YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in
cooperation with Yale University Library, 2008. You
may not reproduce this digitized copy ofthe book for
any purpose other than for scholarship, research,
educational, or, in limited quantity, personal use. You
may not distribute or provide access to this digitized copy
(or modified or partial versions of it) for commercial purposes.

WORKS ISSUED BY

CJje HafehiKt Coring,

THE DIARY

WILLIAM HEDGES, Esq.

FIRST SERIES. NO. LXXIV-MDCCCLXXXVU

THE DIAKY

WILLIAM HEDGES, Esq.
(AFTERWARDS SIB WILLIAM HEDGES),
DUKING HIS AGENCY IN BENGAL ;
AS WEI^L AS ON HIS VOYAGE OUT AND RETURN OVERLAND
(1681 1687).

TRANSCRIBED FOR THE PRESS, WITH INTRODUCTORY NOTES, ETC.,
BT
R. BARLOW, Esq.
AND ILLUSTRATED BY COPIOUS EXTRACTS PROM
UNPUBLISHED RECORDS, ETC..
BT
COLONEL HENRY YULE, R.E., C.B., LL.D.,
PRESIDENT OF THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.

VOL. I.
THE DIARY, WITH INDEX.

BURT FRANKLIN, PUBLISHER
NEW YORK, NEW YORK

Published by
BURT FRANKLIN
514 West 113th Street
New York 25, N.Y.

ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED BY THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY

REPRINTED BY PERMISSION

Do
/z/JS 7Y

PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.

COUNCIL

THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY

Coioitbl H. YULE, R.E, C.B., LL.D., Pbbsideitt.
Majoe-Gekebai, Sie HENRY RAWLINSON, K.C.B., D.O.L., LL.D., F.R.S.,
ASSOOIB ETBANGEE DE L'lffSTITtTT DE FflANCE, ViOE-PbESIDENT.
Lobd ABERDARE, G.O.B., F.R.S., Pees. R.G.S.
W. A. TYSSEN AMHERST, Esq., M.P.
WALTER DE GRAY BIRCH, Esq., F.S.A.
Reae-Admibal LINDESAY BRINE.
Sie EDWARD H. BUNBURY, Baet.
EDWARD BURNE JONES, Esq., A.R.A., D.C.L.
Thb Eabi of DUCIE, F.R.S.
Sie BARROW ELLIS, K.U.S.I.
ALBERT GRAY, Esq.
Libut.-Gbk. Sib HENRY LEFROY, C.B., K.C.M.G.
R. H. MAJOR, Esq., F.S.A.
CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, Esq., C.B., F.R.S.
Admibal Sib ERASMUS OMMANNEY, C.B., F.R.S.
Lobd ARTHUR RUSSELL.
S. W. SILVER, Esq.
Thb Lobd STANLEY of Aldbblet.
Sie CHARLES WILSON, R.E., K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S., D.O.L., and LL.D.
E. DELMAR MORGAN, Homobaby Secbetabt.

DIAKY OF SIE WILLIAM HEDGES.

PREFACE.
The work now issued to the Society requires some prefatory
explanation as to the manner in which it is presented, and some
information also regarding the Diarist beyond what has been sup
plied in Mr. Barlow's " Introductory Notes".
A transcript of the Diary was brought to my notice some years
ago by the Rev. James Long, to whom it had been lent by Mr.
Barlow. How the Diary itself fell into this gentleman's hands
may best be told by an extract from a letter with which he has
favoured me :
" I was living near . Broadstairs, and not unfrequently visited Canterbury.
There was a bookseller in the High Street, named Bohn, from whom I had
made purchases on one or two occasions, and on September 20th, 1875 (so I
find from my log-book), in answer to my usual inquiry for old Voyages and
Travels, he mentioned that he had an old manuscript which perhaps might
interest me. A glance showed me that its author, William Hedges, must be
the same gentleman whom Bruce (Annals of the E. I. Company, ii, pp. 467-
505) mentions as the first ' Governor', as well as ' Agent', for the Bengal Fac
tories. So I bought it at once.
" There was no mark, nor stamp, nor line of any description to indicate the
previous owner, but I understood from Mr. Bohn that he had it as part of a
lot at a sale ; and my impression is that he said a sale of some things belong
ing to Lord Sondes 1 — and this is all I know about the book's history. The
condition proved that it had been very lightly esteemed  I copied it
carefully, and I think accurately, intending to get it printed. But I discovered
that the half-dozen copies I intended to distribute among my few friends, as
an amusing ' illustration' of early trade under difficulties, would cost nearly as
much as an entire edition, whilst it would probably really not interest a single
modern individual, so I gave up the idea. Mr. Long, however, happened to
call one day, and thought with myself that it conveyed a good insight into
the inner life and habits of some of the Honourable Company's servants, so I
lent him the transcript." 1 The fourth Baron Sondes died in 1874.

VIII PREFACE.
There can be little doubt, I think, that the document came
originally from the India House, and possibly it formed an item
among the papers which were carted away to be destroyed under
a certain order issued by the Secretary of State in Council, at the
time when the seat of that body was transferred from the old House
in Leadenhall Street to Westminster. If so, it is probably not the
first of the records then dealt with, perhaps too hastily, which our
Society has made accessible to readers ; for the quaint and curious
Diary of Richard Cocks, of the English factory in Japan, which
was so ably edited for us in 1883 by Mr. Edward Maunde Thomp
son of the British Museum, may likewise have been one of those
unnaturally exposed foundlings.*
On a cursory reading of Mr. Barlow's transcript it seemed to
me that, though not a document of very high value, its interest
was great enough to render it worthy of being printed by our
Society, aud would be felt by a greater number of readers than its
owner anticipated, especially as published information regarding
1 Probably, however the culpable disposal of the present document occurred
at an earlier date ; for further acquaintance with the old India records has
made me aware of the vast masses of correspondence from India that had dis
appeared, apparently before the beginning of this century. With regard to
the more recent destruction of documents, it is recorded, on 15th May 1859,
that the Committee of the India Office, dealing with such matters, had
" reason to apprehend that official documents, sold as waste- paper for the
purpose of remanufacture had, notwithstanding the engagement to the
contrary entered into by the purchasers, been otherwise disposed of." And
it was directed that in future an officer of the Record Department should
witness the mutilation of the papers. In February 1860 it was directed
by the Secretary of State in Council that all useless records at Cannon
Row (Board of Control) and Leadenhall Street should be destroyed. It
was determined that this destruction should embrace : (1) Duplicate re
cords in the Registrar's Department : (2) Factory journals and ledgers from
the three Presidencies, with the import and export warehouse books ;
(3) The Proceedings of the Board of Trade (I do not know what these
were); (4) Proceedings of the Medical Board ; (5) The Durbar accounts; (6)
"Cutcherry and Admiralty Proceedings": (7) Interest accounts, and con
tingent bills, with a number of miscellaneous books of account that were never
consulted; (8) The Madras military disbursements, which had never been
journalised (about thirty-five immense volumes each year). Also an immense
mass of papers in " Mr. Hornidge's Department" It was estimated that the
whole would amount to some 500 tons ! But it did not eventually prove to
be so much.

PREFACE. ix
the early settlements of the Company in Bengal is scanty. The
proposal to print it was accordingly adopted by the Council.
The Diary had been furnished by Mr. Barlow with the brief "In
troductory Notes" (comprising also a Table of Contents) already
alluded to, as well as with a few useful foot-notes,1 and for the
further necessary editing was placed in the hands of a gentleman
who appeared to be interested in the subject. Nothing, however,
came of this. The first sheet was printed off without my cognizance,
or I should have suggested some modification of form. But in
passing the rest of the work through the press nearly all the cor
rection, with the insertion of necessary additional foot-notes, fell
upon me. Aud eventually it became evident that whatever
further editing the book required must also be provided by me,
if the work was in any degree to assume such form as I deem
necessary for the reputation of the Society over which I have the
honour to preside. To complete such form an index was required,
which I have supplied.
But it was obviously desirable also to obtain, if possible, more
information regarding William Hedges and his connections than
Mr. Barlow had found in Bruce's Annals. The search for this
gradually led me to extend my researches in the MS. Records of
the India Office, the British Museum, and elsewhere, till I found
that a volume was growing under my hands. Much of this is in
type, but there is much yet to complete ; and some curious
questions have suggested themselves which require a little time
and further research to solve. It has been decided, therefore, to
issue the Diary itself with Mr. Barlow's Introductory Notices,
and my Index, as Vol. i, whilst Vol. ii will contain copious biogra
phical and historical details regarding Hedges and most of the
persons named in his Diary, compiled from the various sources
indicated above, and will be separately indexed.
1 Foot-notes at pp. 17-32, 36-41, 60-61, 64, 67, 69, 99-100, 107, 133, 141,
158, 177, 180, 182, 194, 200 (note 2), and 250, were supplied by Mr. Barlow.
For the remainder I am responsible.
Some of the corrections made now in the Errata ought properly to have
been made in the correction of proofs. But when correcting the proofs I did
not consider that the office of Editor had devolved on me, and had not made
the research which I have since undertaken.

X PREFACE.
I should add before closing this preface that, since the Diary
was printed Mr. Barlow has liberally presented the original (much
of which is in Hedges' holograph)1 to the India Office.
H. YULE.
1 I.e., from the beginning to July 3rd, 1682 (p. 28), and again from the
words, " This Diary was thus far", etc. (p. 147), to the end. The inter
mediate portion is in the writing of copyists.

ERRATA.

At p. 5 and passim, for Nathanael Letter, read Nathanael Letten ; and my
footnote (2 at p. 174) iB wrong.
At p. 33 and passim, for Richard Frenchfeild, read Richard Trenchfeild.
(These two names had been misread by the transcriber of the copy for the
press.)
At p. 13, terminal note in parenthesis. The chief facts of Sir Wm. Hedges'
subsequent career will be given in Vol. ii, as well as those of his
nephew Robert, who -was the chairman of Council, and at alater date
President, in Bengal.
Page 7, line 20, for Muvadavad, read Muxadavad.
„ 8, line 19, for Dustuchs, read Dustucks.
„ 12, line 8, for Kergavar, read Kengavar.
„ 17, footnote is erroneous. President Beard who died at Madras was
this John Beard's son, as will be detailed in Vol. ii.
„ 32, in footnote, for Masters, read Master.
„ 40, second line from foot of note. Fyre shmdd be Eyre or Eyres. See
Vol. ii.
„ 41, regarding Mr. Catchpoole's history see Vol. ii.
„ 65, line 20, purga or pyrgo seems to represent a local Balasore term for
a small boat or canoe.
„ 68, note. "A generall" was an official letter usually signed by all
members of the local council.
,, 87, line 10, for Emir Pussick, read Emir TusBick, i.e. the Mir-tozak,
" Master of the Ceremonies".
„ 122, line 1,/or Hohun, read Mohun.
„ 136, line 26, for Impost, read Imprest.
„ 147, line 8, for Lowdon, read Sowdon.

Xll ERRATA.
Page 177, footnote is erroneous, as at p. 17. John Beard, senior, died at
Hugli, Aug. 28, 1685.
„ 220, line 1, for Spaha, read Spahan.
„ 234, erase footnote. I see that in the original MS. the place is A-ntaib,
i.e., Aintab, on Hedges' route to Aleppo, about seventy miles from
the latter place.
„ 246, line 1, the original MS. reads correctly, Wagoner ; in note, line 3,
for Tanse, read Janse.
H. Y.

INTRODUCTORY NOTES AND TABLE OF CONTENTS
TO THB
DIAEY OF SIE W. HEDGES.
By Mr. R. BARLOW.

In attempting to explain the following Diary of Mr. (after
wards Sir William) Hedges, commencing Nov. 25, 1681, and
terminating abruptly March 6, 1688, it may be desirable to
quote Bruce as to the position Mr. Hedges occupied.1
"1681-82. — The trade to Bengal, both in its origin and
progress, had hitherto been subservient to that of the Coro-
mandel Coast, and under the control of the Agent and
Council of Fort St. George. This control, however, had been
irregularly exercised, probably from the circumstance of the
Agent at Hooghly, and not unfrequently at the lesser Fac
tories, having an eventual title to succession, sometimes to
the Government, and often to a seat in the Council of Fort
St. George. It frequently occurred also that this control
was evaded by the expectation of succeeding to the Govern
ment of the Fort, at which an opportunity would be given
to justify proceedings improper in themselves, and sometimes
the foundation of blame by the Court. These removals of
Agents and Factors, managing the Company's interests on
the coast or in Bengal, had produced irregularities, the last
and most striking instance of which was the dismission of
Mr. Master at Fort St. George, and the confirmation of
Mrr Job Charnock as Chief of Cossimbuzar. It was therefore
1 Annals of ihe Hon. E. I. Company, vol. ii, 46,6.

2 JOURNAL OF SIR W. HEDGES.
determined, on taking into consideration the evils resulting
from the dependency of the Bengal Factories on the Fort, to
constitute the Agency at Hooghly a distinct and separate
Factory from Fort St. George. But, in an affair of such im
portance, that they might act with certain knowledge, the
Court appointed Mr. Hedges, a member of their Committees
(or what in modern times would be termed a Director of the
East India Company), with special powers, to be Agent and
Governor of their affairs in the Bay of Bengal, and of the
Factories subordinate to it, or Cossimbuzar, Patna, Balasore,
Malda, and Dacca ; and directed that the Stock of £230,000,
appropriated for Bengal, should be distributed as follows:
viz., £140,000 to be sent to Cossimbuzar; £14,500 to Patna;
£32,000 to Ballasore; £15,000 to Malda; £16,500 to Dacca;
and £12,000 to remain at Hooghly. After specifying the
Silks, Cloths, and other articles expected from each of these
Factories to form the investment of the season, the Court
repeated their orders against the Interlopers, and directed
that a corporal of approved fidelity and courage, with
twenty soldiers, should proceed from the Fort to be a guard
to the Agent's person and the Factory of Hooghly, and to
act against the Interlopers. Such was the foundation of the
Company's government in Bengal, or what became, in the
sequel, the centre of commerce, and the seat of government
in British India."
. . . . "It appears", [by letters from the Agent and
Council at Hooghly, and the Agents at the subordinate
Factories in Bengal, 27th May, 14th and 18th July, and
Sept. 2, 1682] "that Mr. Hedges the Director had arrived at
Hooghly,1 and intimated his commission and the new plan of
commercial administration with which he was intrusted.
But that he had found both Hooghly and the subordinate
Factories disturbed by an order which had come from the
Mogul for levying 3 J per cent. Customs. The Agents at
i He landed there July 24, 1682.

INTRODUCTORY. 3
Cossimbuzar, Ballasore, etc., were struggling to be exempted
from this tax, and making such purchases as would meet
the Company's orders."1 ....
It appears from Mr. Hedge's Diary that he decided to visit
the then Nuwab, Shaista Khan, at Dacca, to obtain remission
of this tax of 3£ per cent., and left Hooghly about Oct. 10,
1682, for this purpose, vid Cossimbuzar, so as to consult with
Mr. Charnock, the Agent there. He was politely received by
the Nuwab on October 29, at Dacca, three days after his
arrival, and it appears that the acquaintance he displayed
with Turkish and Arabic made a favourable impression. He
was accompanied by a Vakeel, James Price, to interpret
apparently, but, completely failing to obtain any thing but
conditional promises, left Dacca about December 15.
As early as Dec. 1, Mr. Hedges had listened to scandal —
possibly true — as to Job Charnock's moral character, and
every little trifle from this time seems to have embittered his
dishke. A second visit to Cossimbuzar, April 15, 1683,
brought about an open rupture ; and Mr. Hedges, who could
not understand the suaviter in modo, commenced with a
fortiter in re examination into several discreditable abuses
on the part of subordinates, and became unpopular, and
worse. He was unquestionably a zealous and (pecuniarily)
honest man ; but his dishke to Mr. Charnock became so
notorious, that [April 26] even the native officials found their
advantage in fomenting disputes, by which, of course, the
Hon. Company were sufferers in the end, and themselves
gainers ; and after Oct. 12, 1683, the feud assumed a charac
ter of hopeless antagonism.
There is an hiatus in the Diary from Jan. 12, 1684, till
July 2nd of that year, in consequence, it is stated, of his send
ing this very diary home by " ye Herbert, Capt. Henry Udall",
"to my brother Sambrooke"; and on July 17, Mr. Hedges
1 Bruce's Annals of the East India Company, vol. ii, 492.

4 JOURNAL OF SIR W. HEDGES.
received private information, by a ship from Madras, that he
had been dismissed by the Court.
1684. — In explanation of this dismissal, Bruce states : —
"As Mr. Hedges had been appointed by the Court to be
Agent, with a Council, at Bengal, independently of any subor
dination to Fort St. George, it is material to look at the pro
ceedings of this supervisor and at the effect of his measures
on the sales and export from Madras, as well as on the
general interests of both establishments.
" It might have been expected that Mr. Hedges, from his
former rank, would have been fully acquainted with the
opinions of the Court, that an undue influence had been
exercised by the Government of Madras over the agency in
Bengal to favour the private trade of the Members,  or
 that the Agents in Bengal, independently of this con
trol, had taken advantage of the Company's Stock, and em
ployed it to promote their particular speculations ; and,
therefore, that he would have executed the trust reposed in
him, or examined the sources of those evils, and acted on
pubhc grounds ; but it appears that, instead of fulfilling the
expectations entertained of his prudence and exertions, he
had considered himself as the only person entrusted with the
confidence of the Court : and in the apphcation of this power
had involved their affairs : for, by intercepting and opening
letters from the Members of Council to Sir Josiah Child, the
Governor or Chairman of the East India Company, he not
only lost the confidence of the Court, but the opportunity of
controlling their servants abroad — and, therefore, he was
dismissed from the service.
" This circumstance induced the Court to recede from the
plan of rendering Bengal independent of Fort St. George, and
to appoint Mr. Gyfford, the Agent at the Fort, to be Agent at
Bengal, with the title of President over both settlements."1
Mr. Gyfford assumed formal charge at Hooghly Factory
1 Bruce, vol. ii, 504, 505.

INTRODUCTORY. 5
Aug. 30, 1684, and certain entries in Mr. Hedges' Diary,
under date Sep. 1, 1684, and Feb. 6, 1685, sufficiently prove
that Mr. Bruce was correct as to the " opening letters".
Mr. Hedges remained at Hooghly, after his supersession,
until Christmas 1684, when he somewhat precipitately
quitted, and joined the Recovery, a barque which he had
apparently chartered, and loaded for a voyage to Gombroon.
Accompanied by his nephew, Mr. Eobert Hedges, Mr.
Nathanael Letter, and Mr. Eobert Dowglasse, " chirurgeon",
Mr. Hedges leff'Barnagore" on Dec. 31, 1684, reached Bala-
sore Eoad, Jan. 10, 1685, receiving there a severe protest from
Mr. John Beard, " Agent at Hooghly", for abducting a Mr.
Gough from his duties, etc. The Recovery proceeded, how
ever, the same night, and reached Madras Feb. 2. Mr. Gyf
ford happened to be in the Fort, and received Mr. Hedges
politely with a " salute of 15 guns".
Leaving Madras Feb. 7, 1685, the Recovery had a tedious
passage, and was in danger among the Maldive Islands on
March 6, 7, and 8. She reached Muscat April 29, and left
for Gombroon May 15, 1685 ; did not, however, go there,
because a squadron of seven or eight Dutch ships were in
the Port. He steered for Cong, arriving there May 27, 1685 ;
and here Mr. Hedges left to travel thence by Lar, Ispahan,
Bagdat, Mosul, Diabekir, Aleppo, Iscandroon, Tunis, Sardinia,
Toulon, Paris, and Calais, to Dover, arriving at the latter port
on April 4, 1687, after a journey of two years and three
months from Bengal. The actual time Mr. Hedges held
office in Bengal was : —
From July 21, 1682
Till August 30, 1684 2 years 1 month.

JOURNAL OF SIR W. HEDGES.

CONTENTS.

Defence left the Downs
Mr. Richards, Chief of Balasore, died Feb. 2.
,, left St. Jago
,, off Oape Agulhas
The first mariner died — of Scurvy — June 16.
,, sighted Ceylon
,, reached Balasore Roads
Mr. Hedges left in the Ooodhope, and proceeded to Hooghly
Assumed charge of the Factories at Hooghly, etc.
(We had lost Bantam on Aug. 30.)
Left Hooghly for Dacca, to negotiate with the Nabob
Calls en route at Cossimbuzar to confer with Mr. Job
Charnock
Interview with Shaista Khan, at Dacca
Is informed of the Nuwab's indifference to the Company's
trade
Left Dacca after a stay of 51 days -
Return to Cossimbuzar
Counted the bales of Silk in store (500 not yet priced) -
Returned to Hooghly Factory
Left Hooghly for Balasore to " despatch" the ships home -
N.B. — There seem at this time to have been 7 Sloops, used
as occasion required, for Cargo, Passage, or Piloting.

Ooodhope
MadapollainArrivall ThomasGanges
Lilly

George Heron, master.
John Hampton.
Mr. How, Mr. Scott (April-4, 1683)

afterward Lost on Balasore bar,
June 24, 1683.
Mr. Hedges dispatched the Defence, Capt. Heath, from
Balasore
Mr. Tyler, an Interloper, brings elephants from Tenasserim
Mr. Hedges visits the Neilgherry Rajah, and returns to
Balasore to plan a Saltpetre Godown

1682

Jan.

28

March

4

May

25

July

7

11

18

11

21

11

24

Oct. 14

11

19

11

29

Dec.

7

ii

15

13

26

11

27

11

30

1683.

Jan.

22

Jan. 24
Feb. 10
March 5

1683

March 11

l12 14

11ii

18
26

n

28

Ap.

10

M
11

20 23

CONTENTS.
Visits Kedgeria in the Sloop Lilly
do. Saugor, Pagoda, and Oyster Creek
Returns to Hooghly Factory
The Lilly, Mr. Ed. Tench, ordered on Survey duty in the
River
Mr. Francis Ellis dismissed for taking Bribes
Mr. George Heron, Pilot, ordered to take Treasure to
Balasore
Mr. Hedges proceeds from Hooghly to Cossimbuzar (98
miles)
Mr. Naylor, and James Harding brought to trial and dis
missed
Fire at Cossimbuzar
Mr. Charnock privately accused by Bulchand of taking
Dustoory - - ,, 23
Threder and Barker accused of abstracting 5 tolaks per
seer of Silk - ,,28
Mr. Hedges left Cossimbuzar for Englesavad - May 10
Ray Nundeloll dies after a dose of Balm -of Gilead
(Muxadavad) ,, 10
Quantity of Saltpetre obtained by paring away the wall
of a Godown - ,, 12
Mr. H. visits the Ruins of Gour - - ,, 16
Mrs. Bichards, widow, dies at Balasore, May 20.
Returns to Hooghly ,, 24
Letters by the Prudent Mary, Capt. Lake, confirm Mr.
Hervy as Chief at Englesavad — and Mr. Sam Anthony
as 2nd, but, the latter being dead, nephew Robert
Hedges, at present 3rd, is promoted by his uncle to
act as 2nd also.
The dismissed Mr. Ellis ordered to quit Hooghly Factory „ 24
Factors Littleton, etc., etc., interrogated about Interlopers
and trade - ,,28
Mr. Davenport, Pilot, ordered to find out the Conumeer
and pilot her up to Hooghly.
Some Soldiers from Madras land at Point Palmyras and
walk to Hooghly (May 30) June 5
Appointment of Cossimbuzar Council (Charnock, Peachie,
Rushworth) - - ,, 14
Letter from Hedges in Persian to Shaista Khan, approved
of „ 26
The Hon. Comp. Ship Charles loaded 60 Tons of Cowries
at the Maldives for Surat July 1

JOURNAL OF SIR W. HEDGES.

1683.

Thomas Haggerston absconds from Surat with 50,000
Rupees July 2
Mr. John Byam, Chief at Balasore, died July 8.
Change of Members of Council at Cossimbuzar ,, 9
Mr. Hill, Chief of Maulda Mint— and Nephew Hedges 2nd „ 9
Permesuradass received a present for civility (R. 1,500,
500) - „ 11
Ships Henry and William, and Hare come up to Hooghly ;
Herbert does not.
Shaista Khan's excellent letter on the Duties and Customs ,, 18
Hedges holds secret audience with the dismissed James
Harding „ 20
Mr. Wm. Rushworth died at Cossimbuzar „ 28
Nephew Hedges resigns Englesavad. Mr. Peachie ap
pointed Aug. 27
3 Interlopers — Lumley Castle (Alley), Con. Merch. (Smith),
 (Aubany), arrived at Madras on 30 July.
Commencement of a dispute with Mr. Charnock about
Dustucks „ 27
Goolaub Ray promised a present if the Emperor grants
Freedom from Duty
Private entries of irritated feelings
Letter of complaint — S. Langley v. Watson
Mr. Charnock involved in the paper squabble
Mr. Watson suspended (Mr. Beard dissents)
Mr. Beard considers that Mr. Ellis should be reinstated
Report that the Dutch intend to close the Straits of
Sunda and Malacca
Capt. Alley, an Interloper, visits Hooghly in state
Mr. Hedges reprimands Mr. Charnock
Letter from Mr. Ellis, remonstrating on his dismissal
Tattle about Mr. Charnock
Capt. Alley visits the Phousdar of Hooghly in state
Letter from Mr. Charnock, dated Oct. 6.
Mr. Hedges' private opinion thereon -
A Dutch " Directore" with great powers
Mr. Hedges reflects upon the characters of Interlopers and
his Council 27
A visit from Bulchund. Mr. Hedges gives him a Persian
horse . „ 30
Mr. Hedges thinks that a Fort on Saugor Island is required 31
Permesuradas dismissed by order of the Nuwab Nov. 5
Mr. Hedges orders Capt. Hayward to carry the Flag as
Admiral - c

11

31

Sept.

2

11

3

11

12

11

24

11

26

11

26

11

26

11

26

11

28

Oct.

2

11

8

11

12

11

22

CONTENTS.

1683.

Remarks on Capt. Lake and on Mr. Charnock.
Ultimatum from Bulchund, and ita result - Nov. 1 2
Reflections on Mr. Charnock, and on Interlopers and Cus
tom - „ 17
Death of Bulchund on Nov. 29 Dec. 3
Letter from Mr. Charnock ... ,,15
Report of Shaista Khan being favorable to Interlopers
and freedom of trade - ,,7

1684.
The Estate of Bulchund (receiver of Customs), deceased,
seized by the Crown, and the son of Bulchund dis
possessed - - - Jan. 2
Aziz-beg the new Receiver appointed, and waited upon ,, 3
Explanation of an erroneous impression on Mr. Charnock's
part.
Mr. Lowdon's opinion - - - „ 10
Mr. Hedges sends his Diary home to his brother
Sambrooke. Hiatus till July.
20 Maunds of Opium stated to have been brought up from
"Kedgeria" - „ 2
Mr. Evans, the Revd. Minister,' a trader.
The Council of Dacca blamed for making presents ,, 7
Complaint of Mr. Beard's rudeness in Council.
also of Mr. Ley's ignorance of Arithmetic.
also of Mr. Pownsett and Mr. Charnock.
Mr. Hedges receives private information of Dismissal
In re Pownsett
How Fortunes were made
The Nabob of Dacca's opinion of the British Traders, "a
base quarrelling people, and foul dealers"
4 Dutch Ships from Batavia arrive at Barnagore
The powers of the Dutch Commissary-general.
Mr. How of the Thomas interviews Mr. Hedges
Mr. President Gyfford arrives at Jan Perdo
Mr. Hedges and Council proceed to Devil's Reach to meet
him ,i 28
Favorable opinion "expressed of this Reach.
Mr. Hedges formally gives over charge to Mr. Gyfford ,, 30
The River exceptionally high these Freshes Sept. 4
A cyclone about the Full Moon - „ 16
The Dutch governor at Hooghly grants Mr. H. a house ,, 23
(No entry in October.)

11

17

11

25

11

25

July

25

Aug.

16

n

19

n

26

1684.

Nov.

6

n

11

11

13

11

13

11

14

li

17

v

22

>i

23

51

28

Dec.

6

10 JOURNAL OF SIR W. HEDGES.

Dutch Governor [Martinus Huysman] pays a polite visit
Haggerston claims Rupees 1 97,998 8a. from Mr.. Hedges
Bullubdos tells a trading tale of President Gyfford
Mr. Richard Gough hints that Mr. H.'s Voyage to Persia
will be estopped
Appeal to Mr. Beard in the affair of Haggerston
The Dutch power. Fear of an embargo of Pilgrim Ships
Mr. Rd. Gough proposes to accompany Mr. H. through Persia
A Cyclone? - - -
Correspondence about Mr. Gough resigning.
Mr. Francis Ellis (evidently readmitted to the Service and
to Council) signs after Mr. Gyfford, and Mr. Beard -
Some Remarks on Mr. Beard
President Gyfford annoyed by some Dutch Ships at
Hooghly enquiring of Capt. Richardson and his
soldiers, when passing in a boat " If they were
going to Bantam V1 - - „ 8
Mr. Hedges' private opinion of President Gyfford „ 8
A singulaT statement about Saugor Island and Kedgeree ,, 15
All hope of avoiding payment of the 3 J per cent, abandoned „ 23
Mr. Hedges requests the Dutch Governor to grant him a
Pilot to conduct his ship, through the New Deepe by
the Island of Saugor, to sea - „ 23
Mr. Hedges learns that the Nuwab requires himself or Mr.
Beard to come before him — on the Haggerston com
plaint - - ,,25
See July 21, 1682.
Mt. Hedges quits Hooghly and goes on board Recovery, the
ship he had chartered for Persia — at Barnagore „ 26
Calls on the Dutch Padre for his interest to procure a
Dutch flag to fly in his Budgero. The Dutch
" Directore" declines to permit such an innovation
The Recovery drops down to Great Tannah - ,, 31
1685.
Reached Hidgellee - - - Jan. 8
Rows in the Budgero round the " Island" of Kedgeree.
Recovery anchors off the Brace, and presents Mr. George
Heron with 50 Rupees for piloting service.
Sailed into Balasore Road, and received cargo - . ,,10
1 The English were expelled from Bantam by the Dutch on Aug. 30,
1682.

CONTENTS. 11
1685.
A protest, received from Mr. Beard for taking R. Gough
away, unnoticed. Vessel leaves the road at midnight Jan. 10
Recovery falls to leeward off Madras, and anchors off St.
Thome Feb. 2
Hedges politely received by Mr. President Gyfford with
15 Guns.
Recovery leaves Madras for Muscat and Gombroon ,, 7
Mr. Hedges recapitulates his grievances (52 letters seized).
Meets Syam Merchant with 106 passengers for Gombroon
(off Comorin)
In a difficulty among the Maldives (about Lat. 6° 40' n.) -
Anchor to the westward of one for the night
Observations on Interlopers and those who are friendly
Allowance of water reduced to 8 pints. Sun vertical
Imaginary discovery of a plot
Sight Miserie (Moseirah) Island
Anchor at Muscat (and remained 15 days)
Mention made of Sir Thomas Grantham.
Left Muscat and waited for the Welcome to tranship goods
for Bussora
Passed Gombroon, and proceeded to Cong.
Mr. Hedges ill there nearly 2 months (hiatus).
Sets out for Lar in a litter, July 29. Arrives there
Castle at Lar described shortly as 126 miles from Gom.
broon Some brass Portuguese guns there, one 9^-inch
bore, dated 1618.
Leave Lar for Ispahan, via Shiraz
Reach Shiraz (1.92 miles from Lar), and remain 3 days
Pass over a bridge of four arches at Zurgoon
Visit Chil-Minar (Persepolis).
Enter Ispahan (219 miles from Shiraz) - - Sept.
Entertained by Mr. D. Edwards, "Chief of ye Hon. Comp.
Persian affairs"
Engaged a house at Julfa in the suburbs, for warehouse,
etc.
Visited by the King of "Swedeland's" envoy, and by the
Dutch do.
Has the honour of a gentle nod from the Shah
Visited by the Pope's Nuncio, and visited the King of
Poland's Ambassador
M. Varine, a French watchmaker, in the character of a
Guide Do. do.

11

26

March 6

11

9

Ap.

6

1»

7

¦)•>

12

11

23

11

29

May

15

n

27

Aug.

5

11

11

11

13

11

25

11

29

n

9

n

11

n

18

n

30

Oct.

30

Nov.

6

12 JOURNAL OF SIR W. HEDGES. 1685.
Mr. Hedges hires 125 camels and 13 Mules Dec. 1
In comp. with his Nephew, Mr. Douglas, and Mr. Letter,
starts from Ispahan ,, 13
Compelled to remain two days at Cogga, because a camel
broke its leg ,, 20
1686.
A sick camel driver supposed to be frozen to death at
Feraspa Jan. 5
A Robbery of silk and money at Kergauar ,, 6
Detained at Kirmansha for Duties, etc. Jan. 11 to 22
Bread of barley and acorns at Asian Chesmesi Jan. 30
Much snow, succeeded by torrents of rain, at Chamsura Feb. 10
In danger of losing goods, and lies in the gullies.
Reach Bagdad after 71 days from Ispahan1 - „ 21
Takes a house, and receives a Phirmaund to be treated
with respect - ,,23
Heavy custom duties, and reflections.
Curious arrangements for the journey to Aleppo.
Remain at Bagdad 50 days, till April 11
Visit the Birs el Nimrood ,, 14
Engage Usier-Beg, for 550 dollars, to supply 50 horsemen
as a guard as far as Mosul ,, 19
Pitched near the Zab „ 28
Arrive at Mosul (about 195 Geog. miles N., 18° W. from
Bagdad) ., 33
Cousin Letter leaves on a raft on the Tigris for Bagdad May 12
(Stay at Mosul 25 days.)
Leaves Mosul arid ferries over the Tigris en route to Diar-
bekir „ 26
Description of Gizra June 3
The Pasha of Kirkooke ,, 10
Extortion of Mehmet Usier ,, 13
Reach Diarbekir (about 176 Geog. miles from Mosul) ,, 19
Remained 16 days.
Theft and Justice July 2
Leaves Diarbekir for Aleppo (51° W., dist. 159 G. miles) ,, 6
Severe illness on the road, and remedy ,, 11
Reach Aleppo (just 12 miles from Cong) „ 29
(Remained in extreme ill health 84 days.)
Quits Aleppo for Scanderoon (N. 67°, W. 53 Geog. miles) Oct. 26
1 Distance not stated ; it is about 380 geographical miles as the crow
flies.

CONTENTS.

13

Leaves Scanderoon, with Nephew Hedges, in a French
" Provincial" ship for Marseilles -
Touches at "Solinus" (Cyprus)
Left Cyprus
Gale off Candia
Pass on eastern side of Sardinia
Abreast of Corsica, and run South in a Northerly gale
Take refuge in Tunis Bay
Leave and put back again. Kindnesses.
Quit Tunis finally
Anchored for refuge in Palma de Sol (Sardinia, West side)
Left and returned three times.
Hard gale — drove — so cut away mainmast
Resigned passage, and embarked in a Settee
An occurrence at St. Pietro, and at Orestano (Sardinia)
Reached Toulon (and went into Quarantine)
Released, and arrived at Marseilles -
Set out for Lyons Feb. 28 ; arrived
Reached Paris March 13, and left
Reached " Callis" March 29, and embarked for Dover ~2 p.m.
Landed at Dover 1 a.m.
Interview with Lord High Chancellor Jefferys
Married

Knighted

1686.

Nov.

6

n

9

n

18

Dec.

7

11

19

11

21

11

24

1687

Jan,

IG

n

17

n

28

n

31

Feb.

1

11

9

11

20

March

6

11

26

Ap.

3

11

4

11

7

July

21

1688

March

6

(Subsequent career unknown ; but a Mr. Hedges, possibly the nephew
Robert, was Chairman of the "English" Company, or President
on alternate v-eehs with Mr. Halsey, of the " London" Company.
See Bruce, vol. iii, 50. )

A Journall kept by William Hedges from
ye day of his receiving a Com'ission from ye Right
Worp" ye Govr., Depty, and Comittees of ye Honb,e.
English East India Compy to be their Agent
and Govr. for their affaires in ye Bay of
Bengali and in the East Indies.
Viz.

THE LOG TO BENGAL.
1681.
November 25, 1681, my com'ission was given to me by y" Right
Worsh'"" S' Josia Child, Bar', being then Gov7, and Thomas Papillon,
Esq", Deputy.
Nov. 30. — Departed from London towards Deal.
Dec. 2. — Arrived at Deal.
Dec. 3.— The Defence, Capt. Wm Heath, Command', on whom I was
ordered by y* Honbl' Compy to take my passage, with my wife and
family, arrived in y' Downs, whereof I gave y" Compy notice by letter
from my selfe and M' John Beard. The same night I recd the Company's
dispatches to me by M' Zinzan.
Dec. 19. — The Resolution, Capt" Francis Wilshaw, Com'and', arrived
in the Downes.
1682. Jan. 4. — The shippe Expectation, Capt. Ally, Com'and', an
Interloper, arrived in y' Downes from Porto Novo.
Jan. 13. — The Eagle, President, and Berkeley Castle arrived in y"
Downes from y' Coast and y' Bay of Bengali. The Society, Persia Mer
chant, and Barnadiston from Bantam.
Jan. 28. — The Resolution and D fence, about 4 o'clock in y' afternoon
sailed out of y* Downes with a fair wind.
Jan. 29. — About 2 in y' afternoon, we came up with y' Isle of Wight.
Jan. 30 — By 12 o'clock at noon wc got up with y* Lizard. The Gale
continuing to freshen, we ran 9 knots.

16 JOURNAL OF SIR W. HEDGES. [l682.
Feb. 2.— It pleased God to take out of this world M' John Richards,
appointed Chief of Balasore.
Feb. 3. — By observation were in y' Latitude of 42 Degrees.
Feb. 6. —This day little wind. By observation were in y° Lat. of 39 £ .
Feb. 8.— Were in Latide of 38° 30' by observation.
Feb. 10. —We had a good observation, and were in y' Laf" of 35° 40'.
Feb. 11 and 12.— Calme.
Feb. 13. — We were in yc Lat* of 33J, but saw neither Porto Santo
nor y" Madera Islands.
Feb. 14. — Lay becalm'd.
Feb. 15.— We were in y' Lat* of 31°.
Feb. 16. — We saw y° Pike of Teneriffe.
Feb. 18. — We gott up with y" Island of Teneriffe.
Feb. 20.— Little wind, but were gott into y' Lat* of 26° 30' N.
Feb. 21. — The wind began to freshen at N.E. and N.E. and b N.
Feb. 22. — From yesterday noon to this day noon we had a fine fresh
gale at N.W. ; by our log we had run 117 miles. Our course S.W.
and by S. and were in y* Lat. of 24° N. This afternoon, the gale fresh
ening at N.N.W., we steered S.S.W., and by 8 o'clock this night judged
ourselves within y* Tropic of Cancer.
Feb. 23. — These 24 houres ye gale continued fresh. By y" log we ran
158 miles; our course S.S.W. The wind at N.E. and N.N.E., our
Laf' 21° 30' N.
Feb. 24. — These 24 houres a fresh gale. Have run by our Log 165
miles, our course S.S.W. ; wind N.E. and N.E. by E., Latd' by observa
tion, 18° 50' N.
Feb. 25. — These 24 houres y* gale continued. Have run 163 miles,
our course S. b W., and y* wind N.E. b E., Lat* by observation,
16° 14' N.
Feb. 26. — We saw y" Isle of May [Mayo], being in y* Lat. of
15° 7' N.
Feb. 27. — By 7 o'clock in y' morning it pleased God to bring us in
safety to S1 Jago, being y* thirteenth day since we came out of y'
Downes. Here we met with y" Barbadoes Merchant, a small vessel of
Plymouth, James Cock, Master, bound for Barbadoes, laden with Salt,
mules, and Africos, bought at y' Isle of " May", by whom we wrott the
following letter to y" Honorable Compy, viz. : —
"From aboard y" Defence, at S' Jago,
27" Feb' 1681.
" May it please your Honors, —
" On ye 28 Ult" this shippe and y Resolution set sail out of y*
Downes, with a fair wind, w1* continued so prosperous to us y' on the
30th by Noon we were up with the Lizard. And on the 2nd Instant it
pleased God to take to himselfe M' John Richards, occasioned by a slip of

I682.] THE LOG TO BENGAL. 17
his foot in his cabbin 3 nights before, which we apprehend (by y* great
effusion of blood out of his mouth and nose before he died) broke some
thing within him. God prepare us all for y* like change !
" The Wind continuing still in our favour, on y* 3'd Instant we gott
into y" Latitude of 42°. On y" 13'" Detto we were in 33£ degrees, but
so far to y* Eastward of Porto Santo and y Madera Islands, that we
saw them not. Here we were so troubled with calmes and contrary
winds, y' it was y IS* Detto before we came up with Teneriffe ; and
this morning (God be praised) both our Shippes and men arrived here
in safety, all in good health, with y losse only of one of y" Resolution's
'sailors, Thomas Coops, who dyed the 16'b Instant.
" In Port we mett y Barbadoes Merchant, a small Shippe of Ply
mouth, James Cock, Master, bound this night for Barbadoes, by whom
this is intended. After us, this morning, came in a small Dutch Shippe,
bound for Saranam, who shall carry its duplicate. Our business here'
being only to water and recruit ourselves with fresh provisions, we shall
hasten its despatch (what possibly we can) to proceed on our Voyage
with all expedition, which we pray God may have an end no lesse pros
perous and gracefull than it has a beginning.
"These 2 Shippes sail so much alike y' we cannot say which sails best.
We designe, God willing, to goe Without Madagascar.
" This being all that has happened to us remarkable in this voyage,
we com'it you, your affaires, and ourselves to y* Divine Protection, re
solving always to approve ourselves, " Your Honors'
" Most humble, faithfull, and obedient Servants,
" Ffran1* Wilshaw. Wm. Hedges.
" Wm. Heath. John Beard."1
March 4. — This morning, between 10 and 11 o'clock (having supplyed
ourselves w"' water and fresh provisions), we sett sail from S' Jago.
March 5. — From y" time of our departure yesterday from S' Jago to
12 o'clock this day, we have run, by our log, 157 miles ; our course S.E.
by S. ; the wind at N.E. ; our latitude, by observation, 12° 38' N.
March 6. — These 24 hours fair weather and fine fresh gale. Run 120
miles, course S.E. b. S. ; wind, N.E.; latitude by observation, 10° 56' N.
March 7. — These 24 hours fair weather, a gentle gale. Run 93 miles,
course S.E. b. S., wind N.E., latitude, by observation, 9° 30' N.
March 8. — These 24 hours fair weather, gentle gale. Run 88 miles ;
course S.E. b. S. ; wind N.E. ; latitude observed, 8° 13' N.

1 John Beard. Mr. Beard, after a service in India of twenty-four
years, died at Madras July 7, 1706. — See Bruce, Annals, vol. iii,
602.

18 JOURNAL OF SIR W. HEDGES. [1682.
March 9.— These 24 hours fair weather, little wind. Run 67 miles ;
course S.E. b. S. ; wind, N.E. ; latitude per observ", 7° 12' N.
March 10. — These 24 hours fair weather, little wind, much lightning
in y morning. Run about 53 miles; course S.E. b. S.; wind N.N.W.;
latitude 6° 31' N.
March. 11. — These 24 hours fair weather, little wind, much lightning
in y' night. Run 35 miles; course S.E. b. S.; wind N.N.W.; Lat.
6° 0' N.
March 12. — These 24 hours most part calme, much thunder and
lightning in y" night, with divers showers of rain.
March 13. — These 24 hours very little wind, some smart showers of
raine. Run these two days but 27 miles ; course and wind various ;
lat"' 5° 9' N.
March 14. — These 24 hours little wind, much thunder and lightning,
with great showers of raine. Run 41 miles ; course S.E. b. S.; wind
N.N.W., 4° 37' N.
March 15. — These 24 hours fair weather, little wind. Run 39 miles ;
course S.E. b. S.; wind S.W. and S.S.W.; lat. 4° 5' N.
March 16. — These 24 hours fair weather, very little wind. Run 25
miles ; course and wind very variable ; the sun, so near our zenith, could
take no observation ; latitude, by estimation, 3° 48' TS.
March 17. — These 24 hours fair weather, little wind. Run 22 miles ;
course S.E. b. -E. and S.S.E.; wind variable; latitude, by account,
3° 3S' N.
March 18. — These 24 hours fair weather, a pretty fresh gale, but
directly contrary. Run 57 miles ; course W. b. S. to S.E.; wind variable ;
by calculation we have gott but 22 miles to the Sd; lat., by judgem"', 3° 16'
N. The Sun being this day in our Zenith.
March 19. — These 24 hours much rain, with some gusts in y' night,
but a smooth sea. Run 64 miles; divers courses from S.E. to E.S.E.;
the wind variable from S.W. to S.S.W.; lat., by ace", 2° 47' N.
March 20. — These 24 hours much rain and great gusts — soon over.
Run 59 miles ; course from S.E. b. E. to S. b. W.; wind variable; lat., by
Judgem"', 2° 3'. N.
March 21. — These 24 hours fair weather, fine gale and a smooth sea.
Run 68 miles ; course from S. to E.S.E. ; wind variable. Latitude, by
account, 1° 18' N.
March 22. — These 24 hours fair weather, little wind. Run 30 miles,
course E.S.E.; wind at south ; lat., by judgement, 1° 5' N.
March 23. — These 24 hours fair weather, little wind. Run 45 miles ;
course from E.S.E. to W.S.W.; wind S. and S.S.W.; latitude, by obser
vation, 1° 16' N.
This being the first day we could observe since the 15th instant, by
which we find ourselves mistaken in our account 11 minutes, besides
what we have gained to y* southward since yesterday noon.

1 682.] THE LOG TO BENGAL. 19
March 24. — These 24 hours fair weather, smooth sea, and fine fresh
breeze. Run 83 miles; course from S.W. to W.S.W.; wind S. and S.S.E.;
lat. obsd, 0° 40' N.
March 25. — These 24 hours fair weather and fine fresh gale, and
moderate heat. Run 110 miles; course from S.W. b. W. to S.W.; wind
S. b. E. and S.S E. By observation we find ourselves just under y* Equi
noctiall Line at noon, the Sun's Declination being 5° 57'. Our Meridian
Distance from y* Lizard, 6° 38' to y° westward, and from S' Jago, the
place of our last departure, 6° 32' to the eastward, where we crossed
the Line.
March 26. — These 24 hours fair weather, smooth water, and fine fresh
gale. Run 72 miles ; course S. W. b. S. and S.W. ; wind S. b. E. to S.S.E. ;
lat., by obs", 0° 36' to y" southward.
March 27. — These 24 hours fair weather, little wind. Run 56 miles;
course from S.S.W. to W.S.W.; wind from S.S.E. to S.: lat*, by obser
vation, 0° 45' S.
March 28. — These 24 hours quite calme.
March 29. — These 24 hours quite calme. We putt out our boat, and
found we had a current, which sett us near two miles an houre to the
westward, so that these 2 days past we may reasonably believe ourselves
about 90 miles farther to y" Westward than we expected.
March 30. — These 24 hours calme. Run, by y" log, but 9 miles ;
course S.W.; wind S.E. b. S.; latitude, by observation, but 51 minutes S.
March 31. — These 24 hours fair weather, a fine fresh gale. Run 65
miles; course S.S.W. and S.W. b. S.; wind S.E.; lat. 1° 39' S.
April 1. — These 24 hours fair weather and a fresh gale. Run 97
miles ; course S.S.W. and S.W. b. S.; wind S.E. and S.S.E.; latitude, per
obs", 2° 43' S.
April 2. — These 24 hours fair weather, little wind. Run 61 miles ;
course S.S.W. and S.W. b. S.; wind S.E.,and S.S.E.; lat* by judgement,
3° 28'. Weather being cloudy, could take no obs".
April 3.— These 24 hours fair weather and a fresh gale. Run 102
miles ; course S.S.W.; wind S.E.; lat. 5° 13' S.
April 4. — These 24 hours fair weather and a very fresh gale.
Run 122 miles; course S.S.W. and S.W. byS.; wind S.E.; latitude
7° 1' S.
April 5.— These 24 hours fair weather and a fresh gale. Run 120
miles; course S. and S. b. W.; wind E.S.E. and S.E. b. E.; lat. 8° 49' S.
April 6. — These 24 hours a fine fresh gale. Run 90 miles ; course
South and S. b. E.; wind E. b. S. and E.S.E.; latitude 10° 9' S.
A-pril 7. — These 24 hours fair weather and a fine gale. Run 85 miles ;
course S., S. b. E., and S.E. b. S.; wind E.S.E., E. b. S., and East. No
obs., but, by account, lat. 11° 31' S.
April 8. — These 24 hours fair weather and a fresh gale. Run 112
miles; course S.S.E.; wind E.N.E.; latitude, 13° 3' S.

20 JOURNAL OF SIR W. HEDGES. [l682.
April 9.— These 24 hours fair weather, little wind. Run 73 miles;
course S.E. b. S.; wind E.N.E. and E. by N.; lat. 14° 10' S.
April 10. — These 24 hours fair weather, little wind. Run 74 miles ;
course S.E. b. S.; wind E.N.E. and N.E.; lat. 15° 12' S.
April 11. — From yesterday noon to this day noon fair weather, little
wind. Run 59 miles ; course S.E. b. S.; wind N.E. b. E.; latitude
16° 2' S.
April 12. — These 24 houres fair weather but very little wind. Run
28 miles ; course S.E. b. S.; wind E.N.E. and N.E.; lat. 16° 26' S.
April 13. — These 24 houres fair weather but very little wind. Run
30 miles ; course S.E. b. S.; wind (as seldom seen in these parts) at
North and N. b. W.; lat. 16° 59' S.
April 14. — These 24 hours fair weather and a fine gale. Run 95
miles; course S.E.; windN.W.; latitude 18° 5' S.
April 15. — From yesterday noon till 8 o'clock this morning fair
weather and a fresh gale — having then much rain and gusty weather ;
and being in y' latitude of Saint Martin de Vaz and two other Islands,
we lay by till 5 in y° morning, at which time we made sail, but saw no
land. Run 116 miles; course S.E. b. E.; wind N.W.; latitude 19°
41' S.1
April 16. — These 24 hours very little wind. Run but 23 miles;
course S. b. E. and S.S.E.; wind N.W. b. N.and S.W.; lat., by judgm",
19° 41, (?) weather cloudy these 2 days past ; had no observation.
April 17. — These 24 hours fair weather and little wind. Run 50 miles;
course from y S.S.W. to S.W. b. W.; wind from S.E. to S.S.E.; lati
tude, by observation, 20° 27' S.
This morning we saw a sail about 4 leagues to leeward of us ; about
5 in y afternoone we spake with her. She proved to be the Crowne,
Cap' Dorrel com', an interloper. She wanted [was less than] 2 months
from England. Came not through y" Downes, but went on the Back
side of y1 Goodwin Sands. They told us plainly they were bound for
Hugley. M' Pitts and two or three passengers more were aboard of her.
After saluting each other, we all made y* best of our way, but, she
sailing best, was almost out of sight next morning.2
April 18. — These 24 hours fair weather, with a fine fresh gale. Run
105 miles ; course from S. b. W. to S.W. b. S.; wind from E.S.E. to S.E.
b. S. ; latitude, by judgment, 21° 37' S.
This afternoon, at 4 o'clock, Capt" Wilshaw, sailing better than our
shippe, desired to part company, and tooke his leave of us, making
y" best of his way after y" Interloper.
1 " Martin Vas" is in long, about 28° 51' W., lat. about 20° 28' S.—
R. F. B.
2 See Bruce, vol. ii, p. 466.

l682.] THE LOG TO BENGAL. 21
April 19.— These 24 hours fair weather— a gentle gale. Run 85
miles ; course S. b. W. to S.S.W.; wind from y S.E. b. E. to E.S.E.;
latitude, by judgement, 22° 50' S.
Apn-il 20. — These 24 hours fair weather and little wind. Run 45
miles ; course S. b. W.; wind S.E. b. E.; lat. 23° 31', by which account
we are past y" Tropic of Capricorne.
April 21. — These 24 hours fair weather and a fine gale. Run 81 miles ;
course from y S. to y S.S.E. and S.W.; wind variable from W. to S.S.E. ;
lat 24° 18' S. Capt" Wilshaw still in sight.
April 22. — These 24 hours fair weather, very little wind, but a great
rolling sea. Run 38 miles; course S.S.W. and S.W. b. S.; wind S.S.E.
and S.E. b. S.; lat. 24° 32' S. Capt. Wilshaw in sight.
April 23. — These 24 hours fair weather and very little wind. Have
run but 19 miles; course from E.S.E to S.S.E.; wind from S. to W.;
latitude 24° 47' S.
April 24. — These 24 hours fair weather — a small gale. Run 65 miles ;
wind W. and W.N.W. ; lat. 25° 50' S.
April 25. — These 24 hours gusty foul weather, with much rain and
lightning. Run 123 miles ; course S.S.E. and S.E.; wind from W.N.W.
to S. b. W.; lat. 27° 18' S. This morning our main top gallant mast
broke. Capt. Wilshaw not above 3 leagues ahead of us.
April 26. — These 24 hours gusty weather, with showers of rain. Run
79 miles; course E.S.E. and S.E. b. E.; wind S. W. b. S. to W.; lat. 27°
56' S.
April 27. — These 24 hours a fresh gale, with great gusts of wind and
showers of rain. Run 130 miles ; course S.E. b. E.; wind from S.W. b. S.
to W.; lat. 29° 14'S.
April 28. — These 24 hours wind continuing very fresh, with some
violent gusts and showers of rain. We have run 165 miles; course
S.E. b. E.; wind W. to W.S.W.; lat* 30° 53' S.
April 29. — These 24 hours it blew for the most part very fresh. Run
150 miles; course S.E. b. E.; wind N.W. b. W.; latitude, by judgment,
32° 32' S.
April 30. — These 24 hours it hath blowen very fresh, with great gusts
and showers of rain. We have run 185 miles ; course E.S.E.; wind N.W.
to W.; lat., by judg"', 33° 57' S.
May 1. — These 24 hours it hath blowen very hard. Yesterday in
y' afternoon we ran 11 knotts 6 fathom, with our top gallant sails
standing, which were no sooner taken in but our fore topmast broke,
and y" storme increased to yl violence, that till midnight we could carry
no more sail than our fore course and sprit-sail : the wind being then
something abated, we sett our main sail and main-top-sail, and have run
180 miles; course E. b. S. and E.S.E.; wind W. to W. b. S.; lat., by
obs. 34° 16' S. AVe judge y" aire here as sharpe and cold as it is at any
time in y month of March in England.

22 JOURNAL OF SIR W. HEDGES. [l682
May 2. — These 24 hours we have had a fine moderate gale, and have
run 120 miles ; course E. b. S. and E.S.E.; wind S.S.W. to S.W.; lat.
34° 31'. (The last night we gott up our new fore- top-mast, and sett
y sail.)
May 3. —These 24 hours fair weather and a gentle gale. Distance run
109 miles; course E.S.E.; wind W.S.W.; lat., by judg", 35° 12'. Our
long*. f rom y merid. of Lizard is 20° to y" Wd of y" cape.
May 4. — From 12 o'clock yesterday till 5 in y" afternoon was quite
calme, and then it began to rain most violently as it hath still continued
with little or no intermission till this day noon, always blowing so hard
that we could carry no more sail than our two courses. This is y greatest
storme we have had (God be praised for it) since we left y° Downes.
Wind at S. b. E. and S.S.E.; course E. and E. b. N. We judge the
violence of this storme has driven us back 15 or 20 miles to y* Northward ;
lat., by judg"', is 34° 59'. Distance run 35 miles.
May 5. — From yesterday noon till towards midnight it continued
raining exceeding hard, but y' storme nothing abated till 8 o'clock this
morning, since which time we have carryed our fore-top-sail, halfe mast
high. We have run 90 miles; course E. b. N. to N.E. b. E.; wind S.E.
b. E. to S.S.E.; latitude 34° 37' S.
May 6. — These 24 hours it hath blowen very hard, without rain. We
have run 75 miles ; course from S.S.W. to S.S.E.; wind S.E. to E.; lat.,
by judgment, 35° 15' S.
May 7. — These 24 hours y storme hath continued so violent that we
lay under a main-course till 8 o'clock this morning, since which we have
sett our other hoo courses : the wind still blowing very hard, with
drizzling rain. We have run 54 miles; course E.S.E. and E. b. S. ; wind
at N.E. and N.E. b. N.; lat*, by judgment, 36° 14' S.
May 8. — These 24 hours we have had more rain than wind. Distance
run but 53 miles ; course E. b. S. and E. b. N.; wind N.N.E. to N.E. b.
N. ; lat., by judgment, 36° 28' S.
May 9.- — These 24 hours have had but little wind, except what came
in gusts, with lightning and rain. Distance run 44 miles ; course E. b. S.
toE. b N; wind N.N.E. to N.N.W.; lat., by judgement (having seen no
suh for obs" since ye 2"d instant), 36° 40' S.
May 10. — These 24 hours we have- had very tempestuous and gusty
weather. Distance run is 72 miles; course from E.N.E. to N.E. b. E.;
wind from E. to S.E.; latitude, by judgement, 36° 1' S.
May 11. — These 24 hours the storme has increased to that violence,
y' for the most part we have layen a-try, with a mainsail and mizen only
abroad, y* sea being exceeding great, so y' we continue still driving to
y' northward. Our distance run is 32 miles ; course E. b. N. and E.N.E.;
wind S.E. b. S. and S.E.; lat., by judgment, 35° 21' S.
May 12. —From yesterday noon to 8 o'clock this morning (yr storme

1 682.] THE LOG TO BENGAL. 23
increasing) we lay under a main-course, and since have sett our main
sail [fore sail ?] and mizen. Distance run is 19 miles ; course E. and E.
b. S.; wind S. b. E.; lat., by ace"', 34° 52' S.
May 13. — These 24 hours we have had little wind, with a great rolling
sea. Distance run 47 miles ; course E. b. N. ; wind S.S.E. ; latitude, by
observation, 34° 42' S. ; so since y' 9'h instant we have been driven back
two degrees (except 2 minutes) to the northward.
May 14. — These 24 hours we have had very little wind. Distance
run 33 miles ; y course E.S.E. ; wind W. and S.W. ; latitude
34° 44' S.
May 15". — Yesterday about 5 in y" afternoon a fresh gale sprung up at
S.W., and continued freshening to y' degree that, between 4 and 5 this
morning, it broke our main top-mast. This is y1 second topmast we have
lost in a fortnight's time, besides 2 top-gallant masts. Our dist. run is
130; course E.S.E.; wind S.W. b. S. to S.W. ; lat*, by observation,
35° 10' S.
May 16. — These 24 hours y' gale being fresh we have run 146 miles;
course E. b. S. to E.S.E.; latitude, by judg., 35° 15' S. About 12 last
night we gott up our main top-mast, and sett its sail.
May 17. — A small gale. Run 79 miles ; course E. to E.N.E.; wind
S.S.E. to S.E.; lat., by account, 35° 40' S.
May 18. — These 24 hours for y" most part a small gale, but accom-
panyed by great and sudden gusts and darke cloudy weather. Run
88 miles ; course E. b. N. to E. S. E.; wind S. E. b. S. to S.; lat. obsd
34° 23'.
May 19. — These 24 hours it hath blowne exceeding hard, especially
since morning, being able to carry no more sail than our courses, which
hath driven us considerably to y' northward. We esteem ourselves here
within 100 leagues of y" Cape; at this time of y yeare it is counted
strange not to have a fair wind to weather it, but such is our misfortune
to have bad more calmes and contrary winds (since we left St. Jago)
than has been known by our most experienced mariners. Our distance
run is 108 miles; course E. to E.S.E.; wind S.S.E. to S.;lat., by observa
tion, 34° 7' S.
May 20. — These 24 hours y' wind still blowing contrary a very fresh
gale at S.E. b. E., course S. b. W. Dist. run 60 miles; lat., by obs",
34° 5' ; variation of y° compass this morning being 8° 40', L going S. b. W.
3 points leeway to Wd, yet they imagine from the Mag. var. they are 50
leagues to S. . we judge ourselves about 40 or 50 leagues to y' westward
of y' Cape.2
1 Note. — Variation 8° 40'. It does not appear whether East or West,
probably Westerly, because in Sir Thomas Boe's Journal (1615) it was
3° E. It is now about 28° West.
2 Mag. Var. — In vol. iii of Astley's Voyagm (Lond,, 1746), p. 336, de-

24 JOURNAL OF SIR W. HEDGES. [1682.

/ 21. — Gale moderate. Run 74 miles ; course S. b. W. and S.S.W.;
wind S.E. and S.E. b. E. ; lat., by obs., 35° 0' South.
May 22. — From 6 o'clock yesterday afternoone it hath blowne hard
and made a great sea. Our dist. run is 89 miles ; course E. and E. b. N.;
wind S.S.E. and S.E. b. S. lat.; by obs", 34° 16' S.; so that in these
24 hours past we have been driven back 44 miles to y° northward. 'Tis
bad plying to windward when y' sea runs very high, and y' wind blows
so hard, that the topsails can hardly be carried up half yc mast.
May 23. — These 24 hours we have had a constant fresh gale. Run 84
miles ; course S. and S.S.W.; wind E.S.E. to S.E.; lat., by obs", 34° 48' S.;
so that notwithstanding yc distance run of 84 miles, yc sea and current
are both so forcible against us, that we have gott but 32 miles these 24
hours, to the southward.
May 24. — -These 24 hours the gale has been moderate ; this morning
it sprung up fair at N.N.E. Our distance run is 65 miles ; course S. to
E. b. S.; wind E.S.E. to N.E. b. N.; lat., obs", 35° 56' S.
May 25. — From 10 last night till noon this day it hath blowne ex
ceeding fresh. Our dist. run 129 miles ; course E. to E.N.E. ; wind N. b. E.
to N.N.W.; lat., by obs", 35° 31' S. Having this day seen many sea
weeds, a seal (?), and some such birds as appear only about y" Cape, at
4 o'clock this afternoon we hoisted out our boat, and casting y* lead,
struck ground at 49 Fathom depth, which by y* tallow was white, and
hard as chalke. We judge Cape de Agullias bears North, at 40 miles
distant. Blessed be God we are come thus far on our voyage in perfect
health and safety, not having lost a man (except Mr. Richards), either
by sickness or any other accident, since we left England, which wants
but 3 days of 4 months, and is just 2 months this day since we passed
y' Equinoctial Line.
May 26. — These 24 hours it has blowne very hard ; at 7 o'clock this
morning we sounded again and struck ground (of a whitish sand) at 90
fathom. Distance run 159 m. ; course E; b. N, E. b. S. and E. S.E.; wind
from N.N.W. to y* W.; lat., by obs", 35° 20' S.
May 27. — Gale continued very fresh. Rim 156 miles; course E.S.E.;
wind W.N.W.; lat. obs" 39° 59' S.
May 28. — These 24 hours it has blowne exceeding fresh, with very
great sea. Our distance run is 149 miles; course E.S.E., wind W.N.W.;
lat. obs. 36° 18' S. ; 4 months since we left the Downes this day.
scriptive of the Cape of Good Hope, " the declination of the needle has
much varied here. According to authors it was 6 degrees N.E., about a
century ago. The Missioners, in 1685, found it to be 0° 11' 30" N.W.
Mr. Kolben, in 1705, observed it (0° 11' 55") the same way." The
Admiralty Chart of 1867, corrected to 1879, makes the variation 30° 9'
W. (increasing 0° 1' 30" annually).

1682.] THE LOG TO BENGAL. 25
May 29. — These 24 hours it has blown very hard, and from 8 o'clock
last night to 8 this morning it has blowne a storme. Run 186 miles ;
course E.S.E.; wind N.W. and to y« Nd ; lat., by obs", 36° 27' S.
May 30.— Very gusty weather, with a great sea. Dist. 160 miles ;
course E.S.E.; wind W.N.W.; lat. obs. 36° 58'.
May 31. — These 24 hours gale has been more moderate, but y* sea
great. Distance run 127 miles ; course E. b. S.; wind W.N.W. to S.W.;
lat., by judgement, 36° 30' S.
June 1. — These 24 hours little wind, and for y most part contrary,
with a great sea from S.W. Dist. 62 miles ; course E., N.E., S. b. E.,
E. b. S., E. b. N. to N.; very variable; lat., by judgement (y weather
being exceedingly foggy and drizzling) 36° 54' S.
June 2. — Fresh gale N. b. W. to W.N.W., thunder and much light
ning, with darke cloudy weather, course E.S.E. Distance run 138 miles,
latitude, by judgement, 36° 54' S.
June 3. — These 24 hours it has blowne an exceeding great storme, and
so continues, with much lightning and frequent violent gusts of rain and
hail, which putts us from all our sailes, except the fore sail ; y" seas very
great and lofty. Our distance run by log 197 miles, but by y" variation
'tis judged we have run neer 220 miles ; course E.S.E., E. b. S. and E.;
wind W. and W.S. W. ; lat., by an imperfect obs", 36° 0' S.
June 4. — These 24 hours y' storme has and does still continue with
y same violence and rage as it did yesterday, with terrible gusts and
showers of rain, and seas running mountains high, which made us roll
exceedingly. Dist. run 195 miles, but conceive we have gone much
farther; course E.S.E.; wind from S.W. b. W. to W.N.W.; latitude, by
judgement, 35° 36' S.
June 5. — These 24 hours y storme has encreased (and still continues)
to be a mere frett of wind, y" whole sea being like a perfect breach, with
most violent gusts every J or J hour, accompanied with fierce showers of
hail and rain. The last night we shipped 4 seas in y great cabbin, two
from a port (which it forced open) over yc head of y' rudder, and 2 more
from one of y" gallery windows. We had only a foresail and spritsail
abroad ; y ° latter broke its sheet, and could not be sett again till ye morn
ing. Our dist. run by log is 214 miles ; course E.S.E. and E. b. S.; wind
W. ; lat., by obs., 34° 54' S.
June 6. — From yesterday noon till 12 o'clock last night y' storme con
tinued in its full force, as it has been for these 3 days past, and then
abated so gradually that at 8 o'clock- this morning we ran but after the
rate of 2 miles an hour, with both topsails abroad. Distance run 134
miles; course E.S.E.; wind S.W. and S.W. b. W.; lat., by judgement,
34° 45' S.
june 7.  From yesterday noon till 7 or 8 o'clock at night y' gale con
tinued increasing very gradually, when, for divers hours following,

26 JOURNAL OF SIR W. HEDGES. [l682.
we ran 10 or 11 miles an hour. Our dist. run is 194 miles ; course
S.E. b. E. and E.S.E.; wind W. b. N. to N.N.W.; lat., by judgement,
34° 59' S.
June 8. — From yesternoon till 12 at night y gale continued exceeding
fresh, in which time only we ran 119 miles, and then it fainted away, so
that in these 24 hours our distance ran in y' whole is but 170 miles ;
course E.S.E.; wind N.W. to W.; lat., by obs", 34° 35' S.
June 9. — These 24 hours fair weather (more than we have had this
month), and a fine gentle gale, with smooth water. Run 78 miles ; course
E. b. S.; wind W.N.W.; lat. obs. 34° 14' S.
June 10. — Fine, pleasant weather these 24 hours ; smooth water, and
steady fresh gale. Dist. run 141 miles ; course E. and E. b. N. ; wind N.
to N.W.; lat., by obs., 33° 20' S.
June 11. — Fair, fresh, steady gale, smooth water. Dist. 177 miles;
course, E. b. N.; wind N.N.W.; lat. 31° 57'
June 12. — Little wind, smooth sea, dark cloudy weather. Dist. run 74
miles; course from E.N.E. to E.S.E.; wind from N. to N.E. ; lat., by judge
ment, 39° 21' S.
June 13. — These 24 hours wind has been contrary, a fresh gale and dark
cloudy weather. Run 84 miles; course N.N.W. to S.E. b. E.; wind E.N.E.
to N.E.; lat., by judge"', 31° 55'.
June 14. — Wind has continued contrary, very fresh gale from N. to
N.E.b. E., with much rain and dark cloudy weather. Run 73 miles; course
N: W. to E.N.E.; lat* by account, 82° 5' S.
June 15. — From noon yesterday to midnight, little wind; from that
time it has blowne very hard, with continued rain (more or lesse), and
exceeding dark cloudy weather, and, which is worst of all, y* wind still
continues contrary. Our dist. run is 63 miles; course N.E. to E. b. N.;
wind N.N.W. to N. b. E.; latitude, by judgement, 31° 39' S.
This day we threw Robert Pattison, one of our Quarter Masters, over
board. He is the first mariner that has dyed in this shippe, and lay many
days sick of scurvy.
June 16. — Between 11 and 12 o'clock last night y' wind came up fair,
and so it continues. Our distance run is 93 miles. A great sea and dark
cloudy weather; course E.N.E. to N.E. b. N; windN. to S.W. b. S.; lat.,
by obs", 30° 8' S.
June 17. — These 24 hours y' gale has been very fresh ; a great sea,
with dark cloudy weather. Distance 157 miles; course N.E. b. N. and
N.E.; wind S.S.W. and S.W. b. S.; lat*, by observation, 27° 50' S. Wc
judge ourselves this day 1000 leagues from y" Cape, which (considering
y* contrary winds we have had) is esteemed a very good run from
y' 25lh ultimo.
June 18. — These 24 hours fair. Run 154 miles; course N.K.; wind
S.S.W. to S.E.; lat., by obs., 25° S' South.

