,200 men. He reached Muldraugh's Hill and helped cause Buckner to 324 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS desist from advance of September 17th, 1861, on Louis ville. Pittsburg Landing. Routed Confederates in his front, May 28th, 1862. Advance upon Corinth. March through northem Alabama, Tennessee and Kentucky. He was defeated near Gallatin by Morgan and captured. At Murfreesboro the first attack on the Federal right fell on his and another division. He was in reserve when Bragg struck and broke the right flank. He had taken all precautions against surprise. His outposts were driven in and cavalry attacked his extreme right. He formed and made a slight advance. Ordered up his reserve brigade. All were forced back. A part of his division later formed on Rousseau's right In the new line. His soldierly quali ties shone in the battle. Advance on TuUahoma. At Lib erty Gap the Confederates attacked him. They first attacked his center, then attempted to gain the hills so as to command his flank, but failed, losing 860 men, and withdrew. At Chickamauga, September 19th, his divi sion hurried up from Crawfish Springs, arriving just in time to prevent the rout of the Federal left. It moved forward with Palmer, and, after an hour's fighting, they drove Cheatham back. It behaved handsomely, driving the Confederates a mile and a half, capturing seven guns and a large number of prisoners. In the evening, before his division and two additional brigades could be withdrawn to the new line, they were attacked by Cleburne's fresh division, supported by Cheatham's. After a heavy night conflict of an hour, the Confederates were repulsed. On the 20th, he was In the fierce struggle. When Brecken ridge took In reverse the Federal left, Johnson's reserve helped oust him. Furious attacks upon Johnson failed. He fought with heroism and force. Defense of and opera tions around Chattanooga, September, 1863, to May, 1864. In the Missionary Ridge assault his division moved up the hill in Une and carried his part of the ridge. He cap tured many troops driven north by the right wing. He commanded a division during the invasion of Georgia, FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 325 May and June, 1864. Operations around Dalton. Dem onstrations against Resaca. At Resaca May 14th, his and Newton's divisions plunged into the thicket and worked their way into the reentrant angle In Hardee's front. His division was the first to engage the Confederates. New Hope, Pickett's Mills, assaulting the Confederate position. He was struck from the flank by cavalry. He was se verely wounded. He was attacked hard at Peach Tree Creek. Given command of the 14th corps August 6th, 1864. He advanced the 7th, carried a line of rifle-pits and established a line close to the Confederate works. Chief of cavalry Military Division of the Mississippi, Au gust 22d to October 27th, 1864. At Jonesboro, com manding the 14th corps, he carried Intrenchments. One of his divisions carried Its entire front. He was dispatched to Nashville to equip and forward cavalry from that sta tion. During Hood's advance he was assigned by Thomas to command a division of cavalry. At Nashville Decem ber 16th his cavalry, with the cooperation of Lee's gun boats, drove Confederates from their established batteries on the Cumberland River below Nashville. When Hood was routed, December 16th, Johnson was ordered to move rapidly by the Hillsborough pike, and, after crossing the Harpeth River, to turn up Its south bank and fall upon the Confederates at or near Franklin. He struck the Con federates at Franklin, and they left 1,800 of their wounded and 200 Federal wounded to fall Into Federal hands. As signed to command of the Middle District of Tennessee. Johnson's services during the War did him honor. Jones, Roger, District of Columbia. Destroyed the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, April 18th, 1861, preventing the arms from falling Into Confederate hands. Jones, Theodore, District of Columbia. Commanded a brigade with spirit and credit in the Atlanta campaign. Campaign in the Carolinas. Jouett, J. E., Kentucky. Lieutenant Commander. Commanded a detachment of sailors and marines from the 326 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Santee who boarded and destroyed the man-of-war Royal Yacht In Galveston Bay, he having a desperate hand-to- hand conflict with the commander of the Royal Yacht, and receiving two severe wounds in the right arm and right side and lung from a pike. He commanded the Montgom ery and R. R. Cuyler. He captured eight blockade-run ners In 1863. In the battle of Mobile Bay, in the Metacomet, lashed to the Hartford, he passed the forts. Having been permitted to cut loose, he closed with and captured the Selma. He captured the Gaines. Coolness, promptness and good conduct were displayed by him. Judah, Henry M., Maryland. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Defenses of Washington, December 19th, 1861, to March 10th, 1862. In command of a division in the advance upon Corinth. In command of Fort Deni son, August 23d to September 6th, 1862 ; of Covington, Ky., September 5th-8th, 1862, when threatened by KIrby Smith. In command of the District of Westem Kentucky, Febraary 25th to March 1st, 1863 ; and of the forces at Bowling Green and Russellvllle, Ky., March to May, 1863. He commanded troops chasing Morgan to Buffington Is land. Judah went up the Ohio River in steamboats to head Morgan off, and struck his flank at Buffington Island. In command of a division from May, 1863. At Resaca his division had a fierce struggle. Others coming to its help, a part of the Confederate intrenchments was taken. Kenly, John R., Maryland. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. At Front Royal his losing fight against Jackson saved the Shenandoah army. Hagerstown. Harper's Ferry. Recapture of Maryland Heights. He helped fol low Early when Early recrossed the Potomac into Virginia, July 14th, 1864. Kilty, A. H., Maryland. Naval Captain. Ordered to St. Louis in 1861, he helped organize the Mississippi flo tilla. He commanded the Mound City at Island No. 10; also at Fort PIUow, where she was sunk. In command of expedition to the White River, Ark. The steam-chest of FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 327 the Mound City was struck. Kilty was scalded with steam which fiUed the vessel. Troops with the vessels captured St. Charles. He commanded the Roanoke. Kirkland, William A., North Carolina. Lieutenant Com mander. Movement against Mobile, resulting in its cap ture. He commanded the Winnebago, 1864—5. Kirkwood, S. J., Maryland. Govemor of Iowa during the War. As such he sent about flfty regiments to the War — nearly all for three years, the result being that Iowa was one of the few States in which there was no draft. Kurtz, J. D., District of Columbia. Chief Engineer, Department of Annapolis, June— July, 1861 ; and of the Shenandoah, August, 1861. Assistant Engineer in de fense of Washington against Early, July 12th— 15th, 1864. Laldley, T. T, S., Virginia. Commander of Frankfort arsenal in 1863—4. Inspector of ordnance. Landram, J. J., Kentucky. Cynthlana, — Landram es caping, slightly wounded, to Paris, Ky., where the next day he rallied and united several detachments and harassed Morgan in his retirement from Kentucky. He had sev eral horses shot under him at Richmond, Ky. He received a severe wound in the head, partly blinding and Incapaci tating him for further active service. Landram, William J., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Chickasaw Bluffs. Capture of Arkansas Post. Port Gibson. Champion's Hill. Vicksburg assaults, May 19th and 22d. He commanded a division In the Red River campaign. Pleasant HIU. Sabine Cross Roads. Lanier, Edmund, Virginia. Commander. In command of the Alabama in Blockading Squadron, 1861. Lauman, J. G., Maryland. Brigadier General of Volun teers. Served in Missouri, and was severely wounded at Belmont. At Fort Donelson he was one of the first to storm and enter the works, encountering an abatis on the way. Shiloh. He commanded a division In the siege of Vicksburg. In the assault at Jackson, Miss., July 12th, 328 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 1863, his troops were pushed close to the Confederate works, and suffered great loss. Lee, John F., Virginia. Grandson of Richard Henry Lee. Judge Advocate of the United States Army to Sep tember 4th, 1862. Lee, Samuel P., Virginia. Grandson of Richard Henry Lee. Acting Rear Admiral. Blockade off Charleston, maintaining It with the Vandalia. In the expedition against New Orleans, he commanded the advance division below Forts Jackson and St. PhUIp. In the battle, his vessel, the Oneida, was at one time engaged alone with both forts. It was one of the three vessels first to en counter the Confederate fleet. He went to the assistance of the Cayu,ga, dispersing antagonists. He relieved the Varuna by driving off the two rams which had rammed her, forcing their burning and capturing the commander of the Gov. Moore; and he helped rescue the officers and men of the Varuna, which sank. His vessel and the Cayuga finished up the Confederate fleet. He participated in the capture of the Chalmette batteries. Lee went up to Vicks burg with the gunboats, and summoned it to surrender. May 18th, 1862. For a time, he commanded the advance division below Vicksburg, and participated In both pas sages of the Vicksburg batteries, the Oneida being second In line on each occasion. Engagement with the Arkansas and passage of Vicksburg southbound, July 15th. Lee was appointed acting rear admiral September 2d, 1862, and commanded the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron till October 12th, 1864. In the Suffolk campaign the Confederates moved suddenly In force to cross the Nanse mond River, and thereby attack the Federals at Suffolk. Lee hastily moved two flotillas to hold the line of the river, — one of 8 gunboats In the upper Nansemond, and the other of 4 gunboats in the lower waters. The upper Nansemond flotilla, and Getty with 300 troops, captured Battery Huger, HIU's Point, April 19th, 1863. The lower Nansemond flotlUa made a landing expedition to FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 329 Chuckatuck, several miles inland. During his command of the North Atlantic Squadron, Lee was engaged in block ading the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina, and zealously cooperating with the armies In the defense of Norfolk, New Bern and Washington, fighting with their iron-clads and heavy fortifications in Trent's Reach, and their field batteries along the line of communication on James River, always securely held by him. He perfected and maintained a vast blockade. Pie originated the system of a girdle of cruisers, which Isolated the Confederacy from foreign recruits, supplies and munitions of war. 54 blockade-runners were captured or destroyed by the fleet under him. On May 5th, 1864, he brought up the Army of the James, 40,000 strong, to Bermuda Hundred. His fleet protected the right flank of that army during May. In September, 1864, Lee spoke about the Albemarle, and approved one of two plans submitted for her destruction, and had It submitted to the Washington authorities. Or ders were given for the purchase of suitable vessels. A launch with a torpedo was sent through the Chesapeake & Albemarle canal. The night of October 27th the launch entered Roanoke River, and went at the Albemarle under a heavy fire and the torpedo was exploded under her, blowing her up. The North Atlantic Squadron, besides blockading, was engaged In 91 actions and expeditions during the period of his command. Lee was ordered to the command of the Mississippi Squadron, October 21st, 1864. He had command of the entire Mississippi River and Its tributaries from October. In the NashviUe cam paign, he moved up the Cumberland River to the support of Thomas. The flag-ship was stopped at ClarksvIUe by low water. He kept open army communications, and vig ilantly guarded the lower Mississippi against the inter vention of trans-Mississippi Confederate forces. He was asked by Thomas, November 30th, to patrol the Cum berland River. Hood was marching against Nashville. Lee directed the patroUing of the river above and below 330 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Nashville by gunboats. It was done so effectively that crossing was impossible. He kept open the Cumberland when the safety of Thomas depended so largely on his prompt receipt of reenforcements and supplies during Hood's advance. After the battle of Nashville, Lee was request^ by Thomas to send gunboats up the Tennessee to head off Hood. He succeeded in capturing two guns at Florence. The operations of his squadron on the Ten nessee prevented Hood on his retreat from crossing where the river was navigable. Lee occupied the last months of the War in convoy duty, maintaining communication on the Mississippi, blockading Red River, and active opera tions in conjunction with the army by the fleets In the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers — exacting and difficult service. There were hot engagements with the Confederate batteries and troops on the banks. Lee received the sur render of the last of the Confederate fleet on western waters. Lincoln, Abraham, Kentucky. President of the United States: as such. Commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. November 12th, 1861, he ordered that a naval expedition should be fitted out for the capture of New Orleans. He exercised some direction of the War throughout. Lindsey, D. W., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Middle Creek. Retreat from Cumberland Gap. He was under fire at Chickasaw Bluffs. Capture of Arkan sas Post. Port Gibson. Champion's HIU. Big Black River. Vicksburg assaults. May 19th and 22d, 1863. Loan, Benj. F., Kentucky. Brigadier General Missouri State Militia. Long, Eli, Kentucky. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Perryville. TuUahoma. Tuscumbia Creek, surprise and capture of Confederates. Wounded at Stone River. He reached Huntsville, Ala., with others, July 3d, 1863, cap turing prisoners and supplies. By a saber charge he dis lodged Wheeler's rear-guard near Murfreesboro, October FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 331 5th, 1863. Duck River, fierce charge against Davidson's division, driving the Confederates 13 miles, kiUIng and cap turing many. He fought bravely and creditably at Farm lngton, where he was wounded. Chickamauga, pursuit of Wheeler and Roddy. Long crossed the Chattanooga River November 24th, 1863, reached Tyner's Station, and went as far as Charleston, Tenn. He was dispatched from Chattanooga for the relief of Knoxville. Long, with the troops advancing to its relief, was sent with picked men to communicate with the besieged army. His services were of merit. At Calhoun, with a small force, he defeated Wheeler's. He charged a small force which had become separated from the rest after the main fight and scattered it, taking prisoners. He was wounded in reconnoissance on Dalton, In May, 1864, commanding cavalry, he was In Blair's march from Huntsville, Ala., on Rome and Kings ton. Fought spiritedly at Lovejoy's Station. Long was ordered to help push Forrest toward Selma. At Ebenezer Church, his division attacked the Confederates, and, with the aid of A. J. Alexander's brigade, carried the position in a short time. The Confederates retreated toward Selma. Long captured a gun at Mulberry Creek. Long's division took the advance on Selma. He arrived first at Boyle's Creek ; dismounted his men, and, forming on the left of the road, he charged and broke the Confederate Une, and cap tured a gun. His division and two additional brigades carried the works at Selma In a single sweeping charge, dismounted. Confederate cavalry were operating In his rear, but he sent a regiment to help guard It, and kept on, taking the Intrenchments. His line was completely ex posed. Long drove the Confederates to the city. Fight ing gallantly, he was severely wounded. 32 cannon, large stores, and 2,700 prisoners were captured. The arsenal and powder works were destroyed. Long achieved a bright reputation in the War. Love, John, Virginia. Major General Indiana legion militia. Commanded a force in pursuit, through Indiana, 332 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS of Morgan's raiders, repulsing them at Mt. Vemon, Ind., July 11th, 1863. McCann, W. P., Kentucky. Lieutenant Commander. Reenforced Fort Pickens April 14th-15th, 1861. In June he landed additional reenforcements. In 1862 he operated on the York, Pamunkey and James rivers. Commanded the Maratanza against Yorktown. He had several engage ments with batteries there and at Gloucester Point. At West Point, May 7th, 1862, he drove off the Confederate battery attacking the force which had landed. Protecting the army at Malvern Hill. He captured the gunboat Teazer, Point of Rocks. He captured several blockade- runners on the Potomac River. At New Bern, HIU and Pettigrew attacked Camp Anderson, and his vessel, the Hunchback, helped silence the guns and compel the army to withdraw. He fought with skill and vigor. The Con federates had 18 guns. During the siege of Washington, N. C, he had command of five gunboats. Commanded the Kennebec In the blockade of Mobile Bay. He captured at sea three blockade-runners. In the battle of Mobile Bay, he commanded the Kennebec lashed to the Monongahela, which rammed the Tennessee. He assisted In the destruc tion of the Ivanhoe under the guns of Fort Morgan. He pursued and engaged the Morgan. McClemand, John A., Kentucky. Major General of Volunteers. At the beginning of the War he recruited a brigade. At Belmont, commanding one of the two bri gades, he fought bravely. He assisted In planning the expedition against Fort Henry. He moved to surround the Fort, when up, and troops were withdrawn, and the Fort surrendered. At Fort Donelson, February 13th, he made a small assault on the earthworks, and February 15th the defensive battle was fought by him. He was the com mander of the right wing, which was attacked. He sus tained the battle from early morning until 3 p. m., by his own conceptions. At Shiloh he sent three regiments to the support of the left flank of the forward division before FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 333 the attack fell on his. He held the right after that divi sion was demolished, and fought hard all day. He had to change the front of half his command to the west. He was intrepid, and occupied eight successive positions dur ing the day. McClernand did valiant service next day. He commanded the reserves In the advance on Corinth. He was empowered by the Federal Govemment, October 21st, 1862, to raise and organize troops to aid him in an expedition from Cairo against Vicksburg, to open the Mis sissippi thereto, while another expedition should move up from New Orleans, the two to be combined. He concen trated troops at Memphis. He was In command of the 13th corps from December 18th, 1862. McClernand took command of the Army of the Mississippi at Milliken's Bend, January 4th, 1863, 32,000 men, and saUed up the Arkansas River, accompanied by the fleet. He disem barked January 10th near Arkansas Post, which surren dered to the combined attack of the army and fleet next day. Confederates lost 5,000 men. McClemand's was the advance corps from the north to the south of Vicks burg. He encamped at Carthage, La., south of Vicksburg. He then marched further down to Perkln's Landing. Then he moved to Hard Times, 22 miles below. His corps. In making the march from Milliken's Bend to Hard Times, fought with general success, and built the road for the rest of the army. He received information that there was a good landing place at Brulnsburg, with a road thence to Port Gibson, which would enable the army to reach the rear of Vicksburg. He disembarked at Bruinsburg, and led the advance on Port Gibson, the army crossing the Mississippi River at Bruinsburg. By a forced march he reached Port Gibson, surprised the Confederates, and de feated them there. He planned the battle and disposed the forces. The Confederates retreated when outflanked. Port Gibson was occupied next day, and Grand Gulf was evacuated by the Confederates. McClemand withdrew skillfully from the front of the Confederates at Edwards 334 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Station. He seized Bolton, appointed by J. E. Johnston as the junction point where he hoped the Vicksburg army and his could unite. At Champion's Hill, McClemand's was the only corps up when the battle began. He attacked the Confederates and helped to win the victory, the Con federates losing 6,000 men. It was his corps which came upon the Confederates' strong position at Big Black River, and carried the same by assault — a lauded achievement. In the second assault on Vicksburg, his men took advanced intrenchments in several places. He took command of the 13th corps at Alexandria, La., on the return from the Red River expedition, April, 1864. The Confederates attacked McClemand near Alexandria April 28th and got between the army and the Mississippi. He commanded the 13th corps on the march east from Alexandria. McFerran, J. C, Kentucky. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Served in New Mexico. Built the depot and post of Fort Union, 1861—62. Chief Quartermaster, Depart ment of New Mexico. Peralta. Mcintosh, John B., Florida. