BIOGRAPHICAL . SKETCHES

OF

LOYALISTS

AMERICAN REVOLUTION,

WITH

AN HISTORICAL ESSAY.

BT
LORENZO SABINE.

IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOLUME I.

BOSTON:
LITTLE, BROWN AND COMPANY.
1864.

Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1864, by
Lorenzo Sabine,
in the Cleric's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.

E;^77 1

RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE:
PRINTED BY H. O. HOUGHTON AND COMPANY.

PREFACE.

Op the rea.sons -\vhich influenced, of the hopes and
fears which agitated, and of the miseries and rewards
-which awaited the Loyalists — or, as they were called
in the politics of the time, the " Tories " — of the
American Revolution, but little is kno-wn. The most
intelligent, the best informed among vis, contii'ss the
deficiency of their knowledge. The reason is obvi
ous. Men who, like the Loyalists, separate them
selves from tlieir friends and kindred, who are
driven from their homes, who surrender the hopes
and exjiectations of life, and who become outlaws.
wanderers, and exiles, — such men leave few me
morials behind them. Their jjapers are scattered
and lost, and their very names pass from human
recollection. Hence the most thorough and painstaking inquirers
into tluir history have hardly been rewarded for the
time and attention which they have Ijestowed. My
own pretensions are extremely limited. Yet, as my
home, for twenty-eight years, was on the eastern fron
tier of the Union, where the gra^¦es and the children
of the Ijovalists were around me in every direction ;
as 1 enjoyed free aud continual intercourse with per-

IV PREFACE.
sons of Loyalist descent ; as I have had the use of
family papers, and of rare documents ; as I have made
journeys to confer with the living, and pilgrimages to
graveyards, in order to complete the records of the
dead ; — I may venture to say, that the Biographical
Notices which are contained in these volumes, will
add something to the stock of knowledge obtained by
previous gleaners in this interesting branch of ovir
Revolutionary Annals,
StiU, I have to remark, that I have repeatedly been
ready to abandon the pursuit iu despair. For, to
weave into correct and continuous narratives the
occasional allusions of books and State Papers ; to
join together fragmentary events and incidents ; to
distinguish persons of the same surname or family
name, when only that name is mentioned ; and to
reconcile the disagreements of various epistolary and
verbal communications ; has seemed, at times, utterly
impossible. There are some who can fully appreciate
these, and other difficulties, which beset the task, and
who will readily understand why many of the Notices
are meagre ; and why, too, it is possible for others to
be, in one or more particulars, inaccurate. Indeed, I
may appeal to the closest students of our history, as
my best witnesses, to prove that entire correctness and
fulness of detail, in tracing the course, and in ascer
taining the fate, of the adherents of the Crown, are
not now within the power of the most careful and
industrious. Of several of the Loyalists who were high in office
of others who were men of talents and acquirements
and of still others who were of less consideration I
have been able, after long and extensive researches

PREFACE. V
to learn scarcely more than their names, or the single
fact, that, for their political opinions or offences, they
were proscribed and banished. But I have deemed
it best to exclude no one, whether of exalted or hum
ble station, of whose attachment to the cause of the
mother country I have found satisfactory, or even
reasonable, evidence. In following out this plan, rep
etition of the same facts, as applicable to different
person.s, has been unavoidable. That 1 have some
times erred, by including among the '' Tories " a few
who finally became Whigs, is very probable. To
change from one side to the other, both during the
controversy which preceded the shedding of blood,
and at various periods of the war, was not uncom
mon ; and I have been struck, in the covirse of my
investigations, with the aljsence of fixed principles,
not only among peoigle in tlie_ common walks of
life, but in many of the prominent personages of
the dav._
The number of books from which information is to
be obtained is limited. A few, however, have afforded
me essential aid : among these, I gladly notice Force's
American Archives ; Onderdonk's Revolutionary Inci
dents of the counties of Queen's, Suffolk, and King's,
New York ; Brewster's Rambles about Portsmouth ;
Hall's History of Eastern Vermont; Holland's His
tory of Western Massachusetts ; McRee's Life and
Correspondence of Iredell ; O'Callaghan's Document
ary History of New York ; Penn.sylvania Archives ;
Gentleman's Magtizine; Sprague's Annals of the Amer
ican Pulpit ; Updike's Rhode Island Bar, and Narra
gansett Church ; Wheeler's Historical Sketches of
North Carolma ; White's Historical Collections ol

vi PREFACE.
Georgia ; Van Schaack's Life of Peter Van Schaack ;
Almon's Remembrancer ; Shippen Papers ; Journals
of the Provincial Congress of the Thirteen States ;
Meade's Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of
Virginia ; Army and Navy Lists ; Miss Caulkins's His
tory of Norwich ; Lee's War in the South ; Burke's
British Peerage ; Sparks's Washington ; McCall's His
tory of Georgia ; Curwen's Journal ; Simcoe's Jour
nal ; Stone's Life of Brant ; Simms's Life of Greene
and of Marion ; State Papers of the United States ;
American Quarterly Register ; and Pamphlets and
Tracts of the Revolutionary era, both British and
American. So, too, I gladly acknowledge my obligations to
Winthrop Sargent, Henry Onderdonk, Jr., George
Chandler, E. W. B, Moody, Porter C. Bliss, Edward
D. Ingraham, Henry Pennington, William S. Leland,
Robert H. Gardiner, J. B. Bright, John Watts De
Peyster, and Edward D. Harris, for contributions of
materials, or for personal researches in my behalf,
or for the use of rare papers.
In conclusion, a word of grateful mention of
Messrs. Little, Brown & Co., the publishers. Seven
teen years ago, when the " Tories " had seemingly
passed into utter and deserved oblivion, these gen
tlemen published the "American Loyalists," without
the hope of gain, and with the probability, indeed,
of actual loss ; and they voluntarily take the risk
of the present Work under circumstances adverse
to adequate pecuniary profit. For them and for
myself I may venture to add, that the principal re
ward is found in the belief that we have done some
thing for the cause of human brotherhood, by les-

PREFACE. vu
sening the rancor — even the hate — which long
existed between the children of the winners, and
the children of the expatriated losers, in the civil
war which dismembered the Briti.sh Empire.
RoxBURY, Massachusetts,
April, 1864.

CONTENTS

HISTORICAL ESSAY

CHAPTER I.
Taxation did but accelerate the Dismemberment of the British Empire.
Several Causes of Disaffection on the part of the Colonists briefly
stated. Acts of Parliament which inhibited Labor in the Colonic-s,
Opposition to the Navigation Act and the Laws of Trade in the
Time of the Stuarts. Kcncwed after the lapse of nearly a Century.
Mobs and Collisions, Seizures and Rescues, in consequence. The
Question of "Time- Pence" the Pound on Tea discussed. The Bar
barous Commercial Code of England. The Contraband Trade in Tea,
Wine, Fruit, Sugar, and Molasses. The Measures of the Ministry
to suppress it. One fourth part of the Signers of the Declaration
of Independence Merchants or Shipmasters. Hancock prosecuted
in the Admiralty Courts to recover nearly Half a Million of Dol
lars. The Loyalists great Smugglers after removing from the United
Slates ..... 1-14
CHAPTER II.
Siair of Political Parties in the New England Colonies . 15-27
CHAlTKlt 111.
Slate of Political I'arties in the Middle Ciili>iiies '.'8-33
CIIAPTEK IV
Sljitc of Political Parties in ihc Southern Culoiilc^ 34— t^

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.

Newspapers in the Thirteen Colonies. Political Writers, Whig and Loy
alist, North and South. Seminaries of Learning. Condition of the
Press, &c., at the Revolutionary Era. Means for diffusing Knowledge
limited  49-54

CHAPTER VL
Political Divisions in Colonial Society. Most of those in Office adhered
to the Crown. Charge of the Loyalists that the Whigs were mere
needy Place-Hunters, answered. Loyalist Clergymen, Lawyers, and
Physicians  55-61

CHAPTER vn.
The Reasons given for Adherence to the Crown. The Published Declar
ations of the Whigs that they wished for a Redress of Wrongs and the
Restoration of Ancient Privileges, as found in " Novanglus." Rapid
Statement of Colonial Disabilities, which the Whig Leaders hardly
mentioned in the Controversy, and which appear embodied for the
first time in the Declaration of Independence. Denials of Whig
Leaders, North and South, that they designed at the Beginning of the
Controversy to separate from England. Reasons of the Loyalists for
the Course adopted by them, concluded ..... 62-68

CHAPTER viii.
Loyalists who entered the Military Service of the Crown . . 69-74
CHAPTER IX.
Whig Mobs before the Appeal to Arms, and tarring and feathering.
Punishments of Loyalists during the ^Var for overt Acts in favor
of the Crown, and for speaking, writing, or acting against the Whigs.
Proscription, Banishment, and Confiscation Acts of the State Gov-
ernmerts. The Laws which divested the Loyalists of their Estates
examined .......... 75-87

CONTENTS. XI

CHAPTER X.
The Course of the " Violent Whigs " towards the Loyalists, at the Peace,
discussed and condemned  88-93

CHAPTER XL
Discussions at Paris between the Commissioners for concluding Terms
of Peace, on the Question of Compensation to the Loyalists for their
Losses during the War, by Confiscation and otherwise. Rejisons why
Congress refused to make Recompense, stated and defended. The
Provisions of the Treaty unsatisfactory in this particular. The Parties
interested appeal to Parliament. Debates in the Lords and Commons.
The Recommendation of Congress to the States to afford Relief in
certain Cases, disregarded  94-103

CHAPTER XIL
The Loyalists apply to Parliament for Relief The King, in his Speech,
recommends Attention to their Claims. Commissioners appointed.
Complaints of the Loyalists on various Grounds. Number of Claim
ants, and Schedules of their Losses. Delay of the Commissioners in
adjusting Claims, and Distresses in consequence. Discussion in Par
liament. Final Number of Claimants, Final Amount of Schedules,
and Final Award. In the Appeals to their respective Governments,
the Loyalists fared better than the Whigs .... 104-113

CHAPTER XIII.
The Banished Loyalists and their Descendants. Progress of Whig Prin
ciples in tho Canadas, in New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The
whole System of Monopoly, on which the Colonial System was founded
and maintained, surrendered. The Colonists now manufacture what
they will, buy where they please, and sell where they can. England
herself has pronounced the Vindication of the Whig,s. The Heir to
the British Throne at Mount Vernon and Bunker Hill. The Colo
nists claim to hold the highest Places in the Government, in the .\rmy,
and in the Navy. Effects of the Change of Policy. The Children of
the Whigs and of the Loyalists, reconciled . . . 114-137

Xll CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XIV.

Introductory Remarks. Principles of Unbelief prevalent. The Whigs
lose sight of their Original Purposes, and propose Conquests. Decline
of Public Spirit. Avarice, Rapacity, Traffic with the Enemy. Gam
bling, Speculation, Idleness, Dissipation, and Extravagance. Want
of Patriotism. Excessive Issue of Paper might have been avoided.
Recruits for the Army demand Enormous Bounty. Shameless De
sertions and Immoralities. Commissions in the Army to men desti
tute of Principle. Court-martials frequent, and many Officers Cash
iered. Resignations upon Discreditable Pretexts, and alarmingly
prevalent. The Public Mind fickle, and Disastrous Changes in
Congress  138-152

PRELIMINARY HISTORICAL ESSAY.

[In this Essay, 1 avail myself of such parts of my own contributions to the " North
American Review " as are pertinent to my purpose.]

CHAPTER I.

Taxation did but accelerate the Dismemberment of the British Empire.
Several Causes of Disaffection on the part of the Colonists briefly
stated. Acts of Parliament which inhibited Labor in the Colonies.
Opposition to the Navigation Act and the Laws of Trade in the Time
of the Stuarts. Renewed after the lapse of nearly a Century. Mobs
and Collisions, Seizures and Rescues, in consequence. The Question
of " Three Pence " the Pouud on Tea discussed. The Barbarous Com
mercial Code of England. The Contraband Trade in Tea, Wine,
Fruit, Sugar, and Molasses. The Measures of the Ministry to sup
press it. One fourth part of the Signers of the Declaration of In
dependence Merchants or Shipmasters, Hancock prosecuted in the
Admiralty Courts to recover nearly Half a Million of Dollars. The
Loyalists great Smugglers after removing from the United States.
The thoughts and deductions which I shall pre
sent are essentially my own, and I shall address the
reader directly and without reserve. Many things
which are necessary to a right understanding of the
revolutionary controversy have been, as I conceive,
wholly omitted, or only partially and obscurely stated.
To me, the lives of the instruments of human prog
ress run into one another, and become so interwoven
as to appear but the continuation of a single life. It
VOL I. I

^ HISTORICAL ESSAY.
is SO in the history of a country ; and I am weary of
reading that the stamp duty and the tea duty were
the " causes " of the American Revolution. Colonies
become nations as certainly as boys become men,
and by a similar law. The " Declaration " of the
fifty-six, at Philadelphia, was but the " Contract "
signed by the forty-one sad and stricken ones in the
waters of Provincetown, with the growth of one
hundred and fifty-six years. The intermediate oc
currences were sources of discipline, of development,
and of preparation. At most, taxation and the kin-
'dred questions did but accelerate the dismemberment
of the British Empire, just as a man whose lungs are
half consumed hastens the crisis by suicide.
The writers who insist that the Whigs "went to
war for a preamble," and who confine their views to
the question of " taxation without representation,"
seem to forget that the conquest of Canada relieved
the Colonies of all apprehension as related to the
French, and was the beginning of a series of events,
which, as we reason of cause and effect, led naturally
and certainly to freedom. They forget, too, the dis
cussions on the subject of introducing Episcopal bish
ops, and giving precedence to the Established Church ;
the misrepresentations in Parliament and elsewhere
of the principal officers who served in the French
war ; the plan to consolidate British America, to take
away the charters of Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
and Connecticut; to reduce the whole Thirteen to a
common system of government, with new boundaries
to some, and with restrictions to all ; the suo-gestion
to create a colonial peerage ; the practice of confer
ring legislative, executive, and judicial offices on the

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 3
same person ; the neglect of native talents in civil
life, except when connected with officials of English
birth, or with the "old colonial families;" and the
denial of promotion to officers of distinguished mili
tary ability, as well as the studied insult of allowing
a captain in the " regulars " to rank and to command
a colonel in the " provincials."
And let us examine the political questions which
formed elements in the momentous struggle as they
really were, and as we speak of passing events in
which we ourselves participate. To me, the docu
mentary history, the state-papers of the revolution
ary era, teach nothing more clearly than this, namely,
that almost every matter brought into discussion was
practical, and in some form or other related to labor, —
to some branch of common industry. Our fathers did
indeed, in their appeals to the people, embody their
opposition to the measures of the mother country,
in one expressive term — "Taxation" — "Taxation
without Representation," But whoever has exam
ined the acts of Parliament which were resisted,
has found that nearly all of them inhibited Labor.
There were no less than twenty-nine laws, which re
stricted and bound down Colonial industry. Neither
of these laws touched so much as the " southwest side
of a hair" of an "abstraction," and hardly one of
them, until the passage of the " Stamp Act," imposed
a direct " Tax." They were aimed at the North, and
England lost the affection of the mercantile and mar
itime classes of the northern Colonies full a genera
tion before she alienated the South, They forbade
the use of waterfalls, the erecting of machinery, of
looms and spindles, and the working of wood and

4 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
iron ; they set the king's arrow upon trees that I'otted
in the forest ; they shut out markets for boards and
fish, and seized sugar and molasses, and the vessels m
which these articles were carried; and they defined
the limitless ocean as but a narrow pathway to such
of the lands that it embosoms as wore the British
flag. To me, then, the great object of the Revolution
was to release labor from these restrictions, Free-
laborers — inexcusable in this — began with sacking
houses, overturning public offices, and emptying tar-
barrels and pillow-cases upon the heads of those who
were employed to enforce these oppressive acts of
Parliament; and when the skill and high intellect
which were enlisted in their cause, and which vainly
strove to moderate their excess, failed to obtain a
peaceable redress of the wrongs of which they com
plained, and were driven either to abandon the end
in view, or to combine and wield their strength, men
of all avocations rallied upon the field and embarked
upon the sea, to retire from neither until the very
framework of the Colonial system was torn away,
and every branch of industry could be pursued with
out fines or imprisonment.
Such are the opinions, at least, that I have formed
on the questions upon which, among the mass of the
people, the contest hinged ; which finally united per
sons of every employment in hfe in an endeavor to
get rid of prohibitions that remonstrance could not
repeal, or even humanize. For a higher or holier
purpose than this, men have never expended their
money, or poured out their lifeblood in battle!
The claims of the merchants and .ship-owners have
never, as it seems to me, been fully or fairl\- stated.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 5
They were undoubtedly the first persons in America
who set themselves in array against the measures of
the ministry. The causes of their opposition have
already incidentally appeared, but some farther no
tice should now be taken of their efforts to obtain
the right of free navigation of the ocean. The
Stamp Act, and other statutes of a kindred nature,
have been made, I think, to occupy too prominent a
place among the causes assigned for that event. The
irritation which the duties on stamps excited in the
planting Colonies subsided as soon as the law which
imposed them was repealed ; and I submit, that, but
for the policy which oppressed the commerce aud in
hibited the use of the waterfalls of New England, the
" dispute " between the mother and her children
would have been "left," as Wa.shington breathed a
wish that it might be, " to posterity to determine."
While Cromwell lived. Colonial trade was free ; but
after his death, the maritime interests of America
soon felt the difference between a Puritan and a
Stuart. Measures were taken by Charles, with all
possible speed, to restrain and regulate the inter
course of the Colonies with countries not in subjec
tion to him, and even that with England herself At
the period when his designs were to be executed,
Massachusetts, foremost in all marine enterprises, not
only traversed the sea at will, but had her own plan
of revenue, and a collector of her customs, and ex
acted fees of vessels arriving at her ports. The mer
chants of Boston had dealings with Spain, France,
Portugal, Holland, the Canaries, and even with Guinea
and Madagascar, and had accumulated considerable
wealth. The trade of Connecticut, of Rhode Island,
1*

6 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
and of the other Colonies, was small and limited. But
as a commercial spirit existed everywhere, and as
every Colony had some share in the traffic which
was to be checked, or, if possible, to be entirely
broken up, none were disposed to sulimit quietly to
the measures which were meant to effect either of
these purposes. When, then, the royal collectors of
the customs came over from England to carry out
the will of their sovereign, they were met with re
sistance from one end of the continent to the other.
In truth, the difficulties with Randolph, in Massachu
setts, and with Bacon, in Virginia ; the strenuous op
position to the establishment of a custom-house in
Maryland, and the killing of Rousby ; the insurrec
tion in North Carolina, and the imprisonment of Mil
ler ; the quarrels with Muschamp in South Carolina ;
the indictment of the Duke of York's collector in
New York, and the conduct of juries in New Jer
sey, in prosecutions against smugglers, serve to show
that the Colonists, when few, scattered, and weak,
asserted their right to manage their affairs upon the
ocean according to their own pleasure. In a word,
the first effort to fasten upon American merchants
and ship-owners the Navigation Act and Laws of
Trade was a signal failure ; and all serious endeav
ors to arrest the course or restrain the limits of their
maritime enterprises were discontinued for nearly a
century. Collectors of the customs were, however,
continued at all the principal ports ; but they seldom
interfered to trouble those who embarked in unlaw
ful adventures, and such adventures were finally un
dertaken without fear, and almost without hazard.
In truth, the commerce of America was practically

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 7
free. Some merchants " smuggled " whole cargoes
outright ; others paid the king's duty on a part, gave
" hush-money " to the under-officers of the customs,
and " run " the balance.
Suddenly, and without warning, there came a
change. The year 1761 was filled with events of
momentous consequence. We find the merchants of
the ports of New England, and especiallj^ those of
Boston and Salem, deeply exasperated by the at
tempts of the revenue officers, under fresh and per
emptory orders, to exact strict observance of the laws
of navigation and trade ; and, by a pretension set up
under these instructions, to enter and search places I
suspected of containing smuggled goods. To submit
to this pretension, was to surrender the quiet of their
homes and the order of their warehouses to the un
derlings of the government, and the property which
they held to the rapacity of informers, whose gains
would be in proportion to their wickedness. Those,
therefore, of the two principal towns of Mas.^achu-
setts, who were interested in continuing the business
which they had long pursued without molestation,
and under a sort of prescriptive right, and in pre
serving their property from the grasp of pimps and
spies, determined to withstand the crown-officers, and
to ajjpeal to the tribunals for protection against their
claims. James Otis threw up an honorable and prof
itable station to become their advocate, and, by his
plea in their behalf, became also the first champion
of the Revolution.
From this period until the commencement of hos
tilities, there was no season of quiet in either of the
Colonies which depended upon maritime pursuits ;

8 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
and in Massachusetts, the scenes of tumult and wild
commotion which occurred, were the prelude of open
war. The nine years which preceded the affray — •
absurdly called the "Boston Massacre" — were crowd
ed with acts, which show to what extent the quarrels
had spread, and what strength the popular wrath had
attained. The revision of the " Sugar Act," and the
exertions to carry out its new provisions, aided, as
the revenue officers now were, hy ships of war and
an increase of their own corps, carried consternation
to every fireside in the North.
Another step in the controversy, and we stand
beside the " tea-.ships." I have no space to discuss
the question of the " three-pence the pound duty on
tea," but I must enter my dissent from the common
view of it. To me, it was not, as it has been re
garded, a question of " ta.vation" but essentially, like
all the others between the merchants and the crown,
one of commerce. The statements of Hutchinson, the
debates in Parliament, and the state-papers and the
documents which I have examined, all go to prove
that the object of the mother country was mainly to
break up the contraband trade of the Colonial mer
chants with Holland and her possessions, and to give |
to her own East India Company the supply oif the/
Colonial markets. The value of the tea consumed
in America was estimated at £300,000 annually.
Nearly the whole quantity was " smuggled." Penn
sylvania, New York, and Massachusetts, were, the
great marts. The risk of seizure for many years
Avas small ; and it is said, that, at one period, not one
chest in five hundred of that which was landed in
Boston fell into the hands of the officers of the cus-

HISTORICAL ESSAY, 9
toms. Some of the merchants of that town had
become rich in the traffic, and a considerable part of
the large fortune which Hancock inherited from his
uncle ^ was thus acquired.
In this condition of things the Company could not
sell the qualities of tea which, year after jear, they
provided for the American market, and which were
not wanted anywhere else ; and the result finally
was, the loss of millions of dollars, the suspension of
dividends to shareholders, and inability to meet their
large pecuniary engagements to the government.
The embarrassments of the Company, in fine, gave
a shock to commercial credit generally ; bankruptcy
was frequent ; manufacturers stopped work ; thou
sands of weavers roamed the streets in utter distres.s,
and thousands more subsisted on charity. Under these
circumstances, to break up the contraband trade was
of vast moment; and the ministry were forced, as they
reasoned, to assist the Company on grounds of inter
est and policy. The Dutch tea was inferior to the
English, as was universally admitted, and the latter,
if afforded to the consumer at as low a price, would,
it was thought, expel the poorer, or the smuggled ar
ticle at once. Opposition to the measure on the part
of the Colonists, does not seem to have been appre
hended for a moment. To reduce the duty from a shil
Ung the pound, payable in England, to "three-pence,"
payable in the ports to which it should be exported
from the Company's warehouses, allowed the article
to be sold in America nine-pence the pound cheaper
than it had been afforded under the old rate of duty ;
1 Thomas Hancock's plan of smuggling was to put his tea in molasses-
hogheads, and thus " run " it, or import it without payment of duties.

10 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
'while, by securing the market, it at the same time se-
' cured a revenue on whatever quantity might actually
be entered at the Colonial custom-houses. Such is
my understanding of the plan, its reasons, and its ob
jects ; aud it is pertinent to remark, that, if the
" tax " had really been its objectionable feature, it is
singular that no clamor was raised while the duty
was four times " three-pence " the pound. At ihd
rate. Whig merchants, as well as others, had made
small importations from England, in order " to cover"
the larger and illicit importations from Holland and
her dependencies. It is equally pertinent to observe,
that the English merchants, who sent tea to parts of
America where the contraband trade was less exten
sively pursued, were as hostile to a measure which
threatened them with the loss of their customers, as
were their commercial brethren in the Colonies, who
were to be sufferers from the same cause.
The " tea" which came charged with "three-pence"
duty, payable on being landed, was disposed of in
various ways. As a punishment for the destruction
of that sent to Boston, that port was shut up, and its
commerce thus- struck down at a blow. The cutting
off the fisheries, which were then the very lifeblood
of New England, soon followed the passage of the
" Boston Port Bill," and was the crowning act of the
policy which produced an appeal to arms. When
the tidings that no vessels could now enter or leave
the harbor of the capital of the North spread through
the land, the cry that " Boston is suffering in the
cause which henceforth interests all America," rose
spontaneously. Public meetings were held in all
parts of the country. People met in the open air.

HISTORICAL ESSAY, 11
in churches, and court-houses, to express their horror
of the oppressors, and their sympathy with the op
pressed. I have examined the proceedings of no less
than sixty-seven of these meetings, of which twenty-
seven were held in Virginia, and all but one in jilaces
south of New England. The day that the Port Bill
went into operation was one of gloom and sadness
everywhere ; and the predictions, on both sides of
the Atlantic, that it would produce a general confed
eration, and end in a general revolt, were of rapid
fulfilment. In their opposition to the Navigation Act and ,
Laws of Trade, the merchants and ship-owners were
entirely right. Obedience to humane laws is due from
every member of the community. But the barbar-,
ous code of commercial law, which disgraced the
statute book of England for the exact century which
intervened between the introduction and expulsion
of her Colonial collectors and other officers of the
customs, was entitled to no respect whatever.
The commercial code was so stern and cruel, that
an American merchant was compelled to evade a law
of the realm, in order to give a sick neighbor an
orange or cordial of European origin, or else obtain
them legally, loaded with the time, risk, and expense
of a voyage from the place of growth or manufacture
to England, and thence to his own warehouse. An
American ship-owner or ship-master, when wrecked
on the coast of Ireland, was not allowed to unlade
his cargo on the shore where his vessel was stranded,
but was required to send his merchandise to -Eng
land, when, if originally destined for, or wanted in,
the Irish market, an English vessel might carry it

12 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
thither. At the North, a market for all the dried fish
which were caught was indispensable to the prosecu
tion of the fisheries. But the policy of the mother
country provided penalties, and the confiscation of
vessel and cargo, for a sale of such proportion of the
annual " catch " as was unfit for her own ports, or was
not wanted in her own possessions in the Caribean
Sea, if carried to the islands which owned subjection
to France or Spain. These were some of the features
of the odious system which prevailed, and which was
never abolished, until American vessels went out
upon the ocean under a new flag.
Nine tenths, probably, of all the tea, wine, fruit,
sugar, and molasses, consumed in the Colonies, were
smuggled. To put an end to this illicit traffic was
the determined purpose of the ministry. The com
manders of the ships of war on the American sta
tion were accordingly commissioned as officers of the
customs; and, to quicken their zeal, they were to
share in the proceeds of confiscations ; the courts to
decide upon the lawfulness of seizures, were to be
composed of a single judge, without a jury, whose
emoluments were to be derived from his own con
demnations ; the governors of the Colonies and the
mihtaiy officers were to be rewarded for their ac
tivity by sharing, also, either in the property con
demned, or in the penalties annexed to the inter
dicted trade. Boston was the great offijnder; and
soon twelve .ships of war, mounting no less than two
hundred and sixty gun.s, were assembled in the har
bor of that port, for revenue service on the Atlantic
coast. The merchants of the sea-ports were roused
to preserve their business ; and when the controversy

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 13
came to blows, lawyers who had espoused their cause
in the mere course of professional duty, were among
the efficient advocates for liberty. One quarter part
of the signers of the Declaration of Independence
were bred to trade, or to the command of ship.s,' and
more than one of them was branded with the epithet
of " smuggler." It was fit, then, that Hancock, who,
at the .shedding of blood at Lexington, was respond
ent in the Admiralty Court, in suits of the Crown, to
recover nearly half a million of dollars as penalties
alleged to have been incurred for violations of the
statute-book: it was fit that he should be the first to
affix his name to an instrument which, if made good,
would save him from ruin, and give his countrymen
free commerce with all the world.
In conclusion, a single word more. The Loyalists
who, at the peace, removed to the present British
Colonies, and their children after them, smuggled
almost every article of foreign origin from the fron
tier ports of the United States, for more than half a
century, and until England relaxed her odious com
mercial policy. The merchant in whose counting-
house I myself was bred, sold the "old Tories" and
their descendants large quantities of tea, wine, .spices,
silks, crapes, and other articles, as a part of his regu
lar business. I have not room to relate the plans
devised by sellers and buyers to elude the officers of
the Crown, or the perils incurred by the latter, at
times, while crossing the Bay of Fundy on their pas-
' John Hancock, John Langdon, Samuel Adams, W^illiani Whipple,
George C'lymer, Stephen Hopkins, Francis Lewis, Philip Livingston, El-
bridgc Gcriy, Joseph Ilewes, George Taylor, Roger Sherman, Button
Gwinnett, and Robert Morris.
VOL. I. 2

14 HISTORICAL ESSAY.

sage homeward. But I cannot foi'bear the remark,
that, as the finding of a single box of contraband tea
caused the confiscation of vessel and cargo, the
smugglers kept vigilant watch with glasses, and com
mitted the fatal herb to the sea, the instant a rev
enue cutter or ship of war hove in sight in a quarter
to render capture probable. When a spectator of
the scene, as I often was, how could I but say to my
self, — " The destruction of tea in Boston, December,
1773, in principle, how like ! "

CHAPTER II.
State of Political Parties in the New England Colonies.
Leaving here this course of general remark, I pro
pose to take a view of the revolutionary controversy,
and of the state of parties, in each Colony separately
and in course. And first in Massachusetts' Colony of
Maine, Of the immense domain,?, embracing almost
the half of our continent, which, in 1620, King James
conferred upon those gentlemen of his court who,
in popular language, are known as the " Council of
Plymouth," Maine formed a part. Among the most
distinguished members of this Council was Sir Fer-
dinando Gorges ; to whom, and to John Mason, the
Council, two years after the date of their own pat
ent, conveyed all the lands and " fishings " between
the rivers Merrimack and Sagadahoc. Subsequently,
and rapidly, other grants covered the same soil, and
angry and endless contentions followed. But Gorges,
bent on leaving his name in our annals, obtained of
Charles the First a grant for himself, individually, of
the territory between the Piscataqua and b'agada-
hoc, and thence from the sea one hundred and
twenty miles northward. These were the ancient
limits of the " Province of Maine." Having now a
sort of double title. Gorges might reasonably hope
that his rights were perfect, and that he might pur
sue his plans without interruption. But Massachu-

16 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
setts, on the one hand, insisted that her boundaries
were narrowed by the grants to Mason and himself;
while the Council, on the other, with inexcusable care
lessness or dishonesty, continued to alienate the very
soil which he held, both from themselves and their
common master. Thus he was harassed his life long,
and went to his grave old and worn out with per
plexities and the political sufferings and losses of a
most troubled period. He was a soldier, and a tried
friend of the Stuarts in their times of need, of which
their reigns were full, and was plundered and impris
oned in their wars.
Thus, then, Maine was not founded by a Puritan,
But after the death of Gorges, his son deemed his
possessions in America of little or no worth, and took
no pains to retain them, or to carry out his designs ;
and his grandson, to whom his rights descended, gave
to Massachusetts a full assignment and release for the
insignificant consideration of twelve hundred and fifty
pounds sterling ; a sum less than one sixteenth of the
amount which had been actually expended. By this
purchase, however, Massachusetts acquired only a part
of Maine as now constituted. France made preten
sions to all that part lying east of the Penobscot, and
the Duke of York to the part between the Penobscot
and the Kennebec ; nor was it until the reign of Wil
liam and Mary, that disputes about boundaries were
merged, and the St. Croix and Piscataqua became the
acknowledged charter frontiers.
Soon after the bargain was made with Gorges's
heir, Massachusetts lost her own charter ; and it was
not among the least of the causes of Charles's anger
against her, that she had thwarted his design of pro-

HISTORICAL ESSAY, 17
curing Maine for his natural son, the Duke of Mon
mouth. The newly acquired province was thought
valuable only for its forests of pine, and for the fish
eries of its coasts. But Massachusetts had objects
beyond cutting down trees and casting fishing-lines.
Her " presumption " in crossing the path of royalty
has often been condemned. But the citizens of
Maine cannot too often commend the indomitable
spirit which she evinced in her struggle to root out
Gorges and the Cavaliers orMonarchists of his plant
ing, and to put in their place the humbler but purer
Roundheads or Puritans of her own kindred. Had .she
faltered, when dukes and lords signed parchments that
conveyed away soil which she claimed; had she not
sought to push her sovereignty over men and terri
tories not originally her own ; had she not broken
down French seigniories and English feoffdoms,
Maine, east of Gorges's eastern boundary, might
have continued a part of the British empire to this
hour. This opinion is given considerately, and not
to round out a period. And whoever will consult
the diplomacy of 1783, will learn that, even as it was,
the British Commissioners contended that the Ken
nebec should divide the thirteen States from the Col
onies which had remained true to the crown.
Yet fishing and lumbering continued to be the two
great branches of industry in Maine, until the Revo
lution. The new charter, procured of William and
Mary, confirmed Massachusetts in her acquisitions
east of the Piscataqua ; but it contained several re
strictions which bore hard upon both of these inter
ests. The most prominent I shall briefly notice, be
cause they had a direct influence in the formation
2*

18 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
of political parties. And, first, that instrument pro
vided, that all pine-trees, of the diameter of twenty-
four inches at more than a foot from the ground, on
lands not granted to private persons, should be re
served for masts for the royal navy; and that, for
cutting down any such tree without special leave,
the offender should forfeit one hundred pounds ster
ling. This stipulation was the source of ceaseless
disquiet, and it introduced, to guard the forests from
depredation, an officer called the " Surveyor-General
of the King's Woods." Between this functionary,
who enjoyed a high salary, considerable perquisites,
and great power, and the lumberers, there was no
love. The officials of the day, who were now of
royal appointment, and not, as under the first char
ter, elected by the people, generally ranged them
selves on the side of the surveyors, their deputies
and menials ; while the House of Representatives, as
commonly, opposed their doings, and countenanced
the popular clamors against them. Nor were the
controversies, caused by the efforts of the surveyors
to preserve .spars for the royal navy, confined to the
halls of legislation in Massachusetts. For, beside
these, and the frequent quarrels in the woods and at
the saw-mills, the disputes between the parties were
carried to the Board of Trade in England. There
seemed, indeed, in the judgment of several of the
colonial governors, no way for them to please their
royal master more, than by discoursing about the
care which should be exercised over the "mast-trees,"
and about the severity with which the statute-book
should provide against " trespassers." In a word,
prerogative and the popular sentiment never agreed.

HISTORICAL ESSAY, 19
Discussions about the forests of Maine again and again
ended in wrangles. Friendships were broken up, and
enmities created for life. This is emphatically true
of Shute's administration, when Cooke, the Counsel
lor of Sagadahoc, and the champion of the " fierce
democracy " — as his father had been before him —
involved the whole government of Massachusetts in
"disputes, which, in the end, drove the Governor home
to England. And so, subsequently, a forged letter,
probably written by " trespassers " or their friends to
Sir Charles Wager, first lord of the Admiralty, charg
ing Governor Belcher with conniving with depreda
tors, though seemingly aiding the king's surveyor,
— that "Irish dog of a Dunbar," — did its intended
work. Shirley, Belcher's successor, when he pressed
upon the House the necessity of further enactments
to protect the masts and spars for the royal navy,
and to punish those who obstructed or annoyed the
royal agents, was tartly told in substance, by that
body : " Ovir laws are sufficient ; we have done our
duty in passing them ; let the croAvn officers do their
duty in enforcing them." Hutchinson, for a like call
upon the House, was in like manner reminded, in
terms hardly more civil, that there were already
charter and statute penalties for " trespassers," a sur
veyor-general and deputies, and courts of law ; and
that, provided with these, he must look to the pines
" twenty-four inches in diameter, upwards of twelve
inches from the ground," for himself The means for
dealing with offenders, it must be confessed, were am
ple : the crown could try them in the Court of Ad
miralty, where there was no jury ; upon conviction
for a common trespass, a fine of £100 could be im-

20 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
posed ; and for the additional misdeed of plunder
ing the interdicted trees under a painted or disguised
face, twenty lashes could be laid on the culprit's back ;
while, more than all, convictions could be had on
probable guilt, unless the accused would, on oath, de
clare his innocence.
But there was no such thing as executing these
laws, when it was the popular impression that the
woods were " the gifts as well as the growth of na
ture ; " and that the king's right to them was merely
" nominal," at the most. The provision of the charter
was both unwise and unjust. To reserve to the crown
a thousand times as many trees as it could ever re
quire, and to allow all to decay that were not actually
used, was absurd. Men of the most limited capacity
saw and felt this ; and to wean them froni a power
which insisted, in spite of all remonstrance, in enforc
ing the absurdity, was an easy task. And we can
readily imagine, what indeed is true, that the wood
men of Maine, when rid, by the Revolution, of the
presence of surveyor-generals and their deputies, ex
ulted as heartily as did the peasants of France, when
the outbreak there abolished forest laws somewhat
dissimilar, but equally obnoxious.
Again. The action of Parliament with regard to
taxing lumber, admitting it free, or even encourag
ing its exportation, by bounties, was eagerly watched.
The mother country pursued all of these courses at
different times, and gave dissatisfaction, or created
discontent, among the getters and dealers in the ar
ticle, as changes occurred in her policy ; just as she
does now, with those Colonial possessions which yet
remain to her. The "mast^ships" at the North, like

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 21
the " tobacco-ships " at the South, were the common,
and oftentimes the only, means for crossing the ocean ;
and royal governors and other high personages were
occasionally compelled to embark in them. In these
clumsy, ill-shapen vessels, also went ladies and lovers
to visit friends in that distant land, which some Amer
icans yet call " home," Merchandise, fashions, and
the last novel had a slow voyage back ; but men and
maidens were models of patience, and the ar^jyal of
the eleven weeks " mast-er " gave as much j^^when
all was safe, as does the eleven days steamer now.
In port, while loading, the " mast-ships " were objects
of interest, and their decks and cabins the scenes of
hilarity and mirth. We read of illuminations and
firings of cannon, of frolics and feasts.
The mast-trade was confined to England ; and the
transportation of spars thither, and of the sawed and
shaved woods required by the planter, to islands in
the West Indies possessed by the British crown, was
about the only lawfid modes of exporting lumber for a
long period. By the statute-book, the "king's mark"
was as much to be dreaded by the mariner and the
owner of the vessel, as by the " logger " and the "mill-
man." But the revenue officers caused less fear than
the surveyors of the woods, until fleets and armies
were employed to aid them ; when the interdicted
trade with the French and Spanish islands, which had
been carried on by a sort of prescriptive right, was
nearly, if not entirely, broken up. No enactments of
the mother country operated to keep down Northern
industry so eflfectually, poorly as they were obeyed,
as the navigation and trade laws ; and on none did
they bear more severely than on that portion of the

22 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
people, whose position or necessities left them no
choice of employments. There were some, nor were
they few, who were obliged to plunder the forests,
and to work up trees into marketable shapes, or
starve. Included with these inhabitants of Maine,
were those who lived upon the coasts — the mari
ners and the fishermen. The interests of all these
classes were identical; and to them the maritime pol
icy of the government of England was cruel in the
extreme; since it robbed unremitting toil of half
its reward. Lumber and fish wei'e inseparable com
panions in every adventure to the islands in the Car
ibbean sea. Enterprises to get either were hazard-'
ous, at the best ; and, as practical men can readily
perceive, all who engaged in obtaining them, were
obliged then, as they are now, to seek different mar
kets ; so that to shut some marts, when access to all
would barely remunerate the adventurers, was, in
effect, to close the whole. These employments were,
as they still are, among the most difficult and severe
in the whole round of human pursuits ; and attempts
to alleviate the burdens of parliamentary legislation
upon both were made in Massachusetts, long before a
whisper of discontent was elsewhere uttered in Amer
ica, The discussions in that Colony, in behalf of her
citizens at home and of those in Maine who were en
gaged in getting and transporting the products of the
forest and of the sea, though commenced without ref
erence to separation from the mother country, took
fast hold of the pubhc mind. When, then, Otis at
length spoke out, thousands who never heard or read
his reasonings, and might not have felt their force if
they had, were ready, at the first call, to clear the

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 23
woods, and docks, and warehouses, and decks of ves
sels of the "swarms of officers" who "harassed" them,
and " eat out their substance."
The troubles which I have now enumerated, the
disputes which grew out of the question, Avhether, as
the territories purchased of Gorges had never reverts
ed to the crown, the surveyor-general's duty did, in
fact, require him to mark and protect the mast-trees
within their limits, and especially the charter inhibi
tion of grants east of the Kennebec without the king's
consent, kept out settlers, held titles in suspense, and
were sufficient not only to alienate the affections of
the people from the British crown, but to confine
them to a narrow belt of country.
As may be supposed, the body of the people were
Whigs, Still, Maine had a considerable number of
Loyalists or Tories, To afford them a place of refuge i
and protection was the principal object, as I have been!
led to conclude, of establishing a military post at the
mouth of the Penobscot, The descendants of LoyOjl-
ists Avho found shelter in the garrison at Castine, rep
resent that it was thronged with adherents of the
crown and their families ; and, after the discomfiture
of Saltonstall and Lovell, they were left in undis
turbed quiet during the remainder of the war. The
names of all the Tories of Maine who were proscribed
and banished under the act of Massachusetts, as well
as many others, will be found in their proper connec
tions. In passing from Maine to New Hampshire, we
shall find the general state of things very similar.
The occupations of the people of the two Colonies
were much alike. New Hampshire, though not an

24 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
appendage of Massachusetts in 1775," had been twice
annexed to the mother of New England, and had thus
acquired much of her spirit. Collisions between the
revenue officers and the mariners and ship-owners of
Portsmouth, and between the guardians of the "king's
woods " and the lumberers of the interior, had been
frequent. Indeed the " loggers " and " sawyers " had
whipped the deputies of the surveyor-general so often
and so severely, that the term. " swamp-leiw " was quite
as significant a phrase as that of " lynch-law " in our
own time. Yet, as will appear, the Whigs had many
and powerful opponents in the Colony planted by
Mason, the associate patentee of Gorges.
With regard to Massachusetts, it seems to have
been taken as granted, that, because here the Revo
lution had its origin ; because the old Bay State fur
nished a large part of the men and the means to carry
it forward to a successful issue; and because, in a word,
she fairly exhausted herself in the struggle, the people
embraced the popular side, almost in a mass. A more
mistaken opinion than this has seldom prevailed.
The second charter, or that granted by William
and Mary, had several obnoxious provisions besides
those which had peculiar reference to Maine, and its
acceptance was violently opposed. And Phips, the
Earl of Bellamont, Shute, Burnet, Belcher, Shirley,
and Pownall, the several governors who were ap
pointed by the crown under one of these provisions,
encountered embarrassments and difficulties, and some
of them were actually driven from the executive chair
by the force of party heats. In fact, the "old-charter,"
or "liberty-men," arrayed on the one side, and the
"new-charter," or "prerogative-men," on the other.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 2.5
kept up a continual warfare. When, then, in the
quarrel, which was commenced with Bernard, which
was continued with Hutchinson and Gage, his suc
cessors, and which finally spread over the continent
and severed the British empire, the terms "Whig"
and " Tory " were employed, they were not used to
distinguish new parties, but were shnply epithets bor
rowed from the politics of the mother country, and
did but take the place of the party names which had
previously existed, and under which political leaders
had long moved and trained their followers. As the
Revolutionary controversy darkened, individuals of
note did indeed change sides ; but, though some
of our writers have hardly mentioned that such a
state of things preceded the momentous conflict, the
general truth was as I have stated.
As some further details of the state of parties in
Massachusetts will be given in another connection, a
brief notice of the Loyalists who abandoned their
homes and the country will serve my present pur
pose. Of this description, vipwards of eleven hun
dred retired in a body with the royal army at the
evacuation of Boston, This number includes, of
course, women and children. Among the men, how
ever, were many persons of distinguished rank and
consideration. Of members of the council, commis
sioners, officers of the customs and other officials,
there were one hundred and two ; of clergymen,
eighteen ; of inhabitants of country towns, one hun.
dred and five ; of merchants and other persons who
resided in Boston, two hundred and thirteen; of
farmers, mechanics, and traders, three hundred and
eighty-two, VOL, I, 3

26 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
Other emigrations preceded and succeeded this;
but they consisted principally of individuals, or small
parties of intimate friends, or families and their im
mediate connections. But the whole number who
embarked at different ports of Massachusetts, pend
ing the controversy and during the war, were, as I
am inclined to believe, two thousand, at the lowest
computation. The names and the fate of a consider
able proportion of them will be found in these pages.
Most of them took passage for Halifax, Nova Scotia,
where they endured great privations. Many, how
ever, subsequently went to England, and there passed
the remainder of their lives.
Rhode Island and Connecticut may be consideretl
together. There is but little to detain us in either.
Both were governed by charters like Massachusetts,
and both were " pure democracies," since, says Chal
mers, " the freemen exercised without restraint every
power, deliberate and executive. Like Ragusa and
San Marino, in the Old World, they offered an exam
ple to the New", of two little republics embosomed
within a great empire," In 1704, Montpesson, the
Chief Justice of New York, wrote to Lord Notting
ham, that when he "was at Rhode Island, they did in
all things as if they were out of the dominions of the
crown." Of Connecticut, at the same period, Chal
mers remarks, that, " being inhabited by a people of
the same principles though of a different religion,
they acted the same political part as those of Rhode
Island;" and he quotes from a dispatch of Lord Corn-
bury to the Board of Trade, the pithy saying, that
the inhabitants of these Colonies " hate everybody
that owns any subjection to the Queen " [Anne].