1682.] THE LOG TO BENGAL. 27
June 19.— These 24 hours fresh gale at S.E. b. S. to E.S.E.. with darke
cloudy weather. Dist. run 154 miles ; lat., by judgement, 22° 57' S. This
morning we are passed y' Tropick of Capricorne in 50° 35' merid. distance
to eastward of y' Cape,1 and in 16° degrees variation.2
June 20. — These 24 hours the gale has been very fresh, E. b. S. and
E.S.E., but, going close-hauled y distance run is no more than 124
miles; course N.E.; lat., by obs., 21° S. Variation 14° this morn.
June 21. — These 24 hours it has'blowne so hard from y" E. b. S. to S.E.
that sometimes we have been forced to hand both our topsails. This
morning our fore-topsail split, and going close hauled. Our distance run
is but 133 miles; course N.E. to N.N.E.; lat., by obs. 18° 49' S.
June 22. — These 24 hours it has blown exceeding hard, especially in
gusts with raine, which were very violent, contrary to our expectation
so far within y' Tropick, we have carried no more saile than our courses
and /ore-topsail, reefed, upon y* cap. Our distance run 123 miles ;
course N.E. b. N.; wind E. b. S. and E.S.E. ; lat., by obs., 17° 4' S. Yester
day in y1 afternoone our /ore topsail was split a second time.
June 23. — These 24 hours for y* most part it hath blowne a storme
from E. b. S. and E.S.E., with exceeding hard and frequent gusts of
drizzling rain. Till 8 o'clock this morning we have not been able to sett
our topsails, reefed ^ of y mast ; y weather extream darke and cloudy,
with a very great sea. Dist. run 97 miles ; course N.E. b. N. and N.E.;
lat., by obs", 15° 29' S.
June 24. — These 24 hours it has blowne hard, with dark cloudy
weather; the main-top sail handed all right.3 Run 106 m.; course
N.E. b. N. to N.E. b. E.; wind E.S.E. to S.E. b. E.; lat. obs. 13° 54' S.
Var. 11°.
June 25. — Very fresh gale at E.S.E., with divers great gusts and raine,
dark cloudy weather, and a great sea. Dist. run 136 miles ; course N.E.
byN.; lat., by obs", 12° 0' S.
June 26. — These 24 hours y" gale has continued E.S.E., very fresh,
with frequent great gusts and violent showers of raine, with little inter
mission, the weather exceeding darke and cloudy. Dist. run 133 miles ;
course N.E. b. N. ; lat., by judgement, 9° 54' S.
Jane 27. — These 24 hours y rain has been so violent that it has
seemed (in a manner) one continued showre, the wind blowing hard by
gusts from E.S.E. to S.E., and weather so dark and cloudy that we have
not seen the sun, either for observation of latitude at noon, or ampli
tude at night or morning, these 2 days. Distance run 108 miles ; course
N.E. b. N.; latitude, by judgement, 8° 6' S.
Jane 28. — From yesterday noone till 5 o'clock this morning, darke
1 Reckoned from Lizard. * Mag. var., 1875, 13" AV.
' Furled.

28 JOURNAL OF SIR W. HEDGES. [l682.
cloudy weather, with frequent gusts and raine. At 3 this morning we
tacked for fear of y" Islands of Candi and Ady,1 and stood to y1 South
ward till towards break of day, supposing ourselves in 7 degrees — the
latitude of these Islands. Dist. run 93 miles; course N.E. by N. and
S. b. E.; wind S. b. E., E.N.E., and N.E.; lat., by obs., 7° 19' S.
June 29. — These 24 hours fair weather, a fine fresh gale E. b. S. and
E., and smooth water. Dist. run 1 19 miles ; course N.E. b. N. and
N.N.E. This morn*, by amplitude, y" varia" was 8°; lat., 5° 31' S.,
course now altered to N. b. E.
June 30. — From noon yesterday to 6 this morning, fine gentle gale ;
since then, calme, darke, cloudy weather, with much rain, thunder, and
lightning. Distance run 85 miles ; courses N. b. E. and North ; wind
E. b. S. and E.S.E.; lat* by judgement, 4° 6' S.
Jidy 1. — These 24 hours very little wind, and that sometimes con
trary, y" weather exceedingly dark and cloudy, with great showers of
raine. Distance run 57 miles; course from East to N. b. E.; wind
N.N.E. to N.W. b. N.; lat., by judgement, 3° 27' S.
July 2. — These 24 hours dark cloudy weather, little wind and smooth
water. Dist. run 83 miles; course N. b. E. ; wind S.W. and S.S.W.; lat.,
by obs., 1° 56' S. Variation this morning, by amplitude, 7 degrees.
The like var. of 7 degrees this evening, which has caused us to steer N.
July 3. — These 24 hours fair weather, little wind from S. b. W. and
S.S.W., smooth water, but y" weather darke and cloudy. Distance run
80 miles ; course North ; lat., by obs., 0° 28' S. This night, about 9
o'clock, we judged ourselves past y Equinoctiall Line.
July 4. — These 24 hours fair weather and fine fresh gale, especially
since 8 o'clock last night, and smooth water. Distance run 118 miles ;
course N.; wind S. to S.W. b. S.; lat., by obs", 1° 30' to the Northward
of the line. Variation this morning 7° 48'.
July 5. — These 24 hours fine fresh gale, S. b. W. and S.S.W., smooth
water, but dark cloudy weather. Distance run 103 miles ; course N. and
N. b. E.; Lat., by judgement, 3° 13' N.
July 6. — These 24 hours fresh gale W. b. S. and W.S.W., with great
gusts of rain and dark cloudy weather. Distance run 146 miles ; course
North; lat*, by obs., 5° 13' N.; and y* longitude or meridian distance
from y' Cape, 55° 1'. No azimuth nor amplitude these two days to know
y* variation.
July 7. — From yesterday noon to 6 o'clock at night, a fresh gale arid
dark cloudy weather, in which time having run 35 miles North without
seeing Zeilon (Ceylon), and judgeing our selves to y" Westward of
y" Island, we steered East all the night. By 5 o'clock this morning we
saw land about 4 leagues off, and so continued sailing y same distance
1 Query, Diego Garcia— in lat. 7° 25' S., loDg. 72° 30' E.?

1 68 2.] THE LOG TO BENGAL. 29
for y' shore ; course E. b. N.; wind at W. and W.S.W. A fine, fresh
gale this morning. We sounded, and had ground in 30 fathoms. The
sun afforded us no observation.
July 8. — From yesterday noon till 1 o'clock this morning we steered
East, and then lay to till 5 o'clock this morning, when, making sail, we
steered N., N. b. E., N.N.E., and North by East again. Yc whole
distance run 106 miles ; wind at W. and S.W. b. S.; lat*, by obs",
6° 33' N. The gale continues fresh, with indifferent weather. This
night a Dutch sloop came off to us from Batticalo Fort, Zeilon.
July 9. — This morning y" Dutch sloop left us, assuring us he saw not,
and believed no English ship was yet passed by this Island. These 24
hours a fair and a moderate gale. Distance run 100 miles ; course
N.N.E., N. b. E., and N.; wind. S.W., b. S.; lat., by obs., 7° 56' N.
July 10. — These 24 hours fair weather but little wind, and a very
great rolling sea, which makes us believe here is a great current, that
sets against us to y' South'1, in regard our distance run (being 69 miles
by our Log), is more than twice as much as we find we have really run
by our observation, which is 8° 30' N. ; course N. b. E. ; wind at S.S.W.
and S.W.
July 11. — From yesterday noon till 8 at night little wind; then it
came up very fresh ; which makes our distance run 153 miles ; but find
ing, Dy our observations, we have not advanced to the Northd full two
degrees, we are forced to cut off 33 miles of our log, concluding a very
strong current setts against us to the Sd ; course N. b. W. and North ;
wind W.S.W. and W. b. S.; lat., by obs., 10° 47' N.
July 12. — These 24 hours very fresh gale and great sea. Dist. run
173 miles; course N. and N. b. W. ; wind W. and W. b. S.; lat., by obs.,
13° 5' N.
July 13. — These 24 hours hath rather smooth water, and a fair mode
rate gale. Distance run 116 miles ; course N.E. b. N. and N.N.E. ; wind
W. b. S. and W.N.W.; lat., by obs., 14° 56' N. We judge y current
now setts for us.
July 14. — This 24 hours it hath blown hard, with exceeding dark,
cloudy weather. Between 11 and 12 o'clock last night we were sud
denly a back-stays (taken aback) with a violent gust of wind and rain,
accompanyed with much lightning and thunder. Our distance run 143
miles ; course in y night N.E.; before night yesterday, in y" afternoon,
N.; this morning, by break of day, N.N.W.; wind from y° W.S.W. to
y" W.N.W.; latitude, by judgement, 16° 37' N.
About 2 o'clock this afternoon we saw y* Main Land, and sailed within
7 leagues of it till night, steering N.E. and N.E. b. E.
July 15,  These 24 hours fair weather and a fresh gale. Dist. run
145 miles ; course from y N.N.W. to y' E.N.E.; wind from y' West to
y W.S.W.; lat,, by obs., 18° 10' N.

30 ARRIVAL AT BALASORE. [l682.
July 16. —These 24 hours it has blown very fresh, with hard- gusts of
rain and dark cloudy weather. We lay by all last night till 10 o'clock
this morning, y1 Captain being desirous to see yc Jagernot Pagodas, for
his better satisfaction, which we discovered this morning about 8 o'clock.
Distance run 106 miles; course from ye N.N.E. to E. b. S.; wind from
y" South to y* W. and S.W.; lat., by judgement, yc sun being in our
zenith, 19° 50' N.
July 17. — These 24 hours a fresh gale, with gusts of rain, and very
dark cloudy weather. From 7 o'clock last night till 5 this morning
we lay at anchor in 18 fathoms water, and then made sail. Dist. run,
73 miles ; course N. b. E. to E.; wind W. and S.W.
About 2 in ya afternoon we doubled ye Point of Palmiras,
and between 6 and 7 in ye evening we came to an anchor in
y6 Bay.
July 18. — About 8 in y° morning we had gott out our
Long boat, and weighed our Anchor. At 11 o'clock this
morning we anchored again, about 8 or 10 miles distant from
a Ship arid 5 small vessels we saw in ye Eoad, and 15 or 16
miles from yB shore; however, soon after we came to an
anchor I sent away Capt. Eaynes in ye Pinnace, ashore with
a letter to ye Chief and Council of y° English Factory at
Ballasore; and Mr Garret (one of our Mates) in the Yall to
ye Master of ye first Yacht he can speak with, to come off to
us, and Pilot our Ship into ye Eoad.
Ye Copy of ye letter wrote to ye Factory is as follows: —
" Aboard of y' Defence in Ballasore Road,
" Sirs, " July 18, 1682.
" The Hon"' E. India Company have made y" severall Factories
in this Bay a distinct Agency from that of Fort S' George, and having
sent us hither for y Government of their affairs, We desire the Chief
and Second (at least) of your Factory, to come off as soon as may be,
to consult with us concerning y* management of their business ; and
that you would dispatch y* Sloops to us with all expedition, wherein you
will not only do an acceptable piece of Service to y Company but like
wise oblige, " Sirs, Your most humble Servants,
"William Hedges. Joseph Dodd.
"John Beard. William Johnson.
' ' To ye Chief and Councell of the
English Factory in Ballasore."

I682.J FOUL WEATHER ON THE BRACES. 31
July 19. — We weighed anchor again, and bore down about
2 or 3 miles to 2 sloops which could not turn it up to us, and
sending for ye Masters aboard, the one was ye Good Hope,
George Heme; Master; the other ye Madapollam, John
Hampton, Master. They told us the Ship we saw in Port
was the Crown, Capt. Dorrell, with Mr Pitts, who had been
here 11 days before. That Mr Pitts had hired a great house
at Ballasore, carried divers Chests of money ashore, and was
very busy in buying of goods. We were likewise informed
that two other small Ships in our sight, over against Piply,
were Enghsh vessels, arrived but 3 days before us ; one of
which was commanded by Capt. Say, of about 200 tons.
The Commander's name of ye other Ship they did not know.
but were informed they fill wanted Pilots to carry them up
the Eiver to Hugly.
July 21. — About 1 o'clock in ye Afternoon I took my leave
of Capt. Heath and all others on board ye Defence, and
embarked on ye Company's Sloop ye Good Hope, of 100 tons
burden, for Hugly, in company with ye Madapollam (another
Sloop) on which embarked Mr Beard and his Son, Mr Dodd,
Mr Eushworth, Mr Leseley (ye Minister) and his Son, with 9
souldiers. On our vessel were all my family, Mr Johnson, Capt.
Heath, and Capt. Eaines, besides Mr Byam of Ballasore,
and Mr Hill, a young man sent down by Mr Vincent,
with orders to the Company's Ships for the delivery of
their goods. This night about 9 o'clock we anchored on
ye Braces.
July 22. — This morning early we began to weigh our
Anchor, but ye wind blowing hard and y° sea running high,
and having broke our Windlace, were forced (not being able
to weigh our Anchor) to cut off about 20 fathoms of our
Cable. Whilst we were endeavouring to weigh, ye Madapol
lam came up; she had broke her Cable and lost her Anchor.
This morning the Sloop Arrivall, with Mra Richards and her

32 OPPOSITE THE FUTURE CALCUTTA. [l682.
family, Mr Langly, Mr Bray, and Mr Eavenhill, came up with
us. This Night we got up as far as a little Village called
Rangamate, and there Anchored.
July 23.— This morning about 8 o'clock we weighed and
sett sail with a small breeze, scarce stemming y« Current, hut
yB gale soon freshening we got up as high as a Village called
Great Tanna,1 by '12 o'clock, from whence I sent one of
ye Boatmen with a letter to Mr Vincent at Hugly as fol
lows : — -
" From aboard of y" sloop Good-hope, off Great Tanna,
"July 23, 1682.
" The Honb1' E. India Company have thought good to make
y severall Factories in y" Bay of Bengali an agency distinct and inde
pendant from that of Fort St. George, and having sent us hither for
y" management of their affaires, we request you to dispatch to us, with
all convenient speed, y' Company's and some other boats, to carry us
up to Hugly; being about 60 persons. Please to cause convenient
accommodation to be made for our reception, and y' favour you shall
show us herein will be thankfully acknowledged by
"Sirs, Your most humble Servants,
" W. H. and W. J."
This letter was signed only by myself and by Mr Wm
Johnson (Mr Beard and Mr Dodd, on ye Madapollam, not
being in sight), and was directed — "To ye worsp11 Mathias
Vincent, Esq™, Chief for ye HonWe E. India Compy9 affairs in
Bengali and Orixa, and Councell in Hugly."
July 24. — Early in ye Morning I was met by Mr Littleton,
and most of ye Factory, near Hugly; and about 9 or 10
1 Great Tanna was built where now stands the house of the Superinten
dent of the Botanical Garden, about 3 miles below Calcutta, and distant
from Hooghly about 20 miles by land. S. Masters writes in 1676 : —
" In Tannah stands an old ffort of mud walls, w°h was built to prevent
y" incursion of y" Arracaners, for it seems about ten or twelve years
since that they were soe bold that none durst inhabit lower down the
river than this place, the Arracaners usually taking the people of the
shoares to sell them at Tiple (query Tipara ?)."

1 682.] THE INSOLENCE OF THE NATIVE AGENT. 33
o'clock by Mr- Vincent near ye Dutch Garden, who came
attended hy severall Boats and Budgerows, guarded by 35
Firelocks, and about 50 Eashpoots and Peons well armed.
He invited me to go ashoar with him to the Dutch Garden
where he had provided an entertainment for me, and made
preparation for my reception. I went along with him, and
stayed till evening, expecting Mr- Beard's arrival in y* other
sloop, who not coming in time, we went together to the
Factory, and there parted company.
All transactions from this day to y" 10th October
are entered in the publick Diary.
October 9. — The severall affronts, insolencies, and abuses
dayly put upon us by Boolchund, our chief Customer (causing
a generall stop of our trade), being grown insufferable,
ye Agent and Councell for ye Honble E. India Comp8 affairs
at Hugly resolved upon and made use of divers expedients
for redress of their grievances ; but all means proving in
effectual 'twas agreed and concluded in consultation that
the only expedient now left was for the Agent to go him
self in person to the Nabob and Duan at Decca1 as well
to make some settled adjustment concerning ye Customs, as
to endeavor the preventing Interlopers trading in these parts
for ye future ; in order to which preparations were caused to
be made. Mr- Eichard Trenchfeild and Mr- William Johnson
were appointed to go along with ye Agent to Decca. 'Twas
also thought convenient to go by y6 way of Merdadpore, a
towne within 4 or 5 hours travell of Cassumbazar, to have
ye opportunity to speak and consult with Mr- Charnock and
some others of ye Councell there, what course is best to be
taken in this exigency. Preparation of Budgerows and other
Boats with Provisions, etc., being thus made, and notice of
our resolution given to Permesuradas, ye said Bulchund's
servant and chief customer here, and hberty granted by him
to carry Presents, etc. 1 I.e., Dacca.

34 DANGER OF CONFLICT WITH NATIVES. [1682.
October 10. — The Agent with all his retinue, being 23
English men in Souldier's garb, and 15 Eashpoots and Peons,
embarked on two Budgerows and divers small boats, between
6 and 7 o'clock at night, to go towards ye English Garden, to
which place Permesuradas, contrary to his promise, sent
privately divers armed boats to seize some of ours. This
night they took one boat laden with 18 half-pieces of fine
cloth, and carryed it with them so quietly, that we heard not
of it till ye next morning. This evening I was followed to
ye Garden by Mutoradass, who pretended he was sent by
Permesuradass to adjust all differences betwixt us before my
departure ; and here in the presence of Mr- Bearde and the
rest of ye Councell 'twas agreed on and concluded betwixt
us, that for a present of 2,000 Eupees we should have free
liberty to receive and send away all our goods, of which he
was to accept our entrys without weighing or seeing them,
we being obliged at the end of two Months to pay Custom
for the said goods, if in that time we did not procure a
Pherwanna from the Duan of Decca to excuse us from it.
October 11. — In the morning notice was given me that one
of our boats with 1 8 half-pieces of cloth was stolen from us
by Permesuradass his Servants. I then immediately de
spatched away Mr- Johnson, Mr- Frenchfeild, and my Nephew
Hedges, with some Souldiers, ordering them to bring away
ye boat from ye Mearbar,1 or wheresoever else they should
find her ; which was handsomely performed, though with
some threats from ye Governour's Servants; about noon we
got 3 or 4 miles above ye English Garden, where we were
overtaken by some horsemen ashore, and divers boats full of
Armed men ; and seeing the numbers ashore and by boat
increasing every minute, we thought fit to pass over to
ye other side of y6 river out of Permesaradass his jurisdiction ;
but here we found ye stream so exceedingly rapid that our
force was scarce able to stem it; here ye boats crowding
1 Mir-bahr, customs or harbour master.

1682.] DUTCH AND NATIVE AGENTS OPPOSE THE ENGLISH. 35
close upon us; arid finding them not to be scared with
y" bare presenting of Guns and Pistolls to their breasts
without firing of them; (which was the only thing they
desired that some person might be wounded or killed by us :)
and the length of their lances secured them from Cudgells,
we were prevailed upon to stay an hour in that place for
ye Governour's answer. Before the expiration of this time
we were overtaken by ye Caddies Neip,1 ye Meerbar's deputy,
and ye Dutch Director's Vakill (by the way 'tis observable
ye Dutch omit no opportunity to do us all the prejudice that
lyes in their power), who came from Permesuradass beseeching
me to return to y6 English Garden, where, they assured me
with many oaths and protestations, Permesuradass should
come to me to beg my pardon, and become friends again,
which was all their design before I went to Decca, for fear of
doing him prejudice there. If we refused to accept of this
proffer, they assured us we should never proceed on our
voyage without killing some of ye King's Souldiers, and
what the ill consequence of that might be we were left to
consider. But these men returning to Hugly without any
promise of my going to ye Garden, about midnight, I
attempted once more to force my way through three boats
which lay athwart my boat, and sent my Nephew with some
Souldiers to ye head of my boat, with a good Bamboo in one
hand, and a Gun in y" other. Their lances prevented, as
before, y9 use of his Bamboo, and on presenting his Gun he
had five lances clapped to his breast, bidding him take his
choice which he would kill, and ye survivors of them would
do y" hke to him. During this scuffle the stream ran so
strong that we fell near a mile astern towards Hugly,
where we fastened our boat and lay the remainder of this
night. October 12. — This morning I returned to ye English Garden
and sent for Mr- Beard and Mr- Ellis to come and consult with
1 I.e., Naib, or Deputy.

36 NATIVE IMPEDIMENTS. [1682.
us what course was now best to be taken for ye Honourable
Compy8- most advantage. Here I was met again by ye Cazee's
"Neip", Muttradass, and an eminent Mogull Merchant; who
with many oaths faithfully promised, if I would continue at
y" Garden this night, Permesuradass should come and cast
himself at my feet, begging to be reconciled, and if I would
grant him ye favour to accompany me to ye factory, I should
return again with all my boats as soon, and to what place, I
thought good, without any obstruction; and so we parted for
this night, before which time it was resolved by y° Councell
that if I should not prevail to go this way to Decca, I should
attempt to do it with y6 sloopes by way of the Eiver of
Rogues,1 which goes through to y" great Eiver of Decca.
October 13. — This morning Permesuradass sent Muttradass
again to excuse his not waiting on me this morning, " but he
would not fail to do it to-morrow", which appearing to be
only a trick to protract time, and (as we were credibly
informed) that Mr- Pitts (who was designed for Decca) might
go before us, I caused all y° boates to make what haste they
could aboard of y6 sloopes, where we arrived about 4 or 5
o'clock in ye afternoon. Here I was met again by ye Cazee
himself, with divers of y" chief persons in towne, beseeching
me not to stir this night, and to-morrow morning he would
bring Permesuradass to me without fail. I gave httle credit
to these fair words, but ordered 2 sloops, the Good Hope and
the Lilly, to be ready to sail ye next morning.
October 14. — Permesuradass sent divers persons to let me
know he would visit me aboard my Budgero by ye sloops
side, but would not go aboard ye sloop ; desiring also that I
would send a boat to bring him to- me. When he was come
to ye side of ye Budgero he sent to give me notice, and
1 Rogue's River, now Channel Creek, was so called, from Portuguese
outlaws using it as a station from whence they made piratical attacks
on the shipping. They and the Mugs contributed to the desolation of
the Sunderbunds.

1 682.] THE BEATING OF HEDGES' SERVANTS. 37
desired I would come down out of ye sloop into ye Budgero.
At my first coming down he embraced me with much respect
before ye spectators. After mutual Salutes, yB Cazee and he
used all ye arguments they could invent to persuade me to go
ashore and make friends in the Factory, assuring me, with
great protestations, if I would grant him that request he
would not only permit me free liberty to go which way I
pleased to Decca, without stopping ye boats with presents,
but likewise write in my favor to Bulchund, his Master, at
Cassambazar. I answered in fine to this frivolous request,
not apprehending any advantage he could possibly receive
by it, more than to delay my time; however, I went ashoar
immediately, and took him in my hand, walking together in
that posture from ye boats to ye Factory, he being guarded by
Peons and Servants, and I by y° Souldiers and Peons of
ye Factory, with most of all ye Englishmen in town. Being
come home he had little more to say but to assure me of his
respect and friendship for y° fitt tire, and that I might go
which way I pleased, and that if I would send a servant
with him, he would immediately send me y° letter promised
in my favour, to his Master.
October 14. — As he went out of one of the factory doors I
went out of the other, towards the Sloops, where resolution
was taken for my going to Decca by way of Cassumbazar, as
being y8 most usuall,1 though it is believed by others the
voyage might be performed in less time through the River of
Rogues. All things being put again into ye Budgerows, out
of ye Sloops, and having waited till 5 o'clock in the After
noon for Permesuradas's letter, I went aboard y6 Budgero', and
set forwards to Cassumbuzar; but I had almost forgotten to
relate y" unjust and villainous practice used by Perme
suradass towards our boatmen.
As many as he could take straggling, he beat and ini-
1 The rivers were deeper than they are now. The Jellinghee River
in parts has silted up.

38 THE BOATS THREATENED. [l682.
prisoned ; the like he did to our Peons sent on our errands :
and those Peons and Boatmen that he could not take, he
sent for their wives and children or other near relations,
beating and imprisoning them, that their Husbands and
Fathers might leave our service ; making also proclamation,
by beat of Drum throughout the town, that if any Slave
would run away from us he should be free, and liberty given
to go where he or they pleased.
About 6 o'clock this night we got up to ye English Garden,
where ye Servant I sent for Permesuradas's letter to Bulchund,
met me, and told me he saw no hopes of getting ye letter,
but was ordered by Permesuradass to tell me he would have
me stay there till he sent to search my boats to see what was
in them ; and if I refused to stay there he would certainly
stop me again at Trippany1 some miles further up the Eiver;
but, resolving now to be abused no more in this manner, I
sent all y6 laden boats before, with Mr- Johnson to see them
make all the haste that might be, and not to stop all night.
Next to them went the Souldiers with ye other Budgero. I
followed that, and 2 stout fellows, an Englishman and a
Spaniard, in a light boat, came last of all.
About 2 hours within night a boat full of armed men came
up very near to the Spaniard, who speaking y° language
demanded who they were, and commanded them to stand ;
but those in y6 boat returning no answer, nor regarding what
he said, he fired his Musket in the Water, at which they fell
astern. About an hour after, when we were got up as far as
Trippany, the armed boat came up with y8 Spaniard again,
who commanded them to keep off, otherwise he would now
1 The junction of three streams (Tri Beni) between Sooksagur and
Chogdah. "Tribeny'' ghaut is about two miles east of the present
Muggra station on the railway ; lat. 22° 59' N. An article in the Friend
of India for Dec. 3rd, 1857, mentions that the confluence of three rivers
at Allahabad (Gunga, Jumna, and the imaginary Saraswati) is also
called Tribeni, i.e., three braids of hair. — Friend of India, p. 1168.

1682.] PASS PULIA, SINADGHUR, ETC. 39
shoot amongst them though he shot at random the time
before ; so the boat fell astern, and perceiving that we resolved
not to stay at that place, we saw them no more.
October 15. — Being Sunday we dined ashore at Pulia, under
a great shady tree near Santapore,1 where all our Saltpetre
boats are ordered to stop, till we can have assurance from
Permesuradass that we shall receive and send it on our
Sloops, after entrys were made of it. At this place Mr-
Wood, who has charge of y" said Petre Boats, came to me.
I gave him a letter to Mr' Beard to be sent by an express to
Hugly, and so proceeded on our Voyage.
October 16. — Early in ye morning we passed by a Village
called Sinadghur, and by 5 o'clock this afternoon we got as
far as Eewee, a small village belonging to Wooderay, a
Jemadar, that owns all the country on that side of the water,
almost as far as over against Hugly. It is reported by
ye country people that he pays more than twenty Lack of
Eupees per ann. to ye King, rent for what he possesses —
and that about 2 years since he presented above a lack
of rupees to ye Mogull and his favourites, to divert
his intention of hunting and hawking in his country, for
fear of his tenants being ruined and plundered by the
Emperor's lawless and unruly followers. This is a fine
pleasant situation, full of great shady trees, most of them
Tamarins, well stored with peacocks and spotted Deer like
our fallow-deer: we saw 2 of them near the Eiver side at our
first landing.
October 17.— This day about noon we got to a Village
called Andoolee.
October 18.— We dined at Bailee,2 and after a few hours
repose, rowed on, and tracked all night.
i Now Santipur, lat. 23" 14' N. ; long. 88° 30' E.
2 There is a Balee on the Jellinghee River, in about lat. 23° 49' N.,
long. 88° 30' E. ; about E. b. N., 10 miles from Plassey, on the Bhaghi-
rathi.

40 CHARNOCK, THE FOUNDER OF CALCUTTA. [1682.
October 19. — We rested about 5 o'clock at Udduropoor, and
lay till 12 at night, then rose and tracked all night as before.
About 10 last night Mr- Johnson parted from us towards
Meerdaudpoor with intention to go from thence to Cassum-
bazaar, and come with Mr- Charnock,1 Mr- Catchpoole, and
Mr- Eickman, to meet me at Meerdaudpoor aforesaid.
1 Mr. Job Charnock was chief at Cossimbazar in 1680. Bruse first
mentions him in 1680 (Annals, vol. ii, p. 450). Near the northern wall
of St. John's Church, once the " cathedral" of Calcutta, is a rather
oriental-looking open mausoleum, of black stone and brick, containing
four upright memorial slabs within, viz., to Charnock ; to his youngest
daughter, Mrs. White, 1701 ; to Wm. Hamilton, surgeon, 1717 ; and
to Mrs. Martha Eyles, 1743. There were twenty-eight inscribed slabs,
lying nearly horizontally round the exterior in 1843.
According to Bruce (Annals, vol. ii, p. 450), Job Charnock's merits
were handsomely acknowledged by the Court of Directors in 1680. In
a letter to tbe Government of Fort St. George, the Court wrote that
they " would rather dismiss the whole of their other Agents than that
Mr. Charnock should not be the Chief of Cossimbuzar".
The slab is of an exceedingly black stone, and the inscription is in
relief :
"D. O. M.
Jobus Charnock, Armig.
Anglus, et nup. : in hoc
Regno Bengalensi
Dignissim' Angloru'
Agens
Mortalitatis suae exuvias
Sub hoc Marmore deposuit ut
In spe beatse resurrectionis ad
Christi Judicis adventum
Obdormirent.
Qui postquam in solo non
Suo perigrinatus esset diu,
Reversus est domum suse seter-
-nitatis decimo diei Januarii
1692."
" Pariter jacet
Maria Jobi primogenita
Caroli Fyre, Anglorum
hicce Prsefecti

1 682.] PROCEED TO DECCA. 41
October 20. — About 10 o'clock this morning I arrived at
Colcapoor, and at 6 this night Mr- Charnock, Mr- Catchpoole,1
Mr- Barker, Mr- Eickman, Mr- Threder, and Mr- Harding came
to me here. I consulted with those of Councell with me,
and those of Cassumbazar, who all unanimously agreed that
my speedy going to Decca and application to ye Nabob and
Ministers there, was ye only probable means now left for
redress of ye Honble Compys grievances, and recovery of their
priviledges for y" future.
October 21. — We lay at Colcapoor, and about 5 o'clock this
afternoon set forward towards Decca, and lay this night near
ye mouth of y" Ganges, where y8 Eiver being broad and
rapid with great shoals, we durst not adventure into it until
daylight. October 22. — We rowed down ye great river the most part
of this morning. We went within a point of ye South,
either East or West. In y" Afternoon we went much
Northerly. Half an hour before Sunset we fastened our
Budgeroes to ye shore to provide and dress our suppers.
We reposed ourselves here till 12 at night, and then rowed
on till morning.
October 23. — We continued rowing all day in ye most
Con jux carissima
Quae obiit 19 die Feb'
a.d. 1696-7."
The adjoining slab, to the memory of the youngest daughter, who
died in her first confinement, aged 21, is peculiar for a very well-worded
(Latin) epitaph, in the course of which the writer drifted into Greek,
describing her as "ToS MaKaplrov Jobi Charnoch, Filia Natu minima", etc.
Orme, who evidently is not partial to Charnock, speaks of him
(vol. ii, p. 12, Military Trans, in Hindostan) as having been imprisoned
and scourged by the Nabob ; perhaps it was in the sense of having
been chastened, that the writer of the above considered him blessed.
» Mr. Catchpoole continued in service, and was ultimately President
of the Settlement on the Island of Pulo Condore, where he was murdered
in a general mutiny of the Malay soldiers, March 2, 1705.— Bruce.
Annals of E. I. C, vol. iii, p. 606.

42 INTERVIEW WITH THE NAWAB AT DACCA. [1682.
pleasant country that ever I saw in all my life. A little
before Sunset we fastened to y6 shore and reposed till mid
night, and then rowed on till morning.
October 24. — This morning we saw 4 men making a fire on
y° shoar, and supposing it to be y" burning of a dead man,
caused ye Budgeroe to row to ye shoar ; found it to be a man
half burnt up. Our course this morning has been from
ye South-East to ye North-East. About 1 o'clock this after
noon we got to the Choukey of Jattrapoor from whence we
were presently dismissed. At 5 this afternoon we went
ashoar to dress our own and boatman's suppers, and reposed
till 12 at night, and then rowed on till morning.
October 25. — By 12 o'clock this day we got to Chan Caun's
garden, in sight of Decca, where we were met by ye Second
and Third (ye First being lately dead) of ye Dutch Factory,
in their Budgero ; and by Mr- Pounset, Mr- Eyre, and Mr- Cross
of our Factory. Mr- Hervy, their late chief, lying so weak
after a fit of the Gout and Feaver that he was not able to
come with them. We left this Garden between 3 and 4
o'clock, and got to the Factory at Decca by 6 in ye afternoon,
this being the 11th day since we left Hugly.
October 26. — In the morning Mr- Pouncet and James Price,
my Vakeel, went to acquaint Eay Nundelall, ye Nabob's
Vizier, of my arrival last night, and desire that he would
appoint a time when I might wait on him, and the Nabob ;
y" said Eay very courteously told them I might take my own
time, so to-morrow in ye afternoon was agreed upon betwixt
them. This afternoon a young Prince of ye Blood, Meerza
Mazuffer Chan, whose mother and Orang Zeh (ye great
MogulPs) were both sisters, and sisters to ye present Nabob
Shah (Estah) Chan1 of this place, came to give me a visit,
and was entertained by me above two hours.
October 27. — An hour before Sunset I went to visit Eay
Nundelall, ye Nabob's Duari, who gave me a most courteous
1 Shaista Khan, Nawab.

1 682.] THE NAWAB'S QUESTIONS TO HEDGES. 43
reception, rising up and taking of me by y" hands, and yB like
at my departure, which I am informed is a greater favour
than he has ever shown to any Franke. He desired me not
to visit the Nabob this night, but to stay till he sat in pubhck
Durbar for a more fortunate hour, designing to show me
yo greater respect, which would be on y° 29th in y* morning ;
to which I agreed with due acknowledgement for his respect
and kindness to me.
October 29. — At 9 in ye morning I went to wait on y° Navab,
who after \ hour's attendance, sent officers to bring me into
his presence, being sat under a large canopy of State made
of crimson velvet richly embroidered With gold and silver,
and deep gold and silver fringes, supported by 4 Bamboos
plated over with gold. I was directed by y° Emir Tusuck, or
Master of the Ceremonies, to sit over against y6 Nabob,
nearer y6 canopy than his Duan or any other person. At
my first entrance ye Nabob was very busy in despatching
and vesting divers principal officers sent with all possible
diligence with recruits for their army lately overthrown
in Asham and Sillet, two large plentiful countries 8 days'
journey distant from this City, which are all lost, except
one Httle place held out and kept by 40 or 50 persons
only ; y° rest of ye Souldiers being all fled out of y° country.
Amongst y° rest I saw a Portuguese who was to be Com
mander of 5 or 600 of his countrymen. This hurry of
business continued f of an hour. When it was done ye Navob
called my Vekeel, James Price, and bid him tell me I was
welcome into this Country ; continuing his discourse and de
manding questions of me for f of an hour longer, as, How
long it was since I left England? How many months of
that time I had been at Sea; and, How many in this Country?
Whether I was one of ye Company? — which he seemed very
inquisitive to know, having twice asked about it, — and to be
informed of my quality; highly commending ye Company for
sending a person of credit to be their Agent. Whether I had

44 THE NAWAB SENDS DISHES FROM HIS OWN TABLE. [1682.
been in Turkey, and Arabia (as he was informed), and could
speak those languages, in which I was immediately examined
by a person placed (I suppose on purpose) near to me, to
know whether y" report was true or false; and for a good
space after he was my Interpreter, with which they were
pleased; and admired to hear from a Frenge (as they call us).
He enquired also whether I had seen yB Emperour of Ger
many? and in what, part of ye World ye kingdom of Spain
stood, and whether all y6 Dollars brought into those parts
came out of this Country, with many more such like ques
tions. When he gave me leave to depart (according to their
customs) he rose up, and going away, stood still, and told me
I should go first out of his Presence, which (I'm informed)
is .greater kindness than he has ever shewn hefore to any
Christian. This Afternoon I went to visit Haggi Sophee Chan,
ye King's Duan, where I was entertained with Coffee, and
stayed about half an hour. He bade me welcome, and after
wards spoke to me himself in Arabick, demanding how I
liked this country, and whether I thought it as good as my
own, etc. This being ye first visit, when matter of business
is never mentioned, I took my leave and returned to ye Eng
lish Factory, which is at least 3 miles distant from this, or
y6 Navob's Durbar, a most inconvenient situation for doing of
business, being far from y" Courts of Justice, Custom house,
and y6 water side ; for taking up or sending away of goods.
October 30. — I was visited by ye three Dutch Factors in
y8- Afternoon, viz., Jn0 Bonstoe, Alexander U-rwin, and Jacob
Smith, who supped with me. (31st) I sent to acquaint Haggi
Sophee Chan, y8 King's Duan, I intended (God Willing) to
wait on him in ye afternoon. This day, at dinner time,
ye Navob sent his Chief Cook and Butler with 8 or 10
Dishes of meat (with a Compliment) from his own table,
which I am told is intended for an extraordinary favour.
Ye Dishes and Covers were Silver and very Large.

1 682.] HEDGES' SERVANT AT HOO&LY FLOGGED. 45
A little before sunset 1 went to Haggi Sophee Chaun, who,
after some few questions and discourse with me in Arabick
promised me to renew my Phurwanna for ye free passing and
receiving all our goods for ye remainder of ya Seaven Months
formerly granted, and theh invited me to stay and sup with
him. November 1. — This morning I gent all ye presents to
y" Navob's Durbar by James Price, and followed them
myself at 9 o'clock. When I was almost got thither, a Peon,
sent by James Price, told me ye Presents were returning to
y" Factory, Eay Nundelall being sick, without whose presence
and assistance it would not be convenient to give them. So
I went to Mierza Muzaffer's house, where I was this day in
vited by him to dinner, and returned to ye Factory again in
y9 Evening.
This Afternoon I sent James Price to mind Haggi Sophee
Chan of ye Phurwanna which he promised, who assured him
order should be given for the doing of it.
November 2.^1 sent James Price to visit Eay Nundelall ;
before noon he brought me word y" Eay returned my salute,
was much recovered of his distemper, and that I should be
welcome to him to-morrow morning.
This afternoon I sent James Price again to press Haggi
Sophee Chan for ye Phurwanna, who was put off till to-mor
row. This night I received letters from Mr- Beard of ye 25th
Ultimo, at Hugly, advising that on ye 20th detto, Eamgivan,
our Vekeel there, was sent for by Permesuradass, Bulchund's
Servant, who immediately clap't him in prison. Y6 same day
[he] was brought forth and Slippered; the next day was beat
on y6 Soles of his feet, y" third day Chawbuct,1 and y* 4th
druh'd till he could not speak, and all to force a writing in
our names to pay Eupees 50,000 for custome of y6 Silver
brought out this year. He hath given a writing for EB 5,000,
1 Chawbuck't, " flogged"; chabuk, " a whip".

46 PRESENT TO THE NAWAB. [l682.
ye last message Mr- Brand reca from Permesuradass was that
if he sent not presently Eupees 50,000, he would beat Bam-
givan to Death, so that unless speedy rehef can be obtained
at Decca, they must either pay Custome or y6 Ships cannot
go home this year.
November 3. — I went in y6 morning early to inform Eay
Nundelall of the injuries done us by Permesuradass, but he,
being much indisposed at present, desired to be excused
from ye trouble of business. I acquainted his Chief Writer
with all pur concerns, who promised this afternoon to tell
them all to his Master.
November 6. — Eay Nundelall, being so well recovered as to
be able to go to y° Durbar, I sent y" presents this morning,
and gave them to the Nabob, who told me he did not like
so much cloth, but desired rather some rarities, which would
be more acceptable to him. When ye Durbar was over, I
sent to know of ye Eay when he would please to accept of
his presents, who ordered them to be brought on y" 9
Instant. November 7. — I waited on Suffede Mahmud, Haggi Sophee
Chan's Son, ye Fousdar of Hugly (who would not admit me
in ye morning). After half an hour's discourse, with various
entreaties and fair promises, he assured me he would use his
best endeavors to procure y6 Perwanna so long promised, and
accordingly went with me to his Father, where, after a long
discourse betwixt them, y* Fousdar told me his Father was
out of power, a new Duan being on his way thither, and,
therefore, he could not grant my Perwanna. I told him
Permesuradass was not out of Power to do us mischief, and
his authority was derived from him. At last, with many
arguments and earnest entreatys to know the reason of this
unkindness and breach of promise, he told me Bulchund had
advised him and y" Nabob, "if he trusted us and gave us
time for payment of our custome in 7 Months", we would
leave ye Country and pay none at all.

1 682.] VILLAINOUS PRACTISES AT HOOGLT. 47
To which I rephed I would give security of Merchants in
y* place (which was accepted), and to-morrow morning pro
mised to bring them to him.
This night I was invited to sup with Coda Bux Chan, the
Bucksi of this place, who is first Cousin to Orang Zeb, and
marryed to this Nabob's daughter. He has assured me he
will speak to y8 Nabob for my dispatch, and favour me on all
occasions what lyes in his power.
November 8. — I sent for some Gentu Merchants to be our
security to y6 Duan for our payment of Custome after 7
Months, if a Phirman be not procured in that time, which
being a day, as also to-morrow, wherein their rehgion obliges
them not to do any business, they desired to be excused till
y8 10th instant, so [we] were forced to have patience till that
time. November 9. — I sent James Price to waite on Eay Nunde
lall, and to know when he would accept of his present, whose
answer was, "When he would have it we should have notice
to send it to him," and when he would permit me to dis
course with him in private, for which last this afternoon was
appointed: whilst my Vekeel was talking with ye Eay, a
letter was brought him from Mr- Pitt.
This afternoon I waited upon Eay Nundelall, and discourst
him fully concerning Bulchund and his Servant Permesura-
dass's villainous practices at Hugly. I told him, likewise, of
my desire to have him procure me a new Phyrmaund, to
which he returned this short reply, "Your business shall be
done for you" ; and appointed two of his Servants to treat
with me concerning y8 Price and Wording of y6 Phirman.
November 10. — In y8 morning I sent letters to Hugly and
James Price to treat with ye Nabob's Servants concerning
ye Phirman. All they did was to discourse of y* former (?),
and consider y6 best methods to go about it, and so parted. I
treated with y9 Merchant for being our security, whose de
mands were so unreasonable, requiring an obhgation for pay-

48 DELAYS IN GRANTING TH£ PERWANA. [1682.
meftt of 1£ per cent., per Mensem, interest for so much money,
and so long time as he should stand engaged for us, we were
forced to send for another Merchant, whose demands were like
wise very great. In fine, ye necessity of closing with him, if
we intended to take off y" present stop on our trade, made me
agree to y° lending of him Eupees 20,000 gratis for his
security, and becoming obhged to him for payment of, what
soever sum y" Custome shall come to more than y8 said
Eupees 20,000, if a Phirman to clear us of Custome be not
procured in 7 months' time.
November 11. — I send James Price, with our new security,
to Haggi Sophee Chan for our promised Perwanna, and also
to treat with y8 Bay's servants about y8 Phirman. This
evening y8 King's Duan granted an order (by his Son's media
tion) to give us a Perwanna for passing our goods 7 Months
from this day, upon our Entrys, without Payment of Cus
tome. November 13. — News being brought me last night that
y8 Nabob (in y8 82nd year of his age) had a Son born this day,
and 'twas expected I should make him a visit, and give him
a present, I went this morning to y8 Durbar, and gave him
13 Gold Mohurs and 21 Eupees, which he accepted so kindly
that I took y8 opportunity to request his Perwanna in con
formity to that granted by y8 King's Duan ; and that another
Perwanna might also be sent, with two of his own Servants,
to recover all the monies unduly and forcibly taken from us
by Permesuradass at Hugly, which was likewise granted.
November 14. — I visited ye King's Duan and his Son,
Sopheede Mahmood ; ye Duan promised me a Perwanna for
recovery of y° money paid to Permesuradass upon sight of
that promised by y6 Nabob.
November 15. — I sent away two Perwannahs to Cassum-
bazar to be shewne to Bulchund, and their Copy's to Hugly:
This afternoon Eay Nundelall sends me word y8 Nabob
would not give me his Perwanna on Permesuradass, to return

1 682.] THE PERWANA REFUSED. 49
y8 money forced from us, till I procured such a Perwanna
first from y8 Duan. I sent James Price immediately to
Haggi Sophee Chan, desiring him to grant me y8 said Per
wanna, but as James was in y8 house, going to him, he was
suddenly taken with such a violent fit of an Ague that he
was forced to return home ; re infectd.
November 16. — The King's Duan not being to be spoken
with at all in" the morning, I wrote a letter to his Son,
desiring him earnestly to solicit his Father for the said Per
wanna, and facilitate his granting of it to me in the after
noon, when I intended to wait upon him ; advising him, like
wise, that Permesuradass was forcing Eupees 5,000 more
from us at this time, and stopped the proceedings of our
goods to Ballasore, giving all the furtherance he could to
y8 Interlopers.
In the Afternoon I went to y8 Duan, where, after a long
discourse with himself and his Son, he told me he durst not
give his Perwanna for y8 recovery of any money that is once
appropriated to y8 King ; showing divers letters written him
to that purpose by y8 King's order. Upon which I took
leave, and went immediately to complain of this proceeding
to Eay Nundelall, who told me y° Duan did not deal so justly
with me as he ought to do, and advised me to apply myself
to ye Nabob y6 next Durbar day (which is on y6 18th Instant),
and he would know y8 Nabob's pleasure in this business.
November 17. — This morning I received a letter of
y8 8th instant from Mr- Beard, advising me he was in so
great fear y8 Ships would not go away this year, it had put
him upon making y° best terms he could with Permesura
dass, to whom he had promised 4,000 Eupees, as a gratuity
for Bulchund, to let our goods pass to and fro without moles
tation. November 18. — I went to y8 Nabob, who, after a httle
pause, enquired of me how many ships Mr- Pitt had brought
into this Country, to which I replied four or five. He then

50 NO MONEY IN HOOGLY FACTORY TO BUY VICTUALS. [l682.
asked whether he belonged to ye Compy- I answered in
y6 negative. He further demanded whether it were usuall in
this country for private Merchants to trade in these parts
that were not of y" Company ? I replyed No ; at which an
eminent person stood up and assured ye Nabob the contrary,
and all I could say would not disswade from that opinion.
At last ye Nabob came to this resolution. If he were a
private merchant, as I assured him, he should pay Custome,
and give good security before he left ye Country that he
would do no prejudice to any of y8 Mogull's Subjects after
his departure. As to my request for a Phirman " not to pay
Custom" to be procured of the King, he told me it would be
chargeable and tedious for him to get it, but he would will
ingly give me his letter in my favour, which, with a Servant
of my own, would be sooner got on more reasonable terms.
That he would write to Bulchund to displace Permesura
dass, and give me his Perwanna to cause all the money for
cibly taken from us, to be paid into our Security's hands, till
such time as it be known whether we can procure a Phir-
maund from ye King in 7 Months. So we parted.
November 20. — I sent James Price to ye Nabob's Durbar,
but Eay Nundelall's Uncle being dead, he could not be
there ; so no business was done for us.
This morning I agreed with a Merchant here to give him
Dollers, to the value of 20,000 Eupees, to receive ye like sum
in Hugly, Mr- Beard complaining he had not money in ye Fac
tory to buy Victualls, and could not get any at interest. In
y9 Afternoon I went to ye King's Duan to know upon what
terms we should send our money to ye Mint, who, after some
difficulty, granted his Perwanna for ye payment of only 3£
per Cent. Custome, and that to be paid only at one of the
two Mints of Decca or Eajemall, and in no other place,
which has cut off Bulchund's pretences not only of Eupa
50,000 for the treasure imported this year, but also ye arrears
of ye 3 former years, which is very materiall if we should not

1682.] THE NABOB'S BIRTHDAY. 51
have ye good fortune to obtain a Phirman to excuse our pay
ment of Custome in 7 Months' time. Besides, I hope, upon
showing this command to ye Nabob, he will grant his Per
wanna to recover all the money forced from us by Permesura
dass, at Hugly.
November 21.— I wrote to Mr- Beard, and sent him a bill of
Exchange for 20,000 Eupees and a copy of ye Duan's Per
wanna, that Gold and Silver are to pay but 3| per Cent. Cus
tome, at ye Mint only, and not to be demanded in any other
place. This afternoon I sent copies of y6 said Purwanna to
Eajemall and Cassumbazar.
November 22. — This being ye Nabob's Birthday, when all
persons that expect favour or respect at Court give him pre
sents, 'twas thought convenient that I should do the like; and,
being on ye way, a Peon was sent to me by Eay Nundelalls
chief writer, desiring I would not go this day to visit ye
Nabob, for reasons he did not then think fit to acquaint me.
I sent James Price to speak with him, and returned to ye
Factory. November 23. — I went and presented y" Nabob with 21
Gold Mohurs and 50 rupees, and so returned ; matters of
business being not to be discourst on this day.
November 28. — This morning early news was brought me
the new Duan was yesterday at Jattrapoor, one dayes journey
from this place.
November 29. — This morning, notice being given me that
ye new Duan was at a Garden near y8 City, I went to give
him a visit, and was respectfully and kindly received by him,
with assurance of doing us justice upon all occasions, and
furthering our trade what lyes in his power. In y8 Afternoon
I took my leave of Haggi Sophee Chan, ye late Duan.
November 30. — This being y8 Moors feast of "httle Byram",
no business could be acted by me this day, so I sent James
to y8 Durbar to enquire whether Mr- Pitt and Capt. Dorrell
were sent for hither, as Eay Nundelall had promised him

52 COMPLAINTS AGAINST CHARNOCK. [1682.
yesterday. His answer was, that this being Byram, no busi
ness could be done till to-morrow morning.
December 1. — I sent James Price to Eay Nundelall's. This
morning a Gentoo sent by Bulchund, Governour of Hugly
and Cassumbazar, made complaint to me that Mr- Charnock
did shamefully, to ye great scandall of our Nation, keep a
Gentoo woman of his kindred, which he has had these 19
years ; and that, if I would not cause him to turn her away,
he would lament of it to the Nabob, which, to avoid further
scandall to our Nation, with fair words I prevailed with
ye poor fellow to be pacified for y" present.
I was further informed, by this and divers other persons,
that when Mr- Charnock lived at Pattana, upon complaint
made to ye Nabob that he kept a Gentoo's Wife (her husband
being still hving, or but lately dead), who was run away from
her husband and stolen all his money and jewels to a great
value, the said Nabob sent 12 Souldiers to seize Mr- Charnock ;
but he escaping (or bribing ye men) they took his Vekeel and
kept him 2 months in prison, y° Souldiers lying all this
while at y8 Factory gate, till Mr- Charnock compounded the
business for Eupees 3000 in money, 5 Pieces of Broad Cloth,
and some sword-blades. Such troubles as these he has had
divers times at Cassumbazar, as I am credibly informed ; and
whenever she or Mr. Charnock dyes, y6 pretence will certainly
lye heavy on y8 Company.
This morning early I received a Gen11 from Hugly ac
knowledging ye receipt of ye Nabob's and Duan's Perwannas
sent them for ye free passing of our goods, which Permesura
dass would not obey, saying he was Bulchund's servant, and
expected orders from him. I went immediately to Eay
Nundelall and acquainted him how little ye Nabob's Per-
wannahs were regarded, who advised me to complain of it to
ye Nabob, which I did, and received this answer : " That he
would order Bulchund to suffer all our goods to pass freely
for y6 remainder of our 7 months, and to turn Permesuradass

1 682.] DRAUGHTS OF PERWANNAS. 53
out of his service, and would order a tipstaff or messenger to
go and see it put in execution"; so took leave and returned
to y8 Factory.
December 3. — I went to visit y8 new Duan, after I had
shewen all our old Phirmans and Perwannas in our favor for
a free trade without payment of Custome, he told me these
were once of value, but now signified nothing. The King
having ordered that if Custome were not paid at Surrat it
should be paid here, excepting yH respite given us of 7 months
for ye procuring ye King's Phirman to the contrary. At pre
sent he confirmed the Nabob's (Haggi Sophi Chan's) Per
wanna by his Chop, that no custome should be demanded
for money, save at ye Mint, and that but 3-J per Cent.
December 4. — James Price brought me draughts of 3 Per
wannas granted to me ye 2nd Instant. First, that Perme
suradass should be turned out of his place ; that ye money
forced from us should be restored, and that our goods should
pass free without interruption or payment of Custome ; and
that an Assole1 or messenger, together with Bulchund's
Vekeel, should be sent to see this perwanna put in execution.
These 3 heads were put into one Perwanna.
The next Perwanna was directed to Bulchund and the
Fousdar of Hugly, to seize Mr- Pitts and Captain Dorrell, and
bring them hither to give security not to use any hostility
towards the Mogull's Subjects when they are gone out of
port. If they come and appear, their voyages wdl be lost
this year. If they abscond and go away, they will be
esteemed villaines, and not permitted to come again here
after. The 3rd Perwanna granted was for rehef of grievances at
Maulda. These 3 Perwannas are promised to be signed to
morrow, woh, in suoh case, I will make a round proffer for a
Phirman, and so make all the speed I can to see ye Company's
1 Assole must mean Yasawal, Turk, and Pers., a state messenger, a
" Silver Stick".

54 INTERMINABLE DELAYS. [l682.
affairs dispatched at Cassumbazar and Hugly for ye ship's
departure. December 5. — This being Tuesday, and no Durbar day,
nothing could be done for obtaining the Perwanna.
December 6. — Eeceived letters from Mr- Charnock, etc., re
turning the Nabob's and Haggi Sophi Chan's Perwanna,
which Bulchund refused to obey.
December 7. — I went to y6 present Duan's to desire a Per
wanna for the free passing of our goods, who told me plainly
we must pay Custome at Surrat or in this place, and would
admit of no reasons to the contrary. When I alledged such
practices would force us out of the Country, his answer was :
"We might go when we pleased." I made complaint of this
immediately to Eay Nundelall (in presence of Bulchund's 2
Vekeels), who advised me to acquaint ye Nabob with what I
told him. I went directly to y° Nabob's Durbar, where I met
with y° new Duan. I complained of Bulchund ; the New
Duan took his part, insisting upon our paying Custome. The
Nabob [?] used divers arguments in our favor, and offering
himself to be my security to ye Value of Eupees 50,000. At
last he commanded y8 Duan to give us his Perwanna for
ye free passing of our goods the remainder of ye 7 months,
saying he would write to ye King for a Phirman to free us
from this Pretence, as we have been formerly. If Mr- Char
nock had taken the paines to present these 2 Perwannas
himself, 'tis probable, with a small present, he might have
prevailed with Bulchund to have our goods freed. However,
at this rate any pitifull Vekeel is as good to act ye Company's
Service as himself.
December 8. — I wrote to Hugly and Cassumbazar by
Mr- Johnson who went from Decca this evening.
December 9. — Mr- Beard, supposing me on my return to
Hugly, wrote Mr- Pownset a letter dated ye 1st Instant
advising that ye ship Society was safely arrived at Ballasore.
She set sail out of ye Downes y" 30th May, and not touching
at any place by y8 way, lost 17 men of ye Scurvy.

1682.] PERWANNA NEGOTIATIONS CONTINUED. 55
This morning I went to y8 new Duan, Emir Seid Amud,
who made great difficulty to grant his Perwanna for ye free
passage of our goods. At last he refused mine, and promised
to accept of Gullab Eay's security, that if we did not produce
y6 King's Phirman in 6 months' time (1 month being ex
pired), we should pay Custome immediately, according to our
Talica1 or entrys, and upon these terms he promised to give us
his Perwanna in y" afternoon. So I left James Price and
Goolab Eay to wait ye Duan's leisure, and get ye business
effected, which they did, and brought y" said King's Duan's
Perwanna accordingly.
December 10. — The Nabob sealed and signed all ye Per
wannas, formerly [formally] granted, for y° free passing of
our goods — turning out of Permesuradass, — and recovery of
our money forced from us, appointing an Assole2 or mes
senger, together with Bulchund's chief Vekeel, to carry
y° Perwannas and see them put in execution. The Per
wannas, for bringing up Pitts and Capt. Dorrell, were like
wise sealed, and promised to be all given us to-morrow
morning. December 11. — This morning I sent away two Expresses;
one to Cassumbazar, with ye King's Duan's Originall Per
wanna and its copy, to be presented to Bulchund for taking
off and freeing ye stop on our trade. The other Express
was with y9 copy of ye said Perwanna to Mr- Beard at Hugly.
December 12.^This morning I dispatched away two ex
presses more, with copys of y9 Nabob's perwannas, "to Dis
place Permesuradass, and recover our money of him"; one
to Cassumbazar, and ye other to Hugly, to give those Fac
tories notice what I had done, that they might be sending
their goods to y9 ships at Ballasore.
As soon, as these letters were sent away, I went imme
diately to Eay Nundelall's to have had y8 Seapy, or Nabob's
1 Tali kah or Ta'ilka, an inventory or invoice.
3 See note, p. 53.

56 THE NABOB'S FALSE PROMISES. [1682.
horseman, consigned to me, with order to see y8 Perwanna
put in execution ; but, having thought better of it, y9 Eay
desired me to have patience till to-morrow morning. He
would then present me to y9 Nabob, whose commands to
y° Seapy and Bulchund's Vekeel would be more powerfull
and advantagious to me than his own. I took his advice and
returned to the factory ; after ye Eay had assured me at his
house, he would prevail with ye Nabob to write to y9 King
for a Phirman for us, and our business should be all done
according to my desire.
December 13. — I went to ye Eays in ye morning, and with
him to ye Nabob's Durbar, where y9 Nabob gave me ye Per
wanna before mentioned, and called the Seapy and Bulchunds
Vekeel commanding to see y9 Perwanna carefully observed in
every particular. I then desired him to undertake the pro
curing a Phirman of the King, who replied : " It was better
for me to do it myself by a Vekeel which would cost less
money, and be sooner got than if he sent for it", with which
answer I took my leave of him.
This afternoon I took my leave of Coda Buxe and Mierza
Maduffa, Orang Zeb's Sister's Sons, in return of the severall
Visits they had made. The former is married to the Nabob's
daughter, and ye latter to the Nabob's Eldest Son's daughter.
Next I took my leave of ye new Duan, and, lastly, of y9 Dutch
Factory from whom I received divers Civillitys.
At night I received letters from Cassumbazar advising
Bulchund's stomach was come down, promising Mr. Charnock
to let our goods pass, and to be very good and friendly to me
for y9 future, his Vekeel here having advised him, y° Nabob
was exceeding angry he disobeyed his Perwanna.
December 14. — This morning early I went to Eay Nun-
delalPs with a letter from my self (in case his indisposition
should prevent my speaking to him) to mind him of his pro
mise to me divers times, "That the Nabob would write to
y9 King for our Phirman"; but, coming to his house, we found

1682.] PARTING TRANSACTIONS AT DACCA. 57
y9 Eay's distemper so much increased upon him, that he com
manded his Servants not to suffer him to be disturbed with
any business. So I was forced to return home, and sent
James Price to y9 Eay's Deputy at ye Durbar, for our Maulda
Perwanna, and for the copy of that Perwanna to bring up
Mr- Pitts and Capt0 Dorrell.
In y6 Afternoon I went again to visit y9 Eay, and take my
leave of him, who gave me great hopes of prevailing with
y9 Nabob to procure us a Phirman, assuring me, twice, he
would (God willing) take the very first opportunity to ac
quaint the Nabob with my request, and to inform James
Price with the Nabob's resolution, and for that purpose ad
vised me to leave James Price behind me to take the Nabob's
answer in case my occasions, would not permit me to stay for
it myself. I replied y6 time was so far spent that y9 Honble
CompyB occasions would not permit of my longer stay at this
place, but I would leave my Vekeel and his present with
Mr- Pownset at y9 Enghsh Factory, and so took my leave of
him. This night I received a letter from Mr- Hdl at Eaje-
maul advising y9 Droga [Darogah] of y9 Mint would not obey
a Copy, but required at least a sight of y9 Originall, and that
confirmed by y° new Duan, which shall be sent him to-mor
row morning before I go from hence.
December 15. — This morning early I wrote my instructions
to be left with James Price, and dispatched an express to
Maulda and Eajernaul. To y9 former I sent a Perwanna for
the relief of all their grievances, and turning out of Jame-
shire Beigh, who had given them y8 occasion of their laments.
To Eajernaul I sent ye old Duan, Haggi Sophi Chan's, Per
wanna, Chopt both by the Nabob and new Duan, for its con
firmation, "That Custome of Money is to be demanded only
at ye Mint, and there to pay but 3J per cent."
After I had made these dispatches, I waited y8 coming of
Goolob Eay, who brought me a copy of the memorial sent
unto ye Nabob by Eay Nundelall (his indisposition not suffer-

58 DEPARTURE FROM DACCA. [l682.
ing him to go in person), under y9 Eay's own hand, of my
proposals for a Phirman, not doubting of giving me a satis
factory account of ye Nabob's undertaking my business in
two or three days at farthest. I gave Goolob Eay an obliga
tion under hand and seal, to accept his bills on me as far as
Eupees 6000, for Procuring a Phirman, and then took my
leave of Decca and went aboard y8 Budgero for Cassumbazar
and Hugly, resolving (God willing) to make y9 best of my way
thither, having been 51 days since my first arrival at Decca.
Just as I was taking my leave of Decca City, I was visited
by Mirza Maduffa (the King and he being Sisters' Children),
who, seeing a glass of wine and water filled for me to drink
to him, he desired to take it out of my hand, and drank part
of it to me, telling and desiring that this might be a token
betwixt us, as ye wine and water, although just now two dis
tinct body's, were now inseparably united, and soe should our
friendship be as long as we lived.
December 17. — About 12 o'clock at noon we got to ye
Chowkee, where, after we had shown our Dustick and given
our present, we were dismissed immediately.
December 18. — Bulchund's Vekeel not coming up with us
according to y" Nabob's command, and his own promise, I
sent away the Assole, with a Peon and y9 Nabob's Perwanna,
to be accompanied from thence by Mr- Charnock, etc., to
Bulchund, and to require another Perwanna of him in con
formity to y9 Nabob's, to displace Permesuradass at Hugly
before my arrival there.
December 20. — I received letters by a Cossid from Mr-
Johnson and Mr- Catchpole, dated y" 18*11 Instant, from
Muxoodavad,1 Bulchund's residence, advising they had
visited Bulchund, and got him to clear Mrs- Meverell's
Budgero for Pattana, and Mr. Anthony's 4 boats for Eaje-
maull, who had lain there 2 days without hopes of being re
leased. They likewise cleared 4 boats with y9 Company's
1 Now Moorshedabad.

1 682.] ARRIVAL AT MUXOODAVAD. 59
treasure for Eajemaull, which [had] lain stopt before I passed
by for Decca, and those boats which lay laden at Cassumbazar
(which Bulchund declared he kept there so long, because no
Enghshman came to him for their proceeding to Hugly).
They prevailed also with Bulchund to write me a comple-
mentall obliging letter, assuring me 'twas Mr- Charnock's fault
that ever he stopped our goods, or detained them so long ; and
that for the future he was resolved to court my Friendship
to which I returned him an answer by the same express.
December 21. — One of Bulchund's Vekeels overtook me
this morning, and after customary salutations, passed on to
inform his Master of my coming.
December 23. — I wrote to Mr- Beard advising him of my
arrivall this evening at Mierdaudpoor, and intention to visit
Bulchund on my way to Cassumbazar.
December 25. — In y° night we lay a mile short of Muxoo-
davad. In ye afternoon I met with Mr- Johnson and Mr-
Catchpool, coming to pay their respects.
December 26. — In y° morning I went to give Bulchund a
visit according to his invitation, who rose up and embraced
me when I came near him, enquired of my health and bid
me welcome to Muxoodavad, assuring me of all y9 friendship
and kindness that lay in his. power. And for my better satis
faction commanded divers Perwannas to be written directed
to his several officers, requiring them not to give y9 least
trouble or disturbance to our trade, but to let all things pass
with y9 same freedom that ever it did. Bulchund told me he
heard I had given Goolob Eay security for our payment of
custom upon our entrys, in case a Phirman should not be
procured ; that he was now going himself to Decca ; that he
would take and bear my obligation, and be my security him
self ; and would not fail to get an order from the Nabob to
settle a Mint at Hugly or at Cassumbazar, as I had formerly
desired him. In recompence of which he requested me to
remit one part of my Perwanna touching y9 displacement of

60 ARRIVAL AT HOOGLY. [l682.
Permesuradass, who, being thoroughly acquainted with his
business, could not be turned out but to y9 King's and his
great prejudice. That he would command Permesuradass
not to meddle in our affairs, that he should return all y" money
forcibly taken from us, and would send another " Droga"
or Customer,1 on purpose to take our Tallicas, and send
them to him to be forwarded to Decca. These fair promises,
together with y" consideration of y9 time for lading and
departure of our Ships was far spent, and if he should be
cross and stubborn (as he is naturally inclined to be) y9 lading
of our Ships and their departure might be much delayed, I
consented to his proposal ; and as soon as I had despatched
all my business here, and got y8 Perwannas (which was not
till after six at night), I went to Cassumbazar, where I arrived
a little after 8 o'clock.2
December 27. — This day I spent wholly in seeing and ex
amining what store of silk, &c, was now in y9 Company's
Godowns, where I found the quantity of more than 500 bales
of silk not yet prized,3 which I immediately caused to be
brought out and prized whilst 1 was there, which was accord
ingly done, Mr- Charnock promising 500 great bales, and 200
chests of silk should follow me in 10 or 15 days at farthest.
And this night about 9 o'clock we took boat for Hugly.
December 29. — We lay to at Nuddia, on ye Point of Cassum
bazar Island, and after our boatmen had eaten, rowed all night,
and ye next morning by 2 o'clock were past Sanctapoor.4
December 30. — By 8 o'clock in y9 morning we got to
Trippany, and dined at Hugly, where (God be praised) we
arrived all in good health.
December 31. — Permesuradass ye Customar5 sent 2 of his
chief servants, desiring me to permit him to give me a visit,
which I appointed him in y9 afternoon. Being come, he ex-
1 I.e., Darogah or Customs official.
s About eight miles below Murshidabad. 3 Priced.
4 Santipore, about 81 miles. 5 Comptroller of Customs.

1683.] REPORT FROM CROSSE AT DACCA. 61
pressed his great joy to see me so well returned from Decca,
passing many compliments upon me. That he' was a servant
and did no more than his Master commanded him. That
now, being otherwise directed, he would show me all ye re
spect and kindness imaginable, suffering all goods whatever
to pass, that I desired him. January 1683.
January 6. — This day I received a letter from Charles
Crosse 3,1 at Decca, whom I had ordered James Price my
Vekeel to acquaint with all the Honble- Compy'B- concerns, and
to give me a constant advice of all his proceedings. Mr-
Pownset having divers times declared if I left James Price
behind me, he would give him 500 chawbuks2 the next day
after I was gone out of towne, and slipper him out of doors,
so [I] was forced to order Mr- Pownset not to concern him
self with James Price during his stay at Decca.
Mr- Crosse advises me that James Price had made an agree
ment with y9 Nabob to procure us a Phirmaund from y9 king;
that whilst they were discoursing ys business, y9 Nabob
received a letter from Bulchund, advising him that ye Custome
of this year's goods already registered (besides great quantities
not yet come down) amounted to 75,000 Eupees, on which
the Nabob demanded 3 years custome at that rate for pro
curing a Phirmaund ; but this discourse passing over, ye Nabob
began to talk of writing to ye king, and that he should be at
great charge at court (to get our said Phirmaund) in Durbar
expences, &c, which James finding no other remedy promised
to pay; so y6 Nabob ordered Goolob Eay our security to give
him a Bill of Exchange payable to his Vekeel in Delly3 for
Eupees 10,000 for Court Expences. Besides which sum
Cossadass y8 Chief Secretary — Mutsuddies, and y8 Nabob's
1 I.e., third in rank. 2 Lashes.
s Delhi.