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Peninsula campaign. Marked conduct at White Oak Swamp. Chancellorsville. At Gettysburg, when Stu art's cavalry worked around toward the Federal rear, July 3d, Mcintosh, who understood Stuart's tactics and had dis cerned his position, moved dismounted cavalry forward about 2 p. M. Confederates met them. More of his cav alry moved up, and he sent for reenforcements. He drove Confederates back, occupying their position about the Rummel house. When the full Confederate line charged the reenforced Federals, Mcintosh had his left charge, rallying staff, buglers and orderlies, and gathering up other men for the charge, and struck the Confederate right flank. The flank attack told on the Confederates. They fell back to their starting point. Mcintosh established an advanced skirmish line. His bravery and generalship stood the Federals In need. Wilderness. Battles around FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 335 Petersburg. Dash and good management at Opequon, where he lost a leg. The Ashland cavalry fight was brought on by him. In a successful dash at the railroad bridges over the South Anna. McMillan, James W., Kentucky. Major General of Volunteers. Commanded a division in the Red River cam paign. At Pleasant Grove, he was brought up when Emory's right was heavily pressed, and restored the hope. At Pleasant Hill, when the army was breaking, his men made a charge, which was of vital aid. The Confederates exposed their right flank, and were thrown Into confusion, and the Federals held on till night. At Cedar Creek, after the Confederate pursuit had been checked, the end brigade on the Confederate left was not in touch with the next brigade. In the Federal counter-attack, McMillan's divi sion enveloped the Confederate left flank and broke it. The retreat of the left wing ensued. McNair, Antolne R., Louisiana. Commanded the Semi nole. Attack on Fort Sumter in 1862, and defenses of Charleston. Capture of batteries on Morris Island. In command of the Powhatan and New Ironsides. He par ticipated In both attacks on Fort Fisher. Marshall, Chas. A., Kentucky. Led the advance of Nelson in his campaign in eastem Kentucky in 1861. Bore the brunt of the fight at Ivy Creek. Marshall, William R., Missouri. Fought Indians first part of the War. Battles near Tupelo after June, 1864. Expedition to Oxford, Miss., in August. Engaged In pur suit of Price through Arkansas and Missouri. At Nash ville, December 16th, in assault on a Confederate redoubt on the Hillsboro pike, commanding a brigade, he led the men over the works, captured the guns and pursued the Confederates a half mile. On the I6th, he led his bri gade in a charge on the Confederate works, and, on horse back, was among the first over the breastworks and among the gunners, capturing the Polnte Coupee battery of four 336 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS brass pieces. He led his brigade in the advance on Spanish Fort. He was wounded in the neck, but continued in command. Martin, Jas. S., Virginia. Brigadier General of Volun teers. Atlanta campaign. Matthews, E. O., Maryland. Lleutejiant Commander. Assisted In the capture of the forts at Hatteras Inlet. Commanded the Sonoma. In land and water expedition up Broad River, November 28th, 1864, against the railroad connecting Charleston and Savannah. He commanded naval Ught artillery at Honey HIU. Battles at Tulifinny Cross Roads, December, 1864. Maynadier, Henry E., Virginia. Performed courageous and good service while commanding the mortar flotilla dur ing the operations against Island No. 10 and other Con federate forts on the Mississippi River. He did good service in the battle of Memphis. Honorable service on the frontier while operating against hostile Indians, and accomplishing much toward bringing about peace with hos tile tribes. Mayo, WilUam K., Virginia. Lieutenant Commander. Commanded the Kanawha, November, 1862. Fight with Fort Morgan, October 12th, 1863, displaying bravery. At the beginning of 1864, he was In the West Gulf Block ading Squadron. In July, 1864, he took command of the monitor Nahant in front of Charleston, and discovered the port was not closed to commerce. A more vigorous system was adopted with good results. Fall of Charleston. Meigs, Montgomery C, Georgia. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Quartermaster General, U. S. Army. Formed a plan and proposed an expedition for throwing In troops and mounting heavy guns at Fort Pickens. He organized and conducted the expedition, and it relieved the Fort. As chief engineer for It, he was at Fort Pickens In a govemment vessel when the Atlantic, chartered by him, and the Powhatan arrived, with soldiers, artillery and pro visions. Pensacola. He directed the equipping and sup- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 337 plying of the armies in the field. May 16th, 1861, to the end of the War. He issued proposals for the building of iron-clad^ for the Mississippi River, and contracted on be half of the Govemment for the buUding of a number of iron-clad gunboats for the westem waters. Seven were launched before t;he close of 1861. He was present at Bull Run. Pie provided transportation and supplies for the forces at Chattanooga, and was present during Its bom bardment and investment. Engaged in the battle of Chat tanooga. In command of Belle Plain and Fredericksburg (base of supplies of the Army of the Potomac) May 16th- 18th, 1864. On special mission to Bermuda Hundred, May 21st— 26th. Defense of Washington, commanding a brigade of quartermaster's employes and other troops, forming the division occupying the trenches east of Fort Stevens, July llth-14th, 1864. At Savannah January 5th-29th, 1866, supplying and refitting the army there. At Goldsboro March 22d to April 13th, directing the open ing of communications for again supplying armies. Meigs, John R., District of Columbia. Bull Run. Rocky Gap. Droop Mountain. Chief Engineer of the Department of West Virginia, November 3d, 1863, to August 17th, 1864. In Salem raid. Raid upon Staunton, May, 1864. New Market. Lynchburg raid. Piedmont. Diamond Hill. Chief Engineer middle military division, Shenandoah Valley army, August 17th to October 3d, 1864. Opequon. Fisher's HiU. Merchant, Clarke, Georgia, In command of the Pensa cola and Roanoke, Meredith, Solomon, North Carolina. Major General of Volunteers. South Mountain. Antietam. He was wounded at Gainesville, Va. He commanded the " Iron Brigade." Fredericksburg. Forced the crossing of the Rappahannock in April, 1863. Chancellorsville. He opened, as regards the Infantry, the three-days' battle of Gettysburg. He swung around his Iron Brigade at a critical juncture, struck Archer on the flank and helped 338 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS capture him and several hundred prisoners. He pursued across WlUoughby Run. The Federals reestablished their line on McPherson's ridge as a result of Meredith's suc cess, he holding McPherson's wood. He repeatedly re pulsed Confederate assaults, but the retirement of other troops uncovered his left and he fell back to successive positions, inflicting heavy losses. Some of his men manned a battery, raked Scales' brigade and broke it. Meredith was severely wounded. Next day the Iron Brigade was on Gulp's hill. It suffered next to the heaviest loss at Gettysburg, — 1,153, to the Confederate Armstead's 1,191. In command of Cairo early In 1864, and of Paducah to the close of the War. Middleton, Edward, South Carolina. Naval Captain. Commanded steam sloops in the Pacific Squadron from 1861 to 1865. Miles, D. S., Maryland. Defenses of Washington, July, 1861. He commanded the reserves at the battle of Bull Run. Commanded a brigade guarding the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Opposed Jackson's demonstration against Harper's Ferry, May 26th to 30th, 1862. He was in com mand of Harper's Ferry when it surrendered, and was mortally wounded. Missroun, J. S., South Carolina. Ordnance officer, Bos ton navy yard. MItchel, 0. McKnight, Kentucky. Major General of Volunteers. In command of Department of the Ohio, Sep tember 19th to November 15th, 1861. He constructed de fenses at Cincinnati. Organized an expedition for the occupation of east Tennessee October 10th, 1861. As signed to command of Camp Jenkins, near Louisville, November 19th, He organized volunteers at Louisville. December 3d, 1861, he was given command of the 3d divi sion. Army of the Ohio. He served with the Army of the Ohio during the campaigns of Tennessee that winter. He occupied Bowling Green, hurrying A. S. Johnston's rear guard thence. Occupied Nashville in February, 1862. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 339 He made one of the most noted expeditions of the early history of the War, best known as the " locomotive chase." Starting at Nashville, he marched through Murfreesboro and Fayetteville, and arrived at Huntsville, Ala., April 11th, 1862, capturing many railroad trains and engines: pushed on to Tuscumbia, and sent an expedition to Russell vllle, Ala. At Bridgeport, he caused a portion of his com mand to confront the Confederates, and the main force to make a detour and advance upon Bridgeport. The Con federates were surprised and driven across the Tennessee River. He took Bridgeport. He dispersed the other por tion of the Confederate force, coming up to assist their comrades. He took possession of the railroad from De catur to Stephenson. He was placed In command of all the troops between Nashville and Huntsville. He sent an expedition against RogersvIUe, and gained control of all of Alabama north of the Tennessee River. Chattanooga was assailed June 6th, 1862, under his orders. His opera tions drew Kirby Smith from east Tennessee, and opened the way for the seizure of Cumberland Gap. The Con federate plan of campaiign was deranged by Mitchel's expedition against Chattanooga. He was transferred to command at Port Royal in June, 1862. In command of the Department of the South and 10th corps, September 17th to October 30th, 1862. Morris, T. A., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volun teers. Appointed Quartermaster General of Indiana, and had charge of the equipment of Indiana's first regiments. As General, he commanded the first brigade of troops that went from that State. West Virginia campaign. He sent two columns to Philippi by night, which surprised and routed the Confederates. His were the troops at Laurel Hill and Carrlck's Ford — Federal successes. He pursued the Confederates from Laurel HIU. Pie had been placed in command of aU the troops in western Virginia, while a superior was not present. Morrow, Henry A., Virginia. Major General of Vol- 340 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS unteers. Fredericksburg. Good conduct at Fitzhugh's Crossing. Honorable mention at Chancellorsville. Expe dition to Port Royal and Northern Neck, and to Westmore land C. H. Wounded at Gettysburg the first day while carrying the flag of a regiment after four color-bearers had been killed and three wounded. Prisoner July 1st to 4th. Escaping, he rejoined his command. Commanded a brigade at Culpeper. Severely wounded at the Wilder ness. Severely wounded at Dabney's Mills. Gallantry and good conduct in operations before Petersburg. Gal lant and meritorious at Hatcher's Run, severely wounded while bearing the colors of a regiment In rallying troops. In the expedition to Meherrin River and commanded the rear-guard on retreat. Commanded the Iron Brigade from Petersburg. Murray, E. H., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Commanding cavalry, was eminent when Confed erates got In the Federal rear at Murfreesboro. Raised to command of cavalry near Resaca May 14th, 1864. Nelson, William, Kentucky. Major General of Volun teers. At Washington on ordnance duty when the War began. He planned the bringing of muskets owned by the United States Grovemment into Kentucky. He organized two camps and raised regiments. Established Camp Dick Robinson. Made Lieutenant Commander July 16th, 1861, and assigned to the command of gunboats patrolling the Ohio River. His command at Camp Dick Robinson formed the nucleus of Thomas' army. Formally exchanged from the navy to the army, September 16th, 1861. He organ ized a force which drove the Confederates from eastem Kentucky. Routed Confederates at Ivy Creek. Caused a Confederate force to retire through Pound Gap, Placed in command of the 4th division. Army of the Ohio, Decem ber 3d, 1861. He occupied Nashville. His rapid march gave the army overborne at Shiloh necessary reenforce ments. He got his leading brigade under Ammen on the field in time for salvation of the army there from final dis- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 341 aster, arriving in person with it, and entering into the struggle. Ammen repulsed a charge at 6 :30 p. m. Nel son led the advance next day and was engaged In the battle. After Forrest took Murfreesboro, July 13th, 1862, Nelson moved against him, then constructed strong fieldworks at Murfreesboro. When Confederate cavalry moved into Kentucky, Nelson was sent there to organize troops, restore communications and operate against them. He labored to prepare against the advance of KIrby Smith into Kentucky, August, 1862. He ordered troops to Richmond. Smith came up with them and forced them back. In a new posi tion Nelson reached the field and was engaged toward the end of the battle of Richmond, sustaining a wound. After the defeat at Richmond, he went to Louisville, and organ ized from various directions 30,000 or 40,000 troops. He commanded at Louisville when Bragg was marching to ward it ahead of the Federal army. Newton, John, Virginia. Major General of Volunteers, Chief Engineer, Department of Pennsylvania, May 29th to July 23d, 1861, accompanying the army In the Shenan doah Valley. Falling Waters. Chief Engineer, Depart ment of the Shenandoah, July 25th to August 26th. Assistant Engineer in the construction of the defenses of Washington, September 23d, 1861, to March 10th, 1862. He commanded a brigade there at the same time. Showed ability at West Point, Va. His brigade was the one most heavily engaged. He repulsed the Confederates and occu pied advance ground by night. At Gaines' Mill, Newton, arriving at 4 p. m., was sent to the center, drove back Con federates, and retook ground held by them a short time. At Glendale his brigade did well. Served in the retreat from Bull Run to Washington, September 1st and 2d, 1862. In the forcing of Crampton's Gap, Newton's ac tivity was conspicuous. His brigade helped take the Gap. Distinction at South Mountain. He fought with force and merit at Antietam. Commanded a division in the Rappa hannock campaign, December, 1862, to June, 1863. 342 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Fredericksburg. In the Chancellorsville campaign, New ton's division led from the river and opened the way to the rear and left of Fredericksburg. The attack on Marye's Heights was made under his direction — two col umns supported by a line. The onset was checked but resumed, and the stone wall was carried. He reached the Confederate flank. 1,000 prisoners and some artillery were taken. At Salem Church, Newton, with the left wing, made several vigorous assaults. There was a very severe fight. The crest of the woods was gained, but the Con federates forced the Federals back. Newton made the arrangements for withdrawal via Bank's Ford May 4th, quickly acquainting himself with the roads thereto, and having pontoons made ready. The troops were safely crossed that night. Pennsylvania campaign. At Gettys burg the morning of the 1st, Newton took command of the 1st corps, which was In a terrible battle. It fought in McPherson's woods, on Seminary Ridge, and In other positions in Its backward fight to Cemetery Ridge, Late In the day, one of his divisions occupied Gulp's Hill. On the 2d two of his divisions were brought up to the aid of the left. One of his divisions was on Gulp's HIU during Edward Johnson's attack. The right flank was turned by the Confederates, who were stopped by two regiments of the 1st corps placed In echelon. July 3d, most of his troops occupied the line just south of where Pickett broke the line. Newton stood behind batteries which opened a destructive fire, causing the Confederates to drift further away. The advance of two of his regiments, with the fire of these batteries, helped cause Wilcox, Wright and Perry to fall back. The troops of a brigade of the 1st corps were pushed Into a gap between the Confederate advancing lines, and much of the assaulting line was broken off and receded. This day Newton commanded also the 3d divi sion of the 6th corps. He retained command of the 1st corps until the reorganization of the army, March, 1864. During the battle Newton performed arduous, responsible FIGHTING BY SOUTPIERN FEDERALS 343 and trying duties. FoUowing up of Lee to Warrenton. Rapldan campaign, October to December, 1863. Invasion of Georgia, commanding a division in the Army of the Cumberland, May 2d to September 24th, 1864. Opera tions around Dalton. Buzzard's Roost Gap, May 7th, 1864. Engaged In storming Rocky Face Ridge. His division and another charged and cleared the ridge at Tunnel Hill. One of his brigades advanced along Rocky Face Ridge May 8th. One-third of the edge was wrested from the Confederates. On May 12th Newton was holding the north end of the ridge and the surrounding roads. Only one corps and some cavalry were present and John ston attacked. All the other troops were In motion, con centrating on Snake Creep Gap. A heavy column advanced toward Newton's left. Wood moved to his sup port. The Confederates withdrew after driving back Newton's skirmishers. At Resaca he relieved a division which was hard pressed. He had to go over heavily ex posed ground to reach It. In the battle of Resaca, his and R. W, Johnson's divisions plunged into the thicket and worked their way into the reentrant angle In Hardee's front. He grasped firmly the ground gained In his front. Adalrs vIUe. Advance to Etowah River. Dallas. He engaged Johnston's rear on the way to Kingston. Movement on Pine Mountain, with almost daily heavy engagements. May 28th to June 20th, 1864. New Hope Church. Pickett's Mills — Confederates came out of their works, and attacked Newton, and were repulsed with loss. At Pine Mountain, his and another division, with supports, carried an Intrenched skirmish Une, and advanced nearly to Johnston's main line. One of his brigades at Mud Creek captured by a rush an intrenched Une and Its de fenses. June 18th, Newton and Wood threw forward a strong line of skirmishers, partly surprised the Confed erates, and took a portion of their main line. Johnston abandoned his position. Kenesaw Mountain — his divi sion led one attack, and reached the Confederate works. 