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 27
The Revolution, which so essentially affected the
governments of most of the Colonies, produced no
very perceptible alteration in those of either Rhode
Island or Connecticut, x^fter Wanton, the governor
of the first, was deposed, the Whigs succeeded to
power without turmoil, and in the ordinary course
of legislative action. Trumbull, the governor of the
latter, was a sound Whig, and occupied the executive
chair from 1769 to 1783. The charters of both Col
onies were admirably adapted to their wants and con
dition, Avhether regarded as dependencies or as free
States ; and while Connecticut continued without any
other fundamental law until the year 1818, Rhode
Island has but lately recovered from the disquiets
and animosities occasioned by the adoption of a Con
stitution. Yet, though less restrained by charter provisions
than Massachusetts, and though in theory "pure
democracies," and bearing " hate " towards all who,
in Queen Anne's time, acknowledged her authority,
there was no greater unanimity of sentiment on the
questions which agitated the country in 1775, than
elsewhere in New England. Indeed, I feel assured
that, in Connecticut, the number of adherents of the
crown was greater, in proportion to the population,
than in Maine, Massachusetts, or New Hampshire,
This impression is warranted by documentary evi
dence, and is fully sustained by facts, which have
been communicated to me by descendants of Loyal
ists of that Colony,

CHAPTER III.
State of Political Parties in the Middle Colonies.
In passing from New England, we are to speak of
American Colonists of different origin, and who lived
under different forms of government. Thus, New
York had no charter, but was governed by royal in
structions, orders in council, and similar authority,
communicated to the governors by the ministers " at
home." The governor and council were appointed
by the king, but vacancies at the council board were
filled by the governor. The people elected the popu
lar branch, which consisted of twenty-seven members.
To say that the political institutions of New York
formed a feudal aristocracg, is to define them with tol
erable accuracy. The soil was held by a few. The
masses were mere retainers or tenants, as in the mon
archies of Europe. Nor has this condition of society
been entirely changed, since the " anti-rent " dissen
sions of our own time arose from the vestige which
remains. Such a state of things was calculated to give the
king many adherents. The fact agreed with the
theory. Details may be spared. One circumstance
will prove the preponderance of the royal party be
yond all doul:)t ; namely, that soon after the close of
the Revolution, a bill passed the House of Assembly,
which prohibited persons who had been in opposition

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 29
from holding any office under the State. This bill.
on being sent to the other branch of the legislature,
was rejected, and on the ground principally, that
if allowed to become a law, no elections could be
held in some parts of the State, inasmuch as there
were not a sufficient number of Whigs, in certain
sections, to preside at or conduct the election meet
ings. While so large a proportion of the people of New
York preferred to continue their connection with the
mother country, very many of them entered the mili
tary service of the crown, and fought in defence of
their principles. Whole battalions, and even regi
ments, were raised by the great landholders, and
continued organized and in pay throughout the
struggle. In fine, New York was undeniably the
Loyalists' stronghold, and contained more of them
than any other colony in all America, I will not say
that she devoted her resources of men and of money
to the cause of the enemy; but I do say, that she
withheld many of the one, and much of the other,
from the cause of the right. Massachusetts furnished
67,907 Whig soldiers between the years 1775 and
1783 ; while New York supplied but 17,781. In ad
justing the war balances, after the peace, Massachu
setts, as was then ascertained, had overpaid her share
in the sum of 1,248,801 dollars of silver money ; but
New York was deficient in the large amount of
2,074,846 dollars. New Hampshire, though almost a
wilderness, furnished 12,496 troops for the continental
ranks, or quite three quarters of the number enhsted
in the " Empire State."
These facts show the state of parties in this Colony
3*

30 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
in a strong light. One other incident, which presents
the wavering, time-serving course that prevailed, even
after Washington had been appointed to the com
mand of the army, and when, of course, the whole
country was committed to sustain him, will suffice.
On the 25th of June, 1775, a letter was received by
the New York Provincial Congress, which communi
cated intelligence that the Commander-in-chief was
on his way to headquarters at Cambridge, and would
cross the Hudson and visit the city. " News came at
the same time," says Mr. Sparks, " that Governor
Tryon was in the harbor, just arrived from England,
and would land that day. The Congress were a good
deal embarrassed to determine how to act on this
occasion ; for though they had thrown off all allegiance
to the authority of their governor, they yet professed
to maintain loyalty to his person. They finally or
dered a colonel so to dispose of his militia companies,
that they might be in a condition to receive ' either
the General, or Governor Tryon, wlncliever should first
arrive, and wait on both as veil as circumstemces tvoidd
allow' Events proved less perplexing than had been
apprehended, as General Washington arrived several
hours previous to the landing of Governor Tryon."
That a Congress of Whigs should have been so irreso
lute and timid, after the blood of their brethren had
been poured out at Lexington and on Breed's Hill, is
unaccountable. If such was their conduct, what must
have been the state of feeling among the Tories,
what the courage and confidence which animated
them? New Jersey, says Chalmers, was " a scion from New
York, and either prospered or withered, during every

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 31
season, as the stock flourished or declined." Again
he sav's, that "planted by Independents from New
England, by Covenanters from Scotland, by conspir
ators from England, such scenes of turbulence were
exhibited, .... age after age, as acquired 
the characteristic appellation of ' The Revolutions.' "
Chalmers was fond of strong and pointed expressions,
and some of his statements are to be received, there
fore, with allowance. He saw — as the students of
our history well know — designs to throw off alle
giance, to " set up for independency," and to effect
" Revolutions," in the common quarrels between the
Colonial Assemblies and the Governors, and in the
ordinary petitions to the mother country, for redress
of real or supposed wrongs.
New Jersey was indeed politically annexed to New
York, and the connection was dissolved and renewed
several times prior to 1738. So, too, that part of it
which was originally known as " East Jersey," at one
period was assigned to William Penn ; while both
" East and West Jersey " were subsequently added
to the jurisdiction of New England. In 1702, the
"Jersies" were united under one government, and
received the present name ; and from 1738 to the
Revolution, New Jersey had a separate Colonial
government. The losses of New Jersey, in propor
tion to her population and wealth, were greater,
probably, than those of any other member of the
Confederacy. Her soldiers, who entered the service
of Congress, gained enviable renown ; and within her
borders are some of the most memorable battle
grounds of the Revolution. It was in New Jersey,
that Washington made his best military movements,

32 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
and displayed his highest qualities of character; it
was there that he encountered his greatest distresses
and difficulties, and earned his most enduring laurels.
We come now to the "proprietary government"
of Pennsylvania ; and a proprietary government in
America was a monarchy in miniature.
The proprietary governors were not, generally,
bad men, but the rapacity of some of them was un
bounded. Chalmers quotes the remark as a shrewd
saying, that " a dignitary of this description had two
masters : one who gave him his commission, and one
who gave him his pay ; and that he was, therefore,
on his good behavior to both." -^ Several, I suspect,
cared very little for either of their two masters ; and
he who said, that they had three things to attend to,
" First, to fleece the people for the king, then for them
selves, and lastly, for the proprietaries, their employ
ers," told more truth, and had more wit, than the
person cited by our well-informed but much preju
diced annalist.
It is perhaps true, that as a body, the party of
wliich Franklin was a member in these dissensions,
was the Whig party of the Revolution, Yet, there
were exceptions ; and some of his warmest personal
and political friends were found among the adherents
of the crown ; while old opponents ranged themselves
by his side, and did good service during the trying
scenes which preceded deeds of hostility. For a
time, the course of Pennsylvania was extremely
doubtful. Besides the differences which existed else-
1 The reader will find some further particulars of the nature of the
political institutions of Pennsylvania, in the biographical notice of John
Penn.

HISTORICAL ESSAY, 33
where, the religious faith of the people was opposed
to the adoption of forcible means to dissolve their
connection with the mother country. Hence, as in
New York, timidity and indecision were evinced
among the most prominent Whigs. To me, the line
of conduct pursued by John Dickinson is a perfect
riddle. His various, eloquent, and able tracts and
essays, and the important papers and addresses
which came from his pen, between the " Stamp-act
Congress" in 1765 and the close of the first Con
tinental Congress in 1774, gave him a wide and just
fame. But in the Congress of 1776, he opposed the
passage of the Declaration of Independence with
great zeal ; and, as John Adams was its " great pillar
and support," and "its ablest advocate and cham
pion," so he, of all others, was the uncompromising
antagonist of the lion-hearted patriot of the North.
Unless Galloway — a name often to appear in this
work — was mistaken, the Loyalists of the Middle
Colonies were ready to enter the military service of
the crown in large numbers. His statement is, that,
had Sir William Howe issued a Proclamation when in
Philadelphia, 3,500 men would have repaired to his
standard; that, in that city, in New Jersey, and in
New York, he could have embodied quite 5,000; that
upwards of fifty gentlemen went to his camp to offer
their services in disarming the disaffected, but, fail
ing to obtain even an interview, retired in disgust ;
and that, under Sir William's successor, 5,000 actually
appeared in arms for the defence of the city of New
York,

CHAPTER IV.
State of Political Parties in the Southern Colonies.
I HAVE been able to ascertain so little of a definite
character of the political condition of Delaware and
Maryland, at the period to which these remarks re
late, that I shall detain the reader in neither; and
pass to the "Old Dominion," Virginia, like New
York, was a feudal aristocracy. But there a large
proportion of the landholders, unlike those of New
York, were Whigs, and, of course, favored the revo
lutionary movement. Yet, it does not appear, that,
upon the questiom of dissolving her relation with the mother
country, she was as ready as, from her early and firm
opposition to the Stamp Act, might be expected. In
deed, there is the highest possible evidence for be
lieving that Virginia broke her Colonial bonds with
hesitation. Early in March, 1776, Colonel Joseph
Reed, of Pennsylvania, in a letter to Washington,
observed, that there was " a strange reluctance in
the minds of many to cut the knot which ties us
to Great Britain, particularly in this Colony and to the
srnithward." In writing again on the 15th of the same
month, he was more expUcit, "It is said," — are his
words, — " the Virginians are so alarmed with the idea of
independence, thai they have sent Mr. Braxton on purpose
to turn the vote of that Colony, if any question on that sub
ject should come before Congress." Washington, in his

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 35
reply to the letter of the 15th, admits that the people
of Virginia, '"from tlieir for )n of government, and steady
attachment heretofore to royalty, will come reluctantly into
the idea of independence ; " but says, that " time and per
secution bring many wonderful things to pass," and
that, by private letters which he had lately received,
he found Paine's celebrated essay, called " Common
Sense," (which recommended separation,) was "work
ing a powerful change in the minds of many men."
This correspondence, as will be seen, occurred but
a little more than three months previous to the time
when Congress actually declared the Thirteen Colo
nies to be free and independent States ; and the
opinions of persons so well informed, so intimate in
friendship, and occupying so responsible public sta
tions, are to be regarded as decisive.
Yet Washington, Henry, the Lees, Jefferson, and
Bland, were, undoubtedly, the true exponents of her
principles. The institutions of North Carolina were decidedly
monarchical from the first. Political or social disorder
seems to have prevailed, to some extent, throughout
her colonial existence. Martin, the last royal govern
or, stated, in 1775, that literature was hardly known,
and that there were but two schools in the whole
Colony. After the final overthrow of the Stuarts,
many of the adherents of the last of that name who
sought the British throne, fled for refuge to America,
and settled within her borders. And it was singular
that most of them were Loyalists ; that men who
had become exiles for the part which they had taken
against the House of Brunswick should here, and in
another civil war, espouse its cause, and, a second

36 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
time the losers, go a second time into banishment.
Equally remarkable in the politics of this Colony was
the course of those who, in 1771, rose in insurrection,
and were known as " Regulators." These men com
plained of various oppressions, but especially of those
which attended the practice of law ; they appeared
in arms, and were determined to prostrate the gov
ernment. Governor Tryon totally defeated them,
and left three hundred of their number dead on the
field. They were the earliest revolutionists in Amer
ica — as far as hostile deeds were concerned — and,
it might be reasonably concluded, became Whigs.
But disappointing expectation, like the followers of
the Pretender above mentioned, a large majority
joined the royal party, and enlisted under the king's
banner. North Carolina, then, originally monarchical, and
adding to her native Loyalists the survivors of the
large emigration from Scotland, was nearly divided.
Some of her leading Whigs, as well as their descend
ants, have endeavored to prove that the popular party
was much in tlie majority. Facts, as it seems to me,
hardly sustain them.
How was it with a portion of the Whigs ? There
is proof that many were as unstable as the wind. If
the sky was bright, and a Whig victory had been ob
tained somewhere, and if, above all, no king's troops
were near, why, then these changing men were stead
fast for the right ; but if news of reverses reached
them, or the royal army came among or near them,
then they " supported," and, by their own account,
"always had supported, their lawful sovereign, his
most gracious Majesty."

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 37
I would willingly do the Whigs of North Carolina
no injustice ; on the other hand, I would relieve them
from all imputations which cannot be sustained by
ample and the most unobjectionable testimony. It is
in this spirit that I dissent from some of the declara
tions of Mr, Jefferson, That distinguished man, in
a written statement made a few years before his de
cease, distinctly alleges, that William Hooper, one of
the delegates in Congress from that State in 1776,
was a rank and out and out Tory. Mr. Hooper was
bom in Massachusetts, and was educated at Harvard
University. His father, and nearly all of his rela
tives, were, indeed. Loyalists : but he was a student of
James Otis, and imbibed his political sentiments ; nor
did he leave New England until after parties were
formed and the " Stamp- Act " difficulties had passed
away, I have read several of his confidential letters
to his friends, while he was in Congress ; letters in
which, if he possessed the political sympathies attrib
uted to him by Mr. Jefferson, the inclinations of his
mind would have been shown. That he was a timid
man, like Morton of Pennsylvania, is very probable.
Yet, I submit that no defence is necessary. Hooper
signed the Declaration of Independence ; and of all
documents to which a " Tory " would have affixed his
name, that, certainly, was among the very last.
It is grateful, now, to turn to the brighter side, and
to bestow words of praise. The original Whig party
of North Carolina embraced a large proportion of the
wealth, virtue, and intelligence of the State. In the
county of Bute, especially, the king had no friends,
except a few Scotch merchants and vagrant pedlers ;
while the number of wavering Whigs was so small,
VOL. I. 4

38 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
that the county was nearly unanimous in favor
of the change which the leaders advocated, and put
their fortunes and lives at hazard to obtain. Nor
should it be forgotten that, in the county of Meck-
lenburgh, a Declaration of Independence was passed
more than a year before the more celebrated instru
ment of the same name was adopted by the Conti
nental Congress at Phdadelphia. As late as the year
1819, Mr. Jefferson made a labored argument to prove
that no such document exists. But that such a paper
was written, considered, signed, aud promulgated, is
now as well established as is any event in our history.
It is known, moreover, that Colonel Thomas Polk
originated the measure, and that the Declaration it
self was from the pen of Dr. Ephraim Brevard.
I pass to speak of the political condition of South
Carolina. The statements in the first edition of this
work exposed me to much reproach as a gentleman,
and to sharp criticisms as a student of history. On
the discovery of a single but grave error,-* — which I
took pains in my correspondence North and South to
1 I said . . " it is hardly an exaggeration to add, that more Whigs
of New England were sent to her aid, and now lie buried in her soil,
than she sent from it to every scene of strife from Lexington to York-
town." The fact, however, is, that no troops belonging to New England
went to South Carolina, nor, as far as I know, south of the country about
the James River, in Virginia. The common opinion is otherwise. Even
Mr. Webster, in his reception-speech at Charleston, remarked that, " New
England blood has moistened the soil where we now stand, shed as read
ily as at Lexington, or Concord, or Bunker Hill." Again, at Saoanndh,
" The blood of New England, in her turn, was freely poured out upon
Southern soil, and her sons stood shoulder to shoulder with those of Geor
gia in the common cause." Still again, the Hon. B. F. Hunt, in address
ing Mr. Webster, at Charleston, said, " Every battle-field of our State
contains beneath its sod the hones of New England men, who fell in defence
of the South." Webster's Works, vol. 2, pp. 377, 380, 403.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 39
correct, — and in 1848, soon after the attack of the
" Southern Quarterly Review," I examined my princi
pal authorities anew; and I performed the same duty
in 1856, immediately after reading the speech of
Mr. Keitt in the House of Representatives, and the
speeches of Messrs. Evans and Butler in the Senate
of the United States.^ I did not try to make out a
case against South Carolina ; nor do I believe that
candid readers have ever pronounced my strictures
upon her delinquencies more severe than those which
I uttered against the several — though quite differ
ent — faults and crimes of Massachusetts herself. I
did, indeed, detest the heresy of " Nullification " with
all my heart, and as I now abhor the damnable doc
trine of " Secession ; " but still felt to do as exact
justice to the State of Laurens, — father and son,
— of Gadsen, of Sumter, of Moultrie, and Pickens
and Marion, and other noble Whigs, — as exact jus
tice to South Carolina as to my own native New
Hampshire. And besides, I remembered in 1847, as
I shall still endeavor to bear in mind, that the com
mand, " Thou shalt not bear flilse witness against
thy neighbor," is obligatory at all times and under
all circumstances.
All honor to South Carolina, for the band of Whigs
who favored the dismemberment of the British em
pire at an early day ; all honor, for being the first of
the Thirteen States to frame an independent constitu
tion ; all honor, for the payment of $1,205,978 more
than her proportion of the expenses of the war;
' See Southern Quarterly Review, July and October numbers, 1848 ;
and the Speeches, Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 34th Congress, pp. 625,
702, 833.

40 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
and all honor, for her mercy, at the close of the
struggle, to the unhappy, the ruined adherents to
the crown.
And now I reaffirm, that South Carohna, at first,
and for about half a century, was a proprietary gov
ernment, and, like Pennsylvania, was a sort of mon
archy in miniature ; that, in 1719, the people abol
ished this form, took from the proprietors the power
of appointing the governor, and erected a temporary
republic ; that, two years after, a regal government
was established which continued until the Revolution.
I again say, that, in all the essential features, the
British constitution was the model, and that, of con
sequence, the institutions of South Carolina were
thoroughly monarchical.
The public men of that State, of the present gen
eration, claim that her patriotic devotion in the Rev
olution was inferior to none, and superior to most, of
the States of the confederacy ; and I again aver that,
as I have examined the evidence, it was not so. The
great body of the people were emigrants from Switr
zerland, Germany, France, Great Britain, and the
Northern Colonies of America, and their descend
ants ; and were opposed to a separation from the
mother country. I renew the accusation, that she
failed to meet the requisitions of Congress for troops
to the extent of her ability ; and repeat, that her
remissness compares sadly, sadly enough, with the
enlistments elsewhere, especially in New England,
Charleston was the great mart of the South, and,
as Boston still is, the centre of the export and import
trade of a large population. In grandeur, in splendor
of buildings, in decorations, in equipages, in shipping,

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 41
and in commerce, that city was equal to any in Amer
ica. I reaffirm, that, with troops from other States to
aid her. South Carolina could not, or would not, save
her own capital ; that, so general was the defection
after the capitulation by Lincoln, persons who had
refused to enlist under the Whig banner, flocked
to the royal standard by hundreds ; that those who
had enjoyed Lincoln's confidence and participated in
his councils, bowed their necks anew to the yoke of
colonial vassalage ; that Sir Henry Clinton considered
the triumph complete, and informed the ministry that
the whole State had submitted to the royal arms, and
had become again a part of the empire ; that, to the
women of South Carolina, and to Marion, Sumter, and
Pickens, — who kept the field without the promise
of men, money, or supplies, — it was owing that Sir
Henry's declaration proved untrue, and that the spirit
and name of liberty did not become utterly extinct.
I reaffirm, that the Whigs and their opponents did
not always meet in open and fair fight, nor give and
take the courtesies, and observe the rules, of civilized
warfixre ; but that, on the contrary, they murdered
one another ! General Greene and Chief- Justice
Marshall are my authorities. " The animosities be
tween the Whigs and Tories," wrote the first, " ren
der their situation truly deplorable. The Whigs
seem determined to extirpate the Tories, and the
Tories the Whigs, Some thousands have fallen in
this way in this quarter, and the evil rages with more
violence than ever. If a stop cannot be put to these
massacres, the country will be depopulated in a few
months, as neither Whig nor Tory can live." " The
people of the South," remarks the eminent jurist,
4 *

42 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
in his Life of Washington, "felt all the miseries
which are inflicted by war in its most savage form.
Being almost equally divided between the two con
tending parties, reciprocal injuries had gradually
sharpened their resentments against each other, and
had armed neighbor against neighbor, until it had
become a war of extermination. As the parties al
ternately triumphed, opportunities were alternately
given for the exercise of their vindictive passions,"
And I state here, as in the first edition, that it were
a hard task to determine, by an examination of the
accounts of the time, which party perpetrated the
greatest barbarities ; and that, whatever the guilt of
the Tories, the Whigs disgraced the cause and the
American name.
And while I thus retain the substance of the origi
nal averments against South Carolina, — the grave
error once mentioned excepted, — and while, too, I
insert the obnoxious Table ' of the " Continentals "
furnished by the several States, in a new form but
without alteration as relates to results, I add, that
though the battles of Fort Moultrie, of Stono, of the
Siege of Charleston, of Camden, of Hanging Rock, of
Musgrove's Mill, of Blackstock's, of Georgetown, of
Black Wings, of Cowpens, of Fish-Dam Ford, of Nine
ty-Six, of Fort Galpin, of Fort Watson, of Fort Mott,
of Hobkirk's Hill, of Granby, of Cedar Spring, of
Hammond's Store, of Quimby, of Eutaw, of Rocky
1 CONTINENTAL ARMY.
In 1790, General Henry Knox, Secretary of War, communicated to
Congress a Report of " Troops, including Militia, furnished by the several
States, during the War of the Revolution," from which I have compiled
the following Table. As relates to the " Regulars," he remarks, that the
numbers are " stated from the official returns deposited in the War Office,

HISTORICAL ESSAY.

43

Mount, of Port Royal, of Tulafinny, of Coosahatchie,
of Waxhaw, of Cloud's Creek, of Hay's Station, of
and " may be depended upon." The army of the Northern Department
was discharged November 5th, 1783, and of the Southern States, just ten
days later.

State.

New Hampshire.
Massachusetts . . .
Rhode Island . . .
Connecticut 
New York 
New Jersey 
Pennsylvania.. .
Delaware 
Maryland 
Virginia 
North Carolina.. .
South Carolina. .
Georgia 

Number of Troops Furnished.

Year 1775.

Year 1776.

2,824

3,019

16,444

13,372

1,193

798

4,507

6,390

2,075

3,629

3,193

400

5,519

609

637

6,181
1,134
2,069
351
27,443
46,901
In September, 1776, quotas were fixed by Congress for three years, or
durinjr the war.
Strength of the Regular
Quota Required.
Troops Furnished.
or Continental Army.
Year.
Troops.
New Hampshire • •
10,194
6,653
1775
27,443
Massachusetts - • • •
62,728
38,091
1776
46,901
Rhode Island 
5,694
3,917
1777
34,820
Connecticut 
28,336
21,142
1778
32,899
New York 
15,734
12,077
1779
27,694
New Jersey 
11,396
7,534
1780
21,015
Penpsylvania 
40,416
19,689
1781
13,292
Delaware 
3,974
1,778
1782
14,256
Maryland 
26,608
48,522 23,994
13,275
20,491
1783
13,476
North Carolina ¦ • •
6,129
South Carolina • • •
16,932
4,348
3,974
2,328
288,502
157,452
Add Continental T
roops for yeai
1 TV'S 
27,443
Add Continental T
roops for yeai
1 77fl 
46,901
231,796
231,796
It thus appears that the number of Continental troops from New Eng
land, was 118,350; from the Middle States, 54,116, and from the South-
44 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
Kettle Creek, and of Huck's Defeat, — I add, that
though these battles, thirty in all, were fought within
the limits of South Carolina, the Tories were not
subjugated ; Imt, on the other hand, after the fall of
Charleston and untd the peace were in the ascend
ant. A word, finally, respecting the alleged attempt of
South Carolina " to secede " when Charleston was in
vested by the British general, Prevost. The explana
tion of late years is, that the proposition was a mere
artifice to gain time. If the fact is so, how strange
that Henry Lee, a Virginian, an officer in service,
and an intelligent observer and chronicler of mili
tary events, — how strange that he did not know it ?
He records, in his " History of the War in the South,"
that, after a day's negotiation to adjust terms of sur
render, " the correspondence closed with the pro
posal, on our part, of neutrality to the town and
State during the war, — the peace to fix its ultimate
condition." Again, in commenting upon Prevost's
rejection of this cliivalrous overture to desert the Con
federacy : " No British force would have been retained
ern States, 59,330. So, too, it appears that Massachusetts furnished
67,907, and 13,791 more than the aggregate from New York, New Jer-
' sey, and Pennsylvania, and 8,577 more than the aggregate from Delaware,
Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. The accu
racy of this Table has been disputed. Some inquirers suppose that
231,796 different individuals enlisted, forgetting that the army, when the
strongest, consisted of only 46,901 men, and that, as is well known, the
same soldier reenlisted once, twice, and in some cases, thrice, and in the
aggregate of 231,796, is counted accordingly. Again, other persons are
sceptical as to the existence of General Knox's Report ; «uch are referred
to the History of Congress, where it is recorded that it was submitted to
that body. May 11, 1790, and to the 12th vol. p. 14, of the American
Stale Papers, folio edition, where it is inserted entire. I respectfully re
quest those who have questioned my figures, to examine for themselves.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 45
from the field to preserve the neutral State ; and the
sweets of peace, with the allurements of British com
merce, would probably have woven a connection with
Great Britain, fatal in its consequences to the inde
pendence of the Southern States." Thus early, if
we may believe Lee, was the germ of " Secession," —
thus early the germ of the war which is now waged
against a government so gentle, so motherly even, as
never to have- roughly, unjustly touched the hair of
a cotton-planter's head.
Georgia, the remaining Colony, was in its infancy,
and Oglethorpe, its founder, lived until after it became
an independent State. The designs of himself and
his associates in its settlement, were highly benevo
lent and generous ; and the public purse contributed
a considerable sum to aid their undertaking. By
their charter, the king was to model the government
at the end of twenty-one years ; and accordingly, in
1752, at the expiration of this period, a royal gov
ernment was established similar to that in the Caro-
linas, which existed until the Revolution. Georgia
sent no delegates to the first Continental Congress ;
and that she was represented in the second, was
owing, I am led to conclude, principally to the zeal
and exertions of Lyman Hall, a native of Connecti
cut, who, having graduated at Yale College and fitted
himself for the practice of medicine, removed to Sun-
bury. His ardor in the Whig cause exposed him to
the indignation of his opponents, and after the royal
army penetrated Georgia, his property was seized
and confiscated. The Rev. Dr. Zubly, another of the
delegates, proved himself unworthy of confidence,
and lost his estate at the hands of his former friends

46 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
and associates. To form a party of " liberty-men "
within the borders of Georgia, to organize this party
and commit it in favor of the " rebellion," which was
fast hastening to " treason " and Revolution in other
parts of the continent, was attended with difficulty,
and required time and labor. But such a party finally
existed and acted ; and the American Confederacy
was thus completed.
Though overrun by the king's troop.s, and governed
b}' military law during a considerable jDart of the
war, Georgia overpaid her quota of money in a small
sum, and furnished 2,679 men for the Continental
service. If, then, it be considered, that her popula
tion was small, her resources limited ; that Sir James
Wright, the last royal governor, was an able and
popular man, and rallied a considerable body of Loy
alists ; and that, in the course of events, the Whigs
were compelled to flee into the neighboring States
for safet}', — her efforts and sacrifices are entitled to
commendation.' From this rapid survey of the Thirteen Colonies, it
has appeared that the adherents of the crown were
1 Georgia was, however, regarded as highly loyal. One of the ablest
and best informed of the Loyalists, thus speaks : " Georgia had not only
been recovered out of the hands of the insurgents, in 1779, but the prov
ince was put at the peace of the king by his Majesty's Commissioners, and
the king's civil government restored, and all the loyal inhabitants required
by proclamation to return to their settlements, and an Assembly called,
and actually subsisting, and all the civil officers in the e.xercise of their
functions, when orders came in 1782, to evacuate the country, and deliver
it up to the rebels, wliich was done accordingly, without any stipulation in
favor of the attainted Loyalists, or their confiscated properties, although
the rebel force in that country was so inconsiderable, that the Loyalists
offered lo the king's general to preserve the province for his Majeshj. if
he would lence them a single regiment of foot, and the ' Georgia Rangers,'
to asslrt them."

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 47
more numerous at the South, and in Pennsylvania
and New York, than in New England. Neither in
the regulations of the crown, nor in the enactments
of parliament, had there been much either to offend
the feelings or check the industry of the planters and
agriculturists. Towards the Colonies that sold raw
produce, the policy of the mother country had been
mild, perhaps liberal. They were the Round-heads,
and not the Cavalier.s, who met her upon the ocean
and in the workshop; hence, it was to them that she
showed the most odious features of the Colonial sj^s-
tem. But taunted, for a century and a half, with the
heresy of their faith, and impeded in all their enter
prises ever after the death of Cromwell, the people
of the North were driven to invoke the sympathy of
their Colonial brethren whose religion and pursuits
had been the more favored objects of her regard ; and
when their joint appeals to her justice and magnan
imity fixiled to shake her purposes, then, by the union
of counsel, arms, and effort, all the Colonies together
broke from her dominion. If, therefore, the war of
the Revolution had its origin in a long course of ag
gression upon the rights of the North, its successful
issue was due in some measure to the more meri
torious, because more disinterested, exertions of the
South. If, too, this course of aggression gradually
diffiised a spirit of resistance throughout the country,
so that Episcopal and monarchical Virginia at last fur
nished a commander for the Puritan and Republican
soldiers of Massachusetts, the conclusion becomes
irresi^tible, that the wrongs which united men of so
different characters and pursuits, were far too deep
and grave to be excused or extenuated.

48 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
The examination, now completed, of the political
condition of the Colonies, and of the state of parties,
leads to the conclusion that the number of our coun
trymen who wished to continue their connection with
the mother country was very large. In nearly every
Loyalist letter or other paper which I have examined,
and in which the subject is mentioned, it is either
assumed or stated in terms, that the hyal ivere the ma
jority ; and this opinion, I am satisfied, was very gen
erally entertained by those who professed to have a
knowledge of public sentiment. That the adherents
of the crown were mistaken, in this particular, is cer
tain.

CHAPTER V.
Newspapers in the Thirteen Colonies. Political Writers, Whig and Loy
alist, North and South. Seminaries of Li^arning. Condition of the
Press, &c., at the Revolutionary Era. Means for diffusing Knowledge
limited.
Of the thirty-seven newspapers which were pub
lished in the Colonies, in April, 1775, if the result of
my inquiries be correct, seven or eight were in the
interest of the crown, and twenty-three were devoted
to the service of the Whigs. Of these thirty-seven,
however, one on each side had little or no part in dis
cussing the great questions at issue, as they were es
tablished only in the preceding month of January ;
and of those which did participate in these discus
sions and maintain the right, no less than five went
over to the Loyalists in the course of the war. Of
the number first named, two were printed in German,
and one in German and English ; and, as another of
the thirty-seven was commenced in April, there were,
in fact, but thirty-one newspapers in the vernacular
tongue at the close of 1774. Up to the beginning of
the strife, printing had been confined to the capitals
or principal towns ; but hostile deed.s, interfering with
all employments, caused the removal of some of the
public journals to places more remote, and were the
means of interrupting or wholly discontinuing the
publication of others. Those that existed at the pe-

50 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
riod of which we are speaking, were very unequally
distributed ; thus Maryland, Virginia, the two Caro-
linas, and Georgia, taken together, had but one more
than Pennsylvania, and but three more than Massa
chusetts, In New Hampshire, the " Gazette " was
alone ; while Rhode Island had both a " Gazette " and
a " Mercury." Of the editors and proprietors who
originally opposed the right, or became converts to
the wrong, several sought refuge in Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick, where they established newspapers,
which were the first published in these Colonies,
From what has now been said, it is evident that a
very considerable proportion of the professional and
editorial intelligence and talents of the Thirteen Col
onies was arrayed against the popular movement.
This volume contains notices of more than two hun
dred persons who were educated at Harvard College,
or .some other American or foreign institution of learn
ing; and could the whole number of Loyalists who
received college honors be ascertained, it would be
found, probably, that the list is far from being com
plete. It was alleged, however, by a distinguished
adherent of the crown in New Jersey, that " most of
the colleges had been the grand nurseries of the re
bellion;" and, in a plan which he submitted for the
government of the Colonies after the suppression of
the revolt, he proposed to check their pernicious in
fluence by introducing several reforms. But if, in
connection with the facts above named, it be con
sidered that, in 1761, there were but six colleges in
America, and only nine at the commencement of hos
tilities, we shall hardly find reason to believe that the
loyal had cause to complain of them. It is said, on

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 61
what appears to be good authority, that, as late as
1746, there were but fifteen liberally educated per
sons in the whole Colony of New York. The in
crease between that period and the Revolution could
not have been very considerable ; and, of the number
named, several were alive in 1776, and belonged to
the ministerial party. But whatever was the relative
strength of the two parties in the single particular
of graduates of colleges, the Whigs far exceeded their
opponents in effective writers. Among the newspa
per essayists in Massachusetts, on the royal side, were
Joseph Green, a wag and a wit ; Samuel Waterhouse,
an officer of the customs, who was stigmatized as the
" most notorious scribbler and libeller " of the time ;
LieutenantrGovernor Oliver ; Jonathan Sewall ; and
Daniel Leonard. The last wrote a series of papers
entitled " Massachusettensis," and had John Adams
for his antagonist, over the signature of " NovAng-
lus," Mr, Adams attributed these papers to his friend
Sewall, but the fact that Leonard was the author is
now well established. None of these "government>
men " were so effective, as popular writers, as Samuel
Adams, and his single pen was probably a match for
them all. Hutchinson was so annoyed by his pecul
iar tact, and his power to agitate and move the public
mind, as to declare that, of all persons known to
him, he was the most successful " in robbing men of
their characters," But, besides the two Adamses,
James Otis was the author of four political tracts,
and Oxenbridge Thacher, Chauncy, and Cooper were
continually transmitting their thoughts in popular
forms ; while Josiah Quincy, junior, often gave his
countrymen the effusions of his rich, pure, and clas-

52 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
sical mind, and his " Observations on the Boston Port
Bill " is to be regarded not only as a clear and cogent
pohtical essay, but as a finished specimen of the lit
erature of the period.
Among the Loyalists of New York who contrib
uted to the press, were the Rev, Samuel Chandler,
the Rev. John Vardill, and Isaac Wilkins. The oppo
nent of the latter was the youthful Hamilton.' In
the South, I am disposed to conclude that the crown
commanded no writer of ability except Daniel Du-
lany, the attorney-general of Maryland, who was in
the field against Charles Carroll. I know of no min
isterial writer in Virginia. Those on the Whig side
were, it is believed, limited to three ; namely, Jeffer
son, Richard Bland, and Arthur Lee. Some of the
l^opular leaders in the planting Colonies conducted
an extensive correspondence, but others seem to have
been almost silent. It is somewhat remarkable, that
the only editor and best biographer of Washington
found, or has preserved, but three letters in which the
disputes that agitated the country are incidentally
mentioned; and but three others in which the subjects
in controversy are fully and explicitly discussed. At
the North it was essentially different, and the letters
of Massachusetts Whigs contain full and valuable ma
terials for history.
In concluding the topic, it may be remarked ; that,
while the number of the highest seminaries of learn
ing was small, the other means of disseminating

1 Hamilton's own sympathies were at first on the royal side, as he him
self admtts in his reply to Wilkins ; and his biographer relates that a
visit to Boston changed the current of bis thoughts; I may add, — the
whole course of his life.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 53
knowledge were extremely limited. It suited the
views of the mother country to keep the Colonial
press shackled ; and it seems hardly credible that
the accomplished Addison, when a minister of state,
should have directed the governors in America to
allow of no publications and of no printing, without
license. For a considerable period the most rigid
censorship prevailed in the Colonies, and even alma
nacs were subject to examination.^ The result of this
state of things was, that, prior to the Revolution, most
of the books were imported from England. As in
1 In 1719 it was deemed necessary to obtain a license from Governor
Shute, to publish a pamphlet upon the very harmless subject of providing
Boston with market-houses, of which the town was then destitute. The
pulpit was, however, free, and Dr. Colman preached a sermon the same
year on " the reasons for a market in Boston.'' Censorship of the news
papers, at this period, continued to be enforced so rigidly that, four years
after, matter intended for publication in them was required to be examin
ed by the Colonial Secretary. Though no particular officer may have
been charged with the duty of supervision later than the year 1730, a
publisher was sent to prison in 1754, upon suspicion of having printed re
marks derogatory to some members of the Colonial government.
It may not be without interest to show what was thought of the freedom
of the newspaper press fifty years ago. In February, 1812, the attorney-
general and solicitor-general of Massachusetts state, in an official report
to Governor Gerrj', that, in their judgment, there had appeared in the
Boston papers, since the preceding first of June, no less than two hundred
and, fifty-three libellous articles, to wit : in The Scourge, ninety-nine ; The
Centinel, fifty-one ; The Repertory, thirty-four ; The Gazette, thirt}'-eight ;
The Palladium, eighteen ; The Messenger, one ; The Chronicle, eight ; and
The Patriot, nine ; while in The Yankee there had been none. The re
port gives the dates of the papers, and divides the libellous matter into
two kinds: that in which the truth couM be, and that in which it could not
be, given in evidence to justify the party accused. These law-officers state,
moreover, that their examinations had not embraced complete files of all
these prints ; and that they had not included in their list calumnious pub
lications against foreign governments or distinguished foreigners, nor libels
of the editorial brethren against each other. It appears that the inquiry
was instituted at his Excellency's request.
5*

54 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
other respects, however, the statute-book was some
times disobeyed while this system was in force, and
works were published which bore the English imprint,
and which closely resembled the English copies used
in the publication. Besides, provision for educating
the people was seldom made, and reading and writing
in some sections of the country were " rare accom
plishments." The system of free-schools in New Eng
land, of schools to be ordained and continually main
tained by law, was established at an early period; but
in Virginia, it is believed education was never a sub
ject of legislation, during the whole course of her
Colonial existence.

CHAPTER VI,
Political Divisions in Colonial Society. Most of those in Office adhered
to the Crown. Charge of the Loyalists that the Whigs were mere
needy Place-Hunters, answered. Loyalist Clergymen, Lawyers, and
Physicians.
We enter now upon a brief inquiry to show the
divisions in the different classes and avocations of
Colonial society. And first, those who held office.
Nearly all the officials of all grades adhered to the
crown. This was to have been expected. Men who
lived in ease, who enjoyed all the consideration and
deference which rank and station invariably confer,
especially in monarchies, and who, therefore, had noth
ing to gain, but much to lose, by a change, viewed
the dissensions that arose between themselves and
the people, in a light which allowed their self-love and
their self-interest to have full play. "They were ap
pointed and sworn to execute the laws, and, in obeying
the instructions of the ministry at home to enforce
the statutes of the realm, they did but perform com
mon acts of duty." These were the arguments, and
they were neither the first nor the last persons in of
fice who have reasoned in the same manner, and who
have kept their places at the expense of their patriot
ism. Besides, they affected to believe that the Whig
leaders were mere needy office-hunters, and that the
contests between them were in some measure per
sonal. The descendants of Loyalists, whose homes

56 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
are across our northeastern border, in conversations
with citizens of the republic continue to repeat the
tale. They have been answered, that, were the charge
true, ovr fathers Avere still the more patriotic of the
two ; since, upon this issue, it would seem that theirs,
who were the fat and sleek possessors, would not give
np the much-coveted stations to the lean and hungry
expectants and claimants, even to preserve the Brit
ish empire from dismemberment. It has been said,
too, that if it be admitted that the younger Otis ac
tually did vow he would set Massachusetts in flames,
though he should perish in the fire, because his father
was not appointed to a vacant and promised judge
ship ; that, as has been alleged, John Adams was at a
loss which side to take, and became a " rebel " because
he was refused a commission in the peace ; that
Samuel Adams was a defaulting collector of taxes,
and paid up his arrears of money in abuse of honest
men ; that, as his enemies say, Hancock possessed
neither stabihty nor principle, and that wounded van
ity caused his opposition to the king's servants ; that
Joseph Warren w^as a broken man, and sought, amid
the turmoils of civic strife, to better his condition ;
that Washington was soured because he was not re
tained in the British army, in reward for his services
in the French war ; that tlie Lees were all unsound
men, and that Richard Henry was disappointed in not
receiving the office of stamp distributor, which he
solicited ; that Franklin was vexed at the opposition
to his great land-projects and plans for settlements on
the Ohio; and that a large majority of the prominent
Whigs of every Colony were young men who had
their fortunes to make, and distinction to win,— that,

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 57
if all this be admitted, what then ? The argument is
as two-edged as the first, and, though it be granted
that one side of the blade wounds the Whigs, the
other still cuts deep the Tories. For, upon this
ground it may be asked, what claim to perpetuity
had the institutions which denied to a man like John
Adams the humble place of a justice of the peace ;
and to George Washington, an opportunity to display
his qualities of character on the great field which the
Being who made him intended for him ? And if the
thought ever obtruded itself upon John Marshall,
that, by living and dying a Colonist, he should live
and die undistinguished and without leaving his name
in his country's annals, I know not that the emotion
was blamable. The destiny marked out for Iiim, was
to found the jurisprudence of a nation; and has the
world been the loser because he fulfilled it ?
The children of the Loyalists, though thus met,
complain because the offices, at the close of the con
flict, passed from the " old families " into the hands of
" upstarts." It has been replied to this, that, revolu
tion or no revolution, it was high time the persons
stigmatized as " upstarts " had a share of the royal
patronage : first, to break up the practice of bestow
ing upon the son, however unworthy or incompetent,
the place held by the father ; and, secondly, to intro
duce faithfulness and responsibility, and to dismiss
arrogant and disobliging incumbents.
The allegations thus noticed are proved, as those
who make them sagely imagine, by the fact that the
Whigs, at the peace, received the executive chairs of
the several States, the judgeships, the coUectorships,
the great law-offices, and other public situations, pre-

58 HISTORICAL ESSAY,
viously held by their opponents. This argument is
sufficient to disturb the gravity of a man who never
smiled in his life; and yet it is sometimes soberly
urged by the intelligent and well informed, and en
forced in strong and impassioned tones.
But, it is time to inquire, what became of the
office-holders whom the Revolution expelled ? Did
they, did the adherents of the crown, generally,
evince an unconquerable aversion to public employ
ment, after their retirement or banishment from the
United States ? The answer to these questions will
be found in these pages. It will be seen, that they
not only filled all the principal offices in the present
British Colonies, but that their places descended to
their sons, connections, and relatives. In no point
of view, then, are the Loyalists entitled to become the
accusers of the Whigs ; since it is the innocent only
who can properly cast stones at the offending or the
faulty. Nor is it to be overlooked, that offices under
the British crown are, in many respects, of the nature
of life-estates or life-annuities; since the practice which
prevailed in the " old thirteen," of perpetuating offi
cial distinctions in families, still continues to a very
great extent, and since, too, while places are not
thus lost and won at every turn of the political wheel
as with us, the salaries, fees, and emoluments are
much greater than are paid either under our state
or national governments. Instead, therefore, of our
being compelled to defend the Whigs against the
charge of undue or of improper love of office, the
Loyahsts, and those of their descendants who repeat
their fathers' accusations, are to be turned upon in
quiet good nature, and to be put upon their otm defence.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 59
Our attention, now, will be directed to the profes
sional classes. ^Itjia_s often been_assert^d_thai jiearly
alltlie_clergy were Whigs. The truth of this may
admit of a doubt ; since mostuof those of the Episco-
2al_feith not only. espoiis£d_.thLe_ adverse side,_bjat.,
jihflTujoppfl t.bpir flnp.k.tj and fliejcountry. I need noti
say, that, at the period of the Revolution, the clergy
possessed vast influence. In the early settlement of
the country, as is well known, the duty of the minis
ters was not confined to instructions in things .spirit
ual, but embraced matters of temporal concern ; and,
on questions of pressing public exigency, their coun
sel and advice were eagerly sought and implicitly
followed. This deference to their office and to their
real or supposed wisdom, though less general than at
former periods, had not ceased ; and clergymen, both
Whigs and Tories, often made a recruiting house of
the sanctuary. Some of those of both parties disre
garded the obligations of Christian charity, and sacri
ficed their kindly affections as men, in their earnest
appeals from the pulpit. Generally, the minister and
his people were of the same party ; but there were
still some memorable divisions and quarrels, separa
tions, and dismissions.
We pass to members of the bar. I incline to be
lieve that a majority of the lawyers were Whigs, and
for several reasons. First, because in the course of
my researches I have found but comparatively few
who adhered to the crown; secondly, because of the
well-known fact, that a large part of the speakers
and advocates on the popular side were educated to
the law ; and, thirdly, because one of the objects of
the " Stamp Act " was to drive from the profession

60 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
those members of it who annoyed the royal govern
ors and other officials, and who, as a member of the
House of Commons said, were mere " pettifoggers."
Besides, many gentlemen of the bar, on being retained
by the merchants, became impressed with the enor
mities of the commercial code, and, in advocating the
cause of clients who claimed to continue their con
traband trade on the ground of usage and prescrip
tion, they were impelled to follow the example of
Otis, and to take the lofty stand that commerce
should be, and, on principles of justice, really was, as
open and as free to British subjects in the New World,
as it was to those in the Old,
Still, the ministry had their partisans among the
barristers-at-law, and some of them were persons of
great professional eminence. In fact, the " giants of
the law " in the Colonies were nearly all Loyalists,
As in the case of the clergy, many of them were
driven into exile. Several entered the military ser
vice of the crown, and raised and commanded com
panies, battalions, and even regiments. At the
peace, a few returned to their former abodes and
pursuits ; but the greater number passed the re
mainder of their lives either in England, or in her
present possessions in America, The anti-revolu
tionary bar of Massachusetts and New York fur
nished the admiralty and common-law courts of New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Canada, and the Bermudas,
with many of their most distinguished judges.
The physicians who adhered to the crown were
numerous, and the proportion of Whigs in the pro
fession of medicine was less, probably, than in either
that of law or theology. But, unlike persons of the

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 61
latter callings, most of the physicians remained in
the country, and quietly pursued their business.
There seems to have been an understanding that,
though pulpits should be closed, and litigation be
suspended, the sick should not be deprived of their
regular and freely chosen medical attendants. I have
been surprised to find, from verbal communications
and from various other sources, that, while the " Tory
doctors " were as zealous and as fearless in the ex
pression of their sentiments as " Tory ministers " and
" Tory barristers," their persons and property were
generally respected in the towns and villages, where
little or no regard was paid to the bodies and estates
of gentlemen of the robe and the surplice.^ Some,
however, were less fortunate, and the dealings of the
" sons of liberty " were occasionally harsh and ex
ceedingly vexatious. A few of the Loyalist physi
cians were banished ; others, and those chiefly who
became surgeons in the army or provincial corps, set-.
tied in New Brunswick or Nova Scotia, where they
resumed practice.
1 Since writing this passage, I have met more than once with the sug
gestion, that the physicians owed their safety to " the exigencies of the
ladies."