62 GAIN BY THE VISIT TO DACCA. [1683.
Chief Eunuch will be paid all their money before hand, as
also ye Nabob Eupees 5000, and ye rest when ye Phirmaun
arrives. Though this be chargeable, 't will be done effectually
and money better given than ever was in this country.
For discharge of these for -going sums James Price has
drawn his bill on me for Eupees 20,000, payable to Goolob
Eay's Vekeel at 13 dayes sight, which I have accepted. Mr-
Crosse further advises y° Nabob's letter to y9 King is drawn
out foul — when it is fair written, and James Price has seen it
despatched, he intends to make all the haste he can to Hugly.
So that my going to Decca has in y9 first place got 7
months time for procuring a Phirmaund; 2ndly, taken off
wholly ye Pretence of 5 per cent. Custome, on all Treasure
imported this and y9 3 preceeding years, besides 1£ per cent
of what [was] usually paid, at y9 mint for some years past ;
3rdiy procure(j ye general stop to be taken off all our trade,
our Goods now passing as freely as ever they did formerly ;
4'y, got a command to turn Permesuradass out of his place,
and restore ye money forced from us ; 5l7, and last, prevailed
with y9 Nabob to undertake y" procuring a Phirmaund for
us from ye King, of which there being no great doubt to be
made, I shall make this short estimate of the advantage we
shall certainly receive from it this year :
6 per Cent, saved for Custome on £200,000 Trea
sure Imported is ... ... ... ... £13,000
The Custome of £200,000 in Goods outwards at
3£ per Cent, is ... ... ... ... 7,000
In all  ... ... ... £20,000

besides great expence, not to be abused in y° valuing of our
goods. If God gives me life to get this Phirmaund into my
possession, y8 HonbI°- Compy- shall never more be much troubled
with Interlopers. I bless God for this great success I have
had, beyond all men's expectations, in my voyage to Decca.

1683.] HEDGES RESOLVES TO (JO TO BALASORE. 63
The two Perwannas procured to fetch up Mr. Pitt and
Capt. Dorrell were compounded with Bulchund for a good
sum of money, and 5 per cent paid by them for all their
goods ; with other great presents : though these men are so
shameless as to deny it.
January 10. — This day I received letters from James Price
at Decca, advising y8 Nabob's letter to y9 King for procuring
our Phirmaun, was sent away to him some dayes since. Letters
from Cassumbazar advised Thomas Bromly dyed ye 29 Ultimo.
January 21. — Y9 Fousdar sent me word y9 Perwannas
taken out by me at Decca for y9 seizing of Pitt and Dorrell
were now come to his hands, and he was sending orders to
seize them if possible at Ballasore. I shall not fail to give
y9 Nabob notice of this treachery in his officers.
January 22. — About 5 at night I went aboard y9 Mada
pollam Sloop with the HonbIe- Compy's letters, Invoices, and
Bills of lading for dispatch of y9 Defence at Ballasore, which
I resolved to go myself and see performed with more ex
pedition. We got no further than over against y9 Dutch
factory by 8 oclock, when I received a letter from Mr- Beard,
advising, I was no sooner put off from y" shore but Perme
suradass began to play his old villainous tricks with us again;
forcing away y9 Master and all y9 men of y9 boat whereon
y9 remainder of our Decca fine cloth, and 28 Bales of Silk
were laden, to -complete y° Defence's Tonnage ; so that
Mr- Beard was constrained, with ye help of 6 or 7 Souldiers,
whom I sent immediately to his assistance, to take all y° goods
out of that boat and lade them in another Vessell, which I
brought away with me.
January 23. — This day having little or no wind, we got no
farther than Barnagur, though we rowed with our boat all
y9 way.
January 24. — By break of day we weighed anchor, and
being a meer calm could get no farther than y9 Ebb would
carry us, which was not altogether so far as Jan Pardo. By

64 VOYAGE DOWN THE HOOGLY. [1683.
y9 way I met with y9 Arrival Sloop, who I hastened to bring
away y9 goods for y9 Society. Ye tide being spent, and not
a breath of wind stirring, were forced to come to an anchor,
and lye here all night.
January 25. — This morning by daylight we weighed anchor
and with so little wind that we could but just stem y8 tide.
About 11 oclock we met with ye Good-hope, at an anchor in
y9 Narrows,1 without Hugly Eiver, and ordered him upon
y9 first of y9 flood to weigh, and make all y8 haste he could to
Hugly, to take in what goods he found ready for y9 Society.
About 9 oclock this night we found y9 Thomas at an
anchor, we hailed her, and commanded her Master to come
aboard. But he not having a boat, we were forced to anchor
by her, and send our boat for her Master, whom I ordered to
take 28 Bales of Silk and some Bales of Cloth out of y8 boat
we brought from Hugly, and to bring them to me aboard of
y9 Defence, with all possible diligence. We anchored this
night on y9 head of y8 Diamond Sand.
January 26. — This morning early we weighed anchor with
the tide of Ebb, but having little wind got no further than
the Point of Kegaria Island, where, meeting with y9 tide of
Flood, were forced to drop our anchor. About 5 this after
noon ye Ganges came up- to us, whom I ordered to take in
588 Bags of Salt Petre that lay ready for him in two boats
Within Kejeria Eiver, and make y9 best of his way to deliver
it aboard of y° Society; and then to return to Hugly. This
evening at 7 oclock we weighed, but growing calme, and
being to pass through y8 narrow sands of Point Ingelee, we
chopt to an anchor and lay there all night.
1 An old chart or eye-Bketch, in the English Pilot of 1734, indicates
that "the portion of the Hoogly river, now called Hoogly Bight, was
then named the ' Narrows'." Above Hoogly Point the river was
specially considered the Eiver of Hoogly, in contradistinction to the
Roopnarain, or " Old Ganges", up which, at a far earlier period, Chinese
Junks may have traded to Tumlook.

1683.] MR. HEDGES ARRIVES AT BALASORE. 65
January 27. — Before day this morning the Gale freshen
ing in our favour we weighed, and after it was day, finding
we could stem the tide, made ye best of our way towards
y8 Braces. About 1 oclock, as soon as we had got clear of
them, both wind and tide failing of us, we dropped our
anchor. At 3 oclock y9 Sea Breeze coming in, we weighed and made
all sail till 9 at night, when y9 wind proved contrary, so
anchored again and lay till morning.
January 28. — At daylight we discovered the Defence and
y8 Society about 2 leagues to windward of us. We made
sail, and after 4 hours turning of it, we found we rather lost
than gained, so came to an anchor. About 2 in the afternoon
we weighed anchor with a small breeze. About 4 y8 Defence
and Society's Pinnaces came and carried us aboard y8 De
fence. January 29. — The Madapollam Sloop delivered her lading,
and was immediately dispatched away to Hugly.
January 30. — The Thomas arrived with y8 28 Bales of
Silk taken out of the Purga, and was dispatched for Hugly
y° same night.
January 31. — This day was taken up in comparing y8 Boat-
swaines severall receipts with y" Bills of Lading, and at
night I gave y8 Defence her Dispatches.
February 1683.
February 1. — This morning y" Defence set sail for England,
and by 3 oclock in ye afternoon was out of sight. Soon after
y° Defence was under sail I went aboard of ye Society, and lay
there this night.
February 2. — I came ashore in Capt. Gayer 's Pinnace to
y9 Bankshall, about 7 miles from Ballasore, where I was met
by Mr- Byam, and y8 rest of our Factory, together with all
of our Merchants that trade with us. The Fousdar, or Go
vernor, sent his brother to salute and bid me welcome to

66 A TIGER SHOT NEAR BALASORE. [1683.
these parts. Whilst I staid dinner at this place Capt.
Dorrell and Mr- Pitt passed by in their Sloop, with 4 Guns
and about 30 English Seamen to work y" vessel and row in
y8 Crown's pinnace, to tow y" sloop. About half an hour
after 4 oclock I went in my Palenkeen for Ballasore, and
arrived there about half an hour after 6.
February 5. — This morning y9 Crown and y" other two In
terlopers sailed out of y8 road : together with Mr- Littleton in
a sloop for Fort St. George.
February 10. — Mr- Tyler arrived in a vessel of his own,
laden with Elephants from Tenassarim, advising me he met
y9 Defence y9 5th instant in 18 degrees with a fair and fresh
gale of wind, steering due South.
February 26. — This night y" Society set sail out of Bal
lasore Eoad.
February 28. — I went to see Nilligree Hills. I went out
of Ballasore at 7 in the morning, and got to yb tent, which
was pitched by a Tank in a grove of trees, at ye foot of y9 hill
beyond y9 town, by half an hour after 10.
March 1683.
March 1. — I went out a hunting with ye Eagea, who was
attended with two or -three hundred men, armed with bows
and arrows, swords and targets, or javelins. I went with
them beating y6 woods till 11 o'clock : at which time finding
y8 Sun very hot, and having had no other- sport than one
hare kdled with an arrow by a black fellow in y8 woods, I
returned to my tent. But Mr- Frenchfeild, and Capt. Eaynes,
resolving to see all that could be shown them, continued with
y8 Eagea in y9 field. In y9 afternoon they found a great
Tiger, one of y9 black men shot a barbed arrow into his But
tock. Mr- Frenchfeild and Capt. Eaynes alighted off their
horses and advanced towards the thicket where y9 Tiger lay.
The people making a great noise, y° Tiger flew out upon
Mr- Frenchfeild, and he shot him with a brace of Bullets into

1683.] ARRIVAL AT KEDGEREE. 67
ye breast : at which he made a great noise, and returned
again to his den. The Black Men seeing of him wounded
fell upon him, but the Tiger had so much strength as to
kill 2 men, and wound a third before he died. At night
y8 Eagea sent me the Tiger.
March 2. — In y8 morning early I went up the Nilligree
Hill, where I had y9 view of a most pleasant fruitful valley
between y9 hills, which they told me was 18 Course1 long.
Y8 Hills afford store of Iron, which furnishes all this country.
Ye Valleys are full 'of Eice, Gram, and divers sorts of Pulse.
This evening I returned again to ye factory at Ballasore.
March 5. — I went to y8 Bankshall to mark out and appoint
a Plat of ground to build a Godown for y9 Honble Company's
Salt Petre, and having chosen the most convenient place,
returned immediately to y9 Factory.
March 7. — This afternoon about 4 o'clock I left Ballasore,
and went down to y9 Bankshall to embark on y9 Sloop Lilly
for Hugly.
March 8. — About 1 oclock this morning I went on board
y9 Lilly, and saded over ye Bar, where we had but 4^ foot
water, a few inches more than our Vessel drew. Y9 wind
being contrary we were forced to lie at an anchor all this
day till 10 oclock at night, when we weighed and made sail
with little wind.
March 9. — All y9 last night and this day it continued calm
till towards night, when we had a small breeze which brought
us over y8 first Sand or Brace, where we anchored all
night. March 11. — This morning before Sun rising we weighed
anchor with a small breeze in our favour, and being got up
with Kegaria,2 we went on shore in our Boats, and landed at
an old ruined Castle with mud walls and thatched. We saw
one small Iron Gun mounted and an Iron Pateraro. Ye Island
i Coss. 2 Kedgeree.

68 ARRIVAL AT SAGOR. [1683.
is exceeding pleasant and fruitfull, having great store of
wild Hogs, Deer, wild Buffalos, and Tigers.
This afternoon we stood off towards Sagor, and anchored
between Cock Island and y8 Oyster Eiver.
March 12. — We went in our Budgeros to see ye Pagodas
at Sagor, and returned to y" Oyster Eiver, where we got
as many Oysters as we desired, and lay at y9 mouth of
y9 Eiver.
March 13. — We weighed and came to Jan Pardo.
March 14. — We weighed and got to Hugly by 7 oclock at
night, all in good health, God be praised for it: This
night we had an extraordinary great Storm : New moon
to-morrow. March 17. — Wrote ye Chief and Councell in Dacca in
answer to theirs of the 2nd, 12th, and 22nd Ultimo. "That
y9 Nabob's goods were brought up and delivered to his cor
respondent, Ubbeeb Allah; and that. they (being acquainted
with y6 customs of y9 place) knew best what to do about
trusting Mirza Maduffer" ; so left it wholly to them.
March 18. — Ordered Matthias Harrison to deliver over
y° charge of y9 Sloop Lilly to Edward Tench. He and several
others having petitioned y9 same of me and y° Councell, to
find out y° Channels, Sands, and dangerous places in this
Eiver. March 19. — Dispatched said Sloop for y° purpose before
mentioned. March 20. — Eeceived a Gen111 from Maulda advising,
" That since they had sent all their goods for this year, a
Merchant hath brought in 6 Bales [of] Silk [on] account [of]
his last year's investment : who desires to know whether
we will take it for the ensuing year, or return it him
back again, and he will bring in his remains in White
Cloath." 1 A general service letter.

i683.] trading with interlopers. 69
Att a Consultation.
March 21 ( Wednesday). — Having received advice from
Metchlep™-1 of y9 arrivall of 3 Interlopers upon y9 Coast, and
suddenly designed for y9 Bay, we took into serious considera
tion y8 most speedy and effectuall way to frustrate their designs
in these parts. Whereupon I produced a Paper. where in all
y9 considerable Merchants of Ballasore have obliged them
selves not to trade with Interlopers, under ye penalty of
1000 Eupees amerce, and told them that in a few dayes I
did not doubt to procure y° like from the Merchants ih
Hugly. This being thought y9 most effectuall way to prevent
their trading in these parts, it was ordered, that advice be
given to ye severall Chiefs in y9 Bay, of ye said Interlopers
designe hither ; and that they endeavor to procure the like
obligation of ye Merchants belonging to their Factories.
Boberay and Oberarn, both Mr- Pitts's servants, and able
men, desired to be entertained' in ye Honble CompJ'8 service,
which was referred to a farther consideration.
Manuridas, sent by Bulchund as Droga of our Customes,
complained for want of money for his expences, according to
y9 country custome. It was ordered he be given an allowance,
and referred to me to agree with him y8 cheapest way I can,
and most for ye Honble Company's advantage.
20 chests of treasure having been sent up to y9 Mint at
Eajamaul to be coyned, it was ordered, " That out of ye Pro
duct thereof, 30,000 Eupees be sent to Dacca, 60,000 Eupees
to Maulda, and y9 remainder be sent down to Hugly, to for
ward y9 next year's investment.
Ordered, 10,000 Eupees of y9 60,000 EB- for Maulda, as a
forestalment, be sent to Mr- Job Charnock, &c, to discharge
a debt owing by Maulda Factory to Deepchund at Cas
sumbazar. Ordered That some money (as little as may be) be given
1 Metchlepatnam,' hodie Masulipatam.

70 COINAGE OF RAJMAHAL. [1683.
out to y9 Maulda Weavers, as y9 best expedient to recover in
y9 old remains.
Having received advice from Mr- Samuel Anthony, that
one of their merchants had brought in 6 Bales of Tanna Silk
on account of last years remains, and also another Merchant
had brought in 140 Pieces of Cossaes ; it was Ordered That
y8 silk be taken at price current, and y8 140 Pieces of Cos
saes be bought, if cheap.
Mr- Jonathan Prickman, 2nd of Maulda, being dead, it was
Ordered, That Mr- Samuel Anthony succeed as 2nd, and
Mr- Eobert Hedges (who was appointed by y9 Honble Comp^
3rd of Dacca, but that place being supplyed by Mr- Crosse,
before his arrival in y° Country) be third ; and Mr- William
Jolland to be there an assistant upon all occasions.
The Coynage at Eajamaul being at present in y9 charge of
Mr- Hill only, and that in case of mortallity it would be of
Absolute Necessity to have one allways with him as an as
sistant, it was Ordered That James Smith be sent up thither
accordingly. Ordered 6 chests of Treasure be sent from hence to Bal
lasore to forward y° next years investment; and that
Mr- Jn- Byam be ordered to forward y° building a Salt Petre
Godown, at ye Sandy Point near our Bankshall ; and to pro
vide Twenty Anchors and 6 cables.
Mrs- Deborah Eichards, ye Eelict of Mr- John Eichards, not
getting ye Stock she brought out with her, coyned, time
enough, by reason of our troubles to return io England y9 last
Shipping : did therefore make it her earnest request to be
permitted to remain in ye Honble Compy's Factory at Ballasore
till y6 next Shipping ; intending then to return home, which
was accordingly granted.
Wrote to Cassumbazar advising them that we had ordered
Mr- Hill to send them down 10,000 Eupees to discharge the
debt owing to Deepchund, and ordered them to send Mr- Hill
their beam and scales, to supply his present occasions.

I683.] MERCANTILE ARRANGEMENTS AT MALDA. 71
Wrote to Mr- Hill to deliver, out of ye product of y9 20
chests of Treasure sent him to be coyned, as followeth. 50,000
Rupees to Englesavad,1 10,000 Rupees to Mr- Charnock, and
30,000 Rupees to Dacca, and to send y8 remainder hither.
Wrote to Dacca advising that Mr- Hill was ordered to
send them 30,000 Rupees towards y8 years investment.
March 23.— Wrote to Maulda, advising that Mr- Hill had
orders to send them 50,000 Rupees Siccas, and ordered them
to give out money to their Weavers and Merchants for this
years investment, and that we had ordered 10,000 rupees to be
sent to Mr- Jpb Charnock, &c, to discharge their debt owing by
their Factory to Deepchund at Cassumbazar. And we did
farther enorder them, not to deliver out money to any person
whatsoever tdl he has first obliged himselfe (under a Penalty)
not to trade with any Interlopers.
March 24. — Dispeeded letters to Mr- Byam advising that
in a few days we intended to send them 6 chests of treasure
by the Ganges. We recommended to their care the speedy
building of y8 Godown for Salt Petre near y" Seaside, and
ordered them to provide 20 anchors and 6 cables for
y9 Honble Compy'8 Sloops.
Received a Gen11- from Patana dated ye 5th Instant, with
their Diary for y9 last month, advising" That they had en
deavoured, by using all possible means, the getting out
y9 Nabob's & Duan's Phirwannas, retarded by yB Nabob's
Officers, who made use of all wayes and means to draw money
into their Master's Coffers ; granting orders one day, and
disannulling them the next.
Att a Consultation.
March 26. — Ordered y' Boberay, Mr- Pitt's Servant, be en
tertained in ye HonbI° Compy'B Service at 15 Eupees per men
sem, as an expedient to frustrate ye Interloper's designes in
these parts. 1 Angrezabad, the English factory at Malda. — [Y.]

72 ELLIS AT HOOGLY TAKES BRIBES. [1683.
Being informed that Manurudas, being Bolchund's servant,
would not take a monthly allowance, I declared it before
ye Councell ; and it was agreed that he be given money as
occasion should fall out, to supply his expences, and keep
him from disturbing our affairs.
Information was this day brought in against Mr- Francis
Ellis by most of ye Merchants in Hugly ; that he, the said
Ellis, had taken bribes to y9 value of 4000 rupees or there
abouts, to pass y9 Honble Compy'B goods [in] y6 Shipping.
Part of which being positively proved against him, & 900
Eupees being confessed by him, it was there upon ordered
that he be dismissed y" Honble Compy's Service, and that
Mr- Joseph Dodd forthwith take y9 charge of y9 Warehouse
upon him, & that the money which shall be proved to be
taken by y9 said Ellis to pass ye Honble Compy'8 goods, shall
be endeavored to be secured for y9 Honble CompyB use.
Post Meridiem. — Mr- Samuel Hervy> Chief of Maulda, (at
present in Dacca) having been divers times ordered to repair
to his Chief-ship, where there is grer.t want of him, for yB
better management y9 Honble Compy's Affairs ; and no signe
yet appearing of his departure ; It was agreed that orders
should be drawn up, and sent to y9 said Hervy, requiring
him to repair to Maulda within 6 days after y9 arrival of
the letter with him at Dacca, and in
default thereof to be forthwith dismissed y9 Honble Compy'8
Service. (Signed) WM- Hedges Wm- Johnson
John Beard Eich. Frenchfeild.
Joseph Dodd
The Petition of Rogoodee, Weaver, to Wm- Hedges, Agent,
Showeth. That on y9 Agent's going to Ballasore, y" said
Agent gave orders to take Mulmulls1 of y° Merchants on
account of Agreement made for ye Company, upon which
1 Mulmull (malmal) is muslin. — [Y.]

1683.] HOOGLY MERCHANTS ON BRIBERY. 73
Mr- Ellis called your Petitioner and told him, that if he would
give him any thing, he would take your Petitioner's Mul-
mulls ; upon which your Petitioner promised him 100
Eupees, and brought Eamnarrain, one of y9 Merchants, for
his security. After which y9 said Ellis told your Petitioner
that he would not take 500 Pieces of your Petitioner's
Mulmulls unless your Petitioner gave him 200 Eup., which
your Petitioner (being Poor) could not doe. For which
reason Mr- Ellis returned your Petitioner his Cloath again,
though some of it was sorted by Mr- Ellis to be received :
For Which your Petitioner desires you would be pleased to
doe him justice.
The Petition of Wm- Hedges, Agent, from y" Higly Mer
chants, viz.: — Muttrasaw, Eupsuliman, Eogoodee, Giachund-
saw, Eogonaut, Horkissincotma, Eamchundparamanick, Eam
narrain, Mudducaun.
Sheweth. That to have their goods taken for agreement
made with y" Company, they have been forced to give
Mr- Ellis, warehouse keeper, each of them, a Bribe, as per
y9 underwritten account, in mony and goods, appears : for
which your Petitioners complain to you, desiring Justice :
Muttrasaw, 1,150 Eupees in mony and goods; Giachund-
saw, 73 Eupees ; Horkissincotma, 102 Eupees 8 Annas in
mony and goods; Eamnarrain, for Mulmulls taken from him;
Eupsuliman, Eogonaut, Eamchundparamanick, Mudducawn,
Eogoodee, 4 Annas upon each piece, for 4,453 Pieces, amounts
to 1,113 Eupees 4 Annas, for which he has taken out of one
Chest of Dollars, delivered Eogonaut, 500 pieces of- Eight on
account. Mr- Ellis acknowledged he was proffered \ Eupee per piece
of cloth, and declared he was ready to take all ye money they
would give him.
March 27. — Wrote Mr- Hervy at Dacca, advising him that
we thought it good to give him a positive order to repair to
his Chiefship at Maulda, within 6 days after y° receipt of

74 LETTERS TO PATNA, CASSIMBAZAR, BALASORE. [1683.
y8 letter at Dacca, to be on his way towards Maulda, clear
of y8 Factory and City of Dacca : and in default, to be forth
with dismissed y9 Honble Company's Service.
Wrote to Mr- Pownsett, &ca., Ordering them to deliver
Mr- Hervy his letter immediately upon receipt thereof, and to
take notice of y9 time, when it comes to their hands.
Att a Consultation.
March 28. — Mr' Joseph Dodd being ordered up to this
Place as one of y9 Councell of -Hugly, and there wanting one to
supply his place as 2nd of Ballasore, It was thought fitt that Mr-
Wm- Prickman be sent in his stead, and Mr- Eobert Sherman
be ordered thither to keep ye Honble Company's Books.
Ordered — 15,000 Eupees to be sent to Cassumbazar from
Eajamaul, to pay a debt owing to Deepchund, by ye Factory.
Ordered — 6 chests of treasure to be sent to Ballasore, and
that Mr- George Heron goe with them on ye Thomas, and
his charges up again overland be defrayed by ye Honble
Company. March 29. — Wrote to Pattana, advising them to be care
full of ye Quality, as well as ye Quantity, of goods en-ordered
to provide against this year's shipping.
March 31. — We advised them at Ballasore of y dismissing
Mr- Francis Ellis ye Company's Service, and putting Mr-
Joseph Dodd in his stead, and that Mr- Wm- Prickman is
appointed to supply Mr- Dodd's place : and ordered Mr-
Eobert Sherman hither, to keep ye Hon. Comp. Books ; and
that instead of y9 Ganges, we had resolved on sending ye
Thomas with Six chests of Treasure.
April 1683.
Att a Consultation.
April 2. — Ordered y' Muttrassaw be trusted with 6 chests
of Treasure, and his Bills be taken on ye Merchants at
Ballasore to ye value of 50,000 Rupees.

1683.] HEDGES GOES TO CASSIMBAZAR. 75
It being thought necessary for me to go to Cassumbazar,
Mr- John Beard was appointed to act as Chief in my absence,
and to follow such orders and directions as from time to
time he shall receive from me and my Councell.
April 3. — Wrote to Balasore that we had sent them enclosed
2 bids of Exchange for 56,000 rupees : viz. One from Mut-
tradas for 50,000 rupees, which is to be paid by severall
Merchants of that place, who are to receive said money on
goods to be provided this year : The other is on Kimchund for
6,000 Rupees, which is to be advanced, over and above, to
y9 aforesaid Merchants, a list of whose names, and what
mony each of them was to receive, was likewise sent.
Att a Consultation.
April 4. — Mr- How being ordered to goe upon ye Thomas
to Ballasore with Petre, to lye at y9 Banksaul, declared he
was not able to carry her over ye Barr, whereupon Mr- Scott
was ordered to goe with him as his Pilott.
Having received 25,000 Rupees Siccas from Rajamaul, it
was ordered that y9 remainder of y9 treasure in ye warehouse
here, be sent up thither, in ye same Boates y9 Rupees came
downe in.
Wrote a dispatch for Mr- How and Mr- Scott, ordering
them to depart hence with ye first opportunity.
Att a Consultation.
April 5. — Agreed with Chitturmullsaw and Muttradas,
Merchants of this place, for 1,500 Bales of ye best Tissinda
Sugar, each bale to weigh 2 Maunds 6 J Seers, Factory
Weight, at 10 Rupees per Bale, and to be brought all in by
y9 15th of 7b.er next ensuing. Agreed likewise with ye afore
said Chittermaul for 1,500 bales of Beerboa Sugar, each bale
to contain 2 Maunds 6| Seers, Factory weight, at 8 ru.,
per bale, to be brought all in, within y° above mentioned
time.

76 A NEW GODOWN AT HOOGLY. [1683.
This day Mr- Wm- Johnson and Mr- Wm- Rushworth
departed hence towards Cassumbazar.
Wrote a Gen11- to Ballasore, advising them we had sent
600 Baggs of Salt Petre to be ready against next shipping,
and that they assist y8 Master of ye Ship Thomas to turn said
Ship into a Ketch : and that what mony shall be disbursed
on that account they shall place to account current, Hugly.
Wrote a Gen11- to y9 President and Councell at Surratt.
Att a Consultation at Hugly.
April 7. — Having informed ye Councell that yesterday a
certain number of Merchants came to me, and offered to
undertake y9 providing what goods we shall have occasion
for this year, to be paid for when said goods were brought in,
and at as cheap rates as if money were given out beforehand ;
It was resolved, " That the giving out of mony upon goods
of any sort should be deferred at present, till my return from
Cassumbazar, or farther consideration had upon ye same.
Ye Honorable Company having a Godown at y9 water side,
built of mud and straw, which hath been burnt several times,
and one part of it or other always tumbling down in ye raine
times, and ye repairing of y9 same being a greater charge to
ye Hon. Compy than y9 building a new one ; It was Ordered
(as well for y9 security of ye Company's goods as y8 saving of
charges), That a new one be budt of Brick.
Ordered — A Boat be built at Ballasore for y9 Ketch
Arrival. April 10. — This afternoon, about 5 of ye clock, I went on
board of ye Hon. Company's Budgero, for Cassumbazar,
accompanied by Mr- Joseph Dodd and Mr- George Heron in
another small Budgero of their owne, and 1 0 Ulocks1 for
Souldiers, Cooks, Butlers, Servants, Peons, &c, and by 7
this evening we gott to y9 English Garden together with
Mr- Beard and most of our Factory. Here I received letters
1 Utdk, or Hok'ik, vulgarly "oolock'', a clumsy Ganges boat. — [Y.]

1683.] DUTCH CHIEF OF CASSIMBAZAR AND HEDGES. 77
from Ballasore, advising that y9 Wm- and Jn°- [William and
John], Capt. Read, Coihander, an Interloper, had arrived in
y9 road bound for Hugly, they mett Mr- Edwd- Littleton on
y9 coast, who dispatched them downe hither.
This night we gott up near Santapore.
April 11. — We lay at Bogatcher, a very pleasant and
delightfull country : y9 Gemidar [i.e., the Zemindar] invited
us ashore, and shewed us store of Deer, Peacocks, &c, but
it was not our good fortune to get any of them.
April 12. — We got as high as Nuddia, in Cassumbazar
River, by 8 o'clock in ye morning, and lay y9 night at a
place called Goalparra. The river from this place upwards
towards Cassumbazar being full of shoals, our boatmen
advised to lye still till morning : ye wind blowing hard at
S.W. April 13. — By 2 oclock in y9 afternoon we got up to
Ullumpore [Qu. Allumpore ?].
April 14. — By 1 oclock in y9 afternoon we gott up to
Maula, about 3 cosses short of Cassumbazar : from whence I
went in a Palankeen by land, and arrived at y9 Factory at
Cassumbazar at 6 oclock in ye evening.
April 16 (Naylor accused). — I called a Consultation and
accused Mr- Naylour of trading with Interlopers, which
being proved by three letters under his own hand, he was
judged guilty by all present, his Person, Papers, and Goods
ordered to be seized, to see whether we could find farther
testimony against him, out of his owne books and writings.
April 17. — The Chief of y9 Dutch and his wife, second,
third, and fourth, gave me and my wife a Visitt, and according
to y8 usuall custome of these parts stayed ant supped with us.
Upon search and examination of such Papers of Mr.
Naylor's as we could find (the most material, together with
his mony and goods, having been conveyed out of y9 Factory
(without Mr- Charnock's knowledge, he pretends) some
days before my arrival) — he had bought 6 Bales of Silk this

78 A BLASPHEMER DISMISSED THE SERVICE. [1683.
year — I found that he, the said Mr- Naylor, had privately
sent away from hence 4 Bales of Silk to Mr- Beard by Mr-
Charnock's Dustick, for account of Mr- George Herron,
Master of the Sloop Goodhope of which Mr- Beard never
gave me the least intimation : nor did he acquaint me that
Capt. Dorrell had informed him of Capt. Pitts's correspondence
with Mr- Naylor, when I was at Dacca, till I showed him
Mr- Naylor's letters ; when Mr- Beard told me (in y9 presence
of Mr- Wm- Johnson) he was informed of Naylor's trading
with Interlopers 3 months since, but never gave me ye least
notice of it before.
Harding accused. — Upon information given me by most of
y9 Factory that James Harding, now entertained by Mr-
Charnock as his Servant, had formerly been dismissed y9
Hon. ComPy's Service for Blasphemy and Athisticall tenetts,
and that he was a person notoriously scandalous both in life and
conversation (George Pitman, a Throwster, offering to depose
that he saw Harding lye with Mr- Elliott's woman slave),
I ordered him not to eat at y9 Company's Table, and reproved
Mr- Charnock for entertaining so vitious a person ; to which
he gave me y9 hearing with little or no reply, resolving, I
suppose, to satisfie me for y9 present, and admit him again
as soon as I leave y9 Factory.
I was also informed of one Ununteram (ye same person
who slippered y9 Merchant who poisoned himselfe in ye time
of Mr- Vincent, which cost y9 Company a considerable
amount of mony), being employed by Mr- Charnock in all y9
Company's affaires ; which, Mr- Charnock positively denying,
I brought y9 said Ununteram to confesse and affirme he had
done all y9 business of concernment in ye Factory ever since
y9 first month after Mr- Charnock's coming to be Chief. So
little regard is to be given to what Mr- Charnock affirmes
upon any occasion, as will more evidently appear in y9
following relation.
Request being made on behalf of Mr- Naylor that he might

1683.] HEDGES' DISPUTE WITH CHARNOCK. 79
be admitted to walke and discourse with any in ye Factory,
Mr- Heron obliging he should not goe without y9 Gates, as
soon as he had his liberty he went immediately to Mr-
Charnock (then in y9 Hall), desiring him earnestly to take
notice of ye houre of his false imprisonment. I sent for Mr-
Charnock to know whether Naylor had said any such words
to him, which Mr- Charnock positively denied, with many
asseverations, till I was forced to call'Mr- Samuel Langley to
affirme them to his face, and caused him to recollect his
memory. April 19. — Received letters from Dacca by way of Hugly,
advising Mr- Hervy left Dacca y9 8th instant, and was upon
his way towards Maulda.
This day Bolchund sent a kinsman of his to compliment
me and bid me welcome to Cassumbazar, assuring me a kind
reception if I thought good to come and see him.
April 20. — I called a Consultation to peruse Mr- Naylor's
books and Papers. In his coppy book of letters began in
January last, was found a letter to Mr- John Beard of y"
16th of January last, intimating he had written a Gen11-
to me, &ca., in Hugly, and enclosed divers letters which
he, y9 said Naylor, had received from Mr- Pitts, which made
it appear he never traded with Interlopers ; but Naylor
being sent for and examined, he denied that ever he sent y9
said letter, declaring he burnt it : nor did he ever send y9
said letter to Mr- Beard, being purposely wrote to deceive
and delude us.
Upon farther perusall of Mr. Naylor's books, we found he
had lately bought several parcells of Silke of ye foUowing
dates :
1682. kup. AN.
Xber 5th, paid KamkisseD Cupperay, Acc'nt Silke . 1326 5
8ber llth, paid Kisnaram Perma on Acc'nt Silke . 1212 5 . 5
Xber 15th, paid Cheramdut on Acc'nt Silke . 1319 15
22nd, paid ditto on Acc'nt ditto . 290 2
January 2, paid Kisnaram Perma on Acc'nt Silke 286 11£

80 HARDING DISMISSED FOR ATHEISM. [1683.
Upon all which evidence John Naylor was dismissed y9
Honble Company's Service, and Ordered, if he will not oblige
to leave Cassumbazar and go to Hugly, and give security to
goe into England by y9 next shipping, all his goods and
papers in our possession should be kept for y9 Company's
use and our indemnity.
This day was presented a Petition of Allen Catchpoole,
John Threder, Samuel Langley, George Pitman, & George
Stone, complaining of one James Harding, a most turbulent,
violent-spirited fellow, in the following words, viz.:
Sheweth. That in y9 Factory of Cassumbazar there is one
James Harding, a person who was formerly dismist y9 Hon.
Compy's Service for Blasphemy and Athisticall tenetts, and
since he hath been here, hath evidenced himself to be a person
of a most unquiett turbulent spiritt, having all along been a
great disturber of y9 Peace and Quiett of y9 Factory, and
hath often bred differences amongst us : and for y9 future we
can hope no better from a Person of his irreligious and
scandalous principles ; he having lately been taken in Forni
cation with a slave wench of John Elliott's, as is attested
and ready to be deposed on oath by George Pittman, one of
your petitioners, and divers other misdemeanors ye said
James Harding hath committed. We do therefore humbly
request your WorsPful> &ca., to take ye Premises into con
sideration, and ease us of this inconveniency : and that this
our Petition may be entered into your Dyary. And your
Petition91,8 shall pray, &ca.
Allen Catchpoole George Pittman
John Threder George Stone.
Saml- Langley
April 21. — Mr- Catchpoole's, &ca., Petition was taken into
consideration, and after full examination, and hearing all
parties, James Harding was found Guilty of all that was
alledged in ye Petition, and ordered forthwith to be Dismist

1683.] complaints against charnock. 81
ye Honble Company's Factory : but Intercession being made
by Mr- Charnock for his continuance with him some time, to
help him draw out and transcribe his account, liberty was
given him, ye said Harding, to remain in ye Factory till ye
28th Instant.
April 22. —  Was Sunday.
April 23.—  I went to Muxadavad to visit Eay Bol-
chund, where I was received with all the respect that could
possibly be shown me : and after awhile, taking me alone
into a room, from Mr- Charnock and y rest of y9 company,
Bolchund began to profess y9 great respect and kindness he
had allways for me ; but that Mr- Charnock had been so
unjust and so unworthy in all his dealings with y9 people of
y9 country, that he had not forbore calling him to Justice,
and giving him trouble, but for my sake ; and in expecta
tion that I would come and doe them Justice myselfe,
declaring farther that till Mr- Charnock was turned out of
ye HonbIe Company's Service their business would never be
managed soe much to their advantage as otherwise it would:
Assuring me that he knew Charnock to be a great Theife,
not only to the Merchants and other natives of the country,
but to his Masters also : his constant practice being to exact
2 Eupees on y9 hundred from y9 Weavers for pricing their
Taffaties ; and to sell y" Company's goods : and buy light
money, 5, 6 and 7 per cent, worse than current, which these
poor fellows, rather than lose their present employment and
livelihood, .are forced to accept; which at last must of
necessity redound to y9 Company's prejudice : and if for
such faults as these, upon ye testimony of more than 100
Witnesses, I should not now dismiss him ye Compy's Service,
I must leave their affaires here in a most distracted condition ;
and thank myselfe for all miscarriages that may chance to
happen for y8 future.
To all which I returned Eay Bolchund my humble thanks ;
letting him know Mr- Charnock was an old servant of ye

82 FIRE AT CASSIMBAZAR. [1683.
Company, who had hitherto served to their good content ;
and without clear proof of his wronging y9 Company he
could not be displaced; but if all he said appeared to be
true, he should see I came hither to manifest my fidelity to
my Honble- Masters in y9 best manner I was able, without
favour or affection to any man. With which he seemed
satisfied : and so I took my leave and parted from him.
Eeturning home this evening to Cassumbazar, we were
informed a great part of ye Towne was burnt, with divers
houses in our Factory, which coming out of y9 towne we
found to be- true : most of y9 houses towards Muxadavad to
our Factory were quite destroyed. In y9 Factory were burnt
all ye Stables, Kitchen, Buttery, Throwster's rooms, with 5
Mills, besides divers other little thatched houses ; and had
not great diligence been used by Mr- Samuel Langley, y"
Silke and Taffaty warehouses had been burnt, ye Fire having
twice caught hold of ye Window, which was happily
quenched by him. What is burnt will be at least 2000
Eupees damage to y9 Company.
April 24. — This afternoon an Inventory was ordered to be
taken of all Mr- Naylor's goods, in his chamber, and in his
chests; which upon examination were found to be only a
little old trumpery, excepting one chest of Flint-Ware and
another of China Ware : all he had of any value, together
with his money, having been conveyed away 2 or 3 days before
my arrivall at Cassumbazar. Mr- Charnock pretending 'twas
all done without his knowledge, whereas y9 least Bundle of
another man's goods cannot be carried out of y9 Factory
without examination.
April 25. — We had a Consultation : Mr- Naylor entered
into Bond of 1000 Eupees to depart y9 Service of Cassum
bazar in 6 dayes ; to go to Hugly ; there to reside, and not
to return to Cassumbazar without licence first granted to him
by ye Agent and Councell at Hugly.
Upon examination of y9 Company's Books, and considera-

r683.] PECULATIONS AT CASSIMBAZAR. 83
tion of y8 great remains standing out in y9 Weavers' hands,
it was Ordered — That no more Imprest money, or Dadney,
should be given out to y9 Weavers ; but ye agreement should
be made with a select number of y9 ablest merchants, to be
bound for each other, in case of Mortallity, for all our
Taffaties, &c, as ye best expedient to prevent such bad debts
in future.
This day I received letters from Englesavad advising me
of Mr- Samuel Anthony's death on y8 23rd Instant, after
3 or 4 days sickness of a Feavour, occasioned by a Fistula
in Ano. God Almighty prepare us all for our latter
ends. April 26. — In y9 morning I wrote letters to Hugly and
Englesavad, and in ye afternoon returned a visitt to y9 Chief
of y8 Dutch Factory, who received and entertained us with
great kindness and respect.
April 27. — This morning Mr- William Prickman and his
Wife arrived from Hugly. They came to carry away all
their things, and to returne in a few dayes to Hugly, and
thence to Ballasore, where he is ordered to be Second of a
Factory. April 28. — This day a great number of Sdk Merchants
and Weavers made their complaints against Mr- Threder and
Mr- Barker ; that they, the said Threder and Barker, tooke
from them 4 or 5 tolas upon a Seer, over weight, on all their
Sdk brought into y8 Warehouse, besides one or two of ye
best Skeyns of Silk that was weighed, in every draught;
which, amounting to a very considerable summe of Mony,
they demanded satisfaction : Threder and Barker positively
denying y9 overweight, y9 Merchants proved it by their
books, but ye skeyne out of every draught was confest, and
claimed as their due, having been always the custom.
Proofs of overweight taken against them were as fol
loweth :

84 CHARGES AT CASSIMBAZAR AGAINST EUROPEANS. [1683.

Maniram Podar brought into ye Warehouse, viz. Maunds 29 23
Product when weighed off . . 27 9

Lost

2 14

Poncho Barrick brought into ye Warehouse in 9ber bund : 1
Maunds 88 11
Produced

Lost
Iu March bund : brought in
Produced Lost
In April bund : brought in 2 Parcells of
Produced Lost .

84 4

Maunds

98

9

5

91

27

6

22

5

Maunds

88

6

44

82
37
5
9
44
6
22
5
4
4
Lost in all by one man
Maunds 15 35 49
The like losses in proportion were proffered to be proved
by Eamchurne Podar, Benderabun Podar,2 and Chamoo-
bishwas, who produced their severall books for evidence.
May 1683.
Att a Consultation.
May 4. — Mr- John Threder and Mr- Eichard Barker being
conscious to themselves (as I conceive) of their owne guilt,
and fearing they should be dismist y8 Honb,e Company's
employment, before any business begun, desired to be
removed from this to some other Factory, pretending they
1 Obscure; but ''November bund", "March bund", etc., probably
means " according to abstract for November", etc. — Y.
'' Poddar is a weighman, a cash-keeper. — Y.
I683.] GREAT FIRE AT CASSIMBAZAR. CHARNOCK. 85
could not live with any content where there were so many
feuds and animosities, as at this place, amongst y9 Honble
Company's Servants;, which request of theirs was taken into
consideration, & Ordered, that they should be removed,
according to their respective degrees and stations, as occasion
offers. Mr- Allen Catchpoole,1 for y8 reasons aforesaid, desired also
to be removed, which was granted, and leave given him to
goe with me to Maulda, and from thence to Hugly.
May 6. — The Cazze,of Muxadavad and Cassumbazar sent
a kinsman of his with a present of fruite.
This morning Mr- Naylor and Mr- Elhott went to Hugly.
In y9 afternoon there hap'ned another great fire, which
destroyed a great number of houses at Cassumbazar.
I saw ye Taffaties and Atlasses2 in y8 warehouse, and gave
directions concerning their severall colours and stripes,
ordering Mr- Charnock to use his best endeavours to encrease
their quantity ; y9 Honble Company writing very earnestly
for ym this year ; which I fear he wdl not be able to per
form; by reason of y9 great prejudice y" Weavers generaUy
have received against him by taking 2 per cent, of them to
price their goods favorably ; and paying of them with hght
money as aforesaid, since his being Chief of Cassumbazar ;
If these Weavers should prove obstinate and. not work for
him, nor any of ye able merchants deal with him, as they
assured me they would not, y9 Company will be exceedingly
prejudiced by Mr- Charnock's ill management of their
business this year.
In Mr- Charnock's Custody I saw divers paternes of good
pieces of PruneUa and other sorts of Sdkes, as Black, Blew,
1 Catchpoole, many years later, was President of the English Factory
at Cbnsan, and, when that was broken up, Chief of a settlement
established on the Island of Pulo Condore, where he was massacred,
with other Englishmen, by their Macassar guard (1705), — Y.
2 Satins.

86 RAY NUNDELOLL'S DEATH. [1683.
Yellow, and Green Taffaties, most of them made by an
English Weaver, who lived not to make a whole piece of
Silke, but left y9 evident testimony behind him that excel
lent good Silkes, and consequently as great quantities as can
be desired, may be provided and sent home from this
country : as well as of raw Silke, to what number of bales
y9 Hon. Compy shall think fit to order ; if y9 chief of this
place will use his diligence. I conceive, if 3 or 4 Master
Weavers, and as many able Dyers, were sent out with 5 or
6 Boyes apiece to be their Apprentices, y9 trade of this place
might be improved, to y9 Company's great advantage ; or at
least if y9 said Master Weavers and Dyers were but obliged
for one or two years to instruct y9 Natives.
May 9. — About 5 o'clock this afternoon I departed from
Cassumbazar, with designe (God Willing) to visitt y9 factory
at Englesavad; and lay this night about halfe way to Muxa-
davad. May 10. — This morning early we arrived in Muxadavad,
and understanding that Eay NundeloU was brought thither
very sick, I gave him a Visitt ; who exprest much joy to see
me, and desiring me to give him something that I thought
might be good for his distemper, I gave him a small Vyall
of Balme of Gilead, for which he was exceedingly thankfull,
and desiring James Price to take a dose of it, in ye Ganges
water, which he did in his presence. The ceremony used by
these Gentu's in their sicknesse is very strange ; they bring
y9 sick person (as they did this Eay NundeloU) to y9 brinke
of y9 Eiver Ganges, on a Cott, under a small Tent ; 2 men
were constantly employed in holding and moistening his
hands with water, a 3rd man dropt water, and stroaked it on
his breast ; and a 4th did ye like on his belly. I left him in
weake condition, spitting great gobbetts of bloud.
In y9 afternoon I visited Bolchund, by whom I was
courteously entertained.
This evening I left Muxadavad, and just as I passed by

1683.] charnock's frauds, englesavad affairs. 87
Eay Nundeloll's Tent, 1 saw him lye halfe way in y9 Water,
and that very moment he died. Order was immediately
given to make preparation for his being burnt, and about 2
houres after we saw a great fire at Muxadavad, which we
concluded to be his burning.
May 11. — We lay near y9 mouth of ye Great Eiver.
This night I despatched away James Price to Dacca, with
divers Persian letters to ye Nabob ; to Abdell Suma, y9
Nabob's Duan ; to Cassidas, Eay Nundeloll's "Peisdust" ;l
to Emir Pussick, y9 Nabob's Master of y" Ceremonies ; to
Boremull ; to Codabux Chawn ; to Mierza Mazuffer ; to
Gollobray ;2 & to Permanun, &c.
May 12. — About 6 in y9 morning we got into y9 great
Eiver, and by 9 we entered ye Eiver that leads to Maulda ;
and on y9 way discoursing with Mr- Catchpoole, he told me
that once every 2 or 3 yeares Mr- Charnock was wont to
pare away y9 inside of y9 Salt Petre Warehouse at Patana,
and to Mr- Catchpoole's certain knowledge, one year Mr-
Charnock sold 700 Maunds, which proved so good earth that
it produced 500 maunds of Salt Petre.
This night we lay at Buglagotte, a place where Shaw Susa
[i.e., Shuja'] fought a great battle with his brother, y9
present Emperour Aureng Zeeb.3
May 13. — In y" afternoon we arrived (God be Praised) in
safety at y9 Hon. Comp. Factory at Englesavad.
May 14. — In y9 morning Mr. Hervy arrived at Engles
avad.* May 15. — We had a Consultation, wherein were read all
ye Hon. Comp. letters per y9 Prudent Mary, who arrived in
1 Pesh-dast (Pers.), "an assistant"; properly, "surpassing, ex
celling".— Y.
2 I.e., GdUb Rii.
3 Probably in 1659 (see Elliot's Historians, vii, 250). Aurangzib
was not present. — Y.
* See note at p. 71.

88 ruins of gour. return to hooghly. [1683.
Ballasore y9 20th ultmo, and confirmed Mr- Harvy in his
Chiefship of Englesavad. Mr. Sam1- Anthony, 2nd of this
Factory, being lately dead, my Nephew,' Bob'- Hedges,
was appointed 2nd in his place, and ordered to supply y°
place of 3 rd also, till further directions from y9 Councell at
Hugly. This day I examined y9 remains in y9 Weavers' hands,
which, when y9 Society went away, was 43,000 rup.
and upwards ; of which above 10,000 rup. are brought
in, and [I] have hopes y9 greatest part of ye debt will be re
covered. However, for all good respects it was ordered that
no more money for goods should be given out to any Weaver
who had not paid for his " Eemains " ; and able Merchants
taken in their places, who proffered themselves to deal with
us for ad our Investment : and their names were entered
accordingly for that purpose.
May 16. — I went to see y9 famous Euins of a great Citty
and Pallace of Gowre:1 'tis about 12 mdes distant from y9
English Factory towards Cassumbazar. We sett out at 5
oclock in ye morning, and gott to y9 place by a quarter past
8. We spent 3£ hours in seeing y9 ruines, especiaUy of y9
Pallace, which has been (as appears by y9 gates of it yet
standing), in my judgement, considerably bigger and
more beautifull than the Grand Seignor's Seraglio at
Constantinople, or any other Pallace that I have seen in
Europe. The Building was chiefly of Brick; the arches of the Gates
and many other places were of black marble, and other black
hard stones to supply ye want of it, which is exceeding rare
and difficult to procure in this kingdome, there being not so
much as one stone so big as a man's fist to be seen in this
country nearer than Eajamaul. At 12 o'clock we repaired
1 Gour. For its present state see Gaur, by J. H. Ravenshaw,
B.C.S., 1878 ; and General Cunningham, in Archseol. Survey, vol. xv, pp.
39-76.— Y.

1683.] ILLICIT TRADING WITH INTERLOPERS. 89
to a garden within a mile of the Euins, where we reposed
ourselves and Servants till 5 at night, and then returned to
y9 Factory, extremely well satisfied with our diversion. We
were in all, besides myselfe and wife, Mr- Sam11- Hervy, Mr-
Joseph Dodd, Mr- Wm- Johnson, my Nephew, Eobert Hedges,
Mr- Wm- Eushworth, and Mr- Wm- Jolland.
May 17. — Between 9 and 10 oclock at night I left y9
Factory of Englesavad, and proceeded towards Hugly,
having been visited and accompanyed aboard y9 Budgero by
y9 Dutch chief, his second, and another young man of
their Factory at Maulda.
May 19. — We lay at Colcapore.
May 20. — It blew so very fresh at South that we were
forced to track our boat till 4 in the Afternoon, when we saw
a great black cloud arise out of y8 North with much lightning
and thunder, which made our Mangee or Steerman advise
us to fasten our boat in some Creeke, which we did in y8
next we came to, and no sooner fixed than a most violent
gust of wind and rain mett us, which lasted but £ of an
hour, and then y9 wind came about at South. The night
continuing very darke, we lay still tdl towards morning, and
then made ye best of our way.
May 21. — We lay at a place called Eevi, under Wooderay
y9 Gemidar.1
May 23. — At 7 this morning we gott to ye Enghsh Garden.
About 8 Mr- Beard and y9 greatest part of y9 Enghsh mett
us. At 11 we got to the Factory, all in good health, for
which mercy ye Lord make us thankfull.
May 24. — Upon my return to Hugly, I was informed that
Mr- Beard and Mr- Wilham Prickman had each of them
bought pairts in a Ship and Cargoe with Mr- Douglas, and
sent her to y8 Maldivas for Cowries, which has much
countenanced Interlopers. Besides, Mr- Beard knew of Mr-
Dowglass's lading a parcell of Sapan wood out of a Ship of
1 I.e., Zemindar. — Y.

90 DEALINGS WITH INTERLOPERS. [1683.
his that came from Syam, on board of y9 Interloper Pink,
one of Pitts Vessels (being told it by Capt. Eaynes when I
was at Ballasore), and took not y9 least notice, nor informed
me of it, till I was told it by Capt. Eaynes in like manner.
How this and such like actions will be resented in England,
Time must discover.
Capt. Lake, of y8 Prudent Mary, is an intimate friend of
Mr- Beard, and by his example a great favourer of y8 Inter
lopers ; he has lately traded with Mr- Nedham for a consid
erable parcell of goods, which I am assured is true : y8 mony
being paid to him, for y8 Captain, by'Mr- Catchpoole, who
told me of it. I am the rather induced to believe it true,
in regard Mr- James Watson farther informed me that he
heard Capt. Lake declare " if he did not like y8 Company's
employment this voyage he would turne Interloper y9
next". Att a Consultation.
After reading y9 Honble Compy" letters per ye Prudent
Mary, all y8 Treasure on said ship was ordered to be forth
with sent to y9 Mint to be Coyned.
Ordered Mr- Lyttleton, Mr- Nedham, and Mr- Dowglass
to be sent to meet at y9 Councell Chamber at 4 in ye
Afternoon. Ordered that Mr- James Watson be sent to Cassumbazar
according to y8 Honorable Company's Orders.
Ordered Mr- Charles Cudworth, third of Maulda; Mr-
Joseph Safford, assistant to Mr- Beard in y9 accountants
office ; Mr- Charles Sydenham be sent to Cassumbazar, under
Mr- Charnock ; and that George Stone come from thence in
his place ; and like-wise that a message be sent to Mr- Francis
Ellis to bid him depart y9 Factory.
Mr- Ellis was this morning ordered to leave ye Factory ;
who about 4 in ye Afternoon sent a message to me and
Councell to have an order under our hands for his

1683.] OCCURRENCES AT HOOGHLY. 91
departure, which was immediately granted in these following
words :
Mr- Francis Ellis,
You having been dismist y9 Honble Compy'8 Service for
your Infidelity, you are therefore hereby required on
Monday y9 28th Instant to take all your goods out, and
leave their Factory, for better accommodation of your
Successor.
WM- Hedges Wm- Johnson
John Beard Eichd- Frenchfeild.
Joseph Dodd
May 28. — About 9 this morning Mr- Littleton, Mr- Nedham,
& Mr- Douglass came to y9 factory, and being sent for, were
asked " Whether they did now, or ever intended, directly or
indirectly, to trade with any Interlopers that shall arrive in
the Bay of Bengali ?"
Mr- Littleton answered, that " he did not, nor ever intended
to trade with any Interloper".
Mr- Nedham answered, "that at present he did not, but
that he came out to gett money, and if any such offer should
happen, he would not refuse it".
Mr- Douglas answered, he did not, nor ever intended to
trade with them : but said " what Estate he should gett here
he would not scruple to send it home upon any Interloper".
And having given their respective answers they were dismist.
In y9 Evening, Mr- Ellis, according to y9 foregoing order,
left the Factory.
May 29 (Death of Mrs. Richards). — Eeceived a Gen11- from
Mr- Byam of 22nd Inst, advising y9 death of Mra- Eichards on
ye 20th ditto [see under page March 21].
About 4 in y8 Evening Mr- Wm- Prickman, with his family,
took their passage on y8 Sloop Lilly for Ballasore ; with whom
Mr- John Naylor likewise proceeded, having promised not to
trade with Interlopers.

92 at hooghly. [1683.
Late at night came into y8 Factory a Sergeant and 2 Soul
diers, who came from Fort St. George on a small vessel of y9
Honble Company's called y9 Conumeer, who ran aground in
the Eiver Ganges. They advise that 3 of their Comrades
went ashore for fresh water about Pipley, but came not off
again, and are not yet heard of : y8 rest of them intended to
leave the Sloop, and come overland to Hugly.
May 30. — Ordered- Mr- Francis Davenport to goe and
find out ye Sloop Conumeer, and Pilote her up to Hooghly.
June 1683.
June 4. — The Sloop Conumeer, on board of whom the
Souldiers came from Madrass, being found out by Mr- Daven
port, her Pilote, arrived before y8 factory.
June 5. — Eeceived a Gen11- from Ballasore dated y9 28th
ult0- advising the three Souldiers reported to have gone ashore
at Pipley for fresh Water, &c, were put ashore at Point Pal-
meras, and arrived in their Factory.
June 6. — Eeceived a Gen11- from Dacca of ye 3 0th past, advising
that Gollob Eay, a merchant there, and our security to y9
Nabob and King's Duan, on whome they had a Bill of
Exchange for Eupees 10,000, refused payment, saying he was
to demand more of us, Eupees 23,900.
Att a Consultation.
June 7. — Having received advices from our Vaqueel at Dacca
that Gollob Eay had promised y9 Nabob 30,000 rupees more
than the former agreement, if a Phirmaund should be procured
to excuse us from payment of Custome. In consideration that
it is now done, and all y9 Honble Compy8 concerns likely to
returne to y9 same or worser disorder and confusion than they
were in y9 last year, It was Ordered — That the promise of
Gollob Eays be complied with ; provided we may have a Phir
maund immediately to lett our business pass freely in all

1683.] APPOINTMENTS and complaints. 93
places, and that Mr. Pownsett become obliged for y9 Payment
of y9 30,000 Eup. upon dehvery of y8 Phirmaund.
Att a Consultation.
June 9. — Ordered Mr- Joseph Dod, Chief; Mr- Samuel
Meverell, Second; and Mr- James Sowdon, Third of Pat-
tana Factory; and that Mr- Dodd and Mr- Sowden proceed
thither with all convenient speed.
Att a Consultation.
June 11. — Mr- John Threder and Mr. Eichard Barker
having formerly made an address to be removed from Cassum
bazar Factory to some other, by reason of y9 Contentions and
Animosityes among .them in that place, affirming that they
believed they should live much quieter in some other Factory,
their requests were this day confirmed, with a promise that
they should be employed in y9 first vacancy that happens in
any other Factory, according to their respective degrees and
standings ; and it is ordered, that in place of Mr- Threder
Mr- Wm- Eushworth succeed as Warehouse keeper, and
that Mr- John Hains be assistant to Mr- Eushworth.
Att a Consultation.
June 14. — Mr- Byam having often desired in his letters
that a Third might be ordered to Ballasore Factory : it was
thought fitt that Mr- Henry Stanly be appointed Third, and
that Mr- Leonard Bray be sent thither to assist in
Copying. Ordered Mr- Wm- Johnson, third of this Factory, and that
he forthwith take y8 charge of y8 Warehouse of Mr. Dodd ;
and Nath. Letten to be Secretary in y9 place of Mr. Eush
worth. Ordered — That y9 Councell of Cassumbazar consist of Mr-
Job Charnock, Chief; Mr- Jeremiah Peachie, Second; and

94

AT hooghly.

[1683.

Mr- Willm- Eushworth, Third ; and that no other act as of
Councell there.
June 16. — In y9 Evening, Mr- Perks, Supracargoe of y8
William & John; Capt. Eead, Commander; and ye Chy-
rurgion, Mr- Waldo, arrived in Hughly — Interlopers.

Att a Consultation.
June 20. — Muttradas, Eoganaut, & Eamnarrain made com
plaint that Mr- Ellis had detained several sums of money
and goods from them, which they pretended to have given
him to pass their goods by this last shipping : and gave in ye
particulars, viz. : RUPEES. REB.
Muttradas paid him, in ready money . . . 600
do. In Romalls & Hummums, at severall times . 700
Together . . 1300
Rogonaut paid him in pieces, 8/8, l 500, valued at . 101.0
10 Pieces of Mulmulls . . . .92
4 Pieces of Garrah . . . .6
2 Pieces of Mulmulls . . . .26
2 Pieces of Mulmulls . . . .20
1 Piece of Mulmull, 13 . . . .18
1 Piece of Raiglins, 8 . . .8
Ramnarain, Jany. 15th, paid in cash
do. 21st
20 yards of Charkonnas
1 Piece of Mulmull
3 Pieces Dooreas
2 Pieces Lunglia [Lungi f] 2

 1175
100
. 800
. 130 13
. 18 4
 1055
3530
Mr- Ellis appeared, and denyed yc greatest part of their
demands, only confessing he had received y9 500 pieces of
1 Pieces 8/8, i.e., dollars.
2 llomals, Humhums, Mulmuls, Garrdhs, Charconnas, Doreas, Loonghees,
all continued in the lists of Bengal piece-goods as long as the trade lasted.
Raiglins is probably an error. Raings, a kind of muslin, are in Milburn's
lists.— Y.

1683.] AT HOOGHLY. 95
8/8, and some pieces of cloath, affirming likewise that he
had paid Eogonaut Eupees 1000 in part of payment for ye
Dollers. At last, after a long debate, y° Merchants agreed
that, Mr- Ellis swearing to every particular, what he denyed
they would clear him of ; which being declared to Mr- Ellis,
he desired time to consider of it — till ye next morning.
June 22. — We hear that y9 Governor hath invited y"
Interlopers up to this place, & for their better accommo
dation hath furnished them with an House near y9 Dutch
Factory. Having advice by a Dutch Sloop that arrived this morning
from Ballasore, that 2 English Ships were arrived there, the
Ketches were immediately dispatched to bring up what
treasure they have on board.
June 23.— Mr; Wm- Eushworth, Mr- James Watson, Mr-
Charles Cudworth, Mr- John Haynes. & Mr- Charles Syden
ham departed hence to their places in y9 several Factories
allotted them by consultation.
June 24. — By Mr- Naylor, who arrived this morning from
Ballasore upon a Dutch Sloop, I had information of y9 Lilly's
being cast away on Ballasore Bar, as also that y8 2 ships in
Ballasore Eoad were Surrat Ships from ye Maldivia Islands,
with Cowries, &c.

Att a Consultation.
June 25. — Letters from Mr- Charles Cross and James
Price, our Vaqueel at Dacca, were read, advising of ye
Nabob's refusing to write to ye King a second time in our
behalfe, for a Phirmaund for non-payment of Custome, for
reasons unknown to them. Whereupon it was ordered to be
written by me in Persian to y9 Nabob.
Ordered Mr- Francis Ellis be sent to, to meet at y9
Councell Chamber at 9 of y9 clock y8 next morning, to
answer y9 demands made on him by y9 Merchants.

96 affairs at hooghly. [1683.
Att a Consultation.
June 26. — Mr- Ellis appearing before y9 CounceU, was in
formed that y9 Merchants, upon taking his Oath of what
money he saith he hath paid them, and what received of
them, were contented to remit their demands, it being a
business without which there can be no determination, there
being only his Yea, and their Nay, Eefused to take his Oath,
unless there might be a recompence made him by ye Mer
chants for y9 loss of his Employment, and ye Damage he has
otherwise sustained; and it being farther desired that he
show his books of account, where y9 payments and receipts
are written, he pretended that he could not come at them at
that time.
A letter written by my Order in Persian to y9 Nabob was
read, approved of, and agreed to be sent.
July 1683.
July 1. — The Ship Britania, belonging to Mr- Dowglass, &ca.,
from y8 Maldiva Islands, arrived before ye Factory, bringing
advice of y9 Charles (a Ship belonging to y9 Honble Company)
arrivall there : and that at their first going ashore, their
first salutation from y9 Natives was a shower of Stones and
Arrows, whereby 6 of their Men were wounded, which made
them immediately return on board, and by y9 Mouths of
their Guns forced them to a complyance, and permission to
load what Cowries they would at Markett Price : so that in
a few dayes time they sett sayle from thence for Surrat,
with above 60 Tunn of Cowryes.
Att a Consultation.
July 2. — A particular letter from y9 President of Surratt
to myselfe was showed to y9 Councell : wherein was
intimated that one Thomas Haggerston, taken by y9 said
President into his Service, was run away with a con
siderable quantity of Gold and Pearle, to y9 amount of above

1683.] appointments at cassimbazar and malda. 97
50,000 Eupees, intrusted to him at Bussera and Cong,1
to bring to Surrat, to save Freight and Custom. Desiring
me, if he should chance to arrive at Bengala, to seize
on his person and estate, and to send him to Surratt on y9
first ship ; the President being likely to come to trouble
about him. And being informed' that y8 said Haggerston was
arrived at Ballasore, in a ship belonging to one Mr- Burton,
'twas thought convenient , that advice and order be imme
diately given to Mr- Byam, &ca., at Ballasore to seize upon
him ; and fearing that Burton may be in the Conspiracy, 'twas
Ordered, " That an Eye be kept over him, that if he should
absent himselfe he may be seized on likewise".
July 8. — Eeceived a Gen11- from Ballasore advising y9 death
of Mr- John Byam, and y9 arrivall of three English Ships in
that Eoad y9 3rd Instnt-, viz., y9 Herbert, y9 Henry William,
and y9 Hare. Att a Consultation.
July 9. — Copy of y9 Compy'8 gen11- letter per ye Herbert
(received by y9 Hare), dated y9 15th November 1682, was
read: which by a positive order has made Mr- Eichard
Barker, Second; Mr- Charles Cudworth, Third; and Mr- James
Watson, Fourth of Councell in Cassumbazar ; which was con
firmed accordingly.
The Trust and business of the Mint being very great, and
having advice of Mr- James Smith's death, it was taken into
consideration to send a person to take charge of y9 same,
which Mr- Hill, and my Nephew Hedges, Second of Maulda,
which is near Eajamaul, being a person very fitt for such an
employment, was made Chief of that place, and ordered to
continue his Secondship of Maulda, and repair thither when
1 Cong, or Congo-bender (Kunk-bandar), formerly a flourishing port
on the N. shore of the Persian Gulf, about 100 miles W. of Bandar-
'Abbas. It was a mart for pearls (see Fryer's Travels into Persia,
ch. x).— Y.

98 VARIOUS ORDERS OF COUNCIL. [1683.
occasion permitts to look after y9 Books, and to have one to
assist him in keeping ye same.
Ordered likewise, That a writer be sent to copy out ye
accounts of Eajamaul ; and that conveniencies be hired for
their habitation, or that they repair the house they now hve
in, fitt to accommodate y9 Compy8 Servants ; and keep y9
Dust and Lead in y9 Mintage.
July 11. — By order of Consultation, Permessuradass, our
Chief Customer [Comptroller of Customs], was presented with
Eup. 1500 Sicca, and to ye value of 500 r. more in Broad
Cloath, and 300 Es. more distributed among his officers, for
his Civility in passing our Tallicas,1 or Bills of Entry for Cus
tomes. July 15. — Y9 two Ships, y9 Henry and William and y9
Hare, — arrived before y9 Factory.
Eeceived a letter from Capt. Brenock, Commander of ye
Ship Kent, dated y9 9th Inst., advising of said Ship's arrival
in Balasore Eoad from Tywan and Batavia, and that they
had severall goods on board, on account of y9 Honble Compy
and fearing she may want repairs, having been 2 years out of
England, and never out of ye Water, desires orders either for
her coming up to this place, or going into Ballasore Eiver,
thinking it dangerous for her (being but a small Ship) to ride
out y9 Monsoon there.
July 16. — Wrote to Patana, ordering them to buy up all y9
Salt Petre they can, to hinder y9 Interlopers from having
any and all other goods procureable at that place.
July 18. — Eeceived letters from Dacca, of y9 7th and 11th
Inst., advising that James Price (though with much difficulty)
had at last prevailed with the Nabob to write to y9 King's
Vizer in our behalf, in favor of nonpayment of Custome
(coppy of wh- letter is hereafter written), and that he hopes
to procure Phirwannas to let our Goods pass on our Tallicas,
as they did last year. Gollobray demands of us a large sum
1 Ta'lika (Ar.), an inventory or invoice. — Y.

1683.] LETTER ON ENGLISH EXEMPTION FROM CUSTOMS. 99
of mony to be deposited in his hands, to continue our
security for this following Year, saying that he was our Security
till y" time of 7 Months was expired (for which he had
Eup. 20,000 in his hands) ; which time being long since at
an end, and above 18,000 Eup. due upon our Tallicas, given
till he had a greater sum in his hands, he could not procure
us any Phirwanna. They also sent Coppy of y9 Duan's Phir-
wanna to Bulchund, to demand Custome of us for aU our last
year's goods ; and if we deny it, to send our TaUicas thither,
where he will demand it of our Security. James Price desires
that when they demand said Custome of us, we lett them
send up our Tallicas ; and when y9 Duan demands it of our
Security, he hopes, by y* Nabob's means, to get it delayed
till y9 King has returned his Answer to y9 Nabob's letter.
Nabob Shauste Cawn's letter to y9Visier in our favour for
procury of a Phirmaund1 on our paying 3000 rup. yearly
Piscash. In English, viz. :
" Your particular letter and Husbull Hookum2 which you
favored me with concerning y9 business of ye English, I
1 Phirmaund, Firmaun, etc., i.e. (Pers.) f arman, a mandate. Stewart,
in the Appendix to his History of Bengal (4to., Lond., 1813), gives the
following report from Surat to the East India Company at home, but
not the text of the Firman :
Extract of a letter from William Methwold, Surat, dated February
21st, 1633.
" The 2nd Present, we received from Agra the King's Firmand [Shah
Jehan's], which gives liberty of trade unto us in his whole Country of
Bengala, but restrains our Shipping only unto the Port of Piply : which
Firmand was sent unto us by a servant of our own which was dispeeded
unto Agra."
By the Neshaun [Nishdri], or letters patent, of Sultan Shauh Shujaes
[i.e., Shih Shuji' Nawab of Bengal, second son of Shah Jehan] , dated a.h.
1066 (a.d. 1656), in the twenty-eighth year of Shah Jehan's reign, a notice
is given to "All Governors, Farmers of Rents and of Customs, Captains,
Watchmen, &c, that the English Company's Goods are, by the Great

2 Properly (Ar.) Hasb-ul-hukm, 'according to order', the initial formula
of a document issued on royal authority ; thence the order itself. — Y.