344 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS He attacked again unsuccessfully. The position compared In strength with the Cemetery at Gettysburg. Passage of the Chattahoochee. At Peach Tree Creek, Newton, with the practiced eye of an artillerist, had placed two guns in an Important location, without having reason to feel that a battle impended. He held Thomas' left flank. He con structed light rail barricades. The Confederates advanced In lines that overlapped him. There was a two-mile gap on his left, and troops were not in line on his right. He made dispositions for defense. His division was the flrst stmck. A division struck him In front and another passed his left flank In the wide gap, and a third attacked his right flank. He first repulsed the attack on his left, using re serve artillery ; next he repelled the front attack, his rifles and cannon firing Incessantly. One brigade which par ticipated then changed front at right angles and engaged the third Confederate division, which had advanced between Newton and the troops on the right, and had faced east. The Confederates were ejected with the aid of Ward's division. The second general attack of Hood commenced on Newton's left, in the effort to double up his line and take It In reverse as well as In flank. Newton's guns and others fired furiously and the attack was repulsed there, as else where. His command behaved admirably, and Newton's defense was of a high order. Siege of Atlanta. Assault on intrenchments at Jonesboro. Lovejoy's Station. Oc cupation of Atlanta. When Hood started against the army's communications Newton was sent to Chattanooga. His division and another were sent to contend with Forrest In Tennessee. Forrest was expelled and communications were restored. In command of District of Key West and Tortugas, Fla., October, 1864, to the end. National Bridge, near St. Marks, Fla. Newton contributed a nota ble part toward the withstanding and final dissipation of the Confederate armies. He was an eminent engineer and fought with assurance. Nichols, E. T., Georgia. Commander. Commanded FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 345 the Winona, West Gulf Blockading Squadron, 1861-2. Took part in the bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, receiving fire from both forts. He received the surrender of Fort St. Philip. He was In the attacks upon and passage of the Vicksburg batteries, June 28th, 1862, and July 15th, 1862. Engagement with Confederate ram Arkansas. Commanded the Alabama. Successfully en gaged Confederate battery at Four MUe Creek, Va. He was In command of the Mendota at the beginning of 1865. Nicholson, W. C, Maryland. Commodore. Nottingham had his name changed to John H. Upshur. Oglesby, Richard J., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. His men were the first to enter Fort Henry. Distinction at Fort Donelson. At Corinth, Oglesby was the first to receive the Confederate attack. He was fairly formed to receive It, notwithstanding the suddenness. Se verely wounded, he was unable to fight afterward, though assigned to the command of the 16th corps. He was elected Governor of Illinois in 1864. Ord, E. O. C, Maryland. Major General of Volunteers. In command of the brigade forming the extreme right before Washington, November, 1861, to May 2d, 1862. In command of engaged troops at DranesvIUe, repulsing Stuart, with spirit and merit. In command of a division in the Department of the Rappahannock, May 16th to June, 1862. He was at Front Royal with his division while the army moved against Jackson to Port Republic and Cross Keys. In command of Corinth, June to August, 1862. Commanded the left wing In the operations in Mississippi, August— September, 1862. Advance upon luka. He entered luka, September 20th. In command of the District of Jackson, Tenn., September— October. Ord joined Hurlbut, Intercepting Van Dorn's retreat cross ing the Hatchie. He assumed command, and the head of the Confederate column was driven back. Pie was se verely wounded while fighting vigorously. The Confeder ates were forced to change their route. In command of 346 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS West Point, May 24th-25th, 1863. In command of tlic 13th corps, June 18th to October 28th. Siege of Vicks burg, June 18th to July 4th, 1863. Operations against relieving forces and capture of Jackson, Miss., July 16th. With army of westem Louisiana, August to October, 1863. In command of the 13th corps In the Department of the Gulf, January 8th to February 20th, 1864. Commanded troops assembled at Grafton, Webster and Beverly, W. Va., April 6th to July 9th, 1864. In command of the 8th corps and all troops In the Middle Department, July 11th to 21st, 1864 ; of the 18th corps July 21st to Septem ber 30th in the operations before Petersburg and Rich mond. Ord, commanding the 18th corps, and Bimey, carried Fort Harrison, with 15 guns and a considerable portion of the intrenchments. The position gained seri ously threatened Richmond. Ord was severely wounded in the assault. In command of the Army of the James, in cluding the 24th and 25th corps, January 8th to the close of the War ; of the Department of Virginia and North Carolina, January 8th to February 6th, and of the De partment of Virginia, February 6th to the' end of the War, being engaged in the various operations around Peters burg, and the pursuit of Lee to Appomattox. When the cavalry moved from White House March 24th for the James River, Ord sent forces to cover the crossings of the Chickahomlny. Petersburg assault, April 2d, 1865 — Ord was engaged early and broke through Intrench ments. About 8 :30 a. m. a report came from him of the capture of works south of Hatcher's Run. He helped greatly, carrying a considerable portion of the Confederate line, and taking many prisoners. Ord and the 6th corps swung to the right, closing all Confederates on that side of them In Petersburg. One of Ord's divisions carried Forts Gregg and Alexander, shortening besieging lines and weakening the defenses of Petersburg. Fort Gregg fought fiercely and was the last outer work to resist. April 4th, Ord marched toward BurkevIUe, to head Lee off from Dan- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 347 viUe. April 6th, he pushed out to Rice's Station. He sent a force to destroy High Bridge, beyond Sailor's Creek, over the Appomattox River. The head of Lee's marching column came upon this force of less than 600 Infantry and cavalry, blocking their way back. They charged Lee's advancing columns repeatedly. Most of the men were killed or wounded, and the rest finally sur rendered. They cost Lee the loss of precious time and the capture of a considerable part of his wagon trains. The movement of his command contributed greatly to the suc cess at Sailor's Creek that day. While the Army of the Potomac followed on the road taken by Lee, Ord, with the Army of the James, marched along a more southerly road to Interpose in front of him. Ord marched with two corps from daylight on April 8th until the morning of the 9th, with a rest of only three hours, and deployed his men, barring Lee's advance at Appomattox C. H., Ord being present in person. The skillful, hard march through the night was one of the chief causes of Lee's surrender. Orme, W. W., District of Columbia. Brigadier General of Volunteers. At Prairie Grove he crossed the creek and forced Confederates back. He placed artillery which re pelled the Confederate advance. Orme fought strenuously through the day, leading his troops to recover ground. Siege of Vicksburg. Otis, Elwell S., Maryland. Brigadier General of Volun teers. Fought well at Spotsylvania C. H. He com manded a regular brigade In the operations around Peters burg, and during the fall of 1864 on and near the Weldon Railroad. A rifle ball passed through the left side of his head while serving on the line of the Weldon Railroad. Palmer, J. McA., Kentucky. Major General of Volun teers. Organized a regiment in Illinois. He accompanied Fremont in his Springfield campaign. New Madrid. Is land No, 10. Placed in command of a division in Sep tember, 1862. At Stone River, he advised against trying to occupy Murfreesboro. In the battle of Stone River, he 348 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS had severe fighting. He withstood terrific assaults in the final position. He was so nearly enveloped that the re serve changed front to the rear. His strong, skillful and helpful services In the battle were recognized. At Chick amauga, the 19th, he reconnoitered to the north. When the Confederates broke the line and moved to double up the flank, he sent supports. The quick reformation of his division helped avert disaster. There was a chasm be tween Thomas and Crittenden. Palmer and Johnson moved forward, and forced Cheatham back, after an hour's fighting. On the 20th he supported Thomas' right, and held his part of the line against Bragg's earnest efforts. When Breckenridge, on the Confederate right, took the Federal main line In reverse, reserve brigades of Palmer, Johnson and Brannan drove him back and around the Fed eral left. Furious attacks upon Palmer failed. He was again attacked when leaving the field. Palmer's heroism appears at Chickamauga. Assigned to the command of the 14th corps, October 28th, 1863. Palmer participated in the taking of Missionary Ridge. When the Confed erate left was turned, a division retreating north struck upon Palmer where the Federals were already victorious, and he took many prisoners. He overtook and charged the rear-guard, breaking it and capturing three guns. In pursuit after the battle, he picked up many prisoners and much abandoned property. Atlanta campaign. He took possession of Tunnel Hill February 24th, 1864. He occu pied Thomas' center at Rocky Face Ridge, attacking the Gap. Sent a brigade up one of the spurs south of Buz zard's Roost Gap. At Pickett's Mill he was in the attempt to turn the Confederate right. June 10th, Palmer's corps advanced toward Pine Mountain, and gained an eminence within artillery range. He was actively engaged at Kene saw Mountain. His troops led one attack, and succeeded In making a shelter close to the Confederate works. His left received part of the attack at Peach Tree Creek. The troops were driven from the works, but the enfilade fire FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 349 of cannon caused the Confederates to yield them. August 4th Palmer felt the Confederate line heavily. In Febru ary, 1865, he was placed In command of the Military De partment of Kentucky. He was actively engaged at Kingston. Patterson, Thomas H., Louisiana. Commander. Com manded the Chocura In Hampton Roads the early part of 1862. Before Yorktown. His was the leading gunboat In the expedition up the Pamunkey River to White House to open the way and in support of the army. He co operated with the advance at White House In checking the approach of Confederates. He proceeded to West Point. He was senior officer of the naval forces in the York and Pamunkey rivers and in constant cooperation with the Army of the Potomac from June to October. Commanded the James Adger from November 18th, 1862. Operations of the South Atlantic Squadron between Jan uary and July, 1863. On blockade duty off Wilmington, July 7th, 1863. He cut out the steamer Kate from under the batteries at New Inlet near Fort Fisher, July 31st. At tack upon and capture of flying batteries near Fort Fisher, August, 1863. He destroyed the clipper Hebb. Captured blockade runners, schooner Ella, Comubia, and the Robert E. Lee, loaded with arms and supplies for the Confederate army. He took part In the blockade of Charleston. Sen ior officer of outside blockade off Charleston, September 15th, 1864. Paul, Gabriel R., Missouri. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Operations in New Mexico, 1861-2. He did good service in helping to keep the Confederates out of New Mexico. In command of Fort Union, December 13th, 1861, to March, 1862, and of the southem MUitary District of New Mexico, March to September, 1862. Pe ralta. Fredericksburg. Rappahannock campaign. Chan cellorsvIUe. At Gettysburg he was attacked by Iverson. His and another brigade defeated Iverson, who lost 500 killed and wounded and three regiments captured. He 350 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS fought with valor and merit, and was shot, losing the sight of both eyes. Pendergrast, Austin, Kentucky. Was In command of the Congress the latter part of the conflict with the Vir ginia. He went ashore. Engaged In operations of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron between January and July, 1863. He commanded the Water Witcli, 1862—64. She was boarded by the Confederates, and he was cut down while defending her. Pendergrast, G. J., Kentucky. Commodore. Com manded the Home Squadron. Cumberland. Pennock, Alex. M., Virginia. Naval Captain. In com mand of Cairo. Had charge of It till the close of the War. In 1862, he was appointed fleet captain of the IVIissIssIppI Squadron, and served In that capacity with notable success until the close of 1864, gaining a reputa tion for high executive ability. In command of the Mis sissippi Squadron for a short while. Pike, Edward C, Missouri. Brigadier General Enrolled Missouri Militia. Pleasanton, Alfred, District of Columbia. Major Gen eral of Volunteers. Organizing volunteers at Wilmington, Del., April, 1861. Marched a regiment from Utah to Washington, September-October, 1861. Defenses of Washington, November, 1861, to March, 1862. Before Yorktown. Seven Days' Battles. Engaged in covering the withdrawal of the Army of the Potomac to Yorktown, August 18th— 19th. In command of advance cavalry divi sion in Maryland campaign, being engaged In driving Con federates from PoolsvIUe, BamesvIUe, and Sugar Loaf Mountain, Frederick City and through Cactochin Pass. South Mountain. Having learned the ground at Tumer's Gap by reconnoissance, he posted the advance troops of Reno's corps. His batteries were well served. He drove back the Confederate cavalry at Boonsboro. At Antie tam he advanced about three brigades of cavalry and four batteries across Boonsboro bridge, supported by a regi- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 361 ment of regulars. Presently the line was reenforced by three more batteries and Buchanan's brigade of regulars. They felt the Confederate line heavily. Shepherdstown. Martlnsburg. Fredericksburg. Pie had the advance with a small cavalry force in the movement from near Falmouth toward Chancellorsville to turn Lee's left flank. At Chan ceUorsvUle he watched Confederates marching by Catharine Furnace. When Jackson routed the 11th corps, he had a regiment charge into the woods, which had effect. Some of his cavalry attacked Jackson's right flank. He got his battery of horse artillery Into position. Six more guns were offered him, and he succeeded In getting ten more, making twenty-two. He poured In canister. Three charges against the guns were made and repelled with exe cution. In front of these batteries Jackson fell. He had a large part in staying Jackson's advance, and saving the army from serious disaster. He finally had forty guns In position. The artillery was engaged against Jackson's infantry at night. This artillery did heavy execution next day against Stuart. In command of cavalry corps, June 7th, 1863, to March 26th, 1864. Beverly Ford. Aldle. Middleburg. UpperviUe. Commander of the cavalry coi-ps at Gettysburg. He had Buford enter Gettysburg, June 30th p. m. He moved from Emmitsburg July 3d directly toward the baggage and ammunition trains of Lee, and was met at Fairfield by Confederate cavalry. He fought with courage and merit. Following up of Lee to Warrenton. Capture of Culpeper C. H. In command at Brandy Station, October 11th, 1863. In the Department of Missouri, March 23d, 1864, to the end of the War. He followed Price from St. Louis, was engaged In the defense of Jefferson City, foUowed him up the Missouri River, and at the Big Blue River, just as the army was being driven from the line of the Big Blue, Pleasanton's cavalry came up and attacked Price's rear east of Inde pendence, routing it. Pleasanton sent a message to the army reporting his arrival. By sundown next day Price 352 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS was retreating. Pleasanton was In command of the cavalry pursuing Price toward Fort Scott, Kan. At Marais des Cygnes, part of Price's army made a stand, with the ar tillery on a high mound In the prairie. Pleasanton's cav alry charged handsomely, broke the Confederate line, and captured Generals Marmaduke and Cabell and a large number of men and ten guns. Price retreated, harassed by the cavalry, and was pursued out of Missouri. Pleas anton's career in the War was creditable. Pleasanton, Augustus J., District of Columbia. Brig adier General Pennsylvania militia, organizing and com manding a home guard of 10,000 men for the defense of Philadelphia. Pope, Curran, Kentucky. Was mortally wounded while commanding a brigade at Perryville. Pope, John, Kentucky. Major General of Volunteers. In command of the District of Northem Missouri, July 17th to October, 1861. In August he was operating with 5,000 men in northern Missouri. In command of the 2d division of the army operating against Price In Missouri, October to December, 1861, and of the District of Central Missouri, December, 1861, to Febraary 18th, 1862. In JMIssouri, he organized rapidly an army of about 12,000 men ; surrounded Confederates and captured at Milford a large supply of provisions and numerous prisoners, and compelled the retreat of Price from the Osage River to the •southern border of Missouri. In command of the Army of the Mississippi in the movement on New Madrid, terminat ing in its occupation. Pope, by skill and Industry, opened a canal from a point above Island No. 10 to New Madrid, by which he Interposed between the Confederate army and the Une of supply and retreat. His reputation was en hanced by the capture of Island No. 10. He captured a large part of the retreating Confederate army at and near Tiptonvllle. In the movement 6,000 prisoners were taken without the loss of a man. Pope, with 20,000 men in transports, moved down to Fort Pillow. He was withdrawn FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 353 thence to the army advancing upon Corinth, commanding the Army of the Mississippi therein. At Farmington, a division of Pope's wing was assailed by a large force and fought for several hours. Upon the evacuation of Cor inth, Pope, with the Army of the Mississippi, pur sued, capturing provisions, arms and supplies. He pursued to Baldwin. In command of the Army of Vir ginia, June 27th to September 2d, 1862. Cedar Mountain. Bristoe Station, where some captures of Confederates were made. Groveton. Manassas Junction. Gainesville. Ger mantown. He was defeated at Second Bull Run. Chan tilly. From September 7th, 1862, to January 30th, 1865, he was in command of the Department of the Northwest, comprising Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Territo ries of Dakota and Nebraska. In command of the Mili tary Division of the Missouri, January 30th to the end. Porter, W. D., Louisiana. Commodore. Columbus, Ky. He helped fit out the gunboat fleet. He designed and superintended the construction of the gunboats Fort Henry and Choctaw, and transformed the Essex into a gunboat. Efficiently aided In the battle of Fort Henry, commanding the Essex. The Essex was the target of the Confederates, but dismounted five of their guns. The boiler of the Essex was struck and Porter was severely scalded. At Vicksburg July 22d, 1863, he passed the bat teries and attacked the Arkansas. His vessel was badly cut up by the batteries. Near Baton Rouge, with the Essex and other vessels he engaged the Arkansas; pierced her through and through, and disabled her steering gear. She was driven ashore and set on fire and destroyed. He received the capitulation of Natchez. Porter left Baton Rouge in the Essex and foUowed the Confederate gunboat Webb to Vicksburg, and, returning, was engaged by the Port Hudson batteries. Attack on the Vicksburg batteries. Porter fought past all the batteries between Cairo and New Orleans. PoweU, Albert M., Maryland. Operations In Missouri, 354 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS September, 1861, to February, 1862. New Madrid. Is land No. 10. Advance upon Corinth. Chief of Artillery to a division, October to December, 1862. Holly Springs expedition, December, 1862, to April, 1863. Chief of ArtUlery 17th corps, Febraary, 1863, to July, 1864. Vicksburg campaign. Port Gibson. Bolton. Jackson. Champion HIUs. Defenses of Vicksburg, July, 1863, to April, 1864. Prentiss, B. M., Virginia. Major General of Volunteers. In command of Cairo from May 17th, 1861. He organ ized camps of instruction there. June 5th, 1861, he broke up an anti-Federal camp five miles Inland from Cairo. He occupied Cape Girardeau, Pilot Knob and Ironton from f aUing Into the hands of Hardee. In command of the dis trict of northern Missouri, he made a campaign, starting December 24th, 1861, driving the Confederates at Mt. ZIon, resulting in the dispersal of the Confederates north of the Missouri River in Missouri. He assisted in driving Price out of Missouri in February, 1862. He served in Missouri till April, 1862. At Shiloh he sent out a brigade to find out what was the exact force of the Confederates. His action prevented Johnston's attack from being a com plete surprise. He fought hard during the day, and, when part of the line gave way in the afternoon, the Confeder ates surrounded him, and captured him and a part of his division. Commanding Helena, Ark., he resisted the at tack of Holmes and Price, and Federal vessels came to his reUef. Prevost, C. M., Maryland. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Peninsula campaign. Antietam. ChanceUors vUle. Price, Samuel W., Kentucky. At Murfreesboro he held the ford necessary to guard against the turning of the left flank. January 2d, he was heavily engaged there and driven. He gallantly led a regiment in assault of June 27th, 1864, on the position on the Moulton and Dallas road and Kenesaw Mountain, capturing and holding the FIGHTING BY SOUTPIERN FEDERALS 355 position, although greatly outnumbered, until reen forced. Price, T. L., Virginia. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Purvlance, Hugh Y., Maryland. Commodore. Com manded the frigate St. Lawrence, of the Charleston block ading squadron, In 1861. He captured the privateer Pe trel, the first prize of the War. Commanding the St. Lawrence, he took part in the fight with the Virginia, and the attack on Sewell's Point. Queen, Walter W., District of Columbia. Lieutenant Commander. With the Powhatan, April, 1861, he re enforced Fort Pickens, He commanded the 2d division, seven vessels of the mortar flotilla, during the bombard ment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, doing good work ; and during the passage of the Vicksburg batteries. He commanded the steamers Florida and Wyalusing, — the lat ter In the engagement with the ram Albemarle and her consorts, BomhsheV. and Cotton-Plant, at the mouth of the Roanoke River. The Wyalusing was so badly damaged that she was thought by those aboard to be sinking. Radford, William, Virginia. Commodore. Commanded the frigate Cumberland in 1862. He was executive officer at the Brooklyn navy yard. May, 1862, to May, 1864. Commanded the iron-clad division of the Squadron and the New Ironsides in both attacks on Fort Fisher. The New Ironsides led the way in the first attack and also In the second, when, after the sailors' assault had failed, she used her 11-Inch guns with great effect In firing into the traverses filled with Confederates, who were resisting the advance of the Federal soldiers. This confused the Con federates. They left the traverses. He showed ability in fighting, maneuvering his vessel and taking care of his division. His vessel did more execution than any other. The monitors under Radford took the fire of the Fort the 13th and 14th and returned It. He commanded the James River division of the North Atlantic Squadron until the fall of Richmond, 356 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Ramsay, Francis M., District of Columbia. Lieutenant Commander. Milliken's Bend, April 9th, 1863, Com manded the Choctaw in the engagements at Haines' Bluff, AprU 29th and 30th and May 1st, 1863. In the movement up the Yazoo River, May 15th, 1863, to open communica tion with the army. Destruction of Confederate navy yard and vessels at Yazoo City. Confederates attacked Milliken's Bend driving the garrison from the works to the levee, June 7th. In the Choctaw, he prevented their capture by shelling the Confederates. Siege of Vicksburg. Ramsay, on a floating battery, enflladed Confederate bat teries, and sustained a heavy fire, on the Federal right. He commanded an expedition via Red up the Black and Ouachita rivers, February 29th, 1864. At Trinity and Harrisonburg he repulsed Polignac, He went nearly to Monroe, La., on the Ouachita River. He commanded an expedition into the Atchafalaya River, June, 1864. In a favorable engagement at SImmsport. Commanded Una dilla 1864—5, both attacks on Fort Fisher. Several en gagements with Fort Anderson and other forts on the Cape Fear River, January— February, 1865. Capture of Richmond. Ramsay, George D., Virginia. Brigadier General U. S. Army. In command of the Washington arsenal, 1861-3. Chief of Ordnance, U. S. Army. Ransom, D. R., North Carolina. Fought well at Fred ericksburg. Chancellorsville. He was wounded com manding an artillery brigade at Gettysburg. Keameys- ville. He commanded a horse artillery brigade in the Wilderness campaign and through Cold Harbor. Cedar Creek. Rencher, Abraham, North Carolina. Govemor of New Mexico. Helped hold it to the Federals. Reno, Jesse L., Virginia. Major General of Volunteers. In command of the Leavenworth arsenal from the begin ning of the War to December 6th, 1861. Capture of Roanoke Island, where he led the left. He penetrated a FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 357 morass, the Confederate flanks were turned and they were routed. He went over the defenses at New Bern; then helped take the works. He commanded the expedition against Camden. WInton, Plymouth and Washington were occupied, and the North Carolina coasts remained In the possession of the Federals the rest of the year. In command of a division In the Department of North Caro Una, April to August, 1862. In the movement to Newport News and Rappahannock, August, 1862. In command of the 9th corps and a division at Second Bull Run. He re enforced the line and participated in an assault about 1 p. M. At 5 p. M. his corps and another attacked HUl and forced his lines back, crowding Jackson's left toward his center. The next day his corps fought with fine mettle. Some of his troops remained on the Henry House hill until about 9 p. M, He covered the retreat. He was prompt, earnest and soldierly. At ChantUly one of his divisions drove two of A. P. Hill's brigades back in much confusion. At Tumer's Gap he went to the front and assumed direc tion of affairs, opening the battle. His corps and another forced the Gap, and some of his troops carried the crest of Fox's Gap. He drove the Confederates from the heights on one side of the main pike at South Mountain. He had outflanked the Confederates. He was killed about 7 p. M. while gaUantly leading his men. Reno was an officer of marked ability, a zealous and Ingenious fighter. Reynolds, Joseph J., Kentucky, Major General of Vol unteers, In command of Camp Morton, Indianapolis, April to May, 1861. In command of the Cheat Mountain District, July to December, 1861. Greenbrier River. At Cheat Mountain he held his position. Elk River. The Confederates were foiled In their efforts to force him out of westem Virginia. His services there were of merit. He Was engaged in organizing Indiana volunteers, January to November, 1862. Campaigns of the Army of the Cum berland 1862-3. April 20th, 1863, he made a successful 358 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS raid with 4,000 infantry and 2,600 cavalry, destroying the railroad track, capturing 180 prisoners and large sup plies, and retuming to Murfreesboro without loss. Mc- MilUnsvIUe. At Hoover's Gap one of his brigades attacked the Confederates and drove them back to the southern end, when Reynolds and Brannan supported them with five brigades and the Confederates retreated. He operated against the front and left north of Garrison Creek. At Chickamauga on the 19th by good generalship and fight ing he restored the broken line In his front. He sent help to another portion of the line. The quick reformation of portions of Palmer's and his troops arrested disaster. With Johnson, he largely repulsed the attack on the Fed eral left. He was with Johnson and Palmer in the next day's battle. When Reynolds' right was exposed by the on rush of Longstreet through the gap in the Federal line, he changed front so that his line was at right angles with the line on his left. There he held firmly to Palmer's right. The Confederates advanced In the woods in his rear. When orders to withdraw from the field were given, a force was found to have gained the woods In Reynolds' rear. He charged and ousted the Confederates, part of whom were driven beyond the Federal left. He performed useful service at Lookout Mountain. His courage and merit were displayed at Missionary Ridge. Commanded defenses at New Orleans from January to June, 1864. In command of the 19th corps July 7th, 1864. He was en gaged In organizing forces for the capture of Forts Gaines and Morgan and the City of Mobile, June 16th to August 2d, 1864. In command on the Mississippi River from Its mouth to Memphis, October to December, 1864 ; temporarily of the Military Division of West Mis sissippi, November, 1864, and of the Department of Arkan sas, November 29th, 1864, to the end of the War. Ridgely, D. B., Kentucky. Naval Captain. Com manded the Santiago de Cuba. He was successful In the capture of blockade runners. He commanded the Shenan- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 359 doah in both attacks on Fort Fisher. Bull's Bay expe dition. Ringgold, Cadwalader, Maryland. Commodore. He commanded the frigate Sabine. Rodgers, John, Maryland. Commodore. Took the first step in the creation of the Mississippi flotilla by pur chasing the Conestoga, Lexington and Tyler, which he converted Into gunboats at Cincinnati and equipped and manned them. He made a reconnoissance In force of Port Royal harbor. Performed many useful services in the battle of Port Royal, and hoisted the U. S. flag over Fort Walker. In the Little Tybee River, near Savannah he opened fiire on the five Confederate vessels, which were driven back. He took possession of Tybee Island. Rod gers made expeditions along the coast following the battle of Port Royal. In command of the Galena. He was or dered to ascend the James River to Richmond, If possible. After two engagements with batteries, which were silenced, the fleet reached Fort Darling. PIIs attack on Fort Dar ling opened the way for the advance of the Army of the Potomac within seven miles of Richmond, the Confederate army crossing the Chlckahominy immediately after. Two- thirds of his crew were killed or wounded in the engage ment. With gunboats he convoyed transports with supplies for the Peninsula army up the James River. Communication of the army on Its retreat to Malvern HIU was opened June 29th, 1862. Rodgers' fleet cannonaded the Confederates during the battle of Malvem HIU, reach ing Magruder's rear. He commanded the Weehawken In the naval attack on Charleston, April 7th, 1863, and In various operations of the South Atlantic Squadron between January and July, 1863. He captured the heavier iron clad Atlanta stranded In Warsaw Sound, Ga. After her capture, she was readily repaired. The development of the capabUities and qualities of attack and resistance of the monitors was much due to Rodgers' daring and moral courage. He commanded the Dictator In 1864-5. 360 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Rousseau, LoveU H., Kentucky. Major General of Volunteers. Soon after the outbreak of the War, Rous seau went to Washington and obtained authority to recruit a brigade. He proposed and estabUshed Camp Joe Holt, opposite Louisville, recruiting there. He raised two regi ments of Kentucky troops. He helped protect Louisville from Buckner in September, 1861. He was steady at Shi loh, handled his brigade well, and retook McClemand's headquarters. At Perryville, when the right was turned, he had a battery of six guns worked, stopping the ad vance. He and Jackson commanded the two divisions en gaged of the corps. He repulsed heavy attacks, but was finally forced back. The defense was managed largely by him. At Stone River, holding the reserve line, he gained much credit. He sent a battalion of regulars to assist the front. Against the Confederates working around into the rear he charged desperately, hurling them back into the cedars. Four assaults were made on his position. In checking the Confederates, after retiring to a new posi tion, he gave time for the formation of a battle line on high ground. Later, his and one of Crittenden's divisions put Hardee on the defensive. TuUahoma campaign. Around Hoover's Gap he helped drive Confederates from the heights north of Garrison Creek. Chickamauga. Chat tanooga. From November, 1863, he was In command of the districts of the Tennessee. He was stationed at Nash ville In 1864 for the protection of communications in the ad vance on Atlanta. He prevented Wheeler from damaging the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad. July 10th, 1864, he started from Decatur, Ala., with two brigades, on an expedition into Alabama and Georgia, which he had sug gested and organized. He marched southeast far down In Alabama to Opellka, with the important object of sev-> ering railroad communication with the west, and preventing reenforcements and supplies from the west from reaching Johnston. He burnt provisions at Youngstown, Ala. He reached a point 100 miles in Johnston's rear. He sent HGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 361 out raiders on the Atlanta and Montgomery Railroad, who destroyed a large section of It. He did some harm to the branch road. He defeated Clanton at the Coosa River. He joined the main armies at Marietta. In 15 days he had traversed 450 miles, taken and paroled 2,000 prison ers, killed and wounded 200 and captured large supplies. Rousseau pursued Wheeler In Tennessee, September 1st to 8th, 1864. Forrest started against Federal posts and communications In Tennessee. Rousseau's movements cir cumvented him. He repulsed Forrest at Pulaski. Rous seau went after Forrest when Forrest moved east, and stopped him from damaging the railroad between Decherd and TuUahoma. Forrest pushed on to Columbia, where Rousseau confronted him and saved Columbia. Rousseau commanded one of the four columns converged against him. Rousseau defended Murfreesboro, with 8,000 men, during the investment of Nashville, defeating an attack of Forrest and Infantry, who lost 1,500 men. Rousseau was given command of the District of Middle Tennessee, head quarters Nashville, Febraary 12th, 1865. He won honor ,from the War. Royall, William B., Virginia. Conspicuous at Han over C. H., May 27th, 1862. He fought the action of Old Church; made a stubbom fight, but was overwhelmed by the numbers of the Confederates. He received six saber wounds in hand-to-hand conflict, cut through the Confederates and joined the main army. He performed arduous and faithful service in the recmitment of the armies of the United States, Russell, John H., Maryland. Lieutenant Commander. Was instrumental in the removal of vessels from the Nor folk navy yard, preventing them from faUIng into Con federate hands. In command of the Colorado. In a boat expedition he destroyed the privateer Judah, protected by shore batteries and 9,000 men, and regained the Col orado. He was severely wounded, and 20 of his 100 sailors were klUed or wounded. This stands out among the cut- 362 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS ting-out affairs of the War. He commanded the Kennebec In the passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and was present at their surrender. He participated in all opera tions of Farragut's fleet in the Mississippi up to Vicks burg. Engagement with Vicksburg batteries June 28th, 1862. Attacks on Vicksburg and Grand Gulf. In com mand of the Cyane and Pontiac. Blockade at Mobile. Sanders, William P., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Before Yorktown. Williamsburg. Mechan lcsvllle. Hanover C. H. Maryland campaign. Opera tions in Kentucky, March to July, 1863. He met raid of Scott, started July 28th, 1863. Routed him at Lancaster, capturing 500. Later 600 more men were taken. Pur suit of Morgan. Blue Lick Springs. Chief of Cavalry, Department of the Ohio, September— November, 1863. Lenoir. He baffled Wheeler and protected Nashville, No vember, 1863. Wheeler was needed by Longstreet to shove infantry to Knoxville. At Campbell's Station he was of special use to the army at Knoxville, He con structed rail barricades for his cavalry, and used them dismounted to interpose a screen while the Infantry dug trenches. The time gained to the army was precious. He exposed himself dangerously, to keep his men at their posts, and was mortally wounded. Sands, Benjamin F., Maryland. Naval Captain. Com manded the Dacotah and Fort Jackson. Senior officer. In command of the division blockading Wilmington. In command of that division from November, 1862, to Feb ruary, 1865. Engagements at Fort Caswell. He com manded the Fort Jackson in both attacks on Fort Fisher. From February, 1865, to the end of the War he com manded the division blockading the Texas coast. Gun boats under Sands took possession of Galveston — the last city to surrender. Saunders, Alvin, Kentucky. Govemor of Nebraska. He raised 3,000 men for the Federal armies. Scott, Gustavus H., Virginia. Naval Captain. Saved FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 363 army stores at Acquia Creek. Commanded the Keystone State, Maratanza and De Soto. He captured the steamer Salvor. He was with the blockading squadron occupied on the North Carolina coast In maintaining the blockade and fighting the shore batteries in Albemarle and Pamlico sounds. He captured several blockade-runners. In the Marblehead, Scott sustained an attack by the batteries at Fort Grimball, Stono River. He took part, commanding the Canandaigua, In operations against Charleston, and was the senior officer at Its surrender. Scott, Henry L., North Carolina, Inspector General U. S. Army, May 14th, 1861. In command of the forces at New York City, August 8th to October 30th, 1861. Scott, Winfield, Virginia. Major General United States Army, In chief command of the land forces of the United States. Prior to Lincoln's Inauguration, he caused to be organized picked Washington volunteers, and called from a distance two batteries of horse artillery, with small de tachments of cavalry and Infantry — all regulars. He was charged with the protection of Washington at the out set of the War. He directed the army's advance to Bull Run. He continued In command till November 1st, 1861. He was unable to walk without assistance for three years prior to his retirement. SeaweU, Washington, Virginia. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Retired from active service February 20th, 1862. Semmes, Alexander A., District of Columbia. Lieuten ant Commander. Commanded the Tahoma, Wamsutta, and. In the monitor Lehigh, he attacked batteries of Tampa, April and October, 1863. He conducted a gen eral offensive warfare against forts and batteries on the Florida and Georgia coasts, capturing a number of block- ade-mnners. He made a demonstration at Bayport, Fla., in September, 1863, which resulted in the destmctlon of an English blockade-ranner. He sUenced and passed the Howlett house batteries on James River In June, 1864, with a midnight bombardment. Bombardment of Fort 364 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Pringle. In command of the Rhode Island. He partici pated in operations at Charleston until its surrender, in cluding the Bull's Bay expedition. FaU of Richmond. Shackelford, James M., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Raised two Kentucky regiments. His command pursued and captured John H. Morgan, first striking Morgan's rear at Biiffington Island, and capturing about 1,200. He led cavalry to Kingston, Tenn., August, 1863. Took Cumberland Gap, with 2,000 prisoners. He pursued Longstreet after the siege of Knoxville was raised. At Bean's Station and Morristown, Tenn., with 4,000 cav alry, he sustained an attack by a Confederate brigade and parts of two others with artillery, faUIng back at night. Shanks, John P. C, Virginia. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Served with Fremont In Missouri. Shirley, Paul, Kentucky. Commander. Captured the cruiser J. M. Chapman and the steamer Colon. Shock, William H., Maryland. Superintended the con struction of river monitors at St. Louis. In the opera tions against Mobile he was Farragut's fleet engineer. Fleet engineer to the Gulf Squadron in 1865. He de signed and constructed an Instrument, very successful, for the destruction of submerged torpedo electric wires and floating torpedoes. Shubrick, W. B., South Carolina. Rear Admiral. Senior member of the advisory board. Shunk, David, Maryland. Brigadier General of Volun teers. Reenforced the right at Pea Ridge. Port Gibson. Champion HIUs. Big Black River. Vicksburg assault. May 22d, 1863. Cedar Creek. Smith, Green C, Kentucky. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Opposed Morgan on his first raid into Kentucky, causing him to retreat southward. Wounded at Lebanon. Smith creditably defeated Forrest at Rutherford Creek. Smith, William, Kentucky. Commodore. Was in the frigate Congress when she was attacked and burnt by the Virginia, Commanded the Wachusett and James River FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 365 flotiUa, May, 1862. Escorted transports to West Point, Va., carrying the advance division. May 6th, 1862. He rendered aid In the repulse of the Confederate attack on the division next day. He sent the Maratanza into action. His gunboats did effective work. In command of the Pen sacola naval station. Spears, James G., Tennessee. Occupation of Cumber land Gap, June, 1862. He commanded a brigade In the successful retirement therefrom to the Ohio River. Mur freesboro. Speed, James, Kentucky. Attorney General of the United States from November, 1864. Splcely, Wm. T., North Carolina. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Performed faithful and meritorious serv ice in the campaign against Mobile. Participated In the assault on Fort Blakely. Spotts, James H., North Carolina. Commander. Com mandant at Key West. Commanded the Magnolia in 1862 ; the steamer South Carolina In 1863 ; the Pawtucket and Powhatan in 1865. He commanded the Pawtucket In both attacks on Fort Fisher. He was In the engagement with Fort Anderson and other engagements along the banks of the Cape Fear River. Bombardment of batteries above Dutch Gap in April, 1865. Commanded the Wanderer. Stanley, Edward, North Carolina. Military Governor of North CaroUna in 1862. Stanly, Fabius, North Carolina. Commander. Com manded the Narragansett in the Pacific, 1862-64. He gave useful diplomatic services in Mexico during this period. Ordnance officer of the Mississippi Squadron. Commanded the State of Georgia, 1864-65. He arranged and commanded the naval part of the expedition up the Santee. He commanded the naval part of the expedition of Bull's Bay, using 68 guns and 13 field-pieces, and usher ing in the f aU of Charleston. In 1865 he commanded Fort Johnson. Stanton, David L., Maryland. Brigadier General of 366 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Volunteers. Was conspicuous at Five Forks. Appomat tox campaign. Steedman, Charles, South Carolina. Naval Captain. Conveyed troops from Havre de Grace to Annapolis after the Baltimore encounter. He kept open railroad com munication between the North and Washington at the beginning of the War. He assisted in organizing naval forces that operated on the Mississippi River in gunboats. He led the second column in the attack upon and capture of Port Royal. It was the flanking division. Blockaded the coast of Georgia In the Bienville, and participated in the capture of the ports on that coast south of Savannah. Operations on the coast of Florida. He commanded the Paul Jones. Capture of Fort McAllister. He operated on the St. John's River, Fla., including the silencing of the batteries on St. John's Bluff. With the cooperation of Brannan, he captured the forts on St. John's Bluff, and with gunboats opened' and held the St. John's River to Lake Beaufort. Blockade off Charleston for several months, commanding the Powhatan. He pursued the Flor ida Into Brazilian waters. He commanded the Ticonderoga In both attacks on Fort Fisher, and the capture of other forts at the mouth of the Cape Fear River. Stembel, R. N., Maryland. Commander. Helped alter, equip and man the Tyler, Lexington and Conestoga. He contributed largely to the success at Lucas' Bend. He commanded the gunboat Lexington at Belmont, engag ing the batteries at Columbus, and helping save the land force. Bombardment and capture of Fort Henry. Oper ations against Island No. 10, March 16th to April 7th, 1862. At Craighead's Bend he commanded the flag-ship Cincinnati, which fired the first shot, hastening to the aid of a mortar-boat attacked. He was engaged with Confed erate rams. The Cincinnati was sunk, and he was wounded seriously, incapacitating him for further active service. He aided in fitting out river gunboats at Cincinnati. Stevenson, John D., Virginia. Brigadier Greneral of FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 367 Volunteers. Port Gibson. He followed Confederates out of Jackson. Raymond was won by the advance of his bri gade. At Champion HIUs he made a striking charge across ravines, up a hill, and through an open field, break ing the Confederate left flank, capturing several hundred prisoners and seven guns, and gaining the road In the Confederate rear, which cut off Loring, and compelled him to cut loose from the army, turning up at Jackson. Stev enson led a successful expedition to drive the Confederates from northern Louisiana. He occupied and fortified De catur, Ala. His services during the War were of merit. Stokes, James H., Maryland. Brigadier General of Volunteers. In command of an artillery division In the Chattanooga campaign, October, 1863, to February, 1864. Missionary Ridge. Stone, Edward E., Georgia. Lieutenant Commander. Commanded the Iron Age, South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 1864—65. In the engagement with and capture of Fort Anderson, he commanded the monitor Montauk, the foremost vessel, bearing the fire for some hours. He was slightly wounded. Stout, Alex. M., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Was engaged at Chickamauga. Strlbling, Cornelius K., South Carolina. Commodore. Commanded the Philadelphia navy yard, 1862—64. He was In command of the Eastem Gulf Blockading Squadron from Febraary, 1865, to the end of the War. Strother, D. H., Virginia. Brigadier General of Volun teers. Pope's Virginia campaign. Red River expedition. Hunter's Valley campaign. Swann, Thomas, Virginia. Governor of Maryland from 1864. Taylor, Alfred, Virginia. Naval Captain. Navy yard at Boston, 1862-65. Taylor, Joseph P., Kentucky. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Brother of President Zachary Taylor. Commis sary general of subsistence. 368 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Terrill, W. R., Virginia. Brigadier General of Volun teers. Chief of Artillery of the 2d division. Army of the Ohio, in campaign from January to June, 1862. At Shiloh the deliverance of the army was accomplished when Terrill's battery of 24-pound howitzers, which had just arrived from Savannah, dashed up to the support of the faltering line, and, with two other batteries, turned the Confederate right, thus saving the day. He handled his batteries with admirable skill. His battery averted dis aster the next day also when the Confederates forced back the Federal left flank, and it did other needed service during the day. Advance upon Corinth. At Perryville he showed high courage, and was mortally wounded while urging forward his brigade against the Confederates. Thomas, George H., Virginia. Major General U. S. Army. April 21st, 1861, with four companies of his regi ment, he dispersed Marylanders who threatened to tear up the tracks of the Pennsylvania Northem Central Railroad. Operations In the Shenandoah Valley, June 1st to August 26th, 1861. In command of a brigade, he forced Jack son's small force back at Falling Waters. He led the advance of the Shenandoah Valley army towards Win chester. He drove in outlying forces at Bunker Hill, July 15th. He reported at Louisville September 6th, and served in the Department of the Cumberland, organizing Kentucky and Tennessee volunteers at Camp Dick Robin son, Ky., September 18th to October 28th, 1861, giving shape to the force which was to grow into the Army of the Ohio, afterward the Army of the Cumberland. He established Camp Wildcat, to check the advance of Con federates through Cumberland Gap. He saved Lexington, Ky., from the Confederates, September 20th. November 29th, 1861, Thomas was placed in command of all troops In the eastem half of Kentucky ; i. e., east of New Haven. He assumed command of the 1st division of the Army of the Ohio, December 6th. Crittenden advanced against Thomas, and Thomas defeated him at Mill Springs, cap- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 369 turing 12 guns on the field and at the river. Confed erates were getting on the right flank of the 4th Kentucky infantry when Thomas appeared and hurried troops hither. This victory was beneficial to the Federal morale. It was the first success of the Federal arms. In command of the right wing, or Army of the Tennessee, in the advance upon Corinth, April 9th to May 30th, 1862. Thomas' advance. May 17th, brought on a spirited combat, and his troops drove Confederates across Bridge Creek. His whole wing made an advance. Near Corinth, May 28th, he repulsed an attack. In command of Corinth, June 5th to 22d ; at Decherd, August 5th-15th ; at McMInnvIlle, August 19th to September 3d, and at NashviUe, September 7th-14th. He was Intrusted with the defense of Nashville against Breckenridge, while the main army raced with Bragg for LouisvUle. He declined the command of the Army of the Ohio, September 29th. He was second In command on advance into Kentucky, September 30th to November 7th, 1862. Soon after the battle of Perryville Thomas was In immediate command of the Army of the Ohio, saving Nash viUe by getting troops there ahead of Bragg, who was maneuvering to get there first. Thomas was given com mand of the center of the army, November 7th, 1862. At Murfreesboro, when the left was giving back, he threw Rousseau into the struggle. Confronted from the rear, he changed front. When the flanks were turned he withdrew troops to a temporary line. He placed batteries on high ground, and helped form the troops on a new line there when they could no longer hold the temporary line. He massed artillery on the heights. The whole right wing had been swept back three miles. One-third of the army was used up, and Confederate cavalry were In the rear. He partly changed front twice, and made the later arrange ments practicable. He held against desperate attacks of the Confederate army. At night, his view was that the army must not retreat. He made a night attack, January 2d. The bold stroke at his right endangered Bragg's po- 370 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS sition, and he fell back. Hoover's Gap. Thomas met the Confederates in force on the heights north of Garrison Creek. He drove them steadily. He drove them from a new position also. June 28th he sent a brigade which broke the railroad south of Decherd. He threw troops toward TuUahoma. When Bragg evacuated the TuUa homa position, some of Thomas' troops came up with his rear-guard at Bethpage bridge. Thomas had led the ad vance, and his execution of the turning movement placed Bragg's position in danger, and he fell back and crossed the Tennessee River not far from Chattanooga. Passage of Elk River. Thomas crossed the Tennessee River thirty miles below Chattanooga. September 10th Thomas met a resistance that convinced him the Confederate army was In his front. He withdrew from a dangerous position, Bragg having concentrated to strike him. His cautious delay In advancing the center saved that corps from attack by Bragg's army. Discovering the position of Bragg be fore Chickamauga, he took the responsibility of having the right wing — fifty miles distant on the way to Rome — retum. At Chickamauga, September 19th, Thomas was the ranking officer on the field. In command of more than half the Infantry divisions of the army. Bragg was trying to turn the left and gain the road Into Chattanooga. Thomas directed Brannan, with two brigades, to recon nolter toward Reed's bridge. Brannan's reconnoissance developed the Confederates, and brought on the battle, disturbing Bragg's combinations, and taking the keen edge of surprise from his blow. Confederate cavalry were met, and Forrest called up Infantry. Thomas rode forward to see conditions and ordered up supports. The Federals were beaten back, but the attacking force was overlapped on both flanks. Cheatham advanced to the support of the attacking force, but was hurled back by a column which Thomas had organized. The Confederates struck the line a little further down. The line was broken. Five bri gades were borne back with disordered lines.. Thomas FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 371 moved Brannan, in the exigency, from his left to his right. Confederates moved through the chasm between Thomas and Crittenden. Brannan wheeled upon them from near Kelley's house. Bragg's whole right was stopped. To ward night, Thomas selected a more compact line. The Confederates attacked at night for an hour and were re pulsed. Thomas made rude breastworks of logs and rails along his entire front during the night, which enabled his line to withstand front attacks on the 20th. That morn ing, the Confederates outflanked Thomas' left, but he placed troops which checked the onrush into his rear and flank. He withstood heavy frontal attacks. Later in the day, Thomas' extreme left again repulsed attacks simul taneously with an attack upon his right, which, too, was repulsed. Longstreet broke through south of Thomas, cutting the army in two, and the right hurried from the field. Longstreet turned to sweep down Thomas' line, and bear down bodies who had gathered on a transverse ridge running back to the rear of Thomas' right. Thomas had ridden to his right to hurry up reenforcements to the aid of his hammered left. Discovering the advancing line, he chose the strong position at right angles to his line on the spur of Missionary Ridge and placed troops. The Con federates attacked. He fought determinedly. From noon Thomas' line stood the attacks of the Confederate army. When he found Confederates were on his right and rear, he directed Wood to form on the left of Brannan, and noti fied Reynolds that Confederates were in his rear. South of the transverse ridge was a gorge. Thomas sent Whit taker's and another brigade against the Confederates on the ridge and In the gorge. The Confederates were dis lodged. Twice they charged and were driven back from the ridge. On the left also he repulsed an attack of Breckenridge. He had a division from the retreating right retum, and It neared the field about night. In the battle Thomas often came within speaking distance of the men. In withdrawing, he met a force which had gained 372 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS the woods in Reynolds' rear. He ordered Reynolds to charge them. The Confederates were forced back there. Thomas posted brigades to hold the road while the troops passed by. Thomas' sturdy stand gave him the name, " Rock of Chickamauga." During the night he formed a new line at RossvIUe. Checking of Confederate advance on Chattanooga, September 21st. In command of the De partment and Army of the Cumberland from October 19th, 1863. His turn for order found expression, and he was engaged in opening communications by the Tennessee River and Lookout Valley for his dangerously isolated army, threatened with want. He concentrated the 11th and 12th corps at Bridgeport. They connected at Brown's Ferry, securing communications. Wauhatchie. In the battle of Chattanooga, November 23d, ordered to make a reconnoissance, he so disposed his forces as to take advantage of success. His reconnoissance in force, secur ing important ground, was well executed, driving Confed erates from their advance line. Thomas took Orchard Knob and a hill to the right. Orchard Knob was covered by Wood's division. Thomas ordered him to hold It. Thomas, taking up an advanced line, caused Bragg to weaken his force at Lookout Mountain, Thomas was in command of the center and right wing. He gave orders that Lookout Mountain be taken next day, having secured the adoption of his suggestion that a force be sent to attack Bragg's left flank there. He had Eli Long move on the Federal left, cross Chickamauga Creek, and raid Bragg's communications eastward. His right took Look out Mountain the 24th. On the 25th the men who had evacuated Lookout Mountain burnt bridges over Chatta nooga Creek, delaying Thomas' right in the purpose to gain the Confederate flank. Thomas' line in the Federal center was advanced. This was expected to relieve the left from any offensive move by Bragg. His men took the first line of rifle-pits. They found themselves exposed to a fierce fire from above. They had so rushed the Confed- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 373 erates that they found themselves in shape to follow to more protected ground under the ridge, and the impulse was to keep on after the Confederates. The partial move ment upward was augmented, through orders of Wood and the other division commander there, who had the perception to act at the moment with presence. They carried the three lines of works at the base, midway, and on the summit of Missionary Ridge. Thomas' right had forded Chattanooga Creek, and came upon the flank of a Confederate division, which fell back north along the ridge, and was thrown on Palmer, where the Confederate line had yielded the ridge, many being captured. Bragg occupied a second hiU In rear of Missionary Ridge and resisted there, but Thomas' men moved forward and es sayed to surround it. When almost done, the Confed erates abandoned artillery and hastily fled. Many prison ers were taken there. Bragg's headquarters were in Thomas' possession just before sunset. Forty guns were captured in the battle. Ringgold. Thomas was engaged In reorganizing his army December 1st, 1863, to May 2d, 1864. He was in supreme command of the whole com bination assembled around Chattanooga. As such, he con fronted Johnston. He made a formidable reconnoissance against Johnston at Dalton in February, 1864, trying the Confederate line at Buzzard's Roost, February 25th. He commanded the Army of the Cumberland, 65,000 men. In the Atlanta campaign. His Infantry was two-thirds of the whole. During the Atlanta campaign. It was Thomas' "army which generally faced Johnston's line, while the other two Federal armies cooperating were employed In turning movements. Troops of Thomas' army reconnoit ered toward Tunnel Hill, May 2d, 1864, and developed the Confederates In force there. Thomas was engaged In operations around Dalton, May 7th-13th. He took Tun nel Hill, pressed Confederates Into Intrenchments at Buz zard's Roost, and attacked at Dug Gap, covering the movement of the Army of the Tennessee to Snake Creek 374 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Gap, having one of his corps hide the flanking army. lie took a part of Rocky Face Ridge May 8th. He attacked Buzzard's Roost Gap. Thomas had only one corps and some cavalry at Rocky Face Ridge May 12th, all other troops being In motion to concentrate at Snake Creek Gap, when Johnston advanced. Wood moved to the support of Newton and the Confederates retired. Some of Thomas' troops occupied Dalton May 13th, and followed the Con federates toward Resaca. Thomas was engaged In demon strations against Resaca from May 13th until it was occupied May 16th. At Resaca Johnston attempted to turn the Federal left flank. Thomas moved troops to meet him, which arrived just as the flank had been turned and pressed back, and they repulsed the Confederates. At Resaca, the 15th, some of his troops began the day's battle. Plis men carried some hills. His army did considerable fighting. Thomas repulsed an advance to regain a battery, which the Confederates had been forced to abandon. When Johnston abandoned Resaca, Thomas engaged his rear-guard and pursued directly from Resaca. Thomas sent a division against Rome, which fought May 17th, and captured Rome next day, with machine-shops. Iron-works, stores and cotton. CassvIUe. New Hope Church, — some of his troops pushed Confederates a mile and a half. Thomas made a reconnoissance to Dallas May 26th, to determine the position of Johnston's left flank, and open communication with the Army of the Tennessee. Pickett's Mills. Movement against Pine Mountain, with almost daily severe engagements. May 28th to June 20th. The shot which killed Polk at Pine Mountain is said to have been fired at his order. Some of his troops carried an intrenched skirmish line at Pine Mountain. At Adairsville, June 18th, he took a portion of Johnston's line, leading him to abandon his position. At Gulp's HIU Thomas' troops at 3 a. bi. drove Confederates from a hill a mile in front of the center of the 20th corps. At 3 p. m. John ston attacked Thomas' front and was repulsed. Kene- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 375 saw Mountain battles, June 20th to July 2d. At Kenesaw Mountain, June 27th, Thomas made two attacks on Johnston's center, and his men got up to the works. Ruff's Station. Thomas advised that Atlanta be turned by the left flank, and this was eventually done. The Pas sage of the Chattahoochee, July 12th— 17th. Peach Tree Creek, July 19th— 21st. On the 19th, some of his troops constructed a bridge, and forced the passage of the creek, and his army fought its way over. The battle of the 20th was fought by Thomas' army, entirely under his personal direction. There was a gap of nearly two miles between Thomas' present troops and those to the left. Newton was the left flank of those with Thomas. Hood advanced In Unes that overlapped Newton, who was the first division struck. The front attack was repulsed, but whole bat talions of Confederates went Into the gap. Thomas, be hind the creek, turned some reserve batteries upon those battalions and cannonaded the thicket thereabout. The flanking Confederates broke In confusion. The attack was repulsed all along the line. Hood made a second general attack, commencing upon Newton's left. The crisis came with the reappearance of Bate's division to the left and rear of Newton. Thomas moved the artillery of Ward's division. In person hastening up two batteries, urging the horses on, using his sword upon them, and planted them alongside of two left by Newton. He sat on his horse among the guns the moment they were in position, and helped direct the fire. It was the turning point of the conflict. They fired at short range furiously, and the attack was repulsed there, saving his flank. The battle passed on to the right, but the Federal line was now com pact, and charge after charge was repulsed. Thomas was with the troops at points of extreme danger. Stewart drove Thomas' right from Its works, and held them untU driven out by an enfilade fire of batteries placed in position by Thomas. During the battle of Atlanta, July 22d, Thomas tried to break through the Confederate intrench- 376 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS ments. At Ezra Church Thomas' whole army front skir mished as a diversion while Hood was attacking the right of the Army of the Tennessee. August 4th, one of his corps felt the Confederate line heavily, and August 5th one of his divisions pushed up against the Confederates. August 6th Hood felt Thomas' line from right to left. One of his corps carried a line of rifle-pits, and established a Une close to the Confederate works August 7th. One of Thomas' divisions reached the raUroad southeast of Atlanta August 30th. A part of his army was attacked by Hardee's and Lee's corps, which were repulsed. Thomas mainly fought the battle of Jonesboro. R. W. Johnson's corps, the 14th, In the presence of Thomas, under his directions and by his order, attacked Hardee's corps, posted behind Intrenchments, and dislodged it. Nearly 1,000 men, 8 guns and 7 battle-flags were captured. One of his divisions carried Its entire front. It was the most complete and successful assault upon formidable works of the whole campaign, and led to the evacuation of Atlanta next day. September 2d, the 20th corps of Thomas' command entered Atlanta. At Lovejoy's Station part of Thomas' army attacked the Confederates. Thomas afterward went to Chattanooga to defend communications of the armies at Atlanta. Forrest started September 20th against Federal posts and communications in Tennessee. Thomas was sent to Nashville September 28th. He con verged four columns upon Forrest. Forrest retreated across the Tennessee River. When Hood moved north Thomas made dispositions to resist him. From October to December he was engaged at Nashville in organizing defenses of Tennessee against Hood. He obtained knowl edge of Hood's move toward Gadsden. October I9th Thomas was put In command of all the Military Division of the Mississippi except the army marching to the sea. Hood started north from the Tennessee River October 19th. Thomas made combinations against him. He di rected the concentration of two corps on Pulaski, with FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 377 intent to impede rather than seriously dispute Hood's ad vance on Nashville. When Croxton discovered that Hood was crossing the Tennessee River, Thomas ordered reen forcements to Croxton, and directed a force toward Co lumbia as a diversion, to confront and delay Hood. Thomas also directed a force of 4,200 men against Breck enridge In northeast Tennessee, to try to drive him into Virginia. A detachment was sent Into North Carolina to hold the mountain passes. Breckenridge was pushed Into Virginia and the Federals entered southwest Virginia, occu pied Bristol and Abingdon, destroyed the railroad and advanced upon Wytheville, which was captured with Its stores. The main Confederate salt-works, at SaltvUle, lead-works, railroad, iron-works, and