VOL. I,

CHAPTER VII.
The Reasons given for Adherence to the Crown. The Published Declar
ations of the Whigs that they wished for a Redress of Wrongs and the
Restoration of Ancient Privileges, as found in " Novanglus." Rapid
Statement of Colonial Disabilities, which the Whig Leaders hardly men
tioned in the Controversy, and which appear embodied for the first time
in the Declaration of Independence. Denials of Whig Leaders, North
and South, that they designed at the Beginning of the Controversy to
separate from England. Reasons of the Loyalists for the Course
adopted by them. Concluded.
The concluding number of " Novanglus," by John
Adams, was sent to press only two days before the
shedding of blood at Lexington, and we are to con
sider it as an authorized exposition of the avowed
sentiments of the Whig leaders. But yet, its aim is
limited to a degree that has often caused me to muse,
and to ask, — Why were discussions on the subject
of Colonial inabilities so carefully avoided ?
The private and the professional life of Mr. Adams
afford us a fair illustration of these disabilities; and
why did he not once mention them ?
If his horse flung a shoe, the stinging, insulting
declaration of Pitt, that an American could not, of
right, make so much as the nails required to set it,
rung in his ears. If he entered the Court of Admi
ralty to defend the "smugglers," or illicit traders,
who were prosecuted by the Crown officers, he was
reminded that his countrymen were forbidden by

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 63
statute to make a voyage to Asia or Africa, to South
America, to all the foreign islands in the Caribbean
Sea, to nearly all continental Europe, or even to Ire
land, on pain of confiscation of ship and cargo. If
he bought a hat, the legislation against Colonial, and
in favor of British, hatters, occurred to him. If, in
journeying to the courts of Massachusetts and Maine,
he passed waterfalls running to waste, he mused upon
the acts of Parliament which secured the Colonial
market in monopoly to the manufacturers of Man
chester. If he entered a public office, he met the
pampered functionaries who, " English born," or mem
bers of the "old families," held their places by life
tenures, and by descent from father to son. If he
walked the streets, the chariots of the high officers
of the customs, sent over to revive obsolete, and to
enforce new, laws of trade, rolled in grandeur by him.
If he had traffic with his neighbor, he was compelled
to remember that, while the mother-country drained
all America of coin, the Board of Trade — a curse to
the New England Colonies from beginning to end — -
had suggested, and Parliament had enacted, not
amendments in the manner of emitting and redeem
ing a paper currency, as bound to do, but its sup
pression. Nor, if he read the speeches of British
Whigs, did his keen eye see more in behalf of his
country than an opposition to particular measures,
and to the party in power ; for there stood out in
characters of fire, the bold, unqualified statement of
Burke, that the sole purpose of Colonies was to be
" serviceable " to the parent State, In a word, with
him, and everywhere around him, were the humil
iating evidences that an American was, politically,

64 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
socially, and commercially, the inferior of an English-
inan. If neither the author of "Novanglus" nor any other
Whig addressed the American people on these mo-/
men tous wrongs and denials, which, for generations
had palsied the arm of New England and had rankled
in the universal American heart, and which, in less
than fifteen months, Avere embodied — in stirring
array — in the Declaration of Separation, the Loy
alists are to be excused for acting in conformity with
the grievances stated by their opponents.
The denial that independence was the final object,
was constant and general To obtain concessions and
to preserve the connection with England, was affirmed
everywhere ; and John Adams, 3'ears after the peace,
went farther than this, for he said : — " There was not
a moment dining the Revolution, tvhen I loould not have given
everything f possessed for a restoration to the state of things
hefore the contest began, provided we could have had a svffr
cient security for its continuance." If Mr. Adams be
regarded as expressing the sentiments of the Whigs,
they Avere willing to remain Colonists, provided they
could have had their rights secured to them ; while
the Tories Avere contented thus to continue, without
such security. Such, as it appears to me, was the
only difference betAveen the two parties prior to hos
tilities ; and many Whigs, like Mr. Adams, Avould have
been willing to rescind the Declaration of Indepen
dence, and to forget the past, upon proper guarantees
for the future. This mode of stating the question,
and of defining the difference between the tAvo parties
— down to a certain period, at least — cannot be ob
jected to, unless the sincerity and truthfulness of some

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 65
of the most eminent men in our history are directly
impeached ; and, if any are prepared to dispute their
veracity, it may still be asked, whether ttic Tories ought
not to be excused for believing them. Franklin's testi
mony, a few days before the affair at Lexington, was,
that he had " more than once travelled almost from
one end of the continent to the other, and kept a
variety of company, eating, drinking, and conversing
with them freely, [and] never hud heard iu any conver
sation from any person, drwiJc or sober, the lea4 expression
of a tvishfor a separation, or a hint that such a thing would
be advantageous to America." Mr. Jay is quite as ex
plicit. " During the course of my life," said he, " and
until the second petition of Congress in 1775, I never
did hear au Americetn of any class, or of any description,
express a wish for the independence of the Colonies." " It
has always been, and still is, my opinion and belief,
that our country Avas prompted and impelled to inde
pendence by necessity, and not by choice." Mr. Jeffer
son affirmed, "What, eastward of New York, might
have been the dispositions toAvards England before
the commencement of hostilities, I know not ; but
before that I never heard a whisper of a disposition
to separate from Great Britain ; and after that, its pos
sibility was contemplated with affliction by all." Washing
ton, in 1774, fully sustains these declarations, and, in
the "Fairfax County Resolves," it was complained,
that " malevolent falsehoods " were propagated by the
ministry to prejudice the mind of the king : "partic
ularly that there is an intention in the American Colonies to
set up for independent States." Mr. Madison was not in
public life until May, 1776, but he says, " It has
always been my impression, that a reestablishment of
6*

66 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
the Colonial relations to the parent country, as they tvere
previous to tJie cemtroversy, was the real object of every
class of the people, till the despair of obtaining
it," ke}
I have to repeat, that the only way to dispose of
testimony like this, is to impeach the persons Avho
have given it. I am of Whig descent, and am proud
of my lineage. With the principles of men who,
when it was ascertained that a redress of grievances
could not be obtained, preferred to remain British sub
jects, I have neither communion nor sympathy ; and
I may be pardoned for adding that I have Avatched
the operations and tendencies of the Colonial system
of government too long and too narrowly, modified
as it now is, not to entertain for it the heartiest dis
like. Yet I would do the men Avho were born under
it, and were reconciled to it, justice — simple justice ;
and if, as Mr. Jefferson says, a "possibility " of the
necessity of a separation of the tAvo countries, " Avas
contemplated Avith affliction by all" and if the state
ments made by Franklin, Adams, Jay, Madison, and
Washington, ore to be considered as true and as deci
sive, I renewedly ask, Avhat other line of difference
existed between the Whigs and Tories, than the terms
on which the connection of the Colonies ivith England should
be continued.
My object in the attention bestowed on this point
has been to remove the erroneous impression which
seems to prevail, that the Whigs proposed, and the
Tories opposed independence, at the very beginning
of the controversy. Instead of this, we have seen,
1 See Sparks' Washington, Vol. H. pp. 498, 500, 501. The italics
are my own, except in the extract from the "Fairfax County Resolves."

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 67
that quite fourteen years elapsed before the question
was made a party issue, and that, even then, " neces
sity," and not " choice," caused a dismemberment of
the empire. Since it has appeared, therefore, from
the highest sources, that the Whigs resolved finally
upon revolution because they were denied the rights
of Englishmen, and not because they disliked mon
archical institutions, the Tories may be relieved from
the imputation of being the only " monarchy-men "
of the time.
Again, and to conclude : Intelligent loyalists, Avhen
asked why they adhered to the Crown, have said,
that those who received the name of " Tories " Avere
at first, indeed for some years, striving to preserve
order and an observance of the rights of persons and
property ; that man\', Avho took sides at the outset as
mere conservators of the peace, Avere denounced by
those Avhose purposes they thwarted, and Avere finally
compelled, in pure self-defence, to accept of royal
protection, and thus to become identified with the
royal party ever after. Again, it has been stated,
that, had the naked question of independence been
discussed before minor, and in many cases, local,
events had shaped their course, many, Avho Avere
driven forth to live and die as aliens and outcasts,
would have terminated their career far differently ;
tliat many were opposed to Avar on grounds purely
religious ; that some thought the people enjoyed
privileges enough ; that others Avere influenced by
their official connections or aspirations ; that another
class, Avho seldom mingled in the affairs of active life,
loved retirement, and would, had the Whigs allowed
them, have remained neutrals ; that some Avere timid

68 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
men, .some Avere old men ; and that tenants and de
pendents went with the landholders Avithout inquiry,
and as a thing of course. All of these reasons, and
numerous others, have been assigned at different times,.
and by different persons. But another cause, quite as
potent as any of these, operated, it would seem,
upon thousands ; namely, a dread of the strength and
resources of England, and the belief that successful
resistance to her power was impossible ; that the
Colonies had neither the men nor the means to carry
on war, and Avould be humbled and reduced to sub
mission with hardly an effort.
That motives and considerations, hopes and fears,
like these, had an influence in the formation of the
last Colonial parties, cannot be disputed, and the un
prejudiced minds of this generation should be frank
enough to admit it.

CHAPTER VHI.
Loyalists who entered the Military Service of the Crown.
As I have preferred connection of subject to mere
chronological order, some of the details belonging to
this branch of our inquiry have been given, in order
to complete the questions already discussed.
We are now to speak of the Loyalists who opposed
the Whigs in the field. Upon this topic, our Avriters
of history have been almost silent ; and it is not im
possible that some persons have read books devoted
exclusively to an account of the Revolution, Avithout
so much as imagining that a part, and a considerable
part, of the force employed to suppress the " rebel
lion " Avas composed of our own countrymen. The
two wars betAveen England and France, Avhich imme
diately preceded the revolt of the Colonies, Avere
caused princijDally by disputes about rights of fishing,
and by unsettled questions of maritime and territo
rial jurisdiction in America ; and in these Avars the
American people had taken a distinguished part. In
fact, in aiding to put down French pretension.s, our
fathers acquired the skill necessary to the successful
assertion of their own.
The age was decidedly military. Office in the
militia Avas even a qualification for civil employments.
The number of colonels, majors, and captains that

70 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
appear as members of the colonial assemblies, and^
subsequently, of provincial congresses, startles us.
The quarrels about rank in the Congress of the con
tinent disgust us.
And of what account the newspaper essays and
letters of Samuel Adams and others ? the eloquent
appeals in Fanueil Hall, and in the House of Bur
gesses of Virginia? What of the success of the
revolutionary movement everywhere, but for the
military skill and experience acquired in the seven-
years' war Avith France ? The Colonies furnished in
that war quite tAventy-eight thousand men in more
than one of the campaigns, and every year to the
extent of their ability.
In fine, it is literally true that, for years together,
more troops, in proportion to population, were raised
in America than in England; Avhile, on the ocean, full
twelve thousand seamen Avere enlisted in the royal
navy and in the Colonial privateers. Without the
aid of the survivors of these, resistance, or the
thought of it, would have been downright madness.
And the unanimity and alacrity with Avhich those
who had fought at Ticonderoga, Crown Point, du
Quesne, Niagara, and Quebec, espoused the popular
cause at first, and rallied under the Whig banner in
the last resort, was one of the most honorable inci
dents of the era.
But, on the other hand, several officers of merit,
and some of very considerable military talents, ad
hered to the royal side.
It may not be possible to ascertain the number of
the Loyalists who took up arms, but, from the best
evidence Avhich I have been able to obtain, I con-

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 71
elude there were tAventy-five thousand at the lowest
computation ; and, unless their killed and Avounded
in the different battles and affrays in Avhich they were
engaged were unusually large, I have put their
aggregate force far too low. Thus, in the fight at
Bennington, or, more properly, Hoosick ; in the enter
prise of Sullivan at Staten Island ; in the adventure
of Nelson at New Jersey ; in the affray of Pickens
with a band of Tories Avho were on their way to the
British camp in Georgia; in the battle of King's
Mountain ; in four actions of Colonel Washington,
Marion, Lee, and Sumter, the aggregate of slain,
wounded, and prisoners, was upwards of twenty-
three hundred, or nearly a tenth part of my estimate.
That, in the various conflicts of the illustrious com
mander-in-chief; in those of Greene, Lincoln, and
Gates, in the South ; in the rencounters of Marion,
Lee, and Sumter, not mentioned above; in the losses of
Tryon, Simcoe, De Lancey, Johnson, and Arnold ; in
their various actions Avith the Whig forces or hast
ily assembled neighborhoods ; in the strifes between
Whigs and Tories, hand to hand, and in cases where
neither had authorized or commissioned leaders,
another tenth part of twenty-five thousand met with
a similar fate is nearly certain. At the time of Corn-
wallis's surrender, a portion of his army Avas com
posed of native Americans, and his Lordship evinced
great anxiety for their protection. Failing to obtain
special terms for them in the articles of capitulation,
he availed himself of the conceded privilege of send
ing an armed ship northerly, Avithout molestation, to
convey away the most obnoxious among them. Bur-
goyne had been spared this trouble ; for, as feis diffi-

72 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
culties had increased and his dangers thickened, the
Loyalists had abandoned him to his fate.
And yet again : In an address of the Loyalists who
were in London in 1779, presented to the king, it is
said that their countrymen, then in his Majesty's army,
" exceeded in number the troops enlisted [by Congress] to
oppose tliem" exclusive of those who were " in service
in private ships of Avar," In a similar document,
dated in 1782, and which was addressed to the king
and both houses of Parliament, the same declaration
is repeated, though in stronger terms, since the lan
guage is, that " there are memy more men in his Maj
esty's provincial regiments than there are in the
continental service," These last addresses declare,
moreover, that " the zeal " of the Loyalists must be
greater than that of the "rebels;" for "the desultory
manner in Avhich the war has been carried on by first
taking possession of Boston, Rhode Island, Philadel
phia, Portsmouth, and Norfolk in Virginia, and Wil
mington in North Carolina, and then evacuating them,"
had ruined thousands, and involved others in the
greatest wretchedness, and had rendered enlistments
tardy under " such " discouragements and " very une
qual circumstances." The descendants of Loyalist
officers who entered the military service early in the
struggle, and continued in commission until its
close, entertain the general vicAvs expressed in these
extracts ; and the opinion that Americans in the
pay ot the croAvn were quite as numerous as those
who entered the army of Congress, is very commonly
held by persons with Avhom I have conversed. Still,
I doubt Avhether either the written or verbal state
ments are to be relied on implicitly, and for the rea-

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 73
son, that, in the former, I am sure there are exaggera
tions on other subjects, and the latter rest on the
assertions of men who were equally ready to attribute
the success of the Whigs and their own ruin to the
inefficiency and bad management of Sir William
HoAve and other royal generals. The names of these
various corps,^ and the names of hundreds of officers
who were attached to them, will be found in these
volumes. The impression that the revolutionary con-
1 The King's Rangers ; the Royal Fencible Americans ; the Queen's
Rangers; the New York Volunteers ; the King's American Regiment;
the Prince of Wales's American Volunteers; the Maryland Loyalists;
De Lancey's Battalions ; the Second American Regiment ; the King's
Rangers Carolina ; the South Carolina Royalists ; the North Carolina
Highland Regiment ; the King's American Dragoons ; the Loyal Ameri
can Regiment ; the American Legion ; the New Jersey Volunteers ; the
British Legion ; the Loyal Foresters ; the Orange Rangers ; the Pennsyl
vania Loyalists ; the Guides and Pioneers ; the North Carolina Volun
teers ; the Georgia Loyalists ; the West Chester Volunteers. These corps
were all commanded by colonels or lieutenant-colonels ; and, as De Lan
cey's Battalions and the New Jersey Volunteers consisted each of three
battalions, here were twenty-eight. To these, the Loyal New Englanders,
the Associated Loyalists, and Wentworth's Volunteers, remain to be added.
Still further. Col. Archibald Hamilton, of New York, commanded at one
period seventeen companies of loyal militia.
Again, at different periods, several battalions were in the field at the
South. The officers of twenty-one corps were considered entitled to half-
pay, as will be seen by the proceedings in the House of Commons, June 27,
1783. " The order of the day for going into a Committee of Supply being
moved and carried, —
" Lord North rose to move that it be an instruction to the said Commit
tee to receive and take into their consideration a proportion of half-pay
to the officers of certain American corps, raised to serve in America dur
ing the late war. His Lordship said, that the half-pay for the whole of
the officers of the twenty-one corps would amount to £31,783. 5s. lOd. ;
but that he would, in the Committee, move only for £15,000 towards, and
on account of, half-pay to these corps.
" The question was carried without a division. The House then went
into the Committee of Supply, and voted the half-pay without any debate."
VOL. I. 7

74 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
test should have terminated differently was very
common, and in many it was very strong. That they
— " the loyal, the true " — should have been the
losers in the strife, and " the false and the rebellious "
the winners ; and that the former should have been
driven from the country in which they were born, to
commence life anew in unbroken forests, were circum
stances over -which they continually brooded, and to
which they were never reconciled. They insisted,
and those who ha\^e inherited their names and pos
sessions, and many of their prejudices and opinions,
still insist, that either Sir William Howe, or Sir Henry
Clinton, his successor, could and should have quelled
"the rebellion," and that the former, especially, is
wholly inexcusable. If, by their course of reason
ing, Sir William had occupied Dorchester Heights and
the highlands of Charlestown, as a sagacious general
would have done, and as his force and park of artil
lery allowed him to do, all the disasters to the royal
arms which followed would have been prevented.

CHAPTER IX.
Whig Mobs before the Appeal to Arms, and tarring and feathering.
Punishments of Loyalists during the War for overt Acts in favor of the
Crown, and for speaking, writing, or acting against the Whigs. Pro
scription, Banishment, and Confiscation Acts of the State Governments.
The Laws which divested the Loyalists of their Estates examined.
We pass to take a rapid view of the measures
which were adopted by the Whigs to awe and to
punish their adversaries. I find some things to con
demn. And first, the " mobs," a large part of which
were in Massachusetts. That a cause as righteous as
men were ever engaged in lost many friends by the
fearful outbreaks of popular indignation, is not to be
doubted. The wise man of Israel said, " A brother
offended is harder to be won than a strong city."
Those who took upon themselves the sacred name of
" Sons of Liberty," needlessly, and sometimes in
their very wantonness, " offended," beyond all hope
of recall, persons who hesitated and doubted, and
who, for the moment, claimed to occupy the position
of " neutrals," The practice of " tarring and feath
ering," however reprehensible, had, perhaps, but little
influence in determining the final choice of parties.
This form of punishment, though so frequent as to
qualify the saying of the ancient, that man is a two-
legged animal without feathers, was borrowed from the
Old World, where it has existed since the Crusades ;

76 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
and was confined principally to the obnoxious custom
house officers, pimps, and informers against smuggled
goods, who adhered to the Crown.
But what " brother," upon whose vision the break
ing up of the Colonial system and the sovereignty of
America had not dawned, and who saw — as even
the Whigs themselves saw — with the eyes only of
a British subject, was won over to the right by the
arguments of mobbing, burning, and smoking ? Did
the cause of America and of human freedom gain
strength by the deeds of the five hundred who
mobbed Sheriff Tyng, or by the speed of the one
hundred and sixty on horseback who pursued Com
missioner Hallowell ? Were the shouts of an excited
multitude, and the crash of broken glass and demol
ished furniture, fit requiems for the dying Ropes ?
Were Whig interests promoted because one thousand
men shut up the Courts of Law in Berkshire, and
five thousand did the same in Worcester, and mobs
drove away the judges at Springfield, Taunton, and
Plymouth ? — because, in one place, a judge was
stopped, insulted, and threatened ; in another, the
whole bench were hissed and hooted ; and, in a third,
were required to do penance, hat in hand, in a pro
cession of attorneys and sheriffs ? Did the driving of
Ingersoll from his estate, of Edson from his house,
and the assault upon the home of Gilbert, and the
shivering of Sewall's windows, serve to wean them,
or their friends and connections, from their royal
master? Did Ruggles, when subsequent events
threw his countrymen into his poAver, forget that the
creatures which grazed his pastures had been painted,
shorn, maimed, and poisoned ; that he had been

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 77
pursued on the highway by day and night ; that his
dwelling had been broken open, and he and his family
driven from it? What Tory turned Whig because
Saltonstall was mobbed, and Oliver plundered, and
Leonard shot at in his own house ?^ Was the
kingly arm actually weakened or strengthened for
harm, because thousands surrounded the mansions
of high functionaries, and forced them into resigna
tion ; or because sheriffs were told that they would
perform their duties at the hazard of their lives ?
Which party gained by waylaying and insulting, at
every corner, the " Rescinders," the " Protesters," and
the "Addressers?" — which, by the burning of the
mills of Putnam ? Had widows and orphans no addi
tional griefs, because the Probate Courts were closed
by the multitude, and their officers were driven under
cover of British guns ? Did it serve a good end to
endeavor to hinder Tories from getting tenants, or to
prevent persons who owed them from paying honest
debts ? On whose cheek should have been the blush
of shame, when the habitation of the aged and feeble
Foster was sacked, and he had no shelter but the
woods ? — when Williams, as infirm as he, was seized at
night, dragged away for miles, and smoked in a room
with fastened doors and a closed chimney-top ? What
father, who doubted, wavered, and doubted still,,
whether to join or fly, determined to abide the issue
in the land of his birth, because foul words were
1 Many Loyalists were confined in private houses, some were sent to
jails, and others to " Simsbury Mines." iBut the prisons were hardly
proper places for the confinement of such people ; and it is believed that
a large proportion of the persons whom it was deemed proper to arrest
preferred banishment to the loss of liberty, even though they were sure
to be comfortably quartered in the families or houses of Whigs.
7*

78 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
spoken to his daughters, or because they were pelte d
when riding, or moving in the innocent dance ? Is
there cause for wonder that some who still live should
say, of their own or of their fathers' treatment,
that " persecution made half of the king's friends ? "
The good men of the period mourned these and sim
ilar proceedings, and they may be lamented now.
The warfare waged against persons at their own
homes and about their lawful avocations is not to be
justified ; and the " mobs " of the Revolution are to
be as severely and as unconditionally condemned as
the " mobs " of the present day.
The acts of legislative bodies for the punishment
of the adherents of the Crown were numerous. In
Rhode Island, death and confiscation of estate were
the penalties provided by law for any person who
communicated with the ministry or their agents, or
who afforded supplies to the forces, or piloted the
armed ships of the king.
In Connecticut, the offences of supplying the royal
army or navy, of giving them information, of enlistr
ing or procuring others to enlist in them, and of pilot
ing or assisting naval vessels, were punished more
mildly, and involved only the loss of estate, and of
personal liberty for a term not exceeding three years.
To speak or write or act against the doings of Con
gress, or the Assembly of Connecticut, was punishar
ble by disqualification for office, imprisonment, and
the disarming of the offender.
In Massachusetts, a person suspected of enmity to
the Whig cause could be arrested under a magistrate's
warrant, and banished, unless he would swear fealty
to the friends of liberty ; and the selectmen of towns

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 79
could prefer charges of political treachery in town-
meeting, and the individual thus accused, if convicted
by a jury, could be sent into the enemy's jurisdiction.
Massachusetts also designated by name, and generally
by occupation and residence, three hundred and eight
of her people, of whom seventeen had been inhab
itants of Maine, who had fled fi^om their homes, and
denounced against any one of them who should re
turn, apprehension, imprisonment, and transportation
to a place possessed by the British ; and, for a second
voluntary return, without leave, death, without bene
fit of clergy.
New Hampshire passed acts similar to these, under
which seventy-six of her former citizens were prohib
ited from coming within her borders, and the estates
of the most obnoxious were declared to be for
feited. Virginia passed a resolution to the effect that per
sons of a given description should be deemed and
treated as aliens, and that their property should be
sold, and the proceeds go into the public treasury for
future disposal ; and also a law prohibiting the migra
tion of certain persons to that Commonwealth, and
providing penalties for the violation of its provis
ions. In New York, the county committees were author
ized to apprehend, and decide upon the guilt of such
inhabitants as were supposed to hold correspondence
with the enemy, or had committed some other speci
fied act ; and they might punish those whom they
adjudged to be guilty with imprisonment for three
months, or banishment. There, too, persons opposed
to liberty and independence were prohibited from

80 HISTORICAL ESSAY,
practising law in the courts ; and the effects of fifty-
nine persons, of whom three were women, and their
rights of remainder and reversion, were to pass, by
confiscation, from them to the " people."
In New Jersey, one act was passed to punish trai
tors and disaffected persons ; another, for taking charge
of and leasing the real estates, and for forfeiting the
personal estates, of certain fugitives and offenders ;
a third, for forfeiting to and vesting in the State
the real pToperty of the persons designated in the
second statute ; and a fourth, supplemental to the act
first mentioned.
In Pennsylvania, the number of persons who were
attainted of treason to the State by special acts, or
by proclamations of the President and Council, was
nearly five hundred.
The act of Delaware provided that the property,
both real and personal, of certain persons who were
named, and who were forty-six in number, should be
forfeited to the State, " subject nevertheless to the
payment of the said offenders' just debts," unless, as
in Pennsylvania, they gave themselves up to trial for
the crime of treason in adhering to the royal cause.
Maryland seized, confiscated, and appropriated all
property of persons in allegiance to the British crown,
and appointed commissioners to carry out the terms
of three statutes which were passed to effect these
purposes. In North Carolina, the confiscation act embraced
sixty-five specified individuals and four mercantile
firms; and, by its terms, not only included the
•• lands " of these persons and commercial houses, but
their " negroes and other personal property."

HISTORICAL ESSAY. »i
The law of Georgia, which was enacted very
near the close of the struggle, declared certain
persons to have been guilty of treason against that
State, and their estates to be forfeited for their
offences. South Carolina surpassed all other members of the
Confederacy, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts ex
cepted. The Loyalists, whose rights, persons, and
property were affected by legislation, were divided
into four classes. The persons who had offended the
least, — who were forty-five in number, — were al
lowed to retain their estates, but were amerced tAvelve
per cent, of their value. Soon after the fall of
Charleston, and when disaffection to the Whig cause
was so general, two hundred and ten persons, Avho
styled themselves the " principal inhabitants " of
the city, signed an address to Sir Henry Clinton,
in which they state that they have every inducement
to return to their allegiance, and ardently hope to be
readmitted to the character and condition of British
subjects. These " Addressers " formed another class.
Of these two hundred and ten, sixty-three were ban
ished, and lost their property by forfeiture, either for
this offence or the graver one of affixing their names
to a petition to the royal general, to be armed on the
royal side. Eighty persons, composing another class,
were also banished and divested of their estates, for
the crime of holding civil or military commissions
under the Crown, after the conquest of South Caro
hna. And the same penalties were inflicted upon
thirteen others, who, on the success of Lord Corn-
wallis at Camden, presented his Lordship with their
congratulations ; and still fourteen others were ban-

82 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
ished, and deprived of their estates, because they were
obnoxious. In discussing the expediency and justice of the
laws which drove or kept the Loyalists in exile, as
well as those which alienated their estates, two points
present themselves ; namely, whether the Whigs
were right in opposing the pretensions of England,
and whether they did more than others have done in
civil war,s, — wars which are always the most bitter
and unrelenting, — always the most obstinate and
difficult to terminate. The question suggested by
the first query is no longer open to dispute ; for the
mother-country has herself adniitted that she was
wrong in her treatment of the thirteen Colonies.
If, now, the Whigs were in the right, they might do
everything necessary to insure success ; and we are thus
brought to the second point of inquiry. The ques
tion of the banishment of the Loyalists addresses
itself to me in two forms: that of the temporary and
that of the permanent exile of the men who suffered
it. Among these men were many persons of great
private worth, who, in adhering to the Crown, were
governed by conscience and a stern regard to duty ;
and the offences of others consisted merely in a
nominal attachment to the mother-country, or in a
disinclination to witness or participate in the horrors
of a civil war. Yet they were Loyalists ; and it so
happened that the best men of that party were, of all
others, those who could do the Whigs the greatest
mischief; since, if they remained at liberty, their
character and moderation rendered their counsel and
advice of vast serAdce to their own, and of vast harm
to the opposite party, amidst the doubts and fears

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 83
which prevailed, and had a direct tendency to pro
long and embitter the contest. It became necessary,
therefore, to secure them either by imprisonment or
by exile. The first course, while requiring a consid
erable force to guard them, which the Whigs could
not spare, would have been far less merciful than the
other, and banishment, consequently, was best for
both parties. Again, a considerable proportion of
those who were proscribed, voluntarily abandoned the
country, and were absent from it at the passage of
the banishment acts ; and this was especially the case
in Massachusetts. To prevent the return of these
persons was as necessary to accomplish the objects of
the struggle, as it was to secure those who remained
at or in the neighborhood of their homes.
Still it may be wished that greater discrimination
had been exercised in selecting those who were
deemed fit objects of severity. Persons whose crimes
against the country and against humanity deserved
death, escaped the banishment acts of the States to
which they belonged ; while, on the other hand, these
acts embraced persons who, from the circumstances of
their condition, were utterly powerless, who had done,
and could do, no evil. It may be wished, also, that
those who were deemed fit objects of severity had
been allowed the forms of trial. Courts of Admiralty
were established for condemning prizes, and men
might reasonably claim that, while their property
was dealt with according to the established rules of
society, their persons should not be more summarily
disposed of Means for the trial of Loyalists were
abundant. It is our boast, indeed, that, unlike the
usual course of things in civil war, ciA^il government

84 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
was maintained throughout the whole period of our
Revolution, Avith hardly an interruption anywhere.
This is a fact as honorable as it is remarkable, " I
will maintain as long as I live," said Dupin, the great
French advocate, " that the condemnation of Marshal
Ney Avas not just, for his defence was not free." Per
haps posterity will entertain something of the same
sentiment Avith regard to the course pursued by our
fathers in not allowing their opponents an opportu
nity to appeal to the tril^unals. In this particular,
Pennsylvania and Delaware, as it will be remembered,
adopted a mode less objectionable than that of some
other States, inasmuch as they " summoned " the per
sons against whom they proceeded, to appear and
" surrender themselves for trial" Besides, it was
common, during the war, for the military commanders
to order courts-martial to take cognizance of the of-
. fences, and to fix the punishment of Tories ; and a
future generation may possibly ask, Avhy, when the
sword was suspended amid the turmoils of the camp,
to hear the defence of the accused, that weapon was
so wielded in the hands of civilians as to " transform
them into persecutors, and into martyrs those whom
it smote." The laws which divested the Loyalists of their es
tates demand a moment's examination. Keeping in
view that the Whigs were right in resisting the pre
tensions of the mother-country, and that, there
fore, they might very properly use every iiecessary
means to insure success, we shall find no difficulty in
admitting that the property of their opponents could
be rightfully appropriated to aid in the prosecution
of the war. They devoted their own fortunes, they

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 85
importuned several of the powers of Europe for loans,
and they entailed upon their posterity a large debt ;
and it Avould indeed be strange, if they could not have
made forced levies upon the estates of those who
not only refused to help them, but were actually in
arms, or otherwise employed against them. To eman
cipate the American continent was a great work:
the Whigs felt and knew, what is now everywhere
conceded, that the work was both necessary and right
eous ; and requiring, as its speedy accomplishment
did, the labor of every hand and contributions from
every purse, the throwing into the treasury the jewels
of women and the holiday allowances of children,
they are to stand justified for a resort to the seques
tration of the possessions of those who assisted in the
vain endeavor to subdue them, and to renew the
bonds which had bound them. The property of those
who held commissions in the king's army and in the
Loyalist corps was the property of enemies, and, as
such, could be converted to pubhc uses ; while that
of others, who made their election to accept of ser
vice in civil capacities, is to be regarded in the same
lisrht. The "Absentees," or those who retired from
the country and lived abroad in privacy, were a differ
ent class ; and it may be doubted whether the same
rule was applicable to them, and whether fines or
amercements were not the more proper modes of
procedure against the estates which they abandoned
in quitting the country. The Whigs assumed, how
ever, that " every government hath a right to com
mand the personal services of its own members, when
ever the exigencies of the State shall require, espe
cially in times of impending or actual invasion;"
VOL, I. 8

86 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
and that " no member thereof can then withdraw
himself from the jurisdiction of the government,
without justly incurring the forfeiture of his prop
erty, rights, and liberties, holden under and derived
from that constitution of government, to the sup
port of which he hath refused his aid and assists
ance." It is to be further urged in defence of the principle
of confiscation, that in civil conflicts the right of one
party to levy upon the other has been generally ad
mitted ; that the practice has frequently accorded
with the theory ; and, what is still more to the pur
pose, that the royal party and king's generals exer
cised that right during the struggle. Thus, then,
the seizure and confiscation of property in the Rev
olution was not the act of one side merely, but of
both. But, as has been remarked, there was not with us,
as there commonly has been in similar outbreaks, a
transition period between the throwing off of one gov
ernment and the establishment of another ; and the
regret that was expressed with regard to the indis
criminate banishment of persons, is equally applica
ble to the disposal of their estates ; and I cannot but
feel, that, inasmuch as the Whigs when compared
Avith other revolutionists, " were without spot or
wrinkle, or any such thing," so they will be held
to a stricter accountability by those who shall here
after speak of them ; and that we shall be asked
to show for them, why, with tribunals established
and open for the trial of prizes made upon the sea,
the fundamental rule of civilized society, that no
person shall be deprived of "property but by the

HISTORICAL ESSAY, 87
judgment of his peers," was violated ; and why,
without being " confronted by witnesses," and with
out the verdict of a " jury " and decrees of a
court, any man in America was divested of his
lands.

CHAPTER X.
The Course of the " Violent Whigs " towards the Loyalists, at the Peace,
discussed and condemned.
At the peace, a mafonty of the Whigs of several
of the States committed a great crime. Instead, of
repeahng the proscription and banishment acts, as
justice and good policy required, they manifested a
spirit to place the humbled and unhappy Loyalists
beyond the pale of human sympathy. Discrimination
between the conscientious and pure, and the unprin
cipled and corrupt, was not perhaps possible during
the struggle ; but, hostilities at an end, mere loyalty
should have been forgiven. When, in the civil war be
tween the Puritans and the Stuarts, the former
gained the ascendency, and Avhen, at a later period,
the Commonwealth was established, Cromwell and
his party wisely determined not to banish nor inflict
disabilities on their opponents ; and so, too, at the
restoration of the monarchy, so general was the am
nesty act in its provisions, that it was termed an act
of oblivion to the friends of Charles, and of grateful
remembrance to his foes.^ The happy consequences
which resulted from the conduct of both parties and
in both cases, were before the men of their own
1 At the restoration of Charles the Second, so general was the adhe
sion to that monarch, that historians pause fo express wonder, and to
inquire what had become of the Cromwell or Commonwealth men who
had overturned the monarchy.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 89
political and religious sympathies, the Puritans of the
North, and the Cavaliers of the South, in America.
All honor to Theodore Sedgwick for staking his
popularity in behalf of his countrymen who adhered
to the Crown; to Nathaniel Greene, for the senti
ment " that it would be the excess of intolerance to
persecute men for opinions which, but twenty years
before, had been the universal belief of every class
of society ; " to Alexander Hamilton, for his earnest
and continued efforts to induce the Whigs to forget
and forgive ; to John Jay, for the letter in which he
said that he " had no desire to conceal the opinion,
that, to involve the Tories in indiscriminate punish
ment and ruin, would be an instance of unnecessary
rigor and unmanly revenge without a parallel, except
in the annals of religious rage in times of bigotry
and blindness ; " to James Iredell, for the " hearty
wish that the termination of the war could have been
foUoAved with an oblivion of its offences ; " to Chris
topher Gadsen and Francis Marion, who, Avith every
personal reasorj to be inexorable, bravely contended
for the restoration of the rights of their fallen, expa
triated countrymen.
In North and South Carolina, the Whigs and Tories
waged a war of extermination. Seldom enough did
either party meet in open and fair fight, and give
and take the courtesies and observe the rules of
civilized warfare. But these States, at the peace,
exceeded all the rept in moderation and mercy. On
the other hand, Massachusetts, Virginia, and New
York adopted measures of inexcusable severity. In
the latter State, such was the violence manifested,
that, in August, 1783, Sir Guy Carleton wrote to the
8*

90 HISTORICAL ESSAY. ,
President of Congress that the Loyalists "conceive
the safety of their lives depends on my removing
them ; " that, " as the daily gazettes and publications
furnish repeated proofs, not only of a disregard to
the articles of peace, but barbarous menaces from
committees formed in various towns, cities, and dis
tricts, and even at Philadelphia, — the very place
which the Congress had chosen for their residence, —
I should show an indifference to the feelings of hu
manity, as well as to the honor and interest of the
nation whom I serve, to leave any that are desirous
to quit the country, a prey to the violence they
conceive they haA^e so much cause to apprehend."
From another source, it appears that, when the
news of peace was known, the city of New York
presented a scene of distress not easily described;
that adherents to the Crown, who were in the army,
tore the lappels from their coats and stamped them
under their feet, and exclaimed that they were
ruined ; that others cried out they had sacrificed
everything to jDrove their loyalty, ,and were now
left to shift for themselves, without the friendship of
their king or their country. Previous to the evacua
tion, and in September, upwards of twelve thousand
men, women, and children embarked at the city, at
Long and Staten Islands, for Nova Scotia and the
Bahamas. Some of these victims to civU war tried
to make merry at their doom, by saying that they
were " bound to a lovely country, where there are
nine months winter and three months cold weather
¦every year ; " while others, in their desperation, tore
down their houses, and, had they not been prevented,
would have carried off the bricks of which they were
built.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 91
Those who came North landed at Port Roseway
(now Shelburne) and St. John, where many, utterly
destitute, were supplied Avith food at the public
charge, and were obliged to live in huts built of bark
and rough boards.
These volumes contain the names of most who
embarked in the " September fleet " for Nova Scotia,
and of many who Avent to that province and to Can
ada subsequently.
Among the banished ones thus doomed to misery
were persons whose hearts and hopes had been as
true as Washington's own ; for, in the divisions of
families Avhich everywhere occurred, and which
formed one of the most distressing circumstances of
the conflict, there Avere wives and daughters, who,
although bound to Loyahsts by the holiest ties, had
given their sympathies to the right from the begin
ning; and who now, in the triumph of the cavise
which had had their prayers, Avent meekly — as
woman ever meets a sorroAvful lot — into hopeless,
interminable exile,
I have stood at the graves of some of these wives
and daughters, and have listened to the accounts of
the living, in shame and anger. If, as Jefferson
said, separation from England was " contemplated with
affliction by all ; " if, as John Adams testified, Whigs
like himself " would have given everything they
possessed for a restoration to the state of things
before the contest began, provided they could have
had a sufficient security for its continuance ; " and on
the ground of policy alone, — how ill-judged the mea
sures that caused the settlement of the hitherto neg
lected possessions of England in this hemisphere, —

92 HISTORICAL ESSAY,
Nova Scotia, By causing the expatriation of many
thousands of our countrymen, among whom were the
well-educated, the ambitious, and the versed in poli
tics, Ave became the founders of two agricultural and
commercial Colonies ; for it is to be remembered, that
New Brunswick formed a part of Nova Scotia until
1784, and that the necessity of the division then
made was of our own creation. In like manner we
became the founders of Upper Canada. The Loyal
ists were the first settlers of the territory thus de
nominated by the act of 1791 ; * and the principal
object of the line of division of Canada, as estab
lished by Mr. Pitt, was to place them as a body by
themselves, and to allow them to be governed by
laws more congenial than those which were deemed
requisite for the government of the French on the
St. LaAvrence. For twenty years the country border
ing on the great lakes was decidedly American.
Dearly enough have the people of the United
States paid for the crime of the " violent Whigs " of
the Revolution ; for, to the Loyalists who were driven
away and to their descendants, we owe almost en
tirely the long and bitter controversy relative to our
northeastern boundary, and the dispute about our
right to the fisheries in the Colonial seas.
The mischief all done, — thousands ruined and ban
ished, new British colonies founded, animosities to
continue for generations made certain, — the "violent
1 It was in a debate on this bill that Fox aud Burke severed the ties of
friendship which had existed between them for a long period. The seene
was one of the most interesting that had ever occurred in the House of
Commons. Fox, overcome by his emotions, wept aloud. Burke's pre
vious course with regard to the French Revolution had rendered a rupture
at some time probable, perhaps certain.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 93
Whigs " of Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia,
were satisfied ; all this accomplished, and the statute-
book was divested of its most objectionable enact
ments, and a few of the Loyalists returned to their
old homes: but by far the greater part died in ban
ishment.

CHAPTER XI.
] )iscussions at Paris between the Commissioners for concluding Terms of
Peace, on the Question of Compensation to the Loyalists for their Losses
during the War, by Confiscation and otherwise. Reasons why Congress
refused to make Recompense, stated and defended. The Provisions
of the Treaty unsatisfactory in this Particular. The Parties interested
appeal to Parliament. Debates in the Lords and Commons. The
Recommendation of Congress to the States to afford Relief in certain
Cases, disregarded.
The subject of restitution, and compensation to the
Loyalists, was a source of great difficulty during the
negotiations for peace. The course of the matter
may be learned better from the negotiators them
selves, than from any words of mine ; and I there
fore make some extracts from the Journal of Mr.
Adams,^ who was one of them : —
1 The full conversations occupy several pages of Mr. Adams's Journal.
In making these Extracts, I have always given the substance of what was
said ; but I have sometimes compressed a passage, or changed a word.
The Articles of the Treaty which relate to the Loyalists are the fourth,
fifth, and sixth : —
Art. 4. " It is agreed. That Creditors on either side shall meet with
no lawful impediment to the recovery of the full value in sterling money
of all bona fide debts heretofore contracted."
Art. 5. " It is agreed. That the Congress shall earnestly recommend
it to the Legislatures of the respective States, to provide for the Res
titution of all Estates, Rights, and Properties which have been confis
cated, belonging to real British subjects ; and also of the Estates, Rights
and Properties of those Persons, residents in Districts in Possession of his
Majesty's Arms, and who have not borne arms against the said United
States ; and that Persons of any other description shall have free liberty
to go to any part or parts of any of the Thirteen United States, and

HISTORICAL ESSAY, 95
November 3d, 1782. " Dr. Franklin, on Tuesday last, told
me of Mr. Oswald's demand of payment of debts, and com
pensation to the Tories ; he said his ansAver had been, we had
not the power, nor had Congress. I told him I had no notion
of cheating anybody. The question of paying debts, and
compensating, were two. I had made the same observation
that forenoon to Mr. Oswald and Mr, Strachey."
November 10. [Mr. A.danLs waited on Count Vergennes.]
" The Count asked me how we went on with the English. I
told him we divided on the Tories and the Penobscot, The
Count remarked that the English wanted the country there
' for masts,' I told him I thought there were few masts there ;
but that I fancied it -was not masts, but Tories, that ao-ain
made the difficulty. Some of them claimed lands in tlie terri
tory, and others hoped for grants there,"
November 11. " Mr. Whiteford, the secretary of Mr.
therein to remain Twelve Months unmolested in their endeavors to obtain
the Restitution of such of their Estates, Rights, and Properties, as may
have been confiscated ; and that Congress shall also earnestly recommend
to the several States, a Reconsideration and Revision of all Acts or Laws
regarding the Premises, so as to render the said Laws or Acts perfectly
consistent, not only with Justice and Equity, but with that spirit of Con
ciliation, which, on the return of the blessings of Peace, should univer
sally prevail. And that the Congress shall also earnestly recommend to
the several States, that the Estates, Rights, and Properties of such last-
mentioned Persons shall be restored to them, they refundinn- to any Per
sons who may be now in possession, the bond fide price (where any has
been given) which such Persons may have paid on purchasing any of the
said Lands, Rights, or Properties, since the Confiscation. And it is
agreed, That all Persons who have any Interests in Confiscated Lands,
either by Debts, Marriage Settlements, or otherwise, shall meet with no
lawful impediment in prosecution of their just Rights."
Art. 6. " That there shall be no future Confiscations made, nor
any Prosecutions commenced against any Person or Persons for or by
reason of the Part which he or they may have taken in the present War •
and that no Person shall on that account suffer any future Loss or Dam
age, either in his Person, Liberty, or Property ; and that those who may
be in confinement on such charges at the Time of the Ratification of the
Treaty in America, shall be immediately set at liberty, and the Prosecu
tions so commenced be discontinued."