100 LETTER ON ENGLISH [1683.
received in good time : which, in comnlyance to y9 King's
orders, was to this effect :
" ' Understand what Custome y9 English paid formerly, and
Emperor's Letters, Custom Free over all his Empire"; and an order
was issued " that the Factory of the English Company be no more
troubled with demands of Custom for goods imported or exported";
th^t "They were not to be molested about anchorage dues; and that
where ever they have order to build Factories or Warehouses, they be
not hindered, but forwarded." In fact, if this Nish&n is correctly trans
lated, it granted the most perfect freedom of trade.
Again, in June 1672 (a.h. 1083), the Nawab Shaista Khan of Bengal
and Orissa confirmed these privileges, and granted distinct freedom to
boats, ships, and goods from "Ballasore to Hughly, Cossimbazar, or
Patana" — "Customs Free, without any demands whatsoever" — saltpetre
included, which was then much in demand at home. The Emperor
Aurungzebe had then been fourteen years on the throne. But the
English complained that great exactions were, nevertheless, claimed
from them, and that, instead of an annual present of 3000 rupees, they
were " taxed like Hindoos",
In a.d. 1680 (a.h. 1091), a new Firman came out : " In the name of
God, Amen. To all present and future rulers in Surat that remain in
hopes of the Emperor's favor :
"Be it known, that at this happy time it is agreed, of the English
Nation, besides their usual custom of 2 per cent, for their goods, more
1£ Jezia, or poll money, shall be taken.
" Wherefore it is commanded, That in ihe said place, from the first
day of Shuvaal, in the 23rd year of our reign, of the said People, 3 and
a half per cent, of all their goods, on account of Custom and Poll-money,
be taken for the future. And at all other places, upon this account, let
no one molest them for custom, rawdarree, peashcus, phirmaish, and
other matters by the Emperor's Court forbidden, nor make any de
mands in these particulars. Observe. Written on the 23rd day of the
month Suffer, in the year 23."
Stewart gives (p. 540) various translations of the (Persian) Firm&ns
subsequently granted, and all of them apparently of a very liberal
character; but regarding the last Firman over leaf, about which many
disputes took place at the sentence "And at all other places", I can hardly
wonder at it being misread, if, as I understand, the flowing Persian of
the period was written without stops of any kind, and if the "Armenian"
or other foreign translators (none of the Company's servants at that
time understanding Persian) inserted stops at their own discretion in
the Enghsh.
Ex. Gr. The original FirmiLn may simply have meant that at Surat,

I683.] EXEMPTION FROM CUSTOMS. 101
compare ye difference between that and our last order for
taking Custome, and Jidgea.1 If they pay no more than they
did formerly, they complain without occasion ; if more, write
what it is, and there shall be an abatement.'
" In answer whereto I reply, formerly they paid only 3000
rup. yearly Piscash, in Hugly, and never any thing on account
of Custome ; and now, by what y9 King orders and demands,
'twill amount to much more this season. They complain, and
not without a cause ; they having a Phirmaund, and Hodgee
Sophee Caun's Perwannas thereon, in their hands, which
cleared them thereof, and to pay Custome now they will not
consent, but will rather withdraw their trading. Wherefore
their desire is that for 3000 rup. Piscash (as they paid
formerly in Hugly), and 2000 r. more yearly on account of
Jidgea, which they are willing to pay, they may on that con
dition have a grant to be Custome Free ; goe on chearfully
and quietly with their Merchandize, and warme their Heads
with their Trade. For y9 Commodities they buy in this Coun
try and Export, the Custom is paid by y9 Seller ; for ye goods
they Import, the Custom is paid by y9 Buyer; and for ye Silver
and: Gold they bring out of their Country, they pay 3^ per
cent. Coynage at y9 Mint ; soe that no Custom is lost to the
King hereby. Pray acquaint y8 King hereof, and according
as he orders returne an answer."
July 20. — Sent letters to Dacca, ordering them that if
James Price assures them he has made an agreement with y8
and at all other places, 3£ per cent, was to be charged for cuBtoms and
poll money for the future, and nothing more.
But if the translator put a full stop, improperly, after the words " be
taken for the future", and made the next sentence a fresh one, " And at
all other places, upon this account", he misled the Company to believe
that the 3£ per cent, gross was to be charged only at Surat, and that
merchandize was to he free " at all other places" \n the Emperor's domin
ions—a widely different matter. — R. F. B.
Mr. Hedges came out to take office in Bengal just when the difficulty
appears to have become troublesome.
1 (Ar.) Jizya; the poll-tax which Moslem law imposes on the non^
Moslem.— Y.

102 MISDEMEANOURS AT CASSIMFAZAR. [1683.
Nabob for his writing a second time in our favor to y9 King,
to give him 5000 rupees in his hand for himself and his
officers, and to pay y9 said sum to whomsoever James Price
shall direct. And also that they become obliged to Gollobray
or any other person for payment of 25,000 rup. more, upon
receipt of a Phirmand from y9 King to excuse us from Custome.
I had some discourse with Mr- James Harding, who being
in hopes of admission1 into y9 Company's Service, confessed
to me very freely that all y9 accusations laid against Mr-
Thredder, concerning y9 great gains and advantage he makes
by overweight of Silke, was certainly true, and often com
plained of by y8 Merchants to Mr- Charnock, who alwayes
past it by, and took no notice of it.
Mr- Harding farther informed him, that y9 relation given
me at Cassumbazar of y9 5 bales of silke proffered to be sould
to y9 Company (which was produced, of over weight of sdke
gained from y9 Merchants) was certainly true, and complained
of to Mr- Charnock, who at first seemed concerned, but soon
passed it over. That he was not so confident or well
assured of Mr- Barker's infidelity as he was of Mr- Threder's,
but this much he knew, that all the business of the Ware
house was done and performed by Mr- Barker, and that he
had heard there was a certain agreement between Threder
and Barker, the latter being to receive a certaine sum in lieu
of all profits ; and was confident that Barker was no such fool
as to hold his tongue without a considerable advantage.
Continuing my discourse with y9 said Mr- Harding, I
desired to know ye reason why Mr- Charnock was so cross to
me, & thwarting every thing I proposed or did for y9 HonbIe
Compy'8 service ? who replyed, " Mr- Charnock had no other
reason for his Soe doing, but that he looked upon himself as
disobliged by you at your first arrivall, for not turning out
Mr- Catchpoole at his request, and was thereupon resolved to
blast and frustrate all your actions & proceedings as much as
1 Re-admission (see April 21st).

1683.] MORE NEGOTIATIONS ABOUT CUSTOMS. 103
he could, and never to councell or assist you more as long as
he lived."
July 25. — Eeceived letters from Dacca, viz., one from y9
Nabob, advising that he had wrote to y9 King a second time
in our behalfe about our Customes, and hoped to recieve an
answer according to our desires.
Another from y9 Chief and Councell, advising that y9 King's
Duan could not be brought to lett our Tallicas pass — till y9
King's answer to y9 Nabob's letter be received — without
payment of y9 last year's custome.
And another from Gollobray, intimating that he had
not received ye 5000 rup. ordered to be paid him by Mr-
Pownsett ; nor ye obligation for ye 25,000 rup. more, on
receipt of a Phirmaund Custome free.
July 26. — Dispeeded letters for Dacca, ordering them
that if they had not paid y9 5000 ru. promised y9 Nabob,
upon his writing a second letter to y9 King, and obliged
themselves for payment of 25,000 ru. more, upon receipt of a
Phirmaund to pass our goods custome free, they should forbear
doing either of them, having agreed with Gollobray to pay
y9 5000 ru. here, and that I would become obliged for y9
payment of y9 other 25,000 ru. more, upon receipt of y9
Phirmaund. And desired them to use their utmost endeavors
to persuade y9 King's Duan not to demand Custome of us
till y9 King returns his answer to y9 Nabob's letter.
July 27. — Eeceived advices from Dacca, dated ye 1 9th inst.,
that y9 King's Duan had demanded of them 8000 Eupees on
account of remains of last year's Tallicas (Bulchund having
formerly received 10,000), ordering his Peasdast to see it
suddenly paid in to y9 King's Cuzzanna •} where upon y9
Chief went to y9 Duan's (to see if the presence of an English
man would availe any thing), intending to desire him to stay
till they had answere from hence (whither they had written)
about this business ; or to prevaile with him not to force it
1 Peshdast, see note, p. 87; "Cuzzanna" for khazdna, ' treasury'.

104 DEATHS AND OTHER INCIDENTS. [1683.
from us there, but to send our Tallicas to Bulchund, that he
might demand it of us here, where y9 said Tallica was taken.
But when he came to y8 Duan's, and had sent to let him
know that he was there to waite on him, answer was returned
him that if he came about the above mentioned Business,
" he might goe from whence he came" : & could by no means
get admittance, so was forced to returne home with his busi
ness uneffected.
July 28. — This day my Servant, Samuel Pressey, departed
this life, after 6 or 7 days continued Flux and Fever : and
this day it pleased God to visit me with a Fever.
July 29. — Eeceived Advices from Fort St. George, dated
30th ult., of y9 New London's arrivall there, with 3 Inter
lopers, viz., Alley in y9 Dumbly Castle, Smith in ye Con
stantinople Merchant, and Aubany in y9 [ ], which
last passed by towards y9 Northward. All of them designe
to doe what they can upon y9 Coast, and afterwards come
downe hither. August 1683.
August 1. — Letters from Cassumbazar advise ye death of
Mr- William Eushworth on y9 28th unt0- after 6 dayes sick
ness, of a continuall fever.
August 7. — This day it pleased God to free me of my fever,
which has continued on me these 10 days.
August 8,-rrEeceived a Gen11- from Dacca of 25th ult0- advis
ing that notwithstanding their great care and pains about a*
Phirmaund to cigar our business at Eajamaul Mint, y9 King's
Duan remains obstinate, saying he will not alter what was
done by his Predecessor ; which they understand was to pay
4 per cent. Also that James Price had told them, that for
all his owne pleadings with y9 King's Duan, and divers others
who spoke in our behalfe (nay, ye very Nabob himselfe), he
could not prevail with him to stay for Custome, till answer
to what y9 Nabob wrote concerning us to y° King was

1683.] ANNOYANCE FROM MR. CHARNOCK. 105
received ; but has sent his Phirwanna to Bulchund, to demand
it of us here.
August 22. — Mr- Eichard More, one that came out a Writer
on y9 Herbert, left this world for a better. Y9 Lord prepare
us all to follow him ! Eeceived a letter from my Nephew,
Eobert Hedges, at Eajamaul, dated 10th inst., advising his
arrivall there, and entering upon his charge.
August 24. — Wrote to Cassumbazar, ordering them to take
up what money they can procure at Interest, till such time
as they can be supplyed from y9 Mint : that they may be
going on with their Investment, and that they be sending
downe their goods as fast as they can get them ready.
August 25. — Wrote to Fort St. George, giving them a full
account of affaires here, and desiring them to build us 2
Sloops of about 25 Ton apiece, with Smack Sailes.
August 26. — Eeceived a letter from my Nephew, Eob'-
Hedges, dated 19th Instant, desiring y9 Second's place of
Englesavad might be disposed of to some other Person, the
place wherein he is requiring more than ordinary diligence ;
and advising of Mr- Thomas Hills being desperately sick and
past recovery. Att a Consultation.
August 27. — My Nephew's letter was read, and his request
granted. Mr- Jeremiah Peachie was made 2nd of Englesavad,
and Mr- Nicholas Davenant, Third of that Factory, instead of
_ Mr- Charles Cudworth, who by ye Honble Company is ordered
to Cassumbazar.
Mr- Charnock, in his Diary in June last, makes a note of
y8 5th of that month, that news was brought him that Bul
chund's Servant had stopped 3 boats of Treasure with my
Dustick or pass, the seals not being legible. Mr- Charnock
certifies this dustick was mine ; and the Treasure belonged to
the Company. However, Bulchund sent him word, that for
the future he would let no boates whatsoever belonging to
the English pass his Chouky or Watch house at Muxadavad

106 CASSIMBAZAR FRAUDS STILL GOING ON. [1683.
without the chief Dustick of Cassumbazar. I consider Mr-
Charnock did this on purpose to lessen my esteeme at home
with y9 Company (he knows he cannot doe it here), to show
that the Chief of Cassumbazar's Dustuck is in greater esteeme
with y9 Government (though inveterate enemies) than mine.
This caused me to write to Bulchund, to know the truth of
the Diary note, who returned answer he was not soe Ignorant
in the affaires of the world but that he very well knew I was
y9 Chiefe in Bengali ; assured me my Dustick had, and should
always, pass with greater respect and freedom than any other
person's whatsoever, and to that purpose had given orders to
all his Choukies to observe it accordingly.
Att a Consultation.
August 31. — Ordered that the Copper that came by the
Kent from Batavia be delivered to y9 Merchants on account
of Dadny at r. 12 ann. per Maund, it being more by 3 per
cent, that can be sold for ready money.
Ordered that 5000 rupees be paid to Gollobray 's Gomasta
for his master's account, so much being paid by him to ye
Nabob and Officers on his writing to y9 King in our behalfe
for a Phirmaund, and that the Agent give his obhgation for
25,000 ru. more, to pay to Gollobray on the receipt of the
King's Phirmaund, custom free.
September 1683.
September 2. — Captain Udall told me Mr. EUis, at their being
together at Cassumbazar, advised him to come out y9 next
Voyage as Interloper, and to let him be concerned with
him. Farther, ye said Capt. informed me, goeing into y9 Silke
Warehouse at Cassimbazar, he saw them weighing Sdke and
take a Skeyne out of every draught; and espying a bag
with Silke, into which they put the said Skeyne, demanded
whether that was the sweeping of the Warehouse ? — to which
he was answered by Mr- Threder and Watson, "They are small
perquisites and profitt belonging to ye Warehouse Keeper."

1 683. J HEDGES COMPLAINS OF DISRESPECT. 107
Being exceedingly troubled that the Company's Servants in
y9 severall Factories in the Bay were aU in generall soe
unkind and disrespectful to me, more than to Agent Master,1
who was nothing near so respectfull and civill to them, and
desiring of an old Standard what might be the reason of it ?
[he] readily replied, " We were all affraid of Agent Master.
He had power to turne any of us out of our place. You have
not. We are now all placed by the Company, as well as
yourselfe, otherwise Mr- Master would have found lesse
respect amongst us than you have done." Which I am sure
is soe little that till it be otherwise, the Company's Concerns
will never be managed to their best advantage. Mr- Cud
worth and Mr- Watson can now brag and give out that their
Friends are so powerfull at home, they are confident no man
dare doe them any prejudice.
June 7 Mr- Pownsett was ordered to become oblidged to
Goolobray for the payment of Eu. 30,000 upon delivery of
a Phirmaund, but refused to doe it, or so much as to speak
or intercede for us to y9 King's Duan at Decca, saying he was
afraid he should be imprisoned for the money.
Said Mr- Pownsett stuffed his Diarys with false Stories, &
said he presented Eupees 9 and 1 gold Mohure to the Fousdar
of Hugly, and 10 Eu. to his Servant — when y9 said Fousdar
never takes a present of any man, — and presents wine to
those that never drinke any.
Mr- EUis bragged to Capt. Minching, teUing him " You
shall see what a man I shall be in 9 months time, I shall be
above them all" — speaking of me. Mr- Beard and Mr-
Evans (the minister) keep an intimate and great correspon
dence with Mr- Naylor, & soe they doe with most of the Inter
lopers' Party.
1 Streynsham Master, Governor of Madras, 1677-1681. " Master. —
Dec. 31, 1878, at the Rectory, Chorley, Lancashire, the Rev. James
Streynsham Master, M.A., Rector of Chorley, and Hon. Canon of Man
chester, aged 80 years." It is curious to fin4 the old family name so
many years after.

108 LANGLEY'S COMPLAINT OF MR. WATSON'S [1683.
September 5. — Eeceived advices from Eajamaul, dated 31st
ult., advising of Mr- Thomas Hill's departure out of this
world, about 10 of the clock the same morning ; and that the
next day they would send me about 25,000 Eu. per boate.
Eeceived the following letter from Mr- Samuel Langley :
" Cassumbuzar, 3,d 7"" 1683.
" S'f — The contents of the following lines are only a short declara
tion of the many abuses received from M" Watson, and to justify
my selfe how little I have deserved any from him.
" On the 28lh Ultimo Mr- Watson, in the Taffaty Warehouse, without
any provocation, called me Pittyfull Prodigall Scrivan, and told me my
hatt stood too high upon my head, as Capt. Raynes can manifest,
and at the same time he challenged me to fight, with domineering Lan
guage ; and that too often repeated by him : which was sufficient cause
and provocation enough to answer him in the same kind ; but upon
consideration that he was my superior, and of Councell too, I thought
it more prudent to lett it fall at y* time, and not returne two to his two-
hundred words. But his incivility ceased not for all this my Submis
sion to him, but so soon as I came out of the Warehouse, he abused me
againe, and said, ' Come, Lett us goe on t'other side of the River, and
there try y* businesse'; and in these words said, ' Capt. Raynes ! Will
you be his Second?' which, whether or no were civill to challenge,
especially a stranger, I leave to youT breast to decide. M'- Haynes
severall times, as well as M'- Sydenham and M' Seere, has heard him say
to me these Words, ' If you will not goe out of your Chamber (which I
had per a Gen"- letter), I will turn you out, and make you know my
power', which whether it were soe great as to doe that, I leave others
to Judge : but this was unkindly and imprudently done of him, by
reason they were not to be. his ; and I never denying the resignation of
them to M,p Threder, as he will speake (though I might till he had them
per same power), as he was my Superior, and soe of consequence hisdue ;
and being unwilling to raise a dispute, though I often told M'- Watson,
in hearing of Mr- Haynes, that so soon as the other Chambers were
ready I would remove that very minute, but he was too severe, and
would make me remove before the floor of the first room was laid, all
y' workmen being then at work upon it ; and how, both at the open
table and in M'- Charnock's room, he abused Capt. Raynes, and how
sharply he severall times took Capt. Udall up, I refer you to him for a
relation of y' same.
" He, in the Room, called me Sirrah, and said, ' If you speak another
word, I'll hitt you a Slap of the Face'; and at the same time told Capt.
Raynes ' he was more a Merchant than he a sailor', as Capt. Udall,

1683.] VIOLENT LANGUAGE TO HIM. 109
M'- Haynes, and selfe can testify ; and how M'- Barker, in rude language,
gave Capt. Udall y° Lye in M'- Charnock's room, with other affrontes.
"The foul play Capt. Raynes has received from M'- Watson, especial
Threder, I am ashamed to write, nay to think of. M'- Watson has
taken all the workemen off M'- Haynes' Chambers, goe that they
now lye unfinished; and one day when I was at Breakfast in
M'- Haynes' Chamber (which was y" next morning after Capt. Udall
left this place), he went into my room and clapt crossbars upon
my Window next the Street, as thick sett and as like any prison
I ever saw, as Capt. Michin will inform you ; and he left this word
with my men, ' If your Master asks Who did this ? say I did it' : but
I only mention this as a designed, premeditated malice of his, for
else soe many barres could not be fixed in soe little time, they being, as
above hinted, put up the morning after Capt. Udall departed hence,
M'- Haynes, Mr- Seere, and selfe goeing some part of the way with Capt.
Udall, leaving M'- Sydenham by himself at Supper. In our absence
how he was abused and scolded at by M'- Ellis, Threder, Barker, Watson,
and Elliott, I refer you to Capt. Minchin, and his own letter sent here
with, but to Capt. Udall for a full account of all grievances, which are
dayly great and are likely to be greater, unless speedily remedied, for
none that is your friend can live at quiet here ; but Threder is worse than
the worst of my enemies. " I am, Sir,
'' Your faithfull Servant,"
" Samuel Langley."
Att a Consultation.
September 6. — The letter yesterday received from Mr-
Langley being read, concerning y9 abuses he had received
from Mr- Watson, &c, 'twas thought convenient to send for
Capt. Udall, Capt. Minchin, & Capt. Eaynes, to examine them
about it, they being lately arrived from Cassumbuzar, and
had been present at y9 greatest part of y9 abuse — who gave
in their testimony, viz. :
Capt. Eaynes affirmes that Mr- Watson challenged Mr-
Langley, and asked him whether he would be his Second.
The other particulars, as Mr. Watson's abusing Capt.
Eaynes at yfc Publique Table, and in Mr- Charnock's Eoom ;
his quick reply to Capt. Udall ; his calling Mr- Langley
Sirrah, and threatening him with a Slap of the Face if he

110 orders sent to cassimbazar. [1683.
spake another worde ; Mr- Barker giving Capt. Udall the
Lye, &ca., were affirmed by all of them to be true.
And Capt. Minchin, remaining there a day after the others
came away, affirms that, talking with Mr- Watson about his
abusive Language and quarrels, and telling him he might
chance to be sent for by the Agent and Councell, to Hugly,
to answer what he had done, he presently replyed, " That if
he were sent for, he questioned whether he should come
downe or not, for he had no dependance upon them, he being
placed there by the Company, as much as the Agent and
Councell in Hugly, and soe not in their power to remove
him", and much more to y9 same purpose.
After examination of the Witnesses, the evill consequences
that might accrew from such quarrells and contempt of our
Authority and Government in this place, if not speedily
remedied, being taken into consideration, 'twas thought
good Mr- Watson be sent for to this place, to answer to what
was certified against him, and to receive such punishment as
the meritt of his offence shall deserve.
Having received advice from Mr- Eobert Hedges at Eaja-
maul of y9 death of Mr- Thomas Hill, and there being a
former order in Consultation that there should always be
three persons at y9 Mint, in case of Mortality (that being a
place of trust and necessity requiring a person that speaketh
the Language), 'twas thought fitt to send Mr- Samuel Pine, to
be a further Assistant to him at that place.
Dispeeded letters from Cassumbazar, ordering them to
dismiss Mr- Ellis their Factory, whom we understand they
entertain and carress ; and that they send Mr- James Watson
to this place within 3 dayes at farthest after the receipt
hereof, to answer such wordes and misdemeanours as are laid
to his charge ; and ordered Mr- Langley to this place.
September 15. — Mr- James Watson arrived at Cassumbazar,
and brought the following Gen11- Letter:

1683.] DISPUTATIOUS ANSWER FROM COUNCIL THERE. Ill
"Cassumbazar, IS"1 September 1683.
" Right Worshipfull & y1 Councell,— We have received yours of the
29,h past and 6'h current, which are soe far from procuring any money at
Interest here, that yc Merchants, to whom we are already indebted, have
severall times called on us for payment ; and that we have little hope of
being supplyed from y1 Mint, having received but Rupees 20,000 in
a long time ; and we have present occasion for 2 Lacks more to pay for
y' 1000 Bales of July bund1 Silke lately contracted for. However, we
desist not from endeavoring mony at Interest.
" We are packing and chesting what Silkes are now in the House ready,
& they shall be sent to you with all speed possible. You should have had
some afore, had not the continual Raines hindered us.
"Wee never gave any Invitation to M'- Ellis, or John Elliot, to come
up hither, nor to any person that came in their Company, & know no
reason as they might not be as civilly entertained as any of the rest ; but
we are so far from harbouring or Caressing any that have been unfaith-
full to the Honble Company, that we should upon all occasions use our ut
most endeavour to hinder them, as there [are] some circumstances already
doth sufficiently demonstrate. John Elliot departed in the Company he
came up with. M'- Ellis is providing himself elsewhere, tho' we would
presume to acquaint you that we never hitherto had been informed what
his Crimes of Infidelity were for which he was dismist the Hon. Comp '
employ, more than by his own relation, who utterly denies the least
unfaithfulness to his Masters, and declares he hath been unjustly dealt
by, and far from their Orders, and more particularly in y' 23'd Paragrau
of their Gen"- letter by the Prudent Mary, which includes 'that y*
Councell of the Bay may, upon due proof, remove any Chiefe or other
of their Servants that are unfaithful, they not being of the Councell of
Hugly' (of whom he is one). All things of this nature, or any else of great
import, being to be seriously considered and discussed by a general
Councell of the Bay, which ought to be annually called, as hath been the
Custom of former Chiefs till now of late, which consists of all Chiefs
of the Subordinate Factories, or as many of them as can be spared, and
this used to be in the most commodious Season, which is just after
departure of the Shipping.
" We would not be thought to be more in fault for giving M'- Ellis
and his Lady a little lodging and diet (he accounting himselfe still the
Honhl" Company's Servant, & this being a place where there is no ac
commodation of any other English or Christian Inhabitants), than other
Factories have been, for entertaining those against whom have been
evident proofs of great Infidelity to y" Hon"1' Company, particularly
M'- Catchpoole, who hath had the accommodation of the 3* Lodgings in
Hugly Factory, and, if we are not falsely informed, hath been suffered
to sett in Councell, when it never belonged to him. This was after he

112 LETTER FROM COUNCIL AT CASSIMBAZAR. [1683.
intended for England ; besides which, he is still encouraged and enter
tained in a very high degree.
"In persuance of your Orders, M'- Watson comes herewith, tho' we
cannot imagine what great offence he hath committed to be called from
the Honorable Company's business here, in this juncture of time, when
a great deal more help is required. If every Malicious, Idle Report
must take place, and thereon the Hon1'1' Company's Servants be called
from their employ, the Businesse must of necessity lye still, as we humbly
conceive will bee found in this businesse of his, as it will be made ap
parent under some person's hands : if it be that of M'- Raynes (who is
not in y' Hon"1 Comp1" Service), who tooke him from table after
Supper, and drew him out of the Factory, and then assaulted him (a
couple of Swords having been privately sent out afore) ; and if it con
cerns M'- Haines and M'- Langley's lodgings, it was by the Chief 's Order.
"At finishing hereof, in cometh Nansook, a Merchant, sent by Bul
chund, to tell us that our last year's Custome hath been satisfied at
Dacca by one Golobray, a Merchant there, and that he will write to y"
Right Worshipfull the Agent, to know whether he is content to give in
the Tallica of goods for y' present year to Permessaradas or himselfe, and
desires us to write also to him. We, never yet having had the least inti
mation of what was ever transacted at Dacca, could give no other answer
than a promise to advise you of what he saith. As to sending Copies of
the Gen"- Accounts, they have been balanced but a small time, and at
present M'- Sydenham and M'- Seare are both very sick of Fever.
" We remaine,
"Right Worship'0" att your Command,
"Job Charnock. "Jambs Watson.
" Rich0- Barker. "John Threder.
" Charles Cudworth.
" M'- Longley shall be forthwith coming towards you. Your Jylibdar,1
after he had received his letter, would not stay for the Gen"-, but stood
upon departure."
September 16. — Mr- Samuel Langley arrived in Hugly.
Att a Consultation.
September 17. — Mr- James Watson and Mr- Samuel Langley
were summoned to appear before us, to be examined about
their quarrel in Cassambazar, concerning which both of them
brought several attestations of words that passed between
them, of soe little import that we thought it a business not
1 Pers., Jaldbddr, or jaldoddr, lit. 'a bridle-holder', a servant in charge
of pack-horses or mules, etc. The word occurs repeatedly in this diary,
but is now obsolete in India. — Y.

1683.] MR. WATSON'S CONTUMACY. 113
worth our Cognizance, and only Insisted on Mr- Watson's
questioning our Authority : for the purpose whereof we sent
for Capt. Minchin, who testified to his face these following
words spoken by him : " That he questioned (if he were sent
for by the Agent and Councell to Hugly) whether he should
come downe or not, for he had no dependance upon them, he
being placed by the Company in Cassumbazar, as much as
the Agent and Councell at Hugly, and soe not in power to
remove him." Where upon there arose so great a debate
amongst the Councell that it was thought convenient to referr
the determination of it till the next consultation.
WM- Hedges Wm- Johnson
John Beard Eichd- Frenchfield.
September 22. — The underwritten is Coppy of Capt. Min-
chin's affirmation against Mr- Watson, to the truth of which
he was this day sworn before the Agent. " Hugly, 20th Sept. 1683.
" I, William Minchin., doe affirme that, talking to M'- Watson about
his abusive language and quarrells, and telling him he might chance to
be sent for by the Agent and Councell to Hugly, to answer for what he
had done, he, the said Watson, presently replyed, ' lhat if he were
sent for he questioned whether he should come downe or not, for he had
noe dependance upon them, he being placed there by the Company as
much as y" Agent & Councell in Hugly, and soe not in their power to
remove him'; and much more to the same purpose, the truth whereof am
ready to depose on oath, if hereunto required.
" To the truth of this I subscribe,
" Wm. Minchin.
"Sworne the 22"' 7"" 1683, before me,
" William Hedges.
" Witnesse " William Johnson.
" Allen Catchpoole.
"Nath. Letter."
Mr- Eyre told me Mr- Eervy's Servant sett ye Factory afire,
on purpose to gain a poore Woman (his wench) a piece of
ground : and that at Maulda he has made a Budgero worth
1000 Eupees.

114 differences regarding [1683.
Att a Consultation.
September 24. — Upon discourse concerning what manner of
punishment should be inflicted on Mr- Watson for y9 words
spoken by him, mentioned in Consultation of 17th Instant,
which were produced against him by Capt. Minchin — find
ing ourselves divided, we gave in our opinions as followeth,
and left the determination thereof to our Honorable Masters.
" I, William Hedges, am of opinion that M'- Watson ought to be sus
pended y* Honbi* Company's Service till such time as answer be sent out
of England, and their Honours' pleasure be further known ; whose
positive orders in their letter of the 20 T"" 1682, are : That they will
have entire and absolute Obedience paid to y" Agent and his Councell —
and Mr- Watson ' questioning whether he should come downe or not' —
(if sent for) 'having no dependance (as he pretended) upon us' — 'being
placed in Cassumbuzar by the Company, as well as the Agent and
Councell in Hugly, and consequently not in their power to remove him' —
is soe great a contempt of y' Honblc Company's Authority, and their Com
mission given to y* Agent and Councell here, and may probably be of
such ill consequence — by encouraging others (if he goe unpunished) to
do the like — that I conceive this y° most favorable sentence that be
pronounced against him, but humbly submitt this my opinion to y°
Hon1"' Company's great Wisdome, and better Determination.
"WM- Hedges."
"Having well considered the words said to bee spoken by M'- James
Watson, Fourth of Councell in Cassumbuzar, in the company of Capt.
Minchin, M'- Cudworth, and others, in relation to their nature and
demerit, and with all due Honour, reverence, and respect to our Hon""
Masters, their Authority and Commands, and to the Authority and
Commands derived from them to their Agent and Councell here, [I]
doe humbly crave leave to dissent from the opinion of the Right
Worspful Agent, which is to this purpose : ' That the said M'- Watson,
for those words spoken, ought to be suspended the Hon. Comp' Service
till their pleasure therein be known', and doe hereby declare my dis
sent. And that for y' reasons following :
" I find by our Hon"1 Master's letter, dated 20th 7b" 1682, in ye 23'd
and 24lh Paragraph, Power derived from them to y' Agent and Coun"1 in
the Bay expressly (which Councell is elsewhere stated), That in case of
Unfaithfulness, want of Dilligence, and Obstinacy, to suspend, &ca., any
Chiefe or any other of their Servants that shall be found Guilty of those
Crimes. And the Councell ofthe Bay is as expressly distinguished from
the Councell of Hugly, over which they have noe such power.

1683.] MR. WATSON'S CONDUCT. 115
" Now I humbly conceive this crime charged upon M' Watson is noe
such crime as is there mentioned ; but if it were, it ought to come before
y' Councell of y' Bay, and not be determined by y' Councell of Hugly
only, much less by Three, there being no more at present in actual exer
cise of that trust, viz., The Right Worshipfull Agent, myselfe, and M'
Johnson. And I also find that in case of Negligence and Obstinacy
there ought to be admonition given by which Obstinacy and Disobe
dience, &ca., may be discovered and discerned, as reference being had
to y' said Letter will appear.
" 2°d,y- The offence with which M' Watson is charged being Words
spoke in a familiar discourse between y° persons before named, which
Words Capt. Minchin, his accuser, doth not say were spoke in y' forme
in ye Diary exprest, but words to that purpose, which words M' Watson
denies to have been spoken by him, but acknowledges they were spoken
by some person then in Company, which words (supposing he did speak
them), as they were not either of the Crimes in y' Hon"1 Comp1" Letter
mentioned, soe it is also evident he did not intend to doe as he said, for
no sooner did an order come to him to come downe, but he yielded
obedience without any delay.
" 3"1- The Punishment in y' Right Worshipfull Agent's opinion to be
inflicted bears no proportion to, but vastly exceeds, the offence, committed;
which punishment is like to be his ruin, at least it will incapacitate him
to doe the Hon"' Compy that service that otherwise he might be able to
doe, should y* Hon"' Company restore him. Therefore,
" 4lh- There being y' Ruin of y' said Watson in danger for an offence
in words only, nothing of Unfaithfulnes, Negligence, Obstinacy, or
Disobedience being charged upon him, neither Sloath nor Luxury im
puted to him, I dare not but dissent. And for the same reason for which
I dissent, I give my opinion —
" That the said M'- James Watson ought to be admonished, and sent
to y' place of Fourth of Cassumbuzar, where our Hon"' Masters ordered
him by their letter of the 15'" 9b" 1682, Paragraph 22"d-
" Humbly submitting my dissent from the Right Worshipful Agent,
and the reasons upon which I have soe done, as also my opinion, to the
Wisdom of our Honorable Masters.
"John Beard.''
" It is my opinion that he who shall question the Agent's and Councell's
power by saying 'they had nothing to doe with him', and 'he was put
into his place by y" Hon"' Company, therefore not in their power to
remove him', are words of soe ill a consequence, that in obedience to y'
Hon"' Comp1" letter by the Prudent Mary, we can doe no lesse than
suspend him his employ till our Hon"' Masters' pleasure be further
knowne concerning such refractory persons. And as they were pleased
to degrade M'- Catchpoole and M'- Threder for disrespect to Mr- Charnock,

116 MR. WATSON SUSPENDED. [1683.
their Chief, wee doubt not but they will (as they mention in said Letter)
have all entire obedience and respect paid to their Agent and Councel.
In all which I submitt to their most serious Judgement. " William Johnson."
The Suspension of Mr- Watson being carried in the affirma
tive, Mr- Watson was sent for, and the Agent told him his
business was thoroughly weighed and considered by the
Councell, & he was to declare him, the said Watson, sus
pended the Hon. Comp. Service, and that he might reside in
Hugly till ye HonbIe Comp.'s pleasure be farther made known
to the Councell.
And that the Hon. Compy8 Business may not lye still at
Cassumbuzar for want of Mr Watson, we immediately
ordered Mr- Nicholas Davenant to be Fourth of Councell at
Cassumbuzar, and to assist Mr- Charnock in the Taffety
Warehouse ; and that letters be wrote to stop him, being on
his way to Maulda, whither he was, on a former Consulta
tion, ordered Third.
William Hedges.
John Beard.
WM- Johnson.
Minute by Mr. Beard : —
" I humbly pray that my assent to M'- Davenant being placed in y'
room of M'- James Watson at Cassumbuzar may not be interpreted that
I should dare to have any hand in putting any person in the said
Watson's room, who was placed there by the Hon"' Comp1" Orders, he
having not, in my opinion, committed any offence worthy suspension.
But he being suspended by y" vote and opinion of the Right Worshipfull
Agent & M'- Johnson, I think it needful there be ope in that place,
that the Hon"" Comp1" affairs may not suffer, and that M'- Davenant is
the fittest person for that place in the Country, being bred a Mercer, and
an ingenious, sober man. " John Beard."
September 25. — Eeceived advice from Ballasore of the 19th
current, of the arrival of Four Shippes in that Eoad, viz., the
Welfare, Capt. Wildey, from Persia ; a Free Ship from
Vizagapat™-, and two Interlopers, Alley and Smith.

1683.] REPUTED INTENTIONS OF THE DUTCH.
September 26. — Mr. Beard declares 'tis his opinion that Mr-
Ellis is, and ought still to be, admitted of this Councell by
Virtue of the Company's last letter, notwithstanding his Infi
delity : because Mr- Charnock is of that opinion.
This day Mr- Eichard Mohun, in the Recovery, arrived from
Achin and Malacca : advises he met with two of the Com.-
pany's Ships in the Streights, one Smith the commander of
one of them, and Cole commander of the other. They told
him they were bound for China, to seeke out and settle a
Trade there where they could find admittance. That the
Company had sent out 6 Ships of them this year. One of
those had £30,000 Stock on board, besides a good quantity of
cloth. That the Merchants who had orders to dispose of this
Stock and Cargo were all aboard another Shipp. That
aboard of one of said Shipps was one Mr- Thomas, who was
distracted. Mr- Mohun farther declared that the Governor of Malacca
told him they expected orders out of Holland, ye next Ship
ping, to forbid and stop all Xtian Shipps whatsoever from
going through either of the two Streights of Sunda or
Malacca. That if the businesse of Bantam had not luckily
fallen into their hands, they had resolved to have demanded
satisfaction of the Nabob of Dacca, and fallen out with him
for ye sundry affronts and injuries received from him ; and
that they might not be prejudiced themselves for want of
Eice to store their South Sea Factories and Garrisons in the
mean time, they had prudently settled a Factory to furnish
them in a plentiful manner with Eice at Arracan. And when
they made peace and settled themselves in a fortification in
some most commodious part of the Eiver's Mouth, they
would either oblige ye Natives and Government of Bengal to
interdict and forbid their trade with all manner of European
Christians, or else were resolved to run ye hazard of doing it
themselves. And then Adieu to ye Bay of Bengali (ye best
Flower in yB Company's Garden), and all India besides, if

118 BRAVADO OF INTERLOPERS. [1683.
they please to command it. And if it does not please God
to putt it into ye Company's hearts to doe something to pre
vent this evil the next year, by settling and making a Fort
in one of the Islands, I fear they will be excluded for ever
hereafter. This is also, in my judgement, the only remedy to prevent
the Interlopers infesting of us.
This day likewise arrived news of the two Interlopers,
Alley, of the Lumley Castle, and Smith, of the Constanti
nople Merchant, arrival in Ballasore Eoad : at ye same time
came in Capt. Wildy in the Welfare, from Gombroon and
Fort St. George. Capt. Alley came up to Hugly in his Barge,
rowed with English Mariners in coats with Badges, and 4
Musicians. [He] applyed himselfe first to Dr- Douglass and
then to Mr- Littleton, for advice and directions in all his con
cerns ; put himselfe into a great Equipage with Flags, hke an
Agent, and tooke about 70 or 80 Peons to wait on him.
Capt. Alley, for ye better conveniency of private discourse,
and notice not to be taken of them, went to our Garden this
Afternoon to meet Mr- Evans, our Minister, and his Brother
in Law, Mr- Frenchfeild : what the design should be I cannot
imagine. Mr- Beard's encouragement & partnership in trade
with Mr- Dowglass lias made divers persons extremely regard
less of the Company's strict orders in their dealings and com
merce with Interlopers.
Answered Mr- Charnock's general Letter of ye 13th Instant
as followeth : " Hugly, 26th Septem" 1683.
" M' Job Charnock, &", Councell,
" Sirs, — Wee have yours, 13lb Current, and are sorry you are notable
to procure money at Interest. We hope you will be speedily supplyed
from the Mint.
"Your Bales of Silke and Chests of Taffa',¦ will be welcome — resolving
to ship them as soon as they arrive in.
" What Invitation you gave M'- Ellis we know not, but thought it
improper y' one dismissed y' Company's Service and this Factory should
be received and entertained by you.

1683.] LETTER REBUKING CHARNOCK. 119
"We cannot but resent your writing on his behalf, and thinke your
reflections on this Councill very unworthy, assuming (on his bare asser
tion) we have dismist him wrongfully, without serious consideration.
" If you have not been acquainted with his crime, 'tis possible we did
not finde nor thinke ourselves obliged soe to doe. We shall be account
able for that to our Masters, as also whether he be of this Councill, or
Legally discarded, notwithstanding the Paragraph cited by you in y'
Hon. Comp"- letter.
"You say it has been y' Custome of former Chiefs (till now of late)
to Call a Gen"- Councill of the Bay annually, which you positively affirme
consists of all the Chiefs of Subordinate Factories, or as many of them
as can be spared, and that this used to be in y' most commodious season,
after y' departure of ye Shipping. You had done well to have quoted
some precedent of this kind, being wholly ignorant of such a Custome,
and [we] are credibly informed by divers persons that for these 10 years
last past Mr- Charnock was either not thought fitt to be summoned, or
never had the Honor to sitt in such a General Councill. You had been
no less kind if you had told us how you came by that knowledge, that
the Chiefship of every Subordinate Factory denominated or entitled him
to be one of the Gen" Councill of the Bay, which we expect your next
should inform us, being clearly of a contrary opinion ; and desire like
wise to know who shall be' Judge ; how many of those Chiefes can be
conveniently spared.
"As to our entertainment of M'- Catchpoole in y' 3,d Lodgings, we
presume neither y' 3'd or 4Zk of this place ever made any complaint to
you of the Injury done them", though you have impertinently taken upon
you to reprove us for it.
" You did well to submitt to our orders in sending of M'- Watson : it
was thought fitt, upon serious consideration (without giVing you any
further account of it), to suspend y' said M'- Watson y' Hon. Comp.
Service, and to order his residence at this Factory till their pleasure be
further known.
" And that our Masters' concerns may not suffer by his absence or
removal, we have thought fitt to appoint, and doe hereby order, M'-
Nicholas Davenant to be in his place, assistant to M' Charnock in y'
Taffity warehouse, and Fourth of Councill.
" We shall not trouble ourselves to convince you of your mistake in
saying you never yet had y' least intimation of what was ever trans
acted at Decca, having proofe sufficient under your own hand to y'
contrary. "M'- Langley will speedily return to you to assist you in writing.
The Gyllibdar staid two dayes solliciting in your Factory for your Gen"-
Letter, after M'- Langley had dispatched him, by the testimony of M'-
Watson.

120 MR. ELLIS ATTACKS THE COUNCIL. [1683.
" We admire what made you send peons to force our Gyllibdar back
to your Factory, after he had gone 12 Cosses on his way, and dismisse
him againe without any reason for it. "We are,
" S" Yo' Affectionate Friends,
'' WM- Hedges,
"J"- Beard.
" WM Johnson."
Eeceived the following letter from Mr- Ellis.
" Cassum'", 28" 7'" 1683.
" Right Worsp", &', Councell,
"S", — Your persecutions have been soe many and great since your
Agent's arrivall, that they are intollerable when I consider upon what
grounds you dismist me the service, which was irregularly done, because
without y° Councell of y" Bay. Besides, y' power y' Honbl' Compy gave
never reached to further than suspension, untill y" Gen"- Letter per y'
Prudent Mary came, where y° Councell of Hugly is excepted, whereof I
am one. Here follows the Rules you were to walke by, in our Honbl'
Masters' own words, viz.: ' And therefore we doe hereby enlarge that
Power we formerly gave, of suspending from our Service any in their
judgement that shall not behave themselves Faithfully and Diligently as
they ought to doe'. But you have not suspended, but turned me out,
without any regard to those orders given, pretending you have done me
y" greatest justice in y ' world. But 1 hope in God to meet with much better
in Father- Land for y' inexpressable damage done me, & doubt not but
'twill require greater satisfaction than you at present are aware of. Now
your pretence for turning me out was for participating with Muttradas
in his roguery. If so ('tis very strange to me, and will be much more to
my Honbl'- Masters, when they come to understand y' truth hereof) why
was not y'said Muttradas turned out likewise? he being y' Chief Instru
ment and occasion of that great Infidelity you taxe me with. Alsoe his
Guilt last year in that unpardonable offence of Lading the Interlopers
and, as I am credibly informed, goeing on in that track, he or his
Brother Bollubdas for him,
"Then there's y" loss of our Hon. Employers' priviledges, a Crime in y"
highest nature; and he, one of the Chiefest Actors therein, by sending his
Goods to all places upon our Dusticks, thereby cheating the King of his
Customes ; otherwise our Phirmaund had never been called in question.
" Another materiall thing I must insert before I come to conclusion,
that is, to give you Gentlemen of the Councill to understand, and to put
the Agent in minde of, a letter he showed me from Sir Josiah Child
upon his arrivall, wherein he is positively forbid to have any dealings
with Muttradas and 3 or 4 Merchants more (I think Jeychund saw, Ram-
narrain, Rogoonautt, and Rauichund), yett, notwithstanding these afore-

1683.] ALLEGED DESIGNS OF THE DUTCH. 121
goeing circumstances that these persons, especially Muttradas, should
not only be carressed and countenanced in y' Honb1' Comp1" Factory of
Hugly, but traded withal for large summes of money, consulted with
about their affaires, and taken abroad where y' Agent goes to contrive
and forge Falsitys against honest men, is a riddle to me; but I question not
but it will be unfolded to my Honb1' Masters in good time, to somebody's
great shame and remorse of conscience for their unjust actions.
" I am, S"-
" Yours att Command,
" Francis Ellis.
" I desire this may be entered and sent home, that it may come to the
Hon"" Comp1" perusall. F. E."
October 1683.
October 1. — Mr- Daniel Joachim Schlu, one of the Danes
Merchants that were turned out of Bantam, now living here
in the Dutch quarters, gave me a Visit, and amongst other
discourse told me, " When he was at Batavia some months
since, Gen11- Spelman told him so soone as he had possessed
himselfe of Bantam and ended ye War, his next designe was
to call ye Nabob of Decca to an account for ye severall
affronts and abuses received from the Natives of Bengali ;
and to make ye most advantageous conditions with them
that they could," with much more to this purpose ; the said
Mr- Schlu apprehending by ye General's discourse, he intended
to block up the Eiver with Fortifications, and make himselfe
Master of the Bay, as he had done of divers other Countries.
October 2. — ChittermuU and Deepchund, two Cassumbuzar
Merchants, this day assured me Mr- Charnock gives out all
his new Sicca Eupees for Dadny1 at 2 per Cent., and never
gives the Company credit for more than 1^ rupee, by which
he gains and putts in his owne pocket Eupees f per Cent, of
all the money he pays, which amounts to a great Summe in
ye Yeare, at least £1000 Sterling.
One Edward Barlow, late mate of the Delight, Capt. Smith,
Commander, being turned ashore by his Commander at Achin,
1 Dadni; money advanced to weavers, and the like, by those whom
he is to supply with goods. — Y.

122 CHARNOCK'S DOINGS AGAIN. [1683.
came passenger on Mr- Hohun's Shippe from thence, tells me
he came out of y" Downes with ye Mexico Merchant, Capt.
Packston, which latter going into Plymouth, they have not
since seen him. They were both ordered to go to Achin.
The Delight had been there near 7 Weeks, but Packston
arrived not in all that time, so believe he went through ye
Streights of Sunda. Says he left Gravesend the 4th January
last. One Capt. Harding, in the Carolina, & Capt. Cole in
the Smirnaote, sailed out of England some months before
them for ye South Seas.
I was this day advised that Mr- Charnock putt off Mr-
Ellis's Cowries at 34 pund to ye Eupee, in payment to all ye
Peons and Servants of the Factory, whereas 38 Punds are
really bought by them for a rupee.1 For which reason also
Mr- Beard sent up his Cowries, which he received from ye
Mauldivas, to be put off and passed by Mr- Charnock at Cas
sumbazar. Eeceived a Gen11- from Cassumbazar, dated the 29th Ult0-
advising ye Death of Mr- Chas- Sydenham the 18th, and Mr-
John Sears ye 29th d°-
Att a Consultation.
Mr- James Harding having severall times petitioned that
he might again be entertained in the Honble Compys Service,
according to their Orders in their Gen11- Letter the 27th of
October 1682, wherein they say, " If he be found diligent,
able, and faithful, he may have such preferment as we think
he may deserve", 'twas this day taken into consideration ; and
I having declared that the said Mr- Harding had told me at
Calcapore, on his way to Dacca, that Mr- Threder had much
wronged the Company in his charge of Warehouse keeper at
Cassumbuzar, and afterwards refused to testifie ye same
when demanded of him at Cassumbuzar, and [in] ye Businesse
of Mr- Threder, upon examination; the question being put
1 A ' Pun' (pana) is a certain number of Cowries, generally 80. — Y.

1683.] POMP OF THE INTERLOPERS. 12.'.!
whether ye said Mr Harding should be readmitted into the
Comp8 Service ? 'twas carried in the Negative.
The Agent's Account Cash to the end of Last Month was
received and passed. WM Hedges. William Johnson.
John Beard. Eichd- Frenchfeild.
October 8. — This day Capt. Alley went to visit the Fousdar :
he was unwilling to goe alone, and gott Permesurados (his
Protector), our Chiefe Customer, to goe to ye Fousdar' s, and
be there at his arrivall. As soon as they were seated, the
Fousdar demanded of him " Wherefore he came not to visit
him before he was sent for", answered " He understood that
the Fousdar was a great friend of the Agents, and consequently
feared he should not be well treated."
The Fousdar demanded upon what account he came hither ?
Alley replyed, " As an Englishman, and upon the same
Service as ye Company traded here." The Fousdar told him
yB English Agent had divers Phirmauns from ye King, and
Perwannas from the Nabob and the King's Duan, which
he had not. Permesuradas answered for him, and said all
should be well to the Fousdar's satisfaction, meaning he should
have a good Present sent him.
Alley went in a splendid Equipage, habitted in Scarlet richly
laced. Ten Englishmen in Blew Capps and Coats edged with
Eed, all armed with Blunderbusses, went before his pallan-
keen, 80 Peons before them, and 4 Musicians playing on the
Weights, with 2 Flaggs before him, like an Agent. A gawdy
shew and great noise adds much to a Public Person's credit
in this Country. As for Soldjers, they are of absolute neces
sity here in divers respects, and especially whilst we are thus
infested with Interlopers, to keepe us from publick affronts,
as well as overawe our owne people and mariners, who are
now very numerous and insolent amongst us, & (by reason of
Punch) every day give disturbance.

124 ME. charnock replies, [1683,
October 10. — The inconvenience of the Honble Compy8 ex
empting the Council of Hugly for being questioned for their
actions, or possibility of being displaced, was seen this day.
A Councill being called, one of them went out upon his occa
sions, not regarding the notice given to him, and another
time would not come when he was called, pretending busi
ness. The Dutch Director refused to admit of the Interlopers in
his Quarters. Mr- Naylor trades with them for considerable
profits, and sells Taffaties cheaper than bought by Mr-
Charnock at Cassumbuzar.
I was this day informed that last Saturday, in the after
noon, being the 6th Instant, when I went to the English
Garden, Mr- Beard took occasion to meet Capt. Alley and Mr-
Davis, the Interloper, at Mr- Littleton's house. Whilst Mr-
Beard continues thus to countenance and keep a familiar
private correspondence with disaffected persons and Inter
lopers, there is little hope of doing them any prejudice in this
place. October 12. — I received a Gen11- from Ballasore dated ye 6th
Inst., advising ye Interlopers find soe little encouragement in
that place, that Capt. Smith, in the Constantinople Merchant,
intends to sail for Hugly.
Mr- Charnock's reply to my Gen11- of the 26 Ultimo received
this day. " Cassumb', the 6"1 October 1683.
" Right Worshipfull, &", Councill,
" Wee have received yours of the 26,h past. Since our Last wee have
procured with much difficulty Rupees 15,000, att Interest, at Rup. 1
2 an. per Cent, per mm Our Silk Taffaties are now going to be
laden and sent towards you as fast as the small assistance we have will
admit of.
" We doe confirme what [we] wrote you in our last about M' Ellis,
that according to the Hon. Comp1' Letter by the Prudent Mary, he,
being one of Huglie Councell, could not be dismissed their employ, and
afore y' letter came, there was only power of suspension, soe that he ac
counts himselfe still of Councell.
" You will find Gen" Councells to have been called in former Chiefs'

r683-] CONTROVERTING THE AGENT. 125
times, and by the Agent Mathews, and Major Puckle, when they were
here in the Bay, if you please to peruse the diaries left by M' Vincent.
They did not consult only with one or two, but called all, or as many as
could be spared, of the Chiefs of the Subordinate Factories to the Con
sultation, when Mess" Hall and Smith were suspended, and settlements
made; amongst whom M'- Charnock was then thought fitt to have the
honor to be summoned to said Councell, but it was the shipping time, & he
could not come down to attend: and who ever he was which advised you
that for ten years past ' he was not thought Fitt', or ' Never had the
honour to be summoned', was under a great mistake. However for
better Confirmation, the Hon"" Compy have thought him, not only
worthy to be Second in the Bay, but to succeed in the Agency. But,
put the case, there had not for several years past been any General Con
sultations, doth that argue there must never be any? Our Honbu-
Masters, to avoide that dispute, have fixed a Councell, making a dis
tinction from the Bay and Huglie, who have wholly power to examine,
suspend, or dismiss from their Imploy any that are guilty of breach
of their expressed orders; and that is not confined to one or two of them
at most.
"Your vigorous withstanding calling Generall Councills of the Bay,
and at last telling us you will be accountable only to our Hon"' Masters,
is no ways consonant to their Orders, who (in our Opinion) will receive
ittle satisfaction thereby, it being soe much in Diameter1 to their
Interests. " We did not reprove, but looked on it as our duty to minde you of
the unreasonableness of Mr- Catchpoole Lying in the 8"1' Lodgings at
Huglie : he that was Third there, and looked on himselfe wronged by
not being preferred to a higher employ, did make known his grievances,
and the Honbl" Comp1' placing Mr- Charnock 2"J of Council, hee thought
he could do no lesse; and the other hath no right, by their expresse com
mands, which say, If he accepted not of the 6 in Councell of this
Factory (for M'- Threder is nominated afore him) he should not be in
any employ in their Service.
" Your suspending M'- Watson is altogether opposite to the Honb'"
Company's orders, there being neither Unfaithfulness, Negligence,
Luxury, nor Disobedience proved against him; the most was but matter
of Words, and therefore we hoped admonition had been sufficient for
the first time, which we desire you to consider of. And the Wittness at
first declared afore the Councell he could not be positive who spake
them; and whatever he did afterwards should have been [stated] afore
said Councell likewise, that M'- Watson might have made his defence.
(The Law condemning no man without having his accusers face to face,
and not Sworne privately.) Besides, there was not above half of the
Councell, one of whom dissented. 1 Opposition.

126 MR. CHARNOCK'S REPLY CONTINUED. [1683.
" If it were for Action, the Hon. Comp. will ill resent any person to
come into any of their Factories (not being in their Service) to raise
discussion and challenge any of their Servants, and much more to send
forth Swords clandestinly afore hand, which must be referred with every
other circumstance to them. His absence from here is detrimental to
their affaires, and the more [so], two Writers being lately dead, and
another besides him called downe in the very height of business, so that
if any thing in writing, or what else, bee neglected, Wee must quitt our
selves thereof. We request he may be sent up immediately, to adjust
his accounts.
" Concerning y' Decca affaires of Custome, it will appear how much
wee have been acquainted therewith. If ever we were informed of such
a person as Golobray, or his being security for the Right Worshipfull
Agent (a thing altogether unpracticable), or his satisfying the Customes
of last year, or sending up James Price, this, or his Commission, then
we are to blame in writing the contrary. The proof you mention to
have under our owne hands specifies nothing of the above mentioned.
But all your general letters from Decca to us were only to accompany
severall perwannas, and their Copies (excepting the case of M'- Prickman
& a Perwanna for the Mint), of the Nabob and Duan to Bulchund,
to release the goods upon Tallicas, and to turne out Permesuradas,
and to recover the money he had unjustly extorted from us. In order
to which, the Nabob's Assole was sent downe therewith to see it put in
execution. " But to this day we know Permessuradas is not displaced, and much
feare none of the money is yet retrieved. But by accident, lately came
to our view a Coppie of the King's Duan's, Meer Amud's, Perwanna to
Bulchund, expressing that your Security, Golobray, had given an ac
count of the Tallica for last year's goods, amounting to Rupees 3,97,627,
which at Rup. 3£ per Cent. Custome amounts to Rup. 13,917 ; and
that the said Golobray, being security, had already paid into y' King's
Cajanna1 Rupees 900. This the Duan hath ordered Bulchund, by said
Perwanna, to receive of us now; and- for the future saith he will
receive y* Customes yearly at Decca, of said Golobray, which will prove
not only a great detriment to y° Compy- but a disgrace to the whole
Nation ; and, without doubt, had timely care and the right way been
used, as was advised, it had never come to this height.
" As for y' Jyllibdar, we conceive he is to attend our Answer to your
Generall, and not Mr- Langley 's particular. The reason for our calling
him back was to have sent said Generall by him; but afore his returne
M'- Watson was going, by whom we thought fitt to send it, for its
speedy conveyance.
" Wee stand in great need of Rarities for presents, and factors' pro
visions, and Beames and Scales. 1 See Note, p. lo;j.

1683.] HEDGES COMMENTS ON HIS CONTUMACY. 127
, " Wee have not an ounce of Copperas by us, nor is there any procur
able but the Country Copperas, which wee have tried, and will not doc;
soe that no more Black can be dyed unless some be speedily be sent.
" Wee Remaine,
" Att yr Commands,
"Job Charnock.
" Richd- Barker.
" Charles Cudworth.
" John Threder."
I received the foregoing factious, disrespectfuU letter from
Mr- Charnock and Council, declaring Mr- Ellis still of Council
here, not being in our power to turne him out, though
Infidelity was confest by himselfe, and manifestly proved
against him.
Mr- Charnock resolves the question that every Chief of a
Factory (being one of Council of the Bay) may come or stay
away when summoned to Council, as he thinks convenient, by
saying " as many as could be spared", of which they them
selves were to be judges, and that it was then Shipping time
when Mr- Charnock was summoned and could not be spared ;
stuffing his Letter with diuers false storys and impertinencies,
which require great time and leisure to answer. Insomuch that
if ye Hon. Compy- doe not thinke fitt to rectifie this disorder,
their businesse will soon run to confusion. The counten
ancing and writing to Mr- Charnock, Mr- Beard, Mr- Hervey,
and Mr- Pownsett, having made them in their owne Conceite
more than soe many Agents, saying as Mr- Watson did, "they
are Chiefs, and put in by the Company as well as himselfe",
and will send their Goods and answer our Letters when they
please. Mr- Hervey has not wrott one Gen11- Letter to us
since his first arrivall at Maulda, now 5 months since, nor
sent us his Diarys. The Company must be necessitated to
follow the Dutch rule, and command absolute and entire
Obedience to be given to their Agent, or their affaires in this
Country will run into great disorder and suddaine distraction.
I can but discharge my duty, and God's Will be done for ye

128 CONDUCT OF HERVEY AT MALDA. [1683.
rest. If my Second had been true to me, all these euills had
been preuented.
October 15. — I received a Gen11- Letter from Mr- Hervey,
&ca., Council at Maulda, complaining of the Government for
protecting the Company'^ Merchants and Drs- [debtors] from
paying their just demands, and desiring a Perwanna may be
procured from Decca, complaining of one Jamshier Beigh for
demanding and exacting large annual Presents, vexing and
ruining some of our Servants, and that if such a Perwanna,
with an Assol or Messenger, cannot be procured, he shall not
be able to send some ^ Part of this year's Investment, and
that will come 25 per cent, or more above its due value ;
and presses to have the perwanna, though it cost Eup. 5000.
The truth of all this is, Mr- Hervey was forced, when he
left Decca, to give Mr- Pounsett for security, to pay what
sums soever he should be condemned to pay the Weavers and
Brokers there (with whom he had a great Suit at Law for
6 months' continuance). The said Weavers and Brokers
recovered 3,300 rup. of Mr- Pownsett. Mr- Hervey now con
trives the procuring this Perwanna, that Mr- Pownsett may
satisfie himselfe out of ye Price which yB Company must pay.
for it, though 'tis not worth a straw to the Company ; and
besides, 'tis to be feared ye Company will be strangely over
rated for all their Goods that come this yeare from Maulda.
I would not be bound to secure them for 30 per cent. At
this rate the Company will soon be ruined in Bengali. This
is the effect of making every Chiefe one of the Councill of
the Bay, & independent of that, of Hugly, & the Company's
writting to them of their business, which has made every
one of them slight and disregard the Agent and Councill's
orders to them.
October 16. — Mr- Elliott, the Interloper, is gone up to
Cassumbuzar with Captain Lake, to assist him in buying
goods, &ca.
October 17. — Sent Coppy of Maulda Generall to Dacca,

I683.] HERVEY'S DEALINGS WITH INTERLOPERS. 129
ordering them to procure a Perwanna according to their
desire. Wrote to Cassumbazar, pressing them to hasten down
their goods, as fast as they come, that the Shipps now in
Port lose not their passage about the Cape, — which was all
the answer I thought convenient to give their Generall
Letter of 6th Instant, to avoid running into long disputes.
October 18. — Mr- Pownsett brags of his private instruc
tions from ye Compy- & some great men of the Committee,
that he regards nothing that's wrott him from Hugly.
October 21. — Eeceived a General from my Nephew, Eobert
Hedges, at Eajamaul, advising that he had received an im
perfect Perwanna from those at Decca, which ordered the
Droga of the Mint to employ all the men at once, and not
let them rest at times ; and to deliver each man his due pro
portion of money every day, according to what [is] delivered
in : Which is of no import, the Droga having formerly pro
mised him a greater share in what mony [may be] delivered
out than is really his due : but having heard of this Per
wanna, is so enraged against him for complaining, that he is
resolved to be revenged, and delays our business as much
as possibly he can.
October 22. — A Peon, returned from Maulda, told me, whilst
he was there, a Peon brought Mr- Hervey a Letter from Capt.
Alley. Mr- Hervey gave answer to said Letter by a Peon of
his own : who for 2 or 3 dayes, that he staid here for an
answer, was kept privately in Capt. Alley's house, for feare
any of my Peons or Servants should see him : this Peon of
Mr- Hervey's was mett by the same Peon of mine, about
halfe way on his returne to Malda.
I know Mr- Hervy has a parcell of 20 chests of very
fine Mulmulls & Cossais, which he pickt up at Decca, and
has a mind to send them home : 't is to be feared he will doe
it by Capt. Alley.
The Dutch Company in Holland have sent out this yeare

130 DANGER OF DUTCH RIVALRY. [1683.
a Shipp directly for this place, with absolute power given
the Supracargo, independent of the Directore : save that
y" said Directore and Councill are ordered to furnish him
with what money he shall desire, and be aiding and assist
ing him upon aU occasions with their authority. The Sopra-
cargo is called Sigr- Lints ; his businesse is to Spie into &
make discovery of our Trade, — to buy Silke and Silkes1 as we
doe, — and to see whether they may not trade directly out and
home, without goeing to Batavia : which they find a tedious
way, and not so beneficial to them as ours. In short, I doubt
the coming out of this Ship will be of greater detriment
and worse consequence than is generally apprehended by -our
people here. The Dutch, finding the shortness of this way,
will hereafter in all probability be competitors with us in
our sorts of Silke, and all other commodities which we
usually trade in.
October 23. — Eeceived advice from Ballasore of the George
& Golden Fleece's arrivall in that Eoade the 12th Instant.
October 26. — Capt. Alley went this day in great state to
visit Bulchund, with 3 Persons with him ; beside 10 Eng
lishmen with Blunderbusses, and about 80 Peons. He has
agreed to pay 3 J per Cent. Custom on all goods imported
and exported : upon which they parted good friends. Capt.
Alley, Capt. Smith, and that Gang are frequently visited, to
our shame and the Company's discredit, by every consider
able person in this Factory, except my selfe, who never yett
saw one of them. They and our Captains caresse one another
dayly. I heare they send adventures home by them.
October 27. — The last night, Mr- James Watson desired a
Dustick of me for a Budgera with some Persian Fruit to
Cassumbazar. When ye Boat was putting off, Mr- Watson
ordered the Chiefe Boatman or Manjee to take in Mr- Harding,
and carry him to Cassumbazar. The mangee refusing to
doe it without my orders, Mr- Watson struck him twice,
and forced him to take him in. Thus, by the countenance

1683.] TROUBLES WITH INTERLOPERS. 131
and similar practices of Mr- Beard, is the Company's Honor
and my Authority slighted and contemned: otherwise they
would as soone eat fire as attempt to doe it, would he stand by
me, and not argue and dispute my authority, and as much
as in him lyes render it contemptible. This scandalous,
unfaithful person, Harding, is now sent up to serve Mr- Char
nock in dispight of me ; though, God be praised, I live in
honor and esteem, whilst Charnock, Hervy, and Beard are
the most despicable persons to the Government and Native
Merchants that ever hved in the country.
October 28 (Sunday). — This day I received a letter from
Mr- Crosse of Decca, dated ye 21st Instant, enclosing a Per
wanna which James Price has procured from the Nabob to
our Fousdar, ordering him immediately to seize and send up
to Decca the 3 Interloping Captains. I durst not give
notice of this to Mr- Beard, having sufficiently experienced
his prejudice and dislike of every thing I doe, and knowing
his intimacy with Mr- Littleton, and meeting Capt. Alley, and
sometimes at said Littleton's house — but dispatched away
Mahmoot Herreef, another trusty Vekeel, to ye Fousdar, pro
mising him a large gratuity if he got this business effected,
and y° Captains seized and sent away to Dacca : of which
I expect a good account this Afternoon. What might not
be done if we were unanimous amongst ourselves, as they
would and must be if [I] had authority to turne them out
when they did not doe their duty !
This afternoon my Vekeel brought me word y" Captains
excused not waiting on ye Fousdar — being Sunday.
Att a Consultation.
October 29. — The Prudent Mary and the Herbert, being
positively ordered by the Honble Compy to be the 2 First
Ships despatched from this place, we thought it convenient
to send ye Welfare & ye Kent directly to Fort Sfc- George, with
their full Lading of Saltpetre, that they may be dispatched

132 ARREST OF TWO INTERLOPERS. [1683.
early from thence, and not endanger their passage about the
Cape : having been a long time out of England, and not
in a capacity to beat it out in bad weather. The George was
likewise ordered to follow them with her Kintledge of Salt
petre, and to touch at all the Lower Factories to take in
what goods [may be] provided at those places ; and the Golden
Fleece ordered to continue here to carry away what goods
we shall have remaining after the Prudent Mary's and the
Herbert's despatch.
The Fousdar sent 10 Portuguese Firelocks, 10 Peons,
and 2 Horsemen to bring Capt. Alley and the rest before
him. This morning they excused going, with many frivolous
excuses, writing and sending to Bulchund to intercede for
them, and to enquire into ye cause of their being sent for.
In the evening the Fousdar's Soldjers (not to return empty
handed to their Master) brought with them Mr- Davis,
belonging to Capt. Smith, and Mr- Smith, Chief Merchant of
the William and John. The Fousdar demanded their Cap
taine, and told them they should be his Prisoners till their
Captains made their appearance.
October 30. — This morning Bulchund came to give me a
visit. After some previous discourse, I told him the last
time he was here (about 14 months since) I promised him
a Persian Horse ; I had now one at his Service, which he
accepted with some ceremony. Entering into farther dis
course, he shewed me severall letters and Perwannas he had
received from the King's Duan of Dacca, en-ordering him
to demand and receive Custome of us. I replyed we had
lived here about 50 years without payment of Custome ;
the Nabob had wrott a letter to the King in our Favour ;
we expected their answer, and made no doubt but it would
be to clear us of Custome. Bulchund told me we had waited
above a year for such an answer, but assured me it would
never come without his advice and assistance ; and now

I683.] BULCHUND DISCHARGES THEM. 133
required me to give my positive answer to one of these two
questions :
" Whether I would consent to the payment of 3^ per cent.
Custome upon our own Tallicas or entries : Or, lett him take
custom of his own subjects for all the goods they sold to
us.'' For which he gave us time till this afternoon to con
sider of it.
Amidst our discourse, Bulchund told me he had some
proposals made him by Mr- Charnock concerning pay
ment of custome. Bulchund had replied, " What have you
to doe with such proposals ? You are under the Agent's
direction, & I am going to him, and he and I will agree
upon it."
October 31. — This morning the Interlopers made their
addresses, by advice & assistance of Mr- Edward Littleton,
to Bulchund, to gett Mr- Parkes and Mr- Davis out of the
Fousdar's Custody, with promise of great reward. In the
afternoon Bulchund sends a note to the Fousdar, telling
him he would be security for the 2 Merchants in his custody,
and answerable to the Nabob for all demands and pretences
he would make upon them. Whereupon the Fousdar sent
them to Bulchund with a guard of Soldiers, and Bulchund
immediately dismist them, and bid them go to their houses :
Soe insolent and proud is this Bulchund growne with his
vast state, as not to regard any Perwanna that comes from
the old doting Nabob of Decca.1 The Company's affairs
will never be better, but always grow worse and worse with
continuall patching, till they resolve to quarrel with these
people, and build a Fort on ye Island Sagar at the mouth
1 Shaista Khan, the Nawab of Dacca, held the government from
1663 to 1689, except during part of 1677 and 1678, when Fedai Khan,
the Emperor Aurunzebe's foster-brother, held the government. Shaista
Khan was son of Vizier Asuf Jah, and nephew of the Empress Noor
Jehan. — Stewart, p. 296.
In the diary of Dec. 2, 1683, the Nawab is stated by Mr. Hedges
to be then 82.