great quantities of stores were destroyed and 600 Confederates were captured. Thomas made dispositions for the defense of the line of the Duck River. He was trying to delay Hood until he could receive troops at Nashville. When Thomas received information that Hood was about crossing the Duck River, he ordered his advance force back to Franklin. November 29th, at 3 :30 a. m., Thomas gave positive direction for the withdrawal of his advanced force from Columbia. The delay to Hood, fighting the battle of Franklin, following the previous delays effected by the two corps interposed by Thomas, kept him from reaching NashviUe until after troops from other directions had reached there, which was the day after the battle of Franklin. Thomas had no force at Nashville before that. Thomas assembled and consoUdated at Nashville various commands into an orderly army organization. At Nashville, Thomas' plan of battle was for the left and center to threaten and keep the Con federates opposite them In place, whUe he had his entire right wing make a grand left wheel, with cavalry beyond them and overlapping the Confederate left flank. A bri gade In his center took Montgomery HUl, the strong salient of Hood's position. The whole line swept forward there, and many prisoners were taken about noon. Hood's left 378 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS was beaten, and the Confederate guns were turned on them. The center still held. Wood then defeated the center, and Hood fell back to Granny White pike. His left had been turned, and 17 guns and 1,200 men had been taken. His left was driven eight miles before night fell. The center was forced back from both outer and Inner works and pushed to new ground far In the rear. Hood took a strong position during the night. At early dawn Thomas had his center moved forward to contact with the opposing line. He had his cavalry pass beyond Hood's left and secure a lodgment on the Granny White pike. Having reached the Confederate rear they moved north, came up back of Hood's left flank, got two guns In position and shelled Bate there. Thomas' infantry in front attacked, and the cavalry charged from the rear as the infantry climbed the hill In front. The Confederates on It ran to the right and rear. There was a general charge and Hood's left and center broke from the field. Here Is seen a scientific plan, and the battle so ordered that the plan unfolded to a full exhibition of its efficacy in practice. Thomas pursued continuously. December 18th he ordered troops to Decatur to push Hood fsom that direction, threatening his com munications from west of Florence. After Hood crossed the Tennessee River, cavalry from Decatur overtook him, destroying his pontoon train and his wagons, and captur ing several hundred prisoners. In the Nashville campaign Thomas captured 11,857 men and exchanged 1,332. He received the oath of submission of 2,207 deserters. He captured 72 guns and 3,079 small arms. Hood's fail ure resulted in despondency far and wide. Thomas organ ized various raiding expeditions and sent troops to other departments from December, 1864, to May, 1865, which materially contributed to the final overthrow of the Con federates. At Eastport, February 23d, 1865, Thomas be gan to arrange for his expedition of 12,500 cavalry, to demonstrate against Tuscaloosa and Selma in favor of Canby's operations against MobUe and central Alabama. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 379 Thomas gave permission for an attempt to take Tuscaloosa and Selma, which succeeded. Montgomery, West Point, Ga., and Columbus, Ga., were taken also. The ram Jack son was destroyed. Macon, Ga., was occupied. 6,766 Confederates were captured in the expedition. Thomas was at Chattanooga March 14th. He gave orders for Wood's corps to advance from Huntsville as far into east Tennessee as it could supply Itself. Thomas sent a cav alry expedition from Knoxville Into North Carolina, thence toward Lynchburg, March 20th. It destroyed the Vir ginia & Tennessee Railroad from Wytheville nearly to Lynchburg. A detachment strack Salem, Va. The expe dition swept through southwest Virginia, blocking Lee's communications with that region, and diminishing his scant supplies. Turning Into North CaroUna, It captured the prison at Salisbury, and interrupted Lee's railroads, cap turing 14 guns and 1,300 prisoners, and driving the Con federates. Upon receiving notice, April 27th, 1865, to disregard the armistice between Johnston's and the Federal army confronting him, Thomas made dispositions for the capture of Jefferson Davis and his party, which were successful. Thraston, Charles M., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Was engaged In guarding the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad In 1861-62. TidbaU, J. C, Virginia. Brigadier General of Volun teers. Defense of Fort Pickens, April 19th to July 3d, 1861. Defenses of Washington, July 18th, 1861. BuU Run. Defenses of Washington, July 23d, 1861, to March 10th, 1862. Before Yorktown. WiUiamsburg. New Bridge. MechanicsvIUe. Gaines' MiU. Malvem HiU. Harrison's Landing. Maryland campaign. Boonsboro. He fought bravely and well at Antietam. Shepherdstown. Upperville, November, 1862. Fredericksburg. Raid to ward Richmond, April 13th to May 2d, 1863. Chancel lorsville. He commanded a brigade of horse artillery in the Pennsylvania campaign. Aldie. Upperville. In 380 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS command of an artillery brigade at Gettysburg, and in the advance upon Lee to Warrenton. Defenses of Washing ton, August, 1863, to March, 1864. Wilderness. Con spicuous at Spotsylvania, commanding the artlUery brigade of the corps which pierced the Confederate line at the Bloody Angle. North Anna. Totopotomoy. Cold Harbor. Good conduct in the operations before Peters burg. In command of the artillery of the 9th corps, October 9th, 1864, to AprU 2d, 1865. After the capture of Fort Stedman, TidbaU gathered a large number of pieces of artillery and planted them on the hills in the rear of the captured works, so as to sweep the space between the lines. He opened on the captured works and space around, driving the Confederates to bomb-proofs, and ma terially interfering with the deployment of the line of battle. He was intrepid and valuable. Conspicuous in the assault from Fort Sedgwick on the Confederate works, April 1st, 1866. He commanded the artillery brigade of the 9th corps in the Appomattox campaign. His record in the War is honorable. Todd, J. B. S., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. In command of the North Missouri District from October 16th to December 1st, 1861. He commanded a division in the Army of the Tennessee from June 3d to July 17th, 1862. Tompkins, Chas. H., Virginia. Brigadier General. At Fairfax C. H. he made a dashing attack and won a victory. He had two horses shot under him, the second falling and severely injuring him. This cavalry success was the first of the War. Bull Run. Winchester, May 23d to 25th. Gaines' Mill. Shenandoah Valley campaign. Pope's Vir ginia campaign. He commanded the artillery brigade of the 6th corps at Gettysburg, Spotsylvania and Cold Har bor. Distinction at Cedar Creek. Operations around Petersburg and Richmond, commanding the artillery bri gade of the 6th corps. True, James M., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Vol- FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 381 unteers. Expedition to Little Rock, resulting in its capture. TurnbuU, Charles N., District of Columbia. Chief En gineer of a cavalry corps. Chief Engineer on the cavalry raid in June, 1864, including TreviUan Station. Chief Engineer of the 8th army corps, and on engineer recruit ing service, November 5th, 1864, to the end. Tumer, Thomas, District of Columbia. Commodore. Commanded the New Ironsides in the attack upon Forts Sumter, Moultrie and Beauregard, in Charleston harbor, AprU 7th, 1863, fighting with bravery, judgment and abUity. Naval operations around Charleston until August, 1863. Upshur, John H., Virginia. Lieutenant Commander. His name was changed from Nottingham. Reduction of Forts Hatteras and Clarke and forts in the sounds of North Carolina in 1861. Commanded the Wabash. Capture of Port Royal. He commanded the Flambeau In the opera tions of the South Atlantic Squadron between January and July, 1863. Commanded the Minnesota in 1863-64. This was Lee's flag-ship In 1864. In command of the Frolic. Commanded four boats In the expedition into the inland coast waters in the vicinity of Port Royal and Beau fort. Several expeditions up rivers of South Carolina. Commanded the A. D. Vance in both attacks on Fort Fisher. In the second attack he commanded the reserve division, and was charged with the duty of landing troops and stores, provisioning the army, and protecting its flank with the lighter gunboats. Vandever, WilUam, Maryland. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Organized a regiment in Iowa and led It to the field. Southwestern campaign. Commanding a bri gade at Pea Ridge, he withstood incessant onslaughts of the Confederates on the Federal right wing, March 7th, and aided in the defeat of the Confederates there next day. He marched 45 miles the day before the battle to reenforce the army. He showed bravery and merit at Arkansas 382 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Post. Siege of Vicksburg. Atlanta campaign. At Kene saw Mountain he succeeded in signaling to the officer com manding at AUatoona a message to hold on, as the main army was on the way. He was gallant at Bentonville in the repelling of the sudden assault of Johnston. He was on the right, which held fast. VIckers, George, Maryland. Major General of Mary land state militia. Walke, Henry, Virginia. Naval Captain. Rendered Important service in preventing the capture of Fort Pick ens in the start. He assisted in removal of troops from the mainland to the Fort, by which the Fort was saved. He was in command of the Supply. He commanded the gunboat Tyler at Cairo, September 12th, 1861. He made a reconnoissance to Columbus, Ky., September 14th. He commanded the gunboats Tyler and Lexington and con veyed 3,100 men in transports to Belmont. He protected the troops, attacked the batteries at Columbus as a diver sion, covered the retreat of the troops, and prevented the Confederates from cutting off a portion of them. He opened fire on the Confederates pursuing the troops at the landing. In command of the Carondelet at Fort Henry. He took charge of Fort Henry until the troops arrived. He threw a few shells Into Fort Donelson on the 12th. He commenced the battle at Fort Donelson alone on the 13th. He took position and, as a diversion for the army, threw shells into the Fort, which did execution. On the 14th he held his position in the front line of battle in the general engagement, being the last to retire. He commanded the Carondelet at the bombardment of Island No. 10. He vol untarily ran the gauntlet of the Confederate batteries April 4th with the Carondelet alone, the first example of successfully passing the Confederate batteries on the Mis sissippi. He reached New Madrid safely and captured batteries below the Island. His exploit caused the imme diate surrender of Island No. 10, and showed the possibil ity of opening the blockade of the Mississippi. After the FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 383 surrender of Lsland No. 10, he silenced the heaviest near battery below. His success enabled the army to cross the river and capture several thousand troops near Tipton vllle. He led the fleet in attacking Confederate gunboats at the naval battle of Fort Pillow. He rescued the Cin cinnati. The Carondelet, under him, alone remained in possession of the battlefield. The Confederate fleet, ex cept the Van Dom, was destroyed. The Carondelet, Walke commanding, was in the front line at Memphis. It was the principal gunboat engaged by the ram Arkansas. He made expeditions up the Yazoo River, December 11th and 12th, 1862, with six vessels, to destroy batteries, clear the Yazoo and cover the landing of the army, which duties were well performed. He sent tin-clads to find torpedoes. December 12th gunboats were sent. One was blown up and later the whole fleet worked at clearing the river. Passage of Vicksburg, April 16th, 1863. Grand Gulf, April 29th. In the Lafayette he led the second division, attacking Bald Head. He silenced the main fort on Point of Rocks. At the time of evacuation. May 3d, 1863, he fired upon the Grand Gulf batteries. Walke was in the expedition of May, 1863, up Red River. Fort de Russy and Alexandria were captured. His gunboats approached Yazoo City May 21st, and the Confederates burnt the Mobile and Republic, and another large ship under con struction. He dispersed Taylor's forces at SImmsport, and blockaded the mouth of the Red River In June, 1863. Commanded the Fort Jackson and Sacramento. Walker, W. McC, Maryland. Naval Captain. Com manded the De Soto, one of the most successful blockaders during the War, capturing more prizes than any other vessel. Wallace, Rush R., Tennessee. Lieutenant Commander. Commanded the Shenandoah, He was present at the two attacks on Fort Fisher. Wallen, H. D., Georgia. Brigadier General. On de tached service to the Isthmus of Panama, with 30,000 stand 384 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS of arms for the eastem armies, 1861. Acting Inspector General of the Department of New Mexico, June, 1862, to June, 1864. Ward, Durbin, Kentucky. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Westem Virginia campaign. Rich Mountain. Mill Springs. Pittsburg Landing. Perryville. Stone River. Distinction at Chickamauga, where he was severely wounded. Atlanta campaign. Nashville. Ward, W. T., Virginia. Major General of Volunteers. Was placed In command of all Kentucky volunteers south of Louisville. He was engaged in the pursuit of Morgan in 1862. In command of Gallatin, Tenn. He served in the Atlanta campaign. His men effected a lodgment in the Confederate fortifications at Resaca. His division charged the retreating Confederates, capturing three guns and 217 prisoners. With other troops he drove Confederates from their battery. At Peach Tree Creek, his division was next to Newton's, who was left flank, and was second to receive the attack. He resisted strongly. When the Confed erates got around Newton's right flank. Ward advanced from cover, and his skirmish line held the Confederates in check until the whole division had reached a hill to the right and rear of Newton. He drove the Confederates back shattered, advanced and filled the Interval on Newton's right and fortified. Ward commanded a division In the March to the Sea and the March through the Carolinas, performing effective services in the fights that preceded the surrender of Johnston's army. At Averysboro, Ward's and another division were deployed In front of the Con federate line. His skirmishers soon developed the Confed erates. He was engaged In the general battle. A brigade was sent to the left, and got In the rear of the Confed erate intrenchments. He pursued the Confederates under Hardee. Watkins, L. D., Florida. Brigadier General of Volun teers. Thompson's Station. Made a reputation in the expedition to east Tennessee under Carter, August and FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 385 September, 1863. Chickamauga. Pillow caUed upon Watkins to surrender the post of Lafayette, June 24th, 1864. He conducted the defense gallantly, repulsing and foUing the Confederates until Croxton reenforced him. Gallant and meritorious conduct In defense of Resaca. Weaver, Aaron W., District of Columbia. Lieutenant Commander. Commanded the Susquehanna. Forts Hat teras and Clarke. Port Royal, capture of Forts Beaure gard and Walker. Fall of Fort Pulaski. Sewell's Point. Occupation of Norfolk. Commanded the Winona. En gagement with Confederate batteries near Port Hudson, December 14th, 1862. Distinction at Placquemlne. Weaver, In the Winona, arrived during the engagement at Donaldsonville. Some of the Confederates got In the Fort. He continued In the engagement till the end, when the Confederates retired. He bore a prominent part In their repulse. Engagement with Confederate batteries below Donaldsonville after the fall of Port Hudson. March 23d, 1864, he sent boats from the Winona which captured a steamer. He commanded the Chippewa in the first at tack on Fort Fisher, and the monitor Mahopac in Its cap ture. On advanced picket at Charleston when It fell. He took the Mahopac up James River, participated in night bombardment of Confederate works near Richmond just previous to their evacuation, and was present at the fall of Richmond. Welghtman, R. H., Maryland. Was killed while com manding a brigade at Wilson's Creek. Wells, Milton, Virginia. Commanded a brigade at Cedar Creek and In the operations around Petersburg. His war record Is creditable. West, Joseph R., Louisiana. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Served faithfully and with merit In New Mexico, Arkansas and the southwest. Wheeler, J. B., North CaroUna. Chief Engineer De partment of the Susquehanna, June 20th to September 18th, 1863. Chief Engineer Army of Arkansas, Septem- 386 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS ber 18th, 1863, to the close of the War. Elklns Ferry. Prairie D'Ane. Occupation of Camden. Jenkln's Ferry. White, Carr B., Kentucky. South Mountain. An tietam. Brave and faithful service at Cloyd's Mountain. He commanded a brigade in Hunter's Lynchburg expe dition. Whittaker, Walter C, Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Shiloh. Stone River. Whittaker's was one of the two brigades which stopped the Confederate advance Into Thomas' rear at Chickamauga. It arrived a reen forcement from the north after Longstreet had routed the Federal right, and was coming around Into Thomas' rear. The two brigades were sent against the Confederates In the gorge and on the ridge. They advanced in two lines at double-quick. Whittaker plunged Into the gorge through which HIndman's left was pouring. The Confederates were dislodged. Twice the Confederates charged and were driven back from the ridge. Whittaker was wounded, and four of his five staff officers were killed or mortally wounded. He lost 164 men killed, 654 wounded and 518 missing, total 1,326 — a loss so heavy as to be worthy of remark. The two brigades were the salvation of the army In the extremity. At Lookout Mountain, Whittaker's bri gade, having crossed Lookout Creek at Wauhatchie, drove back Confederate pickets, and ascended the western slope of Lookout Mountain to the foot of the palisade. With a division, they marched north along the westem slope, clearing the right bank of the creek of Confederates, and covering the crossing for the remaining force. Whittaker was highest up. The north end of Lookout was turned. His services in the campaign against Atlanta were notable. June 20th, 1864, his brigade crossed Nose's Creek, and later carried a wooded hill In his front, and barricaded and held the position against repeated and furious assaults. Johnston's troops were driven back. At Spring Hill Whittaker's brigade and other troops came to the relief of the dangerously Isolated Federal division at about 7 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 387 p. M. He was placed to cover a cross-road a mile or two below Spring HIU. He assisted In holding the turnpike. The 28th Kentucky, of his brigade, did large service in helping to keep Hood's advance from the pike. He was posted where the Confederate line was nearest, to cover the passing of the army yet in the rear. Franklin. Nash- rille. Williams, Robert, Virginia. Brigadier General U. S. Army. Hilton Head, Port Royal. Secessionville. James Island. Adjutant General, Department of Missouri, of the Platte and of the Division of Missouri. WilUamson, Jas. A., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Pea Ridge. He led a brigade at Chickasaw Bayou against a formidable force, strongly Intrenched, and held his ground when all support had been withdrawn. He was seriously wounded. He made a name for spirit and good conduct in the campaigns against Vicksburg, Chattanooga and Atlanta. In command of the District of Missouri at St. Louis after the occupation of Savannah. Honorable mention for the War. WInslow, John A., North Carolina. Commodore. Helped construct the Mississippi River flotilla. He took two divisions down to Cairo. Fort Pillow. In command of an expedition up the White River for the relief of an army force, June, 1862. He was placed In command of the Kearsarge in 1863. He used chain armor, after Far ragut's example. He fought the Alabama, and disabled her. She surrendered and then sank. This was the only sea-fight of prominence in the War. Wise, William C, Virginia. Commanded the flag-ship Malvem in attacks on Forts Strong and Anderson, and various operations on the Cape Fear River. He com manded the Malvern on James River during the final move ments against Richmond, it being the first vessel to reach the city, and It had President Lincoln on board. Witcher, John S., Virginia. Brigadier General of Vol unteers. Brave and useful service in the Shenandoah 388 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS campaign of 1864, and the final campaign around Peters burg and Richmond. Conspicuous at Ford's Station. Wood, Thomas J., Kentucky. Major General of Vol unteers. In Indiana he organized, equipped, mustered into service and sent into the field 40,000 