96 HISTORICAL ESS.\Y.
Oswald, came. We soon fell into politics. [Mr. Adams said]
Suppose a French minister foresees that the presence of the
Tories in America will keep up perpetually two parties, — a
French party and an English party." " The French minister
at Philadelphia has made some representations to Congress in
favor of compensation to tlie Royalists. We are instructed
against it, or rather have no authority to do it ; and if Con
gress shoidd refer the matter to the several States, every one
of them, after a delay, probably of eighteen months, will
determine against it,"
NoA'ember 15, " Mr. Oswald came to visit me. He said,
if he were a member of Congress, he would say to the refu
gees. Take your property ; we scorn to make any use of it
in building up our system. I replied, that we had no power,
and Congress no power ; that if we sent the proposition of
compensation to Congress, they would refer it to the States ;
and that, meantime, you must carry on the war six or nine
months, certainly, for this compensation, and consequently
spend, in the prosecution of it, six or nine times the sum
necessary to make the compensation ; for I presume this war
costs, every month, to Great Britain, a larger sum than would
be necessary to pay for the forfeited estates."
November 17. " Mr. Vaughan came to me ; he said Mr,
Fitzherbert had received a letter from Mr. Townshend, that
the compensation would be insisted on."
November 18. " Returned Mr. Oswald's visit. We went
over the old ground concerning the Tories, He began to use
arguments with me to relax, I told him he must not think
of that, but must bend all his thoughts to couA'ince and per
suade his court to give it up ; that if the terms now before
his court were not accepted, the whole negotiation would be
broken off."
November 25. " Dr. Franklin, Mr. Jay, and myself, met
at Mr. Oswald's lodgings. ,Mr. Strachey told us he had
been to London, and Avaited personally on every one of the
king's cabinet council, and had communicated the last propo
sitions to them. They, every one of them, unanimously con-

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 97
demned that respecting the Tories ; so that that unhappy
affair stuck, as he foresaw and foretold it woidd."
November 26. [Dr. Franklin, Mr. Jay, and Mr. Adams]
" in consultation upon the propositions made us yesterday by
Mr. Oswald. We agreed unanimously to answer him, that
we could not consent to the article respecting the refugees, as
it now stands. The rest of the day Avas spent in endless dis
cussions about the Tories. Dr. Franklin is very staunch
against them ; more decided, a great deal, on this point, than
Mr. Jay or myself,"
November 27, " Mr. Benjamin Vaughan came in, returned
from London, where he had seen Lord Shelburne. He says,
he finds the ministry much embarrassed with the Tories, and
exceedingly desirous of saving their honor and reputation in
this point ; that it is reputation, more than money," &c.
November 29. " Met Mr, Fitzherbert, Mr, Oswald, Dr.
Franklin, Mr. -lay, Mr. Laui'ens, and Mr. Strachey, and spent
the whole day in discussions about the fishery and the Tories.
Mr. Fitzherbert, Mr, Oswald, and Mr. Strachey retired for
some time ; and, returning, Mr. Fitzherbert said, that Mr.
Strachey and himself had determined to advise Mr. Oswald
to strike with us according to the terms proposed as our ulti
matum, respecting the fishery and the Loyalists. We agreed
to meet to-morrow, to sign and seal the treaties."
Besides the want of poAver in Congress to make
the demanded recompense to the Loyalists, as stated
in these extracts, there Avere other objections, and
some quite as serious. First, many of them, by their
falsehoods, misrepresentations, and bad counsels to
the ministry, had undoubtedly done much to bring
on and protract the war ; so that, in a good measure
at least, it was just to charge them Avith being the
authors of their OAvn sufferings. In the second place,
those of them who had borne arms, and assisted to
ravage and burn the towns on different parts of the
VOL. I. 9

98 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
coast, or had plundered the defenceless families of
the interior settlements, should have made, rather
than received, compensation. Thirdly, to restore the
identical property of any had become nearly impos
sible, as it had been sold, and, in many cases, divided
among purchasers, and could only be wrested by ple
nary means from the present possessors. Fourthly,
the country was in no condition to pay those who
had toiled and bled for its emancipation, or even to
make good a tithe of the losses which they had suf
fered in consequence of the war ; much less was there
the ability to adjust the accounts of enemies, whether
domestic or foreign. The Loyalists, as a body, looked
upon the subjugation of, the Whigs as almost certain,
to the last; and their delegates in New York even
Avent so far as to entertain a plan for the government
of the Colonies, whenever their day of triumph should
come. If that day had arrived, how would the Whigs
have fared at their hands ? Would the claims of thou
sands who expended their estates in the cause of
liberty, and who had no shelter for their heads, have
been allowed ?
Grounds somewhat similar to those which I have
assumed, induced Congress, very probably, to instruct
their commissioners to enter into no engagements
respecting the Americans AA'ho adhered to the Crown,
unless Great Britain would stipulate, on her part, to
make compensation for the property which had been
destroyed by persons in her service. With this in
junction the commissioners found it impracticable to
comply, inasmuch as they ¦ deemed it necessary to
admit into the treaty a provision to the effect, that
Congress should recommend to the several States to

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 99
provide for the restitution of certain of the confis
cated estates ; that certain persons should be allowed
a year to endeavor to recover their estates ; that per
sons having rights in confiscated lands should have
the privilege of pursuing all laAvful means to regain
them ; and that Congress should use its recommenda
tory power to cause the States to revoke or recon
sider their confiscation laws. Congress unanimously
assented to this arrangement, and unanimously issued
the recommendation to the States, Avhich the treaty
contemplated. These terms Avere very unsatisfactory, and loud
clamors arose in Parliament and elsewhere. In the
House of Commons, Mr. Wilberforce said, that "AA^hen
he considered the case of the Loyalists, he confessed
he there felt himself conquered ; there he saAv his
country humiliated ; he saAV her at the feet of Amer
ica : still he was induced to believe, that Congress
Avould religiously comply with the article, and that
the Loyalists Avould obtain redress from America."
Lord North said, that "never were the honor, the
principles, the policy of a nation, so grossly abused as
in the desertion of those men, who are now exposed
to every punishment that desertion and poverty can
inflict, because they Avere not rebels." Lord Mul-
grave declared, that " the article respecting the Loy
alists he could never regard but as a lasting mon
ument of national disgrace." Mr. Burke said, that
"a vast number of the Loyalists had been deluded
by England, and had risked everything, and that, to
such men, the nation OAved protection, and its honor
was pledged for their security at all hazards." Mr.
Sheridan " execrated the treatment of those unfortu-

100 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
nate men, who, without the least notice taken of their
civil and religious rights, were handed over as sub
jects to a power that would not fail to take vengeance
on them for their zeal and attachment to the religion
and goA'ernment of the mother-country ; " and he
denounced as a " crime," the cession of the Amer
icans who had adhered to the Crown, "into the hands
of their enemies, and delivering them OA^er to confis
cation, tyranny, resentment, and oppression." Mr.
Norton said, that " he could not give his assent to
the treaty on account of the article which related to
the Loyalists." Sir Peter Burrell considered, that
"the fate of these unhappy subjects claimed the com
passion of every human breast; for they had been
abandoned by the ministers, and were left at the
mercy of a Congress highly irritated against them."
Sir Wilbraham Bootle's " heart bled for the Loyalists ;
they had fought and had run every hazard for Eng
land, andj at a moment when they had a claim to the
greatest protection, they had been deserted." Mr.
Macdonald " forbore to dwell upon the case of these
men, as an assembly of human beings could scarcely
trust their judgments, when so powerful an attack
was made upon their feelings."
In the House of Lords, the opposition was quite
as violent. Lord Walsingham said, that "he could
neither think nor speak of the dishonor of leaving
these deserving people to their fiite, with patience."
Lord Viscount Townshend considered, that, " to desert
men who had constantly adhered to loyalty and at>
tachment, was a circumstance of such cruelty as had
never before been heard of" Lord Stormont said,
that " Britain was bound in justice and honor, grat-

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 101
itude and affection, and every tie, to provide for and
protect them." Lord Sackville regarded " the aban
donment of the Loyalists as a thing of so atrocious
a kind, that, if it had not been already painted in all
its horrid colors, he should have attempted the ungra
cious task, but never should have been able to describe
the cruelty in language as strong and expressive as
were his feelings ; " and again, that " a peace founded
on the sacrifice of these unhappy subjects, must be
accursed in the sight of God and man." Lord Lough
borough said, " that the fifth article of the treaty had
excited a general and just indignation;" and that
neither "in ancient nor modern history had there
been so shameful a desertion of men who had sacri
ficed all to their duty, and to their reliance upon
British faith."
Such attacks as these did not, of course, pass with
out replies in both Houses. The nature of the de
fence of the friends of the ministry will sufficiently
appear, by the remarks of the minister himself.
Lord Shelburne frankly admitted, that the Loyalists
Avere left Avithout better provision being made for
them, "from the unhappy necessity of public affairs,
Avhich induced the extremity of submitting the fate
of their property to the discretion of their enemies."
And he continued, "I have but one answer to give
the House ; it is the ansAver I gave my own bleeding
heart. A part must be wounded, that the tvhole of the
empire may not perish. If better terms could be had,
think you, my Lord, that I would not have embraced
them ? fhad but the alternative either to accept the terms
proposed, or continue the war." The Lord Chancellor
parried the assaults of the opposition with other

102 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
weapons. He declared, that the stipulations of the
treaty are " specific," and, said he, " my own conscious
honor will not alloAV me to doubt the good faith of
others, and my good wishes to the Loyalists will not
let me indiscreetly doubt the dispositions of Con
gress," since the understanding is, that " all these
unhappy men shall be provided for ; " yet, if it were
not so, " Parliament could take cognizance of their
case, and impart to each suffering individual that
relief which reason, perhaps policy, certainly virtue
and religion, required."
It Avas not expected, probably, by the British gov
ernment, that the " recommendation " of Congress
to the States would produce any effect. In 1778,
and after the evacuation of Philadelphia, the urgent
request of Congress to repeal the severe enacts
ments against the adherents of the Crown and to
restore their confiscated property, had been disre
garded ; and a similar desire at the conclusion of hos
tilities, though made for different reasons, it could
not have been supposed would be more successful.
Indeed, the idea that the States would refuse compli
ance, and that Parliament Avould be required to make
the Loyalists some compensation for their losses, seems
to have been entertained from the first. Lord Shel
burne, in the speech from Avhich I have just quoted,
remarked, that, "ivithout one drop of blood spilt, and with
out one fifth of the expense of one year's campaign, happi
ness and ease can be given to them in as ample a manner as
these blessings were ever in their enjejymcnt." He could
have meant nothing less by this language than that,
by putting an end to the war, the empire saved both
life and treasure, even though the amount of money

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 103
required to place the Loyalists in "happiness and
ease," should amount to some millions ; and the Lord
Chancellor, it may be observed, hinted at compensa
tion as the remedy, provided the " recommendation "
of Congress should not result favorably. Besides,
during the negotiation of the treaty, it appears to
have been considered by the commissioners on both
sides, that each party to the contest must bear its
own losses and provide for its own sufferers. But,
whatever were the expectations at Paris or in Lon
don, all uncertainty was soon at an end, A number
of Loyalists Avho Avere in England, came to the United
States to claim restitution of their estates, but their
applications Avere unheeded, and some of them were
imprisoned, and afterwards banished.

CHAPTER XIL
The Loyalists apply to Parliament for Rehef, The King in his Speech
recommends Attention to their Claims. Commissioners appointed.
Complaints of the Loyalists on various Grounds. Number of Claim
ants, and Schedules of their Losses. Delay of the Commissioners in
adjusting Claims, and Distresses in Consequence. Discussion in Parlia
ment. Final Number of Claimants, Final Amount of Schedules, and
Final Award. In the Appeals to their Respective Governments, the
Loyalists fared better than the Whigs.
The claimants now applied to the government
Avhich they had ruined themselves to serve ; and
many of them, who had hitherto been " Refugees " in
different parts of America," went to England to state,
and to recover payment for, their losses. They or
ganized an agency, and appointed a committee, com
posed of one delegate or agent from each of the
thirteen States, to enlighten the British public, and
adopt measures of procedure in securing the atten
tion and action of the ministry in their behalf In a
tract,^ printed by order of these agents, it is main
tained, that " it is an established rule, that all sacrifices
made by individuals for the benefit or accommodation
of others, shall be equally sustained by all those who
partake of it ; " and numerous cases are cited from
Puffendorf, Burlamaqui, and Vattel, to show that the
" sacrifices " of the Loyalists were embraced in this
principle. As a further ground of claim, it is stated,
1 " The Case and Claim of the American Loyalists, impartially stated
and considered," published in 1 783.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 105
that, in the case of territory alienated or ceded aAvay
by one sovereign poAver to another, the rule is still
applicable ; for that, in treatises of international law,
it is held, " the State ought to indemnify the subject
for the loss he has sustained beyond his OAvn propor
tion," The conclusion arrived at from the precedents
found in history and diplomacy, and in the statute-
book of the realm, is, that, as the Loyalists Avere as
" perfectly subjects of the British State as any man
in London or Middlesex," they Avere entitled to the
same protection and relief The claimants, said the
writers of the tract, had been " called on by their
sovereign, Avhen surrounded by tumult and rebellion,
to defend the supreme rights of the nation, and to
assist in suppressing a rebellion which aimed at their
destruction. They haA^e received from the highest
authority the most solemn assurances of protection,
and even reward for their meritorious services ; " and
that "' his Majesty and the tAVO Houses of Parliament
having thought it necessary, as the price of peace,
or to the interest and safety of the empire, or
from some other motive of public couA'enience, to
ratify the independence of America, without securing
any restitution tvhatever to the Loyalists, they conceive
that the nation is bound, as Avell by the fundament
al laws of society as by the invariable and eternal
principles of natural justice, to make them a compen
sation." At the opening of Parliament, the king, in his
speech from the throne, alluded to the "American
sufferers " Avho, from " motives of loyalty to him, or
attachment to the mother-country, had relinquished
their properties or professiori,s," and trusted, he said,

106 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
that "generous attention would be shoAAU to them."
Both parties assented to the suggestion ; and a mo
tion was made early in the session for leave to bring
in a bill, "For appointing Commissioners to inquire
into the Circumstances and former Fortunes of such
Persons as are reduced to Distress by the late un
happy Dissensions in America." Leave Avas given ;
but in fixing the details of the bill, there was some
difficulty and considerable debate. The measure Avas
finally made agreeable to all, and was adopted Avith
out opposition. The act, as passed, created a Board
of Commissioners, who were empowered to examine
all persons presenting claims under oath, to send for
book.s, papers, and records ; and Avho were directed
to report all such as fraudulently claimed a greater
amount than they had lost, in order that they should
be deprived of all compensation Avhatever,
The first thing to be ascertained by the commis
sioners was the "loyalty and conduct of the claim
ants," In their first report, they divided them into
six classes,^ and very properly placed the apostates
from the Whigs in the last ; but no difference Avas
finally made on account of the time or circumstances
of adhering to the cause of the Crown, and all, Avith
out reference to differences in merit, who were able
to establish losses, shared alike.
1 First Class. Those who had rendered services to Great Britain.
Second Class. Those who had borne arms for Great Britain.
Third Class. Uniform Loyalists.
Fourth Class. Loyal British subjects resident in Great Britain.
Fifth Class. Loyalists who had taken oaths to the American States, but
afterwards joined the British.
.Sixth Class. Loyalists who had borne arms for the American States,
but afterwards joined the British navy or army.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 107
The claimants Avere required to state in proper
form every species of loss Avhich they had suffered,
and for Avhich they thought they had a right to receive
compensation. In making up their schedules agree
ably to this rule, some sufferers claimed for losses
which others did not ; and, in adjusting the claims,
the disproportion between the sum asked and the
sum alloAved Avas often very large. A fcAV received
their Avhole demands, without the deduction of a shil
ling, Avhile others received pounds only Avhere they
had demanded hundreds ; and a third class obtained
nothing, having been excluded by inability to prove
their losses, or deprived of the sum which they could
prove, by attempts to obtain allowance for claims
Avhich the commissioners reported upon as fraudu
lent, in accordance Avith the provisions of the act.
The rigid rules enforced, which it would seem applied
to all claimants, created much murmuring. The
mode pursued of examining the claimant and the wit
nesses in his behalf, separately and apart, was branded
with severe epithets, and the commission was called
an " Inquisition," With all the caution which it was
possible for the commissioners to exercise, men who
did not really lose a single penny, who were entirely
destitute of property Avhen the war began, and to
whom hostilities Avere actually beneficial by affording
pay and employment, were placed in comfortable cir
cumstances; and stories Avhich show the plans and
schemes that were devised to baffle the rigid scrutiny
of the board are still repeated.
The 26th of March, 1784, was the latest period for
presenting claims which was allowed ; and on or be
fore that day, the number of claimants was two thou-

108 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
sand and sixty-three, and the property alleged to
have been lost was, according to their schedules, the
alarming sum of £7,046,278, besides debts to the
amount of £2,354,135. The second report, which
was made in December of the same year, shows that
one hundred and twenty-eight additional cases had
been disposed of, and that for £693,257 claimed, the
total allowance was only £150,935. Much the same
difference is to be seen in the succeeding one hun
dred and twenty-tAvo cases, which Avere disposed of in
May and July of 1785, and in which £253,613 were
allowed for £898,196 claimed. In April, 1786, the
fifth report announced that one hundred and forty-
two other claims, to the amount of £733,311, had
been liquidated at £250,506. The commissioners
proceeded with their investigations during the years
1786 and 1787. Meantime, South Carolina had re
stored the estates of several of her Loyalists, and
caused the Avithdrawal of the claims of their OAvners,
except that, in instances of alleged strip and Avaste,
amercement, and similar losses, inquiries were insti
tuted to ascertain the value of what was taken, com
pared with that Avhich was returned.
On the 5th of April, 1788, the commissioners in
England had heard and determined one thousand six
hundred and eighty claims (besides those withdrawn),
and had liquidated the same at £1,887,548. Perhaps
no greater despatch was possible, but the delay caused
great complaint. The king, his ministers, and Par
liament were addressed and petitioned, either on the
general course pursued by the commissioners, or on
some subject connected Avith the Loyalist claims.
Letters and communications appeared in the news-

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 109
papers, and the public attention Avas again aAvakened
by the publication of essays and tracts Avhich renewed
the statements made in 1783 of the losses, services,
and sacrifices of the claimants. Two years prcAdously
(1786), the agents of the Loyahsts had invoked Par
liament to hasten the final action upon the claims of
their constituents in a petition draAvn up Avith care
and abihty, " It is impossible to describe," are words
which occur in this document, " the poignant distress
under Avhich many of these persons noAV labor, and
Avhich must daily increase, should the justice of Par
liament be delayed until all the claims are liquidated
and reported ; . . . . ten j-ears have elapsed since
many of them have been deprived of their fortunes,
and, Avith their helpless families, reduced from inde
pendent affluence to poA'erty and want ; some of them
noAv languishing in British jails, others indebted to
their creditors, who have lent them money barely to
support their existence, and who, unless speedily re
lieved, must sink more than the value of their claims
when received, and be in a worse condition than if
they had never made them ; others have already
sunk under the pressure and severity of their misfor
tunes ; and others must, in all probability, soon meet
the same melancholy fate, should the justice due to
them be longer postponed. But that, on the contra
ry, should provision be now made for payment of
those whose claims have been settled and reported, it
win not only relieve them from their distress, but
give a credit to the others whose claims remain to be
considered, and enable all of them to provide for
their wretched families, and become again useful
members of society." This vivid picture of the con-
VOL. 1. 10

110 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
dition of those who waited the tardy progress made
in the final adjustment of their losses is possibly
highly colored. Mr. Pitt had introtiuced and carried
through, in 1785, a bill for the distribution of £150,-
000 among the claimants ; but as that sum, it was
held, was to be applied to a distinct class, — namely,
to those who had lost " property," and to neither those
who had lost " life-estate " in property, nor to those
who had lost " income," — it is not improbable that
many of these classes were at this time greatly in
want of the relief which their agents so earnestly
implored the government to afford.
A tract-' printed in 1788, which was attributed to
Galloway, a Loyalist of Pennsylvania, presses the
claims and merits of the sufferers with much point
and vigor, and rebukes the injustice of neglecting
and deferring payment of the compensation con
ceded on all hands to be due them, with singular
spirit and boldness, and states their situation in the
following forcible language : " It is well known,"
says the writer, " that this delay of justice has pro
duced the most melancholy and shocking events. A
number of the sufferers have been driven by it into
insanity, and become their own destroyers, leaving
behind them their helpless widows and orphans to
subsist upon the cold charity of strangers. Others
have been sent to cultivate a wilderness for their
subsistence, without having the means, and compelled
through want to throw themselves on the mercy of
the American States and the charity of their former
friends, to support the life which might have been
1 " The Claim of the American Loyalist reviewed and maintained upon
incontrovertible Principles of Law and Justice."

HISTORICAL ESSAY. Ill
made comfortable by the money long since due from
the British Government ; and many others, Avith
their families, are barely subsisting upon a temporary
allowance from government, — a mere pittance when
compared with the sum due to them."
The commissioners submitted tlieir eleventh Report
in April of the year in which this statement was
made ; and Mr. Pitt, in the month following, gave
way to the pressing importunities of the claimants,
to allow their grievances to be discussed in Parlia
ment. Twelve years had elapsed since the property
of most of them had been alienated under the con
fiscation acts, and five, since their title to recompense
had been recognized by the law under which their
claims had been presented.
The minister, meantime, by frequent conferences
with the commissioners, had made himself familiar
with all the points involved and requiring considera
tion, and, in expressing his views, raised three ques
tions : first, Avhether there should be any deduction
made from the value put upon the estates to be paid
for ; secondly, if any, what the deduction should be ;
and, thirdly, what compensation should be made to
the Loyalists who had lost their incomes by losing
their offices and professions. In his speech, Mr. Pitt
laid down as the basis of his plan, that, however
strong might be the claims of either class, neither
should regard the relief to be extended as due on
principles " of right and strict justice." In proceed
ing with his remarks, he proposed to pay all of six
designated classes, who consisted of thirteen hundred
and sixty-four persons, whose liquidated losses did
not exceed ten thousand pounds each, the full amount

112 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
reported by the commissioners ; Avhile, increasing the
rate of discount Avith the increase of losses, he pro
posed a deduction of ten per cent, on the losses (of
persons of these six classes) between ten and thirty-
five thousand pounds, and of fifteen per cent, on
those betAveen thirty-five and fifty thousand, and of
twenty per cent, on those exceeding fifty thousand ;
casting, hoAvever, these several rates of deduction
only on the differences between ten thousand pounds
and the amounts lost as reported by the commission
ers.' With regard to persons of another descrijjtion,
whose losses had been caused princi2Dally, if not
entirely, by deprivation of official or professional in
come, he submitted a plan of pensions?
After this adjustment, several additional claims
were presented, examined, and alloAved ; and, upon
the settlement of the Avhole matter, it appeared that
the number of claimants in England, Nova Scotia,
New BrunsAvick, and Canada, was five thousand and
seventy-two, of whom nine hundred and fifty-four
withdreAV or failed to prosecute their claims ; that the
amount of losses, according to the schedules rendered,
was £8,026,045, of Avhich the sum of £3,292,452 was
allowed.^ The Loyalists, then, were well cared for,
1 This plan was objected to by the Loyalists, and their reasons were
transmitted to Mr, Pitt, in a document of some length.
2 The number of these persons was two hundred and four ; amount of
income lost, £80,000 ; pensions granted, £25,78,5.
3 The principal facts with regard to the compensation of the Loyalists
are derived from a " Historical A^iew of the Commission," &c., by John
Eardley Wilmot, Esq., one of the commissioners. In the aggregate amount
claimed, there seems some discrepancy. According to the summary of Mr.
Wilmot, made in March, 1790, " the claims preferred " were £10,358,413 ;
whereas, in a table from which I take the statistics above, the amount is
stated at £8,026,045. Again, in March, 1790, it is said by Mr. Wilmot,

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 113
Whatever were the miseries to individuals occasioned
by delay ; whatever the injury sustained by those
who were unable to procure sufficient evidence of
their losses ; and whatever were the wrongs inflicted
upon others by the errors in judgment on the part
of the commissioners, the Americans Avho took the
royal side, as a body, fared infinitely better than the
great body of the Whigs, whose services and sacrifices
Avere quite as great; for, besides the alloAvance of
fifteen and a half millions of dollars in money, num
bers received considerable annuities, half-pay as mili
tary officers, large grants of land, and shared with
other subjects in the patronage of the Crown.
that the number of " claims preferred in England and Nova Scotia was
three thousand two hundred and twenty-five, of which were examined two
thousand two hundred and ninety-one, disallowed three hundred and forty-
two, withdrawn thirty-eight, not prosecuted five hundred and fifty-three; "
that the amount of claims allowed was £3,033,091 ; whereas, in the table
which I have followed as giving a later and final view, the claims examined
are stated at four thousand one hundred and eighteen, and the amount
allowed at the sum iu the text ; from which it follows, that one thousand
eight hundred and twenty-seven persons recovered only the difference
between £3,292,455 and £3,033,91, or the small sum of £259,364.

10*

CHAPTER XIH.
The Banished Loyalists and their Descendants. Progress of Whig Princi
ples in the Canadas, in New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The whole
System of Monopoly on which the Colonial System was founded and
maintained, surrendered. The Colonists now manufacture i«hat they
will, buy where they please, and sell where they can. England her
self has pronounced the Vindication of the AVhigs. The Heir to the
British Throne at Mount Vernon and Bunker Hill. The Colonists
claim to hold the highest Places in the Government, in the Army, and
in the Navy. Effects of the Change of Policy. The Children of the
AVhigs and of the Loyalists, reconciled.
We are uoav to discuss the political changes in the
Colonies to Avhich the banishment and confiscation
acts during the war, and the hostile feeling at the
peace, compelled large bodies of Loyalists to retire.
When, in 1821, in ignorance and poverty, I went to
the eastern frontier, I saw in wonder that, across the
border, natives of Massachusetts and graduates of her
ancient university, Avith exiles from other States, had
reestablished the Colonial system of government AAdth
hardly a modification ; and, young as I was, well did
I mark the administration of affairs. Indeed, as I
read and inquired, I almost imagined that I was
actually living in ante-revolutionary times. For some
years, no political changes of moment occurred : but,
in the course of events, important concessions were
demanded ; and, finally, the whole system of monop
oly on which the system is founded, was abandoned,
as I purpose to relate so fully as my limits will allow.

HISTORICAL ESSAY, 115
In 1783, the French at Quebec and Montreal, and
the English at Halifax, were few in numbers, and
generally poor and ignorant; while the countries
noAv called Canada West and New BrunsAvick, were
almost unbroken forests,
Canada claims our first attention. As Avas predicted
by wise statesmen in 1763, the French possessions
then acquired have caused England great disqu.iet
and immense expenditures. After the conquest, and
before the cession by treaty, an exciting discussion
arose, Avhether, as the ministry had the option be
tween Canada and Guadaloupe, they should not restore
to France the former, and retain the latter. The fear
was, that, if Canada were kept, the thirteen Colonies,
rid of all apprehensions from the French, would in
crease too rapidly, and, in the end, throw off their
dependence on the mother country. This view Avas
supported in a tract supposed to be from the pen of
one of the Burkes ; and Avas answered by Franklin,
in his happiest and ablest manner. The ministry,
having resolved to keep Canada, organized a military
government ; and the king, by proclamation, an
nounced his intention of granting, as soon as circum
stances would permit, a legislative assembly. That
this promise was not redeemed for twenty-eight years
was an error in policy, and a breach of royal faith.
For a time, officers of the army were both governors
and judges. Abuses, at last, became so serious as to
attract the notice of the Crown. The change Avhich
followed gave much offence to the Whigs of the
thirteen Colonies, and is mentioned in the Declara
tion of Independence. ,
In 1791, Mr. Pitt, in opposition to Fox and other

116 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
British Whigs, carried through Parliament a bill which
divided Canada into two provinces, and which pro
vided for a better administration of affairs than had
ever existed. It Avas in the debate on this measure,
that Burke and Fox severed the ties which had
bound them together for a long period.
Tolerable harmony prevailed in Canada for a num
ber of years. The first dispute of consequence im
mediately preceded the war of 1812 ; when the
Assembly demanded that the judges should vacate
their seats as legislators, and confine themselves to
their judicial duties. A sharp contest followed. The
Governor dissolved the Assembly; but his- conduct
was not approved in England, and he was removed.
The appointment of the popular Sir George Prevost,
and the war with the United States, hushed for awhile
the clamors of the discontented. At the peace, how
ever, Avhen Prevost relinquished the executive chair
to Sir George Gordon Drummond, a second quarrel
arose betAveen the judges and a new House of Assem
bly ; and two occupants of the bench were impeached.
Drummond was succeeded by the excellent Sir John
C, Sherbroke, under whose rule there Avas a period of
quiet. On his retirement, his successor, the Duke of
Richmond, abandoned the practice of submitting to
the Assembly an estimate in detail of the sums of
money required for each branch of the public service ;
and thus added another element of discord. The As
sembly refused to comply with the Duke's wishes,
and a long and angry controversy followed. His
Grace died of hydrophobia ; and the dispute was re
newed by the Earl of Dalhousie, who was appointed
governor-general in his place.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 117
This rapid narrative brings us to the year 1820,
and to the first organized party in opposition to the
established order of things. The Assembly, moderate
in their earliest demands, — and for three or four
years, — merely contested the right of the servants
of the Crown to designate the manner of expending
certain of the Colonial reveniies ; and, in justification,
complained of previous misapplication of the public
money. In 1825, during the temporary absence of
Lord Dalhousie, Sir Francis Burton, Avho administered
the government in the exigency, made such large
concessions as to induce the Assembly to assume a
bolder position, and to claim the control of the whole
of the Colonial revenues, as Avell as to designate the
objects to Avhich they should be ajiplied. This mas
terly movement for the entire fiscal poAver excited
an interest in Canadian politics never before man
ifested, and afforded cause of serious alarm in Eng
land. The Assembly persisted ; and, after a discu.s-
sion of two years, the ministry proposed to surrender
the management of the revenues on the condition,
that what is termed the " Civil List " should be paid
out of them. And the matter Avould have been
adjusted on this basis, probably, but for the act of
Lord Dalhousie, in disapproving and setting aside the
election of Mr. Papineau to the Speaker's chair of
the Assembly. The popularity of that gentleman in
his own party was almost ;anbounded. The " Liber
als," as his friends were called — the Liberals, enraged
beyond what such a circumstance warranted, gave
vent to their feehngs in the most exciting appeals
to the people ; and Dalhousie's administration closed
amid denunciations and imprecations.

118 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
Sir James Kempt undertook the difficult duty of
hu.shing the storm in 1828 ; and, to this end, he in
vited Papineau and another leader of the Liberals to
take seats in his cabinet ; and he gave assurances that
the graver differences should be disposed of at the
meeting of Parliament. This promise, in consequence
of the death of George the Fourth, was not fulfilled.
But Lord Aylmar, on succeeding to Sir James's place,
renewed the pledge ; and, as the Liberals affirmed,
without condition.s. However this may be, when he
came to make known the precise concessions of the
ministry, the quarrel Avhich apparently had come to
a termination, Avas opened ancAV and Avith increased
violence. The Assembly, strong now in popular
favor, assumed the most determined attitude and
refused every overture. At last, in 1831, the min
istry yielded the essential points in dispute, and the
considerate among the Colonists hoped for a cessa
tion of strife. But, though the home government
conceded much. Lord Aylmar Avas still instructed to
ask for spccied appropriations of money. This pro
duced new difficulties. The result was, that the
breach between the Assembly and the servants of
the Crown became as wide as ever before. Encour
aged by the advantages they had obtained in this
long and wearisome dispute about the revenues, the
Liberals now commenced an attack upon the Legis
lative Council. This body, in its powers, is much
like the senate with us ; but its members held their
places at the royal pleasure, and for life. Several of
the incumbents, for reasons Avhich I have not time
to state, had become extremely obnoxious. The
Assembly demanded, not the removal of the offen-

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 119
sive members, but the abolition of the Council itself,
and its reconstruction on an elective basis. To this
demand, the ministry gave a flat refusal. As mon
archists reason, well they might refuse ; since, to
have surrendered the Council to the popular party,
was to lose all check upon it, and to reduce the
power and authority of the CroAvn to a mere shadow.
The Assembly, on this rebuff, seemed to lose all
sense of official propriety. In hot haste, the Liberals
prepared a long list of new and enormous wrongs ;
they declared many old ones to be insufferable ; they
rejected the bill granting money to support the gov
ernment ; they severely censured Lord Aylmar, and
insisted upon his removal; and, in the most deter
mined tone, renewed the demand for an elective
Council. Among the people the excitement was in
tense. Affairs, indeed, had come to a crisis. In nine
sessions of the Canadian Parliament, immediately
preceding, the deeply-hated Legislative Council had
rejected no less than one hundred and twenty-two of
the bills passed by the Assembly, and had so amended
forty-seven others, that the latter body had refused
concurrence. In a word, legislation was at an end.
The reconstruction of the Council was the fixed pur
pose on one side ; the Council, Avithout change, was
the determined resolution on the other.
Such was the general condition of things in Canada,
when,-on a change of administration in England, Sir
Robert Peel became Prime Minister in place of Lord
Melbourne. To redress every real wrong, to send
over a commissioner with ample powers to examine
and decide upon the complaints which had been so
pertinaciously urged, year after year, Avas the prompt

120 HISTORICAL ESSAY,
resolve of Sir Robert ; but, before he could execute
his plan, another change occurred which restored
Lord Melbourne to power. And yet. Lord Aylmar
was recalled, and Lord Gosford was appointed both
governor and commissioner. This mission was an
utter failure. The year 1836 is memorable in Cana
dian politics. Lord Gosford Avas disgraced. The As
sembly manifested desire for an appeal to arms, as
the only remaining means to accomplish their long-
cherished schemes. For the first time, the two great
parties in England were brought to consider that the
interposition of the Imperial Parliament was indis
pensable to the peace and integrity of the British
empire ; for, at this time, disaffection had spread, as
we shall see, to other Colonies.
It is to be borne in mind, that Lower and Upper
Canada were not, as now, united, and that my re
marks, thus far, relate entirely to the former. We
pass to speak of the course of events in the latter,
Avhich, since the union, is knoAvn as Canada West.
On the election of a ncAv Assembly in 1834, the Lib
erals achieved a triumph over the Conservatives,
and, elated with their success, they assumed, as it
were in a moment, the extreme pretensions which
had been slowly matured, in the dissensions of fifteen
years, in the sister Colony.
There was no department of the government which
they did not assail; no public servant whom they did
not accuse. Their wish to secede from England was
hardly denied or concealed under a decent veil. In
fine, to pass from a state of ordinary quiet to loud
murmurs and open rebellion, was scarcely the work
of a single year. In the hope of allaying the excite-

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 121
ment, the ministry recalled Sir John Colburn, and
appointed Sir Francis Bond Head governor in his
stead. Never, in politics, Avas there a greater blun
der. Sir Francis, whatever his merits as a writer or
a soldier, was a mere child among politicians. He
himself thought so ; and others said that his appoint
ment was a ministerial joke. The juncture required
the wisdom of the ivisest of England's many wise
statesmen ; and her ministers were inexcusably remiss
in refusing to see that it was so. Indications that
the royal authority would soon be disputed in the
field, were too manifest to be mistaken. Yet the mil
itary force of the Crown was tardily increased. At
last, but too late, the ministry appealed to Parliament,
irrespective of party distinctions, for the calm judg
ment and the united ability of that body. The death
of King William quickly followed. To involve the
Illustrious Lady Avho now occupies the throne, in a
conflict with her subjects, at the beginning of her
reign, was a measure which ministers and nobles and
commoners might well wish to avoid ; and, in the ir
resolution of the moment, the Canadas defied her, and
met her troops in deadly combat. The last months
of 1837, and the opening of 1838, were crowded with
deeds of violence and blood. I recall, in sadness,
the attempt to seize upon Toronto, the capital of
Upper Canada, the battles of St. Denis, of St. Charles,
and of Bois Blanc. These, and other hostile affairs,
exposed the weakness of the Liberals as a revolution
ary party; disclosed that they had no hold on the
hearts of the masses ; disclosed that they had ven
tured into open war with a mighty empire without
resources; disclosed how miserably deficient they
VOL. 1. 11

122 HISTORICAL ESSAY,
were in military talents, and how slight was the con
fidence of their leaders in one another. And so, too,
I recall in horror the butcheries at St. Eustache, as
affording melancholy proof of what, indeed, human
history is full of — that, when brother fights brother,
no outrage, no wickedness, is too great ; since there,
men were needlessly maimed and slain ; weeping,
famishing women were driven out to perish, and
were plundered and murdered ; since there, the dead
were mangled, and suffered to lie unburied, and to be
eaten by dogs. These, and other deeds as awful as
these, but of which I shall make no mention, shocked
the civilization of the age.
The subsequent efforts of the leaders of the Liber
als to form a provisional government at Navy Island,
where they concentrated their scattered followers,
drew down upon them universal contempt. They
strove to inspire the deceived, shivering, and starving
creatures around them with the belief that citizens
of the United States would flock to their standard,
and enable them to retrieve their fortunes. But,
deluded from first to last ; incessantly quarrelling
among themselves ; and showing to the world, in
the columns of the newspapers, the meanness of their
personal disputes ; the movement, which, in their in
fatuation they designed for a revolution, and for an
imposing page in American annals, terminated in a
disgraceful insurrection. In their appeals to the pop
ular ear, previous to the outbreak, they had likened
their situation, and the objects for which they con
tended, to those of our fathers, — the Whigs of 1776 ;
but they were answered, and truly, that several of
the graver disabilities which restrained and oppressed

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 123
the thirteen Colonies, had been removed. ^ So, too,
they had adopted the general sentiments of our Dec
laration of Independence, and incorporated a large
portion of it into their Manifesto of Wrongs.
For reasons which Avill appear anon, I was a calm
and interested observer ; and the opinion which I
then formed, I repeat after the lapse of twenty years.
I need not to be told, that of the fallen, we should
always speak in pity, and of the guilty, in mercy.
But, we are not to repress our indignation, when, as
in the case before us, men of talents and education,
of political knowledge and experience, skulk away,
and leave their dupes to die on the scaffold, or to
pine and perish in prison. Such men, — the men who
slip the halter for themselves, but fasten it round the
necks of the ignorant and the lowly, — should stand
accursed. At the suppression of the insurrection, Canada was
in a deplorable condition, as the imagination can well
picture. It often happens in human affairs, that the
mischief all done, and the mischief all exposed, a
remedy is thought of and applied. It Avas so then.
Civil war produced, with all its miseries, needy or
second and third rate knights, and baronets and
barons were no longer sent to govern, or rather to
mis-govern, the people of Canada. Lord Durham, a
statesman of acknowledged wisdom, moderation, and
ability, was solicited to undertake the task of healing
the disorders which other persons of rank had helped
to increase, and which, had he been employed at the
outset, could, and would have been prevented. His
powers as ambassador were as great as were ever
conferred on a British subject. The Colonial gentle-

124 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
men with whom I constantly mingled, hailed his com
ing, much as they would have done the advent of an
angel. His keen vision surveyed all Canada at a
glance. Plans for bold and comprehensive reforms,
were formed with the rapidity of intuition. His heart
was in the work, and he labored incessantly. As
Washington had been the saviour of the thirteen Col
onies, so he proudly thought to become the saviour
of the domains which England conquered from France,
and which, strangely enough, are all the continental
possessions that remain to her in this hemisphere,
Alas, that Lord Durham should have been arrested
in his glorious career. But in politics, the idol of to
day is the martyr of the morrow, if he recognize the
doctrines of human brotherhood rather than the dic
tations of his party.
His Lordship found the prisons full of persons
charged with participation in the insurrection, and
with crimes against persons and property. The clam
ors for the life of the leaders were awful. But there
had been enough of death, — he nobly said, — enough
of widowhood and orphanage ; and so, true to his na
ture, he resolved to save and to spare. In the intense
excitement which prevailed, he feared that justice
would not be done by juries, and, in pure mercy to
the ruined and the fallen, he banished to the Ber
mudas several of the insurgents who made written
confession of guilt, as the best means of allaying
animosities, and of preventing further communication
between the leading spirits who had been arrested,
and those who were still at large. Unfortunately for
himself, his course was technically wrong, for the
Bermudas were not within his jurisdiction ; and, ac-

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 125
cording to the letter of criminal law, a British sub
ject cannot be deprived of his liberty, Avithout the
finding of a jury and the sentence of a judge. The
decree of banishment was accordingly disapproved ;
and Lord Durham abandoned his mission at once,
and returned to England without leave of the queen
or her ministers.
He was proud and sensitive ; and the proud and
sensitive Avill not brook dishonorable imputation.
That he erred, may be admitted. With some of his
peers, his high character, his motives in this partic
ular case, were of no avail. In a Avord, his foes pur
sued him much as the famished wolf follows a lone,
lost child in the forest — to lap blood, drop by drop.
The vulgar of our race murder with the knife and
with the club ; the gentlemen, to gain in politics, de
stroy with the tongue, Avith the pen, and Avith the press.
Lord Durham did not long survive his disgrace.
He lived long enough, however, to complete for pos
terity an elaborate report of what he did, of Avhat he
intended to do, and of what should be done, in Brit
ish America. This document, in the passion of the
hour, was reviewed in Parliament and elsewhere with
merciless severity. I quote a single instance. In
1839, the "London Quarterly," in a notice of it, said,
in concluding some very pungent remarks : " We can
venture to answer, that every uncontradicted assertion of
that volume will be made the excuse of future rebellions, —
every unquestioned principle ivill be hereafter perverted into
a gospel of treason ; and that, if that rank and infectious
Report does not receive the high, marked, and energetic dis
countenance and indignation of the imperial crown and par
liament, British America is lost."
11 »

126 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
But this Report, so filled with treasons, so sure to
dismember the British empire a second time, in the
apprehension of those who denounced it, is already
considered a masterly State paper; and, curious to
add, its recommendedions have been adopted in almost every
essenticd jHirticiilar.
The insurrection in Canada involved the United
States. That some of our citizens were concerned in
it, is beyond question ; the burning of the American
steamer Caroline by officers of the Crown ; the seiz
ure and trial of McLeod, the principal actor in the
affair ; the avowal of the British ministry that they
justified him, with their demand on the Federal gov
ernment for his release ; these, and other circum
stances, formed a complication of difficulties, which
caused the wisest to ponder. At this juncture, the
peace of the country depended on the grand and
massive man who now rests at Marshfield. It was
easy for party men who were secure in their homes
to call upon him, for party purposes, to quit the De
partment of State ; but we,^ who hved upon the bor
der, who daily saw the elements of strife gaining
strength, and who were exposed to the marauder's
bludgeon and the marauder's torch ; we watched his
movements Avith intense interest, and when we found
that he would not be driven from his post, we blessed
him. It is not necessary to trace the course of events in
Canada further. Lord Durham's mission, in its re
sults, terminated the strifes.
We pass to New Brunswick. The original popu-
1 My home was still at Eastport, Maine.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 127
lation of this Colony was composed almost entirely
of the Loyalists of the Revolution. It was set off
from Nova Scotia in 1784, Avithout pressing necessity,
except to provide for these unhapjiy victims to civil
war. The judges of the Supreme Court first ap
pointed were natives of Massachusetts, and graduates
of Harvard University. The secretary of the prov
ince Avas an Episcopal minister of New Jersey, Avho
was in communication with Arnold while he Avas
plotting treason. The judges of the inferior courts,
the sheriffs, collectors of the customs, and other func
tionaries, were also our banished countrymen ; and
mo,st of them were born in Ncav England and the
Middle States. Thus the offices Avere given to Loy
alist families, and descended from father to son.
The first political agitation of moment in New
Brunswick was, I think, in 1837, when Sir Archibald
Campbell, — who had served his king as a soldier in
almost every part of the world, — was compelled to
retire, lipon address of the House of Assembly for
his removal from the executive chair. Sir John
Harvey was his successor. He, too, was a military
officer of much merit. He had Avarm friends and
bitter foes. His career was even more stormy than
that of his predecessor ; but he cared little for angry
newspapers and angry politicians. The American
people on the eastern frontier have reason to re
member his course when the controversy relative
to the North-Eastern Boundary had reached a point
to threaten hostilities. Congress had conditionally
placed millions of money and a large army at the
disposal of the President ; and Maine, to defend the
territory in dispute, had authorized a loan, raised

128 HISTORICAL ESSAY,
troops and established garrisons. The roads in one
section of the State were filled miles together with
,sleds loaded with soldiers and the munitions of Avar.
British regulars were moving in every direction, and
a British frigate, with a regiment detached from
Bermuda, lay anchored within a mile of my own
home. All was dread, confusion, alarm. Worship
was disturbed on the Sabbath, and business was
neglected on week-days. In this condition of things,
General Scott was ordered to Maine, to consult with
the governor and the members of the legislature, to
negotiate with Sir John Harvey, and, if possible, to
prevent extremities. The two warriors, to the dis
pleasure of demagogues, but to the satisfaction of
the country generally, agreed upon terms which pre
vented bloodshed at the lone military posts on the
upper waters of the St. John ; and thus saved, prob
ably, England and the United States from the calam
ities of war.
Sir William Colebrooke, another officer in the
British army, followed Sir John Harvey, and, for a
time, Avas very popular. The appointment, however,
of his son-in-law to an office next in rank to his
own, gave much offence, and caused an organized
opposition to his administration. In the end, the
dispute broke up Sir William's cabinet, and produced
a memorial from the Assembly to the queen.
Lord Stanley, (who now is the Earl of Derby, and
lately Prime Minister of England,) Avho was then
Secretary for the Colonies, so far approved of the
course of the opposition, as to disallow the appoint
ment, and to direct the return of the members of
the Council who had retired.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 129
The Liberals claimed to have gained a point never
before conceded, namely, that, in filling Cedonied offices,
persons born in England were to be excluded. In fact, it
was so ; for when a similar question arose in Canada,
subsequently, the governor-general affirmed that view
of Lord Stanley's despatch. Let the reader mark
the change : the Whigs of the Revolution made no
demand like this ; they asked merely for a recogni
tion of Colonial talents and a share of the patronage
of the Crown; — it remained for the children of Loy
alists to ask for and obtain the monopoly of public
office. The principal leader of the Liberals at this time,
Avas the Hon. Lemuel A. Wilmot, who, of Loyalist
descent, is a grandson of Daniel Bliss, a native of
Concord, Massachusetts, and a graduate of Harvard
University. Mr. Wilmot possesses brilliant poAvers,
and is an eloquent and effective speaker. It hap
pened that I made his acquaintance Avhen his for
tunes were considered desperate ; when some of his
most ardent personal friends said he was a madman ;
and when his adversaries told him to his face that
he was a traitor. He accepted, finally, the office of
attorney-general, and at the present moment is a
judge of the Supreme Court.
Sir William Colebrooke was transferred to the
government of British Guiana in 1848, and was suc
ceeded by Sir Edmund Head, late governor-general
of British America.
Unlike most who have administered Colonial affairs.
Sir Edmund is a civilian. His life in New Brunswick
was not without vexations ; but he kept opposing
politicians in tolerable humor, and departed for

130 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
Canada, with the hearty good wishes of most of the
people. Nothing Avhich need detain us has occurred within
ten or twelve years, and we hasten to Nova Scotia.
In that Colony, the first difficulty of consequence
with the servants of the Crown was in 1836, when
the government was administered by Sir Cohn
Campbell, an old soldier, with ' many scars. Un
skilled in wordy strife, and used only to move men
by the tap of the drum and the sound of the bugle,
he made sad work of it among politicians and news
paper editors, and Avas soon involved with both. At
this time there Avas not an incorporated city in Nova
Scotia. The magistrates who held commissions from
the CroAvn, and who were entirely independent of
the people, controlled everything in (heir respective
parishes and counties. "Neglect, mismanagement,
and corruption, were perceptible everywhere." In
the government of the Province, the legislative, ex
ecutive, and judicial powers were strangely blended ;
for the same individual — such was the exact fact —
was called upon in one capacity to make laws; in
another, to advise the governor as to their execu
tion ; and, in a third, to administer them as a judge '
on the bench. Nay, more ; the Episcopal bishop of
the Province was a member of the Council; five other
members of that body were of two family connec
tions, and five more were copartners in one mercan
tile firm; while the sessions were with closed doors,
and the incumbents held office for life. To add that
the Council was composed of only twelve members,
' Even the chief justice of the Province performed these threefold
and incompatible duties.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 131
and was not responsible, because it could not be
reached ; to add this, and the reader has the outlines
of the political institutions of Nova Scotia, and in
several important particulars, of all British America,
hardly more than thirty years ago.
In this condition of affairs, the Hon. Joseph Howe,
who is now known as a statesman, was elected to
the House of Assembly. Like other leaders of the
Liberals of whom I have spoken, he is of Loyalist
descent. His father was John Howe, of Boston, who
embarked for Halifax with the British army at the
evacuation, and became postmaster-general of the
Province. Mr. Howe himself was bred a printer.
Prosecuted for an article which appeared in his
paper, arraigning the magistrates of Halifax for gross
corruption and neglect of duty, and acquitted by
the jury, to the great joy of those Avho Avished for
reform, he was adopted at once as their champion.
With a temerity that amazed his own friend.s, he
assailed the Council and the abuses of the existing
system of government generally, in twelve carefully
drawn resolutions. In the Canadas, as we have seen,
the Reformers, or Liberals, were fast hurrying mat>
ters to a bloody issue ; and these resolutions, em
bracing as they did radical changes in every depart
ment, were opposed in a temper that would have
silenced forever any common man. But they passed
the Assembly finally, and were transmitted to Eng
land. Such was the beginning.
Sir Cohn Campbell resisted Mr. Howe, and the
party of which he was the recognized head, for
about three years, when the ministry wisely trans
ferred him to another Colony.