134 DISMISSAL OF PERMESURADAS. [1683.
of this river, and run the hazard of losing one yeare's trade
in the Bay, in \ of which time there 's noe feare of bringing
these people to our conditions. If this be not speedily
taken in hand by us, there 's no doubt to be made but 't will
soon be done by the Dutch, who talke of it freely, as often
as we meet with them : and then we must expect to be soone
turned out of this country. November 1683.
November 5. — Bulchund, after much entreaty and fair pro
mises, went to returne Capt. Alley's visit, but sent me word
by a Merchant that he designed only to pick his pockett
of Eup. 4000, which Capt. Alley was to give for the Honour
done him.
This afternoon a Perwanna came to Bulchund from the
Nabob of Decca, commanding Permesuradas (that great
Villaine) to be turned out of his Service. Whereupon
Bulchund caused it to be proclaimed by beat of Drum, that
all men who had any complaint against Permesuradas should
come and make their appearance and demands before him.
In a few hours' time more that 3000 poor men gathered
together, complaining with full mouths of his exaction and
injustice towards them : some demanding Eupees 10, others
Eupees 20, per man, which Bulchund very generously
paid them in the Cazee's presence, to the amount of about
Eupees 2000. This, it is feared, will be all ye satisfaction
that will be given for about 5 Lack of Eupees which Per
mesuradas has forced from ye Merchants and poore Inhabit
ants, and Bulchund puts all the rest into his own Pockett,
with ye Name and great applause of doing great and ex
emplary justice. 'Tis happy for us that we are rid of soe
great a Villaine upon any score whatsoever.
November 6. — This day Capt. Wildey made complaint to
me that Capt. Hayward had not justice done him, for that
Hayward was an antient Commander, and had been Com-

1683.J MORE TROUBLE FROM CHARNOCK. 135
missioned by the King ; and ought to weare the Flag, and
not Capt. Lake, as was formerly ordered in my absence at
Cassumbazar by Mr- Beard : whereupon I sent an order to
Capt. Hayward in these foUowing words :
"Whereas Capt. Charles Hayward, Commander ofthe Henry
and William, has formerly been a Captain in His Majtle's
Service, and is the oldest Commander now in this place, I
doe desire and en-order him, the said Charles Hayward, to
wear a Flagg as Admirall.
" Witness my hand. In Hugly, this 6 November 1683."
The like order, mutatis mutandis, I sent to Capt. Lake, to
take downe his Flag-staffe and Pendent.
This Capt. Lake, being a great dissenter, & an inseparable
companion of Mr- Beard's, has taken divers occasions to affront
and speak dl of me behind my back, saying that nothing
is done as it should be, and that he will putt the Company
in a way when he goes home : and, I am told, in common
discourse speaks as near Treason as he can, not to be taken
hold of by the hearers. He 's a base, unworthy fellow, & I
hope 't wdl lye in their power to lett him know it.
This night I received letters from Decca. On the way
they were intercepted and broke open by Mr- Charnock,
which he presumes to doe, being Second of Councell in the
Bay. These two CounciUs, of Hugly and of the Bay, cause
such disorder and confusion, that I fear y" Councill of [the]
Bay will drive that of Hugly out of doors, and the Company's
business too, in a httle time, if speedy relief doe not come to
prevent it.
November 7. — This day Bulchund sent for all those y'- made
yr- complaints against Permesuradas yesterday and had
mony given them ; and put them in Prison, forcing them
to refund all they had received, and much more, to be
released : and compelled all men in general y'- had ever
been wronged by ye Wicked Villaine to give discharges under

136 NABOB FORBIDS TRADE WITH INTERLOPERS. [1683.
their hands, sealed with ye Cazee's Seals, y'- they received
their money back again. It is ye most cursed proceeding of
cruell Tyranny y*- ever I heard of in my life. I am told
Bulchund has given Permesuradas a Serpaue,1 and restored
him into favour again.
I 'm certainly informed Mr- Beard has bought a third part
of ye Shipp Brittania, in Company with two Interlopers,
Mr- Nedham & Mr- Dowglass, and sends her to Achin, which
causes his great friendship with all that party.
November 8. — The Fousdar received another Perwanna,
directed to him by the Nabob of Decca, procured by James
Price, forbidding any Merchant whatsoever trading with any
Interlopers : & confirming his former Perwanna to send the
3 Captains to Decca. Bulchund and he had a private con
versation about it— to what purpose I did not understand. I
doubt, not to our advantage : Bulchund having granted Capt.
Alley free liberty of trade, & to pass aU his goods with his
owne Dustick. I am told Alley has bought Bulchund's new
house, below the Dutch Factory, for Eupees 10,000 ready
money. November 9. — The Fousdar summoned all the Merchants
to appear before him, and told them he had received a Per
wanna, forbidding all men to trade with Interlopers, and
required every one of them to oblige under his hand not to
buy nor sell with them ; and if anyone had received Dadney,
or Impost mony, on account of goods, if ever it be known
and not discovered to him, they must expect to be answer
able for it to ye King, and make satisfaction as far as the
Sale of their persons, wives, and children. I resolved, God
willing, to prosecute this business to the utmost of my power,
and hope to bring it to a good issue.
November 10. — Permesuradas went to sett in ye towne
belonging to ye Dutch. Calling aU men before him, he
demanded 3 yeares' Gigeea,2 or head money, wh- he pretended
1 Sirpao, properly sar-o-pa, " head and foot," a complete dress of
honour. — Y. 2 Jizya, see p. 101.

1683.] CONSULTATION ABOUT PAYMENT OF CUSTOMS. 137
they are in arreares to him, and forced it from them with all
the Barbarous Eigour imaginable.
November 12. — Bulchund sent me a message that he had
given order to all his Officers to stop all our trade unless I
would agree to the following proposall.
" That since we had now been full 12 months, and had not
yett obtained the King's Phirmaun to free us from payment
of Custome, he was contented to allow us yett two months'
time more from this day, provided we would then be obliged
to pay him all the last and this yeare's Custome, according
to our Entrys, or else we must be content not to receive or
lade a parcel of goods more this Shipping."
Whereupon I called a Consultation, and thought good in
such an emergency to send for all the Commanders of the
Company's Shipps, & take their opinions ; who unanimously
concluded there was an absolute necessity to refer it to
me to agree with Bulchund on these or better termes, if I
could by any means procure them of him ; the Government
. being so corrupt at present that this man does all he pleases
without regard to the King or Nabob.
In the afternoon I visited Bulchund, when, after divers
arguments pro and con, we came to this conclusion : That we
should have free liberty to receive and lade all our goods
this Monsoone or Shipping; and if before that time we could
not produce the King's Phirmaun or Husbull Huckum1 to the
contrary, we would pay our Custom for this and the last year
past to him in Hugly : upon which agreement ye Old Fox
treated me with all possible respect and kindness ; and as a
farther testimony, one Peter Torris, a Dutch Foreman, being
imprisoned by him, besought me to procure his releasement :
which I did, and 't was as readily granted by Bulchund,
though he had great demands on him. To-morrow they must
be compounded the best I can.
November 13. — This day Capt. Alley dyned aboard Capt.
Lake of y" Prudent Mary, with Mrs-2 Honor, Clerke, and divers
1 See note, p. 99. 2 Presumably for " Messrs."

138 MISCONDUCT AT CASSIMBAZAR. [1683.
Interlopers, making great mirth and jollity by firing guns all
the afternoone.
November 16. — Bulchund sent me word he was proffered
by Capt. Alley & Co. Eupees 10,000 for himselfe, and Eup.
1000 for his Bramanin, to have hberty of free trade ; and if I
would promise to give him the like sum, he would engage to
send Capt. Alley, Capt. Smith, and Capt. Eead all Prisoners
to Dacca, and to forbid ye Merchants trading with them : to
which I agreed, and expect Bulchund's performance of his
promise. November 17. — Mr- Derick Johnson, a Dutchman, told me
ye present Directore assured him 16 Saile of Shipps and 2000
men were ready to come & brake with this Government,
when the differences happened between ye Old and Young
Kings of Bantam : and this year he is confident a sufficient
strength wiU be sent him to require satisfaction of these
people for all the affronts and indignities they have putt upon
them. This Evening Bulchund sends me word he has refused to
accept of Capt. Alley's proffer of Eup. 10,000 & Eup. 1000
to his Fockeer, but wid accept of mine, and send the 3
Captains to Decca : not expecting to be given the money till
they are on their way past Cassumbuzar.
From Cassimbuzar I am certainly informed Mr- Naylor is
there with a great sum of money, buying up all the Taffaty
and other Silks he can, for the Interlopers, who imploy him
as their Factor, and declare to Bulchund he wdl pay his
Custome for it. Ye said Naylor has dayly corresponded with
Mr- Charnock, having been always his intimate friend ; and
without question either provides him goods out of the Hon.
Comp.'s Warehouse, or connives at the Weavers and Eiccars1
doing of it. Mr- Charnock is the more to be suspected, not
having given the least notice of this Villainy of Mr- Naylor's
in any of his Gen11- Letters, which he is wont to doe upon
1 Paikar, a broker, an intermediate dealer or agent. — Y.

1683.] STEPS NEEDFUL TO SECURE COMPANY'S WELFARE. 139
other slight and frivolous occasions. I am advised from
Cassumbuzar he has paid more than Eup. 2700 for Custome
at 3| per Cent., by which I conclude he has Mustered at
least Eup. 20,000. Mr- Charnock must be assistant to him
under hand, or 't were impossible for him to lay out soe much
mony. The best of the Company's Servants (at least those
that are soe esteemed) being thus subject to corruption, they
can never be well served tid they take the Dutch Course and
Method of impowering their Agent to turne out those that
offend in this nature, and y'- keepe Company and Feast dayly
with ye Interlopers, as ye most precise of us doe here fre
quently, and take parts of Shipps and trade with them. If
this grievance cannot be soon redressed, as discovery is made
of it, ye Company's trade can never be carryed on to their
most advantage.
Three things must be done to make ye Honble Compy'8 trade
prosperous in this Country.
1st- The Interlopers must be supprest in England. 'Tis
impossible to be done here. I see they will dayly grow upon
us without effort.
2nd- Custome must not be paid. If we pay 3£ per Cent.
one yeare, we shall pay 5 the next, to excuse opening, pricing,
weighing, and measuring our goods : and by degrees these
people's exactions will grow to be insufferable. Ye duty of
Custome (computing the trade which will and may easily
be carryed on yearly in BengaU), I conclude, wdl be taken
on £600,000 Stock. The Custome of that money, inwards, at
3£ per Cent., and Custome on its returnes home at 3^ per
Cent, more, is 7 per Cent., which will amount to £42,000 per
annum : for ye one halfe of which charge I will venture my
life and fortune to take off the payment of Custome for ever,
and to agree with this King upon such capitulations as shall
be not only a vast advantage, but a perpetuall honour to our
English Nation.
3rd- A General Eegulation in ye Factorys, for which

140 DEATH OF BULCHUND. [1683.
there 's a necessity, of Investing greater and more absolute
power in ye Agent: though he prove never soe great a Villaine,
he must be intrusted (as the Directore is) for y" present, and
then a better sent in his place. He must be feared, or ye
Company's business cannot be done to advantage.
November 23. — This morning I went to visit the Fousdar,
being this afternoone to sett out in his tents, in order to his
going to Ballasore. He expressed great kindness, and gave
me a Serepaw.1 In the Afternoon the Kent was dispatched
for Fort St. George with her lading of Saltpetre.
November 26. — I am advised from Cassumbuzar that
Mr- Naylor bought up great store of Taffatys and all other
Silks, to soe great a sum as to have paid 2100 rupees for
Custome, at the rate of 3f per Cent. Computing which rate,
he must have bought for more than the value of 70,000
rupees. November 30. — Capt. Alley was most kindly and respect
fully entertained by the Fousdar abroad, in his tents, and had
a Serpaw presented to him. The Fousdar summoned all our
Merchants to come before him, and forced them to take up
money of Capt. Alley, commanding to provide him goods
with all speed, that he may be despatched in 15 days at
farthest. Soe deceitful and base are all the Magistrates in
this country, that, as I have said before, 't is impossible to
suppresse the Interlopers in this country. This day dis
patched ye Hare, Capt. Poston, for Persia, Laden with Sugar.
December 1683.
December 2. — This morning early, news was brought me
our grand enemie (that corrupt Villain), Bulchund, was
Dead. He fell sick in his tyrannicall progresse in these
parts ; forcing money from all persons ; and continued sick
till he came to his owne house at Muxoodavad, where he
dyed on ye 29th Ultimo. Permesuradas is kept under cus-
' See p. 136.

1683.] MORE KNAVERY AT CASSIMBAZAR. 141
tody of the Fousdar's Officers till orders come from Decca
and the Nabob's pleasure be known who he will please to
put in Bulchund's place. Whosoever comes in his place, 't is
to be feared, will stop our goods, and force us to begin again
and bribe anew : and soe it will be when ye Nabob dyes, who,
being 82 years old and very feeble, cannot live long.1
December 4. — Mr- Johnson informed me that Capt. ' Min
chin should say, in ye hearing of Capt. Udall, Capt. Cooke,
& Mr- Catchpoole, after his returne from Cassimbuzar, " it
lay in his power to ruine two of that Factory, viz., Mr- Barker
& Mr- Threder, but that he was under an oath not to dis
cover it." To explain this Eiddle, Capt. Udall left two Ser
vants of his behind him at Cassimbuzar, who came downe
with Capt. Minchin in that Boat. They affirme Mr- Barker
and Threder delivered divers bales of Silkes to the said
Capt. Minchin, as they passed down the river a little below
that Factory. Thus it 's plaine Mr- Charnock's favorites may
doe anything, whilst Mr- Langley must not buy a few pieces
of Baftaes, but they must be seized and taken from him.
December 6. — 'Tis advised by Mr. Charnock at Cassum
bazar that Mr- Naylor gives 15 and 20 per Cent, dearer for
his Taffaties and all sorts of Silkes that he buys for the
Company. When Naylor was here in Hugly, he sold those
Silkes he had by him much cheaper than those bought by
Mr- Charnock, as formerly noted in this Diary.
December 7. — This Evening I received advice from Mr-
Crosse at Decca, that the Fousdar's Letter of this place was
read to the Nabob in open Durbar on ye 26th Ult0-, in these
following words :
" That he had received the Nabob's P orwanna, and in
complyance therewith had sent for the Commanders of the
1 According to Stewart (Hist, of Bengal, p. 323), Shaista Khan resigned
charge circa 1689, and not before. He then retired to Agra, where
he died Anno Hej. 1105, or a.d. 1693; so he survived Mr. Hedges'
remark nine years at least. — R. F. B.

142 THE NABOB'S VACILLATION. [1683.
Interlopers' Shipps, who refused to come : whereupon he
sent Peons, &c, to seize on them, but [they] were afterwards
sett at liberty by Bulchund, who said he would be responsible
for them to the Nabob, & that none would be their security
for fear of the Old English Traders (meaning the Company's
Servants). Which last sentence has done us much harm ;
for ye Duan (our implacable enemy) rose up immediately and
said, " These are the tricks and devices they use to let no
others trade besides themselves, that then they may sell
their goods at what rate they please, and be subject to no
orders : whereas this New Company (as he termed them)
are willing to pay 5 per Cent. Custome, which we deny ; that
they were merchants as well as wee ; and to hinder their
trade would be ye King's damage." Here upon the old
doting Nabob (being ruled since the death of Eay Nundelol
by what he hears any one say) replyed, " They should trade
freely." Soe that now the Business being thus determined
by the Nabob, there 's no possibility of rooting out or doing
any prejudice to Interlopers : they are more kindly treated
upon all occasions than we are : and 'twill be as impossible
for us to hold out long without payment of Custome, as well
as they, if we doe not resolve to fall out with these people
very speedily.
December 11. — A boat stopt at the Custome house ; her
chief Boatman declares he tooke in his lading at the English
Factory at Maulda, and came with Captn- Alley's Dustick,
who received all his boat's lading. I'm credibly informed
there 's a clause in Alley's Charter-Party, giving liberty to
Mr- Hervy to lade such a quantity of goods as therein pro
vided. 'Tis possible this boat's lading is in part of it.
Mr- Hervy has resigned up the management of his Factory
to Mr. Peach ey, being troubled with the Gout. He may doe
what he pleases, he is under no control. If I should offer to
put another in his place, he would be well enough again
immediately to doe the Company's business himselfe. He

1683.] CHARNOCK'S INSUBORDINATION. 143
regards nothing but to enjoy his little Seraglio of 6 Strumpets,
and hve at ease upon the Company's Expence.
An account depending between a Gomasta, or Factor, of
one of our Merchants here, and Mr- Hervy, for Eup. 105, we
were requested to take the said Merchant's security till the
Month of January next (the said Factor being employed
at present in providing goods for this Factory), and ordered
Mr- Hervy and Councill in our Gen11- letter not to give the
said Gomasta disturbance till ye time aforesaid. Mr- Hervy,
notwithstanding, imprisoned the Gomasta, telling him, " the
Agent and Council had nothing to doe with his management
of Affaires in this Factory; nor were otherwise concerned
than to remitt them money to buy the Company's cloth."
This affront is insufferable ; but I must have patience.
December 15. — Eeceived answer to a Generall from Cas
sumbuzar, wherein Mr- Charnock tells us plainly, in these
following words :
" Whereas you order us to restore the Peon to George
Pitman which he had formerly, and did more business for
him than for ye Honble Compy-, it is to be supposed (our
Honble Masters having thought fit to trust such a concerne
as the charge of this Factory to our management) that we
are best able to appoint whatever peons are most fitting for
to watch the throwing shopp."
To this may be replyed, in his own words, — that the Comp?'
having thought fit to intrust the Agent and Councdl of
Hugly with y" management of their affairs in ye Bay, they
may be as well able to judge of such a matter as Mr- Char
nock. This, with his refusing to turne out John Griffin,
though twice ordered to doe it, is such an affront to the
Company's authority invested in me, as can be no longer
endured than till the next letters out of England, without
utter ruin and destruction to the Honble East India Com
pany's affaires here in Bengali.
December 20. — Mr- Crosse advises that the Nabob hopes to

144 FAVOUR TO THE NEW COMPANY. [1683.
receive a Husbull Hookhum from ye Vizier for our enjoyment
of a Free Trade without payment of Custome.
December 21. — The Prudent Mary received her despatches
for England.
December 27. — Eeceived a letter from Mr. Crosse, advising
the Fousdar of this place had wrott in y" Interlopers' favour
to the Nabob for his Phirwanna and protection of them, for
which they would give him an annual present. The Nabob
was ready to grant a Perwanna, had not James Price (being
present) put it into the Nabob's head to send for them up
thither to make the Agreement himselfe, to which end a
Perwanna is dispeeded hither, and Mr- Davis wiU be sent of
that errant, where James Price wdl not fad to doe him all ye
prejudice and Mischief he is able.
The Shawbunder of Ballasore wrott to the Nabob also
in their Favour, and that if we left the Country, the
New Company's Trade would be much the greater, and their
paying Custome bring great profitt to the King, &c. The
Nabob replyed he believed this was wrott out of spight,
revenge, & malice ; to satisfie which he would not make us
leave the country, who would returne againe and take ye
Port townes, hinder and take their Ships, and afterwards force
a trade as we pleased ourselves.
The place of Customer, as wed as Collector of the King's
Eents, and Government of this place, is given to Aziz-beig, a
person y'- speaks Turkish and showed himself my great friend
at Dacca. The said Asiz-beig departed Decca for this place
ye 19th Instant.
December 31. — I am informed Mr- Naylor has this day sent
down 35 bales of Silke to Capt. Adey, which he buys up at
Cassumbazar, not without great probabdity that he is assisted
by Mr. Charnock : ye Merchants y'- usually traded with our
Factory having at present an unhappy dispute and quarrel
with Mr- Charnock, as if it were on purpose to make them
carry their Silk to ye Interlopers. To confirm the truth of

1684.] MONEY LEFT BY BULCHUND. 14."
this information, Mr- Naylor has certainly drawn a bill for
Eupees 16,000 on Capt. Alley, which he has satisfied.
[End of 1683. Though this date is continued, as was then
the custom,, till March 25, 1684.]

January 1684
January 2. — Letters from Muxadavad advise that ye New
Governor sent by the Nabob to seize Bulchund's Estate has
given his Sonn 2 of his Father's Horses, and Eup. 1000
in his purse (the young man having been entered one of the
King's Soldjers in his infancy), and commanded him to goe
to his quarters under his Superior ; and so turned him out
of his house, and tooke all his Mother's Jewells from her.
They have, by information of the Servants, dug in severall
places of the house, where they have found great summes of
money. Under his bed were found Lacks 4| ; in the House
of Office, two Lacks. They [have] in all found Ten Lacks
already, and make no doubt but to find more, besides vast
summes let out to severall Merchants at interest, and con
veyed away to other parts of the Empire, and Nine Lacks
formerly owned and sent to the Nabob as soone as Bul
chund dyed.
January 3. — I went this morning to visit and welcome
Aziz-beig, our new Goverr- and Collector of the Customes
here. He is a Persian born, and received me with great
kindness and respect ; assuring me of his favour upon all
occasions. He speaks Turkish currently, and seems much
delighted that I understand that Language. I make no
question but in his time ye Company's businesse will passe
ye better for it.
From Cassumbr- 1 am advised Mr- Charnock has. taken ye
freedome to put me into his Diary of November last, inform
ing " that he caused Peons to foUow a Boat with English

146 CHARNOCK'S INSINUATIONS. [1684.
Colours and my Dustick, whose goods were seen to be con
veyed to Mr- Dowglass his house" : matter of fact is true,
without ye least circumstance or appearance of evill, as Mr-
Charnock would insinuate from it.
One Sigr- Francessei D'Acha, a Portuguese, formerly a
Soldjer at y" Fort in the time of Sir Jeremy Sambrooke,
having by his industry and fairdealing gotten -to be master
of a small Shipp, for his own and y" English Merchants'
account at Syam, usuaUy consigned himself to Captn- Vincent ;
finding him gone for England, would have recommended
himselfe to me. I being opprest with more business and
trouble than I was well able to manage, desired him to
make choice of some other person : he chose Mr- Douglasse.
About 2 months since, Mr- Duglasse came to me for a Dustuck
to pass his goods, first obliging [himself], if we paid Custome,
to pay in like manner for all he received. This by the
CounciU and all mankind was judged better to doe than lett
them pay Custome till ye Company's business was settled,
to avoyd an iU example. Charnock, out of malice, says
(or at least suspects) these were Interlopers' Goods. I call
Mr- Dowglasse before Mr- Beard and ye Councill to declare
the truth : he affirmes the goods were for account of D'Acha
and his owners, except 200 pieces of Dutch Taffaties sent to
Achin, and 10 Pieces for his owne account: and that he
never had ye confidence to aske me for a Dustick to passe
unlawful goods, nor did I ever give him any.
Such groundlesse assertions as these are insufferable ; I
can no more bear them than an honest, virtuous Woman
can be questioned for her Chastity. It 's absolutely neces
sary that one of us two be displaced. He brags never no
chief was yett able to contend with him and Hervey, &
makes no doubt but to give me my Mittimus this next
shipping. Ye Company best know their own concerns and
advantages, and I must acquiesce in their determination,
whatever it be.

I684.] SIX MONTHS' HIATUS IN DIARY. 147
January 5. — Mr- John Haynes, from Cassumbuzar, advises
at large, Mr- Charnock having engaged Mr- Hervey and
Mr- Pownsett to meet at a General Consull tation whether I
will or no : and declares they will doe such ridiculous things,
that I am ashamed to discover their folly soe much as to
write or take notice of them.
January 10. — Letters from Pattana advise Mr- Beard's
Brother-in-law, James Lowdon, railes at me and abuses me
insufferably ; saying I did ye Compy- no service at Decca ;
that he could have done much more ; and doubts not but to
see me turned out with disgrace as Vincent was, by the next
letters out of England : with much more to ye like purpose.
These contempts I am forced to endure at present, not to
bring ye Company's concerns into confusion.
January 12. — From Cassumbuzar 't is advised ye Mer
chants and Picars appeal again to ye Cazee for Justice
against Mr- Charnock. Ye Cazee cites Mr- Charnock to appear;
he not appearing, the Merchants take a testimonyall from
the Cazee, appoint a Vekeel or two for them, and pretend
they will goe and complaine to ye Nabob at Decca. In the
mean time goods come slowly from that Factory : 't is pro
bable they will not send returns of half the goods they
have agreed for. I am credibly informed the persons Mr-
Charnock deals with are soe poore they wiU not be able to
answer their debts by above a lack of Eupees of what 's
given out this yeare only, besides ye remaines standing out
of ye last.
This Diary was thus far sent home to my Brother Sam
brooke & other friends in England by ye Herbert, Capt.
Henry Udall, Commandr-, to satisfie them and justifie me in
all my transactions for ye Honble- East India Company,
which (God knows) have been allways performed with
greatest dilligence & Integrity, to ye best of my Judgement,
notwithstanding the false reports and aspersions of my

148 A TRADING PARSON. [1684.
declared enemies in Bengali, and ye Prejudice that some of
ye Company have unjustly conceived against me.
I omitted entring my dayly transactions in this Booke, as
I ought to have done, in expectation to have gott them
transcribed for me out of my Diary kept for ye Compy- But
that favour would not afterwards be granted to me when I
was dismist their Service.

July 1684.
July 2. — Falling this day into discourse with Mr- Daniel
Joachim Schlu, a Dane (formerly belonging to their Factory
in Bantam), amongst other things he told me that Mr-
Eichard Frenchfeild was, underhand, a great favorer of ye
Interlopers; particularly when Mr- Thomas Davies was at
Decca. The better to conceal his goods, ye said Frenchfield
sent down his cousin Pointall to Mr- Cooke's Shippe, then
riding at anchor at Kedgeria, and, under pretence of bring
ing up goods of his owne and his said cousin's, brought up
also 20 Maunds of Opium for account of Mr- Cooke, — as
he, ye said Cooke, told Mr- Sehluv in the presence of George
Herron. The said Mr- Schlu farther told me, for an instance of
Mr- Frenchfeild's dealing with Interlopers, that he had
bought all ye said Cooke's Copper and Tutenag at his first
arrivall, and had now about ye value of Eup. 3 or 400 of
Cooke's in his possession, and assisted Cooke upon all occa
sions ; notwithstanding all which kindness ye said Cooke
was so unworthy as to call Mr- Evans (ye Minister) and him
two great knaves : saying they cheated him of halfe a rupee
per maund in all the Copper and Tutenag which he sold them.
Where, 'by ye by, I cannot but acknowledge Mr- Evans busies
himselfe too much in trade and merchandize, for a man of
his Coat : being certainly one of ye greatest traders in Hugly.
July 7.— Eeceived a Generall from Mr- Pownsett and

1684.] MR. beard's rudeness. 149
Councill of Decca, accompanying their Diary for ye month
of May last. On the 5th of which Month (without any
former advice given, or liberty desired, of this Councdl, as
alwayes customary) Charges Eup. 305 : 10 to Account, for a
Beetle Box, Plate, Arrack Bowl, Spitting Cupp, and Silver
handle for a Fan : all of Sdver ; besides Eup. 50 for Cloth
of Gold Pillows, and other furniture.
If this freedom be allowed to every Factory to build (as
Mr- Charnock does at Cassumbazar), and to buy and pro
vide what Plate & Furniture they please for their Chambers
(as Mr- Pownsett does at Dacca), under pretence of enter
taining Strangers, without notice given and liberty granted
by this Agency (which is not only irregular and disrespect
fuU to ye character conferred on me by ye Honble< Comp7-, but
tends like wise much to their prejudice), aU things will then
run into disorder and confusion.
This day at a Consultation held concerning ye repair of
Mr- Moseley's house, which ye Governor- would not suffer
him to mend, having a desire to it himself, Mr- Beard
tooke occasion, on behalf of Mr- Thomas Ley, to affront &
abuse me in a most rude & unhandsome manner ; growing
pale with passion, shooke his head, & made such a filthy
noise with his mouth as cannot be expressed. This pre
judice conceived against me (I judge, upon account of
opinion in Eeligion, he being a most rigid Presbyterian)
is so great, and y" dayly disrespects & affronts cast upon
me so insufferable (having private information given him
by Sir Josiah Child that he should be Agent), that no Public
Business can be freely and calmly argued in Consultation
without ending in a quarrel; which I find so exceeding
detrimental to ye Company's concernes, that I choose to
bear any thing rather than their affairs under my manage
ment shaU suffer by it.
Mr- Ley, on ye other hand (being one of ye same profes
sion in Eeligion, and judging themselves persecuted in Eng-

150 pownsett's suppressions [1684.
land), holds and combines with Mr- Beard in every thing,
right or wrong, just or unjust, out of Malice to me.
Mr- Ley of himself knows nothing of ye Country affaires,
or of ye Company's business, nor has he the least insight or
knowledge of merchandize in general, not being skilled in
the common rudements of Arithmatick, nor able to cast
up any account, nor divide with 4 figures.
Mr- Pownsett, in all his Diary of May last, gives no
particular account of what he had done or acted for Mr-
Charnock, more than that he had sent a Gen11- to Cassumbr-
" concerning their businesse", — as if I and this Councill of
Hugly were such traytors to ye Company, as not fitt to
know what was transacted betwixt them in that grand affair
of ye Company's consernes ; Mr- Pownsett being otherwise
very full and particular in all other business and advices
what soever.
In like manner Mr- Pownsett gives no account of what is
wrott him from Cassumbzr- more than " Eeca- a Generall from
Cassumbr- concerning their troubles" : the said Pownsett, or
Charnock, neither of them giving ye least notice to what
those Troubles are, that we might endeavour to gett them
removed ; which I could very easily have done at a small
expence (considering ye greatness of ye affaire), not exceeding
Eup. 2 in 3000, the Native Merchants having wrott a
Gen11- letter to me, advising they were ready and willing to
stand to my award and determination of ye differences betwixt
them and Mr- Charnock : which he out of meer pride and
malice would not consent unto (pretending ye inconvenience
of his coming to Hugly), that I might not have ye credit of
composing their differencies.
Mr- Pownsett, in his May Diary, gives order likewise for
making a Budgero without leave from this Factory ; & in
deed, does what he pleases, as if altogether independant of
us, and a distinct Agency : following ye practice of his
admired Patrons, Mr- Hervy and Mr- Charnock.

1684.] AND MISREPRESENTATIONS. 151
I am also this day informed Mr- Charnock has ended his
differences with ye Picars and Merchants by arbitration of
certain Moor Merchants, who had adjudged Mr- Charnock
to pay for all ye Silke he sent home ye last yeare Eu. 5 : 12an-
per Seer, which is halfe a rupee more than it 's worth : and,
together with charges, will prejudice ye Company above a
lack of rupees.
I received a letter lately from Mr. Grosse of Decca, advising
me (amongst other things) in ye following words, viz. :
" At present I have not any thing of moment to advise,
but that Mr- Pownsett, having wrott so often to ye Worship-
full & to Cassumbr- that no Perwanna could be procured for
redresse of their grievances without a present to the Nabob,
which now being ordered, and he not knowing how to goe to
worke to effect it, fearing ye disgrace that may fall on him
should he after all not obtaine one, — hath gott Golobray to
stir in ye business, by putting Eupees 2000 into his hands,
and giving a writing, that if he gets a Perwanna he is to have
ye said 2000 rup. for charges and his paines, and not to give
any other account thereof."
In another letter of ye 30th June, Mr- Crosse advises me
farther, viz. :
" As to what Mr. Charnock writes agn8t- James Price, he
will be shortly with ye Worshipfull to vindicate himselfe.
And for Golobray (though he be a base fellow), 1 believe he
hath not had any hand in hindering a Perwanna for Cassim-
bazar troubles ; for if he hath, certainly Mr- Pownsett (from
whom, I suppose, Mr- Charnock must have that advice) would
never have entrusted him with ye procuring of said Per
wanna. But the business is this: Mr- Pownsett does
despaire of getting one, and to hide his owne Ignorance from
Mr- Charnock, writes that Golobray and James are ye occa
sion, when they have both been assisting to him ; — thereby
thinking to make ye world believe you to be their abettor in
a businesse detrimental to ye Hon. Company."

152 NEWS OF MR. HEDGES' DISMISSAL. [1684.
By these two letters from Mr. Charles Crosse, it 's very
apparent how industrious Mr- Pownsett has been to cast ye
odium of Mr- Charnock's and his owne miscarryages
upon me.
July 17. — I was advised by Mr- How, Commander of ye
Company's little Shipp Thomas (newly returned from Fort
St. George) that I was Dismist the Company's Service ;
Mr- Beard made Agent in my place ; & Agent Gyfford made
President of ye Coast of Cormandell & Bay of Bengal.
July 25. — This day Five Dellolls, or Brokers, of Decca, after
they had been with me, went to Mr- Beard's Chamber to pay
their respects to him; taking with them James Price, ye Vekeel.
Mr- Beard demanded, " Who they were ?" James answered,
" The Dellolls of Decca." Mr- Beard replyed, " I know their
business very well; I know what they come for." Mr- French-
fedd coming into Mr- Beard's Chamber y'- very instant, said,
" I am sorry these men have found y" way to Hugly : this
will spoil the Company's business" ; and soe ye men were
dismist. Their designe in coming to Hugly was to prove to me
before Mr- Pownsett's face (if thereto required) that he, y
said Mr- Pownsett, bought cloth of Severall sorts at Eupees
6, 7, & 8, which he charged to y" Company at Eu. 10, 11,
& 12, and some at Eu. 13 per piece ; but finding Mr- Beard
and Mr- Frenchfedd prejudiced against ye discoverers, and
unwilling to detect Pownsett's villany, and I being dismist
ye Company's service, concerned myself no farther in ye
businesse (despairing to doe any good where I met with such
opposition), but advised ye Dellolls to returne to Decca. The
hke cheat was clearly proved to me against Mr- Samuel
Hervy, deceased, who otherwise, by fair dealing, could never
have gott Eupees 220,000, as he has done in a few years out
of nothing : his first setting up being with Eup. 1500 he
won, or rather cheated, at play, of a Purser of a Shippe at
Ballasore, soone after his first arrivall in the Bay of Bengal.

1684.] NAWAB 'S OPINION OF COMPANY'S SERVANTS. 153
James Price assured me ye- Mr- Pownsett, appearing in
Publick Durbar at Decca in ye business of Mr- Charnock,
the Nabob commanded him "to be gone out of his sight";
saying, " ye English were a company of base, quarrelling
people, and foul dealers."
July 29. — Mr- Charnock, in his letter of this date, says the
Chief of Decca had procured ye Nabob's Perwanna to have
their differences arbitrated by Merchants, whereas this Per
wanna was procured by Arz-dast,1 — else why was it not pro
cured by Mr- Charnock's letter, which ye Nabob rejected,
refusing to answer it ?
In truth, Mr- Pownsett was proffered this Perwanna long
since, when James Price was there, if he would have given
for it Eup. 600 ; since which time Mr- Pownsett has agreed
to give Goolobray E. 2000 to procure him this Perwanna,
upon condition that he is to give no account of its ex-
pence : which, with ye help of my Arz-dast, he procured
accordingly. August 1684
August 16. — We had news brought us that 4 Dutch
Shipps were arrived in yc Ganges as high as Barnagur from
Batavia. They report Gen1- Spdman & his Second of Councill
are both dead ; that ye 3rd of Council, one Camploys by name,
is made General ; and that Mr- English had been there, from
ye Compy-, in a Shippe of 60 Guns. At his arrival they told
him ye King of Bantam would not suffer him to goe into ye
Eoad of Bantam, but that (if he pleased) he might goe to
Batavia and buy refreshments : of which proffer he accepted,
and was afterwards dismist, not being suffered to lade a
penny worth of goods. The Duch men could not inform
us whether Mr- English returned for England or went to
Suratt. 1 'Arz-dasht, practically the same as arzl (vulg. urzee), "a peti
tion".— Y.

154 REPORTS FROM BATAVIA. [1684.
On these Shipps came one Soleman, an inhabitant and
freeman for several years in Batavia, now made Comissarie
Gen11- of all India, which gives him precedency of ye Govr-
Gen11- himselfe, and impowers him to call all persons what
soever to account for all their actions. He has condemned
the late Gen11, Spilman's estate (after his death) to pay
rup. 90,000 to ye Company ; and displaced ye Secretary
Gen11- (though his own brother-in-law), fining him ye sum of
P.1 60,000, of all which sums ye said Comissarie is to
have £ part. He is to goe to all Factories in India, and to
command what Shippes he pleases to wait on him ; to ex
amine all bookes ; inspect and enquire into all their affaires ;
& to regulate all their concernes as he thinks convenient,
and judges may tend to their most advantage. He brings
with him a Fiscall and a Secretary, Divers Servants, 24
soldiers in Eed Coats, with a Sergeant, Corporall, Drummer,
& 4 Trumpeters.
It 's likewise reported by those that come in these Shipps
that the Dutch, hearing of our preparations and designe in
England to send out 18 Shipps to restore the King of Ban
tam, the Hollanders had fitted out and manned 14 men of
War from 54 to 75 great Guns apiece, ye least of which had
250 White men in them besides Natives, with 4 Fire Shipps^
to fight us and endeavor to frustrate our designe.
August 19. — M'- Wm- How, Comandr- of ye Company's
Shippe Thomas, gave me a Visit after dinner in my Chamber,
& desiring to speake with me in private, I tooke him into
my Counting House, where, after a respectfull preamble,
begging excuse for y" freedom he tooke with me, told me
he observed in general discourse with divers persons belong
ing to the Factory (whose . names he would not discover)
that there was a conspiracy and combination against me
to doe me all y" prejudice they could ; and, First, they
1 The symbol is doubtful ; probably it should be Rupees as
before. — Y.

1 684.] ILL-WILL TO HEDGES. 155
intended to call me to an account for several things I had
acted in ye Company's service, the particulars he knew not,
and could not learne.
Secondly, That all endeavors would be used to prevent
my going home the way I intended, by Persia, and so
overland. I demanded for what reasons these persons intended to
deal so unkindly with me : whether he knew any order ye
Company had made formerly, or lately sent out, to ye con
trary ? Mr- How replyed, " he knew of no reason nor order,
but was confident endeavors would be used to stop me if
they could." I then told him, " after this role they might
as well rob or plunder me of all I had, bind and send me
home in Chaines, as exercise such arbitrary power." He had
nothing more to say to that ; but advised me to beware of
what he had told me, and prevent it if possible : telling me
farther my adversaries would pretend this way of going
home would be prejudicial to ye Company, & an occasion
for all men to take yc same course. I thought all men had
ye Freedom to goe home which way they pleased, till ye
Company forbade it, & that divers persons had both gone
& come this way before me.
Mr- How informed me farther, 't was reported I had con
veyed away my Estate out of y* Factory, & had putt it into
ye hands of y" Company's Chief Banian. I assured him the
contrary : that I had all my present Cash in the house, &
intended to keepe it there till ye President's arrival, not
doubting that I should find him a person that feared God,
and soe far respected ye law as to doe no unjust action : with
other words to ye same purpose. I gave him my hearty
thanks for his kind information, and so we parted.
August 21. — The Dutch Director sent to know whether
he and his Lady might give me a visit some time the next
weeke. I sent him word he should be kindly welcome
whenever he pleased.

156 APPROACH OF PRESIDENT GYFFORD. [1684.
The said Messenger told me they had 13 Ships sent them
out this yeare from Holland to Batavia..
August 27. — I received a letter from Mr- Stables (Secretary
of y" Fort), dated yesterday, from aboard ye Sloope Arrivall,
4 miles below Jan Pardo, advising President Gyfford was
arrived there (but had not y" manners to write me himselfe),
and ordered 4 Budgeros and 10 or 12 great boates with
provisions to be sent down to him with all expedition.
Whereupon I immediately dispeeded Mr-~ Frenchfedd, Mr-
Johnson, & Mr- Ley to his Honor, with 2 Budgeros, boates,
and provisions.
August 28. — I borrowed the late Duch Fiscall's Budgero,
and went in Company with Mr- Beard, Mr- Littleton, Mr-
Dowglasse, Mr- Innes, Capt. Browne, Capt. Hayward, Capt.
Pyne, Capt. Norgrave, Capt. Banes, & Dr- Harwar, as far as
ye - Devill's Eeach, where I caused ye tents to be pitched,
in expectation of ye President's arrival, and lay here all
night. Our boats lay in a very fine Eddy, capacious enough
to receive 100 Ships, where they may ride free from ye
danger of ye Freshes : this being, in divers men's opinions,
the most convenient place in all the Eiver to build a
Factory. August 29. — The President not appearing, we took up our
tents & fell downe to Tittaghur, where we dyned. Soone
after I was advised of ye President's being come from Bar-
nagur, from whence he arrived a httle before sunset, with
aU his company, which, together with the Soldiers, were
numerous. We lay here tiU after Midnight ; and for better
conveniency I left y° company of Mr- Beard, &c, in the Duch
Budgero, and lodged with Mr- Dowglasse, whose Budgero
being heavy, & 2 or 3 of his boatmen running away from
him, we were not able, at a certain point, to stem ye Freshes,
which ran so violently that we were forced to lye by till the
morning, when, with much labour and difficulty, we tracked

1684.] HIS ARRIVAL AT HOOGHLY. 157
our boat ahead ; but making slow advance, Mr- Dowglasse,
Mr- Innes, & I went aboard of Capt. Browne's Pinnace, which
came rowing by us. Crossing over ye Eiver to avoid ye
violence of y Current, we were forced by ye stream to ye
other side, the water carrying us with that strength that our
men could not prevent the boat's head running and striking
against ye bank, which caused a great lump of earth to fall
into our boat ; with which, ye boat turning her side to ye
Banke, another vast quantity of earth, containing divers
tons, fell downe ; but it pleased God that only a little part
feU into our boat : had we been halfe a foote nearer ye bank
we had all been drowned, — the best swimmer (so I am in
formed) not being able to save himselfe in ye midst of so
many violent Eddys or Whirle Pooles : for which great deliver
ance I beseech ye Lord to make me truly thankful! After
this escape I went about a mile by land in ye raine and dirt,
but spying a boat coming towards us with some of ye Presi
dent's Soldiers, we prayed them to take us in; one of them,
knowing me, did it very readily. In ye boat was Captain
Eichardson, commander of ye Soldiers, who treated me with
the greatest respect and civility. With this boat I got near
ye Dutch Garden, where ye President and all his retinue
had been some time arrived; and seeing I came not, Mr- Ed-
Littleton sent his Palankeen & Peons to meet me, who
carryed me with all speed to the Garden, where I was no
sooner arrived, but I immediately embarked with ye Presi
dent and Mr- Beard in ye Company's great Budgero, and
arrived in Hughly about 4 o'clock in y" afternoone.
August 30. — A Dutch Shippe riding over against this
Factory saluted us with 11 guns as we passed by her.
Coming near our Factory, the Shippe Ann, Capt. Browne,
began to fire guns, in one of which (by y" Gunner's neglect)
was a Shott. No sooner was ye President gott ashore, but
Aziz Beigh, ye Governour, complained of it, pretending the
Shott had killed a man, hoping to have gott some money to

158 THE PRESIDENT QUESTIONS MR. HEDGES, [1684.
accommodate the matter; but failing of their designe, let fall
ye pretence.
About halfe an hour after ye President's arrival in Hugly
Factory, he called me, Mr- Beard, Mr- Francis Ellis, Mr-
Eichd- Frenchfeild, Mr- Thomas Ley, and Mr- Eichard
Gough, into the Counting House, to hear his Comission read;
which being done by John Stables,1 his Secretary, I wished
his Honor much joy, with yB rest of ye Company, assuring
them I did readily and willingly submit to ye Company's
pleasure : to which the President made no other reply but
" 't was very well". The Secretary showed me the seal to the
Commission, telling me " 't was the Company's". I replyed,
" I made no doubt of it." September 1684.
September 1. — President Gyfford2 called a Consultation ;
being sett, he sent for me, desiring me to produce my Cash
Booke, and deliver up ye Company's Cash : which I did
immediately, &' tooke Mr- John Beard's receipt for its
ballance. He then demanded " Whether I had opened and stopt Mr-
Beard's Letter, which he would have sent home per ye
Defence to Sir Josia Child ?" and read Capt. Heath's cer
tificate of that business, with some other discourse to y"
same purpose.
Having heard what ye President said, I desired y" favour
to aske ye President and Council a question or two before I
returned them an answer, which being granted,
First, I desired to know " Whether I was dismist the Com
pany's Service or nqt ?"
1 Mr. John Stables, afterwards chief at Vizagapatam, and killed, with
four other factors, in 1689, when the Mogul decided upon expelling the
English. — Bruce, Annals, vol. ii, 650.
2 President Gyfford was "dismissed" in 1687, and succeeded by Mr.
Yale.— Bruce, Annals, vol. ii, 571. Date of letter not given.

1684.] WHO DECLINES TO REPLY. 159
They tolld me " They were of opinion I was dismist their
Service." Then I desired to know by what Authority or direction
they asked me this question.
The President tolld me they had no other authority for it
but ye Company's Letter. The Paragraph being read relating
to that businesse,'t was said they should make enquiry to know
whether I had stopt Mr- Beard's letter or not? I bade them
enquire where they pleased, & then they would know the
Eelation that was given them was notoriously False. How
ever, I thought my selfe no-ways obliged to stand two tryalls
for one and ye same offence ; adding that when I was next
tryed for this fault it should be before impartiall Judges
and an equall Jury, who, I hoped, would give me good satis
faction for ye great damage and prejudice I had received, if
they did not find me guilty. Besides, I tolld them I thought
it a great dishonor to ye Company to make any question of ye
truth of that for which they had not only judged and con
demned, but punished me also for, by dismissing me their
Service, without suffering me to speake for my selfe : that
this manner of proceeding was like those that hanged a man
first, and examined ye business afterwards.
Upon this answer the President tolld me, " They had no
more to say to me at present": whereupon I tooke my leave
and retired to my Chamber.
September 3. — The Eiver of Ganges is risen so high as it
has not been known in ye memory of man — the water being
3 or 4 foot high in ye Bazaar. It is reported more than 1000
houses are fallen down in ye Dutch Quarters, and boats may
row round their Factory in Hugly.
September 4. — I received Letters from Decca of ye 14th
Ult0-, advising the Waters were risen so high that men
waded to their middle in most of the Streets.
At Pattana they say the whole country is over flowne; that

160 UNKIND TREATMENT OF HEDGES. [1684.
they fear this flood will make rice dear, and cause a great
scarcity of all provisions.
September 16.— About 1 o'clock this morning there arose a
suddaine and violent Storm of wind, lightning, and thunder,
accompanyed with fierce showers of raine, which continued
all this day.
September 17 & 18. — The Storm continued: the Wind
variable between the N.E. and S.E., the Moon two days
after Full. The wind, after this storm, springing up at'
North, 't is generally concluded the monsoon is broken up for
this year.
We hear it blew hard those three days, viz., ye 1,6, 17, &
18 instant, at Ballasore ; and if it should prove [the end, yet]
ye monsoon has [been] very favourable in respect of other
years. September 23. — President Gyfford and most of ye Councell,
especiaUy Mr- Beard, carrying themselves very unkindly and
disrespectfully towards me, I was no longer able to endure
their insolent behaviour ; and being resolved (as soon as I
could gett a convenient house) to leave ye Factory, I removed
this afternoon to a house in ye Duch quarters, where Mr-
Vincent lived 2 years since, being ye best house procur
able in all ye towne, for which I was beholding to ye present
Duch Directore, Sigr- Martinus Huysman, who ordered the
proprietor of it to lett me have it upon the first intimation
of my desire to hire it.
September 26. — I went to visit the Duch Directore and
give him thankes for his kindness in so readily ordering a
house for me in his quarters. He obliged me to stay
Supper with him, treating me with great civility and
respect. September 29. — Mr- Jonah Willshaw gave me a visit. In
discourse he told me he had lately been with Mr- Beard,
who spoke many detracting and reproachful words of me,
declaring, amongst other things (after his canting manner),

1684.] PRESIDENT VISITS CASSIMBAZAR. 161
it grieved his Spirit exceedingly, and troubled him to ye
heart, to see every body continue to show me such great
respect, and • wondered why, and for what cause, they
did it. October 1684.
October 3. — President Gyfford set out for Cassumbazar, no
Merchant with him but Mr- Eichard Gough; all y" rest
were his own attendants, who came with him from ye
Fort (i.e., Fort St. George)^ November 1684.
November 6. — The Dutch Director sent to desire he might
be permitted to give me a visit this afternoon.
I sent him word he should be heartily welcome whenso
ever he thought fit to doe me the Honour; so he came
accordingly, bringing with him his Lady and his Daughter, Mr-
Mesdock, ye Fiscall, and another of the Councill, together
with Mr- Hendrick Ben, their Chaplain, or Domine, as they
call him.
November 10. — I went to meet President Gyfford at ye
English Garden, on his returne from Cassumbuzar, where he
arrived ye last night, but thought good to continue and
repose himselfe there till ye nation [?] could come and waite
upon him, and conduct him to ye Factory. We dyned here
all together, and at 3 in ye afternoon embarked on ye
Budgero, and in lesse than an houre's time arrived in y°
Factory at Hugly. On ye way I heard ye President declare
he was now very well assured ye trade of this place could
never be carryed on, and managed to ye Company's advan
tage, till they fell out with the Government, and could
oblige them to grant us better termes : which he thought very
feasible. And this is no more than I advised y° HonWe- Com
pany and all my friends in England two years since, and
foresaw a necessity of taking such a course, in a few months
after my arrival in these parts.

162 SCANDAL ABOUT THE PRESIDENT. [1684.
November 11. — This Afternoon, between 2 and 3 o'clock,
Mr- Francis Ellis sent me a letter by a Peon (Capt. Charles
Haywood, Commander of ye Henry fy William, and my
cousin, Nathanael Letten, standing by me when I received
it). I found it to be a most scurrilous, base, railing letter
from Thomas Haggerston, with an adjoyned Account Cur
rent to it, wherein he makes me his debtor no lesse than
Eup. 197,998 : 8.
It seems ye letter was sealed up and directed to me from
Balasore by ye said Haggerston ; but Mr. Ellis tooke ye
freedom to breake it open and detayne it to show Fresident
Gyfford, when he returned from Cassumbazar, and then
sealed it up and sent it to me : Captain Hayward telling me,
so soon as he saw the letter, he believed it was the same
letter which Mr- Ellis shewed him and Capt. Browne this
morning together ; so that y" opening and detaining a
letter of mine is no crime in them, though it be judged so in
me. November 13. — Bullubdas, one of ye Company's Merchants,
gave me a visit this day, telling me, amongst other relations
concerning ye Company's affairs, that Mr- Edward Littleton
was desired by President Gyfford to goe up to Cassumbuzar to
buy him some silke, where ye said Littleton has agreed for
200 bales for account of the President, who, by ye Company's
orders, is not permitted to trade in that commodity. If this
relation should prove a mistake, [stdl] I am certaine the Presi
dent kept a most intimate and friendly correspondence with
Mr- Littleton all ye time he was at Hughly, and invited himself
to supper at Mr- Littleton's house, and carried Mr- Charnock
with him, who was Littleton's mortall and inveterate
Enemie. I never durst take upon me to visit Mr- Littleton,
or show him, or any other person, such respect, whom the
Company declared an Interloper. But it seems the proverb
is verified, that, One man may better steal a horse than
another man looke over ye hedge.

1684.] ALLEGED SCHEMES AGAINST HEDGES. 163
'Tis well known how kind y" President has been to a
Gentlewoman at Madras, who came passenger upon Capt.
Alley to Porto Novo ; that Agent Beard, Mr- Evans (the
Minister), & Mr- Frenchfeild were often in company with ye
Interlopers, especially ye two latter, who are seldom out of
their Company.
This Afternoon Mr- Eichard Gough told me that Mr-
Eichd- Frenchfeild had signed two certificates against me, of
which one, subscribed by himselfe alone, that he is informed
I tooke 8000 Eupees of ye Merchants at Ballasore for a
Bribe ; the other Certificate he signed in company with Mr-
Eoger Braddyl, declaring that he, ye said Eichard French
feild, had complained to me of Mr- William Johnson's ill
sorting the Company's goods, to their great prejudice. To
which I made Answere, " I had no friend in ye Country but
Mr- Johnson, and that if he sorted ye cloth otherwise than it
ought to be, either he or his Father in England must be
answerable for it, and make the damage good to the
Company." Mr- Braddyll declares I said, " If I should looke into, &
make strict enquiry & examination of every little complaint,
the Company's business would be delayed, & returns not
made them in time for ye Shipps to save their passage, which
latter (of two evils) would be the greatest." These are ye
words, or to this purpose (as near as I can remember), that
Mr- Gough told me. More than that, he assured me in
general ye President and Council (to his knowledge) were
resolved to use all possible means and endeavours to disturb
and ruin me, if they can, before I leave Bengal ; and par
ticularly, he told me, they intended, by some means or
other, to hinder my Voyage to Persia, and " probably (said
Mr- Gough) this is the course they have thought good to
pitch upon for that purpose". I pray God of his infinite
mercy to defend and preserve me from all their malicious
contrivancies.

164 ACCUSATIONS AGAINST HEDGES. [1684.
November 14. — Discoursing with Mr- Eobert Dowglasse, he
told me, 'twas reported amongst ye adverse party, that now
there was a contrivance found out (most likely to be that
of Haggerston's going to Decca) to stop my voyage to
Persia ; but he was not willing to tell me ye person's name
who said it.
I was this morning informed by Mahmood Herreef, y"
Comp.'s Vekeel, that Meleck Burcoordar, ye King's Fousdar,
pretended he would heare & judge of a complaint made to
him by Thomas Haggerston, " that I had seized & taken from
him to ye value of near two lacks of Eupees, and particularly
in ready money E. 6664 : 10," for which sum ye said Fouzdar
demanded my receipt. Whereupon I went immediately to
Agent Beard, declaring to him my ipnocency in this
businesse, desiring him to take care I might not suffer hy
such unjust proceedings ; to which he made me this cold
reply, " He would doe what he could for me"; by which I
easily perceived, if any misfortune happened, I must bear
the brunt of it myselfe.
Bullubdas assures me President Gyfford brought downe 60
Bales of Silke from Cassumbuzar for his own Account.
November 17. — Mr- Derrick Johnson, a Duch man, formerly
employed as Skipper for ye English in severall voyages,
tolld me that all ye Tissinda Sugar Boats belonging to ye
Dutch were arrived at Hugly, and our Sugar Boats stopt
at Meerdaudpoor: that ye Directore was long since ad
vised- their Petre Boats were discharged from Pattana &
on their way to Hugly, — ye Great Mogul having ordered
Shaste Chan, Nabob of Decca, not to permit any Stop to
be put upon the Hollanders' negociations, nor prejudice
to be done them, for that they were very potent at Sea, and
might be provoked to stop their Pilgrims or Haggis going
to Mecca, who he desired might goe and returne with
greatest freedom.
If the Company thought fit to bestir themselves in this

1684.] A DESIRE TO QUARREL WITH THE NAWAB. 165
manner, it would questionless produce like effect ; and till
they quarrel with this Government (as I have often said, and
advised my friends) it can never be expected that their Trade
should prosper in India, especiaUy in these parts.
November 21. — Mr- John Pownsett arrived from Decca.
'Tis reported his chief errand is to complaine of me and
James Price, accusing us to ye President and Councill. The
particulars I cannot yet be informed. I can clearly prove
him a false person, and unworthy their service as any one
that they ever employed.
November 22. — Mr- Eichard Gough came this day to my
house, desiring to reside with me, assuring me that he was
now resolved to adventure his life and fortune, and goe over
land with me into England, by way of Persia and Aleppo.
He gave me to understand, though not in direct plaine terms,
that ye Company had given ye President & Council orders,
in case they saw it for their interest, to quarrell and break
friendship with the Government ; to which ye President and
Mr- Charnock readily assented, and gave their opinions that
no good was to be done with these people without compul
sion. But Mr- Beard, Mr- Ellis, Mr- Frenchfeild, & Mr- Ley,
for their owne private interest and regard, to carry on their
little trade in ye Country, being persuaded to this opinion
by Mr- Evans, the Minister, declared themselves of a contrary
judgement, and would not consent to it.
November 23. — It rained and blew very hard all this day :
ye Wind began at S.E. in ye morning, and thence veered to
ye North and N. W., where it blew hardest. We were in good
hopes aU the stormy and bad weather had been past for
this season. The Moon was in y° last quarter, about 25
dayes old.
November 25. — Dr. Harwar tolld me that Mr- Frenchfedd
and two more of ye Councd accompanyed Mr- Pownsett on
Saturday night, the 22nd instant, to visit Mr- Thomas Davies,
ye Interloper, — a notorious shame, y'- ye Company's Servants

166 DISPUTES ABOUT MR. GOUGH. [1684.
should hold so friendly and intimate a correspondence with
their greatest enemies.
November 26. — This day, between 5 and 6 o'clock in ye After
noon, Capt. Eichardson and his Sergeant came to my house in
ye Chinchera, and brought me this following message from ye
President and Councill, viz. :
That Mr- Gough being one of ye Company's Servants, ye
President and Councill desire me not to entertaine him in
my house, nor suffer him to goe with me in the Shippe I
intend to goe in to Persia.
To which Message (in presence of Mr- Gough) I returned
this foUowing answer, or words to the same effect :
" That I intended no disrespect to ye President and Coun
cill, nor to entertaine any one that is in ye Company's Service.
That Mr- Gough told me, when he came first to my house, he
was dismist ye Company's Service ; and for their better
assurance and satisfaction, I asked Mr- Gough the question
before them, ' Whether he was ye Company's Servant or not V
who readily replyed, 'I am not'; and that ye said President
and Council had given him leave to returne home for Eng
land, and y'- he was ready to depose he lay under no promise
or obligation to them not to goe home by way of Persia ; and
being a free born Subject of England, and knowing no order
of ye Company's forbidding his goeing home by way of Persia,
thought it very lawfull of him soe to doe. And if he did
any thing contrary to ye obligation he lyes under to ye
Company, he and his security are ready to answer it in
England." As to ye latter part of Capt. Eichardson's message, " Not to
suffer Mr- Gough to goe with me in ye Shippe I intend to goe
in to Persia", I returned this Answer : " That Mr- Gough was
not yet fully resolved whether he would go with me or not.
When I knew his mind more fully I would give them notice.
In the mean while desired time to consider of it."

1684.] LETTER FROM COUNCIL ABOUT GOUGH. 167
To the truth of which we have here unto subscribed our
hands the day and yeare above written.
WM- Hedges. Eichard Gough.
November 27. — Captain Wm; Hilder, commander of the
Quedah Merchant, confirmed ye same news tolld me ye 25th
instant by Dr- Harwar, that Mr- Frenchfeild, Mr- Ley, &
Mr- Pownsett went on Saturday night last (being ye 22nd
Current) in ye afternoon to visit Mr- Davies, ye Interloper,
and staid with him till 11. at night.
President Gyfford and Councill sent me a letter by Capt.
Eichardson and Sergeant Tidford in these following words.
"Hugly, 28lhNov. 1684.
"To William Hedges, Esq"-
" Sir, — Whereas we sent to you on y' 26lh Instant Lieutenant
Kichardson and Sergeant Tidford with a message, • That M'- Richard
Gough, being one of y* honorable Company's Servants, we desired you
not to entertaine him in your house, nor suffer him to goe with you in
the Shippe you intend to goe in to Persia'; to which you were pleased
to returne the following answer by the same persons, viz. .
" ' That you have no disrespect to us, nor doe entertain any of the
Company's Servants. That M'- Gough tolld you he was clear of the
Company's Service. When he came to your house he desired a lodging,
and soe being destitute (you understanding him to be a Civill Gent") you
gave him a lodging. And as to his going with you into . Persia, he is
wavering and unsettled in his mind ; but when you knew the certainty
of his mind, then you would return an answer to us.'
" Therefore this is to acquaint you that (whatsoever M'- Gough hath
said, or pretends he will sware) we declare that we have not dismist
him y' Hon. Comp.'s Service, or given him any further liberty than to
go home upon one of the Hon. Company's Shipps, which was all he
desired : so that we expect your complyance with y' first message we
sent you. This is all at present from
" Your Friends and Servants,
" William Gyfford. " Francis Ellis.
" John Beard. " Richd- Frenchfeild,
" Thomas Ley.
" EdwOxborough."

168 MORE DEBATE CONCERNING MR. GOUGH. [1684.
To which preceding letter I returned ye this following
Answer. " To y- Hon"" W™ Gyfford,
" President— & Councill. " Chinchera, 28,h Nov. 1684.
" Hond- Sirs, — I confesse y' report given y'- Hon'- & Councill by Capt.
Richardson and Sergeant Tidford is very agreeable to what I tolld them ;
I am most heartily sorry for the occasion of it, and beseech your pardon
for not returning my positive answer to your letter now sent me till
to-morrow morning, when I will not fail to wait upon your Hon'- & Coun
cill, and hope to give you good satisfaction in what [is] required of
" Your Hon"- most humble Servant."
November 29. — This morning, according to my promise, I
waited upon ye President and Council. I used all the Argu
ments I could to persuade them not to use any violence or
rigour towards Mr- Gough, desiring them to peruse their own
consultation Booke, particularly that of ye 26 of September
last, or thereabouts, where they declare they could not
dismiss Mr- Gough ye Compy'8 Service, not having done or
committed any act to deserve it ; but they further declare the
Company would not compel any man to serve them against
their will, and upon y*- score gave him liberty to goe home,
advising him only not to goe with me by way of Persia.
I took further occasion to informe ye President and Councill
that I conceived this last letter of theirs (where in they
acknowledge they had given him liberty to goe home on one
of ye Company's Shipps), and Mr- Gough not consenting or
covenanting to any such proviso (as he proffered to depose),
the worst that could be said of it was, That he, the said
Mr- Gough, and his Security were bound to answer the
damage that should arise to the Company by his going home
this way, more than if he went home upon one of their Ships.
To which little of moment was replyed, more than, That they
who gave him liberty to goe home understood it to be with
such a covenant and restriction, and were resolved (as
President Gyfford very gravely tolld me when he was non-
plus't) not to be baffled in the business.

1 684.] MR. GOUGH IN ARREST. 169
Agent Beard asked me, Wherefore I appeared for Mr-
Gough, and espoused his quarrel. I answered, my appear
ance was only to make good my promise yesterday to them,
and not espouse any one's quarrel. Mr- Gough & I were
both here in their power, and they might doe what they
pleased with us. Whereupon they ordered Mr- Gough to
attend the result of their consultation, and permitted me to
take my leave oi them,
I was no sooner gott to my house, but News was brought
me that Mr- Gough was seized and secured in a violent
manner by the Sentinel, and confined to a Chamber by ye
President : the truth of whieh was confirmed to me by a note
from Mr- Gough himselfe, who desired I would come and
speake with him this Afternoon ; which I did, and found him
in a Chamber of the President's Lodgings. At my departure,
Mr. Gough accompanyed me down the Stayers to my Palan
keen, where, meeting with Captain Eichardson, Mr- Gough
asked him whether he was his prisoner or hot ? Capt.
Eichardson told him he was. Mr- Gough demanding, " By
whose Order?" Capt. Eichardson replyed, " By Order of y°
President and Councill." The Corporal, at my coming into
ye Factory, told me likewise that Mr- Gough was under re
straint, but I might freely speak with him.
December 1684.
December 6. — This Afternoon President Gyfford and Coun
ciU sent to speak with me. When I was with them, they
discoursed and examined me about several transactions.
First, concerning Mr- Thomas HiU's estate, who dyed at
Eajmahal. I told them -I had never any of it in my posses
sion ; that my Nephew Hedges had about 5000 Eupees of his
whicji he would not suffer Mr- Catchpoole (who was his
Executor) to carry away with him ; and for ye same my
Nephew would be accountable to them. Next they dis-

170 PRESIDENT GYFFORD DEPARTS. [1684.
coursed me about Goolobray, and the sending James Price to
Decca ; about Mr- Johnson's dl-sorting of Goods, when Agent
Beard told me he had ordered Mr- Braddyll to put out of ye
way one Bale of every sort of Goods, and protested he knew
not what was become of them.
'Tis observable, by ye way, that Mr. Beard confesses here,
before ye President and CounciU, in a boasting way, that he
had ordered Mr- Braddyll to teU a notorious Lye ; whereas
he always pretends to be more righteous than any other per
son, and that he would not willingly commit ye least sinne
for ye greatest good in ye World.
President Gifford and Councill discoursed me likewise con
cerning Mr- Gough and my going home by way of Persia.
The President took great paines, with most impertinent,
rediculous arguments, to dis-swade me from going that way ;
but could not tell me the least appearance of Prejudice, or
make out any damage that would come to ye Company by it :
and whereas he pretended the Company might have a great
desire to speak with me (which argument he most enforced),
I told him he had no reason to insist upon that, in regard the
Company had permitted me to stay here, or at Fort St.
George, another yeare if I pleased, — which stopt his mouth.
After an houre & halfe or two hours' frivolous, impertinent
tattle, I tooke my leave of them.
This night, about 6 o'clock, ye President left ye Factory at
Hugly, and lay at ye Dutch Gardens, about 3 miles down ye
Eiver. December 7. — This being Sunday, the President diverted
himselfe (as he told me the next day) with shooting and
walking abroad in ye fields.
December 8. — I went to visit President Gyfford at ye Dutch
Garden, & take my leave of him. After dinner, Capt.
Eichardson, Commandant of the Soldiers, told us that, pass
ing by the Duch Shipps, they hailed ye Boates, asking them
" Whether they were going to 'Bantam with their Soldiers";

1684.] MISCHIEF FROM HIS COMING. 171
which so much enraged the President y'- he vowed all manner
of revenge that lay in his power when it should please God
to bring him to ye Fort, especially in regard ye Duch had so
much slighted and disrespected him at Hugly as not to take
ye least notice of him since his arrival in these parts, and
had always shewne themselves exceeding kind and respect-
full to me.
About 5 in ye Afternoon, finding my selfe somewhat indis
posed, I tooke my leave of ye President, wishing him a good
voyage, and a safe returne to ye Fort.
I must needs say, for all the good he has done here, it had
been greatly for ye Company's Interest that he had never
come to ye Bay, not having done the least single action to
compose and settle,. but rather to disjoynt and embroyle, all
their affaires, which wdl now very hardly be brought to run
in their wonted channels for many yeares : which course was
inconsiderately and imprudently taken on purpose to undoe
all that I had done, and enter upon new measures, thereby
(if possible) to putt a Slur upon my conduct ; whereas it was
absolutely necessary for ye present state of ye Company's
affaires to remaine in y'- posture, and to be carryed on with
the same method as begun — unless they had resolved to
quarrel with ye Government.
December 14. — Mr. Haynes, coming from Cassimbr- , gave
me a visit, and told me another fresh Perwanna was come
from ye Nabob, commanding ye Fousdar of that place to send
Mr- Charnock to Decca, or force him to pay ye Merchants
E. 45,000, for BaUance of all accounts due to them ; whereas
Mr- Charnock pretends ye said Merchants are Debtors to ye
Company the Sum of E. 150,000 : soe that by this account
the Company wiU be prejudiced near two Lacks of Eupees.
Besides, Mr. Haynes tells me (to his knowledge) Mr- Char
nock has never adjusted accounts with ye Merchants since
Mr- Littleton's time, but has always continued to give out
new Dadny without clearing of old accounts.

172 FORMER VALUE OF SAUGOR ISLAND. [1684.
December 15. — James Frice assured me that about 40 years
since, when ye Island called Gonga Sagur was inhabited, ye
Eaja of y'- Island gathered yearly Eent out of it to the
amount of 26 Lack of Eupees ; and that y" same Eaja had
a Country belonging to his Government extending from ye
Eiver of Eangopula to the great Eiver that comes from Eaja-
maul, which brought him in yearly 45 Lacks of Eupees.
This country affords great Store of large Timber to- build
Shipps. December 17. — Sigr- Nicolo Pareres, a Portugall Merchant,
assured me their whole community had wrott ye Vice King
of Goa, and besought him earnestly to send them 2 or 3
Frigates, with aid and assistance of Soldiers, to possess
themselves of ye Islands of Kegeria and IngeUee, for which
purpose they had sent him draughts and large descriptions of
y" said Islands.
December 23. — James Price toUd me he had advice from
ye King's Court, that his hopes of getting a Phirmaun not to
pay Custome is now frustrate, Mr- John Pownsett having
given under his hand at Decca (and thereby become obliged)
to pay Custome of 3-g- per cent. ; whereas in aU my time y"
Duan was afraid to receive money under ye title of Custome,
for fear it should be pretended by us hereafter that he forced
it from us.
This afternoon I visited the Duch Director, & desired the
favour of him to lett me have a Pilot to carry my Shippe
through the new found Deepe by ye Island of Gonga Sagur :
which he faithfully promised, with many expressions of
kindness and respect to me.
December 25. — This evening information was given me
that Haggerston had advised ye Fouzdar, from Decca, that he
had visited Mirza Muzzufer and ye King's Duan, who were
both very kind to him ; that they had brought him to speak
with ye Nabob, who had assured him of his Perwanna to brin<r
me or Agent Beard before him, and would doe him justice.