volunteers from April to October, 1861. In command of a brigade at Camp Nevin, Ky., October 16th to December 24th, 1861. Placed In command of the 6th division. Army of the Ohio, January 15th, 1862. He displayed great energy in organ izing it. Shiloh. Advance upon Corinth. At McMInn vIlle some of his cavalry worsted Forrest. Wood did good service at Perryville, At Stanford, Ky., he engaged artil lery and cavalry, pursuing the Confederates. Advance upon Bragg. He avoided an effort to occupy Murfrees boro which Bragg was In position to overwhelm. At Stone River, he held the left flank. He helped well, though wounded in the foot at ten a. m. After nearly the whole anny had been forced Into a new line at right angles to the first position, Bragg, while continuing to press the right, sent Breckenridge against Wood. Wood placed batteries and disposed troops to meet him. He withstood repeated Confederate attacks on the " Round Forest." He sent supports to Palmer. Wood managed his com mand with sound judgment, skill and heroism In the crisis. Advance on TuUahoma. He occupied Chattanooga, Sep tember 9th, 1863. At Chickamauga September 19th, when Hood crushed the right center, capturing artillery and seizing the Chattanooga road, he was forced back by Wood and other fresh troops. Wood had a horse killed under him. On the 20th Wood moved to support Reynolds and Longstreet passed through the gap left. After the Fed eral right center was pierced, and a new line was forming at right angles to the first line. Wood moved to fill the gap between Reynolds and Brannan, coolly changing front under fire. He caused one of his brigades to charge with fixed bayonets. The Confederates fell back and Wood partly filled the gap, preventing Longstreet from cutting FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 389 off Brannan and then striking Reynolds, and attacking the three divisions of the original line which held on the left. His men rushed at the Confederates with the bayonet and sent them down the slopes. Wood reported to Thomas- He resisted furious onslaughts. Wood was strack several times and severely contused. November 23d Wood began the Chattanooga advance. He led In taking Orchard Knob and a hill to the right. He struck in flank Confederates fighting the troops laboring for the position on the left, A line a mile in advance of the former position, theretofore occupied by Confederates, was obtained. At Missionary Ridge Wood's men drove in skirmishers, took their part of the line at the base, another half way up, and were at the fore In taking intrenchments on the crest of the ridge. Wood charged on horseback. Part of the Confederate line ran, many were captured, and many more threw away their arms as they ran. His troops enfiladed the adjacent Confederate line. One of his brigades pursued down the eastern slope, March to the relief of Knoxville. Dand ridge, Tenn. He participated in all important battles of the Atlanta campaign. Operations around Dalton. He supported Newton In taking part of Rocky Face Ridge from the Confederates, May 8th, 1864. At Resaca, he came abreast of Newton, where the latter had gained ground, and drove Confederates from their rifle-pits. Adairsville. New Hope Church. At Pickett's Mills he assaulted. His division marched to strike the Confederate right flank. At 5 p. m. he assaulted the main Une deter minedly. The Confederates poured a fire on his left flank and forced it back, and his right flank was struck also. His troops were withdrawn. Battles and skirmishes about Pine Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain, June 20th to July 2d. June 18th Wood and Newton threw forward a strong line of skirmishers, partly surprised the Confederates, and took a portion of their main Une. Johnston abandoned his position. June 21st Wood carried an intrenched hill top, and then gained an eminence which commanded the 390 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS Confederate skirmish line, and permitted the advance of the right of the 4th corps. Johnston made three unsuc cessful attempts during the night to dislodge Wood. Pas sage of the Chattahoochee. Wood constructed a bridge and forced the passage of Peach Tree Creek, July 19th, driving Confederates from Its defenses. During the battle of Peach Tree Creek, he was somewhat heavily engaged in the afternoon to the left of the two-mile gap. In the battle of Atlanta, July 22d, after a Confederate advantage. Wood struck the left flank, breaking it, and recaptured some guns. The Confederates recoiled. Siege of At lanta. Jonesboro. At Lovejoy's Station, Wood was severely wounded, but did not leave the field. During Hood's advance on Nashville, one of Wood's brigades, sent east for observation, reported Hood's crossing of the Du'ck River. His division protected the train at Thompson's Station in an extremity from a cavalry attack. He deployed his division on the east of the road to meet the attack. His division remained on the right In the retreat to Franklin. At Franklin the command of the 4th corps devolved upon him, and he handled It with ability. He repulsed a charge. He remained in command of the corps. In the retreat from Franklin to Nashville, he acted as rear-guard. At Nashville, December 15th, Hood's skir mishers fell back before his advance. One of his brigades took M'ontgomery HIU. The whole line swept forward there, and many prisoners were taken. Wood was ordered to attack the main line. The Confederates were shelling. Wood battled with his whole corps. His guns converged their fire on a fortified hill near Hood's center. Then one of his divisions charged, carried the intrenchments and took the height. In the assault, the Confederates in his front were driven out with a loss of guns and prisoners, and their whole line gave way. The retreating line was followed by Wood's entire corps. The Confederates were forced back to a new position at the foot of Harpeth Hills. The second day opened with an ajdvance by Wood at dawn. FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS 391 He drove skirmishers, and moved forward till he con fronted Hood's new position. His line came up at one point near the salient at Overton's HIU. Wood partici pated In two assaults on Overton's Hill, the second succeed ing. Wood was the leading infantry In the pursuit, using artillery, and ably handling his troops. In March, 1866, Wood's corps was ordered to advance from Huntsville as far into east Tennessee as It could supply Itself, repairing the railroad. Wood's qualities as a commander were valu able. He was cool and Indomitable, and a good discipli narian, and of marked intelligence and activity. Wood, William W. W., North Carolina. General in spector of steam machinery. Engineer in chief. He rendered valuable service In connection with the steam en gineering service In the navy yards at New York, Phila delphia and Boston. He had charge of the construction of the Federal iron-clad fleet, and the machinery of the new class of vessels then introduced. The torpedo used in sinking the Albemarle was Introduced by Wood, and the three torpedo steam-launches employed in the exploit were his plan. Woodruff, W. E., Kentucky. Brigadier General of Volunteers. With Jas. V. Guthrie he established Camp Clay. They raised the 1st and 2d regiments of Kentucky Infantry. Knob Gap. He was in the right wing when It was suddenly struck at Murfreesboro and forced back. He held out long. He had received the attack with vet eran courage. In the second position he gave way only before a third attack. His was the last brigade of his division to go. He retreated through the woods, then turned and charged the pursuers, regaining the former po sition, but, the rest of the line being gone, he retired. He then formed on Rousseau's right. Yates, Richard, Kentucky. Governor of Illinois. En dorsed Lincoln's call for troops. He was active In raising volunteers. He garrisoned Cairo. Governor Yates pro rogued the General Assembly of Illinois In June, 1863, 392 FIGHTING BY SOUTHERN FEDERALS when it was for peace, and conducted the war operations of Illinois until the following year. He was a war Governor upon whom President Lincoln relied. GENERAL INDEX For Southern Federal Army and Navy OfBcers, and other south erners who aided the Federal cause, see Alphabetical List op Southern Officers Commanding Brigades, Vessels, etc., beginning on page 275. For Battles, Combats, etc., see Index of Battles, Combats, Actions, Engagements and Expeditions, page 403. Abingdon, Va., 243 Ackworth, Ga., 200, 203 Adams, Confederate General, 87 Alphabetical List of Southern Officers, and other south erners who notably aided, 275, et seq. Anderson, R. H., Confederate General, 188, 191, 192, 194, 264, 267 Archer, Confederate General, 144 Arkansas, view of events in, 22, 29 Federals of, aid Missouri Fed erals, 24 campaign In, 80, 110 re-construction, 171, 179, 182 Armies, important, ccMmnanded by southern Federals, 12 Army of the Cumberland, 112, 122, 168 genesis of, 40, 45 commanded by Thomas, 170 Army of the James moves against Petersburg from the north, 191 Mississippi, 76 Ohio, 40, S3, 74, 89, 108, 109. Ill, 186 largely southern in organ ization and composition, 68 Potomac, 67, 90, 93, 94, 97, 114, 168, 171 Tennessee, 76, 85, 112, 186 West, 48 Virf;;inia, 90 Army, United States regulars, 18 Arsenal, St. Louis, importance of possession of, IS contest over, 25, 28 Fort Leavenworth, protected by Harney and Reno, 25 Harper's Ferry, destroyed, 26 Liberty, Mo., 26 Little Rock, Ark., 29 Arsenals, United States, impor tance of possession of, 18 Assault on the Richmond rail road, 189 Atlantic Coast, water campaigns, 44 Baltimore, Md., 26, 30, 109, 143, 212 Bardstown, 108 Bate, Wm. B., Confederate Gen eral, 164, 314, 242, 244 Batesvllle, occupied by Federals, 80 Battles. See Index of Battles, Combats, etc., 403 Beauregard, P. G. T., Confed erate General, 41, 74, 104, 185, 196, 205 takes command at Shiloh, 72 Bee, Confederate General, 185 Bentonville, Ark., 61, 63 Birthplace fixing status of offi cers, 14 Bloody Angle at SDotsylvania, &9» 394. GENERAL INDEX Bolton, Miss., seized by McCler nand, 135 Border States freedom conven tion, 180 Bragg, Braxton, Confederate General, 92, 96, 103, 106, 109, 111, 112, 117, 120- 122, 142, 150, 156, et seq., 168, et seq., 237, 256, 257 Breckenridge, Confederate Gen eral, 96, 104, 119-131, 164, 166, 196, 202, 227, 237, 242, 246 British Government, attitude in the War, 80 Brown, Mayor, arrests collision between citizens of Balti more and Federal troops, 26 Bruinsburg, 129 Buckner, S. B., Confederate Gen eral, 45, et seq., 172 Cabell, Confederate General, captured, 234 Cactochin Pass, 104 Cairo, 111., 179 troops sent to by Gov. Yates, 27 Mississippi River blockaded at, 30 Camp Defiance at, camps of instruction, 32 importance of, naval depot under Pennock, 35 Camp Boone, 46 Chase, 33 Clay, 39 established ; Kentucky and Virginia Federal volun teers organized at, 22 Denison, O., 112 Dick Robinson, Ky., 45 established, 38, 40, 43 Kentucky and Tennessee vol unteers organized, 47 Douglas, 111., 112 Finnegan, 180 Jackson, 29 Jenkins, 52 Joe Holt established by Rous seau, 36 iNevin, 49 Wildcat, 48 Campaign in Arkansas, 80 in the Carolinas, 258 against Chattanooga, 89 to open the Mississippi River down to Vicksburg, 62 Campaigns against Virginia, 33 by water down the Atlantic Coast, 44 of Knoxville and Chickamauga, 155 Campbell, Justice, 156 Canby, E. R. S., 61, 69, 186, 217, et seq., 236, 249, 288 in command in New Mexico, 12, 34, 52, 77 of Military Division of West Mississippi, 193 quells New York draft riots, 153 operations against Mobile, 251, 258, 261 importance of his reduction of Mobile defenses, 269 surrender of forces east and west of the Mississippi River to, 272 Carolinas, march through begins, Carter, J. H., Confederate Lieu tenant, surrender of naval forces, 273 Cavalry corps commanded by A. Pleasanton, 13 chief of, R. W. Johnson, Jno. W. Davidson, 13 Cemetery Hill, 146 Centreville, Va., 99 Chalmers, Confederate General, 241, 245 Chambersburg, Pa., 143 Chattanooga, Tenn., 94, 95, 155, 167, et seq. Mitchel's expedition against, 76, 89 bombarded by Mitchel, 88 occupation of, 157 bombarded by Bragg, 169 Cheatham, Confederate General, 160, 162, 20,9, 216, 239, 243, 244 Cherokee national council repeals ordinance of secession, 124 Chlckahominy River. 84, 86, 90 Chickamauga Carap<»ign, li/S, 168 GENERAL INDEX 395 Cincinnati, defenses constructed by Mitchel, 47 under martial law, 102, 153 City Point, Va., 203, 206 Clarksburg, Wheeling assembly called, 27 Cleburne, Confederate General, 141, 162, 167, 214, 215 Colored Southern Federals, 10 Comniunder-in-chief of the ar mies of the United States, Winfield Scott, 15 army and navy of the United States, President Lincoln, 16 Comparison of numbers of Fed eral combatants from northern and southem States, 11 of white population of seced ing and other southern States, 11 Confederate generals, total, 13 Confederates, total troops, 11 troops maintained, army strength, 10 Confederate States, recognition of. 79 Connecticut, total Federal troops from, 11 Cooper, Confederate General, 110 Coosa River, 217 Corinth, Miss., 76, 84, et seq. Corps, southern Federals com manding, 13-13 Crawfish Springs, 160-163 Crittenden, Confederate General, 56 Cross Hollows, 61, 63 Gulp's Hill, 146 Cumberland River opened, 61 Dauphin Island, 352 Davidson, Confederate General, 169 Davis, Jefferson, capture of, 272 Deer Creek, 125 Department of Arkansas com manded by Reynolds, 12, 238 Kansas commanded by Hun ter, 12 Kentucky commanded by An derson and Palmer, 11, 12, 34 Department of — {covlimied) New Mexico commanded by Canby, 13, 52 Ohio and of Tennessee com manded by Anderson, 11 the Cumberland commanded by Thomas, 12 Gulf commanded by Hurl but, 12 Northwest commanded by Pope, 12 Ohio commanded by Mitchel, 12 South commanded by Bran nan, Hunter and Mitchel, 11, 12 West commanded by Harney and Hunter, 12, 16 Virginia and North Carolina commanded by Ord, 12 West Virginia commanded by Carroll, 12 the Western, commanded by Fremont, 12, 39 Middle, commanded by Ord. 12 Departments commanded by southern Federals, 11-12 Dole, Confederate General, 192 Draft in Maryland and Ken tucky, 187 riots, New York, Boston. Jer sey City, 153 Drayton, Confederate General, 106 Dry Tortugas held by Jenkins against expedition from New Orleans, 16 Dunker Church, 107 Early, Jubal A., Confederate General, 142, 147, 191, 192, 201. 202, 204, et seq., 311. et seq., 227. 228, 233. 255 East Gulf Blockading Squadron commanded by Stribling. 14 East Tennessee, large numbers against the Confederates, 10 Nelson distributes arms to Federals of, 30 votes against secession, 36 union convention, 38 Federal uprising, SO 396 GENERAL INDEX Ewell, R. S., Confederate Gen eral, 88, 98-99, 139, 143, 145, 170, 187-189, 191-191, 267-268 Expeditions commanded by southern Federals, 13 Farragut, David G., 57, 82-84, 97, 110, 121. 135. 137, 140 1-52. 217, 221, 266, 303 vice-admiral, 13, 247 in command of West Gulf Squadron and on the Mis sissippi. 13-14, 63, 95 attack upon Forts Jackson and St. Philip, 77, 78, 80 New Orleans captured by. 79 attack upon Vicksburg by, 90- 95 Red River blockaded by, 125- 138 attack upon Mobile defenses, 180, 219 Fayetteville. Ark., 63 N. C. 256 Federal combatants, numbers from northern and south ern States compared. 11 Federals, southern, total number. 10. See Alphabetical List colored. 10 Florence. Ala., 235-236 Florida, fails to take possession of Fort Pickens, 16 expedition, 124, 180 Forney, Confederate General, 137 Forrest. Confederate General, 95-99, 101, 115, 160, 221, 327. 329. 230. 236. 238. 241, 342, 247, 262 Fort Alexander. 265 Bartow. 58 Clifton. 303 Denison commanded by Judah, 98 Gilmer. 339 Gregg, 264 Leavenworth, 25. 34 Lee. 254 McHenry. 249 Macon, N. C, 69, 80 Parsons, 252 Sanders, 177 Smith, 182 Taylor, 24 Fort — (continued) Union, N. M., 28. 52, S3 Whitworth, 264 Fox's Gap, 105 Frankfort, Ky., secret meeting of prominent Federals at, 38 arsenal, capture of prevented by Thomas, 47 Franklin, Va.. 109 Frederick. Md., 27. 28. 104 Fredericksburg campaign. 113- 115 French. Confederate General, 230 French Government, attitude in the War. 79 Frost. Confederate General, 114 Garland, Confederate General, 106 Garnett, Confederate General, 39-40 General officers, southern Feder al. See Alphabetical List total. 13 Generals. Confederate, total. 13 Federal, total. 13 German blood composes St. Louis Wide-Awakes. 15 Gettysburg campaign, 138 Giltner, Confederate General, 203, 230 Gordon, John B.. Confederate General. 212, 253. 268. 270 Governors. southern Federals governors of northern States. 18-19 States and Territories, 18-20 raise troops. 185 Gracie, Confederate General. 206 Grand Ecore, 183 Greeneville. Tenn.. 226 Hagood, Confederate General. 205. 223 Halltown. 221 Hampton, Wade, Confederate General. 207. 257 Hardee, Confederate General, 96, 120, 178, 195. 199, 200, 213, 215, 216, 224, 225, 247, 356, 257 Harris, Confederate Governor of Tennessee, driven from Nashville, 22 GENERAL INDEX 397 Harrisburg, Pa., 138 Harrodsburg, Ky., Ill Henderson's Hill, 185 Heth, Confederate General, 102, 103, 143, 188 Hickman, Ky., 45 Hicks, Thos. H., Governor of Maryland. 16. 19, 24, 26- 28, 31 , Hill, A. P., Confederate General, 100, 103, 139. 144. 169. 187- 188, 197, 253 Hindman, Confederate General, 102, 113, 116, 166 Hoke, Confederate General, 184, 193. 201. 205, 247, 256 Holly Springs, 112. 115 Holmes, Confederate General, 93, 151 Home Guards, 96 formed in Missouri. 15 organized and Camp Jackson captured, 29 fired upon and terrify St. Louis, 29 formed in Kentucky to receive arms from Washington, 30 Missouri, growth of. 35 at Cynthlana, Ky., dispersed, 40 Hood, Confederate General, 195, 198, 213, et seq., 252 Horse Shoe Ridge, 163 Illinois, opposition to passage of northern army against the South, 18 total Federal troops furnished by, 18 General Assembly for peace, 139 Imboden, Confederate General, 139, 144, 148, 151, 200, 201 Indiana, power of, thrown to Federals, 19 "military bill," 140 Indian Territory, Federals fol low Cooper into, 110 Iowa, total Federal troops from, 11, 19 Iron-clads, Mississippi, origin and construction. 34, 37- 38. 49 first launched. 49 Iverson. Confederate General, 145 Jackson, T. J., Confederate Gen eral, 38, 83, 84, et seq., 104, 106, 131. et seq. Jackson, Govemor of Missouri, maneuvers to gain the St. Louis arsenal, 25 orders militia assembled, 28 camp to seize the St. Louis arsenal, 28 collects forces at Jefferson City for a campaign, 33 calls Missouri to arms and adopts war measures, 36 deposed, 41 James River, 84, 90, 91, 93, 94, 155, 204. 206, 210, 252, 265 Jenkins, Confederate General, 192 Johnson. Andrew. 20, 22. 62, 271, 323 Johnson, Bradley. Confederate General, 213 Johnson, Bushrod, Confederate General, 205 Johnson, Edward. Confederate General. 82. 148, 193 Johnson. Confederate Kentucky Governor, 75 Johnston. Albert Sidney. Con federate General, 57. 71, 73 Johnston, Joseph E., Confederate General, 41, 81, 86, 135, 154, 179-181, 186, 194, 198. et seq., 255. 257-258, 271. 272 Jones. Sam'l. Confederate Gen eral, 272 Jones, Confederate General, 201, 202 Kentucky, not a support of the Confederacy, 9 neutrality, 32 total Federal troops from, 11, 23 commissioned officers, 13 how the State was swung, 21 Federal regiments of, in vari ous battles, 23 arming of Federals in, 28, 30, 33, 36 congressional election, 38 concentration of volunteers, 40, 42, 46, 47, 48 398 GENERAL INDEX Kentucky — (continued) secession measures, 31, 53, 53, 110 Kershaw, Confederate General, 301 Key West, 16, 24, 62 Knights of the Golden Circle at tempt to seize Louisville, 41 Knoxville, Tenn., 155, 156, 171, 172, 177, 178, 253 Lane, Henry S., Governor of Indiana, 19 Lay's Ferry, 195 Lee. Fitzhugh, Confederate Gen eral. 263. 268. 269, 270 Lee. Robert E.. Confederate Gen eral, 67, 87, 91-93, 95. 99. 100. 103. 104-108. 113, 138, et seq., 144, et seq., 153, 169, 171. 177-178, 187, et seq., 201, et seq., 333, 323, 329, 335, 253. 259, et seq., 270 Lee, S. D., Confederate General, 137, 243 Lee. Samuel P.. 78-80. 95, 127, 138, 187, 189, 203, 318, 236, 273, 328 in command of North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, then of Mississippi Squadron, 14, 103, 234 in the front of the fight at Forts Jackson and St. Philip, 78-79 attacks upon Vicksburg, 84, 92 appointed acting rear-admiral, 103 Lee, W. H. F., Confederate Gen eral, 268 Lexington, Va., 203 Lincoln, Abraham, 28, 35, 38, 117, 330 military direction exercised by, 16 reenforcement of Fort Sumter, 17 call for volunteers, 18 arms granted for Federals of Kentucky and East Ten nessee, 30 refusal of. to remove Federal troops from Kentucky. 42 Lincoln, Abraham — (contimued) expedition for capture of New Orleans ordered by, 52 in Richmond. Va.. 266 assassinated, 271 Little Round Top, 146 Longstreet, James, Confederate General, 105, 124, 127, 128, 139, 157, 163, et seq., 173, 177, 182, 184, 188, 204 Loring, Confederate General, 136, 209 Lost Mountain, 200, 205 Loudoun Heights, 104 Louisiana, total Federal troops from, 11 reconstruction. 180, 217 Louisville, Ky., 22, 23, 30, 101, 108, 180 union meeting, 26 citizens form the " Union Club." 31 magazine. 31 attempt of Knights of the Golden Circle to seize, 41 threatened, 46, 47 under martial law, 152 McCulloch, Confederate General, 39. 42, 52. 61, 64 Mcintosh, Confederate General, 61 Magoffin, Governor of Kentucky, proclamation of neutrality, 32 removal of Federal troops from Kentucky urged by, 42 Magruder, Confederate General, 93, 121 Mahone, Confederate General, 218 March to the Sea, 231, 337, 247 Marmaduke, Confederate Gen eral, 37, 116, 122, 123, 234 Marshall, Humphrey, Confeder ate General, 55. 