132 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
Lord Falkland, who succeeded, married a daughter
of King William the Fourth, His Lordship endeav
ored to put an end to the animosities which Sir
Colin had bequeathed him; and his first important
measure was, the formation of a coalition cabinet,
in which Mr. Howe accepted a place. So diverse,
however, were its members in opinion and in social
rank, that the " Coalition " — as sure to fail there as
everywhere else — lasted hardly a year and a half
He next dissolved the Assembly, and met a new one,
only to encounter increased difficulties. In truth,
the Liberals were determined upon extensive re
forms, and would not listen to overtures of compro
mise. In 1844, such had become the tone of the
press and the people that faA'ored and insisted upon
change, that political discussions took the place of
all others. In the Assembly there was a debate on
fourteen successive days, in a temper that was not
even decent. The relations between Lord Falkland
and Mr. Howe had become personally hostile, and
remarks were made by the latter which are not to be
approved. It had ordinarily happened, that on the adjourn
ment of the Assembly, the people gradually became
quiet and pursued their avocations, in forgetfulness
of politics. It was not so then.
To hear the fishermen and the wood-choppers
speculate upon the wonders to be accomplished by
" Reform," one would have thought that " Jo Howe,"
as they called him, once in power, fish and fuel
would advance in price in Boston market full one
quarter part. In 1845, Mr. Howe traversed Nova
Scotia, and increased the popular excitement. He

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 133
addressed throngs in all the principal places, and
often spoke three, and even four hours at a time.
It Avas "Jo Howe," by day and by night. The
Yankee pedler who is immortalized in Sam Slick,
drove good bargains in " Jo Howe " clocks. In the
coal mine, in the plaster quarry, in the ship-yard,
and in the forest, and on board the fishing-pogy, the
jigger, and the pinkey, it was still "Jo Howe."
Ships and babies were named "Jo Howe." The
topers of the shops and taverns swore great oaths
about "Jo Howe." The young men and maidens
flirted and courted in "Jo Howe " badges, and played
and sang " Jo HoAve " glees. It was " Jo Howe "
everywhere. In the Assembly, the same year, Mr. Howe's
speeches were frequent and personal. His invec
tives against Lord Falkland Avere bitter beyond ex
ample, and he declared, on one occasion, that it
might become necessary "to hire a black fellow to
horsewhip his Lordship through the streets of Hali
fax." Meantime the Liberals made steady progress, and
effected changes which, at the outset, they them
selves did not deem possible.
Sir John Harvey, already mentioned as governor
of New Brunswick, was ordered to assume the direc
tion of affairs in 1846, and specially instructed to
adopt conciliatory measures, and to calm the public
mind. He attempted to form a cabinet, as Lord
Falkland had done, of Liberals and Conservatives,
but giving the latter party a majority of one. He
failed, because the Liberals claimed to be in the
ascendant, and because some of that party were
vol.. I. 12

134 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
averse to a second " Coahtion." Sir John promptly
referred the contest to the people, by dissolving the
Assembly and ordering a general election. The
Conservatives were defeated.
The new Assembly met early in 1848, when the
existing Council retired. The Liberals filled the va
cant seats with their own leaders, and disposed of
the great law-offices of the Crown at pleasure. Mr.
Howe became a member of the cabinet, and received,
besides, the lucrative post of provincial secretary,
which, as Colonists fix rank, is inferior only to the
office of governor. Thus, in twelve years, the politi
cal millennium was ushered in ; but sooth to say, the
Boston price-current continued to quote fish and
Avood and grindstones, according to the old commer
cial law of supply and demand, to the utter astonish
ment of many a simple " Bluenose " who had neg
lected his business, year after year, to make "Jo
Howe " a great man.
Men's motives are generally mingled, and it may
be admitted that Mr. Howe desired, in this long
struggle, to win personal distinction; but it is due
to him to say that he declined office more than once,
and that by his labors and sacrifices he achieved
great and permanent good for his native Colony,
His speeches and political papers have been pub
lished in Boston in two octavo volumes, and show
that he well deserves the name of statesman,^
Such are the outlines of the political agitations in
the British possessions, north and east of us.
It remains to consider the results of these agita
tions, — to speak of the concessions of the mother-
1 See the notice of John Howe.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 135
country. Upon this subject, details are unneces
sary. The whole system of monopoly, on which the
Colonial form of government was founded, has been
swept away. The disabilities, as relates to com
merce and manufactures, which existed in our fath
ers' time, have disappeared. There is not an im
perial custom-house, or an imperial revenue-officer,
in all British America. Colonial ships voyage to all
parts of the world. The substance of a long des
patch from Earl Grey to Lord Elgin, in 1846, was,
that the Colonists may make whut they ivill; may buy
tvhere they please ; may sell ivhere they can. Had this
State paper been framed seventy years earlier, and in
1776, the public debt of England would have been
five hundred millions of dollars less than it is, and
one hundred thousand Anglo-Saxon men and women
would not have perished in battle, in storm, and in
prison. Mark the progress in civilization and in political
freedom. " Make what you will ; buy where you
please ; sell where you can ! " In the annunciation
of these Avords, England herself pronounced the vin
dication of the " upstart barristers," — John Adams,
John Jay, and John Marshall, — the vindication of the
" upstart tobacco planter " of Mount Vernon, and of
their associates; and in the face of the civilized
world she abandoned the accusation that the Whigs
of the Revolution "Avere but successful rebels and
traitors." In the old thirteen Colonies, she endeav
ored to maintain, by arms, the monopoly of ships
and workshops and places of honor, for natives of
the British Isles ; and humanity weeps over smoul-

136 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
dering ruins and divided and expatriated families, to
save the Colonial system of government, which, with
out an element of human brotherhood, was trans
mitted by heathen Carthage and Rome, and which,
all now agree, should never have been fastened upon
the Colonists of any Christian nation. Mark the
change! Fourteen years after the promulgation of
Earl Gray's despatch, the heir to the British throne,
and his suite of nobles, mused at the spot where
Washington is buried, and on the battle-ground
where Warren died ! ^
Again, England no longer excludes Colonial tal
ents from places of honor or emolument. The
governor-general and the governors of the separ
ate Colonies are still appointed by the Crown, but
the subordinate posts are open to Colonists, in ac
cordance with the popular Avill. Nay, more. Mr.
Howe, in several elaborate letters to Lord John
Russell, claims that natives of the Colonies shall be
eligible to the highest places in the church, in the
army and navy ; shall be allowed to represent Eng
land at foreign courts, and to occupy the position of
cabinet ministers at home.
In view of these pretensions, recall that a governor ¦
of Massachusetts once refused to appoint John Ad
ams a justice of the peace; that Washington was
denied the commission of colonel in the army, and
that John Marshall, who lived to found the juris
prudence of a nation, was doomed, as a Colonist,
1 The Prince of Wales visited Mount Vernon, October 5, and Bunker
Hill, October 19, 1860. Among the distinguished personages who ac
companied him on his visit to the Colonies and to the United States, were
the Duke of Newcastle, the Earl of St. Germans, Viscount Hincherbroke,
and Honorable Major-General Robert Bruce.

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 137
to plead before English-born judges, in the county
courts of Virginia. A single word more.
A few years ago the most intense hate was cher
ished by Colonists toAvards people of the United
States. Their fathers Avere the losers, ows were the
winners, in the Avar of the Revolution. Nor was
kind feeling entertained among us. It was thought
disloyal in a Colonist, and to evince a want of pa,-
triotism in a citizen of the republic, to seek to pro
mote sentiments of love on either side, and to unite
kinsmen Avho, two generations ago, Avere severed in
the dismemberment of the British empire. But the
change is wonderful; and some persons who com
menced the work of reconciliation live to witness
the consummation of their highest hopes. The chil
dren of the Whigs and the children of the Tories
have become reconciled.' God be praised that it is
so ! The controversy relative to our rights in the
fisheries in the British colonial seas, Avhich for
awhile, on the American side of the frontier, was
conducted by my single pen, opened, as I venture
to record, the way for the adjustment of all the
questions of difference. The Treaty of Reciprocity,
concluded in 1854, Avas the crowning measure of
peace and good-will ; since, if revised — as it should
be — it will be lasting.
1 This chapter was written before the breaking out of the present
unhallowed rebellion, but I make no change in the text, in consequence
of the feeling towards the North by a part of the politicians and of the
newspapers In British America; for what is said and written is not
worthy of thought, much less does it represent the great Colonial heart.
12*

CHAPTER XIV.
Introductory Remarks. Principles of Unbelief prevalent. The Whigs
lose sight of their Original Purposes, and propose Conquests. Decline
of Public Spirit. Avarice, Rapacity, Traffic with the Enemy. Gam
bling, Speculation, Idleness, Dissipation, and Extravagance. Want
of Patriotism. Excessive Issue of Paper might have been avoided.
Recruits for the Army demand Enormous Bounty. Shameless Deser
tions and Immoralities. Commissions in the Army to men destitute
of Principle. Court-martials frequent, and many Officers Cashiered.
Resignations upon Discreditable Pretexts, and alarmingly prevalent.
The Public Mind fickle, and Disastrous Changes in Congress. Tbe
Whigs of England.
It has been my constant endeavor to speak of those
who opposed the Whigs, in the momentous conflict
which made us an independent people, calmly and
mildly. For —
" Mercy to him that shows it is the rule
And righteous limitation of its act.
By which Heaven moves in pardoning guilty man ;
And he that shows none, being ripe in years,
And conscious of the outrage he commits,
Shall seek it, and not find it, in his turn."
Virtuous men, whatever their errors and mistakes,
are to be respected ; and with regard to others, it is
well to remember the beautiful sentiment of Gold
smith, that " we should never strike an unnecessary
blow at a victim over whom Providence holds the
scourge of its resentment."

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 139
While intending to be just, I have felt that I might
also be generous. " Can he be strenuous in his country's cause
Who slights the charities for whose dear sake
That country, if at all, must be beloved ? "
A word now of the winners in the strife, I pre
mise that I am of Whig descent. My father's father
received his death-wound under Washington, at Tren
ton ; my mother's father fought under Stark, at Ben
nington. There are those who are still ready to
do battle for every "Whig," and to denounce every
" Tory ; " Avho still believe that all who were known
by the former name Avere disinterested ahd virtuous,
and that all to Avhom the latter epithet was applied,
Avere selfish and vicious, and deserving of reproach.
To these, I address the concluding chapter of this
Essay. I do not care, of all things, to be thought to Avant
appreciation of those of my countrymen who broke
the yoke of Colonial vassalage ; nor, on the other
hand, do I care to imitate the writers of a late school,
and treat the great and the successful actors in the
world's affairs as little short of divinities, and as
exempt from criticism. In speaking of men who
have left their impress upon their age, something, I
own, is due to the dignity of history ; but something,
too, is due to the dignity of truth. The bandaged
eyes and the even scales, I apprehend, are as fit em
blems for the student as for the judge ; and so, upon
the evidence, and upon the law of progress, I say
that we are not to look for as great intellectual de
velopment, or for as high civilization, among bound
or even emancipated British Colonists, as, after the

140 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
lapse of two generations, exist around us, and in
Anglo-Saxon countries everywhere.
We have now the off-hand limnings of John Ad
ams and of others, of the men and manners of the
second half of the last century; and those who are
well informed as to the leading personages and events
of that period will not doubt the general accuracy of
the pictures. These sketches of the principal char
acters in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and in Con
gress, as well as the mention of the sectional jeal
ousies that prevailed, — of the personal quarrels and
alienations that existed among the Whigs of high
position in the civil and military line at home, and
among those Avho were employed abroad on embas
sies of the last importance to the Whig cause, — show
clearly that the prominent men of the Revolutionary
era Avere great and good, little and bad, mingled ;
just as elsewhere in the annals of our race. The
Whigs of lofty virtue, like William III. of England,
were compelled by the necessities of their condition
to employ as instruments persons Avhom they knew
or beheved to be mere mercenaries, who would fall
off and join the royal side the moment that interest
or a case for individual safety should appear to re
quire ; and, like William, they seemed oblivious of
this fact, simply because, under the circumstances,
it was sound policy to be blind, forgetful, and igno
rant. Nay, this general statement Avill not serve my pur
pose. Justice demands as severe a judgment of the
Whigs as of their opponents ; and I shall here record
the result of long and patient study. At the Revolu
tionary period, the principles of unbehef were diffused

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 141
to a considerable extent throughout the Colonies. It
is certain that several of the most conspicuous per
sonages of those days were either avowed disbelievers
in Christianity, or cared so little about it, that they
were commonly regarded as disciples of the English
or French schools of sceptical philosophy. Again,
the Whigs Avere by no means exempt from the lust
of dominion. Several of them were among the most
noted land speculators of their time. As I have else
where said, in the progress of the Avar, and in a man
ner hardly to be defended, we find them sequestering
and appropriating to themselves the vast estates of
those Avho opposed them. So we find that while the
issue of the contest was yet doubtful, they lost sight
of its original purposes, and in their endeavors to
procure the alliance of France, they proposed that
she should join them in an enterprise to conquer her
own former Colonial possessions in America ; and the
Saxon thirst for boundless SAvay may be seen in their
calm and thoughtful proposition, to keep nearly all
the soil and fishing-grounds to be acquired for their
own use and aggrandizement. Still again, avarice and
rapacity were seemingly as common then as now.
Indeed, the stock-jobbing, the extortion, the forestall
ing, the loAV arts and devices to amass wealth, that
were practised during the struggle, are almost incred
ible. Washington mourned the want of virtue as
early as 1775, and averred that he " trembled at the
prospect." Soldiers were stripped of their miserable
pittance, that contractors for the army might become
rich in a single campaign. Many of the sellers of
merchandise monopolized articles of the first neces
sity, and would not part with them to their suffering

142 HISTORICAL ESSAY,
countrymen, and to the wives and children of those
who were absent in the field, unless at enormous
profits. The traffic carried on with the royal troops
was immense. Men of all descriptions finally en
gaged in it, and those who at the beginning of the
war would have shuddei'ed at the idea of any connec
tion with the enemy, pursued it with avidity. The
public securities were often counterfeited ; official
signatures Avere forged ; and plunder and robbery
openly ¦ indulged. Appeals to the guilty from the
pulpit, the press, and the halls of legislation, were
alike unheeded. The decline of public spirit ; the
love of gain of those in office ; the plotting of dis
affected persons ; and the malevolence of faction
became Avidely spread, and in parts of the country
were uncontrollable. The useful occupations of life,
and the legitimate pursuits of commerce, were aban
doned by thousands. The basest of men enriched
themselves ; and many of the most estimable sunk
into obscurity and indigence. There Avere those who
would neither paj'^ their debts nor their taxes. The
finances of the State, and the fortunes of individuals
were to an alarming extent at the mercy of gamblers
and speculators. The indignation of Washington was
freely expressed. "It gives me very sincere pleas
ure," he said, in a letter to Joseph Reed, " to find the
Assembly [of Pennsylvania] is so well disposed to
second your endeavors in bringing those murderers
of our cause, the monopolizers, forestallers, and en
grossers, to condign punishment. It is much to be
lamented, that each State long ere this has not hunted
them down as pests to society, and the greatest ene
mies we have to the happiness of America. No pun-

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 143
ishment, in my opinion, is too great for the man who
can build his greatness upon his country's ruin." In
a letter to another, he drcAv this picture, Avhich he
solemnly declared to be a true one : " From Avliat I
have seen, heard, and in part knoAv," said he, " I should
in one word say, that idleness, dissipation, and extrav
agance, seem to have laid fast hold of most ; that
speculation, peculation, and an insatiable thirst for
riches, seem to have got the better of every other
consideration and almost every order of men ; and
that party disputes and personal quarrels are the
great business of the day." In other letters he la
ments the laxity of public morals, the "distressed,
ruinous, and deplorable condition of affairs ; " the
" many melancholy proofs of the decay of private
virtue ; " and asks if " the paltry consideration of a
little pelf to individuals is to be placed in competition
with the essential rights and liberties of the present
generation, and of millions yet unborn." And scat
tered through his correspondence are passages which
show " the increasing rapacity of the times ; " the
" declining zeal of the people ; " and in which he re
joices over the " virtuous few," Avho Avere struggling
against the corruptions and "stock-jobbing of the
multitude." I pass next to discuss the question of patriotism.
In the first place, then, it should be remembered that
the war was undertaken for the hohest cause which
ever arrayed men in battle ; that the Whigs were a
minority in some of the States, barely equalled their
opponents in others, and in the whole country com
posed but an inconsiderable majority; and that of
consequence, there was every incentive to exertion.

144 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
to action, to union, and to sacrifice for the common
good. But what is the truth ? To say nothing of
the Whigs of Vermont, who at one period were de
clared by Washington to be "a dead weight upon
the cause;" some examination of the resources of
the thirteen Federal States has served to convince
me, that, had the advice and plans of the illustrious
Commander-in-Chief, of Franklin, and other judicious
and patriotic persons been adopted ; and had there
been system and common prudence and integrity in
the management of affairs, the army might have been
well fed, clothed, and paid throughout the struggle.
The prevalent impression is that America was poor.
In my judgment it was not so. The people who,
before the Revolution, bought tea to the amount of
two and a half millions of dollars annually, and who,
in the most distressing periods of the contest, im
ported useless articles of luxury, were not poor, but
able to maintain those who served in the field. Par
ticular States, and thousands of individuals, exhausted
their means to aid in achieving the independence of
their country; but I am satisfied that the want of
patriotism in other States, and in other individual
Whigs, produced the appalling calamities of the war,
and compelled the resort to the seizure of private
property, and other objectionable expedients. The
issuing of bills of credit was, perhaps, unavoidable ;
but their excessive depreciation might and should
have been prevented. The exports of the Colonies
prior to 1775 were large; and wdth a liberal allow
ance for diminished production during hostilities,
there were still provisions at all times to feed the
people, and both the Whig and the Royal forces. In

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 145
fact, the prizes taken by the numerous privateers
were very valuable, and increased the ability of the
country, probably, nearly as much as it Avas lessened
by the partial interruption of agriculture. The
King's troops Avere Avell supplied ; for his generals
paid " hard money," and not the " continental stuff"
" I am amazed," said \y"ashington to Colonel Stewart,
" at the report you make of the quantity of provision
that goes daily into Philadelphia ' from the County
of Bucks ; " — and mark that this was Avritten in Jan
uary of that memorable winter which the American
army passed in nakedness and starvation at Valley
Forge. So, too, there were men enough Avho in name
were Whigs, to meet the strongest force that was
ever employed to suppress the popular movement.
There Avas always an army — on paper; but the
votes of Congress Avere seldom executed by the
States. At the close of one campaign there was not
a sufficient number of troops in camp to man the
lines ; and at the opening of another, when the
Commander-in-Chief was expected to take the field
" scarce any State in the Union," as he himself said,
had " an eighth part of its quota " in service. The
bounty finally paid to soldiers Avas enormous. Omit
ting details, the general fact will be indicated hy stat
ing that the price for a single recruit Avas as high
sometimes as seven hundred and fifty, and one thou
sand dollars, on enlistment for the war, besides the
bounty and emoluments given by Congress ; and
that one hundred and fifty dollars " in specie " was
exacted and paid for a term of duty of only five
months. Such were the extraordinary inducements
1 Then occupied by the British Army.
vol.. I. 13

146 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
necessary to tempt some- men to serve their country,
when their dearest interests were at issue. Still,
large numbers of Whigs demanded that Washington
should face and fight their enemies, without troops,
without stores, and at times, without even their own
confidence and sympathy. If we allow that much
of the reluctance to enter the army arose from the
knowledge of the privations and sufferings to be en
dured in camp, and from aversion to receive payment
for service in a depreciated currency, we shall palliate
the conduct of the class expected to be soldiers only
to censure by implication another class, who pos
sessed, but kept back, the means of supporting those
who fought their battles.
Making every allowance for the effects of hunger
and want, for the claims of families at home, and for
other circumstances equally imperative ; desertion,
mutiny, robbery, and murder, are still high crimes.
There were soldiers of the Revolution who deserted
in parties of twenty and thirty at a time, and several
hundred of those who thus abandoned the cause, fled
to Vermont, and were among the early settlers of
that State. A thousand men, the date of whose
enlistment had been misplaced, perjured themselves
in a body, as fast as they could be sworn, in order to
quit the ranks which they had voluntarily entered.
In smaller parties, hundreds of others demanded dis
mission from camp under false pretexts, and with lies
upon their lips. Some, also added treason to deser
tion, and joined the various corps of Loyalists in the
capacity of spies upon their former friends, or of
guides and pioneers. Many more enlisted, deserted,
and reenlisted under new recruiting officers, for the

HISTORICAL ESSAY. 147
purpose of receiving double bounty; while others,
who placed their names upon the rolls, were paid the
money to which they were entitled, but refused to
join the army ; and others still, Avho were sent to the
hospitals, returned home without leave after their
recovery, and were sheltered and secreted by friends
and neighbors, whose sense of right Avas as Aveak as
their own. Another class sold their clothing, provis
ions, and arms, to obtain means for revelling, and to
indulge their propensity for drunkenness ; Avhile some
proAvled about the country, to rob and kill the unof
fending and defenceless. A guard was placed over
the grave of a foreigner of rank, who died in Wash
ington's own quarters, and who AA'as buried in full
dress, with diamond rings and buckles ; " lest the
soldiers should be tempted to dig for hidden treas
ures." In a word, I fear that whippings, drummings
from the service, and even military executions, were
more frequent in the Revolution than at any subse
quent period of our history.
If we turn our attention to the officers, we shall
find that many had but doubtful claims to respect for
purity of private character ; and that some were ad
dicted to grave .vices. It is certain that appointments
were conferred upon unworthy persons throughout
the war. Knox wrote to Gerry, that there were men
in commission " who wished to have their power per
petuated at the expense of the liberties of the peo
ple ; " and who " had been rewarded with rank with
out having the least pretensions to it, except cabal
and intrigue." There were officers Avho were desti
tute alike of honor and patriotism, who unjustly
clamored for their pay, while they drew large sums

148 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
of public money under pretext of paying their men,
but applied them to the support of their OAvn extrav
agance ; who went home on furlough, and never
returned ; and who, regardless of their Avord as gen
tlemen, violated their paroles, and were threatened
by Washington with exposure in every noAvspaper
in the land, as men Avho had disgraced themselves
and Avere heedless of their associates in captivity,
Avhose restraints were increased by their misconduct.
At times, courts-martial Avere continually sitting ; and
so numerous were the convictions that the names of
those who were cashiered were sent to Congress in
lists. " Many of the surgeons," — are the words of
Washington — " are very great rascals, countenancing
the men to sham complaints to exempt them from
duty, and often receiving bribes to certify indispo
sitions, Avith a view to procure discharges or fur
loughs ; " and still further, they drcAV for the public
" medicines and stores in the most profuse and extrav
agant manner, for private purposes." In a letter to
the governor of a State, he affirmed that the officers
who had been sent him therefrom were " generally
of the lowest class of the people ; " that they " led their
soldiers to plunder the inhabitants, and into every
kind of mischief" To his brother, John Augustine
Washington, he declared that the different States
were nominating such officers as were " not fit to be
shoeblacks." Resignations occurred upon discred
itable pretexts, and became alarmingly prevalent.
Some resigned at critical moments, and others com
bined together in considerable numbers for purposes
of intimidation, and threatened to retire from the
service at a specified time, unless certain terms were

HISTORICAL ESSAY 149
complied with. For a single instance, to show the
extent of the evil, I again quote from the Command
er-in-Chief, who wrote to a member of Congress, in
1778, that " the spirit of resigning commissions has
been long at an alarming height, and increases daily.
The Virginia line has sustained a violent shock. Not
less than ninety have already resigned to me. The
same conduct has prevailed among the officers from
other States, though not yet in so considerable de
gree ; and there are but too just grounds to fear that
it will shake the very existence of the army, unless
a remedy is soon, very soon, applied," The spirit
did not abate ; since, two years after, he informed
the President of Congress, that he had " scarcely a
sufficient number [of officers] left to take care even
of the fragments of corps which remained." I would
not be understood to assert that there were not
proper and imperative causes to justify the retire
ment of many ; but the illustrious man whose Avords
I have so often quoted, and Avho was obliged to bear
the disheartening consequences of these frequent
resignations, was a competent judge of the motives
and reasons which influenced those with whom he
was associated ; and as we have his assertion that he
was often deserted, I have not hesitated to class the
numerous throwing up of commissions with other
evidences of a want of principle.
The complaints of wives and children at home ;
the inattention of Congress and of the State legislar
tures, 'to whom the officers had a right, both legal
and moral, to look for sympathy and support in the
poverty to which some were reduced, are to be taken
into the account in forming, and should do much to
13*

150 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
soften, our judgment ; but Avith the proofs before me,
obtained entirely from the writings of distinguished
Whigs, I am compelled to believe that many of those
who abandoned Washington were guilty of a crime,
Avhich, when committed by private soldiers, is called
desertion, and punished Avith death. Eighteen of the
generals retired during the struggle : one for drunk
enness ; one to avoid disgrace for receiving double
pay ; some from declining health ; others from the
weight of advanced years ; others to accept civil em
ployments ; but several from private resentments,
and real or imaginary wrongs inflicted by Congress
or associates in the service. The example of the
latter class was pernicious ; since, when heads of di
visions or brigades quit their commands for reasons
chiefly or entirely personal, it was to be expected
that regiments, battalions, and companies Avould be
left in like manner, without officers. Abundant tes
timony can be adduced to show that individuals of
all ranks entered the army from iriterested motives,
and abandoned it from similar reasons. John Adams
wrote, in 1777: — "I am wearied to death Avith the
wrangles betAveen military officers, high and low.
They quarrel like cats and dogs. They Avorry one
another like mastiffs, scrambling for rank and pay
like apes for nuts." Washington, more guarded to
Congress, uses language almost as pointed in his
letters to private friends.
Again, the pubhc mind Avas as fickle in the Revo
lution as at present. McKean, of DelaAvare, was the
only member of Congress who served eight succes
sive years ; and Jefferson, Gerry, and Ellery were the
only signers of the Declaration of Independence who

HISTORICAL ESSAY, 151
Avere in service Avhen the definitive treaty of peace
Avas ratified. The attendance of member.s, too, was
at times irregular, and public affixirs often suffered
by their absence. There Avere periods Avhen several
of the States were Avithout representation ; and oth
ers, Avlien the requisite number for the transaction
of busines.s, were not in their places. The entire
control of matters, executive and legislative, of meas
ures to be taken to procure loans in Europe, and to
raise money at home to provide for the army, and
for every other branch of the public service, devolved
frequently upon as fcAV as thirty delegates ; and some
of the most momentous questions were determined
by twenty. Those Avho steaddy attended to their
duties Avere Avorn doAvn Avith care and excessive la
bor. John Adams, one of them, was in Congress
three years and three months, during which time he
Avas a member of ninety committees, and chairman
of tAventy-five, In the course of the Avar, persons of
small claims to notice or regard obtained seats in
Congress, and by their Avant of capacity and principle,
prolonged the contest, and needlessly increased its
burdens and expenses. By the force of party disci
pline, as was bitterly remarked by a leading Whig,
men were brought into the management of affairs
" who might have lived till the millennium in silent
obscurity, had they depended on their mental qual
ifications." Such, rapidly told, is the dark side of the story of
the Revolution, as concerns the winners. I relate it
here for several reasons. First, because it is due to
the losers in the strife. Second, to shoAv, Avhat many
persons are slow to believe, that there Avere wicked

152 HISTORICAL ESSAY.
" Whigs " as well as wicked " Tories." Third, to do
something to correct the exaggerated and gloomy
views which are often taken of the degenerate spirit
of the present times, founded on erroneous, because
on a partial, estimate of the virtues of a by-gone
age.

AMERICAN LOYALISTS.
Abbott, Benjamin. Minister of the Methodist Episco
pal Church. He was born on Long Island, N, Y., in 1732.
His youtli was passed in dissipation. Before the Revolution
he became religiously inclined, and after due spiritual prep
aration, entered the ministry. The prevalent impression was,
that few preachers of his denomination favored the popular
movement, and in common with most of tliem, " he Avas sus
pected of Toryism," But he persisted in addressing the
people, as he had opportunity, though sometimes " at the
peril of his life." Once, while preaching- " in a private
house, a mob of soldiers came rushing in with guns and
fixed bayonets, one of whom approached him, and presented
his gun as though he would run him through, Avhile his asso
ciates in the adventure Avere standino; around the door."
Mr. Abbott, heedless of the interruption, finished his dis
course ; and his assailants, awed by his intrepidity, retired
without injuring him. On another occasion, a hundred
armed men assembled at the place of meeting, but, instead
of violence, they listened as orderly as others. Thus far,
and indeed until 1789, he labored according to his own
pleasure. After he placed himself under the direction of the
Conference, he was stationed on several circuits in the State
of New York, on one in New Jersey, and on one in ]\Iary-
land. He died at Salem, N. J., in 1798, aged sixty-four,
and in the twenty-third year of his ministry.
Ackerly, Obadiah, Of New York. In 1783 he aban
doned his home and property, and settled in New Brunswick.
He died at St. John in 1843, aged eighty-seven, Catharine,

154 ADAMS. — AGNEW.
his wife, died at the same city in 1830, at the age of seventy-
two.
Adams, Doctor  . Of the State of New York. In
1774, or early in 1775, he was hoisted up and exposed upon
" Landlord Fay's sign-post, where Avas fixed a dead cata
mount." The party who inflicted this punishment regretted
that they had not tied him and given him instead five hun
dred lashes. His residence was at Arlington.
Addison, Rev. H. Of Maryland. Episcopal minister.
He Avas attainted and lost his estate. In 1783, he was at
New York, a petitioner for lands in No\-a Scotia. In a
Loyalist tract published at London in 1784, I find it said,
that he Avas a gentleman of large property, and that on his
arrival in England, Lord North allowed him a pension of
£150 per annum, to support himself and son, which was less
than he had formerly given his coachman and footman.
And, adds the writer, Mr. Addison, disgusted at so small
a consideration, resigned his pension and returned to New
York, where he endeavored to make terms with the Whigs,
and to effect the restoration of his estate which he valued at
£30,000, but that he failed to obtain leave even to reside in
Maryland. Addison, Daniel Delany. Of Maryland. He entered
the Maryland Loyalists in 1776 ; was a captain in 1782, and
a major at the peace. He went to England, and received
half-pay. He died suddenly at the age of fifty, in Charlotte
Street, Fitzroy Square, London, 1808.
Agnew, John. He was rector of the Established Church,
parish of Suffolk, Virginia, On the 24th of March, 1775,
the Whig Committee of Nansemond County called him to
an account for the loyalty of his pulpit performances.
I have before me a copy of Lord Dunmore's Proclamation,
dated November 7, 1776, on board the ship William, of Nor
folk, which Mr. Agnew was ordered to read in church, and
the indorsement on the back is, " which was done accord
ingly'" He soon after quitted that part of the country, and
became chaplain of the Queen's Rangers. He finally setded

AGNEW. — AIRMAN. 155
in New Brunswick, and died near Fredericton, in 1812, aged
eighty-five. He was taken prisoner with Stair Agnew and
others, during the Revolution, and carried to France. On
the passage out, the ship encountered a severe gale, and lay
a wreck for twenty-four hours.
Agnew, Stair. Believed to have been a son of the Rev.
John Agnew. He was certainly from Virginia, and a cap
tain in the Queen's Rangers, and settled at Fredericton,
where he resided until his death, in 1821, at the age of
sixty-three. He enjoyed half-pay. While attached to the
Rangers he was taken prisoner and carried to France, and
was not exchanged until near the close of the war. It seems
that at the battle of the Brandy wine he was severely wounded,
and while on his passage to Virginia, for recovery, was cap
tured by the French squadron. Franklin, Minister to France,
was appealed to, to effect his release and that of others made
prisoners at the same time. Captain Agnew's letter from
the Castle of St, Maloes, February 26, 1782, details the cir
cumstances of his captivity, and contains some feeling allu
sions to his " aged and beloved mother." He closes : " 0,
God ! who knows, perhaps she at this moment, from an inde
pendent affluence, is reduced by the vicissitudes of the times
to penury. My heart, afflicted with the misfortunes of our
family, can no more  ." He was a member of the
House of Assembly of New Brunswick for thirty years, and
a magistrate of York County for a considerable period. His
Avife, Sophia Winifred, died in that county in 1820, at the
age of fifty-two.
AiKMAN, Alexander. Of South Carolina, He was born
in Scodand in 1755, and at the age of sixteen he emigrated to
Charleston, and became the apprentice of Robert Wells, a book
seller and printer of that city. He left the country in conse
quence of the Revolution, and after some Avanderings, fixed
his residence in Jamaica, where, in 1778,, he established a
newspaper called the "Jamaica Mercury," which title was
changed to that of the " Royal Gazette," on his obtaining the
patronage of the government of the Colony. For many years

156 AKERLY, — ALLAIRE.
he was a member of the House of Assembly, and printer to
that body and to the King. In 1795 he visited Great Britain,
but was captured on the passage, and compelled to ransom
his property. He visited his native land three times subse
quently, but remained at home after the year 1814. He
bore the character of an honorable, Avorthy, and charitable
man. His estates in the parish of St. George's were known
as Birnam Wood and Wallenford. He died at Prospect Pen,
vSt. Andrew's, July, 1838, at the age of eighty-three. His
wife was Louisa Susanna, second daughter of Robert Wells,
his former master. This lady Avas four years his feWow-clerk
in her father's office at Charleston, and joined him from Eng
land after no little peril, since she was taken once by the
French, and kept in France three months, and was detained
a second time by a British cruiser, because she took passage
in a slave ship. She died at West Cowes in 1831, aged sev
enty-six. Her mother was a Ruthven, and of the lineage of
the Earls of Gowrie. Mr. Aikman's children were ten, of
whom there Avere two survivors at the time of his decease,
namely, Mary, the wife of James Smith, of Jamaica ; and
Ann Hunter, the widoAv of John Enriglit, surgeon in the
Royal Navy, Of his sons, Alexander, who succeeded to his
business, died in 1831, leaving a large family.
Akerly,  . In 1782, in command of a small party
of Loyalists in New York. Among his prisoners was one
Strong, who Avas huno-,
Alden, Abiather, Of Maine, Physician. One of the
two Loyalists of Saco and Biddeford, An armed party took
him, placed him on his knees upon a large cask, and with their
guns presented to his body, told him to recant his opinions,
or suffer instant death. He signed the required confession,.
and was released. Subsequently he removed to Scarborough,
HI the same State. He was distinguished in metaphysics.
Allaire, Anthony, In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the
Loyal American Regiment, and at the peace a captain in the
same corps. He settled in New Brunswick, and received
half-pay. He was one of the grantees of the city of St. John,

ALLEN, 157
but, removing to the country, died in the parish of Douglas,
in 1838, at the age of eighty -four.
Allen, William. Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, He
accepted and held that office at the request of distinguished
men in the Province ; its emoluments were appropriated to
charities. On the approach of the Revolution he went to
England, and died September, 1780. He was di.stinguished
for his love of literature and the arts ; was a friend to Ben
jamin West Avhen he needed a patron, and assisted Franklin
to establish a college at Philadelphia. His father was an
eminent merchant, and died in 1725. No person in Penn
sylvania, probably, was richer than Judge Allen, or possessed
greater influence. A wag of the time said, he joined the
royal side " because the Continental Congress f)resumed to
declare the American States free and independent without
first asking the consent, and obtaining the approbation, of
himself and wise family'." It is stated, that in 1761, he was
one of the three persons in Philadelphia who kept a coach.
His own VA'as drawn by four horses, and his coachman, who
was imported from England, was " a great whip."
Allen, William. Of Pennsylvania, and son of Chief
.Justice Allen. He was a Whig, and accepted the commission
of lieutenant-colonel in the Continental service, and served
under St. Clair. But in 1776 he abandoned the cause of his
country, and joined General Howe, with his brothers. In
Continental Congress, when he asked to resign his commis
sion — " Resolved that leave ' be granted." In 1778 he
raised a corps called the Peimsylvania Loyalists, and, with
the rank of lieutenant-colonel, Avas the commanding officer.
From the influence of his family, and from his own personal
standing, he expected to make I'apid enlistments, but was
disappointed. At the siege of Pensacola, one of this corps
attempted to desert, Avas seized, wdiipped to the extent of five
hundred lashes, drummed out of camp, with his hands tied
behind, Avith a large label pinned to his breast stating his
crime, escorted close to the enemy's line, and left to his fate.
The day following, a sheU Avas thrown into the door of the
VOL. I. 14

158 ALLEN.
magazine, as the men Avere receiving powder, and forty-five
of this regiment were killed, and a number wounded. ¦ In
1782, and near the close of the contest, though still in ser
vice, the Penn.syh'ania Loyalists were of but little conse
quence in point of numbers. Colonel Allen was noted for
wit, for good-humor, and for affable and gentlemanly man
ners. The names of all the officers under his command at
the period last mentioned will be found in this work. He
Avas attainted of treason and lost his estate under the con
fiscation acts. I find his name last, in 1783, as a grantee
of St. John, New Brunswick.
Allen, Andrew. Of Pennsyh-ania, son of Chief Jusfice
Allen, and himself the successor of Judge Chew, who suc
ceeded his father. He, at first, was found among the leading
Whigs, and was a member of Congress, and of the Committee
of Safety. In 1776 he put himself under protection of Gen
eral Howe, at Ti'enton, and during the war went to England.
He was attainted, and lost his estate under the confiscation
acts. In 1779 he Avas directed to testify before Parliament
on the inquiry into the conduct of Sir William Ho\^'e and
General Burgoyne, Avhile in America, but was not examined.
He died in London in 1825, at the age of eighty-five. His
son AndreAv, a very accomplished gentleman, Avas many years,
prior to the Avar of 1812, British Consul at Boston.
Allen, John. Of Pennsylvania, a son of Chief Justice
Allen. In 1776 he joined the British under General Howe,
at Trenton. Unlike his brother, he was an avowed Loyalist
from the first. He was attainted of treason, but died at Phil
adelphia, February, 1778, in his thirty-ninth year, before the
day on which he was ordered to surrender himself for trial.
Allen, James. Of Philadelphia ; the remaining son of
Chief Justice Allen, and the only one of them who did not
join the Royal Army. He remained at home wholly inactive,
though his sympathies were supposed to be loyal. He was
in declining health in 1776, and died before the close of the
following year. His children Avere Jaines; Anne Penn, who
married James Greenleaf; Margaret, who married Chief

ALLEN. 159
Justice Tilghman ; and Mary, Avho married Harry Walter
Livingston, of Livingston's Manor, New York. The last-
named daughter was living in 1855. Mrs, Allen, who died
in the year 1800, Avas the only daughter of John Lawrence,
and cousin of Margaret Shippen, second wife of Benedict
Arnold. Allen, Isaac. A lawyer of Trenton, New Jersey. He
entered the military service of the Crown, and in 1782 was
lieutenant-colonel of the second battalion of New .Jersey Vol
unteers. He had property in Pennsylvania, and the executive
council of that State ordered, that, unless he should surrender
himself and take his trial for treason within a specified time,
he shoidd stand attainted. He Avent to St. Jolm, New Bruns
wick, at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city.
He rose to distinction in that Province, and among other
offices held a seat in the Council, and .was a judge of the
Supreme Court, His residence was at Fredericton, and he
died there in 1806, aged sixty-five. His sister Sarah died at
the same place in 1835, aged ninety-one.
Allen, Adam, He was an officer in the Queen's Rangers,
and, it is believed, a lieutenant. He went to St. John, New-
Brunswick, at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that
city. He received half-pay. In 1798 he was in command
of a post at Grand Falls, on the River St, John, and wrote a
piece in verse descriptive of these Falls, which his son, Jacob
Allen, of Pordand, New Brunswick, sent to the press in 1845.
He died in York County, New Brunswick, in 1823, aged
sixty-six.
/ Allen, Jolley. Of Boston. In an account of his suffer
ings and losses, he relates that, " sometime, I think in the
month of October, 1772, I bought two chests of tea of Gov
ernor Hutchinson's two sons, Thomas and Elisha, about
eleven o'clock in the forenoon." This purchase was the
prime cause of all his subsequent misfortunes. He sold goods
" cheap for cash ; " he boarded many of the BrTtisli ofiicers ;
anThe kept " horses~and chaises to let." In a word, Jolley
A^-as a shrewd, dashing, thriving man. A Loyalist, body and

160 ALLISON. — AMBROSE.
soul, he left Boston with the Royal Army, at the evacuation in
March, 1776. The man who engaged to convey his family
and property to Halifax, was a knave, and unskilful in the
management of a vessel. Soon parting Avith the fleet, they
arrived, not in NoA'a Scotia, but at Cape Cod ; where his
goods were seized and confiscated, and Avhere all on board
were imprisoned. His brother Lewis petitioned for leave
to take his seven children ; and the Assembly, in granting
the request, stipulated that Lewis should receive £36.8 from
Jofley's efl'ects ; that he should give bonds to support the chil
dren, and should maintain Jolley himself; while a committee
A^'ere to take possession of all the property, to deliver to Lewis
" the children's four feather beds and bedding, and the Avear-
ing apparel of the children and of the late wife of Jolley,"
and his own clothing. In September, 1776, our unhappy
Loyalist was allowed to make sale of a part of his goods at
Cape Cod, in order to pay the debts contracted there by him-
.self and family ; while the selectmen of Pi'ovincetoAvn were
directed to deliver the remainder to a committee of the Court,
to be disposed of on public account. I find him next in 1779,
when he Avas in London, and one of the Loyalists who ad
dressed the king. He died in England in 1782. Sir William
Pepperell and George Erving were his executors ; and he
directed that, after the troubles were over, his remains
should be removed to the family vault under King's Chapel,
Boston. Allison, Edavard. Of Long Island, New York. He
acknowledged allegiance in 1776, and Avas subsequently a
captain in De Lancey's Third Battalion, At the peace he
settled in New Brunswick, and received half-pay. He died
in that Province,
Althouse, John. Of New York. In 1782 he was a
captain in the New York Volunteers. At the peace he went
to St. John, Ncav Brunswick, and was one of the grantees
of the city. He died in that Province.
Ambrose, Michael. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the
Prince of Wales' American Volunteers, He went to New

AMORY. 161
Brunswick at the peace, and received half-pay. He died in
the parish of St. Martin in that Province.
Amory, Thomas. Of Boston. He Avas born in Boston
in 1722, and graduated at Harvard Uni\'ersity in 1741. He
studied divinity, but never took orders. In 17G5 he married
Elizabeth, daughter of William Coffin, and purchased the
house built by Governor Belcher, at the corner of Harvard
and Washington Streets, which was his principal residence
for the rest of his life. He took very little part in the contro
versies which preceded the Revolution, except that he was
one of the Addressers of Gage. He was, however, on terms
of friendship Avith many of the British officers stationed in
Boston ; and, it is related that, while se\eral were dining
with him, a mob attacked his house, and broke some of the
Avindows. Mr. Amory spoke to them from the porch, and
commanded them to disperse ; meanwhile, the officers made
their escape through the garden. He remained in Boston
during the siege, and at the evacuation in March, 1776,
accompanied by his younger brother Jonathan, he went to
Washington, at the instance of the selectmen, to request that
the British might be permitted to retire without molestation,
on condition that they embarked without injury to the town.
This proposition had the sanction of Sir William Howe ;
and, though no positive arrangement was concluded, an un
derstanding to this effect was respected on both sides. His
wife's family — the Coffins — were mosdy refugee Loyalists.
Of her nephews, two were distinguished : namely, Isaac, who
became an Admiral in the Royal Navy ; and John, who rose
to the rank of Lieutenant-General in the British Army.
Suspected of sympathy \\'ith the enemy, Mr. Amory removed
to Watertown, where he lived some years. He died in 1784 ;
his widow survived until 1823. He left nine children, seven
of whom were married, and resided in Boston.
The mingling of the blood of the loyal and of the disloyal,
at the present time, causes one to muse on the political asper
ities of the past. On the memorable 17th of June, 1775,
Linzee, of the King's ship-of-war Falcon, cannonaded the
14*

162 AMORY.
works which Prescott, the " rebel," defended ; but the
granddaughter of the first was the wife of Prescott the his
torian, who Avas a grandson of the last ; and this lady is a
daughter of Thomas C, the eldest son of the subject of this
notice, Jonathan, the second son of our Loyalist, married
Hettie, daughter of James Sullivan, Governor of Massachu
setts ; while the wife of John Amory, another son, Avas near
of kin to Henry Gardner, the " rebel," Avho succeeded Harri
son Gray, the last royal treasurer of the same State. Again,
Nathaniel, still another son, married a niece of our Commo
dore Preble, and her sister was the Avife of Admiral Wormley
of the Royal Navy, Once more : William, a fifth son of the
Loyalist, was an officer in the navy of both countries, and
under our own flag; distinguished himself in several ene-ase-
ments. But " loyalty," as understood in olden time, is still
represented in the family, by the union of Mr. Amory's
grandson Charles, with Martha Greene ; and of his grandson
James Sullivan, with Mary Greene, nieces of the late Lord
Lyndhurst. We leaA'e this pleasant record of oblivion of the
differences of another age, to add that Mr. Amory's grand
son, Thomas C, married Esther Sargent ; and that William,
of the same degree of consanguinity, is the husband of Anna,
daughter of David Sears, of Boston. Of the sons here men
tioned, Thomas C. Avas a successful merchant, and died in
1812 ; Jonathan, also a merchant, died in 1828. Thomas
C. Amory, Jr., also a descendant, is the author of the " Life
of Governor Sullivan," (his grandfather on his mother's side,)
in two vols., Svo.
Amory, John, Of Boston, Brother of the preceding.
He was born in Boston in 1728, and married Catherine,
daughter of Rufus Greene, by whom he was the father of
nine children, who grew up and settled in his native town.
He built the house opposite the Stone Chapel, corner of Tre-
mont and Bowdoin Streets, and lived there, and in Washing
ton Street on the site of Amory Hall. He eno-ao-ed exten
sively in coinmerce^^with his younger brother. The letters
of his business house from 1760, during the Stamp Act excite-

ANDERSON. 163
ment and the Tea Avar, give many interesting particulars
of that stirring period. These letters moreover, predicted,
long befoie the Avar broke out, a sanguinary contest, and the
actual separation of the Colonies from the mother-country,
if the government persisted in its measures of coercion. Parts
of this correspondence were published in the English papers,
and to one letter a member of Parliament ascribed influence
in the repeal of the Stamp Act. At die beginning of hostil
ities, his house owed their English creditors £23,000 sterling;
and while those who owed thetn, from inability, or taking
advantage of the times, paid, if at all, in a depreciated cur
rency, they remitted their Avhole debt Avithout delay. In
1774 it became important that one of the partners should
go to England. The subject of this notice went, taking his
wife. Her protracted illness, which terminated in her death
in 1778, prevented his return ; and, considered a " refugee,"
his property was put in sequestration. His brother wrote
that, should the result be confiscation, he v\'Ould share Avhat
he had with him. His sympathies, it is said, were Avith his
countrymen in the struggle in Avhicli they Avere engaged for
their liberties ; and he left England and lived on the Conti
nent. He embarked for America shortly before the j)eace ;
but landing at New York, then held by the British, Avas forced
to take the oath of allegiance to the Crown, not being per
mitted to Ha'c in Boston in consequence of the " Banishment
Act." He went, however, to Providence, where he remained
until 1784, when, on his petition to the Legislature of Mas
sachusetts, he Avas restored to the rights of citizenship). He
died in 1805, leaving a large estate. One of his daughters
married John Lowell, widely known as a political Avriter ;
and another was the wife of John McLean, Avho liberally
endowed the Massachusetts General Hosj^ital.
Anderson, Samuel. Of New York. At the beginning
of the Revolution he went to Canada. He soon entered the
service of the Crown, and was a captain under Sir John John
son. In 1783 he settled near Cornwall, Upper Canada, and
received half-pay. He held several civil offices : those of

164 ANDERSON.
magistrate, judge of a district court, and associate justice of
the Court of King's Bench, were among them. He continued
to reside upon his estate near Cornwall, until his decease in
1836, at the age of one hundred and one. His property in
New York was abandoned and lost.
Anderson, William, Of West Chester County, New
York. Was a Protester against the Whigs at White Plains
in 1775. At the peace, accompanied by his family of four
persons, and by one servant, he went from New York to
Shelburne, Nova Scotia, Avhere the Crown granted him fifty
acres of land, one town and one water-lot. His losses in con
sequence of his loyalty were estimated at £300. He re
moved from Shelburne to St. John, New Brunswick, and was
a grantee of that city.
Anderson, Peter. In 1782 a Loyalist Associator at New
York, to settle at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, the following year.
He went to St. John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee of
that city. He died at Fredericton, in that Province, in 1828,
at the age of ninety-five.
Anderson, Joseph. Lieutenant in the King's Regiment,
New York. At the peace he retired to Canada, tie died
near Cornwall, Canada West, in 1853, aged ninety. He
drew half-pay for a period of about seventy years. " One
of the last survivors of the United Empire Loyalists."
Anderson, James. Of Boston, Massachusetts. Was an
Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775.
December, 1775 : — " I am credibly informed," wrote Wash
ington to the president of Congress, " that James Anderson,
the^ponsignee and part-owner of the ship Concord and cargo,
is not only~urrfiieiidly' tw-A«i«wean-dTberfy',nbut actually in
arms against us, being captain of the Scotch company at Bos
ton." In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He Avas at
New York in July, 1783, and one of the fifty-five who peti
tioned for lands in Nova Scotia.
Anderson, Culbert. Of South Carolina. Died prior
to 1785. Estate confiscated ; but two plantations in the
neighborhood of Ninety-Six, restored to Mary his widow and
her children, by act of the General Assembly.