1684.] THE DUTCHMAN'S NATURAL COLOURS. 173
If it came to this issue, I knew very well upon whome the
Storm would faU, and therefore took a resolution to goe
aboard Shippe the next morning as far as Barnagur, 20 miles
below Hooghly, being well assured this wicked designe of stop
ping of me proceeded from our own Nation, who should have
protected me with all their power, — the seizing of Haggers-
ton's estate, which he ran away with all from Surat, being
done meerly at ye request of y" two Presidents of Surat and
Fort S*- George, for ye Nation's Honour & Service of ye
Compy ; ye present Agent Beard, Mr- Johnson, and Mr- Wm-
Frenchfeild having signed to every paper, and acted with
me joyntly in this affaire. Yett so barbarously malicious
have they shewne themselves, as not only to use their ut
most endeavors to stopp my Shippe and Goods, thereby
frustrating my designe of going home by way of Persia, but
doe what in them lyes also to expose my person to y" cruel
tyranny of ye MoguUs, who are very ready to embrace all
such opportunitys of getting money upon any account what
soever : our people little considering that by these indirect,
inhumane courses they make an example for themselves to
be served hereafter, when occasion presents, & so by degrees
bring all ye disputes and controversies arising betwixt our
selves to be determined by the Moor's Justice, or Who bids
most ? which will prove soone a severe Eodd to whipp our
owne Briches.
December 26. — This morning early I sent for Mr- Hendrick
Ben, ye Duch , Domine, who had always profest himself my
great friend, desiring him to present my Service to ye
Directore, and teU him ye reason of my suddain Departure,
to pray him to lett me wear his Flag in my Budgero downe
the Eiver, and to assure him, though I had not time to take
my leave of Agent Beard (not thinking it safe), yett his
house being in my way, I resolved to waite upon him.
Here ye Duch Boor showed himselfe in his naturall
colours. (I believe it impossible to know a Hollander's

174 HEDGES EMBARKS TO DEPART. [1684.
temper and naturall hatred to an English man so well in any
other part of ye world as in India.) So soone as he heard
I was in danger of falling into trouble, he sends me worde
by ye same Messenger, " He durst not lend me a Flagg, nor
assist me in anything whatsoever ; and as for my Visit, if I
pleased, he accepted of ye will for ye- deed." This I looked
upon as so ungentile & clownish a message, that I neither
tooke my leave of him nor applied my selfe to him any
more for a Pilott, hearing he had publickly declared I
could not, nor should not, goe out of Bengali without his
assistance. About 10 o'clock this morning I left my house in Hugly,
and went in a Budgero a-board ye Recovery at Barnagur,1 a
Village rented by ye Duch, where (I blesse God) I arrived in
safety about 5 this Afternoon.
This night I received a letter from my Cousin, Nathanael
Letter,2 from Hugly, advising that, just as I was out of sight,
he received a letter from my Nephew Hedges to lett him
know there was a Horseman sent to ye Factory gate, but
could not understand his message. Ye Agent & Councill
met immediately, to consult and give him an answer. 'Tis
verily believed he was sent by ye Fousdar about Haggerston's
business. December 31. — We weighed anchor, and fell down to Great
Tanna, and lay there this night.
[End of 1684, though this date is carried on until Lady
Day of 1685 in the original manuscript.]
1 Baranagar is immediately to the north of the city of Calcutta, on
the same bank. — Y.
2 Apparently not " Letten", as at p. 162. See pp. 177-178.— Y.

175

JOUENEY HOME VIA MUSCAT AND PEESIA.

January 1685.
January 1. — About 7 in ye morning we weighed anchor,
and fell down a little below Jan Pardo, where we arrived by
noone, and there came to an Anchor.
January 2. — We fell downe below Tumbolee1 Eiver.
January 3. — We anchored at the Channel Trees, and lay
here ye 4th and 5th for want of a gale to carry us over to
Kedgeria. January 6. — A gale sprung up, & we gott over to Kedgeria
Point, and a little, before Sunsett went off in a Budgero, with
designe to row round the two Islands of Kedgeria and Ingel-
lee, and meet ye Shipp at ye entrance of Ingellee Eiver.
A little before it was darke we came to a great Godowne,
where Busrook Omed Chan (the Nabob of Pattana), this
nabob's Son, has laid in a vast quantity of Salt. Here we
found divers great Patellos taking in their lading for Pattana,
this being one of the most convenient places in all these
parts for that purpose. Our Dandees (or boatmen) boyled
their rice, and we supped here. About 8 o'clock we rowed on,
and by one or two in ye morning (January 7) gott round to
Ingellee Towne, where we stayed some houres ; and having
supplyed ourselves with fresh provisions, mett our Shipp
about 12 o'clock, newty come to an Anchor over against
Ingellee Eiver.
January 8.— This morning by breake of day we weighed
Anchor, and by 12 at noon came to an anchor upon ye edge,
or Entrance, on ye Westwardmost Brace, having brought the
Salt Eiver Tree to bear North of us ; when at low water we
1 I.e., Tumlook ; the river is the Roopnarain.

176 REACHES BALASORE ROADS. [1685.
had no more than 16 Foot, and our Ship drew 15 Foot. At
slack water we weighed, and stood downe between the two
Braces, steering South and S. by E. about 2 Leagues.
Here we mett with George Herron, ye Company's Chief
Pilott, returning to Hugly, who came, on board and carryed
us over ye Brace, for which I presented him with E. 50. Att
first he seemed unwilling to undertake ye business, or so
much as afford us ye least advice or assistance, fearing Agent
Beard and CounciU at Hugly might be soe displeased with
him for shewing any kindness to me, as to turne him out of
ye Service ; but considering, on y" other side, y" promise of soe
great a reward, adventured on it.
It hath thus pleased God to deliver me from ye implacable
malice of all my Enemies, who have taken greater paines to
prejudice me by endeavoring to frustrate my Voyage to
Persia, than ever they did to hinder ye Interlopers, whom
they have dayly caressed and favored (contrary to the Com
pany's expresse orders) upon aU occasions.
This night about 12 a Clock we anchored on ye Westward
edge of ye Outward Brace.
January 9. — This Morning early we weighed anchor, and
stood into Ballasore Eoad, steering W. b. N. and W.N.W. ;
but ye Wind taking us short, we were forced to anchor before
we gott to ye Ships.
January 10. — About 8 in ye Morning we gott into Balla
sore Eoad, passing the Bengali Merchant, Capt. Goldsborough
(who was at Hugly). His Chief Mate, Mr- Hall, sent off his
boat to know our Shipp's name, and who was in her (but had
not ye manners to give us a Gun by way of Salute). Our
Shippe wanting a Pinnace, I desired ye Coxon to tell ye mate
Hall I entreated him to lend me his boat to goe on board
ye Defence, which he very courteously sent me ; but Capt.
Heath's Chief Mate, Mr- Henry Sharpe, coming aboard, assured
me his Captain would send me his Pinnace immediately :

1685.] HEDGES THANKS GOD FOR GETTING CLEAR. 177
which he performing, I returned Capt. Goldsborough's boat,
with many thanks, and gratifying the Crew.
The next Shippe we passed by was the Ann, Capt. Browne,
who was not so courteous as to give us a Salute ; but coming
near Captain Heath in ye Defence, he gave us 9 Guns. I
answered with as many more ; he returned thankes with 7, &
soe answered each other with 2 lesse, till we came to One Gun.
Capt. Heath sending his boat to me, I went on board his
Shippe to give him thanks for his Civility. After halfe
an houre's stay on board, as I was going ashore in ye Pinnace,
I mett Mr- Fitz Hugh coming off to me in one of ye Com
pany's new Sloopes, with my bales of Goods. I brought Mr-
Fitz Hugh aboard with me without going ashore, and having
taken my goods aboard, lay for y" Ebb and a Breeze off ye
Shore, which springing up about 12 o'clock at night, we
weighed anchor, and stood out of ye Eoad, where I first
arrived on ye 17th July 1682, being 2 yeares and a halfe,
wanting 7 dayes.
I blesse my God, ye Creator of Heaven and Earth, who has
been graciously pleased to carry me through so many troubles
and afflictions of divers kinds, to see this joyfull day ;
maugre all ye Flots and contrivances of my implacable
enemies, President Gyfford, Agent Beard,1 Mr- Charnock, and
ye rest of that wicked confederacy, out of whose hands He
hath been pleased to give me Deliverance.
About 8 o'clock this night Mr- Archibald, Chirurgeon of ye
Ann; brought letters aboard to M.r- Fitz Hugh from ye Agent
and Councdl of Hugly, with a Protest from them against me,
Mr- Dowglasse, my cousin Letter, and Mr- Hampton (ye
Master of our Shippe), for carrying Mr- Gough & my Nephew
Hedges, for all damages to ye East India Company, being a
1 President Beard, the "Agent" Beard of this Diary, survived to
witness the " interlopers" become the " English Company", and the two
companies to coalesce, under the style and titleof the "United" Company.
Mr. Beard died at Madras, July 7, 1706.— Bruce, Annals, vol. iii, 602.

178 PROTEST OF THE HOOGHLY COUNCIL [1685.
Paper stuffed up with most impudent and notorious untruths,
for which, if they had the least graine of that Eeligipn or
goodness in them which they professe, they would have
blushed to subscribe it.
The Copy of ye Protest follows, Verbatim:
" Whereas William Hedges, Esq™5-, late Agent in Bengali
for Affaires of ye Honble- yc Gov1- & Company of MerchntB- of
London, trading to ye East Indies ; Mr- Nathanael Letter,
Merchnt-, and Mr- Eobert Dowglasse, Chirurgeon, late Servants
to y6 Honble- Company in Hugly, being all Three owners of
y6 Shippe Recovery, and all embarked on her for a Voyage
to Persia or Bussora ; which Shipp is commanded by John
Hampton as Master under them, and is manned with severall
English Officers and Seamen, besides the Natives of this
country ; and Whereas Ed- Gough, who came lately out of
England as one of ye Agent's Councill for ye said Honble-
Company's affaires in this place, & Eobert Hedges, late
Factor for said Honble- Company's affaires at Bajamaul, both
Servants to ye said Honble- Compy-, the latter not having
cleared or given any account of his Trust, but is indebted to
the said Honble- Compy- in a very great sum of Money, —
"both of them, contrary to ye trust reposed in them, and with
out cause given by Us, have been deluded by the said Wm-
Hedges, Esqre-, Nathanael Letter, Merchnt-, & Eobert Dow
glasse, Chirurgeon, and others, to run away from the said
Honble- Company's Service, and they are now, both of them,
run away from ye said Service, and are entertained aboard
the said Shippe Recovery, by ye said Wm- Hedges, Nath.
Letter, Eobert Dowglasse, & John Hampton, & Officers and
Seamen, to ye great damage of the Govr- & Company afore
said, & of our selves and others :
" Wee, therefore, the Agent and counciU for Affaires of y"
Honble- Govr- and Company aforesaid in Bengali, doe, in
behalfe of y" said Govr- and Company, and their Successors,
and in behalfe of ourselves, and of all and every person or

1685.] AGAINST HEDGES AND HIS COMPANIONS. 179
persons herein concerned, make this our lawfull declaration
and protest against you, the aforesaid Wm- Hedges, Esqr,e-,
Nathanael Letter, Merch'-, Eobert Dowglasse, Chirurgeon,
John Hampton, Master, and all the officers and Seamen now
serving under them in ye said Shippe, and against ye said
Shippe Recovery, and her owners & Cargo, and also against
the Persons of ye said Eichard Gough & Eobert Hedges, and
against all other persons aiding, abetting, and assisting y"
said Eichard Gough & Eobert Hedges in their soe running
away; and Declare all and every one of you, joyntly and
severally, liable to make full satisfaction unto ye said Honble-
Govr- & Company & their Successors, and to us, and to every
other person for said Govr- & Company concerned, for all
such losses and damages as now are, or hereafter shall be,
suffered any ways by ye said Governor & Company, or their
Successors, or by ourselves, or by any other person what ever,
by reason of ye flight of Eichard Gough and Eobert Hedges
aforesaid, or by any other wayes or means whatsoever there
unto belonging.
"Dated in Hugly, this 5th day of January 1684-85.
" John Beard.
" Francis Ellis.
'' Eichd- Frenchfeild.
" Edwd- Oxborough.
" Signed and published in Hugly Factory, this 5th day of
January 1684-85, in presence of
" John Goldborough.
" Joseph Tafford.
" Saml- Pine.
" John Beard, Jun"-
" Signed and delivered in presence of us, at Ballasore Eoad,
10th January 1684-85,
" William Fitz Hugh. " Edw. Tench.
" Charles Archibald. " Edwd- Hulley.
" Henry Stanly."

180 sea log. [1685.
To which Protest I returned for Answer, that it was a
paper stuffed up with notorious untruths, and when it
pleased God to bring me into England, I would give an*
answer to it, and so would the rest of the persons concerned
in it.

This night we weighed anchor, and sailed out of Ballasore
Eoad, which (as I am informed) lyes in the Latitude of 21°
35' N.1
January 11, 12, 13. — These 3 days we had little wind,
and that Variable, which caused us to steer divers Courses
from ye S.S.E. to y6 S.W. Latitude by Observation, 20°
35' N.
January 14, 15, 16, 17. — These 4 dayes continued little
Wind, and that Contrary, forcing us much to ye Eastward.
Latde- by Observation, 19° 26' N.
January 18. — The Wind came up fair at North-East, our
course South and South by East. Lat., 18° 32' N.
January 19. — The Wind continued Fair. Latitude by
Obs"-, 17° 38' N.
January 20. — Fair Wind. Course, South. Lat. by Obs., 17°
20' N.
January 21. — Fair Wind and weather. Course, South. Lat.
by Obs., 16° 57' N.
January 22. — Fair Wind and weather. Course, S. b. W. &
S.S.W. Lat, 16° 50' N.
January 23.— Fair Wind. Course, S. b. W., S.S.W., &
S.W. Distance run, 92 miles. Latde- by Obs"-, 16° 7' N.
1 The Balasore Buoy, which is as close to the coast as ships can
approach, is now in about 21° 25' 10", and the Flagstaff is in 21" 28' N.
The " Road" must be considered between these two positions; and the
error is probably due to the defective instruments and tables of Mr.
Hedges' period— though it is possible his informant spoke of the toivn
itself, which is in 21° 29' 32" N., a considerable distance up a very
winding river.

1685.] SEA LOG. FORT ST. GEORGE SIGHTED. 181
January 24. — Fair Wind. Course, S.W. b. W. Distance
run, 97 miles. Lat. by Obs., 15° 5' N.
January 25. — Fair Wind. Course,- S.W. b. W. Dist. run,
73 miles. Lat. by Obs, 14° 18' N.
January 26. — Little Wind? Course, W. b. S. Distance
run, 35 miles. Lat. by judgemt , 13° 50' N. ; horizon hazy ;
a bad observation.
January 27. — Little Wind. Course, W. by S. Distance
run, 36 mdes. Lat. by Obs, 13° 40' N.
January 28. Little Wind. Course, W. b. S. Lat. by
Obs, 13° 23' N.
January 29. — Little Wind. Course, W. b. S. Lat. by Obs,
13° 6' N.
January 30.— Fair Wind. Course, W. b. N. & W.N.W,
having found the Current setting us strongly to ye South
ward. Lat. by Obs, 12° 30' N.
January 31. — Fair Wind. Course, W. b. N. and N.N.W.
Distance Eun, 99 miles. Lat. by Obs, 13° 40' N.
February 1685.
February 1. — Fair Wind. Course, W. b. N. Distance
Eun, 87 Miles. Lat. b. Ob, 13° 27'.
The former part of this night shortened Sad, for fear of
falling in too close upon y" Land. About Midnight we
sounded, and had 20 Fathoms Water ; then made sail, and
came to an anchor in 11 fathoms.
February 2. — This Morning early we saw Fort S'- George,
about 3 or 4 Leagues to the Northward of us, and S'- Thome,
bearing N. J W. Our Commander was much troubled to
find the violence of the Current (which usually setts to the
Northward at this time of the Year) had sett him so far to
leeward of his Port.
Ahout 10 o'clock this morning 2 Black Fellows on a Catta-
maran came off to us with a Note from Mr- John Stables,

182 UNLUCKY LOSS OF COIN. [1685.
Secretary of ye Fort, desiring to know ye Shipp and Com
mander's Name ; from whence they came, and for what
place they are bound.1
By ye return of this Cattamaran I wrott to President
Gyfford, desiring his Honor to permitt a boat & a Cattamaran
to be sent off to me, that I might wait on him ashore.
February 3. — This morning two Musoolas & two Cattama-
rans came off to ye Shippe, one of each sort for me, and ye
other for Mr- Eobert Dowglasse and his Lady. About 2
o'clock in ye Afternoon, Mr. Dowglasse & y" Lady and I got
into ye Mussoola, when a most unfortunate accident befell
us. The Seamen, handing a small Scritoire into ye boat,
in which were Gold Mohurs and Eupees to ye value of
E. 2036 : 11 for account of Mr- Charles Chamberlan,
and E. 3307 : 9 more for account of Mr- Alford of Madras,
the said Scritoire dropt into the Sea, striking on ye Shipp's
Side, broke yc Scritoire, and the money dropt out into y"
Sea. This unhappy accident, together with ye greatness of ye Sea
and Surf ashore, caused us to come aboard again, and defer
going ashore till ye next morning.
Being gott on board again, I advised President Gyfford of
this mischance, desiring him to send Divers aboard, to search
and (if possible) to recover the money — the value of 2036 : 11
for account of Mr- Chamberlan being consigned to his
Honor. We tooke care to sinke downe a parcell of great shott
made up in a strong bag, with a rope and a Buoy to it ; but
notwithstanding all our endeavors whilst I was at ye Fort,
no Divers could be found to undertake ye business ; so left
ye care of ye affaire to Capt. Francis Willshaw, so soone as
1 This Mr. Stables, when Chief of Vizagapatam in 1689, was killed
with four others, and the Company's effects plundered, when Aurungzebe
ordered the expulsion of the English from India. — Bruce, Annals., ii,
650.

1 68 5-] LANDS AT FORT ST. GEORGE. 183
Divers could be procured, & ye Sea growne calme for them to
search for the money.
February 4. — This morning by 8 o'clock I went ashore.
So soone as we came near ye Surfe, two men leaped into the
Sea, and hung at two ropes fastened to the boat's Stern to
keep her right before the Sea, and managed their business
with so great skdl and dexterity, that we came through all
the Surfe without any one Sea breaking in upon us. In my
Boat were likewise Mr- Dowglasse & his Lady & his Son.
On ye shore we found 3 Palankeens and 3 horses — one
Palankeen with 12 Peons, sent by President Gyfford to waite
upon me ; a second for Mr- Dowglasse ; and a 3rd for his
Lady and child, sent by Dr- Heathfield, Chirurgeon of ye
Fort. The 3 horses were mounted by my cousin Letter,
Mr- John Whitmore, & Mr- John Innes, & sent by ye Pre
sident. We landed about 8 miles to the Southward of S'- Thome,
and 10 miles from ye Fort. On our way we mett with Mr-
Jersey, Mr- Alford, and another Gentleman, who came to
meet us. The day before there had been divers more of
ye Enghsh, who came to Welcome ashore and accompany
us to the Fort.
Being gott near ye Fort Gate, I was mett by Mr- Gray, the
youngest of Councill, sent to conduct me to ye President,
who mett me at his Chamber door, and bade me Wellcome,
& drinking to me, fired 15 Guns. His Honor invited me to
dinner, and made me promise to sup with him.
After dinner I went to Mr- Wm- Jearsey's, and tooke up
my quarters at his house, where I was entertained with so
much respect and kindnesse as could possibly be showne
to me.
This Afternoon I received divers visits from Mr- Elihu Yale,
Mr. Lucas, M1'- Nicks, & Mr- Gray, all of Councill, as also
from Mr- Bridgier, Mr- Field, Mr- Griffith, Mr- James Wheeler,
Mr- Eamsden, Mr' Fleetwood, and divers others.

184 SAILS from madras. [1685.
Towards evening Capt. Willshaw accompanyed me to the
Company's Garden-house, and showed me great part of ye
towne. Afterwards he went with me to visit Mr- Littleton
& y rest of ye family.
February 6. — -This afternoon I went to see S'- Thomas his
Mount (about 10 mdes from ye Fort), accompanied with Mr-
Jearsey, Mr- Dowglasse and his Lady, and my cousin Letter.
At ye Mount we mett a Portuguese Fryer, educated at Eome ;
and speaking Italian, entertained me with great civillity and
respect. We returned againe this Evening, having been just
6 hours absent from the Fort.
February 7. — About 5 this Afternoon I took leave of Pre-
sident Gyfford, Mr- Jearsey, and ye rest of my Friends at
Madras, — where I was entertained with greater demonstra
tions of respect and kindness than could be expected, from
all persons except ye President, whose commands from Sir
Josia Child to be rude and disrespectfuU to me (as I am
credibly informed), more than his own naturall inclination,
caused him to carry himselfe with so clownish and ungentle
a behavior towards me, — and gott aboard ye Recovery (who
was come nearer the Eoad) before it was darke, Capt. Will
shaw doing me ye kindness to lend me his pinnace, and
send his son Jonah with me to see me well aboard.
At my coming off the Shore ye Fort fired 15 Guns, & Capt.
Wdlshaw's Shippe, the Resolution, fired 9, which were all
answered when we came aboard the Recovery.
This night we sett sail for Muscatt and Gombroon, God
send us a prosperous Voyage.
I have hitherto forgot to note, in its due time and place,
that about ye middle of September last, soon after Presi
dent Gyfford's coming to Hugly, he and his Councill gave
orders to Mr- Pownsett to demand of Mr- Charles Crosse of
Decca (and in case of refusall to seize and secure by force)
all the Letters he had ever received from me, of Publick or

1685.] charnock's misdoings again. 185
Private concerne ; which order being produced and shown
to Mr- Crosse (who was well assured violence would have
been used in case of refusall), he readily submitted, and
delivered up all my letters (in number 52) to Mr- Pownsett,
to be conveyed to ye said President & Councill for their
•perusall, who were possessed with an opinion there lay a
greater Juggle (as they were pleased to terme it), or mystery
designed, in our correspondence than they were able to ap
prehend. Upon perusall of all my letters, nothing was found in
them on whieh their malice could cast the least reflection,
save only an expression to this purpose : " That Mr- Crosse
should teU James Price (my Vekeel), If ye Nabob should
ask him any questions concerning the differences between
Mr- Charnock and his Picars and Merchants, he should
say, ' he knew 'nothing of it'. ' That James Price would
write to me, and acquaint ye Nabob with my answer.' "
Which being condemned for a crime, I shall make this
reply :
First. No such question was ever asked by the Nabob,
and so no prejudice could arise to ye Company by it.
Secondly. I had no reason to appear in ye business till
notice given me of ye Grievance. The fault (if any) was
therefore wholly in Mr- Charnock, who, contrary to his duty
in all such cases, gave me not the least advice of any differ
ence depending betwixt him and his Merchants — I had it
only from general report ; nor was it any wise proper for
Mr- Charnock (being subordinate to ye Agent and Councill
of Hugly) to contemne and despise my authority and cha
racter given me by ye Company in so high a degree as not
to judge me worthy of being made acquainted with all ye
Company's concernes, especially of such vast importance ;
whereas it is weU known (by the Merchants' and said Picars'
frequent addresses to me) I could have composed and ac
commodated yB differences betwixt them for a small expence,

186 SEA LOG, CONTINUED. [1685.
now so heightened by Charnock's indiscreet & imprudent
management, that it is very improbable it should ever be
adjusted with lesse expence than two Lacks of Eupees,
together with Mr- Charnock's being dismist ye Company's
Service, without which latter the Merchants will never be
satisfied. And as for ye Juggle pretended to be discovered by my
letters to Mr- Crosse, I wish those now in power prove no
worse Jugglers for ye Company than they have found me
during my two years' management in BengaU.
What I principally reflect on is the injustice of Mr- Beard,
who thought it an unpardonable fault in me to be privy to
the opening of his Letter, but esteemed it no offence in him
selfe to seize & peruse 52 of mine.
I cannot apprehend for what reason it comes to be more
lawful in him to seize upon and read so many of my letters,
than it was in Mr- William Johnson to open one of his, and
me to read it, when showne to me, and found my selfe
reproached and abused in it : which I humbly submit to ye
opinions of better judgements to determine.
February 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.— We continued with little
wind ; what we had was fair ; our course S.S.E. and S.E,
sometimes S.E. b. E, the current setting us strong to the
Northward, so that in these Sixe dayes past we gott no
farther to ye Southward than to ye Latde- of 12° 20' N.
February 14, 15, & 16. — These 3 days very little wind,
but that fair; our course S.E, and Latitude by Observa
tion, 13° 17' N, so that in these last 3 dayes we have been
driven 57 miles to the Northward.
February 17. — These 24 hours a fine fresh gale, and
at E. Course, S. b. E. and S.S.E. Latitude by Observation,
12° 45' N.
February 18. — These 24 hours ye gale continued fresh at
E. b. S. Course, S. b. E. Latitude by Obs, 12° 3' N.

I685-] SEA LOG, CONTINUED. 187
February 19. — These 24 hours fresh favourable gale at E.
and E. b. S. Course, S. b. E. and S.S.E. Lat, 11° 16' N. by
Observation. February 20. — These 24 hours a fine gale. Course, S. b. E.
Latde- by Obs11-, 10° 28' N.
February 21.— These 24 hours a gentle gale. Course, S.
Lat. by Obn-, 9° 30' N.
February 22. — These 24 hours a fine fresh gale at N.E.
Course, S. and S.S.W. Distance run, 81 miles. Lat. by
Observation, 8° 23' N.
February 23. — This morning we caught a Dolphin more
than 4 foot long : a soft Eoe. We have caught divers others
with hard roes. The difference of Male and female is plainly
distinguished by the make of their heads, the Male's being
much more upright and high than that of the Females, by
which it is very apparent ye Dolphin is oviparous, and not
viviparous, as some Authors have reported.
These 24 hours a fine fresh gale. Wind at N.E. Course,
S.W. Distance, 80 miles. Lat. by Obs11-, 7° 13' N. This
afternoon saw ye Island of Zeilon.
February 24. — These 24 hours a fresh gale of Wind at N.E.
Course from 4 in ye Afternoon tdl 5 in y° Morning, South ;
afterwards, till 12 at noon, W.S.W.; then we saw Land againe.
Dist. run, 102 miles. Lat. Obsd-, 6° 18' N.
February 25. — These 24 hours a gentle gale of wind at E.
and E.N.E. Course, ye former part of ye night, S.W. ; from
midnight till morning, W. b. S. and W.S.W. ; from day light
till noon, N.W. Distance run in ye whole, 93 miles. Latde-
by Obs11-, 5° 54' N. No sight of land, by which we judge
ye Current has set us farther to y" Westward than we ex
pected. February 26. — These 24 hours very little wind, and that
contrary, at North West; by that we advanced little or
nothing more than what ye Current drove us to ye West
ward.

188 SEA LOG. [1685.
About 8 o'clock we saw a Sail standing towards us from
Zeilon ; by 11 we spoke with her. She proved to be the Syam
Merchant, from Metchlapatam, whence she departed ye 3rd
Instant, freighted by Moors, to Gombroon and Cong.1 She has
on her 106 passengers, men and women, and makes about
Eup. 40,000 freight. Her Commander, Capt. Wooldham,
dyed the day before she sailed from Metchlapatam. Her
Chief Mate, Mr- Clerke, was now her Commander. We pro
mised each other to keepe company, being both bound to ye
same Port. Her Commander ; Mr- Brough, her supra cargo ;
Chirurgeon, and Purser came aboard and dyned with us.
Latitude by Observation, 5° 40' N/
February 28. — These 24 hours for ye most part qnite calme.
Lat. by Obs11-, 5° 40' N.

March 1685.
March 1. — About 10 o'clock last night there arose a sud-
daine Storme, accompanyed with much lightning and Thunder,
and violent showers of rain, which made us hand all Sailes
except ye Foresail. The violence of this Storme was not of
one houre's continuance, and ye wind so large as helped us
on our way. All the night after little wind. Course, W.N.W.
and N.W. Latitude by Obs11-, 6° N.
March 2. — These 24 hours a fresh gale. In ye night it
Lightened and Thundered and rained so hard that we handed
most of our sailes. Course, W. b. N. and N.W. Distance
run, 72 miles. Lat. by Obs, 6° 40' N.
March 3. — From 12 at Noon till 8 at night the gale con
tinued fresh, all the night after little wind, and so this morn
ing. Course, from ye N.W. to ye S.S.AV. Latitude by Judge
ment, 7° 16' N.
March 4z. — These 24 hours little wind and much rain,
with great Thunder and lightning. Course, N.W. The
1 Bandar Kongun, Cong, or Congo. See notes at pp. 97, 202. — Y.

1685.] APPROACH THE MALDIVES. 189
Sun not shining forth, had no Observation. Lat. by Judg,
7° 30' N.
March 5. — These 24 hours the wind has been variable and
gusty. Lat. by Observ, 6° 25' N, by which we find ourselves
much driven to the Sd-
The Syam Merchant came this day under our Sterne to
speak with us.
March 6. — This morning, by breake of day, we found our
selves driven within 4 leagues of ye Maldivia Islands, which
bore W. b. S, W. b N, and West of us, so forcibly has ye
Current carryed us upon these Islands, contrary to our ex
pectation. The weather has been exceedingly variable and
gusty. Upon discovery of these dangerous Islands, we tacked,
and stood to ye N.E. Latde- 6° 2' N.
March 7. — Last night we stood again to ye N.W. This
morning, by peepe of day, we were driven within a mile of ye
Maldivia Islands ; the Syam Merchant was much nearer ; so
that in lesse than an houre more we must of necessity have
been cast away upon one or foreed to goe through them, as
God in his Providence should have directed and disposed of
us. So soone as we espyed them (being all very low land, fuU
of Trees) we tacked, and stood to ye Eastward, when the
weather grew so dirty, with violent gusts of rain and Wind,
that we could have no observation. We observed by y" stars
in y" Night, Lat. 6° 37' N.
March 8. — Last night it blew hard at N.E., with violent
gusts of Wind and raine. We stood off to E. and S.E. till 3
in y6 morning, when seeing ourselves again driven near ye
Islands with ye force of y° Current, we tacked, and stood N.
b. E. and N.N.E, the wind at that very instant favouring of
us. We fired 2 Guns and showed two lights (as by agreement),
to give our Consort notice of our Tacking : it seems he did not
thinke convenient to follow our example, being 4 or 5 leagues
asterne of us in ye morning by daylight. We stood on, and

190 PASS THROUGH THE MALDIVES. [1685.
made what saile we could, steering North. About 10 this
morning we lost sight of the Syam Merchant. The Wind blew
very fresh at East ; and seeing divers Islands ahead of us,
which we could not weather, and those to ye Westward stand
ing very open and stragling, not much nearer (in my opinion)
than those in y" Archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea, our
Captain asked my Councill what course he were best to steer.
I advised him (in the name of God) to venture through, and
so bore up, steering due West, when we saw the openest
passage, having a Man always standing at ye Main Top mast
head to direct and con us ye broadest way. By Noon we
judged ourselves at least 12 miles within ye Islands. The
Latitude by Observation, 6° 40' North.
March 9. — Yesterday, in. y6 Afternoon, we sailed neer
divers fine, green, pleasant Islands, full of Coco-nutt and other
trees ; and finding fine, white, gravelly, clean ground between
them at 16, 18, and 20 fathoms, thought good (to prevent
greater danger in passing in y6 night) to drop Anchor, which
we did neer one of them, where we saw two boats going into
harbour. We putt out a peece of a Eed Ancient, to appear like a
Moor's Vessell, not judging it safe to be known to be English,
our Nation having lately gott an ill name by abusing ye In
habitants of these Islands ; but no boat would come neer us,
though divers rowed and sailed by at a distance to view and
make what discovery they could of us.
At the West end of this Island was a Point of Sand and
Eocks, which ran out neer halfe a mile, with ve Sea breaking
upon it, & so had most of ye other Islands to ye Westward.
About 4 or 5 miles to N. Westward of this Island I saw with
my Telliscope a Parcell of 15 or 16 houses upon a Sand,
which seemed 5 or 6 miles long. The sea broke very high
upon it.
This Morning early (no boat coming off to us) we weighed
anchor, and perceiving ye fairest Channel lay N.E, steered

1685.] visit aboard from the islanders. 191
due North East for some time, and afterwards North. Having
gott ye Island under which we anchored asterne, 5 boats putt
off from ye North End ; 3 of them ran ahead of us, sailing
very swiftly ; [from] the other two, after great ceremony and
caution (all our Europeans hiding themselves except y" Cap
tain, [and] the Mogulls, who were passengers, and Blackmen,
only appearing in sight), divers of them came aboard, one of
which (having, a finer Clout than ordinary about him, and a
pretty, neat knife at his Girdle) was a Governor's Son of one
of these Islands.
Our Captain telling him there was a person aboard who
could speak Arabick, he desired to see him. Notice being given
me, I came out of y° Eound house, and saluted him in Arabick;
to which, not returning a ready and proper Answer, I found
he spoke so little of yB Language that no Discourse was to be
held with him, so applyed myselfe to a Portuguese mariner
who spoke Indostan (ye current language of all these
Islands), to which he returned me evasive and unsatisfactory
answers, bending his whole discourse to advise our anchor
ing near his Island this night, & then he would bring us off
Wood, Water, and Hens, as much and as many as we should
desire. All that I could get of information from him (shew
ing him y8 Compasse) was that, after we had passed those
sands and rocks now in sight of us, there was a fair Channel
before us to ye North West ; and that if we would stay this
night, to-morrow morning he would send a Pilott and Boats
to sail before us out of the Islands. But the Wind coming
up a fine fresh Gale at S.E, I presented the young Governor's
Son with a fine Amber handled knife and a bag of Eice,
and told him I was resolved to make no further delay,
but to make ye best of our way and detayne him no longer ;
upon which they all got overboard immediately into their
boat, seeming to be afraide we should detayne them by
force. Amongst other Questions, I asked them whether they

192 attractive look of the islands. [1685.
remembered in what part of these Islands a great English
Shippe was cast away about 15 or 16 yeares since. He told
me it was upon ye great Sand where I saw the Houses,
which were Magazines for ye Cowries that were taken for
ye King. These Islands are so full of Inhabitants and boats,
that we thought this the chief place from whence the King
gets all (or greatest part) of his Cowrees. This Sand is in
6° 40' Latitude. At Noon we were in Latitude 7° 0' N. by
Observation, and saw no land to ye N.W. of us.
March 10. — These 24 hours a fine, constant, gentle gale
at S.E. Course, yesterday in ye Afternoon, N.W. tiU 4, then
steered N.N.W. We saw divers small Islands about 20 miles
to ye Northward, but no further ; so conclude ourselves in
ye 8 degree Channel, whose last Islands are in 7° 10' N.
Distance run by Log, 50 miles. Lat. by Obs, 7° 40' N. ; and
saw no more sight of Land. The most Northerly of these
Islands are exceeding full of Coco-Nutt and other sorts
of Trees, so very pleasant and delightfuU to ye Eyes, that
we could not imagine them so unhealthy as those are
knowne to be to the Sa-, 'especially that on which the King
resides ; it is said he does it on purpose that none might be
in love with his habitation, and dispossesse him of his
kingdom. 'Tis believed, with great probability, that those
larger Islands (about 17 in number), being between 9 and
12 degrees Lat, are as healthy and fertile lands as most in
the World, and would make a most advantageous seat for
trade to any part of India.
March 11. — These 24 hours httle wind; what we had was
at S.E. till 8 o'clock this morning, then it came at ye W.S.W.
Our Course, N.N.W, without sight of Land. Latitude by
Observation, 8° 7' N.
March 12. — These 24 hours very little wind. Course,
N.N.W. No sight of Land. Latde- by Obs„., 8° 36' N.
March 13. — These 24 hours ye winds were very variable,
accompanyed with smart gusts of Wind and rain. Distance,

i68s.] sea log continued. 193
run, 37 mdes. Course from ye W. to y6 N.N.W. Latitude by
Obs, 9° 2' N.
March 14. — These 24 hours fine fresh gale. Course from
N.N.E. to N. b. W. Distance run, 60 miles. Lat. by Obs,
9° 46' N.
March 15. — These 24 hours little wind. Course, N. and
N. b. E. Lat. by Obs11-, 9° 55' N.
March 16. — These 24 hours little wind. Course, N. and
N. b. E. Lat. by Obs, 10° 8' N. The winds being small and
faint, we tacked, and stood W. and W. b. S, sometimes
W.S.W, in hopes of meeting stronger winds to ye Westward.
March 17. — These 24 hours a fine fresh gale. Course, West
and W. b. S. and W.S.W. Distance run, 48 miles. Lat. by
Obs"-, 9° 28' N.
March 18. — These 24 hours little wind. Course, tiU towards
morning, W. b. S. and W.S.W. ; afterwards, N. b. W. till 10
this morning, then W.S.W. again. Lat. by Obs, 9°.
March 19. — These 24 hours little wind. Course, divers,
from ye North to W.S.W, as we could make ye Ship lye.
We judge a great current sets us to ye Southward. Latitude
by Obs, 8° 38' N.
March 20. — These 24 hours little or no wind. Course
from N. to N.W. We hoisted out our boat, and found y"
Current setting more than one mile an houre to ye South
ward. Lat. by Obs11-, 8° 6' N.
March 21. — These 24 hours no more wind than to keepe
the Shipp's head to ye N.W. and N.W. b. W, y" Current
driving us to ye Southd' Lat. by Obs, 7° 48' N.
March 22. — These 24 hours we have had a fine gentle
breeze at N. and N. b. E. Course, W.N.W. and NW. b. W.
Distance run by ye log, 40 miles. Lat. by Obs. (which was
imperfect, ye Sun being within 2\ degrees of ye Zenith),
7° 53' N. In ye night we observed divers Stars, and found
our Latitude upwards of 8° 0' N.
March 23. — These 24 hours a tine fresh gale at North and

194 SEA LOG CONTINUED. [1685.
N.b.W. Course, W.S.W. and W.N.W. Distance run, 60 miles.
Latitude (taken with an Astrolabe), the Sun being within 2
degrees of our Zenith, 8° 16' ; ye Variation, 12 degrees [W. ?].1
March 24. — These 24 hours the Wind somewhat abated at
N.E. and N.E. b. N. Course, N.W. b. N. and N.W. Distance
run by ye Log, 64 miles. Lat. by judgement and observation
of ye Stars, 8° 20' N.
March 25.— These 24 hours a fine fresh gale at N. b. E. and
N.N.E. Course, NW. and N.W. b. N. Variation, 12° 18'
[W. ?]. Lat. by Obs, 8° 41' N. Dist, 55.
March 26.— These 24 hours httle Wind. Course, N.N.W.
Distance run, 41 m. Variation, 13° 20' [probably West].
Lat. by Obs11- of Stars at 2 o'clock this morns-, 9° 19' N.
March 27. — These 24 hours little wind. Course, N.W. and
N.W. b. W. Distance run, 54 miles. Lat. by Obs, 10° 0' N.
March 28.— These 24 hours little wind. Course, N.N.W.
and N. b. W. Distance run, 52 miles. Lat. by Obs,
10° 19' N.
March 29. — These 24 hours little wind. Course, N.N.W.
b. W. and NW. by N. Distance run, 56 miles. Variation,
14° 20' [W. ?]. Lat. by Obs, 10° 52' N.
March 30. —These 24 hours little wind. Course, N.W. b. W.
and W.N.W. Distance run, 52 miles. Latitude by Obs11-,
11° 12' N.
March 31. — These 24 hours little wind. Course, N.W. and
1 Variation of the Compass. — In Sir Thomas Roe's voyage (1615),
the magnetic variation is noted at Socotra as 17° 50' W., and at
Damaun as 16° 17' W. In the year 1817, Yeates' Magnetic Chart
gives the variation at Socotra as 6° 10' W, and at Damaun as 0° 30' W.
In the year 1870, by Admiralty Chart, the variation at Socotra is 2° W,
and at Damaun 1° E., and the Maldive Islands are now (1870) on the
" no variation" line. I imagine, therefore, that at the date of this Log
(1635), the magnetic variation to the westward of the Maldives, and in
latitude 9° N., must have been westerly, as the curves would indicate ;
but it is curious that an observant man like Mr. Hedges never noted
which way it was. — R. F. B.

1685.] HOOGHLY TRAFFIC WITH THE INTERLOPERS. 195
N.W. b. W. and W.N.W. Distance run, 57 miles. Varia
tion, 15° 28' [West ?]. Lat. 11° 40' N.

April 1685.
April 1. — These 24 hours little Wind. Course, N.W. —
N.W. b. W. and N.N.W. Distance run, 55 miles. Lat. by
Obser. of ye Stars at 2 o'clock this morning, 12° 0' N.
April 2. — These 24 hours little Wind. Course, N. b. E.
and N.N.E. Distance run, 37 miles. Lat. by Obs. of ye Stars,
12° 14' N.
April 3. — These 24 hours little Wind. Course, N. b. E. and
N.N.E. Distance run, 31 miles. Lat. by Obs"-, 12° 20' N.
April 4. — These 24 hours a meer calm till 4 o'clock this
morning ; since, little Wind. Course, N.W. b. N. & N.W.
Dist. run, 17 m. Lat. by Obs. of ye Stars, 12° 57' N
April 5. — These 24 hours calm. Lat. hy Obs, 13° N.
This morning we saw a great Shippe standing Westward;
by Sunset she was out of sight.
April 6. — These 24 hours calme. Latde- by Judgement,
13° 0' N.
The East India Company having ordered me not to give
the least countenance to Interlopers, I shall here relate what
passed in discourse this day between me and Mr- Dowglasse,
who (in presence of Mr- Gough, Mr- Whitmore, & my Nephew
Hedges) told, " That Mr- Beard mett and spoke with Capt.
Alley and Capt. Eead at his house, and had done the like
at Mr- Littleton's ; that Mr- Evans, our Minister, did fre
quently converse and associate with Capt. Alley, and was
so intimate with him, that he carried his Wife to sup at
Captain Alley's House ; that Mr- Evans took his leave of
Capt. Alley when he was going for England, and, to his
knowledge, sent a packet of letters by him, and, he believes,
Tokens also." Mr- Whitmore says Mr- Beard discoursed very
kindly and civilly with Mr- Davies. Mr- Evans kept more

196 TROUBLE WITH THE SKIPPER, [1685.
company with Capt. AUey, Mr- Davies, & Mr- Littleton than
he did with those in the Factory.
April 7. — These 24 hours calme. Our Head lay W. and
W. b. S. The Sun so near our Zenith, could take no Ob
servation. This morning we went to allowance of 3 Pints of Water
for each passenger, and a Quart for the Mariners, both to
drinke & boyle their rice.
April 8. — These 24 hours quite calme. Our head lay N.E.
b. N. and N.E. Lat. by Obs11- of ye Stars, 12° 30' N. ; by
which we find ourselves driven | a degree to y" Southward.
April 9. — These 24 hours a small breeze. Course, N.E. b.
E, N, and N.N.E. Distance run, 18 miles. Lat. by Obsn- of
ye Stars, 12° 53' N.
April 10, 11. — Very little Wind, and that Contrary. Course,
W.N.W. and E.N.E. Distance run, 24 miles. Lat. by Obsn-
of ye Stars, 12° 48' N. We have driven 8 mdes to the
Southward. April 12. — These 24 hours Calme ; ye little wind we had for
ye most part contrary. Course from ye W. to W. b. S. & to
N.E. Distance run, 20 miles. Lat. by Observation of ye
Stars, 12° 51' N.
This day Mr- Ed- Gough told me of an intended Mutiny
& Conspiracy of ye Captain against me, when it shall please
God to bring us near unto, or in sight of, Gombroon or Cong,
in ye Gulph of Persia : which conspiracy, the said Mr- Gough
told me, was discovered to him by William Godman, our
2nd Mate, in manner following, with the reasons which (they
pretend) induced them to it.
The night before we set sail from BaUasore Eoad, a
Protest was delivered to me by Mr- Wdliam Fitz Hugh and
Mr- Stanley, from Agent Beard and Council of Hugly, for
carrying away y° said Mr- Gough and my Nephew, Eobert
Hedges, Passengers on this Ship Recovery.
Mr- John Hampton, Commander of ye Shippe, tooke this

1685.] WHO THREATENS MISCHIEF. 197
opportunity to play ye Villaine, and behaved himselfe in a
very rude and disrespectful manner towards us in the Voyage,
especially since we came from Fort S'- George, telling
us, "When God sent him to Muscatt, he would take no
further Charge of the Shippe," — at which we seemed little
concerned ; and though Mr- Dowglasse was then as much, or
rather more, affronted than myself, & made him a sharpe reply,
yett it seems all his malice and revenge is bent towards me,
& not knowing better how to show it, the Divell has put
this evill conspiracy and designe into his head, viz. :
" When it Pleased God to bring us to Muscat, he will not
there discover his intentions, because (says he) ye Agent
speaks Arabick (ye language of ye Country), and may pro
bably be too hard upon us ; but when we come over against
Gombroon or Cong, we will stand off with ye Shippe, and
not come into port till we have forced him, the said Wm-
Hedges, Mr- Gough, Mr- Letter , & Mr- Eobert Hedges, to give
us good security, and indemnifie us .against any pretence
that shall be made against us by ye said Agent Beard and
Councill at our returne to Hugly in Bengali, by reason of
ye said Mr- Gough and Mr- Eobert Hedges going passengers
on ye said Shippe." Which evill intention of ye Captain's,
if he should continue to put ye same in execution, I ap
prehend it to be that tresspasse which is called a Barratry
of ye Captain and marriners, the said Captain and all his
Marriners being hired servants of mine and y° said Mr- Dow-
glasse's, during pleasure, and that all such damages as shall
be susteyned by me are to be borne (in proportion) by ye
ensurers in England.
April 13. — Mr- Gough informs me farther that Wm- God-
man told him likewise, Mr- Hampton designed to stopp our
goods, and give us trouble in Persia ; and before he entered
into Port, resolved to stand out at sea, and force us to his
owne terms before he would bring ye Ship into any Port.
I have now prevailed with Mr- Gough to give me the

198 REPORT OF SKIPPER'S MACHINATIONS. [1685.
words in writing (to ye best of his remembrance), as they
were related to him by Wm- Godman, our 2nd Mate, a Coppy
whereof I have transcribed verbatim, as followeth.
" On board y" Shippe Recovery, lllh April 1685.
" This day, between i and 5 o'clock in ye Afternoon, discoursing with
William Godman, our Second Mate, on the Quarter Deck and in y* great
Cabbin (in y' latter place M'- Robert Hedges was present), he told me
that about 3 weeks past he had some discourse with M'- John Hampton,
our Captain, who told him there was a Protest agamst this Shippe,
himselfe, & all y' officers & Lascars (or Mariners), for carrying away one
Richard Gough & M'- Robert Hedges ; and that he, ye said Captaine, did
not designe to do anything at Muscatt, because Agent Hedges under
stood y1 Arabian Language, and might disappoint him in his designe
with y* Government there : but when he came to Gombroon, he would
run off with y" Shippe, and seize upon y* Agent's goods, to secure him
selfe, &c, for y° damage they were like to come to at their returne to
Bengali ; and that he would acquaint ye Company's Servants in y'
Factory, and the Commanders of y" Europe Shipps, who would assist him
in his designe."
Edward Walter (my Servant) declared this morning to Mr-
Gough and me that he heard Mr- Hampton say, " He would
make ye Divell to doe amongst us when he came to Muscatt."
These 24 hours calme ; not any thing upon ye Log ; the
Lat. by Obs11- of ye stars, 12° 40' N. ; so we conclude ye
Current sets us to ye Southward.
Mr- Gough, having further discoursed with Wm- Godman,
told me as follows : " On board Shippe Recovery, 13,h April 1685.
" This day, between 3 and 4 o'clock in y' Afternoon, I had this further
discourse with William Godman, our Second Mate, on the Quarter
Deck, when he tolld me y1, John Hampton, our Captain, had a designe
when he came to Muscatt to take in more White men aboard ye Shippe ;
and having 10 White men already aboard, with these, and what more
he should there talie in, resolved, when he came to Gombroon Road, to
run off with y' Shippe, and force y" Agent and all of us to give him and
his officers notes under our hands, or obligations, to save him, y' said
Hampton, and officers and Shippe, harmless from any damage they were
like to come to for carrying me, Richard Gough, and M'- Robert Hedges
away from Hugly ; aud if we did not thus comply with him, he was

I685.] SEA LOG CONTINUED. 199
resolved to carry the said Agent Hedges & his Goods back 'again to
Hugly : and this y' said W"- Godman is ready to take his oath, when
thereunto required."
April 14. — These 24 hours quite calme. The Shipp's head
lay N. b. W, N.N.W, and N.W. b. N. Latitude by Observa
tion of ye Stars, 12° 41' N
April 15. — Tdl nine o'clock last night quite calme ; since
then a fine small breeze, at S. b. E. and S.S.E. Course, North.
Distance run, 21 miles. Latitude by Obs, 12° 50' N.
April 16. — Till 12 at night quite calme ; since that a fine
gentle breeze at S. b. E. and S.S.E. Course, N. Distance
run, 17 miles. Lat. by Judgement, 13° 20'.
April 17. — From yesterday noon till 9 at night Calme ;
since that a small breeze. Course, N. Dist. run, 28 miles.
Latde- by Judgement, 14° 15' N.
April 18. — These 24 hours calme, and hght winds. Course,
N. b. E. Distance run, 18 miles. Lat. by. Obs, 14° 45' N.
We find ye current now in our favour.
April 19. — [No entry.]
April 20. — These 24 hours a fine fresh gale at W. b. N,
W.N.W, and N.W. Course, N. b. E. and N.N.E. Distance
run, 64 miles. Lat. by Obs11-, 16° 30'.
April 21. — These 24 hours the Wind has blowne very fresh
at W. and W. b. N. Course, from 8 last night till 4 this
morning, N.E. and N.E. b. N, then N. and N. b. W. The
Distance run, 76 miles. Latitude by Obs, 18° N.
April 22. — -These 24 hours it has blowne as much wind as
we could carry ; our Topsails a httle settled. Wind, W. b. S.
Course, N.N.W. From 9 o'clock at night till 5 this morning
shortened Sail and went with 2 Courses only, for fear of
land. Distance run, 48 miles. Lat. by obs., 19° N
April 23.— These 24 hours it has blown hard at W.S.W.
and S.W. We lay by all night, for fear of land. Between 11
and 1 2 o'clock this morning we saw Land, which we tooke to
be 2 Islands in a Bay to ye Westd- of ye great Island Miserie,1
1 Massera, off the coast of Oman. — Y.

200 ARRIVAL AT MUSCAT. [1685.
so stood off E. and E.S.E. Lat. by Observation, 19° 50' N.
We saw High Land again, which we took to be Miserie.
April 24. — These 24 hours a very fresh gale. Wind,
W.S.W. and S.W. Course various, at E.S.E, E, N.E, and
N. b. E. Dist. run, 98 mdes. Lat. by obs, 20° 30' N.
April 25. — These 24 hours ye Wind continued fresh from
S.W. to S.W. b. W. We lay by from 8 last night tdl 5 this
morning, then sailed N. b. W. and N. At 9 this morning
saw land very plaine on ye Larboard bow and right ahead.
Lat. by Obs, 21° 30' N.
April 26. — These 24 hours a fine gentle gale. From 12
last night till 5 this morning we lay by, then made sail, and
by 9 o'clock this morning got within Cape Easalgate.1 Lat.
by Observation, 22° 42' N.
April 27. — These 24 hours little wind. Course, N. b. W.
& N.N.W. Lat. by Obs"-, 23° 21' N.
April 28. — These 24 hours very little Wind. Course,
W.N.W. Lat. by Obs11-, 23° 34< N.
April 29. — About 10 o'clock this morning we arrived at
Muscatt,2 where we found Capt. Edward Say with his Shippe
Welcome, Capt. Smith, Commander.
Captain Say came aboard and shewed us great kindness
and respect. We went aU ashore with him to visit yB
Governor and Hogea Ishmael. The Governor bad us wel
come, and assured us the freedom & Liberty of the Port.
Hogea Ismael has formerly been the only powerfull and
eminent person in this place. Lying lately very sick, the King
first seized a great part of his Estate, and several of his
Factors ran away with the rest ; however, he is a person much
esteemed and well reputed by y» Governor.
Captain Say tells us Sir Thomas Grantham passed by this
1 Or Rosalgat, a corruption of the Arab. Ras-al-Hadd, " Cape of the
Limit", or Extremity, being the extreme easterly point of the Arabian
coast. — Y.
2 Muscat is in lat. 23° 36', long. 58° 40' E.

I68S-] VOYAGE TO THE PERSIAN GULF. 201
way about 3 months since, from Gombroon to Suratt, & that
he was very kind and civill to his people here ashore ; that
ye said Sir Thomas Grantham sold Capt. Say's Servants 10
great Guns with their Carriages, and transported 24 horses
for [from] that to Suratt, giving them Bdls of Lading ; that
Sir Thomas had taken in divers passengers and great quantity
of goods at Gombroon, which he was obliged to carry to Suratt,
and would be worth to him a considerable sum of money.
This Sir Thomas Grantham is ye Person on whom y° Com
pany chiefly relies for taking and destroying of Interlopers ;
and he has treated those he has mett of them with greater
respect than any other of their Commanders.
Capt. Goldsborough, in yB Bengali Merchant, saded from
this place towards Gombroon on ye 25th- Ult. During his
stay here, which was but 4 or 5 days, he proffered to carry
any goods for Interlopers to Persia, — a favour Mr- Beard
would by no means grant to me ; though at ye same time he
permitted Mr- Dowglasse (a declared Interloper) to lade 6
chests of cloth for his owne account at Hugly.
May 1685.
May 7. — Finding my selfe feverish and indisposed, I left ye
shore and went on -board of ye Recovery.
May 9. — I returned againe to Muscatt.
May 14. — This day, about Sunsett, I took leave of Muscatt
and embarked on ye Recovery, who rode without ye Castles.
May 15. — We waited y° coming off of some of our Mariners
from y6 shore, and employed ourselves in ye mean time in
setting up our Eigging and putting ourselves in a posture to
go to Sea.
This evening we sailed from Muscatt.
May 16. — The Wellcome (a Shippe Mr. Dowglasse and I
hired to carry our goods to Bussora, for fear that we should
not meet with a Conveyance at Cong) not appearing in sight*
we tacked about and sailed towards Muscatt. About 4

202 MR. HEDGES IS LONG ILL AT CONG. [1685.
this Afternoon we came up with y8 Wellcome, and made ye
best of our way to Cong, having given them order to keep us
company. May 21. — We got sight of Cape Jasques, and passed by it
very early this morning at a great distance, keeping much
nearer to the Arabian than the Persian shore.
May 22. — We passed by Cape Muscandon.1
May 23. — We came up with the Islands of Ormus and
Arack [Larek of Maps] ; but having intelligence that a
Squadron of 7 or 8 Duch Ships lay before Gombroon, we
thought good to sad directly for Cong, and sent Mr. Dow
glasse and Mr- Eichard Gough in the Wellcome's boat to
manage our concernes at Gombroon, and to follow us as
soon as they could to Cong.2
May 24. — This morning by 7 o'clock we saw a Shippe
coming out from between Lareck and Ormus Islands, but she
could not fetch us up ; by 10 o'clock we saw 8 or 9 Shippes at
anchor close under y6 Island Kishmish [i.e., Kishm], about
ye middle of it, where another httle Island makes a good
Harbour. May 27. — This Afternoon it pleased God to bring us in
safety to Cong Eoad. I went ashore immediately to Mr-
Brough's house (Supra Cargo of ye Siam Merchant), and lay
there all night.
May 28. — I hired a house for myselfe and the rest of our
Company for this Monsoon.
May 30. — It pleased God to visit me with so violent a fever
that all men despaired of my recovery. Its rage and fury
1 C. Massendom, Ar. Ras Masandum, the point of Arabia (properly
of a small island of the name) marking the entrance to the Persian
Gulf.— Y.
2 From a statement in Bruce's Annals of the East India Company, iii,
393, it would seem that in 1677 the Portuguese still kept up some
pretence of rights in the port of Cong. But it is apparent, from cir
cumstances mentioned by Chardin (ed. 1735, i, 348), that all foundation
for such pretensions had ceased some years before. — Y.

1685.] JOURNEY FROM CONG TO LAR. 203
being past, I was taken with a relapse, which continued upon
me full 2 months, and reduced me to a most feeble and
weake Condition ; during all which time I tooke no other
sustenance but a little Eice and Water boyled together, which
served me both for meat and drink too.
July 1685.
Towards ye fine of July, I conceited the great heats of
this place caused ye continuance of my indisposition upon
me, and y'- if I could be removed to a cooler Air I should
soone recover ; in order to which designe I hired 12 stout
fellows for Mamoodies1 200, and 35 Mamoodies for their Diett
money, to carry me as far as Lar,2 in my Cott (Palankeen
fashion), which they performed to my satisfaction.
July 29. — This afternoon my Cousin, Nathanael Letter,
and I sett out from Kong towards Spahan, and travelled this
night to a miserable poor Village (and a worse Caravan-
Sarai) at ye foot of ye HiU, called " Champa". The Water
here very stinking.
July 30. — We rose from Champa, and after an houre or
an houre & halfe riding, we ascended an exceeding steep,
scragged hill, which yett was not halfe so troublesome and
difficult to us as its descent. I judged it the more difficult
by reason of the loose Stones. My 12 Palankeen men at
once fled all together, and were like to cast themselves and
me downe a great precipice. We were not able to reach
Obdeen-deen (yB usuall Mensill),3 but lay at a sorry Caravan-
Sarai between ye hills, called DeUaver Agaring Caravan-
1 100 mahmudis = 1 toman. The toman at this time was worth
£3 6s. 8d. ; hence the mahmudl worth about Sd. (See Fryer's Traveh,
p. 211.)— Y.
2 Lar, formerly an important city, and the capital of a principality of
that name, annexed to Persia by Shah Abbas about 1600. It is about
eighty miles from Cong, as the crow flies. — Y.
3 Manzil (Pers.), stage, or halting-place.

204 HALT AT LAR. [1685.
Saraia, some 3 houres short of Obdeen-deen. Water indif
ferent good.
July 31. — We rose from DeUaver Agaring Caravan-Sarai
and lodged at Char-ber keer — short of Cokeer, ye usuall Men-
zill. We got a kid at a neighbouring ViUage. The Water
coolest and best I have yett dranke in Persia.
August 1 685.
August 1. — We rose from Charber keer, and passing by
Kokeer on ye right, arrived at Bustag before Sun rising.
Here is plenty of Provision, but no good water.
August 2. — We rose from Bustag, and arrived at Sheack-
zur 4 hours before day. Here 's store of provisions, and indif
ferent good water.
August 3. — We rose from Sheack-zur and lay at Possa-
Chan, where we found divers of our hired Camels (with their
lading) going towards Lar. Here is no want of provisions, but
ye Water exceeding bad and Stinking.
August 4. — We rose from Possa-Chan and traveUed this
night to Nimma. Store of Provisions, but sorry water. Here
I bought 5 hve Partridges for 15 Cosbys,1 which is 4 pence \
English money.
August 5. — We rose from Nimma & gott to Lar about 10
or 11 o'clock at night. We were no sooner arrived, but a
Person at the Caravan-Sarai giving notice of my being there,
the Govr- sent a Ser'- to direct me to a house he had ordered
for my reception.
August 6. — Our Servants informing us it was customary
for ye English to lodge at ye Duch house, I removed thither,
where the house keeper received me very courteously.
This Afternoon I went to visit yB Governor, who had
ordered us a house for our lodging. I wish we had continued
1 A small copper coin of obsolete name, called by travellers Coz,
Gaaz, Cosbeaque, Gosbeck, Kaz-begie. The true form appears to be
Ghaz-begl. — Y.

I68S-] FROM LAR TOWARDS SHIRAZ. 205
in it, being much better than that of the Dutch to which
we removed.
August 7. — I went to visit the Shabunder ; but he was
not ashore.1
August 8. — The Shabunder came and gave me a visit at
my lodging, with expressions of great kindness, and sent me
a present of fruit and provisions.
August 9. — I returned ye Shabunder his Visit ; when he
was pleased to present me with a stately fine horse, valued
at 8 tomans ; and presented another of lesse stature (a very
pretty nag) to my Cousin Letter. The cameUs with all
our goods being gonne towards Spahan, I gave ye Shabunder
a note under my hand, promising to present him 4 Bales of
Sugar and some pieces of Cloth at Spahan, in recompence
of his horse, with which he was well content. My Cousin
Letter gave him the like note for 2 Bales of Sugar and some
pieces of Cloth.
August 11. — I went to see ye famous Castle of Larr. 'Tis
a most pitiful, sorry, ruinous building ; the WaUs (in many
places) ready to drop downe. We past not above 5 or 6
Soldiers in aU ye Castle, whose business was chiefly to guard
5V Usbeque (Tartars) prisoners taken in War. They were
stout, able-bodied persons, with good countenances ; all of
them spoke Turkish.
In this Castle of Larr are 5 large brass guns, all taken
from ye Portuguese at Ormus, weighing from 31c- to 44°-
weight a piece-; some of them made Anno 1618 in Goa by
ye Vice King, with ye King of Portugall's armes on them.
The bore of one of them was inches 9£ Diameter.
August 13. — We sett out from Larr (v iere we stayed
4 dayes extra for want of mules) and lodged at Kuda-Poi-
1 Read probably " not at home". Lar is 60 or 70 miles from the sea.
A Shah-bandar was properly a port-officer ; but the term was also
applied, at inland marts, such as Lar was, to the officer superintending
trade and duties. — Y.

206 FROM LAR TOWARDS SHIRAZ. [1685.
cotall, a very large and convenient Caravan-Sarai, well
stored with provisions.
August 14. — We dislodged from Kuda-Poicotal and tra
velled to Beeres, a pretty large Towne, and a spacious
Caravan-Sarai, the best I have yet seen on y? Eoad, except
that at Larr. Very bad Water, but plenty of Provisions.
August 15. — We rose from Beeres, and passing through
Benarroo, lay at Bocktearee, a pretty weU seated village,
where our Chief Muleteer lived, who invited and enter
tained us at his house very courteously. This Place is well
watered (a rarity in this Country) with a fine running
stream (the first and only one I have yet seen in this
barren Country), conveyed to them by an Aqueduct under
ground. August 16. — We lay here (being Sunday) all day, and
accepted of our Muleteer's entertainement.
August 17. — We rose from Bocktearee and travelled this
night to Mowueseer, an old, ruinous Caravan-Sarai; and
sorry Water.
August 18. — We rose from Mowueseer and lodged at
Chatalkee, a spacious Caravan-Sarai, with plenty of good
fresh water and provisions.
August 19. — We rose from Chatalkee between one and two
o'clock in ye Afternoon, having divers steep scraged Hills,
which required five hours' time at least (we made it more
than 6) to pass over, — 'twas most convenient to be done by
day light, — and arrived at Jarroon a little within night.
This is a great towne, and affords plenty of all things for
ye use of a traveller in these parts.
August 20. — We rose from Jarroon and lodged at Moocack
Sookta, a large, convenient Caravan-Sarai ; good water, and
no want of provisions. Here we had ye best musk melons
that ever I saw of ye growth of Cossir.
August 21.— We rose from Moocack Sookta, and went 4
Farsanges or leagues out of our way to see Dottiuan, situated

I685.] ARRIVAL AT SHIRAZ. 207
in the most pleasant and fruitful plaine (as reported) in all
Persia, where we lodged this night in a garden belonging
to ye Duch (the same affording no Caravansarai), near a
small rivulett that runs through it. The Gardener gave us
store of Figgs (ye least, but as good as I have seen), Grapes,
Pomegranetts, Peaches, and Wall-nutts, all very good of their
kind. The towne is full of Gardens, all plentifully watered
with Cutts out of a Eiver running by it, out of which we
had brought us two good dishes of Fish, which cost but 1
Mamoodee : 2 of them were 20 inches long apiece. This is
the most pleasant, fruitfull place I have yet seen in Persia.
We are promised a guide on our way this Afternoon (God
wdling) to Cossir, who will show us certain great Vaults
under ye Eocks, large enough, some of them, to hold 1000 men.
August 22. — We rose from Dottiuan, & passing by Cossir,
lodged at Agatakee.
August 23. — We rose from Agatakee and lay at Mussa-
feree, a good Caravan-Sarai. Store of Water in a great plain.
August 24. — We rose from Mussafferee and lodged at
Bobba Hadgee, in a fine plaine, well watered and stored with
provisions. This is a long Stage. We satt out early, and
travelled hard to be here 3 hours (or more) within night.
August 25. — We satt out by 1 o'clock in yB afternoon from
Bobba Hadgee, and arrived at Shirash about Sunset, and
lodged at the Enghsh house.1
August 26. — I went to see ye Bazaars and public Build
ings of ye City, which were most of them handsome, rich, and
convenient for the heats of this Country.
This Afternoon Padre Agathangelo, a Carmelite Fryer,
formerly resident for many years at Busscra, came to give
1 We have not found an accurate detailed itinerary of this road from
Lar to Shiraz, whereby to identify all the names in Hedges' ortho
graphy ; but Pa-i-Kotal, Berez, Benaru, Jahrum, Chah-i-talkh ("Bit
ter Well"), Maghak Sokhta, Aga Takl, and Baba Haji, are recognis
able. Dottiuan is the Dadivan of Tavernier (Bk. V, ch. xxii), " one of
the most delicious situations in all Persia." — Y.

208 LEAVE SHIRAZ. PASS PERSEPOLIS. [1685.
me a visit. I delivered him a letter from Padre Marc Antonio
Santucci, chief of ye Jesuits order in Bengali, and he gave me
another from himselfe to ye Superior of his Order in Spahan.
August 27. — This morning I rode about ye City of Shirash,
to see divers parts that I had not seen yesterday ; and re
turned ye Padre's Visit at their Convent, where I was most
courteously entertained by them.
August 28. — I went to see yB King's garden, and that of ye
old Khan of Shirash, who tooke ye Kingdome of Ormus from
ye Portuguese in ye time of ye great Shah Abbas.
This evening, at Sunset, we set out from Shirash and
lodged at Zurgoon, a large and exceeding pleasant village,
situated on the side of a high hill, overlooking a well watered
plaine, full of vineyards stored with excellent good grapes,
which the villanes carry every night to sell at Shirash.
This Village is in the way to Cheker-Minar (commonly
called Chil-minar), the road to Spahan parting from it
about 2 leagues distance from ye VUlage.
August 29. — We set out from Zurgoon, and passing over
a very large plaine with a river running through it, over
which we rodd on a Bridge of 4 Arches, we arrived 2 hours
within night at Emer-Cascoon (a towne within f of a mile
of Cheker-minar), and lodged there all night.
August 30. — We rose very early this morning, and went
to see ye Euins of Cheker-Minar1 (which signifies 40 Pillars
in ye Persian Language), antiently judged to be ye Palace of
ye once famous Persepolis ; and leaving Meer Cascoon, tra
velled this evening towards Moyeen (in a great plaine), where
we arrived about 2 o'clock in the morning. This is a pretty
VUlage, well watered, and stored with provisions.
August 31. — We sett out from Moyeen : an hour within
night we passed by Imaum Zade, a pretty Village, and lodged
at Woo-John. Between these two townes is a very high hill.
1 Chihal Minor (" Forty columns") is a well known name of the
ruins of Persepolis. — Y.