104 Marye's Heights, attacks on. US carried by Newton. 134 Maryland, not a support of the Confederacy. 9 total Federal troops from, 11 GENERAL INDEX 399 Maryland — (continued) volunteers drawn forth against Lee's Maryland and Penn sylvania campaigns, 19, 103 how the State was swung. 20. 43 Baltimore encounter. 26 members of the Legislature arrested by Federals. 46 campaign. 103 Mason, Confederate commission er, 52 Maury. Confederate General, 271 Merrimac, 65. See Virginia Military Division of Mississippi, 11 West of the Mississippi, 11, 193 Mine Run campaign, 171, 177 Mississippi expedition, 113 River, blockade at Cairo, 30 war importance of, 35 clear to commerce, 154 Missouri, not a support of the Confederacy, 9 total Federal troops from, 11 "Wide-Awakes," IS, 21 Home Guards, 15, 21 winning the State, 21 number of Federal regiments, 23 arms obtained, 25 capture of Camp Jackson, 29 peace agreement, 33 secession effort, 49 hostilities, 36 Jefferson City captured, 37 martial law declared, 43 miUtia, 76-77, 94 Montgomery Hill, 243 Morgan, John H., Confederate General. 40. 81. 94-96, 98, 151-154, 203, 204, 226 Mountain region of the South disaffected toward the Confederacy, 10 Murfreesboro, Tenn., 95, 101, 103, 112, 116 campaign, 116-117 NashviUe, Tenn., 98, 103, 104, 111, 112, 221, 237 campaign by Federals, 55 surrender of, 61 Nashville — (continued) Hood's campaign, 237-253 Naval commanders, southern Federal, 13-14 total, 13 Native southerners living in the North, Federals, 10 Navy, United States, total south erners leaving and remain ing, 13 at the outbreak of the War, 14 work of in the War, IS iron-clads built, 14 origin of Mississippi iron clads, 34 first wooden gunboats in west ern rivers, 34 gains in 1861, 54 the Tennessee River to Flor ence, 58 Nebraska Territory. Federal troops from, 19 Negroes, southern Federal, 10 Neuse River, 125 New Jersey, peace resolutions passed by the House of Representatives, 125 New Mexico Territory, Federal troops from, 19 Confederates caused to leave, 77 New Orleans, La., naval expedi tion, 52 occupied by Farragut. 79 importance of. and effects of its capture. 79-80 Norfolk, Va., and navy yard evacuated by Federals. 27 occupied by Federals, 83 North, 1. 2. 3, 5, 6. See Federals native southerners living in the. Federals, 10 saved from defensive and of fensive measures by con tiguous southern States. 24 Washington cut off, 36, 38 North Atlantic Blockading Squadron commanded by S. P. Lee, 14 L. M. Goldsborough, 14, 44 North Carolina, 85 secession of, 32 independence of State Govern ment declared, 49 Federal convention elects pro visional governor, 52 400 GENERAL INDEX Number, total, of southern Fed eral general officers, 13 Federal and Confederate Gen erals, 13 southerners leaving and re maining in the United States navy, 13 southern Federals command ing vessels, 13 Ohio River, attempt of Confed erates to blockade, 106 Opelousas, 128 Ord, E. O. C, 50, 54, 87, 93, 105, 108, 137, 140, 150, 153, 155. 179, 182, 212, 215, 239, 349, 259, 261, et seq., 345 in command of the Middle De partment, Department of Virginia, and Department of Virginia and North Carolina, 12, 250 in command of the 13th, 8th, 18th and 24th corps, 13 at Hatchie Bridge, 110 of the Army of the James, 250 Lee's way at Appomattox blocked by, 270 Overton's Hill, 244^-245 Pegram, Confederate General, 39-40, 130, 232 Perry, Confederate General, 148 Petersburg, Va., 203, 208, 266 Pettigrew, Confederate General, 125 Pickett, Confederate General, 148-149, 201, 261, 263-264 Pierpont, Francis H., 20, 38 Pillow, Confederate General, 45, 208 Po River, 191, 192 Point Lookout, 213 Polignac, Confederate General, 181 Polk, Confederate General, 45, 62, 158, 162, 178, 204 Pope, John, 12, 40, 44, 48, 54, 62, 69, 75, 76, 83, 85, 91, et seq., 352 in command of the main army in the east, 11, 90, 101 Pope, John, in command of — (continued) Department of the North west, 13, 104 Military Division of the Mis souri, 253 captures around Tiptonvllle by. 75 Population, white, in seceding and other southern States, 11 Potomac River, blockaded by Confederates, 38, 66 Price, Sterling, Confederate Gen eral, 32, 36, 44, 47, 48, 52, 58, 59, 63-64, 70, 102, 105, 108, 109, 151, 157, 184, 224, et seq. Raids, or expeditions, command ed by southern Federals, 13, 116 Raleigh, N. C, 271 Ramseur, Confederate General, 212, 232, 233 Recruitments, Federal, by south- emers, 20, 22, 23, 25, 31 Richmond, Va., 266 Robertson, Confederate General, 144 Robinson, Jas. P., 19 Roddy, Confederate General, 168 Rodes, Confederate General, 139, 227 Rome, Ga., 195, 196 Rosser, Confederate General, 263 Rossville, 166, 168, 175 St. Louis, Mo., 16, 36. 228 protection of property in, IS " Wide-Awakes," IS arsenal, IS, 25, 28 forces in, 29 encounter in, 29 Savannah, Ga., 57, 242, 249 Tenn., 67, 70 Secession of southern States, 29, 32, 33 Secessionists in Missouri organ ized as minute men, IS Seminary Ridge, 144 Semmes, Confederate Admiral, 265 Shelby, Confederate General, 132, 169 Shelbyville, 122 GENERAL INDEX 401 Shenandoah Valley, or Valley of Virginia, 204, 255 Sibley, Confederate General, 77 Siege of Fort Macon, N. C, 69 Lexington, Mo., 46 Knoxville, 178 Vicksburg, 137 Slave-holding States that re mained in the Union after Lincoln became President, 16 Slidell, Confederate Commission er, 52 Smith, E. Kirby, Confederate General, 70, 76, 80, 97, 101, 103, 109, 111, 183, 272 Smith, G. W., Confederate Gen eral, 242 Snodgrass Hill. 163. 166, 167 South, 14. See Confederates mountain region of, disaffected to the Confederacy, 10 soldiers from, supporting the United States in the War, 10 natives of, living north, who fought the Confederates, 10 Federal generals born in the, 13 naval officers from the, 13 navy placed or supported Fed eral armies down in the, IS South Anna River, 200 South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 143 South Carolina, fails to take possession of Fort Sumter, 16 Union Convention, 196 Southerners who served in the United States navy, total, 13 left the United States navy, total, 13 classification, 14 Southern Federals, total number, 10. See Alphabetical List Springfield Landing, 182-183 Stanton, Frederick P., 19 State Guard, Missouri, 42 States, southern, that served as buffers against the Con federacy, 24 Steuart, Confederate General, 193 Stevenson, 76 Stewart, Confederate General, 164, 213, 241, 257 Stuart, J. E. B., Confederate General, 54, 133, 139, 141, 143, 144, 149 Sunflower River, 135 Tanner's Ferry, 195 Taylor, Richard, Confederate General, 88, 136, 127, 140, 182-183, 186, 272 Tennessee, total Federal troops from, 10. See East Ten nessee Federals aid Federal Ken tucky, 24 secession of, 29, 36 Nashville campaign, 55 Tennessee and Kentucky cam paign, 97 Thomas, George H., 38, 40, 68, 70. 84-85. 89. 96, 98, 150, 156, et seq., 172, et seq., 187, et seq., 198, et seq., 207, et seq., 228, 236, et seq., 255, 256, 258, 259, 271, 368 main army in the west com manded by, 11 in command of the Military Division of the Mississip pi, 11, 231 Department of the Cumber land, 170 Army of the Cumberland, 170 14th corps, 12 Army of the Tennessee, 76 nucleus of the Army of the Cumberland formed by, 45, 47 victorious at Mill Springs, 56- 57 Army of the Ohio conducted toward Nashville by. 111 in Murfreesboro battle, 119 " Rock of Chickamauga," 166- 167 in Chattanooga battles, 173-174 reconnoissance on Dalton, 180- 181 troops under, in the Atlanta campaign, 186 Tullahoma campaign, 141 402 GENERAL INDEX Thomas, George — (continued) Peach Tree Creek, 213 in Jonesboro battle, 235 decisive battle of the War — Nashville — won by, 246 Thompson, Jeff, Confederate General, 272 Todd's Tavern, 191 Tompkins, Chief of the Knights of the Golden Circle, killed, 41 Total number of southern Fed erals, 10 Trent, arrest of Mason and SU- deU, S2 Trent's Reach, 252 Tulifinny Cross Roads, 349 Tupelo, Miss., 92, 96 Union Club, Louisville, 31 Union Safety Committee formed in St. Louis, IS United States army, regulars. 18 arsenals, 18. See Arsenal Government occupies Forts Sumter and Pickens, 16- 17 United States navy. See Navy Vallandigham, 138, 151 Van Dom, Earl, Confederate General, 63, 64, 70, 108, 115 Vaughn, Confederate General, 229 Vessels. See Navy Vicksburg, Miss., 90, 92, 94, 114- 116, 125, 127, 168 Virginia, total Federal troops from, 11. See Western Virginia campaigns against, 33 secession of, 25, 26, 33 entered by Federal troops, 33 northwestern, cleared of Con federates, 33 Virginia, Federal, organization of Government, 20, 23, 38, 39 Convention authorizes creation of State of West Virginia, 43 legislative consent thereto, 83 Walker, Confederate General, 112, 167 Walker, R. Lindsay, Confederate General, 269 Washington, D. C, protection of, 16, 26, 28 Western Department, 12. 37, 39 Western Virginia. Confederates expelled. 23 Wheeling assembly, 37, 30, 33 arms for Federals of, 30 Convention, 36, 37, 43, S3 Constitution, S3, 69 West Gulf Blockading Squadron, commanded by Farragut and Bell, 13-14 West Point, southern graduates on the Federal side, 13 West Tennessee army, 115 West Virginia, sides with the Federals, 10 the formation, of the State, 22 act for admission of, approved, 117 State of, comes into being, 140 Wharton, Confederate General, 232, 234 Wheeler, Confederate General, 117, 168, 169, 179, 221, 235 Wheeling, Federal arms distrib uted from, 30 Assembly. 30, 32. 38 "Wide-Awakes," 15 Wilcox, Confederate General, 87, 148, 188 Wilcox's Landing, 207 Wilkesboro, N. C, 258 Wise, Henry A., Confederate General, 303 Wright, Confederate General, 147, 148 Woodstock, Va., 228 Yazoo City, 136 Yazoo River, 95, 114, 135, 136 Haines' Bluff, 116 Chickasaw Bluffs, 117 expedition from the north, 124 York, Pa., 142 York River, 81, 86 ZoUicoffer. Confederate General, 45j 47, 48, 56 INDEX OF BATTLES, COMBATS, ACTIONS, ENGAGEMENTS AND EXPEDITIONS Adairsville, 196 Albemarle, 187, 234 Aldie, 140 Alexander's Bridge, 159 Alexandria, 128, 135, 181 AUatoona Creek, 230 AUatoona Pass. 230 AUen's Farm, 92 Amelia Springs, 266 Anderson, Fort, 125, 354 Annapolis, 27 Antietam, 107 Apache Cafion, 69 Appalachicola, 69 Appomattox C. H., 268-270 Appomattox Station, 269-270 Arkansas Post, 122-123 Arkansas River, 210 AsheviUe, 273 Ashland, 90, 200, 256 Atchafalaya, 203 Athens, 227 Atlanta, 21S, 221, 224 Atlanta, 140 Auburn, 169 Averysboro, 256 Bacon Creek, 54 Baker's Creek, 135 Bald Head, 129 Bald Hill Knob, 315, 216 Baltimore, 26 Barnesville, 104 Baton Rouge, 82, 83, 96 BayUss Creek, Va., 222 Bayou Fourches, 157 Bayou Pierre, 183-184 Bayport, 168 Bean's Station, 178 Beaufort Harbor, N. C, 80 Beauregard, Fort, 51 Beaver Dam Creek, 90 Belmont, 50 BentonviUe, 257 Bermuda Hundred, 187, 196, 201,' 204, 305 Bethesda Church, 200 Beverley Ford, 139 Big Black River, 136 Big Blue, 234 Big Mulberry Creek, 262 Bisland, Fort, 127 Blackburn's Ford, 40 Blackford's Ford, 108 Black River, 181 Blackwater, 109, 126 Blakely, Fort, 252, 263, 265, 269 Boonsboro, 105, 311 Booneville, 37 Boteler's Ford, 108 Bowling Green, 60 Boydton Road, 235 Boydtown, 261-262 Brandy Station, 139, 155, 169 Bridgeport, 76, 80, 150, 170 BridgeviUe, 266 Bristoe, 98, 169 Broad River Expedition, 238 Brown's Ferry, 170, 171 BrownsviUe, S3 Bnmswick, 62 Brush Mountain, 207, 308 Budd's Ferry, SO Buffington, 129 Buffington Island, 154 Buford's StaUon, 247 Bull Run, 41, 100 Bull's Bay Expedition, 254 Bull's Gap, 237 Bunker HiU. 40 Burnt Hickory, 199 Butler, Fort, 142 Buzzard's Roost. 180, 190 404 INDEX OF BATTLES Cairo, 27, 32 Calhoun, 179 Camden, Ark., 184, 185 Camden, N. C, 77 CampbeU's Station, 172 Cane Creek, 170 Cane River, 185 Cape Fear River, 251, 254 Carlisle, 144 Carrick's Ford, 40 CarroU Station, 229 Carthage, 39 CassviUe, 197 CasweU, Fort, 124, 251 Cave City, 50 Cedar Creek, 231 Cedar Mountain, 96 Cedar Run, 96 Chaffin's Bluff. 329 Chaffin's Farm. 228 Chalmette batteries. 79 Champion's Hill. 135 ChanceUorsvUle, 131-133 ChantUly, 102 Chaplin HiUs, 110 Charles City Cross Roads, 93 Charleston, 126, 171, 251, 254 Charleston harbor, 89, 152, 156 Charlestown, 223 Chattahoochee River, 210-212 Chattanooga, 172, et seq. Cheat Mountain, 46 Cheraw, 255 Chickamauga, 159, et seq. Chickasaw Bluffs, 116-117 Chuckatuck, 128 Cincinnati, 102, 153 Clarendon, 210 Clark, Fort, 44 Clinch, Fort, 62 Cloyd's Mountain, 193 Cobb's Point, 59 Coggin's Point, 96 Cold Harbor, 200, et seq. Columbia, Tenn., 229, 338 Columbia, S. C, 254 Columbus, Ga., 271 Columbus, Ky., 45 Corinth, 109 Corpus Christi, 97 Covington. 112 Craig, Fort, 52, 61 Craighead's Bend, 83 Crampton's Gap, 106 Crater, 218 Cross Keys, 88 Culpeper, 155, 158 Gulp's Farm, 208 Gulp's House, 208 Cumberland Gap, 89, 107, 156 Cynthlana, 304 Dabney's Mills, 253 Dallas, 198, et seq., 229 Dalton, 180, 194, 221, 231 Dandridge, 179 Darbytown Road, 230, 235 Darling, Fort, 84, 194 Davidson, Fort, 228 Deatonville, 267 Decatur, Ala., 231, 234, 246, 249 Decatur, Ga., 211, 315 Deep Bottom, 207, 210, 223 De Russy, Fort, 134, 181 Deveaux's Neck, 242 Diamond Hill, 206 Dinwiddle C. H., 263 Donaldsonville, 143, 153 Donelson, Fort, 59-60 DranesvIUe, 54 Drewry's Bluff, 84, 196 Droop Mountain, 171 Dry Forks, 39 Dude River, 122, 238, et seq. Dug Gap, 181, 190 Dug Springs, 42 Dutton's HIU, 126 Ebenezer Church, 263 Edgefield Junction, 98 Elizabeth City, 59 Elk Horn Tavern, 63-65 Elk River, ISO Elk Water, 46 Emory, 156 Ezra Church. 317 Fairfax C. H., 35 Fair Oaks, 86, 235 Falling Waters, 38 Farmington, 83, 169 FarmviUe, 268 Fernandlna, 62 Finnegan, Camp. 180 Fisher. Fort. 347. 348. 350 Fisher's HIU. 338. 333 Five Forks. 263 Florida Expedition. 180 Folly Island, 152 INDEX OF BATTLES 405 Four Mile Creek, 205, 217 Franklin, 239-240 Frayser's Farm, 93 Frederick City, 104 Fredericksburg, 115, 196 Front Royal, 85 Gaines, Fort, 179, 218, 219 Gaines' MUl, 90-92 Gallatin, 96, 98 Galveston, 98, 121, 273 Gamett's Farm, 93 Garrison Creek, 141 Gettysburg. 144. et seq, Glendale, 93 Globe Tavern, 222-223 Glorietta, 69 Goldlng's Farm, 92 Goldsboro, 255, 256 Grahamsville, 241 Grand Gulf, 125. 129, 133 GraveUy Run. 261 Gray. Fort, 184 Greenbrier River, 48 Gregg, Battery, 156 Grimball, Fort, 153 Groveton, 99 Hagerstown, 151, 311 Haines' Bluff, 116, 129 Hallsville, 54 Hamilton, 94 Hampton Roads, 65 Hanover, Pa., 143 Hanover C. H., Va., 85 Hardin's Bluff, 84 Harper's Farm, 267 Harper's Ferry, 85, 104-106, 211 Harrison. Fort, 218, 230 Harrisonburg, 181, 238 Harrison's Landing, 92, 94, 97 Hartsville, 123 Hatcher's Run, 235, 253 Hatchie Bridge, 110 Hatteras, Fort, 44 Hatteras Inlet, 44 Helena, 151 Henry. Fort, 57-59 High Bridge, 267 HUl's Point, 128 Hilton Head, 51 Hindman, Fort, 133 Honey HUl, 241 Hoover's Gap, 141 Howlett House batteries, 208 Huger, Battery, 128 Huger, Fort, 271 Huntley's Corner, 200 Huntsville, 76, 197 Indian Ridge. 127 Irish Bend. 127 Ironton. 228 Island No. 10. 68, 75 luka, 105, 108 Ivy Creek. 48 Ivy Mountain, S3 Jackson, Miss., 135, 153 Jackson, Camp, 29 Jackson, Fort. 77-80 Jackson's MiUs. 256 Jacksonville, 124, 191 James Island, 89, 154, 254 James River, 252 Jasper, 87 Jefferson City, 37, 228 Jenkln's Ferry, 186 Jemsalem Plank Road, 208 JohnsonvUle, 236 Johnston's Landing, 116 Jonesboro, 235 Jones ville, 179 Kansas City, 26 Kearsarge vs. Alabama, 204-207 Kelly's Ford, 155 Kenesaw Mountain, 209 Kernstown, 69 Kettle Run, 98 King's Salt Works, 230 Kingston. Ky., 101 Kingston. Tenn., 242 Kinston, 256 Knob Gap. 116 KnoxviUe, 178 Lafayette, 208 Lancaster, 154 Laurel Hill, 39, 192 Laurel Mountain, 39 Lawrenceburg, 111 Jl.ebanon, 81 Lee & Gordon's MUl, 159 Lee's Mill, 70 Lexington, Ky., 43, 103, 110, 203 Lexington, Mo., 46, 47, 234 Liberty, Mo., 26 Liberty, Va., 207 Liberty Gap, 141 406 INDEX OF BATTLES Liberty Hall, 330 Lisbon, 322 Little Blue, 234 Little Osage, 334 Little Rock, 155, 157, 183 Liverpool's Landing, 138 Logan's Cross Roads, 55 London, 156 Lookout Mountain, 173-174 Louisville, 31, 41, 46, 108 Lovejoy's Station, 225 Lucas 'Bend, 45 Lynchburg, 205, 206 McAllister, Fort, 124, 242 McDowell, 82 McMinnville. 101 Macon, 272 McRae, S3 Magnolia HiUs. 130 Malvern HUl. 93-94 Manassas, 41. 100-101 Manassas Gap. 154 Manassas Jimction, 98 Mansfield, 183 Marais des Cygnes, 234 Marion, 346 Mark's MiU, 185 MarksvIUe, 196 Martlnsburg, 139, 210, 237 Maryland Campaign, 103 Maryland Heights, 211 Mechanicsville, 85, 90 Memphis, 88 Meridian Expedition, 180 Middleburg, 140 Middle Creek. 55 MUford, 54 MiU Creek Gap, 190, 191 Milliken's Bend, 138 MiU Springs, 55-56 Mine Creek, 334 Mine Run, 178 Missionary Ridge, 175-176 Mobile, 351, 253, 258, 271 Mobile Bay, 219-220 Monette's Ferry, 185 Monitor vs. Virgima, 66 Monocacy River, 311 MontevaUo, 262 Montgomery, 271 MonticeUo, 130, 139 Morgan, Fort, 169, 197, 219, ft seq. Morgantown, 60 Morris Island, 152, 153 Morristown, 178, 235, 237 Moultrie, 126 Mound City, 234 Mt. Jackson, 228 Mt. Sterling, 203 Mt. Vernon, 152 Mt. Zion Church, 54 Mud Creek, 207 Mud March, 123 Mulberry Creek, 262 Muldraugh Hill, 47 MunfordvIUe, 105-107 Murfreesboro, 94, 117, et seq., 2 Nansemond River, 126 NashviUe, 61, 243, et seq. Natchez, 83 National Bridge, 256 Neosho, 39 New Bern, 68, 125 New Bridge, 85 New Hope Church, 198, 209 New Madrid. 62. 66 New Market. 196. 200 New Orleans. 79 Newport News. 65-66 Newtonia. 109, 235 Newtown, 85 New York Draft Revolts, 153 Niagara, 222 Norfolk, 27, 83 North Anna, 198 North Edisto River, 253 Northern Neck, 130 Oak Grove, 90 Oak HiUs, 43 Old Church, 89 Olustee, 180 Opequon, 227 Orchard Knob, 173 Osage, 234 Ossabaw Sound, 301 Ouachita River, 181 Owensboro, 108 Ox HiU, 102 Paducah, 45 Paintsville, 57 Pamunkey River, 84, 86 Pascagoula Expedition, 338 Pasquotank River, 59 Payne's Farm, 177 Peach Orchard, 92, 147 INDEX OF BATTLES 407 Peach Tree Creek, 213-215 Pea Ridge, 63 Pemberton, Fort, 124 Peninsula Campaign, 67, 68 Pensacola, 252 Peralta, 77 Perryville, 110-111 Petersburg, 204, 264 Petersburg Mine, 209-218 Philippi, 36 Pickens, Fort, 17-18, 25, 26, 38 Pickett's MiUs, 199 Piedmont, 202 Pillow, Fort, 75, 83 Pilot Knob, 228 Pine Mountain, 199. 203, et seq. Pittsburg Landing. 71. et seq. Pleasant Grove, 182-183 Pleasant Hill, 183 Plymouth, 87, 184 Pocotaligo, 112 Pocotaligo River, 179, 251 Point of Rocks, 94 Point Pleasant, 66 PoolsviUe. 104 Poplar Springs Church, 229 Port Gibson, 130 Port Hudson, 128, 137. 140, 152 Port RepubUc, 88 Port Royal. S. C, 51 Port Royal. Va.. 126 Port Royal Ferry, 53. 55 Pound Gap, 57 PoweU, Fort, 220 Prairie Grove, 113 Prestonburg, 55 Pringle, Battery. 310. 211 Providence Church Road, 133 Pulaski, Tenn., 229, 236, 238 Pulaski, Fort, 76 Quaker Road, 261 Rappahannock, 155, 173 Raymond, 135 Reams Station, 308, 233 Red River ExpedUion, 179, 181- 183, 185 Resaca, 195, 331 Richmond, 101 Rich Mountain, 39-40 Ringgold Gap, 177 Roanoke Island, 58 Roanoke River, 94 Rochester, 50 Rock Castle Hills, 49 Rock Wharf, 83 Rocky Face Ridge, 190, et seq. Rocky Gap, 139, 155 Rosecrans, Fort, 347 Rowletts, 54 Ruffs, 211 Russy, Fort de, 134, 181 Sabine Cross Roads, 182 Sabine Pass, 97 Sacramento, 54 SaUor's Creek, 267 St. Augustine, 66 St. Charles, 89, 123 St. Helena Sound, 51 St. John's Bluff, 108 St. John's River Expedition, 109, 110, 112 St. Louis, 29 St. Marks, 256 St. PhiUp, Port, 78 Salem, 259 Salem Church, 134 Saline Bottom, 186 SaUneville, 154 SaUsbury, 271 SaltvUle, 230, 237, 247 Santa Fe, 54, 66, 78 Santee River, 182 Savage Station. 92 Savannah, 247 Seabrook, 53, 55 Secessionville, 89 Second BuU Run, 100-101 Sedgwick, Fort, 263 Selma, 265 Seven Days' Battles, 90, et seq. Seven Pines, 86-87 Sewell's Point, 83 Sharpsburg. 107 Shawnee Mound, 54 Shepherdstown, 108 Shiloh, 71, et seq. Shreveport Campaign, 181-183 Simmsport, 203 Smyrna, 211 Snake Creek Gap, 191, 192, 194 Somerset, 55, 126 South Anna bridges Expedition, 144 South MUls, 77 South Mountain, 105-106 Spanish Fort, 261, 369 Spotsylvania, 191, et seq. 408 INDEX OF BATTLES Springfield, 43, 49, 59, 116, 122 Spring HiU, 339-240, 247 Stanford, 111 Staunton, 303, 228 Stedman, Fort. 359-260 Steele's Bayou Expedition, 135 Stevens, Fort, 212 Stone River, 117, et seq. Stono River, 178, 310, 248 Strong, Fort, 354 Suffolk Campaign, 124, 126 Sugar Creek, 61 Sugar Loaf Mountain, 104 Sumter, Fort, 16-18, 136, 170 Tagodo Creek or River, 353 Tampa, 130 Thompson's Station, 124, 239 Thoroughfare Gap, 99 Tiptonvllle, 75 Totopotomoy, 199, 200 Tracy, Fort, 271 TreviUan, 203. 204 Trinity. 181 Tullahoma, 141-143 Tunnel Hill, 181, 186, 190 Turkey Creek, 93 Turner's Gap, 105 Tuscaloosa, 266 Tuscumbia, 231 Tj'bee Island. S3. 54 Union City. 69 UpperviUe, 41 Upton HiU, 49 Valverde, 61 Van Buren, 116 Vicksburg, 137, 137, 140, 150 Virginia vs. Monitor, 66, 83 Wagner, Fort, 152, et seq., 226 Walker, Fort, 51 Warrenton, 125 Washington, D. C, 211-212 Washington, N. C, 104, 126 Washita River, 181 Wassaw Sound, 140 Wauhatchie, 171 Waynesboro, 228, 255 Weldon R. R., 208, 222. 223 West Harpeth River, 246 West Liberty, 49 Westmoreland C. H., 138 West Point. Ga., 272 West Point, Va., 81, 204 Westport, 234 White House, 200, 207 White Oak Bridge, 93 White Oak Road, 261-262 White River, 89, 123 White Sulphur Springs, 155 Wilcox's Bridge, 256 Wildcat, Camp, 48 Wilderness, 187, et seq. Williams, Fort, 184 WiUiamsburg, 81 Williamsport, 151 Wilmington, 112. 247, 255 Wilson's Creek. 43 Winchester. 85. 139, 227 Wise's Fork, 256 Woodbury, SO WytheviUe, 242, 246 Yazoo River, 116, 124 Yellow Tavem, 193 Yorktown, 70, 80 1 '..».i. .'. *-." • • •' i ' iV »3^ .- jz-i - », • .'rlj'v -i.^'. "-Ssr- -.--—='*£:. ¦ vs" :-S -.. .. 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