ANDREWS. 165
Andrews, John, D. D. Provost of the University of
Pennsylvania. He was born in Maryland in 1746, and
educated at Philadelphia. In 1767 he was ordained in Lon
don as an Episcopal clergyman, and became a missionary ;
and subsequendy a rector of Queen Ann's County, Mary
land. " Not partaking of the patriotic spirit of the times,"
he removed from Maryland, and Avas absent several years.
In 1785 he was appointed to the charge of an Episcopal
academy at Philadelphia, and four years after received the
professorship of moral philosophy in the college of that city.
In 1810 he succeeded Doctor McDowell as provost. He
died in 1813, aged sixty-seven. " In stature he was tall and
pordy, and his personal appearance and carriage commanded
respect  He was a fine specimen of the old school
gentleman of a former generation." His wife deceased in
1798. Pie A^'as the father of ten children, the eldest of
whom, Robert, graduated at Philadelphia in 1790.
[/^Andrews, Samuel. AQ_E_piscopal clergyman of Connec
ticut. His principles separated him from his flock, and he
became the first rector of the church of his communion at
St. Andrew, New BrunsAvick. After a ministry of fifty-
eight years, he died at that place, September 26, 1818, aged
eighty-two. His Avife Hannah died at St. Andrew, January
1, 1816, at the age of seventy-five.
Andreavs, Samuel. Of North Carolina. Major in the
Loyal Militia. At the beginning of the Revolution he left
his seat at Newbern, and took refuge on board a ship-of-war
at Wilmington, Early in 1776 he received a commission as
lieutenant, served under General McDonald, and was taken
prisoner. In 1781 he raised a company, and joined Lord
Cornwallis. He was engaged in the capture of Governor
Burke, and when Fanning Avas wounded, he assumed com
mand, and conducted the prisoners to the British lines. Pro
motion followed. At the evacuation of Charleston, he retired
Avith his family to Florida. Obnoxious to the Whigs by his
course during the Avar, he was one of the three Avhom they
refused to pardon, in the act of oblivion. I have a copy of

166 ANSLEY. — ARMSTRONG.
his memorial claiming compensation for his services and losses,
in his own handwriting, by which it appears that he lost by
confiscation, a farm, dwelling-house, tAvo stores, a grist-mill,
Avith a stone house, two negroes, fifty head of cattle, several
horses and sheep, furniture, &c. He AA^as at Shelburne, Nova
Scotia, in July, 1785, for the purpose of pressing his claim
upon the commissioners, " under very disagreeable circum
stances," Unsuccessful, he subsequently employed David
McPherson, London.
Ansley, Ozias. In 1782 he was an ensign in the first
battalion of New Jersey Volunteers, and adjutant of the
corps. At the peace he settled in New Brunswick, and
received half-pay. He Avas a magistrate and a judge of the
Common Pleas for several years. He died at Staten Island,
New York, in 1828, aged eighty-five. His son, the Rev.
Thomas Ansley, an Episcopalian clergj-man of Nova Scotia,
died at St. Andrew, New Brunswick, in 1831, aged about
sixty-five. His grandson, Daniel Ansley, Esq., (1847,) re
sides at St, John. His daughter Charity, wife of Nathaniel
Brittain, died in 1848, in her seventieth year.
Arden, Doctor Charles. Of Jamaica, New York. In
1775 he was a signer of a declaration against the Whigs.
In 1776 he was accused of further defection ; and one of his
offences consisted in persuading other adherents of the Crown
to have no concern with a congress or with committees. Sev
eral witnesses Avere examined. He went to England before
the peace.
Armstrong, William. He Avas a captain in a Loyalist
corps. At the peace he retired on iJalf-pay, and, as is believed,
setded in New York, In 1806 he joined the celebrated Mi
randa in his expedition to effect the independence of the proA'-
ince of Caraccas, and, in due time, of all Spanish America.
Captain Armstrong was known to possess considerable military
knowledge, method, industry, and vigilance, and received a
commission as colonel, and the command of the First Regi
ment of Riflemen in the Columbian Army ; and, as he had
become familiar with the duties of the quartermaster's

ARMSTRONG. 167
department, in the Revolution, he was created, also, quarter
master-general, with two assistants. Under JNIiranda, Colonel
Armstrong was extremely unpopular, and Avas accused of
" obsequiousness to his superiors, and of superciliousness and
tyranny in his treatment of those in his power." He seems
to have been involved in many quarrels. While the Leander
was in the harbor of Jacquemel, (February, 1806,) he and
Captain Lewis, the ship's commander, had a warm contro
versy regarding their rank and rights Avhile associated on ship
board. The steward's slovenly habits displeased the former,
and he gave the delinquent a " hearty rope's ending," which
enraged LeAvis, and drew from him the declaration, that every
person in his vessel was subject to his authority, and should
be punished by no other, Armstrong insisted, on the other
hand, that he would chastise whomsoever he pleased. Both
resorted to great bitterness of speech in the Avar of words
which ensued. Miranda took the side of the Colonel, and
behaved worse than eA'en Lewis or Armstrong, and, " before
the storm Avas OA'er, appeared to be more fit for bedlam than
for the command of an army," Not long after this occur
rence, the Bee, another of the vessels attached to the expe
dition, ran foul of the flag-ship, and caused considerable dam
age ; when Armstrong, seizing a trumpet, called to the master
of that vessel, and bade him never to approach so near the
Learuler in future. Lewis, angry at the interference of the
quarermaster-general, rebuked him severely for the act, and
the quarrel between them was renewed. In this instance,
Miranda decided in favor of Lewis. The dislike between
the two officers, who took so opposite views of their right to
supremacy, became settled and irreconcilable, and a third
quarrel soon occurred, in Avhich the chief sustained Arm
strong ; and Lewis, in the violence of his passion, resolved
to resign, and ordered his servant to collect his baggage and
prepare to leave the ship. A mediator was, however, found,
and the dispute apparently settled. At a subsequent time,
Miranda and the Captain became involved in a controversy,
and Armstrong endeavored to produce a reconciliation be-

168 ARMSTRONG.
tween them ; but he not only failed in this, but drew upon
himself the resentment of both. Lewis renewed his threat to
resign, and now actually threw up his commission. Besides
these quarrels, the Colonel had several others. The moment
the Leander cast anchor at Grenada, Lieutenant Dwyer quit
ted the ship. During the passage, he had been in continual
collision with Armstrong, either on his OAvn account, or in
defence of his officers and men, Avhom the lordly personage
assailed with words or violence. The notions of the Quarter
master-General of the Columbian Army appear to have been
not a little tyrannical and arbitrary. It is related, that he
kept three officers (on very slight provocation), confined to
the ship's forecastle upwards of two weeks, and during this
time refused them the liberty of Avalking on the quarter-deck
and of entering the cabin.
Miranda required of his officers subscription to the following
oath : " I sAvear to be true and faithful to the free people of
South America, independent of Spain, and to serve them
honestly and faithfully against all their enemies or opposers
whatsoever, and to obserA'e and obey the orders of the supreme
government of that country legally appointed ; and the orders
of the general and officers set over me by them." Some objec
tion was made to the form of this oath, Avhich the General
obviated by assurances to the gentlemen wdio were citizens of
the United States, that they might annex to their signatures
the condition that they did not intend to cancel their allegi
ance to their own country. After this difficulty was settled,
Armstrong read and explained the Articles of War of the
United States, and the alterations in form, not in substance
or spirit, which had been made to adapt them to the service
in which they were engaged, " Notice, gentlemen," said the
Colonel, " the object of the change is to suit the wording of
the Articles to the local names and situations of the country
where they are to take effect. Thus, for the Army of the
United States, will be substituted the Army of South Amer
ica ; and for the President, or Congress of the United States,
will be used, the Supreme Authority of the free people of
South America, or something of this kind."

ARMSTRONG. 169
The Americans who had connected themselves with this
enterprise were generally persons of some ability, but it is
understood that most, if not all of them, were in straitened
circumstances, and that some were extremely needy. Arm
strong's half-pay as a Loyalist officer might have prevented
him from being in a situation of destitution. His pay under
Miranda was fixed at ten dollars per day, to commence Jan.
1, 1806, Avhich was the date of his commission of colonel.
The common men, sailors and soldiers Avere an ignorant
and undisciplined mob, and the quartermaster-general had
enough to do to keep them quiet. As in his intercourse with
the officers, his disputes with them were continual, hardly a
day passed without some one or more of them being taken
to task for misconduct, or placed in arrest and confinement.
The failure of Miranda to pay his officers was a new source
of difficulty and contention, and was a principal cause of
bringing matters to a crisis. John Orford, a lieutenant of
engineers, was especially importunate, and in answer to his
second communication on the subject of arrearages due to
him, received the following letter : —
" Poet of Spain, December 2(1, 1806.
" Sir, — By order of General Miranda, I have to inform
you, that he received yours of the twenty-ninth ult,, the pur
port of which he conceives to be highly improper, and con
trary to every military principle ; that in duty to himself, and
for the good of the service, he thinks it proper that you should
be dismissed from it, and you are hereby dismissed from it,
and no longer to be considered as an officer under his com
mand." Other officers connected Avith this ill-starred attempt to
revolutionize South America, applied for dismissals, and the
defection became general. Armstrong, however, retired with
out notice or leave, and his chief accused him of desertion.
Departing in the sloop-of-war Hawk, for Dominica, the quar
termaster-general of the Columbian army took passage at that
VOL, I. 15

170 ARMSTRONG. — APTHORP.
island for London. Inferior ofiicers, induced to believe that
the desertion of one so near Miranda's person gave them full
liberty to abandon him in the same informal manner, retired
from his service without writing letters of resignation, though
some of them did observe that form in taking their leave of
, him and his fortunes. Of Armstrong's career after his arrival
in England I have obtained no information.
Armstrong, Richard. Major in the Queen's Rangers.
Entered the corps as a captain. He was one of the most effi
cient partisan officers in service on the side of the Crown,
In 1783, he and Captain Saunders were deputed to write
Colonel Simcoe a parting address.
Apthorp, East, An Ei^scopal clergyinan of^assachu-^
setts. He Avas born intTHsTand was elil^d in England.
In 1761 he was appointed a missionary at Cambridge, by die
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts ;
and during his labors there, was engaged in a warm theologi
cal controversy with Doctor Mayhew. Retiring to England,
he died there in 1816, aged eighty-three years. His wife was
a niece of Governor Hutchinson, and a daughter of Judge
Foster Hutchinson. His only son Avas a clergyman. One
daughter married Doctor Cary ; one. Doctor Butler ; and a
third, a son of Doctor Foley ; — the husbands of the two first
were heads of colleges. Mr. Apthorp was a distinguished
writer. In 1790 he lost his sight.
Apthorp, Thomas and William. Of Boston, Massa
chusetts, Roth merchants ; were proscribed and banished in
1778. The year after, W i iTi am came from New York to
Boston to solicit the mercy of his countrymen, and occupied
for awhile a private room in the deputy jader's house ; but
letters were received to his disadvantage, and he was commit
ted to close prison by order of the Council.
Apthorp, Charles Ward, Of New York. He was
appointed a member of the Council of that Colony in 1763,
and served until 1783. He had lands in Maine, and property
in Brookline and Roxbury, Massachusetts, Avhich were con
fiscated. He died at his seat, Bloomingdale, in 1797.

ARNOLD. 171
Arnold, Margaret, Daughter of Edward Shippen,
Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, and second wife of General
Benedict Arnold, Born in 1760, or in the year following ; —
died in London in 1804, in her forty-fourth year. She was
very beautiful, and, it would seem, very ambitious, Jiy her
father, her relatives, and her circle of friends, she \a as dearly
loved. She appeared with her knight at the gorgeous fete, or
mischiaiiza,^ in honor of Sir William Howe, on his return to
England. British and American officers admired her. The
ill-fated Andr^ A'isited her often while he was stationed in
Philadelphia, and was a correspondent after the Royal Army
retired to New York. By some she was thought frivolous,
vain, and artful ; but I have no means of ascertaining the
truth. To the additional fault charged — " extraA^agance " —
she may be held amenable, since her father wrote in Decem
ber, 1778, that, " the style of life his fashionable daughters had
introduced into his family," and " their dress," Avere obstacles
to his remaining in Philadelphia. Margaret was the youngest.
Though her marriage followed in less than four months, her
hand, I conclude, Avas not promised ; for it said in the same
letter that, Avhile she was " much solicited by a certain gen
eral," the consummation of the proposed union " depended
upon circumstances." As a maiden, she was happy. As a
Avife, she bore great trials and many sorrows. Her name
appears here, because the third Vice-President of the United
1 Much has been inferred against Mrs. Arnold because of her acquaint
ance with Andr6 before her marriage, and because he — honoring her
above all others — was her knight at this the great fete of the Royal Army
of the Revolution. Fortunately, there is conclusive evidence that on this
occasion he gave his attentions to another lady. I have a copy of a long
and minute account of the " mischianza,'' written by Andr^ himself. Lord
Cathcart appeared in honor of Miss Auchmuty. The knights were of
two Orders : the " Blended Rose," and the " Burning Mountain.'' An
dre was the third of the former. These are his own words, — " Captain
Andre, in honor of Mi.<is P. Chew — Squire, Lieut. Andre; Device, two
game-cocks ; Motto, No rival."
The knii^ht of Margaret Shippen, the subject of this notice, was Lieu
tenant Sloper, of the " Blended Rose." The knights of the two other
Misses Shippen, were Lieutenants Underwood and Winyard.

172 ARNOLD.
States accused that she instigated one of the startling crimes
in history.
The first husband uttered of the first Avife — '' The woman,
whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree,
and I did eat." So, if Ave are to believe Aaron Burr, the
principal miscreant of the American Revolution could have
said, " j\largaret my wife, she gave me of the tree of treason,
and I did eat."
A gentleman may, if he will, pass lightly over the sins of
a lady, because of his sympathy for the innocent of her lin
eage ; but, I purpose to examine the accusation against this
unfortunate wife with care, and to determine the case upon
the probabilities and the evidence. There is no testimony,
as far as I know, except her own alleged confession, in the
presence of two persons. According to Davis, she told Mrs.
PreA'ost that " she was heartily sick of the theatricals she
was exhibiting ; " that " she was disgusted with the American
cause, and those who had the management of public affairs ;
and that, through great persuasion and unceasing perseve
rance, she had ultimately brought the General into an ar
rangement to surrender West Point to the British." Parton,
the latest biographer of Burr, is more particular. He relates,
that one evening Avhile Burr was at Mrs. Prevost's, a lady
veiled and attired in a riding-habit, burst into the room, and,
after assurance of her safety, exclaimed — " Thank God 1
I 've been playing the hypocrite, and I'm tired of it." He
relates further, that Mrs, Arnold gave an account of the A^'ay
she had deceived Washington, Hamilton, and others at West
Point, who believed her innocent of the treason ;. that she
avowed participation in the negotiations with the enemy, and
"induced her husband to do what he had done; " and that,
while at Mrs, Prevost's, she took " care to resume her acting
of the outraged and frantic woman, AvheneA'er strangers were
present." — Such are the material points.
The falsehood of Burr's story is apparent at once. For
to belieA'e it, is also to believe that a woman, who, not nine
teen years old when her husband opened the correspondence

ARNOLD, 173
with Sir Henry Clinton, was able and wise enough to herself
conceive and to assist in executing a great, possibly to the
Whig cause, a decisive, military crime ; and was yet such an
utter fool, as, Avhile the country was ringing with the cry of
" Treason ! Treason ! ' to needlessly, boastingly confess her
guilt in the presence of a Whig officer, who, in the perform
ance of a common duty, would have arrested her at the
instant. How absurd ; surpassing intellectual strength and
pitiable mental weakness in the same character ! Burr told
too much ; and his lie drops apart by the very weight of its
contradictions. She had " deceiA'ed " AVashington and Hamilton, Did
Burr, in his malignity, mean to strike at the sagacity of both ?
He disliked the first ; and thus early did he hate the man he
afterwards slew. And, what Avas the deception ? " Arnold,
a moment before the setting out," wrote Hamilton to Colonel
Laurens, Avent to the apartment of his wife, " and informed
her that some transactions had just come to light which must
forever banish him from his country. She fell into a swoon
at this declaration, and he left her in it to consult his own
safety, till the servants, alarmed by her cries, came to her
relief. She remained frantic all day, accusing every one Avho
approached her with an intention to murder her child (an
infant in her arms) ; and exhibiting every other mark of the
most genuine'and agonizing distress. Exhausted by the fatigue
and tumult of her spirits, her frenzy subsided towards evening,
and she sank into all the sadness of affliction. It was impos
sible not to have been touched Avith her situation. Every
thing affecting in female tears, or in the misfortunes of beauty ;
everything pathetic in the wounded tenderness of a wife, or
in the apprehensive fondness of a mother ; and, I will add,
till I have reason to change the opinion, everything amiable
in the sufferings of innocence ; conspired to make her an
object of sympathy to all Avho were present. She experienced
the most delicate attention, and every friendly office, till her
departure for Philadelphia,"
Again, in a letter to his future wife, Hamilton said, that
15*

174 ARNOLD,
Mrs, Arnold, " for a considerable time, entirely lost herself
The General (Washington) went up to see her, and she
upbraided him with being in a plot to murder her child. One
moment she raved, another she melted into tears. Sometimes
she pressed her infant to her bosom, and lamented its fate,
 in a manner that A\'ould have pierced insensibility
itself All the sweetness of beauty, all the loA'eliness of inno
cence, all the tenderness of a AAnfe, and all the fondness of a
mother, showed themselves in her appearance and conduct.
We have every reason to believe that she was entirely unac
quainted with the plan ; and that the first knowledge of it
was Avhen Arnold went to tell her he must banish himself
from his country and from her forever. She instantly fell
into a convulsion, and he left her in that situation."
Parton, in commenting upon the letter to Laurens, remarks,
that the Aid of the Commander-in-Chief gave " the romantic
falsehood of the affair," and, in " love," was full of tenderness
to woman ; and that " it fell to Burr's lot to become ac
quainted with the repulsive truth." The reply is, that, Wash-
ington was not in " love ; " nor, as Parton says of Hamilton,
was lie " a youny gentleman of rhetorical turn ; " and it is quite
probable that some of " the other American officers," who
were also " deceived," Avere married, and of mature years.
Besides, — as will be seen in the course of this inquiry, —
Mrs. Arnold's physical organization was somewdiat peculiar ;
and, at times, she lost entire control of her lips, just as she
did on the distressing occasion under consideration. A Ger
man dramatist has the beautiful sentiment that, " a mother
with an infant in her arms, has nature's passport through the
world." If this deserted wife, in her agony, felt and uttered
that her child was without this " passport," and was to fall
a victim to its father's Avickedness, — constituted as she Avas —
who can Avonder ? The very idea of " playing the hypocrite,"
at such a moment, is monstrous. " Theatricals," in a mother,
when her husband disgraces and abandons her !
Mrs. Arnold was bred a gentlewoman ; and, so young,
was she so fallen, so fertile in the resources of sin ; was she

ARNOLD. 175
so destitute of the feelings of her sex, as to act a part ? With
the grave, penetrating eye of Washington upon her, did she
dare to play the " hypocrite " so far as to upbraid him, and
to declare that he was " in a jdot to murder her child ? "
Impossible ! " Theatricals " — in the presence of the illus
trious man who only six months before had A^'ritten his con
gratulations^ on the birth of EdAA'ard Shippen Arnold — this
very babe ! Would Burr have us believe that the daughter
of Chief Justice Shippen had less affection for her young,
than is manifested by the bird and the beast, for the fledgling
and the lamb ?
Again, Arnold himself acquitted her of all complicity in
his crime. " The mistaken vengeance of my countrymen,"
he said in a letter to Washington after the treason, " ought
to fall only on me. She is as good and innocent as an
angel, and is incapable of doing wrong." The declaration
of a criminal is not evidence, I well know, unless corroborated.
Major Franks, who is a competent witness, confirms the state
ment. He was an Aid ; and, because he Avas charged with
the particular duty of attending her, was laughingly called
— '' the nurse." When asked by a lady to express his opin
ion concerning her knowledge of her husband's plans, he
replied, — " Madam, she kneAv nothing of them — nothing !
She was ignorant of them as a babe." And fiirther, Arnold
could not venture to trust her, because, " she was subject to
occasional paro.Kysms of physical indisposition, attended by
nervous debility, during which she would give utterance to
anything and everything in her mind ; " and this " was a fact
well known amongst us of the General's family, so much so
as to cause us to be scrupulous of what was told her or said
within her hearing." I submit Avith confidence, that Major
Franks, in these few words, explains Mrs. Arnold's mental
condition, as stated by Hamilton ; for any proud, well-bred,
1 Arnold had announced the birth ; and the Commander-in-Chief, at
the close of a letter dated at Morristown, March 28, 1780, said in reply,
 " Let me congratulate you on the late happy event. Mrs. Washington
joins me in presenting her wishes for Mrs. Arnold on the occasion."

176 ARNOLD.
sensitive woman, with a constitutional tendency to " parox
ysms " and " nervous debility," Avould do much, if not pre
cisely as she did, when informed of her OAvn ruined hopes in
life, and that the author of her woes must fly to save his life.
Again : as soon as the traitor was safe on board of the
Vulture, he addressed a letter to Washington, in Avhich he
asserts his wife's innocence, and uses these significant words :
" I beg she may be permitted to return to her friends in Phil
adelphia, or to come to me, as she may choose." Mark the
order of thought. If she was the j^artner, nay, the author of
his crime, he would not have suggested the possibility of a
separation ; but doubt was predominant in his mind, and
he expressed himself accordingly. This is of moment, since
nature and observation teach that, husband and wife, when
guilty of the same sin, cling to one another as by a ncAv a'ow,
and as closely as did the pair who were expelled from Eden,
Mrs, Arnold's decision Avas free ; and, if principal or accom
plice, the laws of her being would have impelled her to renew
the relations which legally existed between herself and the
father of her child. But the bond was broken ; and, under
an escort of horse, Avitli the protection of a flag, she departed
from West Point for the parental roof.
I conclude here the circumstantial part of her case. The
allegation of the third Vice-President of the United States
concerns common girlhood, common wifehood, and universal
motherhood ; hence the time bestowed upon it. In my judg
ment, the subject of this notice should be acquitted. The
probabilities are all in her favor, and there is no evidence
against her. Indeed, more ; dates and facts prove her entire
innocence. Her husband began to complain of the " ingratitude " of
his country as early as February, 1777, before he ever saw her,
and more than two years before he married her ; and, from that
time down to the discovery of his crime, in September, 1780,
he was continually quarrelling with individuals, or State
authorities, or members of Congress, or officers in the army.
In a word, before his second marriage, (Aprd 8, 1779,) his

ARNOLD. 177
clamor about his " wrongs," his importunities for " redress,"
his questionable business and pecuniary transactions, together
Avith his arrogance, had disgusted his enemies, and exhausted
the patience of those Avho labored earnestly and sincerely to
relieve his embarrassments, to appease his anger, and to do
him more than justice. Benedict Arnold, mentally, morally,
betrayed his country, while his wife was a maiden. The
Loyalists seem to have known his true character far better
than the Whigs ; and to have supposed that he favored them
long pre^¦ious to his overt treason. There is proof of this in
the private correspondence of Galloway, the leading Loyalist
of Pennsylvania. Thus Charles Stewart wrote, December
17, 1778 : " General Arnold is in Philadelphia. It is said that
he Avill be discharged, being thought a pert Tory. Certain it
is, that he associates mostly ivith these people, and is to be mar
ried to Miss Shippen," &c. David Sproat, in a letter dated
January 11, 1779, remarked — "You will hear that General
Arnold, commandant in Philadelphia, has behaved with lenity
to the Tories, and that he is on the eve of marriage to one of
Edward Shippen's daughters."
I pass to the distinct question of Burr's veracity. There
are so many victims to prejudice, to persecution in our history,
that, when I began to trace his strange career, I was prepared
to find him one of them. But I incline to the opinion now,
that his life Avas a long, an unbroken lie ; for I own my in
ability to determine, when, and under Avhat circumstance, I
can put faith in a man who averred, as he did, that he never
so much as wished harm to any human being ; that he never
did, said, or wrote anything to throw a cloud over any woman's
name ; and that no woman could lay her ruin to him. In
the eighty-three years which have elapsed since the alleged
eager, imprudent boasting of Mrs. Arnold at Mrs. Prevost's,
hundreds of volumes of biography and correspondence of the
Revolutionary era have been published ; but, as far as my
knowledge extends, not one of them contains a syllable to
corroborate Burr's story, or in any Avay to implicate the sub
ject of this notice. Nor is this all. When I mingled with

178 ARNOLD,
Loyalist families in the British Colonies, Arnold himself^ the
beauty, character, and fate of his wife, were among the favor
ite topics of conversation. Gentlemen of the lineage of the
Colonel, who went up the Hudson in the Vulture with Andr^
and other well-informed persons, never once suggested that
by tradition, even, IMrs, Arnold was involved in the treason.
My purpose is accomplished. I have attempted the A'indi-
cation of the second wife of Benedict Arnold, simply as a
duty to her and to her sex. The stain of descent from him,
from a man, who, in trade was a vulgar, dishonest horse-
jockey and cattle-dealer, and wdio, as a military officer, was
false to his duty ; this, this, her children's children must bear,
I hasten to complete this article, which is already too long
for the limits of this work. When she stopped at Mrs, Pre-
A ost's, she was on her way from West Point to Philadelphia.
She ncA'er meant to see her husband again. On her arrival
at her father's house she was treated with the utmost kindness,
nor were the endeavors to soothe her anguish by affectionate
attentions, entirely lost ; but new sorrows aAvaited her. On
the 27th of October, 1780, die Executive Councd of Penn
sylvania issued an order commanding her to depart the State
Avithin fourteen days from that date, and not to return during
the war. Her father and others sought to avert this decree
of exile. The representation that she had resolved to separate
from the man who had destroyed her happiness ; the pledge of
her word Uiat she Avould hold no correspondence with him ; the
promise of every security for her good conduct, Avere disre
garded ; and on the 9th of November she obeyed the edict of
banishment. At the peace, she again thought of leaving her
husband ; but concluded, finally, to follow him to NeAV Bruns
wick. The Loyalists who went to that Province in 1783,
lived, at first, in log or rough-board huts. The country was
an unbroken A^'ilderness ; and bears sometimes came to the
very doors of these rude dwellings. Arnold was among those
Avho soon built frame-houses, and secured many of the com
forts of civilized life. Within the traitor's home there, Avithin
his home in England, was a sad, a stricken woman. " Her

ARNOLD. 179
heart was broken." She came once to her native land. Her
visit is mentioned in a letter dated at Philadelphia, in Jan
uary, 1790. The writer remarks, that she had been there six
months, and intended to stay the remainder of the winter ;
that " she is handsome, and a Avoman ; " that out of respect
to her family, many warm Whigs had been to see her, though
the common opinion was, that, as her presence placed her
friends in a painful position, she would have shown more
feeling by staying away, I learn from another source, that
she was treated Avith so much coldness and neglect, even by
those who had most encouraged her ill-starred marriage, that
her feelings were continually Avounded. — " She never could
come again."
Her portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence, is (1855) in the
possession of the Misses Mcllvaine, Philadelphia. That she
was A'ery beautiful, is said by aU Avho speak of her. Accounts
differ as to the time and place of her decease ; the English
and correct record is, that she died in 1804, in Bryanstone
Street, Portman Square, London, in her fortj^-fourth year.
Her sisters would have brought her younger children to
America, — wisely enough was the offer declined. The story
of Margaret Shippen has a moral for maidens ; she married
against the wish, the judgment, of a fond, of a devoted father.
Mrs. Arnold was the mother of four sons and one daughter :
namely, Edward Shippen, who was a lieutenant in the Ben
gal Cavalry, and paymaster of Mattra, and who died in India,
in 1813 ; James Robertson, of whom presently ; George, who
was a lieutenant-colonel in the Bengal Cavalry, and who died
in India in 1828 ; William Fitch, who, a magistrate in the
County of Bucks, England, and late a captain in the Lancers,
married the only daughter of Captain Ruddach, of the Royal
Navy ; and who, the father of six children, was living in 1855 ;
and Sophia Matilda, the wife of Colonel Pownall Phipps, of
the East India Company Service, who was also living eight
years ago, and the mother of one son and two daughters.
A word in conclusion, of the most distinguished son. James
Robertson Arnold entered the corps of Royal Engineers in

180 ARNOLD.
1798. He served two years at Bermuda, and from 1818 to
1823, commanded the Engineers in Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick. After the accession of WiUiam IV. he was one
of his Majesty's aids. While in the Provinces just named, he
visited his father's house, — King Street, St. John, — and, as
I have often been told, " threw himself into a chair, and wept
like a child." He expressed a wish to see his mother's family
in the United States; but added, — "I guppose I should be
insulted on account of my father," &c. A gendeman who
was in service with him, and an intimate acquaintance, speaks
of him in terms of high commendation ; and relates that he
was a small man, with eyes of remarkable sharpness, and in
features thought to resemble his father. His wife A\'as Vir-
ginia, daughter of Bartlett Goodrich, of the Isle of Wight.
In 1841, he was transferred from the Engineers, and appointed
a Major-General, and a Knight of the Hanoverian Guelphic
Qfder, He died in London, December, 1852.
f Arnold, Benedict. Of Connecticut. Major-General in
the Continental Army. Nothing need be said in these vol
umes of a man whose life and infamy are so universallj' known.
A Avord, hoAvever, of his private character, in further vindi
cation of Margaret, his second wife. He was descended from
the Arnolds of Rhode Island, an honorable family, who for a
long period figured in the public affairs of that Colony. He
was bred an apothecary, and from 1763 to 1767 Avas settled
at New Haven, as a druggist and bookseller. I am inclined
to believe that he was a finished scoundrel from early man
hood to his grave. Nor do T believe that he had any real
and true hearted attachment to the Whig cause. He fought
as a mere adventurer, and took sides from a calculation of per
sonal gain, and chances of plunder and advancement.
No honorable man would have formed a copartnership with
others for purchasing goods within the enemy's lines as he
did, and to the enormous amount of one hundred and forty
thousand dollars. And no honest man would have lived,
could have lived as he did, while at Philadelphia. His play,
his balls, his concerts, his banquets, were enough to have

ARNOLD. 181
impaired the fortune of an European noble. His house Avas
the best in the city, and had been the mansion of Penn, the
last royal governor of Pennsylvania, and the descendant of
the illustrious founder of the Colony. This dwelling he fur
nished magnificently, kept his coach-and-four, and a numerous
retinue of servants, and indulged in every kind of luxury,
and ostentatious and vain profusion and display.
But Arnold shoidd have the benefit of every circumstance
which, in the judgment ofany, can lessen or palliate his guilt.
Beyond all doubt, then, Congress treated him unjustly. If
his case had never been submitted to that body, or if it had
been examined and disposed of by Washington, it is certainly
possible that his career might have terminated far less dishon
orably. He was made a brigadier-general in the British service,
and received a large amount of gold to cover his alleged losses
in deserting the standard of his country. After he went to
England, Mr. Van Schaack, a New York Loyalist, who was
also there, paid a visit to Westminster Abbey. " His mus-
ino-s Avere interrupted by the entrance of a gentleman accom
panied by a lady. It was General Arnold, and the lady was
doubdess Mrs. Arnold. They passed to the cenotaph of Major
Andr6, Avhere they stood and conversed together. What a
spectacle I The traitor Arnold in Westminster Abbey, at
the tomb of Andre, deliberately perusing the monumental
inscription which will transmit to future ages the tale of his
own infamy. The scene, with the associations which nat
urally crowded upon the mind, was calculated to excite vari
ous emodons in an American bosom ; and Mr. Van Schaack
turned from it with disgust."
From the conclusion of the war till his death, Arnold re
sided chiefly in England ; but for a while he was engaged in
trade and navigation at St. John, New Brunswick. He Avas
disliked, was unpopular, and even hated at St. John. [See
Elias Hardy and Alpheus Pine, in this work, for illustra
tion.] Persons of that city still relate instances of his perfidy
and meanness, George Gilbert, Esquire, (a son of Bradford
VOL, I, 16

182 ARNOLD,
Gilbert, Avho was a Massachusetts Loyalist,) has now (Au
gust. 184G,) twelve chairs which are called the " Traitor's
Chairs," and which Avere carried from England to St. John
bv Arnold, When he removed from New Brunswick he sold
them to the first Judge Chipman, who, after keeping them
some years, sold them to their present possessor. They are
of a French pattern, are large, and covered with blue-figured
damask ; the wood-work is white, highly polished or enam
elled, and striped with gold.
The Lord Sheffield, the first ship built in New Brunswick,
came over the falls of the River St. John, in June, 1786. The
current story in that Province is, that the builder was unable
to purchase the necessary sails and rigging, and that Arnold
became the owner — by fraud.
He died in London, June 14, 1801, The following brief
notice appeared in the " Gentleman's Magazine: " — " At his
house in Gloucester Place, Brigadier-General Arnold, His
remains were interred on the 21st, at Brompton. Seven
mourning-coaches and four state-coaches formed the caval
cade," His first wife bore him, — Benedict, who was an officer of
artillery in the British Army, who, it is believed, was com
pelled to quit the service, and who died young in the
West Indies ; and Richard and Henry, of whom presently.
The names of five other children appear in the preceding
notice. " We " (the EngHsh nation), said the ' London Times,' in
1850, " are actually this moment supporting, out of the public
funds, the descendants of Arnold the American traitor."
It may be added that General Arnold's mother had six
children, of whom he and his sister Hannah alone lived to
the years of maturity. This sister adhered to her brother
Benedict throughout his eventful and guilty career, and Avas
true to him in the darkest periods of his history. She died
at Montague in Upper Canada in 1803, and was, as is uni
formly stated, a lady of excellent character. She was accom
plished, pleasing in person, witty and affable. She loved, but

ARNOLD. 183
at the bidding of her brother, broke off" the engagement. She
neA'cr married.
In 1852 the newspapers announced the decease at Norwich,
Connecticut, of Elizabeth Arnold, cousin of the Traitor, and
the last of his kindred in that vicinity. Her age was ninety-
two. She was carried to the poor-house at her own request,
and died there.
Arnold, Henry. A son of General Arnold by his first
marriage. He entered the king's service after his father's
defection, and was a lieutenant of cavalrv in the American
Legion. He accompanied his father to St. John, and was
employed in his business. He slept in the Avarehouse near
Lower Cove in that city, and lodged there the night the
building was burned. He lived afterwards at Troy, New
York, with his aunt Hannah, and was engaged in mercantile
pursuits. At a subsequent period, he removed to Canada,
where, in 1829, he was a man of property. He received
half-pay, and a grant of lands from tiie British government.
Arnold, Richard. Brother of Henry. In 1782 he was
also a lieutenant of cavalry in the American Legion, com
manded by his father. In every j)articular his history, down
to the year 1829, is identical with that of his brother Henry,
and need not, therefore, be repeated. Persons are stiff living
at St. John, who resided there when General Arnold's store
was burned. The impression was, at the moment, and stUl
is, that the fire AA'as caused by design, and for the purpose of
defrauding a company in England, that had underwritten
upon the merchandise which it contained, to an amount far
exceeding its worth.^ These persons differ as to tlie fact,
Avhether Arnold himself was at St, John, or absent in Eng
land, at the time of the fire ; and hence, the degree of blame
which should be attached to the two sons may be uncertain,
1 The story as first told was as follows : — " AVe learn from Nova Scotia,
that the highest suspicion prevails there, that the infamous traitor, Bene
dict Arnold, set fire to his own house, (store,) having previously effected
an insurance in London upon it, to a much larger amount than the real
value of his property " — Newport Herald of September 11, 1788,

1 84 ARNOLD. — ASHLEY.
That both Henry and Richard slept in the store on the night
of the conffagration, and that neither could give a satisfactory
account of its cause, seems, however, to be certain.
Arnold, Oliver. Of Connecticut. He Avas born in that
State, and graduated at Yale College, in 1776. He went to
St. John at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that
city. Having labored some years as an Episcopal missionary,
he Avas inducted into office as Rector or Sussex, New Bruns
wick, and finished his course in that capacity in 1834, at the
age of seventy-nine. He was ardently attached to the Epis
copal Church, and was regarded as an excellent man. In
domestic life he was peculiarly kind and affectionate.
AsBY, James. Of Boston, An Addresser of Hutchinson
in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same year.
A Boston Whig wrote to a friend at Ncav York as follows :
" The Addressers of Mr, Hutchinson, and the Protesters
against our public measures, lead a devil of a life. In the
country the people will not grind their corn, and in the toAvn
they refuse to purchase from, and sell to, them."
Ashley, Jonathan. Minister of Westfield, and subse
quently of Deerfield, Massachusetts. He graduated at Yale
College in 1730. He was a warm Lovalist, and difficulties
occurred between him and his people in consequence. An
Ecclesiastical Council, convened in May, 1780, by mutual
consent, to arrange the difference, dispersed after a session of
eleven days without arriving at any conclusion. He expressed
his particular sentiments freely and boldly. His flock was so
nearly divided, that sometimes one party had the ascendency,
sometimes the other. " When the Whigs Avere in the ma-
jority, they refused to vote him his firewood." Among the
anecdotes which show his zeal in the royal cause, I select tAvo :
"When the provincial Congress of Massachusetts issued the!
proclamation for the Annual Day of Thanksgiving, they sub
stituted the ejaculation, ' God save the people,' instead of the
former one, ' God save the king.' He read the proclamation'
from the pulpit, but when he had come to the close, he raised
himself above his ordinary height, and, with great vehemence,

ASHLEY. 185
subjoined, ' And God save the king,' I say, ' or we are an
undone people." "
The other relates to an exchange with the Rev, Mr. New-
ton of Greenfield, who also was a Loyalist. The Deerfield
minister was told by his Greenfield brother that he might
avail of the occasion to speak of the Revolution, " by way of
caution to his people." I find the result stated thus : " Mr.
Ashley somewhat enlarged upon the liberty granted him, and
seriously offended the congregation. During the intermission
of service at noon, the friends of the patriot cause assembled,
and talked the matter over. They finally resolved themselves
into a meeting, and chose a committee to take measures in
relation to the afternoon preaching, which they did by fasten
ing up the meeting-house. When Mr. Ashley came to com
mence the afternoon service, he was met at the door by one
of his Deerfield parishioners, avIio gave him a significant nudge
vfith his elbow. After repeating this form of salutation, Mr.
Ashley asked him the reason of the attack, and admonished
him that he '•' should not rebuke an elder." " An elder? — an
elder ? " replied his tormentor, " if you had "not said you was
an elder, I should have thought you was a poison sumach."
Mr. Ashley had to retire Avithout entering the church. But
this was not the last of the rcA'erend gentleman's troubles.
Returning to his own parish, at Deerfield, he soon after
preached a sermon in which he spoke against the jiatriot
cause, and gave his opinion that those Americans who fell at
Lexington had met Avith a fearful doom in the next world.
On the following Sabbath, he undertook to enter his pulpit,
but found it spiked up. After ineffectual attempts to enter,
he turned to one of his deacons, and requested him to go and
get his hammer, and force for him an entrance. The deacon
was a blacksmith, but informed his pastor that he did not work
on the Sabbadi. At last, an axe was procured and the pulpit
entered." He Avas a man of strong mind, and an earnest preacher.
He died in 1780, aged sixty-seven. Several of his sermons
were published. 16

186 ASHLEY, - ASPDEN.
" During the forty-eight years of his ministry at Deerfield,
he officiated in 249 marriages and 1009 baptisms, and admit
ted 392 members to his church."
Ashley, Joseph, Jr. Of Sunderland, Massachusetts, He
Avent to Halifiix in 1776, and was proscribed and banished
in 1778. He died in New York before the peace. The Hon.
Chester Ashley, Senator in Congress, from Arkansas, who
died at Washington in 1848, at the age of fifty-seven, was of
the same family.
AsPDEN, Matthias. Of Phdadelphia. Son of Matthias
Aspden and Rebecca, daughter of Philip Packer. He was
born in that city about the year 1756 ; and at the beginning
of the Revolution was a merchant, the owner of a house,
wharf, and warehouses, and transacting business which gave
him a profit of £2000 annually. At first, he inclined to the
Whigs, and joined a company of volunteers ; but his confi
dence in the invincible power of the Crown, and the fate of
his friends Hunt and Kearsley, caused a change of sentiment.
In 1776 he abandoned the country. He intended to embark
in one of his oavu vessels, but at the moment he was ready,
" the carting " of the two gentlemen just mentioned, occurred,
and he resolved to remain rather than be thought remiss in
their trials. Yet, he soon obtained leave of the Whigs to sail
from New York in the packet iSwaUou<, and was disappointed
a second time, in consequence of difficulties Avitli Governor
Tryon. At last, he took passage in the schooner JBertham,
bound to Corunna, Spain, and arrived in London before the
close of the year.
By a proclamation of the Council of Pennsylvania in 1780,
he was required to appear and be tried for treason, before
April 1, 1781, on pain of being attainted and losing his estate
by confiscation. He failed ; and his house, Avliarf, and ware
houses in Philadelphia (which, after the peace, according to
his statement, rented for ,£1000 per annum), were given to
the University.
In 1785 he returned to America, but finding his life in
peril, hastened back to England. However, he pedtioned

ASPDEN. 187
for and received a full pardon from the State in April, 1786 ;
and thenceforward seems to have passed a life undisturbed by
aught save his own self-caused vexations and his incessant
clamors for pecuniary compensation from all the governments
with which he had ever been connected. The Legislature of
Pennsylvania, the House of Commons, the Board of Com
missioners on Loyalist Claims, the High Chancellor, the Privy
Council, the Lords of the Treasury, all turned a deaf ear to
his complaints ; A\diereon he published them in the " London
Morning Post." Like the bat in the fable, he sought to
find gain from both parties, and obtained it from neither. He
was in France, under the Alien Bill, in 1802 ; at New York,
under a passport, in 1815 ; and in July, 1817, departed Phil
adelphia for England, by Avay of Canada. He was addressed
by the South Sea Company on the election of officers in 1823,
as the Right Honorable Matildas Aupden, at Messr>i. Hoare tj-
Co., Banlcers, Fleet Street ; a title Avhich he claimed, because,
as he said, his grandfather, Thomas Aspden, married Elizabeth
Scroop, " a descendant of the ancient and noble family of that
name," He died at London, August 9, 1824.
His will gaA'e rise to the most extraordinary suit that ever
occurred under the confiscation acts of the Revolution. The
documents which pertain to the case were printed in 1837,
and make upwards of three hundred pages : the eye seldom
rests on so curious a medley of tran.sactions in business, of
every-day gossip, of personal complaints, and general mention
of human vicissitudes — joy, sorroAv, affliction, death. Some
of his own letters and other papers are strange enough.
Travelling in Italy, in 1804, he seems to have been con
vinced that now and then he met relatives of persons (par
ticularly servants of foreign extraction), whom he had once
known. " At this place (Avignon) saw a good many Phil
adelphia-looking faces, and relations, I am sure, of Anna,
that many years ago lived with my Aunt Bailey ; . . . . am
inclined to think I also met in Italy old Conrad, that lived
with her about the same time, and used to carry me to school
on a pdlow before him, — or a cousin of his — at Naples;

188 ASPDEN.
.... and at this place, relations of my neighbor, the razor-
grinder's wife, who passed for Germans." But perhaps the
queerest of these is a letter from London, on business, to the
president, for the time being, of the United States Bank, in
1808 ; in which he complains bitterly of being annoyed by
spirits, and calls for the application of the laws against sor
cery : " For my own part, I had no idea of anything of this
kind untill the winter of 1798, in Ormond Street, when for
the first time in my life I slept Avitli a light in my chamber,
and forced to the resource of it all the winter thro'. Going
to Richmond in the summer, I had there frequent and repeated
proofs of there being spirits and dfemons, from hearing and
seeing, if the latter are not also spirits. And now, and for
several years past, nothing more clear, notorious, and com
mon ; for I seldom go out to a coffee-house that I am not
dog'd or bitched all the way ; and while there, to my great
annoyance and others present, and back, by voices out of the
air that I mostly know, and to the great reproach and scandal
of the police of this city, or the bench of bishops, at which
ever door the laying of evil spirits may lay. As early as the
age of four or five, I was taught to believe there was no such
things as spirits, and was not afraid to go anywhere alone, or
to sleep in a strange house in a chamber alone, with a window
looking into a churchyard ; and which the commands of the
Lord in the Bible to the Jews, to destroy the witches and
Avizards out of the land, had tended to strengthen and confirm.
And this by one that was a spirit or dtemon herself or itself,
if I am not much mistaken, and wdiich accident led me to dis
cover, in looking for lodgings a few years agoe, at a lodging-
house in my present neighborhood, where I met the original,
and was struck Avitli it ; who, very soon after I came into the
room, went out with a person like a clergyman with her ; she
Avas something bigger than the counterfeit ; when she returned
home in the year 1762, sent the counterfeit abroad ; excellent
hands for a motherless babe to fall into. But as I am alive
and tolerably well, except some remains of the gout in my
feet, I may say from this, and many other things, th^t I am
truly sensible that there is a Providence over all."