1685.] FROM PERSEPOLIS TO ISPAHAN. 209
September 1685.
September 1. — We set out from Woo John and lodged at
Assapos, a place well stored with good water.
September 2. — We set out from Assapos and lodged at Cos-
kezar.1 September 3. — We set out from Coskezar and lodged at
Deregherdoo. September 4. — We set out from Deregherdoo and lodged at
Yes-de-gas, a good Caravan-Serai, built in a vast great ditch,
where ('tis credibly reported) formerly ran a river.
September 5. — This morning early a horseman met me with
a present of Wine, strong waters of Eushia, Oyle, Achars,2
Eose Water distilled with muske, sugared Biskett, Caviare,
and divers sorts of exceUent good fruit, sent from Spahan by
Signr- Zacharia, the Armenian Father.
This Zacharia is a Merchant, who came passenger on ye
Recovery with me from Bengali, and was entertained by me
and Mr- Dowglasse to assist us in ye management of our
business & concerns at Cong and Spahan.
We rose this morning from Yesdegas and lodged at Mack-
sood Beigh, a sorry old ruinous Caravan Serai, and bad
water. There is a good new Caravan Sarai within halfe a mile
of it, but not much frequented, for want of provisions.
September 6. — We rose from Macksood and lodged at
Comesha. September 7. — We rose from Comesha and lodged at Moyar.
September 8. — We rose from Moyar, and about 10 at night
got to a Caravan Sarai in y" Suburbs of Spahan.
September 9. — We entered the Citty of Spahan and went
to y" English house, where I was kindly entertained (for a
few dayes, till I could provide myselfe with a more convenient
1 For this and preceding names : Zargun, Mlr-Khasagun, Mayin,
Aujan, Aspas, Khushkl-zard, Yezd-i-Khast, Maksud-Begl, Kum-i-shah,
Mayar. — Y.
2 A kind of pickle.

210 RESIDENCE AT ISPAHAN. [1685.
Lodging) by my old friend, Mr- Daniel Edwards, at present
(by y" death of Mr- Darnelly) Chief for ye Honble- East India
Compy'B Affaires in Persia.
September 10. — I received visits from the two Orders of
the Carmelites & Dominican Fryers, and likewise from divers
of y° French Nation, as Jewellers and Watchmakers (some of
them my acquaintance in Constantinople), Servants to the
King of Persia.
September 11. — I went to see Julfa, where all Arme
nians live. In our way we passed over a large handsome
Bridge. In this towne (for more conveniency) I tooke a house
for 3 months, and Warehouses for my goods, in yB Queen
mother's Caravansarai, called Gidda.
September 12. — I returned a visit to ye Padri Carmelitani.
They have a handsome large Convent, with a pretty Chappell,
and Library well stored with books, amongst which were
divers in English, with an English Bible.
This Afternoon Sigr- Fabricius, ye King of Swedeland's
Envoy, gave me a visit. He was born in Holland, and bred a
Soldier in Sweden. He is a most courteous, civiU, ingenious
person, and gave me divers invitations to his quarters.
September 14. — This afternoon Sigr- Van Havell, ye Duch
Commissarius, as he. is called, gave me a visit, excusing him
selfe, with many compliments, that he had not done it sooner.
He was well attended by divers persons well mounted: a
Trumpeter riding, and 2 Soldiers in Crimson Velvet coats
going before him, with Musketeers. He has lived 15 yeares
in Persia.
September 15. — This morning I removed, for better conve
niency and management of my business, from ye Company's
Factory in Spahan to ye house I had taken in Julfa, but left
my goods at Gidda Caravansarai in Spahan, except 86 Bales
of Sugar, which were brought hither.
September 17. — I returned visits to y" Dominican and
Augustine Fryers.

I68S-] SIGHTS AND VISITS AT ISPAHAN. 211
September 18. — I went to see ye King of Persia, Sha Soli-
man,1 ride abroad to take ye aire. The person that gave me
inteUigence not coming in time to see his Majestie take
horse, I waited at ye Bridge foot (where he was to passe) till
his returne. I was advised to salute him by puUing off my
hatt, after the European manner, which he expects from all
Franks. So soon as the King saw me, he turned to ye Vezier
to know who I was, not having seen me before. The Vesier
not being able to informe him, the King sent one of his
Shatirs,2 or Footmen, to Monsieur Sein (a French Jeweller
who has served this King and his Father many years), stand
ing near me, to enquire who I was. The Monsr- made him
answer, I was an Enghsh gentleman lately come to towne
from India to see ye Court. He looked very chearfuUy, and
gave me a gentle nod, telling me in Turkish " I was Well
come", — which is esteemed an exceedingly great honor; indeed,
the generahty of mankind here are more respectfull and civill
to Strangers than they are (for the most part) in any Citty in
Christendome. September 20. — I received a Visit from ye Emperour's
Ambassador (a learned, grave Bishop). He lived many yeares
at Legorne, and was well acquainted with divers of our
Nation there.
September 23. — I received a Visit from ye Pope's Nuncio,
Mon8r- Sampson, a French Priest.
September 24. — I returned a Visit to ye Emperor's Am
bassador. September 27- — I mett ye Compte De Soria, the King of
Poland's Ambassador, on y" Bridge at Spahan. After divers
compliments, he desired yB favour of a Visit, which I promised
him. 1 Shah Sulaiman, great-great-grandson of Shah 'Abbas, reigned from
1668 to 1694.— Y.
2 Shatir, " a courier, a footman." — Y.

212 RESIDENCE AT ISPAHAN. [1685.
September 30. — I visited ye King of Poland's Ambassador,
who received and entertained me with great Courtesy and
respect. October 1685.
October 2. — I returned a visit to MonsKr- Sampson, ye Pope's
Nuntio. October 10. — Sigr- Fabricius, the King of Sweden's Am
bassador, gave me a Visit.
October 20. — I met the King of Persia in y« Choar Bog, or
Long Walke.1 I satt a horseback tdl he past by. Seeing me
salute him, [he] returned me a courteous nodd.
October 27. — I visited Sigr- Fabricius, yB Swedes' Ambas
sador. October 30. — Monsr- Varine, a French watchmaker, carried
me to see the King of Persia's Pallace, built by Sha Abbas
ye Great & Sha Sefee, his Successor.
November 1685.
November 6. — Monsr- Varine accompanied me to see ye
Pallace budt by this King of Persia, Sha Soliman, caUed
Hesti-be-hest.2 Some days before, Hogea Kiragods shewed
my cousin Letter and- me ye King's great garden, called
Hazar-jerib.3 1 The Chahar Bagh (lit. " Four-Garden"), the great public garden or
square ; but the name was also applied to the long avenue which led
to it.— Y.
2 Kaempfer says: "The garden Bulbul . . . has been so improved
and adorned by the multitude of promenades, avenues, palace-buildings,
and works of topiary and hydraulic artists, that it is said nothing so
beautiful is to be found in the whole kingdom, especially since the last
master-touches have been put to the palace in the middle of it ...
and from the king himself it has received the magnific name of Heste
behest, i.e., of the Eighth Paradise." (Amcenitates Exoticse, 190-191.)
Hasht-bihisht, lit. " The Eight Paradises."— Y.
3 Hazar-jarlb, " One thousand (square) chains" I do not know how
much the Persian jarib, or square chain, was. — Y.

I685.] START FROM ISPAHAN FOR BAGHDAD. 213

December 1685.
December 1. — I hired 125 Camells to carry mine and Mr-
Eobert Dowglasse's Bales, at Mahmoodies 80 for 100 Maunds
Tauris, to Bagdat, and 13 mules to carry our luggage, at Mah
moodies 90 per 100 Maunds Tauris.1
December 13. — This day I left Spahan, and began my
journey towards Aleppo, by way of Bagdat.
I came out in company with Mr- Dowglasse, my Cousin
Nathanael Letter, and my Nephew Eobert Hedges. Mr-
Daniel Edwards (then Chief for ye Honble- Compy's affaires in
Persia) and Mr- Henry Lawrence (another of ye said Compy's-
Servants) favored us with their good company to Mahmoot-
Alli-Beig's Caravan-sarai, about 2 hours' riding from Julfa.
Divers French Protestants (Servants to ye King of Persia)
obliged us likewise to [? let them] come with us to this
place, viz, Monssr- Sein, M. Letuall, M. Varein, M. Jurt, M.
Pere Grange, M. de Fino, M. Teudor, and one Frenchman
more, whose name I cannot call to mind.
December 14. — This afternoon Mr- Edwards took his leave
of us and returned to Spahan. We lay here till our Camell
and Mulemen had discharged all their debts at this place and
at Spahan.
December 15. — We rose from Mahmoot-Alh-Beig's Caravan
sarai and lay at Chalhsea, where ye present Veseir, Sheck-
AUi-Chan, is budding a new large Caravansarai. Here we
we were forced to compound with ye Eattaree-men2 for ye

1 The Mann (or maund) Tabrvzl is called by Fryer =6 J lb. English ;
and Prinsep gives it at 6 lb. 5 oz. 7.2 dr. Mr. Wollaston, however, in
his English-Persian Diet., gives " from 7^ to 7£ lb. avoird." For the
mahmudi, see p. 203. — Y.
2 Rahdarl. A transit duty collected on the pretext of protection
afforded to traffic, but often very arbitrary, and little better than black
mail. — Y.

214 JOURNEY TOWARDS BAGHDAD. [1685.
Dutys on our goods, which, for aU our Mules and camels,
cost us 85 Mahmoodies. This Manzeill is 7 houres
riding. December 16. — We rose from ChaUisea and lay at Deha1:
9 houres. AU good way. About an hour short of this place
we passed by a large town and a good Caravansarai. On
ye road I received letters from Aleppo and Bagdat.
December 17. — Our Camells not coming up with us, we lay
this day at Deha.
December 18. — We lay still at Deha.
December 19. — We rose from Deha and lay at Deharahan :
9 houres riding.
December 20. — We rose from Deharaban and lay at Cogga :
6 houres. This day one of our Camells feU downe and broke
his leg, which caused us to lye here 2 dayes.
December^. — We rose from Cogga and lay at Macliana :
6 houres riding.
December 24. — We lay at Mecliana.
December 25. — We rose from Mecliana and lay at Bog :
6 houres. A good large Caravansarai, & ye best water I have
drank in Persia.
December 26. — We rose from Bog and lay at [ ] :
7 hours. December 27. — We rose from [ ] and lay at Saroo :
5 hours. December 28 & 29. — We lay still at Saroo, upon a hiU, at a
good Caravansarai : ye weather exceeding cold.
December 30. — We rose from Saroo and lay at Deezabad :
5 hours riding.
December 31. — We rose from Deezabad and lay at Nana :
8 houres.
1 ChaUisea and Deha appear in Dupre' (Voyage en Perse, i, 288, 287)
as Tchallisie and Dehak. He mentions a great caravanserai at the
former, but ascribes the building to the munificence of the grandmother
of Futteh 'Ali Shah, then reigning.— Y.

1 686.] BISUTUN AND KIRMANSHAH. 215
January 1686.
January 1, 2, 3, 4. — We lay at Nana, occasioned by the
vast quantity of Snow that fell all these 4 days without
intermission. January 5. — We rose from Nana and lay at Faraspa : 10
houres riding. One of our Camel men, being sick, rode upon
a Camel, and was found dead. We judge he was frozen to
death. January 6. — My Nephew Hedges and I rose from Farespa
(leaving Mr- Dowglasse and my Cousin Letter with ye
Camels) and lay at Kengauar.1 On ye road we were overtaken
with a letter from my Cousin Letter, advising, since my
departure they were robbed of aU their money, to the sum
of 4 Tomauns, and one Bale of Luckarees2 opened, out of
which 36 Peices were stolen.
January 7. — We rose from Kengauar and lay at Sohana :
7 houres riding.
January 8. — We rose from Sahana and lay at Bisetoon,
ye best Caravan-sarai I have seen in Persia, near a very
fine large fountaine issuing out of a Eock : 5 hours riding.
January 9. — We rose from Bisetoon and lay at Kir-
mansha. January 10. — This morning, 2 hours before day, I de
spatched away Hogea Bureat with 5 Tomans, to meet
1 We have now got into the direct route from Hamadan to Bagh
dad, and it is more easily followed. This is Kangavar (Kongaver, etc.),
a place of old note, the Ko7«ro/3<i/3 of Isidore of Charax. The next
stage is Sahana, and then Blsutun (Bihistun, Baghistan, " the place of
gardens", Batyi'oTai/oi> or Barjia-Tavrj of the Greeks), the site of the
famous spring, and of the rock-inscriptions in cuneiform, with which
the name of Rawlinson is for ever associated. The next stage is the
well-known city Kirmanshah. Then Pul-i-Shah ("King's Bridge"),
Mah-i-dasht, Harunabad. — Y.
2 We find Ldccowries among piece-goods of Bengal in Milburn's
Or. Commerce. Possibly stuffs dyed with lac— Y.

216 PASS KERMANSHAH. [l686.
Mr- Dowglasse and my Cousin Letter, and to hasten them
hither. January 11 to 22. — We lay stdl at Kirmansha, occasioned by
the tyrannical and abusive useage of ye Governor, Coole-Sha-
Kan, Sheih Alii Har's Son, who caused divers bales of our
goods and chests to be opened for Gold or Sdver, which is
forbid to be exported out of ya Country. To prevent his
doing us greater mischief, we were forced to present him and
his Servants to the value of 15 Tomans in money and
goods. January 22. — We rose (with much joy) from Poolesha
(near Kermansha) and lodged at Moydasht : 6 hours
riding. January 23 & 24. — We lay at Moydasht.
January 25. — We rose from Moydasht and lay at Har-
nawar. January 26, 27, & 28. — We lay at Harnawar, where ye
Aga of the Village carried us a Coursing, & kiUed 2
Hares. January 29. — We rose from Harnawar & lay at Asian
Chesmesi, not being able to reach Gamber-Chesmesi by
reason of the great depth of Snow, that made ye Eoad un-
passable with Camels.
January 30. — We lay at Asian Chesmesi. Here I saw
Bread made of Acorns and Barley.
January 31.— We rose from Asian Chesmesi and lay at
Gamber-Chesmesi : an hour & halfe Eiding.

February 1686.
February 1 & 2. — We lay at Gamber Chesmesi.
February 3. — We rose from Gamber Chesmesi and lay at
Mansoor, in the open fields, then covered with snow, under
an oake.
February 4. — We rose from Mansoor and lay at GUan.

1 686.] PASSAGE OF THE ZAGROS RANGE. 217
This day we passed over a very great steep Mountain : 7 hours
riding.1 February 5 & 6. — We lay at GUan, under a black haire
tent, as we had done divers nights before.
February 7. — We rose from Gilan and lay at Chamsura, a
pitifuU, poore Village : 8 hours riding. The first 3 hours
passed over a great Mountaine ; ye latter part exceeding dirty.2
February 8 & 9. — We lay at Chamsura, a pittiful VUlage
of haire cloth tents.
February 10. — We rose from Chamsura, and were forced to
take up our lodging halfway our Stage, where it rained all
night. This day we passed between ye Mountains over divers
violent rapid torrents ; one of them carried away two of our
Camells, with their loads, and we were in great danger to
have lost both goods and CameUs. An Asse was carryed
away and immediately drowned. A mule, laden with a chest
of wrought Silke Stuffs, for account of Mr- Daniel Edwards
of Spahan,' and a bale of my best goods, were carried 2 miles
down the river ; and had it not been for ye great ddigence
of one of my Servants, they had both been lost.
February 11. — We rose from yB side of this rapid river
and lay at Sambur, ye last town belonging to ye Persians.
February 12. — We rose from Sambur, accompanied with
6 or 7 Soldiers, who brought us to their bounds on ye top of
ye hdl, and tooke their leaves ; and we lay at Mandali, ye
frontier town under ye Turks.
1 This is a pass across Mount Zagros, sometimes called the Pass of
Allah Akbar, some 20 miles to the S.W. of the more usual pass between
Kirmanshah and Baghdad, by the Tak-i-Girrah, or Gates of Zagros.
Rennell supposed it to be the pass ascended by Alexander, identifying
Gilan with the Kelonse of Diodorus ; but this Rawlinson rejects. In
the latter's famous paper in J. R. G. S. (ix, 44) will be found interesting
particulars about Gilan. He speaks of the direct passes between Harun-
abad and Gilan (viz., as followed by Hedges) as very difficult. — Y.
2 This pass is over the An&rish mountain to Jamsuri, where the roads
from Baghdad by the Gilan and Tak passes diverge. — Y.

218 REACH BAGHDAD. [l686.
February 13 & 14. — We lay at MandaU.1 Here we paid
Eattarree : an Abassee and 8 Cosbies for every CameU, an
1 Mahmoodies and 4 Cosbies for each mule.
February 15. — We rose from Mandali, accompanyed with
ye Governor or Aga, and 10 Soldiers with 2 Colours. We
were not able to reach Belad-d-roos (our Manzd), and lay
in y8 open fields.
February 17 & 18.— We lay at Belad-U-Eoos.2
February 19. — We rose from Belad-U-Eoos and lay at
Bookoroos.3 February 20. — We ferried our goods and Camels over y°
Eiver Deala.4 We rose about sun set, and lay at an old
ruinous Caravansarai : 3 hours riding towards Bagdat.
February 21. — We rose from y** Caravansarai, and arrived
about 12 o'clock this day at Bagdat (God be praised), aU in
good health, having been 71 dayes on our Journey from
Spahan to this place.
We were this night most courteously invited and enter
tained by Padre Georgio Di Vandosme, Superior of ye Ca-
puchine Fryers at this place.
February 22. — We lay at ye Convent.
February 23. — We removed to a house in ye towne, where
we had large and convenient accommodation for ourselves,
goods, and horses.
Here I mett with an Imperial Command, procured at Con
stantinople by Mr- Samuel Lannoy, and forwarded to me
by my Cousin, Eobert Wakeman of Aleppo, directed to ye
Pasha, Janizary Aga, Customer, & all other persons of Pubhc
employment in this Citty, to be treated with respect and
kindness, and to have no more exacted from me than was
1 Sambur and Mandali are Sawmar and Mendalll (still the Turkish
frontier-town) of Rawlinson (J. R. Geog. Soe, ix, 46). — Y.
2 Bela-Droz (?) of Rich.— Y.
3 Beheruz, of P. della Valle (Letter I from Ispahan). — Y.
* Diyalah.

1 686.] VISIT TO THE PASHA OF BAGHDAD.
allowable by our Capitulation with ye Grand Sigr- However,
ye Chief Customer here (as at all places in ye Empire where
they are able) took the advantage of my great distance from
ye Port, and forced me to pay 5 per cent. Custome for all my
goods ; besides, he was so unjust as to overrate all things so
much, that in truth I paid 8 or 9 per cent, for y6 whole, one
with another. But, to make me some kind of amends and
satisfaction for this oppression, to give him his due, he was
otherwise very kind and respectfull to me, not suffering any
other person to be y6 least injurious to me. Besides ye Chief
Customer (by ye force of presents), I had yB favour of ye
Shabender, a person in great esteem, especially amongst
Merchants; being properly a Judge of all differences and
disputes that happen betwixt them; and one that appears
for them before ye Pasha, or Mufti, or Caddi, when they are
opprest by yB Government. These two persons, the Chief
Customer and Shabender, accompanyed me to ye Pacha's
Seraglio a-horseback, where I was received in ye kindest
manner, sitting before the Pasha (all other persons standing),
being entertained with Coffee, Shirbet, and Pirfumes. I paid
well for it by ye rich presents which I gave him; but, without
this means and manner of addressing, with y° helpe of the
Turkish Language, I judge it next to an impossibility for a
Franke to passe this way with so considerable an estate,
without being eaten up and ruined by ye Government. Here
we sold a great quantity of Indian Cloth, &c, to defray our
charges, not suffering any of our Gold to be seen which we
brought from Spahan, for fear of being killed for it, but
carryed it on with me to Aleppo.
Bagdat stands on ye Chaldean side1 of ye Tigris, ye Eiver
washing one side about a quarter part of y" Citty. It is a
most pleasant, fruitful, healthfull situation, in ye degree of
33|. It rarely snows in this place, and when it does, it
never lyes many hours on ye ground. It's almost ye same
1 I.e., on the left or eastern bank.

220 LEAVE BAGHDAD. [l686.
Latitude as Spaha, our course being due West all the way.
Yet, by reason of ye great height of ye country and ye vast
mountains we pass over in Persia, it is there exceed
ingly much colder in ye Winter than ever I felt, it in Eng
land. We had a robust, hardy Camel man that fell sick : & being
forced to ride upon a Camel, between ye Bales, was frozen to
death, between Nana & Farossa, ye 5th Ultimo. We thought
it convenient to alight and walke two or three times in a
morning, to prevent the freezing of our toes, fingers, & faces.
In Bagdat I fitted myselfe with store of provisions (as
Biskett, Eice, Butter, Spice, Coffee, Shirbett, &c.) for the con
tinuance of my Journey to Aleppo.
I bought two large tents with 2 Posts apiece to cover my
goods, and a Kitchin Tent for y* Cooke and servants. I had
a very stately large tent for myselfe, which I brought out of
Bengali, with ye WaUs that stood about it high enough to
prevent a horseman's looking over : 'twas as much as two
Camels could weU carry. March 1686.
[No entry whatever in this month. Remaining at Baghdad.]
April 1686.
April 11. — I left my lodgings in Bagdat and lay in my
tent, pitched on ye Mesopotamia side of ye Eiver Tigris.
April 13. — The Caravan rose and pitched at Emam-Zade,
about 3 hours' riding towards Moosul or Ninave.1
April 14. — The Caravan lay stdl, and Mr- Dowglasse, Mr-
Letter, my Nephew, and I went to see a great Tower called
Nimrod, hudt of Sun-burnt bricks,2 about 2 hours' riding from
1 Nineveh.
2 The great ruin 11 miles west of Baghdad, called 'Akarkuf , also known
as Tel-Nimrud, Minar-an-Nimrud, and Kasr-Nimrud (" The Tower,
or Mound, or Palace of Nimrod"). — Y.

I686-] ROUTE UP RIGHT BANK OF TIGRIS. 221
Emam Zade ; & this morning I returned to Bagdat Bridge,
where I mett Padre Georgio di Vandosme, from whom I
received a packet of letters from Consul Nightingale and my
Cousin, Eobert Wakeman of Aleppo. About 9 o'clock we
sett out from ye Bridge, and arrived at our Caravan, lying at
Tangoos, near ye Eiver Tigris.
April 16. — We set out before day and travelled to Mansura :
6 houres. April 17. — We set out by 5 o'clock and travelled through
cornfields, and lay amongst them.
April 18. — We travelled 6 hours, and lay a httle beyond
Deegill.1 April 19. — We sett out by break of day and travelled 6
hours, and pitched by Usire-Beig's Tents, a Prince of y"
Arabs, who commands ye country between Bagdat and Moosul;
him we hired for P. 550 in money, and divers considerable
presents, to conduct us with 50 horsemen to Moosul.
April 20. — We sett out a little after 4 o'clock and travelled
till 11, and pitched upon ye banke of ye Tygris.
April 21. — We travelled 5 hours, and lay upon ye banke
of ye Eiver.
April 22. — We travelled 2 hours to Tigrett.2
April 23. — We travelled 5 houres. These 4 last dayes
journey was most of it through Cornfields.
April 24. — We rose very early, and travelled 3 houres
through the highest and finest meddows of 3 leaved grasse
that ever I saw, intermixt with some thicketts of Tamarisk
trees. It rained hard all the way. We pitched near an old
Caravansarai. April 25. — We rose before day, and travelled 9 houres
to a place called Fina Su, which in Turkish signifies " Bad
1 Sumeichah, or Dujeil, 36 miles north of Baghdad, on the banks of an
ancient canal bearing the latter name=" Little Tigris". (See J. R. C. S.,
ix, 444.)— Y.
2 Tekrlt, on the Tigris.— Y.

222 THERMAL AND ASPHALT SPRINGS. [1686.
Water",1 taking its name from the brackishness of the
water. April 26. — We sett out by 3 o'clock and traveUed 9 hours.
We passed over a mountaine of exceeding white Marble,
and pitched in a most pleasant, fruitful valley, near the
river. April 27. — We sett out by 5 this morning, and travelled
over a most fruitful meadow of Eye Grasse, 3 leaved grasse,
and sanfoin.
April 28. — We sett out at 3 o'clock and travelled 7 houres.
About Sunrising we passed a Valley covered with a thick,
Bitumenous substance of ye consistence of Pitch, of a strong
Sulphurous Stench. About a muskett shot from hence we
passed a small Eivulet ; y8 Water looked of yB colour of
Brimstone. We judged it came from a mine of that nature.2
We pitched in a plaine opposite to ye mouth of ye Eiver
Zarbe.3 April 29. — We sett out at 4, and traveUed 7 hours over ye
most pleasant, fertile Valley that we have yet seen, far
exceeding any of ye former, being full of 3 leaved White,
Eed, and YeUow Honeysuckle grasse. We pitched our tents
in another plaine, about a mile beyond ye hot baths, which
proceed from these Sulphurous mines. Divers of our Com
pany went into ye baths. Upon ye topp of ye Water (like a
Scum) they take off great quantity of a Black, Pitchy sub
stance, which ya Natives chew in their mouths to fasten their
teeth & for Wantonesse, which they call black Mastick.4
April 30.— We arrived at Musul; its Latitude is 36° 15'.5
1 Fand su. — Y-
2 These are the asphalt springs at Al-Kayyara, or " The Pitch place",
briefly described by W. Ainsworth in J. R. C. S., xi, 3. — Y.
s Zab.
4 These are the baths called Hammdm 'Ali, south of Mosul, also noticed
by Ainsworth, ibid., p. 2. — Y.
6 True lat, 36° 25'.

1 686.] ARRIVAL AT MOSUL. 223
This Citty stands on Mesopotamia side of ye Eiver Tigris,
the Eiver washing about a quarter part of its Walls. It is
finely situated in a most fruitfull soile. The Citty is of
large extent, about 3 miles in compasse ; the walls, formerly
very strong and thick, with a broao, dry ditch about them,
fortified after y" old fashion, full of towers. On ye other
side of ye Eiver are to be seen vast Euines of Buildings,
which yB Natives say was Old Nineveh : this is on ye
Caldea side. 4 miles (or thereabout) Westward of Musul
stands a great old Church, to which ye Christians of this
Citty, most of them of ye Nestorian Opinion, resort every
Saturday, in ye Afternoon, and lye in ye Church, on carpetts,
all night, to be early at their devotion in ye morning, — who
are poor, ignorant creatures, for y6 most part have little more
knowledge of Christian Eeligion than ye strict observation of
Lent, and their other fasts and festivals. Here is an honest,
poor Capuchin Fryer, a Frenchman, to whom we were much
obliged for his civill respect to us, and information of all
things remarkable in these parts.
Here our Arab Prince Usire tooke his leave of us, after he
had consigned [us] to ye Pasha of Musul ; and here we re
mained till yB 26th May, preparing ourselves for the prosecu
tion of our Journey to Aleppo. May 1686.
May 12. — My Cousin, Nathanael Letter, having received
letters from his Father, the same day he departed from Bag
dat, to returne for Bengali in India. He came thus far with
us on our journey, having provided all things necessary for
that purpose, which could not be conveniently separated
from ours till we came to stay at this place. Here he hired
passage for himselfe and two servants for P. 15, on a Killet,
which is a frame of wood buoyed up by a great number of
goat-skins, blowne up as Bladders with wind, and fastened
to the frame : with these devices they carry and transport to

224 LEAVE MOSUL. KURDS AND YEZIDIS. [1686.
Bagdat vast weights and great store of goods, with a small
draught of water, and, the Eiver being very rapid, performe
their Voyage in 2 dayes and a halfe, which we were 15 days
coming up by land. I tooke leave this evening about sun-
sett of my cousin Letter, upon his KUlet, wishing him a
prosperous Voyage for Bengal, and returned to my tents,
about halfe a mile out of yB Citty.
May 15. — I went to see the Nestorian Church, an hour's
riding distant from Musull, where we were most courteously
entertained by ye Christians.
May 17. — The Caravan of Camels (our Carryage was of
Mules) pitched at ye North Gate of ye Citty.
May 18. — A new Mussellim1 (a Pasha's Deputy) arrived at
Musul, to whom we thought good to give some small presents,
to prevent him doing us any mischief.
May 20. — The Mansoold1 (or displaced) Pasha of Kirkooke2
(a Gitty in Chaldea) arrived over against Musul, and pitched
his tents there, to take yB opportunity and advantage of our
Company, being on his returne for Constantinople.
May 26. — We left Musul, and ferryed over ye Tigris with
all our goods very early in ye morning, and pitched on ye
Chaldean side.
May 27. — We set out by 4 in yB morning, and traveUed 6
hours over a fertile, good Country, full of grasse and corn
fields, and pitched by a towne inhabited by Koords and
Ezeedees.3 These people are said to worship the Devd.
May 28. — We traveUed 6 hours over a most delicious
i " Mussellim" is musallim used for mutasallim, " a lieutenant to a
governor, sent before to take possession for his superior", but commonly
used for a governor of a certain rank. " Mansool'd" is a quasi-English
participle, made from ma'zul, " displaced or superseded." — Y.
2 Kerkuk, 60 to 70 miles east of the Tigris, the seat of a Pashalik,
and famous for the great naphtha springs near it. — Y.
3 Ainsworth describes a visit to the Yezldls near Mosul, in /. R. Gf. S.,
xi, 21, seqq.; and Layard does the like in Nineveh and its Remains, I,
ch. ix.— Y.

1 686.] PROCEED THROUGH KURDISTAN. 225
country, and pitched on yB top of a hill, near a delicate, large
fountaine. May 29. — We set out at 3, and travelled till 9 o'clock,
through a pleasant and fruitful country, having passed over a
small but exceeding rapid river.
May 30. — We rose by 2 in ye morning, and traveUed over
a great Plaine, 5 houres, to ye foot of a Mountain, where ye
usual stage is for Caravans to repose ; but our Mulemen,
knowing yB straightness and difficulty of ye Passage, by reason
of ye scraggedness of ye Eocks, thought good to pass all diffi
culties this day, and lodged on a plaine halfe way over yB
mountaine. May 31. — -We sett out early, and passed ye rest of yB
mountaine, on ye skirts of which were many Arab Tents,
and pitched at Zacloo,1 on ye banks of the lesser river Caboor,
in ye Bey of Amadee's territories, who is a Christian Prince of
ye Nestorian Eeligion,2 and is able to bring 20,000 Coords, all
able Soldiers, into ye field, for his own defence.
June 1686.
June 1. — We rose at break of day and passed ye bridge
over ye river Caboor, for which we paid 2 Bagdattees and
i for every horse, mule, or asse in our Company. About 3
hours after we passed this bridge we forded over the river
ChisseU, a very rapid stream.3 This river divides the country
of Amadee and Gizra. We pitched near a Village wholly
inhabited by Nestorians.
June 2. — We rose by 3 in y" morning, and travelled 6
1 Read Zachoo. Zakhu is on the (Kurdish) Khabur, about 50 miles
E. by S. of Jazlra. See Badger, Nestorians, i, 70. — Y.
2 'Amadiya, formerly a great centre of the Nestorian or Chaldaean
Christians, and seat of a hereditary Pashalik, about 60 miles N.W. by
N. of Mosul.— Y.
3 The Heizel, or Khisel, joins the Kurdish Khabur a little below
Zakhu. (See Ritter, ix, 716.)— Y.

226 IMPEDIMENTS ENCOUNTERED AT JAZIRA. [l686.
hours, having the Mountaines of Coordistan on ye right hand
and ye Tigris on ye left. On the top of one of these Koor-
distan Mountains1 the country people say Noah's Arke rested.
We pitched in a rich plaine, full of all sorts of sweet Herbes
and Mulberry trees.
June 3. — We set out by 3 in yB morning, and travelled
over a hill which brought us in sight of ye City Gizra,2 where
we arrived about an hour after Sunrising. It stands on an
Island in ye Tigris, over which, from ye Caldean or Assirian
side, you are conveyed by a Bridge of boates to ye Citty, and
on ye Mesopotamian side by a Stone bridge without Arches,
over which are loose boards layed, to be taken up on a
suddaine, to prevent yB incursion of Arabs. The City is
walled, but now gone much to decay : here we payed a dollar
for every load of goods ; besides considerable presents to ye
Governor and Customer. We were here refreshed with plenty
of fruit, as Apples, Apricots, Cherrys, & black and white
Mulberries. We continued several dayes at this place.
June 6. — We crossed the river and pitched on Mesopotamia
side. This evening we went to see some pleasant Gardens on
yB side of a Hill to ye Westward of ye Citty, watered with
divers large Fountains of excellent good water, full of water-
cresses. June 7. — We sett out early, and travelled over a stony,
mountainous Country full of springs, which, notwithstanding
the stones, makes it full of grass ; and in divers places are
to be seen large fields of rice. This evening newes was
brought us that we must returne to Gizra : Mehmet Usire
(who commands yB whole country between Moosul and Diar
bekir), a Prince of Arabs, having sent a menacing letter to
1 I.e., on Jibal Jud), a range of great height, 80 miles nearly due
north of Mosul, generally believed by the Mahomedans to be the rest
ing-place of Noah's Ark. — Y.
2 Jazlra (or Jezlreh), i.e., "The Island", sometimes called Jazlra-Ibn
'Omar, on the Tigris, 90 to 100 miles above Mosul. — Y.

1686.] DIFFICULTIES WITH AN ARAB EMIR. 227
ye Bey of Gizra, " if he permitted us to pass through his
country that way, and came not downe towards Nisibeen to
pay his duty which he demands of aU Caravans, he would
destroy aU ye subjects of Gizra, and villages belonging to
them": to which command we thought it our safest course to
yield obedience, after we had spent much money and loss of
time to no purpose.
June 8. — We returned to Gizra againe. This night, Phettee
Chellibea, a Nestorian, brought me assurance from Mehmet
Usire (whom he had been to visit) that I should have safe
passage through his country, and be kindly used by him.
June 9. — We sett out with yB Pasha of Kirkooke (being
upon his returne to Constantinople from his government on
Caldea side), with some merchant subjects of yB Grand
Seignor that came in his company. Our Caravan now con
sisted of above 1000 Camells and Mules, with about 300
horsemen, and lodged always in the fields as near as we could
where we might have yB greatest plenty of Water.
June 10. — We sett out very early, travelling through a
pleasant country well watered with small rivulets, and
grasse to ye horses' bellies. This day, ye Pasha of Kirkooke,
seeing me on ye road, sent a person desiring to speak with
me. I rode with him about 2 hours, discoursing of divers
parts of ye world, especiaUy of the East Indies : he is an
ingenious, civUl person, Nephew to ye famous old Vezier
Cuperlee.1 June 11. — We rose early and travelled 8 hours over a
pleasant country, as was that of yesterday. This day we met
with Mehmet Usire, the Prince of ye Arabs governing this
part of ye Country. We pitched near his tents. He was ac-
companyed with about 200 horse, and 40 or 50 footmen with
long guns. I went to wait on him, and a great carpet being
1 Kuparli, Pasha of Damascus, made Vizir by Mahomed IV in 1656,
when already eighty years of age ; a strong, sagacious, and merciless
man ; died in 1661, and was succeeded by his son. — Y.

228 THE ARABS ATTEMPT TO ROB HEDGES; [1686.
spread, we sat down aud drank Coffee, and were entertained
with ye usual ceremonies and civilities of the Country. These
2 days last past we had ye Mountain Sanjar in sight to ye
Southward of us, out of which arises ye Eiver called ye
Great Caboor, which empties itself into ye Euphrates above
Ana.1 The Arabs say Noah's Arke was built in this moun
taine, and that it struck first in this place, and rested after
wards on yB mountaine in Koordistan (before mentioned)
called Gibbal Jeude.2 This night we made our present to
Mehmet Usire, ye Arabian Prince.
June 12. — This morning Mehmet Usire, out of some par
ticular designe to enhance our dutys, caused us to raise our
tents and pitch them againe about 2 hours' riding from ye
Pasha of Kirkooke. AU this day was spent in capitulating
with ye Arabs about payment of our dutys ; but night came
on before they could be adjusted.
June 13. — We were detained till 2 in yB afternoon by
Mehmet Usire before we could make an end with him, and
then were forced to pay him P.3 1800 in money and goods.
The Villaine would not permitt us to sett up our tents
all this day, but forced us to lye broyling in yB Sun all
this day to afflict us. Having procured his permission
to depart, we made all possible haste to reach Nisibeen,
where it pleased God to bring us in safety an houre within
night. A little before we rose this afternoone, Mehmet Usire, like
a perfidious Thief, ordered his brother, with a party of 25
Horsemen, to goe before and lye in a convenient place undis
covered, a little distance from y° road, on purpose to assault

1 The Khabur, ane. Chaboras, joins the Euphrates at the site of
ancient Circesium, a long way above Anah. — Y.
2 See p. 226.
3 The symbol in the copy is obscure, but seems to mean Piastres.
The Turkish piastre struck in 1757, was worth Is. \0ld. In Hedges'
time it probably meant a larger sum, but it is difficult to ascertain. — Y.

1 686.] AND BY MISTAKE ROB A TURK. 229
me and drive away my Sisanall,1 or Sumter Horse, with as
many of my laden Mules as he was able to procure. But it
having pleased God to put it into my thoughts to make
greater haste than ordinary to reach and pass a Bridge
over a good large Eiver about 2 miles short of Nisibeen, to
avoid ye crowd of mules which many times would force us
to wait halfe an houre for an opportunity to pass over,
coming to ye Bridge, notwithstanding yB great haste I made,
a parcell of laden mules were got before me. I then ordered
my Servant that led ye Sisenall to ford the Eiver, which he
scrupeling, not knowing its depth, I tooke ye Sisenall in my
owne hand and got safely over: which 1 had no sooner done
but I heard a great noise, and 2 or 3 guns fired, and was pre
sently told y8 Caravan was assaulted by 25 Horsemen com
manded by Mehmet Usire's Brother, who, missing of me in
ye hurry (by Divine Providence), sett upon a Turk Merchant's
goods, of Aleppo, and carryed away 2 mules' lading of fine
Indian Cloth, and a Sisenall of provisions and other neces
saries, which they supposed to be mine, and missed of their
designe but a few minutes, I being providentially got over
the river before the Spie2 employed by them could give them
intelligence of my being got so near ye bridge.
The Turke Merchant that was robbed returned y6 next day
to Mehmet Usire, and lamentably complayning at his unjust
and unkind usage (having paid him all his duties, and being
fairly dismissed by him), the perfidious Arab told him he
was exceeding sorry for his misfortune, his Brother's designe
and his being only to take 2 or 3 mules' lading of my goods
and Sisenall with Sapetts,3 which he thought were full of
1 There is a Pers. word Saiskhana, s, beast of burden, a bat-horse.
And in Bianchi's Diet. (Turc-Francais), 1835, we find that this in-
Turkish is commonly made into Saisne (or Saisna). This must be the
word used by Hedges, though we cannot account for the termina
tion.— Y.
2 I.e., Spdhl, horseman, same word as sipahi, or sepoy. — Y.
3 Qu. sabad, "basket"?

230 RUINS OF KARA DARA. [l686.
money ; but seeing he was so unfortunate, he should have all
his goods restored to him : which he fully performed, save
only a few trifles to a small Value taken by his brother, — so
maliciously bent are these villainous Arabs to yB destruction
of Europeans.
June 14. — We sett out by 4 o'clock and traveUed to
Cara-Derry,1 6 houres, where we saw ye ruines of ex
ceeding costly and sumptuous buildings, well described by
Monsr- Tavernier. It is now a small town with pretty gar
dens on ye back side of ye hill, out of sight of travellers.
Here we were mett by ye Customer of Diarbekeer, who tolled
our loads, and tooke yB custom & dutys of all the 3 places of
Nisibeen, Mardeen, & Diarbekir.
June 15. — As we were setting out early this morning by
breake of day, we were overtaken by our Turke Merchant
who was robbed of his 3 mules' lading of goods near Nisibeen ;
he came to us starke naked, with one person more in ye like
condition, having been robbed of his horse and stripped to his
skin by 12 Arab horsemen, which he counted, and believes them
more, who told him they came thither on purpose to surprize
and set upon me as I was rising, but, meeting with him in ye
very nick of time, lost their opportunity to put their intended
designe into execution, being informed by their Spie that I
was mounted and foUowing the caravan in so good order that
they durst not adventure to assault me : so mercifully has
it pleased God to shew himselfe in preferring me this
second time. For both deliverances I beseech him to make me
truly thankful.
1 Kara Dai ah, or Dara, the site of the famous Daras, or Lara, forti
fied first by Anastasius, and then by Justinian, as a barrier against
Persia ; taken, after a siege of five months, by Chosroes (Naushirvdn').
See Gibbon, chs. xl and xlvi. Tavernier, in the pastage which Hedges
refers to (Bk. II, ch. iv), calls the place Karasara. It is said, in the
Did. of Gr. aud Rom. Geog., s. v. Daras, that " D'Anville has tried, but
we think in vain, to find any town or ruins which may mark the site of
Daras." But see Bitter, xi, 398, siqq.; and see Niebuhr, Voyage, ii, 372 ;
Dupre, V. eu Perse, i, 85; Ainsworth, J. R. 0. S., x, 526. — Y.

1 686.] BETWEEN MERDIN AND DIARBEKR. 231
June 16. — This day we traveUed 6 hours to a smaU Chris
tian Village under Merdeen,1 which Citty stands upon a steep
Hill, and ye Castle upon y" top of it.
We rose about half an hour after 3 o'clock, not without
apprehensions of some danger, being credibly informed 30
horsemen lay privately on the road to surprize us before we
entered ye hills. I provided for them the best I could by
keeping my servants in good order (expecting little or no
helpe from the Caravan), but, God be praised, saw none of
them. We lay in a pretty little vaUey between ye Hills. On
the top of one of them was a vast rock, out of which were
many great Grottos, curiously cutt out, with vast expence, and
divers cisterns for water, besides great ruines, which caused
us to believe it had been a most stately building.2
June 17. — We sett out at 3, and traveUed 8 hours over
divers small rising Hills and fine, pleasant, well-watered
Valleys ; y6 Hills covered with Oaks, and the Valleys with
plenty of grasse and corne. We passed by a pretty town,
yB greatest part of it cut out of a Eock, caUed Sheck Zooly.3
June 18. — We sett out at 3, and traveUed 2 hours over
hills and vaUeys, and then came into a pleasant Downe
3 hours farther, and pitched in sight of Diarbekir.
June 19. — We travelled 4 hours, and pitched near a
Christian ViUage called AUi Punar, about half an hour from
Diarbikeer, which lies in ye Latde- of 38° N.4
June 20. — I went into ye City of Diarbikeer to visit ye
' Mr. Ainsworth (1840) also " had intended not to go up the hill to
Mardin, but await at Got, a Christian village on the plain S, a little W.,
of the city" (J. R. G. S., x, 524).— Y.
2 The place seems to be the Shech Chan of Niebuhr, Voyage, ii,
323.— Y.
3 Sheikh Zuli, in Otter, quoted by Ritter, xi, 385.— Y.
* " On a icy de l'eau en abondance, en partie de la petite rivieie Ali
poar, et en partie des fontaines" (Niebuhr, ii, 326). His route-map
shows the village of Ali poar about half a German mile west from Diar-
bekr.— Y.

232 HEDGES ROBBED IN REALITY. [l686.
French Padres of ye Order of S'- Francis, who received and
entertained me with great civility and respect.
June 21. — I went to visit and present yB Voyvode &
Musellim of Diarbikeer, y° latter of which is y" most insolent,
proud fellow that ever I saw in Turkey, or any other part
of ye world where I have travelled. Here we continued till
yB 6th of July.
Diarbikeer is a large, well-built Citty, as full of Inhabitants
as any in these parts, situate upon ye banks of ye Tigris, on
Mesopotamia side, in a most fruitful valley.

July 1686.
July 2. — This morning, a little before day, my two Muf-
frages,1 or large Portmanteaus, wherein my bedding was
carryed, with all my wearing apparell, Sword, Pistols, Gold
Watch, Yamerlook, and divers other necessaries, together
with my two Servants' cloaths, were stolen out of my tent, as
near as could be to my Bed's head, 6 or 7 Servants then lying
round about me. So soone as I missed them in yB morning I
gave notice of it to ye Voyvode, who commanded all my
Servants before him. After strict examination he chose out
2 persons : the Chout,2 an Armenian, who had charge of watch
ing my tent that night ; and my Mossalagee,3 or person who
carries ye light before me in ye night : these two he sent to
yB Massellim, who presently clapt them in chaines. This
afternoon a Stranger that had been seen for two nights past
to associate with yB said Mossalagee, and entertained by him,
was taken upon suspicion, and also clapt into Irons ; and this
night, I hear, were severely drubbed to confesse ; but no dis
covery being made, are continued still in prison.
1 Mifrash, " a travelling bag''. — Y.
2 Should apparently be chous; i.e., T. chaush. — Y.
3 Mash'alchl, a torch-bearer, a word of very common use in India,
where the servant so called is, however, usually a kitchen-drudge. — Y.

1 686.] HEDGES FALLS VERY ILL. 233
July 4. — This Stranger, being ye 3rd person clapt in prison,
not discovering who stole my Muffragees, I caused them to
be all taken out of chaines, which cost me, all charges, P. 40.
The Mussellim was advised to drub ye Christian Chout1 to
death, assuring himselfe that would be a means to bring him
in 2 or 3 purses of money to satisfie the Grand Seignor for
ye death of his Subject, — such is ye Tyranny and Injustice of
ye Turkish Governors in these parts.
July 6. — About 4 o'clock this morning we sett out from
Diarbikeer, and, travelling 6 houres, pitched near a fountaine
of good water, in good pasture for our horses.
July 8. — I was taken with so violent a paine on yB inside
of my thigh that it put me into a great fever.
July 9. — We arrived at Severick,2 a small towne near yB
ruines of an old Castle. The Aga of this place takes P. £ on
every load of goods, besides a present to his satisfaction. The
4 last dayes journey from Diarbikeer to this place are the
most stoney and troublesome for catteU to passe that ever I
saw, almost as inconvenient as yB steep hills of Cong in Persia.
The pain of my thigh, and fever, continuing violent and
strong upon me, I hired a Chamber in yB towne, to lye out of
yB noise of ye Caravan.
July 10. — My thigh began to swell, y° paine and fever
continuing. July 11. — The swelling of my thigh increased and my
Fever something abated. I am now assured my fever is
occasioned by this excessive great paine in my thigh ; and
that, I conceive, may proceed from the growing of one of those
dangerous Wormes which are bred by drinking those putrid
and corrupt waters at Cong (two of our Company being
afflicted with those kinds of Wormes at this present) ; or
else I apprehend it has pleased God to strike me with a
» See p. 232.
2 Severek ; Sbverek of Niebuhr (ii, 329), half-way between Diarbekr
and Orfa.— Y.

234 HE IS CARRIED IN A LITTER TO ALEPPO. [l686.
Plague Sore. His Gracious Will be done in all things : a
little more patience will discover what it is. Blessed be God
for so much strength and intermission as I enjoy at present,
to sitt up and write this account of it. I have bespoke, and
am promised, a Horse Litter to carry me (if God 'gives me
life) as far as Anlab.1
July 12. — The last night I took two large doses of Sal
Prunello (in two hours' time), which caused me to sweat so
freely that before morning it carried off my Fever (God be
praised for it) ; but the swelling and paine of my thigh
rather increased than any wise abated. This morning I got
into my horse litter, and travelled 6 hours to yB side of a
HiU, near a pretty little river, where we had store of good
grasse for our horses. The swelling and paine of my Thigh,
as also my fever, increased now to that degree that I was
able to write no longer in my Journal, and, despairing of
recovery, thought it impossible for me to hold out so long as to
goe to Aleppo ; however, contrary to my expectation, it pleased
God so far to enable me that I arrived at Aleppo on ye 29th
July 1686, being the very day 12 Months that my Cousin
Nathanael Letter and I set out of Cong in Persia.
August 1686.
August 2. — My thigh was lanced by my feUow traveller,
Mr- Eobert Dowglasse, who performed yB Operation with
great judgement and dexterity. There issued out near a Pint
of Corruption, and continued running very much till ye latter
end of September. September 1686.
[No diary.]
October 1686.
October 26. — I set out of Aleppo towards Scanderoon,
1 This must mean Aleppo (Halab). — Y

1686.] AFTER THREE MONTHS PROCEEDS TO SCANDEROON. 235
accompanied with Consul Thomas Metcalfe and late Consul
Gamaliel Nightingale, together with most of ye English
Nation. The French Consul, Monsr- Julian, did me the honor
likewise to send out 6 of his Nation to attend me, who came
all together to a baiting place about 2 houres riding out of
Aleppo, where we parted (after ye usual manner) with our
Aleppo Friends, and lay this night at Hangear, in compy-
with my Cousin, Eobert Wakeman, Mr- Arthur Browne (at
whose house I lay at Aleppo), and Mr- Darly.
October 27. — Mr- Browne and Mr- Darly returned to Aleppo.
My Cousin Wakeman, Nephew Eobert Hedges, and I con
tinued our Journey, and lay this night at ye Coordeen ViUage,
in ye Plaines of Antioch.
October 28.— We lay at -Byland,1 7 miles short of Scan
deroon. October 29. — About 9 o'clock this morning we arrived at
Scanderoon. Mr- Fisher, yB Vice Consul, and divers French
Merchants mett us about a mile out of town. Here I was
most courteously invited by Capt. Spence, Commander of the
Levant Merchant, and lay aboard his Ship.
October 30.— Capt. Spence invited Mr- Fisher, Mr- Peter
Eenouf, Mr- Dowglasse, and my Cousin Wakeman aboard
his Shippe to a noble entertainement.
October 31. — The same Company were all invited by Capt.
Eenouf, and dined aboard his Shippe, James ye Second.
November 1686.
November 1. — This afternoon my Cousin Wakeman took
his leave, and returned to Aleppo. My Nephew Hedges and
I, in a short time after, went aboard the French Shippe, in
whom we designed to take our passage for Marseilles, called
ye Nostra Dama della Guarda, commanded by Captain Cor-
raill, of that Port. 1 Bcilan.

236 THE AUTHOR SAILS FROM SCANDEROON. [l686.
November 2. — The Wind blowing fresh at South West, we
continued in Scanderoon Eoad.
November 3, 4, 5. — The weather continuing very stormy,
with great gusts and violent Showers of raine from ye moun
taines, we lay in Scanderoon Eoad. This day, 5th, ye Shippe
Charles imported1 from Leghorne, consigned to Mr- Peter de
Leau & Mr- Darly of Aleppo. The wind blew so hard this
night that it broke one of our Cables, and had very near
driven ye Charles ashore.
November 6. — The weather cleared up, and yB James y'
Second & our Capt. CorraiU set saile together about sunset for
Cyprus. November 8. — We arrived at Cyprus.
November 9. — Capt. Eenouf arrived at Cyprus. This morn
ing I went ashore at Solinus. Monsr- Balthazar Sauuan
(Consul for yB English, French, and Dutch Nations) sent me
his horse to carry me to Larnica, where I was received and
entertained with the greatest respect and civility imaginable
till ye 15th ditto.
November 15. — This evening I went aboard of Capt.
Corrail. The Commander of ye Hollands Convoy did me the
favour to carry me first aboard his owne Shippe, and after
Supper sent me on board ye French man.
This night Captain Eenouf sett sail for England ; but our
Commander, finding ye wind contrary, and like to be dirty
weather, waited for a more seasonable opportunity.
November 18. — We sailed this morning from Cyprus.
November 20. — We lost sight of ye Island of Cyprus.
December 1686.
December 7. — Being Tuesday, we had a violent Storm at
North and N.E. off ye west end of Candy, which put us into
so great a terror that we broke and threw overboard our least
1 Mr. Hedges uses this word for " came into port" See again under
January 3rd, 22nd, and 23rd, 1687. — Y.

1 686.] A STORMY VOYAGE. 237
boat, all our empty Water casks, and whatever else lay in
y" mariners' way upon the deck. It began about noone ; ye
Violence of it continued till Midnight, and then abated. We
steered W. b. N. and W.N.W, under a Fore Course reefed
and lowered halfe Mast. [? !] Most of ye Shipp's crew, as
well as ye Passengers, gave themselves up for lost. God be
praised for this deliverance.
December 13. — This day about Noon we discryed ye Island
of Sicilia.
December 15. — About Sunset we saw Cape Bono, and came
up with it before morning.
December 16 & 17. — Little wind, and that contrary.
December 18. — It continued all day calme, scarce so much
wind as to govern the Ship. In ye morning we had sight of
Sardinia at a great distance.
December 19. — We came up with Sardinia, but ye Wind
blowing fresh at West and W.S.W, were forced to saile on y8
East side of ye Island. The wind increased this night to a
Storme, but continued not above 2 or 3 houres, and then grew
calme. December 20. — We came up and spoke with a French
Settee1 of MarseIeB-, wanting two months from Smirna : we
spared them some bread for their relief. By breake of day
this morning we discovered a smaU Shippe lying under the
land, with her sails hauled up, which she soone let fall and
stood up to us. We displayed our Colours, and she putt out
English Colours, but standing in againe close to ye shore. We
took her to be a Corsaire.
December 21. — We came up with ye Island Corsica. In ye
afternoon a Shippe lying close under ye shore stood out
towards us, and perceiving she got much upon us, we hauled
up our Main saU and Fore saile and stayed for her. Coining
"A single-decked Mediterranean vessel with a long and sharp prow,
without topmasts, and carrying lateen sails" (Adm. Smyth's Sailor's
Word-book).— Y.

238 DRIVEN BY WEATHER INTO TUNIS, [l686.
up with us, she proved an Argiers man of war of 20 guns
and 150 men. Having peace with France, she only wished us
a good Voyage, and stood towards Sardinia. She told us yB
ship we saw yesterday was her Consort, belonging to Argiers.
This night it blew very fresh, and carryed us about half the
length of Corsica.
December 22. — By 6 o'clock this morning it blew a most
violent Storme at North, insomuch that for divers hours we
could carry no more than a little stay sad to keepe the
Ship before the Wind ; after some time they got out a little
part of our Mainsail, which was all we were able to carry
this day and all the night following.
December 23. — The Storme continued without ye least inter
mission perceivable till towards 2 or 3 in yB afternoon. We
continued our course due South ; but fearing before day we
might be driven upon yB Africa Shoare, lay by with part of
our Fore saile. It pleased God that all this night ye wind
was so favourable that we were able to lay our head to the
weather. December 24. — About break of day the storme returned
to its former Violence and Eage ; and being no longer able
to lye by, bore up before it, making all yB sail we could
to recover the Port of Tunis, which, by God's great mercy
to us, we obtained, and anchored in ye Eoad (5 miles short
of y" usual place of riding) before it was quite so darke that
I could not see my hands — for which great Deliverance I
beseech yB Lord to make me truly thankful.
December 25. — The wind blew so hard that we could not
send our boats ashore.
December 26. — Our boat set me ashore at y6 Castle of
Goletta, where I hired a horse and Guide for P. 1\ to conduct
me to y„ English Consul kt Tunis, Thomas Goodwyn, Esq™-,
who received me with demonstrations of ye greatest respect
& civility that could be showne. He went with me to visit
ye King, who made us sitt downe by him, and entertained

1687.] AND DO NOT EASILY GET AWAY. 239
us with Coffee, enquiring after ye affaires of Turky and
Christendom. Having taken leave of ye King, we went and
saw all yB Castle, which is well stored with excellent good
Gunns of Brasse and Iron.
December 27. — We continued at Tunis tiU our Scrivan, or
purser, had made "Consolato" for ye damage done yB Shippe
and goods in ye two stormes we have had since we left
Cyprus. We mett here in Poit y" ship Neptune, Capt. Mil
borne commander, and ye Ship Francis, Captain Fore com
mander. At ye Consul's house was Capt. Wickers, a person
who came to seek employment.
December 28. — I took leave of Consul Goodwyn. Capt.
Milborne did me the favor to lend me his boat, and accom-
panyed me himself to Goletta, and thence aboard his Shippe,
where I was nobly entertained, and saluted with 13 Guns at
our going off, ye Captain himself accompanying me on board
of our Shippe, Capt. Corrail, who immediately weighed
anchor and sett sail for Marseille, being about 4 o'clock in ye
afternoon, with a fair wind ; but as soon as we gott without
ye Cape of Porta Ferine yB Wind chopped about and blew
hard at North and N.W.
December 29.- — We returned and anchored in yB Bay of
Tunis, over against yB watering place, nearer ye Shipps than
we lay before. [No further entry till January 3.]
January 1687.
January 3. — The last night and all this day it hath blowne
a very great Storme at North and N.N.W. About Noon a
Ship imported with French Colors.
January 4. — The Storme continued exceeding violent all
ye last night ; our long boat at y° Sterne was filled full of
water. About 12 at Noon y" rage of ye Wind and Sea some
what abated ; but ye waves ran still very high and violent,
the Sky continuing much clouded.

240 CONTINUED DETENTION AT TUNIS [1687.
January 5. — The Storrne being much abated, Consul
Goodwyn wrote me a most kind letter, and sent me a noble
present of fresh Provisions by Capt. Milborne's boat, on
which I went ashore ye second time to y" Consul's house at
Tunis, accompanyed with my Nephew, Eobert Hedges, Monsr-
Ainesse, a Frenchman, and Sigr- Clockner, a Hollander.
January 6, 7, 8, & 9. — The Wind blew a great Storm at
W. and N.W. by W.
January 10. — The Wind coming up fresh at East and S.E,
I tooke my leave of Consul Goodwyn, and came down in a
Towne boat to the Castle at Goletta. The sea ran so high
that the Boatmen would not adventure to carry us over
the Barr; but Capt. Milborne discovering of us with his
prospective Glasse, sent his Pinnace to bring us aboard ;
which it pleased God they performed, though with ye greatest
hazard & difficulty imaginable, the Seamen being all, except
ye Coxon, in ye Water as high as their Armepitts, to force ye
boat & run her upon ye sand through ye Waves, which were
very furious and lofty, as usuall upon Barrs. Capt. Milborne,
perceiving yB Hazard, came off in his Yall to our assistance
& see us safe aboard ye French Shippe, designing himselfe to
goe ashore this night (if possible) to Tunis.
January 11. — The Storme increased to a great Violence
all this day and yB night following.
January 12. — This morning it rained hard, and ye Wind
very much abated.
January 13. — The wind increased last night to a greater
degree of Violence than it hath done since we came into
this port; and this day it has cleared up to a calme from
8 o'clock this morning.
January 14. — The Wind came up a faire and gentle gale
at E. and E.S.E, as faire a Wind as could blow ; but
because it rained a small drizling shower our Hen-hearted
Provinsalls, would not putt to sea till they saw the Weather
better settled.

1687.] BY STRESS OF WEATHER. 241
This Afternoon Captain John Cobbold, commander of a
great Fly Boat1 (who had been 8 yeares a Slave in Argiers)
[Algiers], came aboard to give me a visit, and presented me
with 2 Hens, halfe a Holland Cheese, and 4 English Neatt's
Tongues,— all ye provisions ye poor man had aboard, which
added exceedingly to ye Obligation ; besides, for my sake,
he spared our Captain a Butt of Water and a parcell of
wood, which we very much wanted, and it was of great use
to us.
January 15. — The wind coming about last night at 12
o'clock to ye N.E. and N. b. E, our Captain did not think
fitt to weigh his anchor, but lay still in ye port of Tunis.
The Winde this day being pretty moderate, Capt. Cobbold
came aboard and dyned with us, and invited me to dine with
him to-morrow aboard his Shippe, ye Numidia.
January 16. — The Wind springing up at E. b. N. this last
night, we weighed Anchor, and set sail about halfe an hour
after 10 o'clock this morning. Being got as far out of yB Bay
of Tunis as yB Point of Porta Ferine, the Wind encreased to
a Storme, and so continued all night. Our course, W.N.W. ;
Winde at East and E. b. S.
January 17. — By 8 in yB morning we saw the Island of
Sardinia. By 10 this morning ye Wind encreased to a violent
Storm. We bore away before it all ye breadth of Sardinia,
and before night anchored near ye Island Palma de Sol, on
ye West side of Sardinia, in a good harbour.
January 18. — We lay at anchor ; wind at S.E, as faire as
can blow ; but our dastardly mariners durst not adventure
to Sea, for feare it should blow as hard abroad as it did
yesterday. January 19. — We gott under saile this morning by breake
1 " A large flat-bottomed Dutch vessel, whose burden is generally from
300 to 600 tons. It is distinguished by a remarkably high stern,
resembling a Gothic turret, and by very broad buttocks below" (Smyth's
Sailor's Word-book). — Y.

242 BACKWARDNESS OF CAPTAIN AND CREW. [1687.
of day, but seeing the weather a little more overcast (which
soon passed over, with a small shower of raine), our Mariners'
hearts fainted, and we returned to anchor near yB same place
from whence we weighed, and had steered N.N.W, y" due
course for Marseilles.
January 20. — A French Settee sailed by us ye last night,
and anchored near ye bottom of ye Bay. She came from
Toulon, and bound for Tunis. Our boat went ashore this
morning to fill water and bring what provisions they can
procure from ye inhabitants. About noon ye Winde came up
fresh at N.W. At Sunsett the Settee sailed for Tunis.
January 21. — Our boat went ashore to buy provisions.
Wind at N.E. A great Shame that we are not at Sea, to
make ye best use of it. About noon a Settee coming from
ye Eastward anchored at ye mouth of ye Harbour.
January 22. — This last night proving very clear and faire
Weather, our Captain for mear shame weighed anchor, and
sett sail by daybreake, passing by ye Settee that imported
yesterday : she spared us a Kintall of Biskett. She wanted
4 dayes from Marseilles, and is bound for Candia. Being
gott without ye Island Palma, we found the Wind N. and
N. b. W — a fresh gale ; and so returned and anchored before
Noone in yB Gulf of Palma, where another Settee spared us
a kind of Biskett & some salt Fish — provisions being very
scarce with us.
January 23 & 24. — We lay in ye Bay of Palma with very
faire weather. A Tartan1 that imported ye 22nd Instant from
ye Levant sett saile about Midnight ; we conceive her bound
for Marseilles. About 2 o'clock this afternoon a sentle sale
o o
sprung up at West ; yett our Block -headed Captain and
Mariners did not think fitt to Sett saile.
January 25. — The Wind coming up in ye night at West,
we got under Saile this morning before day ; by Noon ye
1 A small, one-masted, lateen-rigged coasting vessel. — Y.

1 687. J DRIVEN BACK INTO PALMA A THIRD TIME. 243
Wind veering to ye N.W, and shrinking so fast upon us
that we were forced to our old Harbour of ye Gulf of Palma.
This is our 3rd returne. God send us better fortune ye next
departure. January 26. — The wind blew exceeding hard all ye last
night, and continues soe to do this morning at West. Our
Captain is of opinion it is y° greatest Storme we have had
since we came to sea. God be praised, we are in a very
good Port.
January 27. — -Yesterday, towards evening, ye Wind came
about to ye N.W. and N.N.W, and blew most violently y°
greatest part of last night till towards this morning, when it
abated with a great Showere of Eaine, and continues still at
N.N.W. January 28. — Last night it blew very hard, and this
morning early it encreased to an exceeding great Storme,
insomuch that our Captain and Mariners (who ought to have
had more courage) despaired of saving their lives, and gave
all for lost, betaking themselves wholly to their prayers.
The chief occasion of their fears was the Shipp's driving
towards ye Shore, though we had 3 anchors ahead, and at
least 2 miles' drift.
About 2 o'clock in yB afternoon our Captain and mariners
grew into great disorder and confusion ; most were for cutting
the Cables, and running ashore in the best Creeke we could
find ; others for cutting down ye Mainmast ; and some few for
riding it out and expecting God's providence — which latter
course had been ye best ; but it determined in cutting downe
yu Mainmast, which was done about halfe an hour after two,
when ye Storm began to abate, and before Sunsett we had
little Wind.
We then wisht againe (but too late) for our Main mast.
Our boat was sunke at our Sterne in ye morning, by neglect,
for not throwing out y" water. In this distraction the
Mariners threw every thing overboard that lay in their sight

244 HEDGES' OPINION OF PROVENcAL SEAMEN. [1687.
upon deck, so much as a few sticks of Wood to dresse our
Meate, and a Top Gallant Mast or something like it. I
remember 1 entreated hard to save ye boat's Grapplin.
God Almighty's Name be praised for thy great deliverance !
& grant I may never be necessitated to take my passage
upon a Provinsall. They are certainly ye most despairing,
low spirited Mariners in ye World when they are brought to
any extremity.
January 29. — It was calme all ye last night, and this
morning we began to weigh our Anchors and clear our boat
of yB Water, intending to saile downe to yB bottom of ye
Bay to refitt ye Shippe. God knows how long that may be.
At 9 o'clock this morning, observing two Settees sailing
out of this Bay, I prevailed on yB Captain to make a Weft
of his Antient and fire a Gun, in hopes that one of them at
least (seeing our distresse) would come on board, pretending
to send a letter to some Port of Italy or France. It pleased
God that this designe tooke its desired effect. The best of
ye Settees, bound for Mayorke,1 without lading, having only 2
Spaniards, passengers, aboard, came to our side, with whom
I agreed for P. 3252 to carry my Nephew and me, with ye rest
of our passengers (we paying P. 200 of yB said money), to
Marseilles. We would have embarked on ye Settee imme
diately, but her commander, Capt. Guiran, was not then
willing to receive us, pretending he would first clear his
Cabbin of ye Spaniards, and (Wind & weather permitting)
come to us yB next morning.
January 30. — The Settee came to us according to her Com
mander's promise, and having taken leave of Capt. Corrad
(by whom I was most respectfully treated, and saluted with
7 Guns at my departure), I went on board ye Settee, who sett
sail immediately, and arrived at Porta Scolie, a small village

1 I.e., Majorca.
2 Piastres, but ivhat piastres? Probably Sp. dollars. — Y.

I687.] HIRES A SETTEE AT PALMA FOR MARSEILLES. 215
with a Tower for its defence, on ye island of Sardinia (over
against S'- Peter's Island), about Sunsett, to putt ashore yB
two Spaniards, who had no mind to goe with us to Mar
seille. January 31. — This morning early we put ye Spaniards
ashore, and by 8 set saile for Marseilles. By 3 in yB After
noon (finding ye wind contrary at Sea) returned and anchored
at S'- Peter's Island, and by Sunsett (ye Wind coming up at
East again) we sett saile ye second time for Marseilles.
February 1687.
February 1. — The Wind coming up last night about 12
o'clock at N.W, and blowing hard, we lay by all night, and
before 10 this morning anchored againe, in a Storme of Wind,
under S'- Peter's Island.
February 2. — About 12 o'clock noone, came into this road
a small fly-boat with English Colours, who had lost all her
Masts. My Nephew and I went aboard with our Captn- to
see what she wanted in this miserable condition. She is
called ye Providence, Daniel Morley, Commander, belonging
to M1'- James Denn of Marke Lane, London, laden with salt
from Juasy, bound for Villa Franca. She mett with the
Storme on ye 24th and 25th Ultimo, which was so violent
that ye first day it carryed away her Foremast and Boltsprit,
and ye next day her Main and Mizen Masts, leaving her like
a Wrack. The Sea frequently running over her Poope, it
once ran so high as to wash and endanger ye carrying away
a man from off ye Main Yard. It broke and washt away
her two boats, strongly lashed in 9 places, and carryed away
her Sheet Anchor from her bow. I knew her Gunner, one
Jeremy Bascum, formerly servant to Mr- Nathanael Letter
in London.
February 3.— This morning, by breake of day, ye Shippe
Providence ran aground, her Commander designing to go
between ye Islands Sardinia and Palma de Sol, where y*

246 IN GULF OF ORESTANO IN SARDINIA. [1687.
English Platts and Wagones1 make a large passage ; but in
truth there is none, the said two Islands being joined
together by a Bridge. The right passage is between Palma
and S1 Peter's Island. Ye shippe had been there undoubt
edly lost, and ye men in great hazard of their lives (if any
had escaped), had it not been for yB great Diligence and
Industry of Capt. Guiran, who (for my sake) went off to her
in his boat, and carryed out her anchors (her owne boats being
all lost in ye Storme), and helped to throw out 5 tons of her
salt to lighten ye Vessell, by which means she got off into
5 fathoms of Water.
Our Captain likewise lent her. Commander, Capt. Morley,
P. 50, not having any money to buy him provisions in this
his extremity (for which I was his Security), and gave his
bill for yB Sum on Messrs. Goodwin & Martin, in Mar
seilles. February 4. — We lay in Harbour.
February 5. — We sailed about 3 o'clock this morning with
a very bare wind, & by 11 o'clock at night anchored in ye
Bay of Oristan (in our Platts called Napoli), a most excellent
good harbour, sufficient to containe 500 sail of Ships. Its
entrance is 10 miles at least. We mett here a French Shippe
wanting 20 dayes from Cyprus. She has lost ye head of her
Boltsprit, and cracked her Fore Topmast in foul Weather :
she has lain here 1 7 dayes for a fair wind to Marseilles.
February 6 & 7. — We lay in the Bay of Orestan [Oristano].
February 8. — This morning, by 3 o'clock, ye wind coming
up at S.S.E, our Captaine sett saile. Without ye Port we
found ye wind freshen upon us on ye same Point, and con-
1 I.e., Charts and Sailing Directories. But the second word should
be Wagoners, from the famous Dutch author on Navigation, Lucas
Tansz Waghenaer, whose work, Spieghel der Zeevaert, was translated,
and popular in the English marine, under the name of the Mariner's
Mirror. See Mr. Tiele's Introduction to Dr. Burnell's Linschoten,
p. xxvii (Hak. Soe, 1885), and Smyth's Word-book, s. v. Waggoner. — Y.