ASPDEN, 189
To return to Mr. Aspden's will. The suit to determine
the rightful heirs to his property was brought in 1824, in
the United States Circuit Court, and decided, finally, in
1848. He devised his estate, real and personal, " to the per
son who should be his heir-at-law," and in another part of the
instrument, " to the person Avho .should be his lawful heir."
The claimants were upwards of two .hundred, aud were divi
ded into three classes : 1. The heirs of Mary Harrison, sister
of the half-blood on the father's side, and the heirs of Roger
Hartley, half brother on the mother's side. 2. The Packers
— cousins of the whole blood, a very large and constantly
increasing class of claimants, one of whom originallv instituted
the proceedings, the suit standing — Packer vs. Nixon, Execu
tor of Matthias Aspden. 3. The English Aspdens — rela
tions of the whole blood of the father, and who Avould have
been heirs at common law.
The opinion of Judge Grier was in substance as follows :
The testator left neither wife nor lineal descendant ; but there
were the issue of the half-blood descendants of Mary Harrison
and Roger Hartley. The issue on the father's side, the first
cousins, (the Packers,) are dismissed ; they have no claim on
any possible construction of this will. The only question is
between the heir at common law and the half-blood.
The 11th section of the act of 1794, gives the estate of an
intestate who dies, leaving no child or issue of such child, to
the brother or sister of the half-blood, unless where the estate
is acquired by descent, gift of devise from the parents, in
which case, all who are not of the blood of the parent from
whom the estate was derived, shall be excluded. It is evident,
therefore, that the issue of the half-blood is in this case sub
stituted to the heir at common law.
" The Court are, therefore, of opinion that the issue of the
brother and sister of the half-blood are the laiwful heirs, and
the persons entitled."
The decision was therefore in favor of the American heirs,
of die issue of Mary Harrison and Roger Hardey ; to whom
the decree gave property valued at more than $500,000.

190 ATHERTON,
The English claimants appealed. The Supreme Court
affirmed tlie opinion of Judge .Grier, and the estate was
divided accordingly.
I conclude this singular story with a paragraph which
appeared in a Philadelphia paper, March, 1853 : —
" Romance in Real Life. — John Aspden, whose sud
den death an Monday was noticed in our columns, is to be
buried this afternoon. Mr, Aspden was one of the Eng
lish claimants of the immense estate left by Matthias Aspden,
Before the case Avas decided by the Supreme Court in favor of
the American heirs, the latter proposed to the deceased to
compromise the matter, and offered to pay him the sum of
$200,000 to relinquish his claim ; this he refused to do, and
the decision of the Court cut him off Avithout a farthing. On
Monday morning the estate was divided bet\Veen the heirs-at-
law, and almost at the same moment John Aspden fell dead,
at a tavern in Carter's Alley, of disease of the heart, supposed
to have been induced by disappointment and mortification.
At the time of his death his pocket contained a solitary cent
— his entire fortune ! To day the man Avho might have been
the possessor of a quarter of a million of dollars, will be borne
to his grave from an obscure , part of the District of South-
Avark. '
/Atherton, Joshua. Of Amherst, New Hampshire, He
^was born at HarA'ard, Massachusetts, in 1737, and graduated
at Harvard University in 1762, He was theUaw^tudent of
Abel Willard, of Lancaster, and of James Putnam, of Wor
cester, and opened an office at Petersham. He removed to
Litchfield, and, in 17T3, — when he was appointed Rggister
of Probate of the County of Hillsborough — to Amherst, where
be soonacquired propei-tyTnd reputation in his profession.
An open and firm Loyalist, in the events that followed, he
was a sufferer in person and estate. He was entreated by his
Whig friends to change his course, while other friends who
adhered to the Crown, urged him to fly to England or Nova
Scotia ; but he refused to adopt the counsels of either. His
house Avas often surrounded by his political foes, who marched

ATHERTON, 191
him off to a tavern and drank freely of fiip, punch, and toddy
at his expense. He bore the indignities to which he was
exposed so meekly, and " treated " so generously, as to win
the good nature of his tormentors, and to cause them to toss
their hats, to hurrah for the Tory, and to express their regrets
that he " was not one of the sons of liberty," Minor annoy
ances I must pass without mention. In 1777 he was sent
prisoner to Exeter by order of the Committee of Safety, Avhere
he remained nearly or quite a year. Though released on
entering into recognizance with sureties in a large sum, he
was still confined to the limits of the county until late in 1778,
when, upon his petition, and his acknowledgment of the
authority of the Whigs, his liberty vA'as restored by proclama
tion. He took the oath of allegiance to the United States, and
the oath of an attorney, in 1779, and was admitted to j)rac-
tice in the Superior Court. His pecuniary affairs at this time
were in a deplorable condition. " He lay like some thrifty
tree uprooted by the late gale, prostrate, divested of its foliage,
its limbs broken and scattered. His family Avas much in
creased, and increasing. His and their sufferings will hardly
bear relation." In a few years, however, his business became
extensive, and he was often the leading counsel in the trial of
important cases. So, too, his loyalty was forgotten, and marks
of respect and confidence were frequent, and grateful to his
feelings. He Avas a member of the Convention for die adop
tion of the Federal Constitution, and led the party that
opposed it. His principal objections to that instrument, per
sonally, were the provisions relative to slaves and slavery.
Subsequently, he was elected to the House and Senate of
New Hampshire, and, in 1793, was appointed Attorney-Gen
eral of that State. Taking part with the Federalists in the
di.scords here occasioned by the French Revolution, he lost
his popularity ; and when, in 1798, he accepted the office of
Commissioner under the Act to levy a Direct Tax in the
United States, " he had the honor to be hung in effigy in the
town of Deering." Two years later, shattered mentally and
physically, he retired to private life. His disease — an or-

192 ATKINS.
ganic affection of the heart — terminated in death, April,
1809, in his seventy-third year. " He was remarkable for
his social qualities. His courtesy and urbanity will eA'er be
remembered by those who were familiar Avith him. His hos
pitality was unbounded. The clergy, the gentlemen of the
bar, the judges, officers of the RevoluUon, and every stranger
of disdnction within the reach of his invitations, Avere his wel
come guests." He was a good scholar, and possessed one of
the best libraries in the State. Abigail, daughter of the Rev,
Thomas Goss, of Bolton, Massachusetts, became his Avife in
1765, and died in 1801. At the time of her marriage she
was hardly more than sixteen years of age ; — "in the joyous
day of her nupdals, litde did this young girl know or think
of the trials, hardships, and mortifications of her future life."
She proved an " angel wife and mother." Charles Hum
phrey Atherton, Avho graduated at Harvard University in
1794, Avlio was at the head of the Hillsborough County bar
for several years ; who was a representative in Congress, and
who died at Amherst in 1853, AA'as his son. He Avas the
father of six daughters : namely, Frances, Abigail, Rebecca
Wentworth, Nancy Holland, Catharine, and Elizabeth Wil
lard ; some of whom (1852), survive, and all of Avhoin,
the fourth excepted, married. The late Hon. Charles G,
Atherton, RepresentatiA'e and Senator in Congress from
New Hampshire, Avho died in 1853, was a grandson of our
Loyalist, Atkins, Gibes, Of Boston. He went to Halifax in 1776,
and was proscribed and banished in 1778. He returned to
the United States, and died in Boston in 1806, aged sixty-six.
Atkins, Charles, Of Charleston, South Carolina. In
1774 he was appointed a member of the Committee of Corre
spondence of that city. In 1780 he Avas an Addresser of Sir
Henry Clinton, and a Petitioner to be armed on the side of
die Crown. He received a military commission, and in 1782
was an officer in the Volunteers. He Avas banished, and his
property was confiscated. He went to England. In 1794,
in a memorial dated at London, he stated to die Bridsh Gov-

ATKINSON, 193
ernment, that large debts due to him in America at the time
of his banishment remained unpaid, and he desired relief.
Atkinson, Theodore, Of Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
He graduated at Harvard University in 1718, and in after
life rose to much distinction. He held, at various times, the
offices of Representative in the Assembly, Naval Officer,^
Sheriff, Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas, Colonel of th^
Militia, Collector of the Customs, Secretary of the Colony,
and Chief Judge of the Superior Court ; and had a seat in
the Council, In 1775 a committee of the Provincial Con
gress requested him to deliver up all the records and papers
in the Secretary's office, Avhich he refused, as " against his
oath and honor." On a second visit the committee, Avithout
heeding his objections, took possession of the documents of his
office, except the volumes which contained the charter grants
of lands, which were then in the hands of Governor Went
worth. The missing books. Congress, by resolution of July
7, 1775, voted that Mr. Atkinson should be held accountable
for to the people. He died in 1779, at the advanced age of
eighty-two. He bequeathed £200 sterling to the Episcopal
Church of Portsmouth, the interest of which he directed to
be expended in bread, and distributed on Sundays to the poor
of the parish, which, as I understand, has been dealt out
under the provision of his will, until the present time, (1859,)
a period of eighty years, " His coach was the coach of the
town." He was a man of wealth, and owned more silver
plate, probably, than any other person in New Hampshire,
The town of Atkinson perpetuates his name.
Atkinson, Theodore, Jr. Of New Hampshire, and
son of the preceding. He graduated at Harvard University
in 1757. Entering upon political fife, he became a member
of the Council and Secretary of the Colony. He died at
Portsmouth, on Saturday, October 28, 1769, at the early
age of thirty-three, and his remains were deposited in the
family tomb. Queen's Chapel, with great pomp and circum
stance. On Saturday, November 11th — just two weeks af
ter — his widow, whose maiden name was Frances Deering
VOL, I. 17

194 AUCHMUTY.
Wentworth, was married in the same chapel by the Rca'.
Arthur Browne, to Governor John, afterwards Sir John
Wentworth. She Avas a Boston lady, very accomplished and
gay ; and, as Lady Wentworth, had a diversified career. She
was a cousin of both husbands, and her earliest attachment
was for Wentworth ; but Avhile he was absent in England she
married Atkinson. There was much gossip at Portsmouth
about the three cousins at the Revolutionary era, founded on
the facts here stated. And within a few years, a story relat
ing to the parties appeared in one of the magazines, which,
extracted by the newspaper press, Avent the rounds. The
leading incidents of the tale Avere both ridiculous and untrue.
The towns of Francestown, Deering, and Wentworth, in
New Hampshire, perpetuate the wife's name.
Auchmuty, Rev. Samuel, D. D. Of New York. Rector
of Trinity Church. Son of Robert, Judge of Vice-Admi
ralty. Graduated at Harvard University in 1742. I lose
sight of him until 1754, when he was employed by the So
ciety for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts,
as Catechist to the negroes in NeAv York, at a salary of
£50 ; and where, he Avrote the Society, that in six months
he had baptized twenty-three children and two adults, and
was preparing three others. He succeeded the Rev. Dr.
Barclay as Rector, in 1764, .with the Rev. Mr. Inglis and
the Rev. Mr. Ogilvie, as assistants. Oxford, England, con
ferred the degree of S. T. D, in 1766, and King's College,
'New York, the year following. In 1771, I find his name
first on an Address to the Episcopalians of Virginia, urging
the necessity of an " American Episcopate," or, the resi
dence of bishops in the Colonies. Trumbull calls him a
" high-church clergyman," and makes him the subject of
remark in McFingal. In April, 1775, Dr. Auchmuty wrote
from New York to Captain Montresor, chief engineer of
General Gage's army at Boston, that " we have lately been
plagued with a rascally Whig mob here, but they have
effected nothing, only Sears, the king, was rescued at the
jail-door." . . . . " Our magistrates have not the spirit of a
louse," &c.

AUCHMUTY. 195
In September, 1776, nearly one thousand buildings were
burned in the western part of the city, and among them
Trinity Church, the Rector's house, and the Charity School ;
St. Paul's Chapel and King's College barely escaped. The
Vestry of Trinity reported the loss by this fire to the Church
to be — Trinity Church and organ, £17,500; two Charity
School-houses and fences, £2000 ; Library, £200 ; Rector's
house, £2500 ; total, £22,200 ; besides the annual rent of two
hundred and forty-six lots of ground, — the tenant buildings
being all consumed. After the fire, Dr. Auchmuty searched
the ruins of his church and of his large and elegant man
sion, but found no articles of value, except the church plate
and his own. His personal losses by the conflagration, he
estimated at upwards of $12,000, He died in 1777. His
wife was a daughter of Richard Nichols, Governor of New
York. Notices of his two sons follow. His daughter Jane
was the second wife of Richard Tylden, of the family of
Tylden, Milsted, County of Kent, England ; one of her sons
is the present Sir John Maxwell Tylden, who was in the
army twenty years ; and another, William Burton Tylden,
is a major in the Royal Engineers. Of Dr. Auchmuty 's
two other daughters, I have no account, save that they were
married. Auchmuty, Sir Samuel. Of New York. Lieutenant-
General in the British Army. Eldest son of the Rev. Dr.
Auchmuty. At the beginning of the Revolution he was a
student at King's College, and was intended by his father for
the ministry. But his own inclinations were military from
his boyhood.
Soon after he graduated, and in 1776, he joined the Royal
Army under Sir William Howe, as an ensign in the 45th
Regiment, and was present in most of the actions in that and
the following year. In 1783 he commanded a company in
the 75th Regiment, in the East Indies, and was with Lord
Cornwallis in the first siege of Seringapatam. In 1801 he
joined the expedition to Egypt, and held the post of adjutant-
general. He returned to England in 1803, and three years

u

196 AUCHMUTY.
after was ordered to South America, where, as brigadier-
general, he assumed command of the troops ; and, in 1807,
assaulted and reduced — after a most determined resistance
— the city and fortress of Monte Video. In 1809 he was
transferred to India. Subsequently, he succeeded Sir D.
Baird, as chief of the staff in Ireland. He was knighted in
1812 ; his nephew. Sir John Maxwell Tylden, lieutenant-
colonel of the 52d Regiment, being his proxy. He twice
received the thanks of Parliament, and was presented with
a service of plate by that body, and by the East India Com
pany. His seat, — Syndale House, — was in Kent, near
Feversham. He died in Ireland, suddenly, in 1822, at the
age of sixty-four.
Auchmuty, Robert Nichols. Of New York. Son of
Rev. Dr. Samuel Auchmuty. He was a graduate of King's
College, New York ; and, in the Revolution, served as a vol
unteer in the British Army. He died at Newport, Rhode
Island, in 1813, His Avife was Henrietta, daughter of Henry
John Overing. His daughter Maria M., widow of Colonel E,
D. Wainwright, of the United States Marines, died at Wash
ington, D. C, January, 1861, aged seventy -one.
Auchmuty, Richard Harrison. Of New York. Sur
geon in the British Army, Taken prisoner in the storming
of Stoney Point. With Cornwallis at Yorktown ; — and
died soon after the surrender, while on parole.
Auchmuty, Robert, Of Boston. In 1767 he was ap
pointed Judge of Vice-Admiralty of Massachusetts and New
Hampshire, in place of Chambers Russell, deceased. John
Adams, with whom he was associated in the defence of Cap
tain Preston, for the affair in King Street, March 5, 1770,
called the " Boston Massacre," describes his arguments at
the bar thus : — " Volubility, voluble repetitions and repeated
volubility; fluent reiterations and reiterating fluency; such
nauseous eloquence always puts my patience to the torture."
His letters to persons in England were sent to America,
with those of Governor Hutchinson, by Franklin, in 1773, and
created much commotion. He went to England in 1776,

AUCHMUTY. — AVERY. 197
and at one period was in verj' distressed circumstances. He
never returned to the United States. His estate was confis
cated. His mansion in Roxbury became the property of
Governor Increase Sumner, and was occupied by him at the
time of his decease. Mr, Auchmuty died in 1788.
Walker & Son, booksellers, London, have on their Catalogue
of 1856, among their rare American tracts, the following : —
" Auchmuty (Robert, an Absentee,) Cerdficate of the Com
monwealth of Massachusetts of the Sale of R, Auchmuty's
Library, at Public Auction, according to Law, Signed and
Sealed 12th Feb. 1784, with Autograph Certificate of John
Browne, Chairman of the Committee of Sequestration, Signed
and Dated 10th Feb. 1784, Boston; Statement of the Manner
in which Mrs. -Brinley and Mrs. Breynton Executed the
Directions of the Will of R. Auchmuty, Esq., with his Will
annexed, &c., showing every thing that was done for those
purposes, 20 pages, 4to."
Auchmuty, James. Of New York. Son of Robert. " I
send you," wrote General Scott to the Provincial Congress,
July 5, 1776, " James Auchmuty, storekeeper in the Engi
neer Department, and brother to Dr. Auchmuty, with his
wife and child." He himself wrote Mr. Jay, in October of
the same year, that, while others held as prisoners of war
were paid the regular allowance, not a shdling had been given
him. Soon after, he gave his parole to depart to Danbury,
Connecticut, and to remain neutral until exchanged or dis
charged. At the peace he removed to Nova Scotia, where
he became eminent as a lawyer, and was appointed judge.
He had a son in the British Army, who was killed in battle
in the West Indies.
Avery, Ephraim. Of Pomfret, Connecticut. Episcopal
minister. He received the degree of A. B. firom Yale College,
MirMika^ of A. M. from King's College, New York. In 1765
he succeeded Mr. Punderson as minister of Rye, and con
tinued his pastoral relations untd the Revolution, " when he
became so obnoxious to the Whigs," that his farm animals
were driven off and his other property plundered. He died
17*

198 AXTELL.— AYMAR.
November, 1776. General Israel Putnam was one of the
husbands of his mother. She died in the Highlands in 1777,
and was deposited in Beverly Robinson's tomb.
Axtell, William. Of New York. Member of the Coun
cil of that Colony. He was descended from David Axtell, a
colonel in Cromwell's army, who Avas beheaded at the restor
ation of the Stuarts. When examined by the Whig Com
mittee, in 1776, he stated that the bulk of his property was
in Great Britain and the West Indies. In reporting his case
to the Provincial Congress, the Committee remarked that
they believed him to be " a gentleman of high honor and
integrity." He had a country-seat at Flatbush, was the first
man in wealth and importance there, and invited Whig pris
oners to sup with him. Miss Shipton, a relative and an in
mate of his house, married Colonel Giles, of the Continental
Army. In 1778 Mr. Axtell was commissioned by Sir Wil
liam Howe, colonel of a corps of Loyalists. In 1783 the
colors of the regiment of Waldeck were consecrated in front
of his mansion at Flatbush. The troops formed in a circle,
and officers and men took a solemn oath to support the new
standards ; a splendid dinner and a ball followed ; and the
ladies presented the officers who bore the colors, with a knot
of blue and yellow ribbons. In November of the last men
tioned year, Colonel Axtell's furniture Avas sold by auction
at his town-house, Broadway, New York. His estate was
confiscated. He went to England, received a considerable
sum for his losses, and was allowed the half-pay of a colonel.
He died at Beaumont Cottage, Surrey, in 1795, aged seventy-
five. His wife died before his departure from America. He
left no issue.
Aymar, Francis. Descended from a family that fled to
the United States during the religious persecutions in France.
Was born in the city of New York in 1759, and died at St.
Andrew, New Brunswick, October, 1843, aged eighty-four
years. He was one of the grantees of, and settled at St, John,
New Brunswick, in the autumn of 1783, and continued his
residence there until 1807, when he returned to the United

BABBIT, — BACHE. 199
States, and lived alternately at Eastport, Maine ; New York ;
and St. Andrew, up to the time of his decease. He Avas the
father of fifteen children, of Avhom the following survived
him : Daniel, William, John, Francis, Nancy, Mary, Betsey,
Eleanor, Sarah, and Phebe.
Babbit, Daniel, He died at Gagetown, New Brunswick,
1830, at the age of eighty-scA-en.
^/ Babcock, Rev. Luke. An Episcopal minister. He was
the youngest son of Chief JusticFBabcock, of "Rhode Island,
was born in 1738, and gradij"ated-at Yale College in 1755.
Having been ordained by the Bishop~of"London, he was ap
pointed to the mission of Pliilipsburgh, New York. In 1774,
King's College conferred the degree of A. M, Soon after
the breaking out of the Revolution his papers were examined,
and he Avas personally interrogated touching his allegiance to
the Crown. The result Avas, that in October, 1776, he was
ordered to Hartford, where he remained until the folloAving
February, Avhen his health failed, and he Avas directed to re
move within the lines of the Royal Army. " He got home
in a raging fever, and delirious," and died, February 18, 1777,
Mr, Seabury said, — "I knoAv not a more excellent man, and
I fear his loss, especially in that mission, Avill scarcely be made
up." His remains Avere deposited in the family Aault of the
Van Cortlands.
In 1780 the parsonage Avas broken into by a band of " cow
boys," Avith disguised persons and blackened faces, and the
ladies robbed of their valuables. The leader, in parting, made
a profound bow, and thus addressed Mrs. Babcock : —
" Fare you well, and fare you better.
And when I die, 1 '11 send you a letter."
Mr. Babcock's brother Henry, a graduate of Yale College,
was a lawyer, a colonel in the Whig service, in command at
Newport, Rhode Island, and " a man of fine person, accom
phshed manners, and winning eloquence."
Bache, Theophylact. Of New York. He came to
America, probably, in 1755. He was a merchant, and his

200 BACHE. — BACON.
business Avas principally with the West Indies and Newfound
land. He was also agent of the packets which plied between
Falmouth, England, and New York. In 1773 he was elected
President of the Chamber of Commerce. He Avas a deter
mined Loyalist. His brother Richard married Sarah, daugh
ter of Doctor Franklin, and was a Whig. The political sym
pathies of Theophylact were, possibly, the same as Richard's
at the outset, since he was associated with Jay and Lewis on
the Committee of Correspondence.
July 1, 1776, in a letter to Philip Livingston, he denied
that he was inimical to American rights, and said, that the
distressed state of his Avife and numerous family, required all
his attention, and would, he hoped, be a sufficient apology for
not appearing before Congress, as required to do by that body.
At one period of the war his place of residence was at Flat
bush, Long Island. Obnoxious to some of the Whigs, in the
course of events, a daring attempt to carry him off was made
in 1778, by a Captain Marriner, an eccentric, witty, and inge
nious partisan, which resulted successfully. Marriner's plan
embraced three other Loyalists of rank and consequence ;
but Bache and Major Moncrieffe, Avith four slaves, were those
whom he actually captured, and they were placed in a boat
and conveyed to New Jersey. The marauders struck Mrs.
Bache several times for entreating them not to deal harshly
with her husband, and they plundered the house of plate,
wounded a female servant, and dragged off Mr, Bache him
self without giving him time to put on his clothes. Such is
the account.
Mr. Bache was kind to Colonel Graydon, a Whig ; gave
him frequent invitations to tea, and to partake of his Ma
deira, and offered his purse to relieve his supposed necessities.
" He is remembered as a fine specimen of a gentleman, —
courteous, hospitable, with a touch of the sportsman, loving
his gun and his dog, and everywhere acceptable as a poHshed
and agreeable companion." He died in New York, in 1807,
aged seventy-eight. His wife was a Miss Barclay.
Bacon, John. Of New Jersey. Leader of a band of

BACON, - BAILEY. 201
marauders in the counties of Burlington and Monmouth.
In the fight at Cedar Bridge, he was accused of killing one
Cook, and the State offered a reward for his capture, dead
or alive. In April, 1782, a brother of Cook, John Stewart,
and four others, all heavily armed, surprised him on a very
dark night, in a tavern, Avhen he surrendered and was dis
armed. But Cook thrust his bayonet into his body, and, on
his attempt to escape, StOAvart shot him dead.
Badgely,  . June 20, 1782, he was condemned to
death for treason in New Jersey, and the day of execution
appointed. His case caused a spirited letter from Sir Guy
Carleton to Washington. The papers show that Badgely
"joined the enemy long after the passing of the treason act."
>^adger, Moses. An Episcopal minister. He graduated
at HarA'ard University in 17617'~lTi3~ wtfc "WTK^" daughter
of Judge Saltonstall of Massachusetts, and sister of Colonel
Richard and Leverett, the two Loyalist sons of that gentle
man. Mr. Badger went to Halifax in 1776, but was at New
York at or about the time of the death of Leverett, and wrote
to the family on the subject. At one period he was chaplain
to De Lancey's second battalion. After the Revolution, Mr.
Badger was Rector of King's Chapel, Providence, and died
in that city in 1792, It appears, that some years prior to
the war he was an Episcopal missionary in Ncav Hampshire,
authorized to labor throughout that Colony.
/Bailey, Jacob. He graduated at Harvard University in
'1755. Principally through the instrtTmentality of the Ply
mouth proprietors in Maine, an Episcopal Church was
erected at PoAvnalborough, now Dresden, in that State, and
for several years Mr. Bailey was the officiating clergyman,
as a missionary of the Society for the Propagadon of the
Gospel. Few around him agreed Avith him in political
sentiment. For the single offence of continuing divine service, he
relates, he was threatened, insulted, condemned, laid under
heaA'y bonds, and doomed to transportation. His family con
sisted of a wife, a young infant, and two girls of about eleven

202 BAILEY.
years. Informed of a design against his life, he resolved to
leave them, destitute of money, and of provisions except a few
garden roots ; and escape, as he best could do. He accom
plished his purpose, but returned. Again molested, and told
that if he attempted to officiate in public or in private, imme
diate confinement in prison would follow, he determined to
abandon the countrj', and in the summer of 1779 he went to
Halifax, N. S. I give an account of his appearance when
he landed in that city, in nearly his own words. His feet
were adorned with shoes which sustained the marks of rebel
lion and independence. His legs were covered with a thick
pair of blue woollen stockings, which had been so often mended
and darned by the fingers of frugality, that scarce an atom of
the original remained. His breeches, Avhich just concealed
the shame of his nakedness, had been formerly black, but the
color being worn out by age, nothing remained but a rusty
gray, bespattered with lint, and bedaubed with pitch. Over
a coarse tow and linen shirt, manufactured in the looms of
sedition, he wore a coat and waistcoat of the same dandy gray
russet ; and, to secrete from public inspection the innumerable
rents, holes, and deformities, which time and misfortunes had
wrought in these ragged and weather-beaten garments, he
was furnished with a blue surtout, fritted at the elbows, worn
at the button-holes, and stained with a variety of tints. To
complete the whole, a jaundice-colored wig, devoid of curls,
was shaded with the remnants of a rusty beaver, its monstrous
brim replete with notches and furrows, and grown limpsy by
the alternate inflictions of storm and sunshine, lopped over
his shoulders, and obscured a face meagre with famine and
wrinkled with solicitude. His wife's dress was no better.
She was arrayed in a ragged baize night-gown, tied round the
middle with a woollen string ; her petticoats were jagged at
the bottom, were ragged above, and drabbled in mud. He
became Rector of St. Luke's Church, Annapolis, Nova Scotia,
and died in that relation in 1808, at the age of sixty-seven.
During the last twenty-six years of his life he was absent
from his church only one Sunday.

BAILEY, — BAINBRIDGE. 203
His wife, Sally, daughter of Dr. John Weeks, of Hamp
ton, N. H. ; three sons and three daughters, survived him.
Charles Percey, the oldest son, who was remarkable for per
sonal beauty, was a captain in the British Army, and was
killed at the battle of Chippewa, in the Avar of 1812. Re
becca Lavinia died at Annapolis. Charlotte Maria is (1853)
still living. Thonias Henry was an officer in the militia, and
died young, leaving a wife and three children. Wdliam GU
bert was a lawyer of extensive practice, died young, also,
and left a family. Elizabeth Anna married Mr. James Whit
man. Mrs. Bailey died at Annapolis in 1818, at the age of
seventy. Mr. Bailey was poor throughout his life. " Though
0])pressed himself by want and debt, his hospitality never
ceased to flow, and by the kindness of his nature he always
retained the personal regard of all who knew him."
The Life of Mr. Bailey, by the Rev. William S. Bartlet,
late Rector of St. Luke's Church, Chelsea, Mass., is instruc
tive and interesting, and has afforded materials for .several
notices in these pages.
Bailey, William. In 1782 was captain-lieutenant of
the Loyal American Regiment ; he settled after the war in
New Brunswick, and received half-pay. He died on the River
St. John, near Fredericton, in 1832, at the advanced age of
ninety-seven. Bailey, Zachariah. Died at Fredericton, NeAV Bruns
wick, in 1823, aged seventy-two.
Bailie, George. Of Georgia. In 1777 the Committee
of Safety for the parish of St. John, gave him and two others
permission to ship rice to Surinam, under bond and security
that it should not be landed in a British port. He had pur
chased goods to a considerable amount of William Parton,
(a Loyalist mentioned in these volumes,) and that genUeman,
by an arrangement with the Governor of Florida, changed
the destination of the vessels, and the bond was forfeited.
The result was that Badie Avas included in the Banishment
and Confiscation Act.
Bainbridge, Absalom. Of Princeton, New Jersey. Phy-

204 BAINBRIDGE. - BALDWIN.
sician. He was descended from Sir Arthur Bainbridge, of
Durham County, England, and his American ancestor was
one of the founders of NeAv Jersey. At the Revolutionary
era the family was of great respectability. Soon after the
beginning of the war, he retired to New York. In 1778 he
was a surgeon in the New Jersey Volunteers ; and at Flat
bush that year, offered two guineas reward for a runaway
negro boy, Priam, — " hair light-colored and of the woolly
kind." His wife Avas a daughter of John Taylor, of Mon
mouth County, N. J. He died at New York in 1807, aged
sixty. His son William, born at Princeton, N. J., in 1774, entered
the United States Navy during the aggressions of France, as
a lieutenant ; was commissioned post-captain in 1800, before
he was twentj^-six ; and, December 29, 1812, in command
of the frigate Constitution, he captured the British frigate
Java. He died in 1833, in his sixtieth year. Another son,
Joseph, Avas also a captain in the United States Navy.
Baird, William and Archibald. The first went to St.
John, New BrunsAvick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that
city. Archibald was collector of the customs at Georgetown,
S. C. ; and, expelled for refusing to swear allegiance to the
Whigs, he went to Europe, and died previous to August, 1777.
Baldwin, John. Of Phdadelphia. Accused, in 1776,
of refusing to receive " Continental money," he was sum
moned before the Council of Safety, and Avhen informed of
the complaint against him, acknowledged its truth. The
Council urged the pernicious influence of his conduct, and
gave him several days for reflection, in the hope that he would
change his purpose. Persisting, at a second hearing, he was
proclaimed " an enemy to his country, and precluded from all
trade and intercourse with the inhabitants of these States ; "
and he was ordered to jail, there to remain without Ijail or
mainprise until he shall be released by order of the Council,
or some other power lawfully authorized so to do."
There died at St. George, N. B., in 1840, at the age of
ninety-one years, a Loyalist of the name of John Baldween,

BALL. — BANNISTER. 205
who served the Crown nearly the whole of the Revolution,
who was distinguished for bravery, and who, I suppose, was
the subject of this notice.
Ball,  . Captain of a militia company in the town
of Berne, New York. His command consisted of eighty-fiA'e
men ; of Avhom sixty-three joined him in going over to the
king at the commencement of hostilities. His ensign, Peter
Deitz, and the remainder of his men, were Whigs. Deitz
was commissioned captain, and his brother, William Deitz,
lieutenant. Peter was killed in 1777, and William succeeded
him in command, and by his activity incurred the hate of the
Tories, when with his family they made him their prisoner,
and tied him to his gate-post to witness the death of his father
and mother, his wife and children, who were successively
brought out and murdered before his eyes. The unhappy
Deitz himself Avas carried to Niagara, where he ultimately
became a victim of Tory cruelty.
Ballingall, Robert. Of South Carolina. He was in
commission under the Crown after the surrender of Charles
ton in 1780, and his estate Avas confiscated.
When Sir Henry Clinton issued his proclamation ordering
all prisoners taken at the capitulation to return to that city,
Ballingall waited upon the ill-fated Colonel Isaac Hayne, and
communicated the orders he had received on the subject.
Hayne asserted that he was not bound to obey, and plead that
his children were all ill with the small-pox, that one child had
died, and that his wife was on the eve of dissolution ; and
finallv declared, that no human force should remove him from
the side of his dying wife. A discussion followed, and, at
last, Hayne consented to give Ballingall a written stipulation
to " demean himself as a British subject, so long as that coun
try should be covered by the British Army."
Balmaine, William. He settled at Grand Lake, New
Brunswick. While at St. John, in 1809, he fell from a win
dow and was killed. His age was seventy-two.
Bannister, John. A " young man of family, property,
and convivial habits," who went to England during the war,
VOL. I. 18

206 BANYAR. — BARBARIE,
and was on intimate terms with Count Rumford. He died
preA'ious to 1813.
Banyar, Goldsbroav. Of New York. He Avas born in
London in 1724, and came to America at the age of fourteen.
In 1746 he was sworn in as Deputy Secretary of the Colony,
Deputy Clerk of the Council, and Deputy Clerk of the
Supreme Court ; and, six years later, was appointed Register
of the Court of Chancery ; and in 1753, Judge of Probate.
His public employments ceased with the termination of the
Royal Government. When the Whigs assumed the direction
of affairs, he retired to Rhinebeck, New York. At the peace
he removed to Albany, " where he always took a great inter
est in the internal improvements of the State, and contributed
to all a liberal support," His wife was the widow of John
Appy, Judge- Advocate of the forces in America. Blind in
the last years of his life, he was led about the streets by a
colored servant. He died at Albany in 1815, at the age of
ninety-one ; " leaving to his descendants a large fortune, and
a more enduring inheritance, — the recollection of his many
virtues and the example of a life devoted to duty." His son
GoldsbroAv died in NeAv York in 1806.
Barbarie, John. Captain in the New Jersey Volunteers.
Taken prisoner at Staten Island in 1777, and sent to Trenton.
In garrison during the siege of Ninety-Six, South Carolina,
and wounded. In the battle of Eutaw Springs, again wounded.
He Avent to St, John, New Brunswick, at the peace, and was
a grantee of that city. He received half-pay. He Avas a
colonel of the militia, and a magistrate of the County of York.
He died at Sussex Vale in 1818, at the age of sixty-seven.
His son, Andrew Barbarie, Esq., was a member of the House
of Assembly.
Barbarie, Oliver. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the
Loyal American Regiment. He setded at St. John in 1783,
and was the grantee of a city lot. He died at Sussex Vale,
New Brunswick.
" Euphemia, relict of Oliver Barbarie, late of the Barrack
Department," died at Holyhead, England, at the house of
her brodier. Captain Skinner, in 1830, aged sixty-four.

BARCLAY. 207
Barclay, Thomas. Was the son of Henry Barclay,
D. D., Rector of Trinity Church, New York, and Avas born
in that city, October 12, 1753. He was a graduate of Colum
bia College, and a student of laAv of John Jay. At the be
ginning of the Revolution he entered the British Army under
Sir William HoAve, as a captain in the Loyal American Regi
ment, and was promoted to a major by Sir Henry Clinton in
1777. He continued in active service until the peace. His
estate in New York was confiscated, and at the close of the
contest he fled with his family to Nova Scotia. Of the House
of Assembly of that Province he was for some time Speaker ;
and of the militia, Adjutant-General. From 1790 till 1828
he was employed in civil stations, under the British crown,
of great trust and honor. He was successively a commis
sioner under Jay's Treaty, the Consul-General for the North
ern and Eastern States, and Commissary for the care and
exchange of prisoners. At the conclusion of the war of 1812,
between the United States and Great Britain, he was ap
pointed Commissioner under the fourth and fifth Articles of
the Treaty of Ghent, which post he continued to hold until
within tAVO years of his decease.
In an autograph letter in my possession, dated at Annapolis
in 1799, he said to a fellow-exile : — "I find that those who
were termed Royalists or Loyalists, in addition to their attach
ment to their king and country, preserve their principles of
honor and integrity, of openness and sincerity, Avhich marked
the Americans previous to the year 1773 ; Avhile those who
have sold their king for a Republican Government, have
adopted all the frivolity, intrigue, and insincerity of the
French, and in relinquishing their allegiance, resigned at the
same time, almost universally, religion and morality."
In private life he Avas estimable. He was a sincere and
devout Chrisdan of die communion of the Church of Eng
land. A prominent trait in his character Avas kindness and
charity to the poor. His official conduct was the subject of
frequent and marked approbation of the sovereigns Avliom he
served, and at the close of his services he was rewarded with

208 BARD. — BARDAN,
a pension of £1200 per annum. His habits of industry and
application were extraordinary ; and he was never in bed at
sunrise for forty years. He died at New York in April,
1830, aged seventy-seven years. His son. Colonel Delancey
Barclay, an aide-de-camp to George the Fourth, died in
1826 ; he had repeatedly distinguished himself, particularly
at Waterloo,
Bard, Samuel, Of New York. Physician, L,L. D,
He was born in Philadelphia in 1742, and graduated at
King's College, N. Y. In 1762 he went to Edinburgh to
complete his medical education, and Avas absent five years.
Soon after his return, he helped to organize a medical school,
of which he became a professor. In 1772 his father. Dr.
John Bard, retired to the country, when he succeeded him
in practice, and became eminent. Averse to war, unwilling
to break off connection with England, and to mingle in the
turmoils of the time, he joined his father at Hyde Park, in
1775. Other removals followed ; but he finally settled in
New Jersey. He returned to New York after the Royal
Army took possession, and found himself an object of suspic
ion, and of utter neglect. Reduced to his last guinea, he
accidentally met the mayor, (Matthews) who treated him
kindly, and who, by his good offices subsequently, was the
means of restoring him to the confidence of his former friends.
The leaders of the Royal party became at last his frequent
guests. At the peace he Avas urged to leave the country on
account of his known associations and political sentiments ;
but he declined. After the Federal Government was organ-
ized, he Avas Washington's family physician. He died in
1821, in his eighdeth year ; his Avife departed just one day
before him, and a common grave received their remains.
The universal tesdmony is, that he possessed almost every
virtue which adorns manhood.
Bardan, John. Arrested by Lieutenant Nowell, he was
asked what he intended to do Avith the Rebels, and answered :
— "Kill them, as fast as I can." Nowell released him on
payment of seven dollars in paper currency, and was tried

BARFIELD. — BARNES. 209
by a court-martial, and " dismissed from the army with
infamy." Bareield,  . Captain of a company of Tories. In
an affair Avitli die Whig partisan Melton, he Avas successful.
Gabriel Marion, a nephew of the General, fell into his hands,
and as soon as recognized, was put to death. " His name was
fatal to him."
Barker, William. Of Maine. Born in England in
1734 ; emigrated to Massachusetts about the year 1774 ;
removed to the Kennebec River in 1775. " Opposed to the
Revolution at heart," but did not often publicly avow his
opinions. In the course of the Avar he lived a year or tAvo
in Dresden. The Whigs annoyed him in various ways, but
he did not leave the country. He died at Gardiner, in 1822.
Dorothy, his Avife, died in 1814. One daughter, Nancy,
married Peter Grant ; another, Elizabeth, was the wife of
Joshua Lord.
Barker, Joshua, He entered the British Army during
the French war, and served with distinction in the West
Indies, After he attained the rank of captain, he retired on
half-pay. In the Revolution, he " was as little obnoxious as
perhaps any man in his situation could be ; always wishing
for the blessings of peace, and the good of his country." In
his address he Avas courteous and graceful ; in his temper,
calm ; in his counsels, clear and determined. He bore a long
indisposition Avith fortitude and resignation. He died at Hing-
ham, Massachusetts, in 1785, aged seventy-three,
Barnard, John. Of Massachusetts. He was born in
1745, and graduated at Harvard University in 1762. He
went to St, John, New Brunsvvick, and was a^merchajiL He
died in 1785, aged forty.
Barnard, Thomas. Of Salem, Massachusetts. Settled
in Nova Scotia, and died at Yarmouth, about the year 1833.
Barnes, Henry. Mcreharrtr-ef Marlborough, Massachu
setts. He was a magistrate and. a man of some note. The
records of the town, however, as examined by a friend, show
hardly more than that he distilled a liquor from cider, Avliich
18*

210 BARNES.
he exported, and which he petitioned the selectmen for leave
to sell there at retail.
Towards the close of February, 1775, General Gage ordered
Captain Brown and Ensign D'Bernicre, to go through the
Counties of Suffolk and Worcester, and to sketch the roads as
they went, for his information, " as he expected to have occa
sion to march troops through that country the ensuing spring."
The two officers set out from Boston, disguised like countrymen
in brown clothes and reddish handkerchiefs round their necks.
Their adventures until their arrival at Marlborough, do not be
long to this sketch. Recommended to Mr. Barnes " as a friend
to government," they found his house in a snoAV-storm, discov
ered themselves, and were told by him, that they need not be
at " the pains of telling him, he knew their situation." That
" the town was very violent," that " they could be safe no
where but in his house," and that "theydiad been expected
the night before," &c., &c. The people were suspicious, and
began to assemble in groups in all parts of the village. Mes
sages were sent to Barnes, and other circumstances occurred,
which, after the lapse of twenty minutes, compelled him to
declare to his guests that they would be attacked, and that
he could not protect them. He accordingly took them out of
his house by the stables, and directed them to a by-road.
They made their escape to the tavern of Jones, the Tory
landlord of Weston; "it snowed and blew," relates one of
them, " as much as I ever see it in my life."
In the Hou.se of Representatives, November, 1775, the
" Petition of Henry Knox ^ humbly showeth : That your
pedtioner having been obliged to leave all his goods and
house furniture in Boston, Avhich he has no prospect of ever
getting possession of again, nor any equivalent for the same,
therefore begs the Honorable Court, if they in their wisdom
see fit, to permit him to exchange house furniture Avith Henry
Barnes, late of Marlborough, which he now has it in his power
to do." The prayer was refused ; but the Whig was allowed
1 Subsequently, Chief of Artillery in the Continental Army, and Secre
tary at War under Washington.

BARNES. — BARRELL. 211
to use the Loyalist's household goods, on giving receipt to ac
count for them to the proper authorities.
In December, 1775, Catharine Goldthwait prayed the in
terposition of the General Court, stating in a petition that
she was the niece and adopted heir of Barnes ; that she had
resided A\'ith him about seventeen years ; that at his depart
ure from town, she was left Avith a part of his family in pos
session, and that the committee of Marlborough had entered
upon his estate, sold a part, and proposed to dispossess her
entirely. Barnes went to England. In 1777 he Avas at
Bristol with his wife and niece, and in September, thirteen
of his fellow Loyalists were his guests ; and, later still the
same year, he dined with several of the Massachusetts exiles
at Mr, Lechmere's, when the conversation Avas much about
the political condition of their native land.
In 1778, Mr. Barnes Avas proscribed and banished. In
1781 he supped Avith one of his countrymen, who told him
that the people of the Old Bay State complained of Congress
and of their French allies, without restraint. He died at Lon
don in 1808, at the age of eighty-four.
Barnes, Joshua. A captain in DeLancey's corps. In
1778, the Whig Major Leavenworth, of Massachusetts, hear
ing that Barnes Avas out on a plundering expedition, formed
the plan of capturing him ; and, leading him into an ambus
cade, took him Avidi his full company of sixty-four, prisoners.
Barnes, John. Of New Jersey. Sheriff' of the County
of Hunterdon. After the Declaration of Independence, he
refused to act under the Whigs ; and, when summoned before
the State Convention, said he was wiUing to be superseded.
Ii),-1778, he was a major in the New Jersey Volunteers.
Barrell, Walter. Of Boston. Inspector- General^ of
the Customs. In his religious sentimeiTts~he AV^T^ith his
lamiIy~orfive persons, a follower of Rojifixt^^emanj he
embarked at Boston with the British Army in 1776, for Hal
ifax, and arrived in England in the summer of the same year.
In 1779 he was a member of the Loyalist Association formed
in London ; his second daughter, Polly, died in London in 1810.