1687.] TOULON REACHED AT LAST. 247
tinned a strong gale all ye day. Our Course, N.N.W. aud
N.W. b. N.
February 9. — The gale continued fresh all yB last night.
This morning at Sunrising the weather began to grow dirty
and foggy, with frequent showres of raine. About 11 we
discovered ye Isles of Aires [Hyeres], near Toulon, which we
had no sooner done, but on a suddaine the wind came about
contrary at S.W. and then N.W, so that we had some trouble
and difficulty to get into the said Harbour of ye Isles of Aires,
where we anchored about 2 o'clock this afternoone. At Sun
sett we weighed again, and yB wind increasing to a Storme
with a N.W. wind, put into Toulon before morning.
February 10. — I went into y° Citty of Toulon, and thence
into ye Lazaretta.
February 18. — I was visited in ye Lazaretta by Capt. Say,
Capt. Gibson, Commander of ye George, Mr- Packston, & Mr-
Sandland, this latter accompanying Capt. Say to ye East
Indies by way of Aleppo.
February 19. — This morning ye Officer of yB Sanita gave me
Prattick. I went ashore in Captain Gibson's boat, accom-
panyed with Capt. Waters, Commanr- of [ J, and dined
with them in Toulon. I was invited to supper by Monsr-
Sabatory, an eminent French merchant, and to bear me com
pany he invited likewise Monsr- Bidau, a Captain of one of
the King of France's Men-of-War.
February 20. — I left Toulon at 7 o'clock in ye morning
(being carryed in a litter), and arrived at MarseiUes about
7 at night, and lay at Mr- Hastings' house tiU yb 28 Instant.
February 28. — This Morning my Nephew, Eobert Hedges,
& I sett out in a litter from Marseilles towards Lyons. We
dyned at St. Port, and lay at Lambase [i.e., Lambesc].
March 1687.
March 1. — I dyned at Orgone [i.e., Orgon] and laye at
Avignon.

248 JOURNEY FROM MARSEILLES TO PARIS. [1687.
March 2. — I dyned at Orange (from whence ye Prince of
Orange takes his title) and laye at Boulene [Bollene].
March 3. — I dyned .at Mountihmar [Montelimart] and
lay at Lorioll.
March 4. — I dyned at Valience & lay at S«- Valie [St.
Valier]. March 5.— I dyned at Le Poige de Eosilion [? Peage de
Eousillon] and lay at Vienne.
March 6. — I arrived by 11 in yB morning at Lyons, and lay
this night at yB 3 Kings — a good Inn. Here I discharged our
Muleteer, having paid him Livres 66, or P. 22,1 and hired 2
Places in y° Diligence for Paris, for which each person is to
pay 22 Crowns, Diet included.
March 7. — We departed from Lyons in a boat, and lay at
Mascoon [Macon].
March 8. — We embarked again very early, amt about noon
arrived at Challoon [Chalons]. Here we took coach (paying 6
Sols per pound for our Portmanteaus, except 10lb- presented),
and lay at Shane [? Chagny].
March 9. — We sett out at 4 in y° morning, dyned at Arnay
le Due, and lay at Essolio [? Saulieu].
March 10. — We dyned at Busele Forgis and lay at Ver-
monton [Vermenton].
March 11.- — We set out at 3 in ye morning, & at 8 dyned
at Osser [Auxerre], & lay at ViUeneuf-le-Eoi [i.e., V. sur
Yonne]. March 12. — We dyned atVilneuf le guerre [Elguiard] and
lay at Melun.
March 13. — By 10 in ye Morning arrived at Paris, and lay
at y8 Ville d'Anjoy, in the Dolphin's Street.
March 26. — About 10 o'clock this morning my Nephew
Hedges and I tooke Coach for S*- Denis, and there took post
towards Callis.
1 The Fr. Livre at that time was = Is. 6d. nearly ; therefore 1 P.
= 4s. 6d. And this confirms the supposition in note at p. 244. — Y.

1687.] PATRONISED BY JEFFREYS ; WEDDED ; KNIGHTED. 249
March 29. — This morning I arrived in Callis, and lodged
in y° Golden Dragon — a good Inn.
April 1687.
April 3. — About 2 o'clock this afternoon I embarked on y°
Packet boat at Callis for Dover.
April 4. — At 1 this morning I arrived (praised he God) at
Dover, and lay this night at Canterbury.
April 5. — This Evening I mett my Cousin, Dr- Charles
Hedges, my two Brothers Vanacker, Mr- Webster, Mr- Sussex,
Mr- Mayres, & Mr- Wallopp, at Eochester.
April 6. — My brother and Sister, Sr- Jeremy Sambroke &
his Lady, Mr- William Johnson and his Lady, my Cousin
Tresser, my Sister Newton, and my 3 children, did me the
honor to meet me at Blackheath and accompany me to Lon
don, where I arrived (blessed be God) in good health this
Evening. April 7. — I waited upon my Lord High Chancellor Jefferys,
accompanyed with Sir Eob'- Clayton & Sir Jeremy Sambrooke.
His Lordship was pleased to bid me welcome home, and to
tell me (amongst other discourse) he did not care if all ye E.
India Comp5'- knew he had a greater kindness and respect
for me than he had for Sir Josia Child.
July 1687.
July 21. — I marryed Madam Anne Searle, ye Widow of
Col. John Searle of Finchly. The Office was performed by
DrJohnTiUotson,Deane of Canterbury, in Bassishaw Church.
We dyned at my Uncle Anthony's house in Coleman Street,
and went to Finchly in ye Evening.
March 1688.
March 6. — This Afternoon his Majtie-King James was
pleased (as a marke of his Eoyall favour) to confer on me yB
hon1'- of Knighthood in his Bedchamber.

250 ABRUPT END OF DIARY.
[Here the Journal ends abruptly, without any signature.
The remaining half of the page is blank, as also the " over
leaf"; then eight leaves, which may or may not have been
manuscript, have been roughly torn out ; then follow twelve
blank leaves, and on the fly leaf at the end of the book (a folio
14 inches by 9) are some memoranda as follows :]
The removall of Agent Dacres (being greatly favoured and
beloved by ye King of Bantam), together with Mr- Arnold
White's rude and uncivill carryage towards him at his first
Arrivall, is judged to have been the cause of the losse of
Bantam.1 Sept. 24, 1685. — I presented ye Calenter (or Chief of y*
Armenian Merchants) of Giulfa with a bag of Sugar of Okes
35, and another Bag to Hogea Kiragoos, his Brother, of
Okes 39£.
The Citty of Lar in Persia lyes in y* Lat. of 27° 44' N.
„ Shiras „ ,, „ 29° 40' N.
„ Spahan „ ,, ,, 32° 40' N.

From Gombroon to Lar are Leagues 42=miles 126
,, Lar „ Shiras ,, 64= ,, 192
„ Shiras „ Spahan „ 73= „ 219
„ 179= 537 miles.

1 The English were expelled from Bantam on August 30th, 1682.-
Orme's Hist. Fragments, p. 118 ; Bruce's Annals, ii, p. 486.

END OF HEDGES DIARY.

INDEX TO VOLUME I.
(THE DIARY OF W. HEDGES.)

Abbas, Shah, 208
Abdal Suma, the Nabob's Dewan, 87
Achar, 209
Achin (and Malacca), 117; 122; 146
Acorns, Bread of, 216
Admiral's Flag, 135
Advances for goods, 76
Africa, 238
Africos. i c, negro slaves, 16
"Agatakee" (AgaTakg, 207
Agathangelo, Padre, 207
Agent, insufficient authority of, 139;
143; 146
 and Council of Hoogly, 143,
185
 " Like an", 123
Abulias, C , 24
Ainesse, M., 240
Aleppo, 213, 214; Hedges detained-
at, 234, 235
Alexander, 217 (note)
Alford, Mr, of Madras, 182, 183
Algerine Cruiser, 238
Algiers, 238, 241
Ali poar ("Alii Punar"), near Diar
bekir, 231
Alley, Capt, a famous Interloper,
104, 116 ; arrival at Balasore, 118 ;
his pomp, 123, 130 ; countenanced
by Company's servants, 124, 129,
131, 132 ; visited by Bulchund, 134;
136 ; 137 ; 138 ; entertained by the
Faujdar, 140; 142; suspicion of
Charnock's connection with him,
144, 145; 163, 195, 196
Amadiya, Bey of, 225
Amir Syad Ahmed, the King's new
Dewan at Dacca, 55 ; see Dewan,
King's
Ana, 228
Anarish Mountain, 217
Andoolee (Village), 39
Antab, miswritten Anlab (Aint;lb),234
Anthony, Samuel ; 58, 73 ; his death
at Englesavad, 83 ; 88

"Anthony, Uncle," 249
Antioch, Plain of, 235
Arabic, Hedges' knowledge of, 44,
191, 197
Archibald, Mr, Chirurgeon, 177, 179
"Argiers", see Algiers
Ark, Mountain of the, 226, 228
Arnay-le-Duc, 248
Arracan, intended Dutch factory at,
117
 Pirates (notes), 32, 36
Arrack-bowl of Bilver, 149
Arz-dast (Petitioning), 153
"Asian Chesmesi", 216
Aspas ("Assapos") 209
Asphalt springs at Al-Kayj ara, 222
Assam (" Asham") 43
Assole (i.e. Yasawal, a tipstaff), 53,
55, 128
Atlasses, i Satins), 85
Aubany, Capt, an Interloper, 104
Aujan ("Woo-John"), 208, 209
Aurangzeb (" Orang Zeb"), 42, 47,
87
Auxerre, 248
Avignon, 247
Aziz Beig, New Customer at Hugli,
144, 145 ; called Governor, 157
Bagdad, 213, 214, 217 (note), 218 ;
description. 219
Bagla-Ghat ("Buglagotte"), Battle
of, 87
Bairam, the Little, 51
Bakhshi ( " Bucksi' ) of Dacca, 47
Balasore, 49 ; arrival at, 30 ; 49 ; 54,
55, 63 ; Hedges visits, 65-67 ; 69,
70, 76, 77, 90, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98 ;
100 ; 140 ; Shabander of, 144 ; 152;
160 ; Hedges at, on his way home,
176 ; 179 ; Hedges sails from, 180;
correct position of (note), 180
Bailee (Village), 39
Balm of Gilead administered to a
dying Hindoo, 86

252

INDEX.

Banes, Capt, 156
Bankshall, The, near Balasore, 65, 67,
75
Bantam, 117, 121; King of, 138, 154;
148, 153, 250
Barker, Mr, 41; complaints against,
83-84 ; 93 ; made 2d at Cassum
bazar, 97; suspicions of, 102, 141;
109, 110, 112
Barlow, Edw, Mate, 121
Barnagur (on the Hugh river), 63,
153, 173, 174
Barratry, Intended, 197
Bascum, Jeremy, 245
Bassishaw Church, 249
Batavia, 130, 153, 155
Baths, Sulphurous hot, of Hammam
'Ali, 222
Batticalao, 29
Bay, The, (official denomination of
Bengal), 30, 32 ; 111 ; CouncU of,
114, 119, 120, 127, 128; "Best flower
in Company's Garden," 117 ; 121 ;
152
Beard, Mr. John, 5 ; embarks with
Hedges, 15, 17(note is erroneous) ; 30,
32, 33, 34, 35, 45, 49, 50,54,55,59,
63, 72 ; acting chief at Hugh, 75 ;
78,79,89,90,91; 107, 113 ; minute
about Watson, 114; 116; 117; en
courages interlopers, 118 ; 120, 122,
127,130,131,135,137; his rudeness,
149; made Agentin place of Hedges,
152; 156, 157, 158 ; his letter to
Sir Josia Child, 158, 159 ; his ma
lignity and cant, 160-161 ; 164, 165,
167; 169, 170, 172, 173. 176, 177(note
here is erroneous); and Council pro
test against departure of Hedges
with Douglas, Letten, and Gough,
178-179 ; his violence and injustice,
186, 201
Beard, Junior, John, 179 (see also
Errata).
"Beeres" (Berez), 206
Beilan (" Byland"), 235
" Belad-il-Roos" (Bela-Droz ?), 218
" Benaroo" (Benaru), 206
Ben, Dominie Hendrick (Dutch
Chaplaia), 161, 173
Bendrabun Podar, 84
Bengal, Bengala, 32, 97. See Bay
Betel-box, Silver, 149
Bidau, M, 247
Bisutun (" Bisetoon", Bih stun, Ba-) It-
tcivtj), 215
Blackheath, 249
Blunderbusses. 130
" Bobba Hadgee" (Baba Hajji), 207
Boberay, servant of Capt. Pitt, 69, 71

" Bocktearee" (Bakhtiari), 206
" Bog" (Bagh ?), 214
"Bogatcher"(Village), near Santipur,
77
Bollene, 248
Bollubdass, see Bullubdas.
Bonstoe, John, Dutch Factor, 44
" Bookoroos" (Beheruz), 218
Boremull, 87
"Braces", at Hugli Mouth, 175,
176
Braddyll, Mr. Roger, 163, 170
Brand, Mr. , 46
Bray, Leonard, Mr, 32, 93
Brenock, Capt, 98
Bridgier, Mr, at Fort St. George,
183
Brough, supercargo, 188, 202
Browne, Capt, 156, 157, 162
Browne, Mr. A, of Aleppo, 235
Budgerows, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 41,
42, 58, 76, 89, 113, 130, 150, 151,
161,173, 174, 175
Bulchund (and Boolchund) Ray,
" Chief Customer", also called " Go
vernour of Hoogly and Cassum
bazar", and his vakeel ; his insol
ences and abuses, 33, 47, 133, 135 ;
37, 38, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54,
55,56,58; visited by Hedges, 59-60,
61, 63, 69, 79 ; again, 81-82, 86,
and 137 ; 99, 103, 104, 105,
106, 112, 126; visits Hedges, 132,
133 ; visits Capt. Alley, 134; 136 ;
promises to arrest the interlopers,
138 ; dies, 140; treasure found in
his house, 145
Bullubdas, 120, 162, 164
Bund, apparently abstract in office
books, 84
Burton, Mr, 97
" Busele Forgis", 248
"3usrook Omed Chan" (Buzurg-
Ummed Khan), Nabob of Patna, 175
Bussora, 97, 178, 207
" Bustag", 204
Byam, Mr. John, Chief at Balasore,
31, 65, 70, 71 ; 93, 97 ; his death,
97

Calais, 248, 249
"Calenter" of Armenians at Jalfa, 250
Camploys, General (Dutch), 153
Candia, 236
Canterbury, 249
Cape, The (G. Hope), 23, 27
Cape Bon, 237
Capuchins, 218, 223
" Cara-derry" (Kara-dara), 230

INDEX.

Caravanserai, 203, 204, 206, 209, 210,
213,214,215,218,221
Carmelites in Persia, 210
Cassidas, Cossadass (Kasi-das), 61,
87, Chief Secretary at Nabob's
Court
Cassumbazar (Kasimbazar), site of
Factory near Murshidabad, 52, 54,
55. 56, 59, 60, 70, 75, 76, 77, seqq.;
fire at. 82, 90, 97, 100, 104, 129, 130,
138, 139, 141, 147
Catamaran, 181, 182
Catchpoole, Mr. Allen, 40, 41 ; (his
death, 41, note), 58, 59, 80, 85, 87,
90, 102, 111, 115, 125, 141
Caviare, 2n9
Cazee, 136
 of Muxadavad and Cassum
bazar, 85. 147
Ceylon ("Zeilon"), 28, 29, 187, 188
Chagny, 248
Chahar Bagh (" Choar Bog") at
Ispahan, 212
Chailisya (" ChaUisea"), 213, 214
Chaldaa, 223, 224, 226, 227
Chalons, 248
Chamberlain, Mr. Charles, 182
Champa, 203
" Chan Caun's" garden at Dacca, 42
" Channel Trees" (near Saugor Id.),
175
" Char-ber-Keer", 204
Charges at Factories, Unauthorised,
149
Charkonnas (Char h'hdna), kind of
piece-goods, 94
Charnock, Job, 1, 3, 33 ; note on
him, and hia epitaph, ib. 40 ; his
daughters, ib., 41 ; scandal concern
ing, 52; 54 ; 56; 58; 60; 69, 71;
77; 78; 79; 81; evil report of him,
ib.; 82,' 85; his tricks, 87; 90 ; 93 ;
102; 105 ; 106 ; 108 ; letter signed
by, 112, 116 ; 117 ; letter to, 118-
119 ; 121 ; 122 ; letter from. 124-
125 ; Hedges' complaints of, 127 ;
disparagement of, 131; proposals to
Bulchund, 133; accusations of, 138,
139 ; his favourites may do anything,
141; his insubordination, 143; sus
picions of, 144 ; retaliation on
Hedges, 145-6 ; his threats against
Hedges, 146; 147; cited by Cazee
at Cassumbazar, 147; unauthorised
building, 149; culpable concealment,
150; his accusation against James
Price, 151; misled by Pounsett, ib.
152; 153 ; 162; favours a breach
with Nabob, 165 ; alleged order to
send him to the Nabob's Court, 171 ;

his loose money transactions, ib. ;
Hedges thanks God for escape from
his malice, 177 ; Hedges complains
of his concealments and disrespect,
185; says he should be dismissed,
186
" Chatalkee" (Chah-i talkh), 206
Ohailsh, 232, 233
" Chawbuck't" ', English Vakil, 45
Chihal-Minar (Persepolis), 208
Child, Sir Josia, 15, 120, 149, 158, 184,
249
China Trade, 117
" Chinchera, The" {i.e., Chinsura,
the Dutch settlement adjoining
Hugh), 166
Chittermull, merchant, 75, 121
Choky, Choakey ; of Jattrapoor, 42 ;
58 ; 105, 106
Chop, Chopt (i.e. seal, sealed), 53, 57
Chosroes, 230 (note)
" Chout" (? Chaush), 232, 233
Clayton, Sir R, 249
Clerke, Mr, or Captain, 137, 188
Clockner, " Signor", 240
Cloth, Fraud about, 152; 163
" Coast", The (i. o, Coromandel), 69,
104
Cobbold, Captain, 241
Cock, Capt, 16, 17
Cock or Cock's Island (near Saugor),
68
Codabux Cawn, 87
"Cogga" (Khaga ?), 214
"Cokeer", " Kokeer", 204
Colcapour Village on Hugly River,
41, 89, 122
Cold, Camel-man dies of, 220
Cole, Capt, bound for China, 117 ;
122
Commissarius, Dutch in Persia, 210
Commissary General of Dutch India,
his powers, 159
Company's direct communication
with subordinates, Mischief of, 127,
128
Company, New, projected, 142, 144
Condore, Pulo, 41 note
Cong, on Persian Gulf (Bandar Kon-
gun), 97, 188, 196, 197, 202 ;
Portuguese claims at, 196, 202, 203,
209, 233, 234
Consolato, 239
Conspiracy on board the Recovery,
alleged, 196-198
Cooke, Capt, Interloper, 141, 148
Copper, imported, 106 148
Copperas, used in black dye, 127
"Cormandell Coast", 152
Corrail, Capt, 235, 236, 239, 244

254

INDEX.

Corsica, 237, 238
C'oss, measure of distance (" Course')
67, 129
Cossais, kind of piece-good, 129
Cossid, 53
" Cossir", 206, 207
Cot, 203
Councils of the Bay, and of Hughly,
114-115, 124, 125, 127, 128 (see
Bay, etc.); 135; 143
Coursing in Persia, 216
Cowries, 95, 96 ; trade in from Mal
dives, 89 ; price of, 122 ; Magazines
of, at Maldives, 192
Cozbi/ (Ghilzbegi, a small coin). 204
Cross or Crosse, Mr. Charles, 42, 61,
62, 95, 131, 141, 143; 144, 151 ;
184-5, 186
Cudworth, Mr. Charles, 90, 95, 97,
105, 107, 112, 114
Currents, 181, 187, 189, 199
" Customer" (officer in charge of Cus
toms) at Cassumbazar, 60 ; at
Hugh, 144 ; at Bagdad, 219 ; at
Diarbekir, 930
Customs levied by Mahomedan Govt,
2 ; 46, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 61 ;
calculation of, 62 ; 93, 98, 100, 101,
103, 104, 126 ; 130 ; 132 ; 137 ;
139 ; 142 ; 144 ; 172
 in Turkey, 219 ; among Arabs,
228
"Cuzzanna'', "Cajanna" (i.e., Kha-
zdna), 103, 127
Cyprus, 236, 239, 246

D'Acha, Sign. Francesco, 146
Dacca ("Decca"), Hedges decides to
go to, 33, 34 ; 41 ; arrival at, 42 ;
tedious negotiations at, 42-58 ; mint
at, 50 ; cloth of, 63 (muslin ?) ; 92,
98, 103 ; 126 ; 128, 129 ; 133, 135,
147, 148 ; 151, 152 ; brokers of.
152 ; High flood at, 159 ; Mr.
Charnock summoned to, 171
 Nabob of, see Nabob, and
Shaista Khan.
Dacres, Mr, Agent at Bantam, 250
Dadney (Daxlni), "imprest money,"
or advances to weavers, etc, 83, 106,
121, 136, 171
Dandies, 175
Daras or Dara, Ruins of, 230 (note)
Darly, Mr, of Aleppo, 235, 236
Darnelly, Mr , Chief in Persia, 210
Daro-jah ("Droga"), of the Mint, etc.,
57, 60, 69 ; 129
Davenport, Francis, Pilot, 92
Davenant, Mr. Nicholas, 105, 116

Davis, Thomas, Interloper, 124; ar
rested, 133; 148 ; 165; 167; 195
"Decca", see Dacca.
Deepchund (native merchant), 70, 74,
121
"Deezabad", 214
De Fino, Monsgr, at Ispahan, 213
"Deha" (Dehak), 214
Deharaban, 214
Delhi (" Delly"), 61
" Dellaver Agaring", 203 204
Dclolls, or Brokers, 152
Denn, Mr. James, 245
" Deregherdoo", 209
De Soria, Count, Polish ambassador
at Ispahan, 211, 212
Disputatious Letter from Cossum-
basar, 111, 114, 118-119
" Devil's Reach", in Hugli R, 156
Devil-worshippers (Yezidis), 224
Dewan, The Nabob of Dacca's (Rai
Nundelall), 33, 34 ; 42, 43 ; 50, 51,
56, 57, 87, 142
 The King's (Hajji Sufi Khan),
44, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 57
—  The King's New, at Dacca
(Amir Sayyid Ahmad), 51, 53, 54,
55, 57: 92, 99; 103, 104 ; 126, 132
Diamond Sand, 64
Diarbekir, 226, 230, 231, 232, 233
Diligence to Paris, 248
"Directore", Dutch, 124, 13C, 138,
155, 160, 161, 164, 172, 173-4
" Dissenters", 135, 149
Diyalah, R. i " Deala"), 218
Dodd, Mr. Joseph, 30, 72, 74, 76, 89,
91, 93
Dollars (or Pieces of Eight) ; whence ?
44 ; 50, 73, 94
Dolphins, 187 (there is a confusion
here owing to the ambiguous use of
this name )
Dominicans in Persia, 210
Dooreas, kind of piece-goods, 94
Dorrell, Capt. (Interloper), 20, 31, 51,
53, 55, 57, 63, 66
" Dottivan" (Dadivan), 206, 207
Douglas, Mr. Robert, surgeon, (given
to interloping trade), 5 ; 89, 90 ;
summoned before Hugh Council,
91 ; 118 ; 146 ; 156 ; 157, 164 ; em
barks with Hedges for the Gulf,
177 ; 178, 179 ; 182, 183 ; tells tales
to Hedges, 195 ; 197 ; a declared
Interloper, 201 ; 202 ; 209 ; sets out
from Ispahan with Hedges, 213, 215;
goes with him to Nimrod's Tower
(at 'Akar Kuf), 220 ; operates on
Hedges at Aleppo, 234, 235
Douglas, Mrs. R, 182, 183, 184

INDEX.

255

Dover, 249
Dujeil ("Deegill"), 221
Durbar, 141
Dusticks, 58, 78, 105, 106, 120, 130 ;
142, 146
Dutch Garden near Hugli, 33, 157,
170
 Company ; their designs, 117,
121 ; their policy, 130, 134, 138,
153, 154 ; dread of, 164 ; discipline
of their service, 1 27
 Squadron in Hugli R, 153
 at Hugli, 35 ; at Kasimbazar,
77, 83 ; in Persia, 210 ; their house
at Lar, 204
 " Directore", see " Directore".
 raillery, 170

Edwards, Mr. Daniel, Chief of Fac
tory at Ispahan, 2 1 0, 213
Eight, Pieces of, see Dollars.
Elguiard, 248
Elliott, John, 78, 80, 85, 109, 111
Elliott, the Interloper (not clear if
same as the preceding), 128
Ellis, Mr. Francis, Member of the
Hugli Council, 35 ; accused of
corruption and unfaithfulness and
is dismissed by Hedges and Council,
72-74 ; ordered to leave the Factory,
90-91 ; does so, 91 ; confesses part
of the charge, 94, 95, 96 ; 106 ; his
bragging, 107 ; Hedges desires Kas
imbazar Factory not to entertain
him, 108 ; the council there with
Charnock dispute the justice and
the legality of his dismissal, 111-
112 ; Hedges resents this, 118-119 ;
Letter from, to Hedges, 120121 ;
Charnock continues the controversy,
declaring Ellis still of the Council,
124, 127 ; President Gyfford calls
him into the Council, 158 ; 162 ; is
against a breach with the native
Government, 135 ; 167 ; 179
Emir Tusuck, or Tussick (Tozak),
Master of the Ceremonies, 43, 87
Emperor's Ambassador at Ispahan,
211
Englesavad, i.e. Angrezabdd, the En
glish factory at Malda, 7i, 83, 87,
88, 89, 105
English Pilot, quoted, 64 (note)
English Garden near Hugli, 34, 35,
76, 89
English, Mr, 153
Eunuph, Chief, 62
Euphrates, lt, 228
Evans, Revd. Mr. (Chaplain at

Hoogly), 118, 148 : too much of a
trader, ib.; 163, 165; 195
Eyre, Mr, 42, 113 (The name is
thought to be rightly Charles Eyres).

Fabricius, " Signr." Swedish Envoy
at Ispahan, 210, 212
Factory, at Cassambazar, 2, Patna,
Balasore, Malda, Dacca, ib. and see
these loords. Balasore, 30, 49, and
see Balasore; at Ispahan, 209-210
Dutch at Hugli, 159

Fakeer, 139
" Faraspa". 215, 220
Farsangs 206
" Father-land", 120
Faujdar, or native military governor
(Fousdar, etc.), of Hoogly, 46, 65,
123, 131, 132, 133, 136, 140, 141, 172
Field, Mr, Fort St. George, 183
Fina-su, 221
Finchley, 249
Firingee (" Frenge"), 44
Firman (Phirman, Phyrmaund, etc.),
47, 48, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 95;
copy of one, 99, note ; ambiguities
of, 100, 101, 102, 104, 106, 120 ;
137 ; 172
(The Great Mogul's Firman to
exempt from customs duties is
chiefly in question.)
Fiscall, Dutch official, 124, 156, 161
Fisher, Vice-Consul at Scanderoon,
235
FitzHugh, Mr. Wm, 177, 179
Flag, Hedges desires to hoist a Dutch,
in going down Hugli R, 173-174
Fleetwood, Mr., Fort St. George, 183
Fly -boats, 241, 245
Fore, Capt, 239
Fort St. George, 153, 181-184
Fortune made by S. Hervey, 152
Franciscans, at Diarbekir, 232
Frauds and perquisites, 106
French in Persia, 210 ; 213
Frenchfield, see Trenchfield.

" Gamber Chesmesi". 216
Ganges, Great, 41, 87
Ganges R., i.e , Hugli river, very
high, 159
Garden, Dutch, see Dutch
 English at Hugli, sec English
 Company, House of, at Madras,
184
Garrah, kind of piece-goods, 94
Garret, Mr, 30
Gayer, Capt. (afterwards Sir John 1, 65

256

INDEX.

"General", A (i.e., n, public letter;
correct the note at p. 68), 68, 71 ;
97, 108, 110, 126
Gentoos (Hindoos), 47, 59; their treat
ment of the sick, 86
Germany, Emperor of, 44
Giachundsaw (Jayachand Saha ?),
Hugli merchant, 73
Gibson, Capt, 247
Gidda, a caravanserai at Ispa-han, 210
"Gigeea", "Jidgea" (Jizya or Poll-
tax), 101, 136
Gilan, 216, 217
"Gizra" (Jazira), 225, 226 ; Bey of,
227
Godman, 2d. Mate of Recovery, tells
of an alleged plot on board, 196,
198
Oodowns, 60, 67, 70 ; to be built at
Hugli, 76
 , Salt, 175
Golden Dragon Inn, Calais, 248
Gold Mohur, 107, 182
Goldsborough, Capt. John, 176, 177,
179, 201 (written Goldborough at p.
179). (Afterwards Sir J'ohn)
Goletta, 238, 239, 240
Gollobray, see Gulab Rai
Golpara, near Cassumbazar, 77
Gomasta, 106, 143
Gombroon, 184, 188, 196, 197, 201,
202, 250
Goodwin and Martin, Messrs, 246
Goodwyn, Thomas, English Consul
at Tunis, 238, 239, 240
Gough, Mr. Richard, 158, 161, 163,
165 ; opposition to his going over
land with Hedges, 166, 167, 168 ;
arrested, 169 ; accused of running
away from the service, 178-9 ; (em
barks with Hedges) ; 195 ; 196, 197,
198 ; goes to Gambroon, 202 ; (no
more is recorded of him here)
Gour, Ruins of, 88
Governor General of Dutch India,
154
Grain Crops, 67
Grantham, Sir Thomas (Company's
Admiral), 200, 201
Gray, Mr, of Fort St. George Coun
cil, 183
Griffin, John, 143
Griffith, Mr, Fort St. George, 183
Grottoes near Mardin, 231
Guinea-worms, 233
Guiran, Capt, 244, 246
Gulab Rai, Hindoo Merchant at Dacca,
(Gollobray, Gullab Bay, Goolob. etc.),
55, 57, 58, 61, 87, 92, 98, 102, 103,
106; 107; 112; 126 ; 151,153,170

Gyfford, President at Fort St. George,
4 ; made also Pres. of Bengal, 124 ;
arrived in Hugli R, 156-157, at the
Factory, 157; commission read, 158;
questions Hedges, 158-9 ; ill-treat
ment of Hedges, 160; goes to Cas
sumbazar, 161; returns ib., 162 ; ac
cused of unlawful trade, ifi, and 164;
scandal about, 163 ; alleged resolve
to ruin Hedges, 163 ; writes letter
with his Council to Hedges about
Mr. Gough's going with him, 167 ;
168, 169 ; dissuades Hedges from
going by Persia, 170 ; his "imper
tinent tattle" ib. ; leaves Hugli
for Dutch Garden, ib. ; goes shoot
ing on Sunday, ib. ; Hedges' farewell
visit to, ib. and 171 ; anger against
Dutch, and their disrespect of him,
171 ; Hedges thanks God for escape
from- the malice of Gyft'ord and his
c >nf ederates, 177 ; sends to meet
Hedges at Madras, 183 ; and re
ceives him, ib. ; but not courte
ously, 184 ; how he had ordered
Mr. Crosse at Dacca to give up all
Hedges' letters, public or private,
184-5
Haggerston, T, a runaway and thief,
96 ; scurrilous letter to Hedges,
162; 164; 173 ; 174
Hajjis to Mecca, Dread of Dutch
stopping, 194
Hajji Sufi Khan (" Haggi Sophee
chan"), the Great Mogul's Dewan at
Dacca. See Dewan
Hall, Mr. (Chief Mate), 176
Hamilton, Surgeon Wm Inote), 40
Hampton, Capt. of the Recovery, 31 ;
177, 178, 179 ; his alleged conspi
racy against Hedges, 196 7-8
" Hangear", 235
Harding, Mr. James, 41 ; in service
of Mr. Charnock, said to be of scan
dalous life, 78 ; complained of by
Company's servants at Cassum
bazar, 80 ; dismissed the Factory,
80-81 ; 102 ; applies for re-admis
sion to service, but not granted,
122 3 ; 130 131
Harding, Capt, 122
Harrison, Matthias, 68
Harunabad (" Harnawar "), 215, 216,
217 (note)
Harvey or Hervey, Mr. Samuel,
lately chief at Dacca, 42 ; delays
in leaving for Malda, 72, 73, 74 ;
reaches Englesavad (Malda Fac
tory), 87 ; where he is chief, 88, 89 ;

INDEX.

257

113, 127 ; his negligence, ib., and
unfaithfulness, 128, 129 ; 131 ;
under no control, 142; his seraglio,
143; his insubordination, 147;
150; spoken of as deceased, 152;
accused of fraudulent money-
making and cheating at plav, ib.
Harwar, Dr, 156, 165, 167
Hastings, Mr. 247
Haynes, Mr. John, 93, 95, 108, 109,
112, 147, 171
Hayward, Capt. Charles, 134, 156,
162.
Heath, Capt. of the Defence, 15, 17,
31 ; 176, 177
Heathfield, Dr. (Chirurgeon), 183
Hedges, Dr. Charles, 249
 , Robert; (Nephew of W. H.)
(In Diary) 34 ; appointed 2d. at
Malda Factory, 88 ; in the party
visiting Gour, 89 ; made also Chief
of Mint business at Rajmahl, 97 ;
takes charge there, 105 ; 110, 129 ;
169 ; 174 ; embarks with his uncle
for Persia, 177 ; 195, 196, 197, 198 ;
with him at Ispahan, 213 ; sets out
with him, 215 ; visits (Akarkuf)
Nimrod's Tower, 220 ; leaves
Aleppo with him, 235 ; at Tunis
with him, 240 ; travels with him
from Toulon to Calais, 247, 248
. William, (afterwards Sir W.)

Sails from the Downs, 15 ; at St
Jago (C. Verde Ids.) 16; Log of
Voyage, 16 seqq. ; arrival at Bala
sore, 30 ; at Hugh, 32 ; decides
to go to Dacca, 33 ; by way of Cas
sumbazar, 37 ; meets Charnock and
the Cassumbazar Council, 41 ; enters
the Great Ganges ; reaches Dacca,
42 ; visits Nabob's Dewan, ib.; waits
on the Nabob, 43 ; visits Great
Mogul's Dewan, 44; protracted nego
ciations about customs duties, etc,
45-58 ; visits Great Mogul's New
Dewan, 50, 53, 55 ; leaves Dacca,
58 ; at Muxoodavad (now Murshi-
dabad), 59 ; reaches Hugli again,
60 ; proceeds on visit to Balasore,
63 ; at Kedgeree, 64 ; reaches Bala
sore, 65, 66 ; goes tiger- shooting,
66 ; leaves Balasore, 67 ; reaches
Hugli again, 68 ; receives accusa
tions against Mr. Francis Ellis, 72-
73 (see Ellis) ; menaces Mr. S.
Hervey, 72, 73 ; goes to Cassumbazar,
76 ; accuses J. Naylor of trading
with interlopers, 77 (see Naylor) ;
and J. Harding of blasphemy and
loose life, 78 ; visits Muxadavad,

81 ; repeated complaints against
Charnock (q. v.) 81, 82, 85, 105, 121,
etc. ; receives complaints against
Threder and Barker, 83, 85, 102 ;
visits Englesavad (Angrezdbdd, i.e.
Malda Factory), 87 ; visits the Ruins
of Gour, 88 ; returns to Hugli,
89 ; comments on patronage of In
terlopers, 89, 90 ; discourse with
James Harding about abuses, 102 ;
complains of disrespect from Com
pany's servants, 107, 109, 169 ;
examines complaints feom Mr.
Langley against Jamea Watson, 108
seqq. to 116 ; controversies with
Charnock and his Council, 111 seqq.,
118 seqq., 124 seqq. ; troubles with
Interlopers (q. v.), 122 seqq., 130,
133, 138, 140, 148, see also 195-6 ;
and with Charnock, 131, 139, 143,
145, 146, see also 185 ; troubles
about Customs duties, 137, 139, 142;
sends home Diary to Jan. 1 2th,1684 ;
hears of his own dismissal, 152 ;
and of combination against him,
154 ; of President Gyfford's arrival
to supercede him, 156 ; goes to meet
Gyfford, 157 ; is catechised by Gyf
ford, 1 58 ; provoked by ill-treat
ment takes quarters in Dutch Fac
tory, 160 ; receives an abusive letter
from Haggerston, 162 ; accused of
taking a bribe, 163 ; receives letter
from Gyfford and Council about
Mr. Gough, 167 ; his reply, 168 ;
waits on Council, 168 ; Fareweli
visit to Gyfford, 170-171 ; com
ments on mischief done by the
latter, 171 ; visited by Haynes, ib. ;
the Dutch Director promises him a
pilot, but eventually refuses help,
172-174 ; resentment expressed
against Dutch character, 174 ; con-
plains of malignant usage by Gyf
ford and Hugli Council, 173, and
mischief caused to English interest,
see also 184-5 ; obstructions made to
his going home by Persia, 155, 163,
178-79 ; leaves Hugh and em
barks on Recovery, 174 ; descends
river, 175 ; reaches Balasore, 176 ;
sails from Balasore and thanks God
for rescue from trouble and malice,
177 ; his log from Balasore to Fort
St. George, 180 seqq ; lands near St.
Thome andvisitsFortSt.George,183-
184 ; log from Fort St. George to
Maldives, 186-192; and on to Muscat,
162-200 ; hears of an intended con
spiracy against him on board, 196 ;
S

258

INDEX.

Muscat, 200-201 ; reaches Cong,
and is seized with fever, 202 ; which
lays him up for two months, 203
sets out for Ispahan ; at Lar, 204-5
at Shiraz, 297 ; at Persepolis, 208
reaches Ispahan, 209 ; takes a house
at Julfa, 210 ; visits at Ispahan,
210-212 ; salutes the Shah, 211-
212 ; sees palace and gardenB, 212 ;
leaves Ispahan for Bagdad, 213 ;
passes Behistun and Kermanshah,
215 ; crosses Mount Zagros, 217 ;
reaches Bagdad, 218 ; after about
seven weeks departs for Aleppo,
220 ; at Mosul, 221 ; at Jazira, 226 ;
at Nisibis, 228 ; at Mardin, and
Diarbekir, 231; robbed. 232; is
taken ill, 233 ; reaches Aleppo and is
detained three months, 234 ; embarks
on a French ship at Scanderoon,
235 ; at Cyprus, 236 ; stormy
weather, 236-7 ; off Corsica, 237 ;
driven by weather into Tunis, 238 ;
and detained there ; off Sardinia
the ship is much damaged, and he
tranships into a settee, 244 ; lands
at Toulon, 247 ; travels in a litter
to Marseilles and Lyons, 247-8 ;
thence by boat to Macon and by
diligence to Paris, 248 ; reaches
Dover, and at Rochester is welcomed
by many friends, 249 ; waits on
Chancellor Jeffreys ; marries Mrs.
Searle ; is Knighted by King James
II, 249 Mrs. William, (1st)

embarks with Hedges for India,
15 ; is visited by the Dutch Director
and 'wife, 77 ; is taken to see the
ruins of Gour, 89
, Mrs. William, (2nd), after

wards Lady Hedges, 249
Heron, or Heme, George, the Com
pany's chief pilot, 74, 76, 79, 143
Hiatus in Diary, 147-8
Hidgelee ("Ingellee"), 64, 172, 175
Hill, Mr. Thomas, 57, 70, 71, 97 ; his
death, 108, 110 ; his estate, 169
Hogea Ismail, of Muscat, 200
Honeysuckle grass, 222
Honor, Mr, 137
Horkissencotma, Hindoo merchant,
73
How, Capt, 75, 152, 151-155
Hugli; and factory there, Hedges'
arrival at, 32 ; returns to from
Dacca. 60 ; leaves for Balasore, 63 ; j
returns, 68 ; leaves for Cassum
bazar, 76 ; returns, 89 ; Gyfford
arrives at, 157 ; leaves, 170 ;

Hedges quits, 174 ; council of, 32,
33, 90, 96, 113, 114, 115, 117, 119,
120, 125, 128, 135, 143, 158, 167,
168, 169, 178-9 ; merchants of, 73,
75, 94; also 47. 52, 54, 65, 77, 89,
100, 101, 137, 152, 176, and passim
Hugli River, named, 64 ; see Gangis
Hulley, Edward, 179
Hummums or Humhums, kind of
piece-goods, 94
Husbulhookm, 101, 137, 144
Huysman, Martinus, Dutch Director
at Hugli, 160
Hyeres (" Aires"), Isles of, 247

Imamzada ("Imaum Zade"), 208,
220, 221
" Import, to", Peculiar use of, 236 ;
239
" Indostan", language, 191
Innes, Mr. John, 156, 157, 183
Interest, rates of, 48
Interlopers, 2 ; 20 ; 50 ; 53, 62, 69,
71 ; measures to frustrate, 71 ; 77 ;
78; 79 ; 89, 90 ; 91 ; 94, 95; 98,
104 ; 106 ; 107, 116 ; Alley, 118,
123; 124; 128, 129 ; 130 ; to be
seized, 131 ; 133 ; 138 ; 139 ; must
be suppressed in England, 139,
140; 141 ; 144; 146 ; 148; 162;
163 ; 165, 176 ; encouragement
given to, 195 ; and by the Admiral
Sir T. Grantham, 201
Ispahan (" Spahan"), 203, 209 ; ar
rival at, ib.; palaces at, 212 ; foreign
envoys at, 211, 212 ; Hedges quits,
213
Jamshier Begh complained of, 128
amsuri (" Chamsura"), 217
" Jan Pardo", on Hooghly R, 63, 68,
156, 175
"Jarroon" (Jahrum), 206
iask, Cape, 202
attrapoor, 42, 51
azira ("Gizrat" I, 225 226
earsey, Mr. Wm, of Fort St. George,
183, 184
Jeffreys, Judge, 249
Jesuits in Bengal and Persia, 208
Jeychund Saw, merchant, 120
Jibal Judi (" Gibbal Jeude"), 226,
228
Jizya or polltax on non-Moslem, 100,
101, 136
Johnson, Derick (Dutchman), 138,
164
 Sir Henry, senior. 163
 Mr. William, 3, 8, 30, 31, 33,

INDEX.

259

40, 54, 58, 59, 72, 76, 78 ; 89, 91,
93 ; 113 ; minute on Watson's
affair, 115 ; 120. 123, 141 ; 156, 163;
170, 186 ; 249
Jolland, Mr. WilUam, 89
Juasy (?), 245
Julfa, 210, 213
Julian, M, French Consul at Aleppo,
235
Jurt, Mons, at Ispahan, 213
ustinian, 230 (note)
"Jylibdar", " Gyllibdar" (Jildoddr),
112, 119, 120, 126
Kangavar ('¦ Kengauar", KoyxoPafi),
215
Kazi, or Kadi, 35, 36, 37
Kedgeree (" Kegaria"), 64, 67, 148,
m, 175
Kelonae, 217 (note)
Kerkuk (" Kirkooke"), Pasha of, 224,
227, 228
Ketch (kind of small vessel), 95
Khabur River (" Caboor"), 225; Great
 228
Khis'el River ( " Chissell"), 225
Khoda-bakhsh Khan ("Coda Bux
Chan"), 47
Khoja " Bureat", 215
Khoja Kiragus, 212, 250
Khushki-zard ("Coskezar"), 209
Kitlet, a raft used on R. Tigris, 222
Kimchund, merchant, 75
King James II knights Hedges,
249
Kirmanshah, 215, 216, 217 (note)
Kishm Island ("Keshmesh"), 202
" Kuda-Poicotall" (  ? Pa-i-Ko-
tal), 205-6
Kuli-Shah Khan("Coole-Sha-Kan"),
216
Kum-i-Shah ("Comesha"), 209
Kuparli ("Cuperlee" ), Ottoman Vizier,
227
Kurdistan, 226
Kurds, 224, 225
Lacks of rupees, 145, 164, 171
Lake, Capt, 90, 128, 134, 135, 137
Lambesc, 247
Langley, Mr. Samuel, 32, 79, 80, 88;
letter from, 108-109 ; 110 ; 112 ;
119 ; 126
Lannoy, Mr. Samuel, 218
Lar, 203, 204, 205 ; castle of, 205;
250
Larek (" Arack") Island, 204
Larnica in Cyprus, 236
Lascars, 198
Laurence, Mr. Henry, 213

Leghorn, 211
Letten, Nathaniel, Senior, 245
 , Nath, Junior (often mistakenly
printed ZeMer), Hedges' cousin, 5; Se
cretary at Hoogly, 93; 113; 162; 174;
embarks with Hedges, 177; accused
of running away from his post, 178,
179; 184, 197; travels with Hedges
from Kong to Ispahan, 203 seqq.,
205; at Ispahan, 212, and travels to
Bagdad with Hedges, 213, 215, 220;
returns towards India from Mosul,
223; 234
Letuall, Mons, at Ispahan, 213
Ley, Mr. Thomas, 149, 150, 156, 158,
165,167
Lints, "Sign'r.", 130
Littleton, Mr. Edwd, 32, 90, 91, 118,
124; 131, 133, 156, 157, 162; al
leged interloper, 162; 195; 196
Mr. John, 184

Log of Hedges, from England to Bala
sore, 15-30 ; from Balasore to Fort
St. George, 180 seqq. ; from Fort St.
George westwards, 186 seqq.; from
Maldives to Persian Gulf, 192-202
Lowdon, see Sowdon
Lucas, Mr, of Fort St. George, 183
"Luckarees" or Laccouries, kind of
piece-goods, 215
Lungi (piece-goods), 94
Lyons, 247, 248

" Macliana", 214
Macon, 248
Mah-i-dasht ("Moydasht"), 215,
216
Mahmood Herreef, Company's
Vakil, 131
Mahmud Ali Beg's Sarai, 213
Majorca ("Majorke"), 244
Maksud-Begi (" Macksood-Beigh">,
209
Malacca, 117
Malda, 53, 68, 70, 87, 90, 97, 113,
128, 142. See also Englesavad
Maldive Islands, 89; 95 ; people of,
assault a ship's crew, 96 ; 189, 190,
191 ; people of, 191 ; cowry maga
zines at, 192
Mamoodies, Persian coin, 203, 207,
213, 214
" Mandali" (Mendalli), 217, 218
" Mangce or Steersman", 89, 130
Maniram, Podar, 84
Manori Das, 69 ; refuses a monthly
retainer from Council, 72
Mansool'd (for Maz'ul, displaced),
224

260

INDEX.

Mansoor, 216
Mansura, 221
Marble Mountain, White, 222
Mardin (" Merdeen"), 231
Marseilles, 237, 245 '
Mash'alchl, (" Mossalagee"), 232
Massendom, Cape, 202
Massera (" Miserie" ) Island, 199
Master, Streynsham, (Governor of
Fort St. George) 32, H'6
Mastick, Black, 222
Masulipatam (" Metchlipatam"), 69,
188
Matthews, Agent, 125
Maula, near Cassumbazar, 77
Maund, 148, 213
Mayar ("Moyar"), 209
Mayin (" Moyeen"), 208
Mayo, Isle of, 16
Mayres, Mr, 249
Meerdadpore, village on the Hugli
R, 33, 40, 164
Mehmet Uzire. Arab Prince, 226,
227, 228
Meleck Burcoordar, the King's
Fousdar at Hugh, 164
Melun, 248
"Mensill" (Manzil), 203, 204, 214,218
Mesdock, Mynheer, 161
Mesopotamia, 220, 226, 232
Metcalfe, Consul T, 235
Meverell, Samuel, 93
Meverell, Mrs, 58
Milborne, Capt, 239, 240
Minchin, Capt, H>7, 109,110, 116;
affirmation by, 113 ; 114 ; 141
Mints (at Rajmahal and elsewhere),
and coiners, 50, 53, 57, 59, 62, 69,
70, 75, 99, 97, 98, 101, 104, 105,
110, 118,126, 129
Mir-bahr, The, 34, 35
Mir Khasagun (" Emer Cascoon"),
208
Mirza Mazaffar Khan, 42, 45 ;
called Mirza Maduffa, 58 ; 68 ; 87,
172
Mogul, The Great, 39, 164. Also see
King
Moguls, 173
Mohun, Mr. Richard, 117 ; (printed
Hohun), 122
Monsoon, 98, 137
Montelimart, 248
" Moocack Sookta" (Maghak
Sokhta), 206
Moors, 173
More, Richard, Writer, Death of, 105
Morley, Capt Daniel, 245, 246
Moseley, Mr.. 149
Mosul, 220, 222-223, 224, 226

"Mowueseer", 206
Mudducawn, Native merchant, 73
" Muffrage" (Mifrash), a travelling
bag, 232, 233
Mulmulls (Muslins), 72, 73, 94, 129
"Musaferee", 207
Muscat, 184, 197, 198 ; reached, 200
Musoola boats, 182, 183
Mutsuddih, 62
Muttradas, merchant, 34, 36, 75, 94,
120
Muttrasaw, Native Merchant, 73, 74
" Muxoodavad" (now Murshidabad),
58, 59, 81, 82, 85-87, 105, 140, 145
" Muxeilim" (Mutasallim), 224, 232

Nabob of Dacca (Shaista Khan), 3;
33 ; 42, 43, 45, 46 ; birth of a son
to, 48; 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 87, 92, 95,
96, 98,101,103,104; 117; 131; 132,
133; his age, 133, 134 ; 141 ; 142 ;
144, 151; his judgment on the Eng
lish in Bengal, 153, 171, 172; letter
to Vizir, 101, 164 ; expedient to
quarrel with, 161, 165 ; see also
Shaista Khan
of Patna, 175

Naib of the Kazi, 35, 36
Nana (a place in Persia), 214-215,
220
Narrows (in the Hugli R.), 64
Naylor,James, accused of tradingwith
interlopers, 77, 78, 79 ; dismissed,
80; 82; 85; 91; 95; 107, 124; 138,
141, 144, 145
Nedham, Mr. Fytch, 90, 91
" Nelligree"(Nilgiri) Hills, near Bala
sore, 66, 67
Nestorians, 223, 224, 225, 227
Newton, Mrs, 249
Nicks, Mr. John, of Fort St. George,
183
Nightingale, Consul General, 235
" Nimma", 204
" Nimrod, Tower of", (Akarkaf ), 220
Nineveh, 220, 222
Nisibin, 227, 228, 229, 230
Norgrave, Capt, 156
Nuddia, on River above Hugli, 60, 77
Nuncio, Pope's, at Ispahan, 211, 212

"Obdeen-deen", 203-204
" Oberam", Mr. Pitt's servant, 69
Orang-Zeb, see Aurangzeb
Orange, 238
Orgon, 247
Oristano or Napoli, Bay of, 246
Orixa, 32

INDEX.

261

Ormus, 202, 205, 208
Overland Journey, obstruction of
Hedges' intended, 155, 163, 164;
170, 173, 176; and to Gough's going
with him, 166, 167
Oxborough, Mr Edward, 167, 179
Oyster River, and oysters, 68

Packston, Capt., 122
Padres, Franciscan, 232
Palace at Gour, 88
Palaces and gardens at Ispahan ;
Chahdr Bdgh,212; Hasht-bihisht, ib.;
Hazdr Jarlb, ib.
Palankeen, 77, 123, 157, 169, 183
Palma de Sol Island, 241, 245
Palmyras, Pt, 30-
Papillon, Mr. Thomas, 15
Pareres, Sigr. Nicolo, a Portuguese
merchant, 172
Parkes, Mr, Interloper, 133
Parwdnas ("Perwanna", etc.), 45, 46,
48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 71, 98,
99, 101, 126, 128, 129, 132, 144, 151,
153
Pasha of Bagdad, 219
"Patellos" (large river boats), 175
Patna ("Pattana"), 52, 58, 71, 74, 93,
98, 100 ; 147 ; 164 ; high flood at
(Sept. 1684), 159-160
Patteson, R, mariner, 26
Peachy, Mr. Jeremiah, 93, 105, 142
Peage de Rousillon, 248
" Peis dust", " Peas dast" (Pesh-
dast), an assistant, 87, 103
Peons, 33, 34, 37; 76 ; 118, 120; 129,
132 ; 143, 157, 183
Pere Grange, Mons, at Ispahan,
213
Perks, WilUam, 94
Permanun, 87
Permesuradoss I Parmeshwara Das),
Customer at Hoogly, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38, 45, 46 ; his villanies, 47, 48,
49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 58, 60 ; visits
Hedges, 60-1 ; 62, 63, 98 ; 123 ;
126 ; 134, 135, 136 ; 140
Perquisites and frauds, 106
Persepolis, 208
Persia, 106, 170, 178 ; Company's
officers in, 210; Shah of, 211 ; see
Shah ; courtesy of people in, ib.
Persian horse, 132
Peshcush, 99, 100, 101
Phettee Challibea, a Nestorian, 227
" Phirmaish", (farmdish), 100
Piastres, 228, 248 (notes)
"Piccars" (Paikar), 138, 147, 151,
185

Piece-goods, 94
Pilot, Hedges asks for a Dutch,
172 : is refused any aid, 174
Pine, Mr. Samuel, 110, 179
Piplee, 92, 99 (note)
Pitt, Mr, called also Pitts, noted
Interloper, 20, 31, 36 ; 49, 51 ; 53,
55, 57, 63, 66, 71,78,90
Pittman, George, 80
" Podar" (Poddar), 84
Pointall, Mr, 148
Polish Ambassador at Ispahan, 211,
212
" Poncho Barrick" (name of a silk
weaver or contractor), 84
Porto Ferino, 239, 241
Porto Novo, 163
Porta Scoglia, 244
Portuguese, 172
 Guns at Lar, 205
" Possa-Chan", 204
Pounset or Pownsett, Mr. John, 42,
54, 56, 61, 74, 93, 103 ; 107, 127,
127, 129, 147, 148 ; unauthorised
spending, 149 ; 150 ; misrepresenta
tions by, 151 ; accused of fraud,
152 ; 167, 172 ; 184-5
Presents to Nabob and others, 45 ;
46, 48, 51, 57, 61, 62, 63
Presidents of Surat and Fort St.
George, 173
Pressey, Samuel, Hedges' servant,
dies, 104
Price, James, Hedges' Vakeel at
Dacca, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,
52, 57, 61, 86, 87, 95, 98, 101, 102,
104, 126 ; 144, 151, 152, 153, 165,
170 ; 172 ; 185
Prickman, Mr. Jonathan, 70
 , Mr. William, 74, 83, 89, 91
Private Merchants, 50; see Inter
lopers
Protest of Beard and the Hugli
Council on Hedges' departure, 178,
179; 196
Provencal mariners, bad opinion of,
243, 244
Prunella, 85
Puckle, Major, 125
Pulia (Village), 39
Pul-i-shah ("Poolesha"), 215, 216
Punch, 123
Funds of Cowries, 122
Pyne, Capt, 156
Quintal (" Kintall"), 242
Rahdari, (" rawdarry"), 100; ("rat-
taree"), 213, 217

262

INDEX.

Raiqlins, or Raings, kind of piece-
goods, 94
Raja, at Balasore, 66, 67
 of Saugor Island, 172
Rajmahl, 57, 58, 59 ; 88, 97, 98 ;
Mint at, 50, 104 and see Mint; 105 ;
108 ; 110; 129 ; 169, 178
Ramchund Paramanick, Hindoo
Merchant, 73 ; 120
Ram Churn, Poddar, 84
Ramjawan (" Ramgivan"), English
Vakil at Hoogly, 45
Ramnarain, Merchant, 73, 94, 120
Ramsden, Mr, Fort St George, 183
Rangamati Village, 32
Rangaphula River, 172
" Rarities", for presents, 126
Rasalgat, Cape, 200
Rashpoots, 33, 34
Ravenhill, Mr, 32
Rawlinson, Sir H, 215, 217 (notes)
Raynes, Capt., 30, 31, 66, 90, 108,
109, 112
Ray Nundelall, the Nabob's Vizir
(or Dewan), 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50,
51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57 ; is very ill,
86, dies, 87 ; and is burnt, ib.
Read, Capt, an Interloper, 77, 94,
138, 195
Rennell, Major, 217 (note)
Renouf, Capt. P, 235, 236
Revi, or Reewee, Village, 39, 89
Richards, John, his death on way out,
16, 24
Richards, Mrs. Deborah (the widow),
31 ; allowed to reside at Balasore,
70 ; death of, 91
Richardson, Lieut, or Capt , com
mander of EngUsh soldiers, 157,
166, 168, 169, 170
Rickman, Mr, 40, 41
Robberies, 230, 232
Rochester, 249
Rogonaut, Hoogly Merchant, 73, 94,
95, 120
Rogoodee, Weaver, his petition
against Mr. Ellis, 72-73
Rogue's River, 36, 37
" Romauls" (Rumdl), 94
Poopnarain, R, 64 ; 175 (note)
Rose-water, 209
Rupsuliman, Native merchant. 73
Rushworth, Mr. William, 76, 89, 93,
94, 95 ; and his death, 104
Russia, Strong waters of, 209
Sabatory, Monsr, 247
Safed Mahmud, Faujdar of Hugli,
46, 48
St. Denis, 248

St. Jago, 16, 23
St. Peter's Island (Sardinia), 246
St. Thomas's Mount (Madras), 184
St. Thome, 181, 183
St. Valier, 248
Saint Port, 247
Salt Petre, 64, 67 ; Godown, 70, 71 ;
75; 76 ; 87; 98 ; 140
boats, 39, 164

Salute with shotted guns, 1 57
Sambrooke, Sir Jeremy, 3 ; at Fort
St. George formerly, 146 ; Hedges
sends Diary to, 147 ; meets Hedges
on his arrival, 249
 , Lady, 249
"Sambur" (Saumar), 217
Sampson, Monsr, Pope's Nuncio at
Ispahan, 211, 212
Sanjar Mountains, 228
Sanlieu, 248
Santapore, 39, 50, 77
Santucci, Padre M. A, 208
Sapan-wood, 89
"Sapett" (Sabad?), 229
Sardinia, 237, 238, 241, 245
Saroo (in Persia), 214
Saugor Island, 68,. 133; "Gonga
Sagor", 172 ; Raja of, ib.
Sauvan, Consul Baith.. 236
Say, Capt. Edward, 31: 200; 201
Scandals, 113, 121, "22
Scanderoon, 234, 23 r, 236
Schlu, Daniel Joachim, Danish mer
chant, 121, 14S
Scott, Mr. (Pilot), 75
"Scritoire", loss of, with much money,
182
"Scrivan, Pittyful Prodegal", 108
Scrivan, or Purser, 239
Scurvy, 54
Sears, Mr. John, 108, 109, 112;
death of, 122
Sein, Mons, French jeweller at Ispa
han, 211, 213
Sepoy ("Sepy", or a horseman), 55, 56
Seraglio of Mr. Hervey, 143
Serle, "Madam Anne , 2d. wife of
W. Hedges, 249
Serpaw, 136, 140
Settee (kind of vessel), 237, 242, 244
Severek, 233
Shahbandar of Balasore, 144; at
Lar, 204 ; at Bagdad, 219
Shah Abbas, 211 (note), 212
Shah Safi ("Sefee"), 212
Shah Shuja', _87, 99, note
Shah Sulaiman of Persia, Hedges
salutes, 211, 212
Shaista Khan, Nawab of Dacca, 3,
42, 43, 99 {see Nabob)

INDEX.

263

Sharpe, Henry (Chief Mate), 176
Shatir, or running footman, 211
" Shaw Susa" (Shah Shuja'), brother
of Aurangzeb, 87
" Sheack Zur", 204
Sheikh 'Ali Khan, Vizir of Persia,
211,213
Sheikh Zuli Village (" Sheck Zooly"),
23
Sherman, Robert, 74
Ships named
Ann, 157, 177
Arrival, 31, 64, 76
Barbadoes Merchant, 16
Barnardiston, 15
Bengal Merchant, 176, 201
Berkeley Castle, 15
Britannia, 96
Carolina, 122
Charles, 96, 236
Constantinople Merchant, 104, 118
Conumeer, 92
Crown, 18, 31, 66
Defence, 15, 16, 30, 31, 63, 64, 65,
176,177
Delight, 121, 122
Eagle, 15
Expectation, 15
Francis, 239
Ganges, 64, 71
George, 130, 132, 247
Golden Fleece, 130, 132
Goodhope, 64, 78
Hare, 97
Henry and William, 97, 135, 162
Herbert, 97, 131, 147
James II, 235, 236
Kent, 131-, 140
Levant Merchant, 235
Lilly, 67, 68, 69
Lumley Castle, 104, 118
Madapollam, 31, 63, 65
Mexico Merchant, 122
Neptune, 239
A'ew London, 104
Nostra Dama della Guarda, 235
Numidia, 241
Persia Merchant, 15
President, 15 »
Providence, 245
Prudent Mary, 87, 90, 92, 131, 137
Quedah Merchant, 167
Recovery, 117, 174, 178, 179, 184
201
Resolution, 15, 16, 184
Smirnaote, 122, 130, 132
Society, 15, 54, 66
Syam Merchant 188, 189, 190, 202
Thomas, 64, 74, 75, 76, 152, 154
Welcome, 200, 201, 202

TFeZ/are, 116,118,131
WiUiam and John, 77, 94, 132
Shiraz ("Shirash"), 207-8
Siam, 90, 146
Sicily, 237
Signor. This style is curiously ap
plied by Hedges and others of his
time to all foreigners but French
men, including Dutchmen, Swedes,
Silhet ("Sillet"), 43
Silk, goods, bales, etc, 60, 63, 64, 68,
69, 77, 78, 79, 83, 85-86 ; 106, 111,
118, 124 ; 130, 138, 141, 144, 151 ;
162, 164
Silk Merchants, and Weavers, 83 ;
85; 88
Sinadghur (Village), 39
"Sisanall" (Saisna ?), or Sumpter -
mule, 229
" Slippered" (English VakU is,) 45 ;
78
Smith, Capt, an Interloper, 107, 116,
118,124,130,138
Smith, Capt. of the Delight, bound
for China, 117, 121
Smith, Capt. of the Welcome, 200
Smith, Jacob, Dutch Factor, 44
Smith, Mr. James. 70 ; his death, 97
Smyrna, 237
Sohana (Sahana), 215
Soldiers from Fort St. George, 92
Solinus in Cyprus, 236
Soloman, Mynheer, 154
Sowdon, James, 93, 117, (misprinted
Lowdon)
Spahl, 229
" Spie" (Spahi), 229, 230 ; see also
Sepoy
Spilman, General (Dutch), 121, 153,
154
Spence, Capt. of Levant Merchant,
255
" Spieghel der Zeevaert" (book),
246 (note)
Spitting-cup, Silver, 149
Spotted-Deer, 39
Stables, Mr. John, Secretary at Fort
St. George, 156, 158, 181 ; his death
158 (note)
Stanley, Mr. Henry, 93, 179
Stock, Appropriation of, in Bengal, 2
Stone. Mr. George, 80, 90
Storm, Violent, 160 ; 236-7 ; 23«, 239 ;
240; 243; 245
Sugar, 75 ; boats, 164
Sumeichah, 221 (note)
Sunda, Straits of, 122
Sunderbund country (but not named),
172 ; its timber, ib.

264

INDEX.

Surat, 54 ; Presidents of, 96, 97
Surf at Madras, 182, 183
Sussex, Mr, 249
Sweden ("Swedeland"), envoy of
King of, in Persia, 210
Sydenham, Mr. Charles, 90, 95 ; 108,
109, 112 ; death of, 122

Taffeta, 83, 85, 86 ; 124 ; 138 ; 141,
146
 warehouse, 108, 116, 119
Tafford, Joseph, 179
" Talica" (Ta'lika), an invoice or bill
of entry, 55, 60, 98, 99 ; 103, 104 ;
126; 133
Tamarind-trees, 39
" Tangoose", on the Tigris, 221
Tanna, Great (Village and fort on
Hugli R.), 32, 174
Tartan, kind of vessel in Mediterra
nean, 242
Tavernier, quoted, 230 (note)
Tekrit (" Tigrett"), 221
Tench, Mr. Edward, 179
Teneriffe, 16, 17
Tents purchased at Bagdad, 220
Teudor, Mons.. at Ispahan, 213
Thomas, Mr. John, distracted, 117
Threder, Mr. John, 41 ; 80 ; com
plaints agamst, 83 ; removed from
Cassumbazar, 85, 93, 102, 106, 108,
109, 112, 114, 122, 125 ; 141
Tidford, Serjeant, (166), 167, 168
Tigers, one killed by Mr. Trench-
field, 66 ; 68
Tigris, R, 219, 220, 221, 224, 225
Tillotson, Dean, 249
Tiple (Tipura ?), 32
Tissinda, see Sugar, 164
Tittaghur, on Hngli R, 156
"Tokens" (i.e., presents sent home),
195
Toman (Persian money), 203 (note),
205, 215, 216
Torris, Peter, a Dutchman, 137
Toulon, 242, 247
Trenchfield, or Trenchfeild, (mis
printed throughout as Frenchfield),
Mr. Richard, 33, 34 ; kills a tiger,
66, 72 ; 91 ; 113 ; 123; alleged
dealer with interlopers, 118, 148 ;
163, 165, 167, 179
Tresser, Mrs, 249
Tribeni (" Trippany"), 38, 60
" Tumbolee" (i.e., modern' Tam-
luk), 64, 175
Tunis, 238 ; King of, ib.; 239, 240,
241,242

Turkish, Hedges' knowledge of, 44,
144, 145, 219
¦, tyranny, 233

Tutenague, 148

" Ubbeeb Allah" ( Habib-allah), 68
Udall, Capt. Henry, 106, 108, 109,
110; 141, 147
Uddumpoor Village, 40
Ullumpore Village, 77
(These two probably represent the
same place.)
" Ulock" (Holak), a clumsy Ganges
boat, 76
Ununteram (Ananta Ram ?), 78
Urwin, Alexander, Dutch Factor, 44
Usbeck Tartars, 205
" Usine-Beig", Arab Prince, 221,
222

Vaivod, 232
Vakeel, 35 ; 45 ; 52 ; 56, 61, 62, 131,
147, 164, see also Price, James
Valence, 248
Vanackers (Hedges' brothers-in-law),
249
Vandosme, Padre G. de, 218, 221
Van Havell, Signr, Dutch Commis-
sarius in Persia, 210
Variation of compass, 23, 194
Varine, Mons, French watchmaker
at Ispahan, 212, 213
Vermenton, 248
Viceroy of Goa, 172
Vienne, 248
Villa Franca, 245
Ville d'Anjoy Inn, Paris, 248
Villeneuf sur Yonne, 248
Vincent, Mr. Matthew, former chief
in the Bay, 31, 32, 33 ; 78 ; 125 ;
160 ; called " Captain", 146
Vineyards in Persia, 208
Vizier, King's, 98, 99

Wagenaer, L. J, 246 (note)
" Wagoners" (Sailing Directories),
246, and note. See also Pepys's
Diary, under July 22, 1663, and
September 19, 1666
Wakeman, Mr. Robert, of Aleppo,
218, 220, 235
Waldo, Mr, Chirurgeon and Inter
loper, 94
Wallopp, Mr, 249
Walter, Edward, servant to Hedges,
198
Waters, Capt, 247

INDEX.

265

Watson, Mr. James, 90, 95, 97 ; 106,
107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114; sus
pended, 116, 119, 125 ; 127, 130
Weavers, 70, 71
 and Brokers, 128, 138
Webster, Mr, 249
Wheeler, Mr. James, Fort St. George,
183
White, Mr. Arnold, 250
Whitmore, Mr. John, 183, 195
Wickers, Capt , 239
Wildey, Capt, 116, 134
Wilshaw, Francis, Capt, 17, 18, 19;
182,184
Wilshaw, Mr. Jonah, 160
Wood, Mr., 39
"Wooderay", a groat zemindar, 39 ;
89

Wooldham, Capt, 18S
Writers, 126

Yale, Mr. Elihu, of Fort St. George,
183
Yamerlook ?, 232
Yezd-i-Khast ('• Yes-de-gas"), 209
Yezidis (" Ezeedees"), 224

Zab, R. ("Zarba"), 222
Zacharia, Armenian merchant, 209
Zagros, Mount, Passage of, 217 ^ind
note)
Zakhu ("Zacloo' for Zauhoo), 22,1
Zargun (" Zurgoon"), near Shiran,

THE END.