212 BARRELL. — BARRY.
/J3arrell, Colburn. Of Boston. At the Boston Latin
'^School in 1744. With his Avife and daughter, the guest of
John Adams in 1771. An Addresser of Hutchinson^nd a
Protestor against the Whigs in 1774. fie was aT'NeAv York
in 1783, and one of the fifty-five petitioners for lands in Nova
Scotia. [See Abijah Willard.'\ He was a Sandernanian.
Barrett, Charles. Of Ipswich, New Hampshire. He
was born in Concord. At the beginning of the war, he was a
man of property .ami.mfluence, and in command of a company
of militia. He was fearlesrirrhis utterance against the meas
ures of the Whigs ; was often involved in difficulty, and suf
fered many indignities. At one time, by vote of the town,
he was confined to the limits of his own farm. He gave his
adhesion to the ncAv State government at the peace, and was
a delegate to the Convention to consider the Federal Consti
tution, Avdien, it would seem, he was an ultra Democrat. He
opposed the adoption of the Constitution with Avarmth ; and,
as relates to the Executive, said that " The Presidents will
be four-year old Kings, and soon Kings for life." He died in
1808. Barron, William. Of Petersham, Massachusetts. Prior
to the Revolution, he held a commission in the British Army.
In the struggle, his sympathies were entirely Avith the Crown ;
but he was not active. He was a gentleman of refined man
ners, and a brave soldier. He died at Petersham in 1784,
greaUy lamented. Tavo of his sons graduated at Harvard
University ; Wdliam Amherst, who was a tutor there in
Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and Avho died unmar
ried, in 1825 ; and Thomas, who studied law, A\-as some
dme in England, and died, probably, in Ohio, in 1830, or
the next year. John Quincy Adams was a classmate of
William Amherst.
Barry, Robert. At the close of the Revolution he em
barked at New York for Shelburne, Nova Scoda. He became
an eminent merchant, established branch-houses in various
parts of the Province, and his name is connected Avitli the
largest of the early commercial enterprises of Nova Scotia.

BARRY, — BARTON, 213
He Avas distinguished for qualities Avhich adorn the Christian
character, and throughout life Avas highly esteemed. His
death occurred at Liverpool, Nova Scotia, September, 1843,
in the eighty-fourth year of his age.
Barry, W. Lieutenant in the Royal Foresters. He
died of a fever in October, 1781, near Hellgate, New
York, and was buried at Hallet's Cove, with the honors
of war.
Barton, Thomas. An Episcopal minister. He gradu
ated at Trinity College, Dublin, and in 1754, Avas sent by
the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel to the new
Mission in the Counties of York and Cumberland, Penn
sylvania. His post was on the frontier, and his duties par
ticularly onerous. " He had to ride one hundred and forty-
eight miles every six weeks, to attend his three congregations,
and, often at the head of his people, Avent to oppose the sav
ages." In 1758, he was chaplain to the expedition against
Fort Duquesne, and formed the acquaintance of several dis
tinguished persons. In 1770 he received the degree of A. M.
from King's College, New York. Adhering to the Royal cause,
subsequently, he Avas first confined to the limits of his coun
ty, and finally to his house. In November, 1776, he wrote :
" I have been obliged to shut up my churches, to avoid the
fury of the populace, avIio Avould not suffer the Liturgy to be
used, unless the Collects and Prayers for the King and Royal
Family were omitted, which neither my conscience nor the
declaration I made and subscribed when ordained, would
allow me to comply Avith ; and, although I used every pru
dent step to give no offehce even to those who usurped author
ity and rule .... yet, my life and property have been
threatened, upon mere suspicion of being unfriendly to what
is called the American cause."
After a restraint of two years, and in November, 1778, he
withdrew to New York. His loss of liberty occasioned a dis
ease, of which he died May 25, 1780. The Memoirs of Rit-
tenhouse Avere Avritten by his son William Barton. Another
son, Benjamin Smith Barton, doctor of medicine, Avas a distin-

214 BARTON. — BASS.
guished professor in the University of PennsyU-ania, and suc
ceeded the celebrated Rush. Professor Barton Avas the first
American who published an elementary work on botany.
Barton, Thomas. Colonel, and in command of a body of
Loyalists. Three incidents occur in 1777 : First, that he at
tempted to cut off a party of Whig militia, and was defeated.
Second, that he Avas successful against a detachment of Whigs
at Paramus. Third, that he Avas captured on Staten Island,
with about forty of his men, and sent to New Jersey. At the
peace he retired to Nova Scotia, and received a large grant of
land at Digby. He died about the year 1790. His family
returned to the United States,
Bartram, John. Of Pennsylvania, An eminent botanist.
He was born in Chester County, Pennsyh'ania, in 1701. His
taste was for botany, from his youth, and in this department
he became so eminent as to be appointed American botanist
to George the Third. The first botanic garden in this country
was founded by him on the Schuylkill, about four miles below
Philadelphia. Pie was so earnest in pursuit of knoAvledge that
he hardly alloAved himself time to eat, Jle Avas a proficient
in the learned languages, in medicine and surgery, and in
natural history. Linnaeus pronounced that he was " the
greatest natural botanist in the Avorld." Besides these ac
complishments, he was an ingenious mechanic ; built his own
stone house, and made most of his own farming tools and other
articles required on his estate. He Avas gentle in manners,
amiable in disposidon, modest, and charitable. He died in
1777, aged seventy-five.
His son, William, who was elected 'Professor of Botany in
the University of Pennsylvania, in 1782, but declined on ac
count of ill health, deceased in 1823, at the age of eighty-four.
His youngest son, John, who succeeded him in the botanic
/garden aboA'e mendoned, died in 1812.
Bass, Rev. Edavard, D. D. First Bishop of Massachu
setts. He Avas born in Dorchester in 1726, and graduated at
Harvard University in 1744. He fitted for die ministry as a
Congregadonalist, Ordained in England in 1752; he was

BATES. - BAUM. 215
Rector of St. Paul's Church, Newburyport, fifty-one years.
Elected Bishop of Massachusetts in 1797, his jurisdicdon
was subsequently extended over the Episcopalian churches
in Rhode Island and Ncav Hampshire. His course in the
Revolution is in dispute ; but of his loyalty I entertain no
doubt. He died at Newburyport in 1803, after two days
illness, aged seventy-seven. A marble monument has been
erected to his memory. "He was a sound divine, a critical
scholar, an accomplished gentleman, and an exemplary Chris
tian." Bates, Walter. Of Stamford, Connecticut. In the
spring of 1783 he arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, in
the ship Union. He settled in King's County, and for many
years was its sheriff". He died at Kingston in that county in
1842, aged eighty-two.
Batavell, Rev. Daniel. Of Pennsylvania, Episcopal
minister in York and Cumberland Counties. He receiA'ed a
grant of land from the Proprietaries of the Colony near Car
lisle. Soon after the Declaration of Independence he became
an actiA'e Loyalist, was apprehended and committed to York
jail. Congress gave him leave to dispose of his personal es
tate, and to remove Avith his family to the city of New York.
In 1782 he was chaplain of the third battalion of the New
Jersey Volunteers. He went to England, and died there.
^'-Baum, Jeremiah. Of Maine. He Avas tried by a court-
martial, and executed in Maine in 1780, by General Wads
worth, who commanded the Eastern department between die
Piscataqua and the St. Croix. This act of severity gave the
General himself great pain, and was condemned by many
Whigs ; but it appears to have been necessary, and to have
checked the treacherous intercourse of the eastern Tories
with their Bridsh friends Avho held Castine.
Eaton, in his history of Warren, thus relates the transac
tion : —
" General Wadsworth ' is.sued a proclamation denouncing
death upon any one convicted of aiding or secreting the
enemy. Subsequent to the proclamation, a man by the name

216 BAXTER.
of Jeremiah Baum, residing back of Damariscotta, was taken
up, charged with piloting a party of the British through the
back country for the purpose of pillaging. He was tried on
the twenty-third and twenty-fourth of August, by a court-
martial at Wadsworth's head-quarters, condemned and sen
tenced to be hung." Many efforts were made to procure his
pardon, but Gen. W. remained inflexible.
" On the day after the sentence, a gallows was erected on
Limestone Hill, and the miserable man was conducted to it in
a cart, fainting at the sight, and rendered insensible from fear.
Mr. Coombs, Avho was standing near, was asked to lend his
handkerchief to tie over the prisoner's eyes. Supposing it a
farce, he complied ; and the prisoner, to appearance already
dead, was swung off, to the astonishment of the spectators.
The General was greatly moved, and was observed walking
his room in apparent agitation the most of the following day.
Many friends of the Revolution regretted that such an ex
ample of severity, however necessary, should fall on such a
Adctim."
/ Baxter, Simon. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed
and banished, and lost his estate under the Confiscation Act.
He fell into the hands of a party of Whigs during the Avar,
and was condemned to die. When brought out for execution,
he broke and fled with the rope about his neck, and succeeded
in reaching Burgoyne's army. He went to New Brunswick
at the peace, and died at Norton, King's County, in 1804,
aged seventy-four. His Avidow, Prudence, died the same
year, at the age of seventy-three.
Baxter, Stephen. Of Bedford, New York. He made
humble confession at Stamford, Connecticut, December 1775,
that he " had opposed the liberties of America by horrid curs
ing and profane swearing," and he asked the forgiveness of
those whom he had abused personally, and of the Whigs gen
erally. But a "Recanter" was still a Tory; and in 1783
he went to Nova Scotia.
Baxter, Joseph. Settled in New Brunswick and died
there. Joanna, his widow, died in that Province in 1842,
aged eighty-six.

BAXTER. - BAYARD. 217
Baxter, Elijah. Died at Norton, King's County, New
Brunswick, in 1852.
Bayard, Samuel Vetch. Of New York. In 1777 Gov
ernor Tryon appointed him to succeed Colden as Surveyor
and Searcher of the Customs, and said to Lord George Ger
main : " From the steady loyalty of his father, and the depre
dations made on his estate, and in consideration that his two
sons are now in the Provincial service, I rest in absolute con
fidence that his Majesty wid confirm my appointment in oppo
sition to all solicitations wdiatever."
I find the death of a Samuel Vetch Bayard, at Wilmot,
Nova Scotia, in 1832, aged seventy-five. Possibly, one of the
" sons " mentioned by Tryon, as it is said " he served under
the Crown, and was a military officer."
Bayard, Samuel. Of New York. In 1774 he was en
gaged in a controversy with other proprietors of lands in
New York, and in behalf of himself and associates, submitted
a memorial to the British Government, praying to be put in
quiet possession of a part of the tract called the Westenhook
Patent. After General Lee took command in the city in
1776, Mr. Bayard was made prisoner, and placed under
guard at the house of Nicholas Bayard. He entered the
service of the Crown, and in 1782 was major of the King's
Orange Rangers.
Bayard, William. Of New York. Head of the mer
cantile house of William Bayard & Co. He Avas associated
with Jay, Lewis, and others, as a member of the Committee of
Fifty, and he appears to have been of Whig sympathies at the
beginning of the controversy. In 1773, Mr, Quincy, of Mas
sachusetts, on his return from the South, passed through New
York, and recorded in his journal, under the date of May
12th, — " Spent the morning in writing and roving, and dined
with Colonel William Bayard at his seat on the North River."
In 1775 the Massachusetts delegates to the Continental Con
gress Avere his guests also. In 1776 he was an Addresser of
Lord and Sir William Howe, He went to England, and his
property was confiscated. Governor Franklin recommended
VOL. I. 19

218 BAYLEY. — BEACH.
him to Lord George Germain, for relief He died \'ery aged,
in 1804, at his seat, GreenAvich House, Southampton, Eng
land. B.vyley, Richard. Of New York. An eminent physician.
He was born in Connecticut in 1745, and in 1769 and 1770
attended lectures and hospitals in London. In 1772 he began
practice in New York, and his attention Avas early attracted to
the croup, wdiich professional men had treated as putrid sore
throat. His experiments resulted in the adoption of active
treatment, and in an entire change of remedies for that for
midable disease. In 1776 he Avas in the British Army under
Howe, as a surgeon, but incapable of enduring separation from
his Avife, he resigned just before her decease in 1777. For
the remainder of his life he was engaged in duties of a profes
sional kind. He occupied the chairs of anatomy and surgery
in Columbia College, and published letters and essays on med
ical subjects. He died in 1801, aged fifty-six. He is repre
sented as a man of high temper, strong in his attachments, in
vincible in his dislikes, and of honorable, chivalrous character.
Bayley, Philip. Of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In
1775 he signed and published a Submission, or Recantation,
in which he asked forgiveness for the past, and promised that
his future conduct should convince the public that he would
risk his life and interest in defence of the liberties of the coun
try. In his case, as in several others, the written recantation
was probably extorted from an unAvilliiig mind to avert some
impending blow. " Many recanters \^•ent into exile. Bayley,
in 1778, was proscribed and banished. The captain-lieutenant
of the Royal Fencible Americans in 1782 was Philip Bailey,
and, possibly, the subject of this notice.
/ Beach, Rev. Abraham, D, D. Episcopal minister. He
Avas born in Cheshire, Connecticut, in 1740, and graduated at
Yajs. College in 1757. He went to England for ordination in
1767, and was appointed missionary at New Brunswick, and
Piscataqua, New Jersey. In July, 1776, he Avas told that un
less he omitted prayers for the King and Royal Family, he
must discondnue service on the Sabbath. As he would not

BEACH. • 219
consent to this condition, he shut the churches in which he
oflficiated. In a few months, however, worship Avas resumed
in one of them. Early in 1777 he said: "My present con
dition is truly distressing, being situated about a quarter of a
mile bej'ond the picket-guard of the King's troops. Parties
of Washington's army are every day skulking about me, A
few days ago, they drove oft" my cattle, horses and sheep ; and
since I sat down to write this letter, about fifty of them sur
rounded my house, and fired from thence on the out-sentry
of the Hessians," &c. Until the peace, he continued in his
perilous position, but, " dispensing spiritual consolation alike
to Whigs and Tories," In 1783 he was appointed temporary
missionary at Amboy ; and in 1784, assistant minister of
Trinity Church, New York, After twenty -nine years' duty,
and in 1813, he resigned ; when the Vestry, " in consideration
of his very long and faithful services in the church, as one of
its most faithful pastors, granted him an annuity of £1500 for
life, secured by bond, under seal of the Corporation." He
retired to his farm on the Raritan River, where he passed the
remainder of his life. He died in 1828, at the age of eighty-
eight. His Avife Ann, daughter and sole heiress of Evart Van
Winkle, one of the original Dutch settlers of Ncav Jersey,
died in 1808, " In his intercourse Avith society, no man could
be more frank or more free from all guile  While
his dignified person, expressive countenance, and lively feel
ings, commanded the respect and affection of all who knew
him." Beach, Rev, Johx, He graduated at Yale College in
1721, and for several years Avas a Congregational minister in
Connecticut ; but finally became an Episcopalian. In 1732
he went to England for ordination, and 'on his return, was
employed as an Episcopalian missionary in Reading and New
town, Connecticut. After the Declaration of Independence,
he continued to pray for the King, and to give other evidence
of his loyalty. His course gave great displeasure to the Whigs,
and he suffered at dieir hands. He died in March, 1782.
During his life, he was engaged in one or more rehgious

220 BEACH.
controA'ersies. Several of his compositions of this description,
and a number of sermons, were published. The following
extracts from two of his letters to the Society for the Propa
gation of the Gospel, Avhose missionary he was, contain inter
esting information. The last, as will be seen, was dated only
a few months before his death. " Newtown, May 6, 1772.
" As it is now forty years since I have had the advantage
of being the venerable Society's missionary in this place, I
suppose it will not be improper to give a brief account how I
have spent my time, and improved their charity. Every Sun
day I have performed divine service, and preached twice, at
Newtown and Reading alternately. And in these forty years
I have lost only tAvo Sundays through sickness ; although in
all that time I liaA-e been afflicted with a constant colic, which
has not allowed me one day's ease or freedom from pain.
The distance between the churches at Newtown and Reading
is betAveen eight and nine miles, and no very good road, yet
have I never failed one time to attend each place according to
custom, through the badness of the weather, but have rode it
in the severest rains and snow-storms, even AA'hen there has
been no track, and my horse near miring down in the snoAv-
banks, Avhich has had this good effect on my parishioners,
that they are ashamed to stay from church on account of
bad weather, so that they are remarkably forward to attend
the public Avorship. As to my labors without my parish, I
have formerly performed divine service in many towns where
the Common-prayer had never been heard, nor the Scriptures
read in public ; and where now are flourishing congregations
of the Church of England, and in some places where there
never had been any public worship at all, or any sermon
preached by any preacher of any denomination.
" In my travelling to preach the Gospel, once was my life
remarkably preserved in passing a deep and rapid river. The
retro.spect on my fatigues, as lying on straw, &c., gives me
pleasure, while I flatter myself that mv labor has not been

BEACH. 221
quite in vain, for the Church of England people are increased
much more than twenty to one ; and what is infinitely more
pleasing, many of them are remarkable for piety and virtue ;
and the Independents here are more knoAving in matters of
religion than they who Yiye at a great distance from our
church. AVe live in harmony and peace with each other,
and the rising generation of the Independents seem to be
entirely free from every pique and prejudice against the
church, &c., &c.
"John Beach."
"Newtown, October 31, 1781.
" It is a long time since I have done my duty in writing to
the venerable Society, not owing to my carelessness, but to the
impossibility of conveyance from here, and now do it sparingly.
A narrative of my troubles I dare not now give. My two
congregations are groAving ; that of Reading being commonly
about three hundred, and at Newtown about six hundred. I
baptize about one hundred and thirty chddren in one year,
and lately two adults. NeAvtown, and the Church of England
part of Reading are, (I believe,) the only parts of New England
that have refused to comply with the doings of the Congress,
and for that reason have been the butt of general hatred ; but
God has delivered us from entire destruction. I am now in
the eighty-second year of my age, yet do constantly alter
nately perform and preach at NewtoAvn and Reading. I have
been sixty years a public preacher, and, after conviction, in
the Church of England fifty years ; but had I been sensible
of my insufficiency, I should not have undertaken it. But
now I rejoice in that I think I haA'e done more good toAvards
men's eternal happiness than I should have done in any other
calling. I do most heartily thank the venerable Society for
their liberal support, and beg that they will accept of this,
which is, I believe, my last bill, £325, which, according to
former custom, is due.
" At this age I cannot Avell hope for it, but I pray God I
may have an opportunity to explain myself with safety ; but
19 *

222 BEAMAN. — BEARDSLEY.
must conclude now with Job's expression — '• Have pity upon
me, have pity upon me, O ye my friends.' "
Beaman, Thomas. Of Petersham, Massachusetts. Cap
tain. In 1770, he claimed that a school-house in town was
on his land, and to prevent the obnoxious Whig school-master
from entering it, [see Ensign Man,] he locked it. How and
Man broke in, and Beaman commenced a suit for trespass ;
the case Avas in the courts for some time ; the costs Avere con
siderable, and finally paid by die defendants. April, 1775,
Beaman acted as a guide to the British troops on their march
to Lexington and Concord. He fied to Nova Scoda. In
1778 he was proscribed and banished.
Bean, Thomas. He went from New York to St. John,
New Brunswick, in 1783, and of the latter city was a grantee.
He and Dowhng were contractors for the budding of Trinity
Church, St. John. He died at Portland, New Brunswick, in
1823, aged seventy-nine.
Beard,  . Of North Carolina. Captain of Tories,
After a bloody affray in the house of a Whig, whose daughter
had refused his hand, he was captured, tried by a court-mar
tial, and hung.
Beardsley, Rev, John. Of Poughkeepsie, New York.
Episcopal minister. He was born in Stratford, Connecticut,
inT732r" He entered Yale College, but did not graduate ;
King's (now Columbia) CdITege7~NeAv York, however, con-,
ferred the degrees of A, B, and A, M. He Avent to Eng-
land for ordination, and returned early in 1762, In addition
to the performance of his parochial duties at Poughkeepsie, he
officiated a part of the time at Fishkill. At the beginning of
the war he refused to take the oath of allegiance to Congress,
and suffered indignities in consequence. In the end, his prop
erty Avas seized, and poor and even destitute, he and his family
took refuge in New York, In 1778, he was appointed chap
lain in the Loyal American Regiment, commanded by Bever
ley Robinson, who had been a chief supporter of the Episcopal
Church at Fishkill. At the peace, Mr. Beardsley accompan
ied his regiment to New BrunsAvick. After many depriva-

BEARMORE. - BEDLE. 223
dons and sufferings, he Avas setded over the parish in Mau-
gerville, on the river St. John, and remained there more than
seventeen years. His pastoral relations Avere dissolved in con
sequence of his infirmities. He redred to Kingston in that
Province, on the half-pay of a chaplain, and died there in
1810. He had four daughters. The eldest married a Ger
man officer Avho, some years after the peace of 1783, returned
Avith his wife and children to his native land. His son John
died at Woodstock, New BrunsAvick, in 1852. His youngest
son, Hon. Bartholomew Crannel Beardsley, who died in Can
ada West, in 1855, was Chief Judge of the Court of Common
Pleas, and a member of the House of Assembly of New Bruns
wick. His grandson, H, H, Beardsley, of Woodstock, is
(1852) a counsellor at law, and a member of the Assembly.
Beaemore,  . Major in a Loyalist corps. New York.
In 1778, he attacked a Whig force of about forty, quartered
in a dwelling-house and barns. He was taken jjrisoner the
next year, much to the joy of the people who called him " a
troublesome officer."
Beckavith, Nehemiah, He settled at St. John, New
Brunswick, but removed to Fredericton, where he died in
1815. Becraft,  . A Tory leader, cruel, and noted for deeds
of blood. He boasted to his associates of having assisted to
massacre the family of a Mr. Vrooman, in Schoharie, New
York. The family, he said, were soon despatched, except
a boy of fourteen, who ran from the house, when he started
in pursuit, overtook him, and cut his throat, took his scalp,
and hung his body across the fence. After the peace, he had
the hardihood to return to Schoharie. He Avas seized, stripped
naked and bound to a tree, and whipped nearly to death by
ten men, some of whom had been his prisoners, and had heard
him recount this exploit. Thus beaten, he was dismissed Avith
a charge never to show himself in that country again ; an in
junction which he carefully kept.
Bedle, John. Of Staten Island, New York. Born in
1757. In the Revolution, private secretary to Colonel Bil-

224 BELL. — BENEDICT.
lop. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, and was
employed a year or tAVO in surveying that city. Removed to
Woodstock about the year 1794, Avhere he was a magistrate
for forty years ; and after the division of York County, wsls a
magistrate, a Judge of Common Pleas, and Register of Wills
and Deeds for die County of Carlton ; he died in 1838, aged
eighty-three. He married Margaret Dibble, now (1852) liv-
ino' at the age of eighty-six. His children were ten : Wil
liam Jarvis and Paul M., magistrates ; John, a Judge of the
Court of Common Pleas ; George A., Register of Deeds ;
Joseph, Tyler, Walter Dibble, and three daughters.
Bell, Andrew. Of New Jersey. Secretary to Sir Henry
Clinton. A diary kept by him during the march of the Brit
ish Army, prior to the battle of Monmouth, is preserved in
the Proceedings of the Ncav Jersey Historical Society, In
1783 he Avas a petitioner for lands in Nova Scotia. [See
Abijah WiUard.'] A correspondent Avho knew him wed,
says, he " esteemed him highly for his probity, intelligence,
and urbanity," His wife Avas Susannah, daughter of Daniel
O'Brien, of Perth Amboy. Governor Paterson, of New Jer
sey, married his sister. He died without children in 1843.
Bell, Joseph. Of New York. He was born in Eng
land, and emigrated to America just before the Revolution.
He settled on a farm near Troy, but removed to the city of
New York. At the peace, having suffered much for his loy
alty, he went to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, in command of a
company of exiled Loj'alists, accompanied by his family of
three and a servant. In 1792 he removed to Yarmouth,
Nova Scotia, where he died in 1829, aged eighty-nine. His
wife died in 1809 ; but two children survived him. One, a
daughter, married Joseph Bond, M. D., who arrived at New
York in a privateer, who A'olunteered to serve in the army,
Mas present at the capture of Cornwallis, was an officer of the
customs and sheriff in Nova Scoda after the war, and \\'ho
died in 1830, aged seventy-two, leaving ten children.
/ Benedict, Eli. Of Danbury, Connecticut. Guide to
the Bridsh troops to his nadve town. In 1782 an ensign in

BENNERMAN. — BERNARD. 225
the Guides and Pioneers. At the peace he returned to Dan
bury with the intention of living there. Threatened Avith a
ride on the wooden-horse, he fied. In 1799, administration on
the estate of a person of diis name, in die Province of New
Brunswick. Bennerman, John, Of Portsmouth, Virginia, A cap
tain. He Avent to England, and Avas one of " his Mnjesty's
Band of Gendeman Pensioners," In 1781 he married a Aliss
Rolt of Lincolnshire. He died in England in 1785.
Bernard, Sir Thomas, Baronet. He av;is the third
son of Sir Francis Bernard, Baronet, Governor of Massa
chusetts, and graduated at Harvard University in 1767. He
went to England, where he married a lady of fortune. On
the death of his brother. Sir John Bernard — who was a
Whig — he succeeded to the title. His time was much de
voted to institutions of benevolence in London ; and he wrote
several essays with a design to mitigate the sorrows, and im-
proA'e the condition of the humbler classes of English society.
The University of Edinburgh conferred on him the degree
of Doctor of Laws. He died in England in 1818. Lady
Bernard died in 1813, while preparing to go to church.
Bernard, Sir John, Baronet, The brother of Sir
Thomas — above mentioned — remained in America ; and,
as remarked, was a Whig. To preserve the following inci
dents, then, is the reason for this notice. Soon after the
Revolution he Avas in abject poverty, and the misfortunes
of himself and his family seem to have unsettled his mind.
When, in 1769, Sir Francis was recalled from the govern
ment of Massachusetts, he possessed a considerable landed
estate in Maine, of Avhich the large island of Mount Desert,
Moose Island, (now Eastport,) and some territory on the
main, formed a part. .John, at or about the time of his
father's departure, had an agency for the settlement of these
and other lands ; and, probably, until the confiscation of the
property of Sir Francis, in 1778, Avas in comfortable circum
stances. His place of residence during the war appears to
have been at Bath, though he Avas sometimes at Machias.

226 BERNARD. — BERGUYN.
Not long after the peace, he lived at Pleasant Point, a few
miles from Eastport, in a small hut built by himself, and
with no companion but a dog. An unbroken wilderness was
around him. The only inhabitants at the head of the tide
waters of the St. Croix were a few workmen, preparing to
erect a saw-mill. Robbinston and Perry were uninhabited.
Eastport contained a single family. Yet, at the spot now
occupied by the remnant of the tribe of the Passamaquoddy 's,
he attempted to make a fiirm. He had been bred in ease,
had hardly done a day's work in his life ; and yet he believed
that he could earn a competence by labor. He told those
Avho saw him, that " other young men went into the woods,
and made themselves farms, and got a good living, and he
saAv no reason why he could not." But he cut down a few
trees, became discouraged, and departed. His abject condi
tion in mind and estate rendered him an object of deep com
miseration ; and his conduct during hostilities having entitled
him to consideration, the Legislature of Massachusetts restored
to him one half of the island of Mount Desert. Of his sub
sequent history, Avhile he continued in the United States, but
little is known to me. He came to Maine occasionally, and
was much about Boston. Later in life he held offices under
the British crown at Barbadoes and St. Vincent ; and was
known as Sir John Bernard, Baronet. He died in the West
Indies in 1809, in his sixty-fifth year, Avithout issue, and was
succeeded by his brother Thomas.
Berguyn,  . Of North Carolina. Was in Eng
land, June, 1778, and about to return to America, on news
that the Assembly of that State had A'oted to admit all Loy
alists Avho might apply. In 1786 the Commissioner for the
district of Wilmington, instead of selling his whole property
as allowed by laAv, consented to the sale of a part of it, in a
manner to test the legality of the Confiscadon Act itself The
next year he was party to a suit, in which the quesdon of
his right to sue was decided in his favor, and a lawyer wrote
— " We may be sure " that the attempt to forfeit his estate
" will end in smoke,"

BERTON. — BETTYS. 227
Berton, Peter. Of Long Island, New York. He Avent
to New Brunswick in 1783, and was a Judge of the Court of
Common Pleas.. His youngest son, James D,, a native of
Long Island, died at Fredericton in 1848, aged .seventy.
Bethune, John. Of North Carolina. Chaplain in die
Loyal Militia, Taken prisoner in the battle at Cross Greek,
1776, confined in Halifax jail, but ordered, finally, to Phil
adelphia. After his release, his continued loyalty reduced
him to great distress. He Avas appointed chaplain to the
84th Regiment, and restored to comfort. At the peace he
settled in Upper Canada, and died at Williamstown in that
Colony in 1815, in his sixty-fifth year.
Bethune, George. Of Boston. He graduated at Har
vard Unixersity in 1740. In 1774 he was an Addr^ser of
Hutclrinson in May, and one of the Protesters against the
proceedings of the town meeting in June of that year. The
next year he had retired to Jamaica, New York, Avhere he
was suspected of carrying on a correspondence with the Brit
ish forces, and was summoned to appear before the Committee
with his papers. He died in 1785, at Cambridge, aged sixty-
four. Mary, his widoAv, daughter of Benjamin Faneuil, died
at the same place in 1797, aged sixty-three.
Betts, Azor. Of New York. Physician. In January,
1776, he Avas arraigned before the Committee of Safety, for
denouncing Congresses and Committees, both Continental and
Provincial, and for uttering that they Avere " a set of damned
rascals, and acted only to feather their own nests, and not to
serve their country," &c. Ordered to close confinement in
Ulster County jail. In April the Committee of Safety voted
his discharge, on condition of acknoAvledging penitence, pay
ing expenses of confinement, and taking an oath to be of
good behavior ; or, dispensing with the oath, executing a
bond with sureties in £200. He settled in Nova Scotia, and
died at Digby in that ProAdnce in 1809. His AvidoAv, Glori-
annah, died at St. John, New Brunswick, soon after, aged
sixty-nine. Bettys, Joseph. A noted Tory. " Joe Bettys " was

228 BETTYS, — BIDDLE,
known as a shrewd, intelligent, daring, and bad man. It is
said, that pity and mercy were emotions which he never felt,
and that to all the gentler impulses he was thoroughly insen
sible. At die breaking out of the Revolution he lived at
Ballston, New York, and was a Whig. Entering the Whig
service he performed feats of extraordinary valor in Arnold's
battle with Carleton on Lake Champlain, where he Avas taken
prisoner and carried to Canada. While a captive, he was un
fortunately seduced to attach himself to the interests of the
Crown, and to accept the commis.sion of ensign. Admirably
fitted to act as a messenger and spy, he undertook to perform
the duties of one or both as occasion should require, but was
captured bv his former friends, tried, and condemned to the
gallows, Washington, however, spared his life on his promise
of reformation, on the entreaties of his aged parents and the
solicitations of inffuendal Whigs. But Bettys returned di
rectly to the ranks of the enemy, and his subsequent career
was marked by almost every enormity that can disgrace a
human being. His very name struck terror, and a record of
his enterjnises and crimes would fill a book. He burned the
dwellings of persons whom he hated, or took them off by
murder. Fatigue, distance, or danger, were no obstacles in
the accomplishment of his designs. He knew that he carried
his life in his hand. He scorned disguise or concealment.
He fell upon his victims at noon as well as at midnight.
Many plans were laid, many efforts made to seize him. At
last, in 1782, the Whigs were successful, and detected him
with a despatch to the commander of the British forces in
New York. He was taken to Albany and executed as a spy
and traitor. His death was deemed an event of no small
consequence, both because it put an end to his own misdeeds,
and because his fate was calculated to awe others who were
engaged in the same perilous employments.
Biddle, John. Of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Was
collector of excise, and a deputy-quartermaster of the Whig
Army. He changed sides, and in 1779 his estate was confis
cated. His office of collector of excise was worth, in 1775,

BIGG, — BILL OPP. 229
but £15. In a Loyalist tract published at London in 1784,
he is called " a creature of John Potts, and once a rebel com
missary." Bigg, John. He died in New Brunswick in 1836, aged
seventy-eight. BiLLOPP, Christopher. Of Staten Island, New York.
Prior to the Revolution, " the eldest son of Thomas Farmar
married the daughter of Captain Christopher Billopp, an officer
in the British Navy, who had succeeded in obtaining a patent
for a large tract of land on Staten Island, containing one or
two thousand acres. Young Farmar, upon his wife's inher
iting this estate, adopted her father's name, and became a very
noted character." He commanded a corps of Loyalists, or
of loyal militia, raised in the vicinity of Ncav York city, and
Avas actively employed in military duty. He was taken pris
oner by the Whigs, and confined in the jail at Burlington,
New Jersey. Mr. Boudinot, the commissary of prisoners,
in the warrant of commitment, directed that irons should be
put on his hands and feet, that he should be chained to the
floor of a close room, and that he should be fed on bread and
water, in retaliation for the cruel treatment of Leshier and
Randal, two Whig officers who had fallen into the hands of
the Royal troops. In 1782 Colonel Billopp was Superintend
ent of Police of Staten Island. His property, which was large,
was confiscated under the Act of New York. At the old
Billopp House, Avhich he erected. Lord Howe, as a commis
sioner of the mother-country, met Franklin, John Adams,
and Edward Rutledge, a Committee of Congress, in the hope
of adjusting difficulties, and of inducing the Colonies to return
to their allegiance. During the war. Lord Howe, General
Kniphausen, Colonel Simcoe, and other officers of rank in
the Royal service, Avere frequent guests of Colonel Billopp,
at this house. In 1783 he Avas one of the fifty-five petitioners
for lands in NoA'a Scotia. [See Abijah Willard.] He went to
New Brunswick soon after, and for many years bore a prom
inent part in the administration of its affairs. He was a
member of the House of Assembly, and of the Council, and
VOL. I. 20

230 BIRDSILL. — BISSETT.
on the death of Governor Smythe, in 1823, he claimed the
Presidency of the Government, and issued his proclamation
accordingly ; but the Honorable Ward Chipman was a com
petitor for the station, and Avas sworn into office. Colonel
Billopp died at St, .John in 1827, aged ninety. His wife Jane
died at that city in 1802, aged forty-eight. His daughter
Louisa mai^ried John Wallace, Esq., Surveyor of the Cus
toms. His daughter Mary, the wife of the Reverend Arch
deacon Willis, of Nova Scoda, died at Halifax in 1834, at
the age of forty-three. His daughter Jane, Avife of the Hon
orable Wdliam Black, of St. John, died in 1836. His two
sons settled in the city of NeAV York, and Avere merchants.
They were partners, and in business at the time of the yel
low fever ; — the one married, the other single. The unmar
ried brother said to 'the other, "It is unnecessary that both
should stay here. You have a family, and your life is of
more consequence than mine ; go into the country until the
sickness subsides." The married brother retired from the
city accordingly, while the other remained and was a victim
of the fever. The survivor, Avhose name was Thomas, failed
in business some time after ; joined the expedition of the cel
ebrated Miranda, and Avas appointed a captain ; was taken
prisoner by the Spaniards and executed.
BiRDSiLL, Benjamin. Of New York. Went to New
Brunswick in 1783, and settled in Queen's County. He
died at Gagetown in that county in 1834, at the age of
ninety-one. Descendants to the number of two hundred
and two survived him, Rachel, his widow, died at Gage
town in 1843, aged ninety-seven,
/ BissETT, Rev. George, Of Newport, Rhode Island,
Episcopal minister. Employed as assistant and school-mas
ter in 1767 ; he succeeded Mr. Browne, as Rector of Trinity
Church, four years later, and continued in office undl the
evacuadon of the toAvn by the Royal Army, in 1779. Leav
ing his wife and child " in the most desdtute circumstances,"
he folloAved the Bridsh troops to New York. His furniture
was seized ; but, on pedtion of Mrs. Bissett, the General

BLAIR. — BLANCHARD. 231
Assembly restored it, and gave her permission to join her
husband. Soon after his departure, the church Avas entered,
and the altar-piece — ornamented with emblems of royalty —
Avas torn down and spoiled, I lose sight of him until 1786,
when he was in England, about to embark for America.
He resumed his professional duties in St. John, New Bruns
wick, and died there in 1788. His wife was Penelope, daugh
ter of James Honyman, Judge of the Court of Vice-Admi
ralty, Rhode Island.
The Rev. Dr. Peters said of Mr. Bissett, — " He is a very
sensible man, a good scholar and compiler of sermons, although
too bashful to appear in company, or in the pulpit."
Blair, James. Died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he
was Barrack-master, in 1833, aged seventy-five.
Blair, John. Was tried as a spy in 1778, and executed
at Hartford, Connecticut. A large amount of counterfeit
money was found in his possession.
Blair, Captain  . Of Virginia, Joined Lord
Dunmore. Taken prisoner and perished, as supposed, on
the passage to France.
Blake, William. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his
estate Avas amerced twelve per cent. In an English work, I
find that there " died in Great Cumberla!nd Place, in 1803,
in his sixty-fifth year, William Blake, Esq., of South Car
olina,"' His remains were interred at Hanway Avith great
funeral pomp : twelve outriders, four mourning-coaches, and
nearly fifty other coaches, forming the procession. He left
property valued at half a million of dollars.
Blakslee, Abraham. Of Connecticut, Commanded a
company in the second regiment of the militia, and the House
or Assembly appointed a Committee, in 1775, to inquire
into charges against him of disaffection and contemptuous
speaking, Blakslee, Asa. Removed to St. John, New Brunswick,
71783, and died in that city in 1843, aged eighty-seven.
Blanchard, Jotham, Of Dunstable, New Hampshire.
Served in a Loyalist corps. At the peace he settled in Nova

232 BLANVELT. — BLISS,
Scotia : received a grant of lands ; carried on an extensive
business in lumber ; was active in exploring the country and
in obtaining grants for felloAA'-exiles, and was a colonel in the
militia. He died about the year 1800.
Blanvelt, Tunis. Of Nbav Jersey. In the war an active
" bush-ranger." Lost/ constd«^le property in consequence
of his loyalty. At the peace, went to Shelburne, Nova Scotia,
AA'ith a family of six and three serA'ants. Settled finally in
Tusket, Nova Scotia, where he kept a boarding-house. Died
in 1830, leaving several sons, of whom two are now (1861)
shipmasters. His second wife was Hannah, daughter of
Gabriel Van Nordan.
Bleau, Waldron. Of New York. In 1776 an Ad
dresser of Lord and Sir William HoAve ; in 1782 a Captain
in the third battalion New Jersey Volunteers. Went to
St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, and died five days after
landing there. His house and land in the city of New York
confiscated, but restored to his widow and daughter.
Bleau, Uriah. Was an Ensign in the third battalion of
New Jersey Volunteers in 1782. Taken prisoner in the
battle of Eutaw Springs.
Bliss, Daniel. Of Concord, Massachusetts. Was a son
of Rev. Samuel Bliss, of that town. He Avas born in 1740,
graduated at HarA'ard University in 1760, and died at Lin
coln, near Fredericton, in the Province of New Brunswick,
in 1806, aged sixty-six years. He was one of the barristers
and attorneys who were Addressers^ of Hutchinson in 1774 ;
and was proscribed under the Act of 1778 ; and joining the
British Army, was appointed Commissary. After the Revo
lution, he settled in Ncav Brunswick, and became a member
of the Councd, and Chief Justice of the Court of Common
Pleas. His widow died in 1807, at the age of sixty.
•y Bliss, John Murray, Son of Daniel Bliss. He was
a naUve of Massachusetts, whence he removed at the begin
ning of hostilides. He did not settle in New Brunswick undl
1786, Having practised Jaw^or several years, and filled
several offices connected widi his profession, and having

BLISS. — BLOWERS. 233
represented the County of York in the House of Assembly,
he was, in 1816, elevated to the bench and to a seat in his
Majesty's Council. In 1824, on the decease of the Honorable
Ward Chipman, who was President and Commander-in-Chief
of the Colony, Judge Bliss succeeded to the administration
of the government, and continued in office until the arrival of
Sir Howard Douglas, — a period of nearly a year. At his
death, he was senior Justice of the Supreme Court, He
commanded universal confidence and esteem. His manners
Avere dignified, and his conduct open, frank, and independent.
He died at St. John, August, 1834, aged sixty-three years.
His daughter Jane died at Halifax in 1826, and his daughter
Sophia Isabella died at St. John the same year.
Bliss, Jonathan. Of Springfield, Massachusetts. Gradu
ated at Harvard University in 1763, and died at Fredericton,
New BriuTsAvick, -in" 1822, at the age of eighty years. His
wife and the wife of Fisher Ames 'Avere sisters. He was a
member of the General Court of Massachusetts in 1768, and
one of the seventeen Rescinders ; and was proscribed under
the Act of 1778, In New Brunswick, he was a personage of
distinguished consideration, and attained, finally, to the rank
of Chief Justice, and to the Presidency of the Council,
Bliss, Saaiuel. Of jMassachusetts. Was a brother of
the Honorable Daniel Bliss. He died at St. George, New
Brunswick, in 1803.
Bloomer, Joshua, Episcopal clergyman of Jamaica,
New York. He graduated at King's College, New York, in
1761, and went to England for ordination in 1765, In 1769
he settled at Jamaica, where he continued until his death, in
1790. Before taking orders, he Avas an officer in the Pro
vincial service, and a merchant in New York. While at
Jamaica, he officiated, occasionally, at NewtoAvn and Flush
ing, and Domine Rubell, an itinerant Dutch minister, whose
loyalty induced him to pray heartily for the royal family,
occupied his pulpit.
Blowers, Sampson Salter. Of Boston. Proscribed and
banished. He graduated at Harvard. Umversity in 1763.
20 *

234 BLOWERS.
The class of that year is celebrated for the numbers of Loy
alists and Judges of Courts. Mr. Blowers entered upon the
study of law Avith Hutchinson, then Judge of Probate and
Lieutenant-Governor. In 1770 he was associated with Messrs.
Adams and Quincy in behalf of the British soldiers who
were tried for their agency in the Boston Massacre, so
termed, in that year. In 1774 he went to England, and
returning, in 1778, found his name in the Proscription Act.
He was imprisoned, but being soon released, went to Halifax,
Nova Scotia, and in that Colony was 4ong a distinguished
character. I find the following in a Halifax newspaper of
January 26, 1784 : —
" Extract from General Orders, Head-quarters.
" That the outstanding Accounts against Government, for
contingent Expenses incurred within this District, may be
properly considered and liquidated ; all Applications for Mo
nies due on such Accounts are to be presented before the 1st
May next ; after which no Memorial for Payment will be
received. '¦'¦ Fublished by Order of Major-General Campbell.
" S. S. Blowers, Secretary."
In 1785 he was appointed Attorney-General, and Speaker
of the House of Assembly, and in 1797 was created Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court ; having had for some years
previous to his judicial elevation a seat in his Majesty's
Council. He retired from public life in 1833. When ex-
President Adams was in Nova Scotia, in 1840, he paid Judge
Blowers a visit. The Judge himself, it is believed, never
set foot on the land of his nativity, after he was driven from
it. Sarah, his widow, died at Halifax, July, 1845, in the
eighty-eighth year of her age. She, I think, Avas a daughter
of Benjamin Kent, of Massachusetts, who, at first a Whig,
became a Loyalist and a refugee. Judge Blowers died in
1842. He " never wore an overcoat in his life," says the
Hon. Joseph Howe, in a speech which is pubhshed.

BOARDMAN. - BOND. 235
Boardman, Rev. Richard. Minister of the Mediodist
Episcopal Church. He was born in England in 1738, and
in 1763 was received by Wesley as an itinerant preacher.
In 1769, he arrived at Philadelphia and began his labors as
a missionary, confining his services principally to that city, to
NeAV York, and the adjacent country. In the spring of 1772,
however, he made a visit to the North, and preached at va
rious places on his way. At Boston he formed a society.
Thus, as it appears, he introduced " Methodism in New Eng
land one year before the first Conference was held in Amer
ica, and eleven years before Jesse Lee, who has been styled
' the Apostle of Methodism in New England,' entered the
travelling connection." At the approach of the Revolution,
Mr. Boardman, unwilling to renounce his allegiance to the
Crown, returned to his native land. He died at Cork, Ire
land, in 1783.
Boggs, James. Of Pennsj-lvania. He entered the service
of the Crown, and was attached to the medical staff of the
Royal Army. In 1783 he went to NoA'a Scotia, and for many
years Avas surgeon of the forces at Halifax. He died in that
city in 1832, at the age of ninety-one. His daughter Eliza
beth, widoAV of John Stuart, died at Halifax in 1852, in her
eighty-fifth year.
Bond, Phineas. Of Philadelphia. Physician. He re
ceived the principal part of his medical education in Europe,
and enjoyed a high professional reputation. He was one of
the founders of the University of Pennsylvania, and a profes
sor in that institution. In 1777 he signed a parole, but noti
fied the Council that he did not consider himself bound by it,
because his liberty was restrained contrary to the promise
made to him when the paper was presented. In 1786 he
was appointed British Consul for the Middle States, and the
question of recognizing him as such, was discussed in Con
gress the following year. Mr. Jay reported in favor. Mr.
Madison was opposed on public grounds. Mr. Varnum ob
jected because of Mr. Bond's " obnoxious character." Mr.
Bond was also Commissary for Commercial Affairs, which

236 BOND. - BONNETT.
Mr. Jay thought was designed to confer some of the powers
of a ]Minister to the United States, and recommended that in
that capacity he should not be recognized. He was finally
received as Consul, and continued in office many years. A
correspondent remarks, that when a little boy he heard the
" Rogue's March " played before Dr. Bond's door, on the oc
casion of the attack on the Chesapeake. He died in England
in 1816,
Bond, Thomas, Physician. Of Philadelphia. About
1754, he published medical memoirs on professional topics,
which were reprinted in London. He aKvays rode in a
small phjeton.
Chief Justice Shij)pen wrote to his father, at Lancaster,
from Philadelphia, January 8, 1758 : — " Our Assembly
have taken up William Moore and the Provost, and put
them into custody for Avriting a libel against the former
Assembly. Thomas Bond and Phineas (Bond), were on
the point of being committed on the same account. The
latter was actually in the custody of the Sergeant-at-Arms,
but afterwards discharged. How the matter will end is yet
uncertain." Dr, Bond died in 1784.
BoNNELL, Isaac. Of New Jersey. Sheriff of Middlesex
County under Governor William Franklin, of whom he was
an intimate friend and correspondent. In 1776 he was ^-
prehended by order of Washington, and directed by the Pro
vincial Congress to remain at Trenton on parole ; but leave
Avas given, finally, to live elsewhere. Subsequently, he re
tired to die British lines, and became Barrack-master on
Staten Island. At the peace, he went to Digby, Nova Scoda,
where, for fifty guineas, he bought a log-hut, with windows
of greased paper, and a lot of land. His property in New-
Jersey Avas confiscated. In Nova Scoda he was a merchant,
and a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He died in
1806, aged sixty-nine. His only son bore die name of Wil
liam Franklin, as does a grandson, who is now (1861) Post
master of Gagetown, New Brunswick.
BoNNETT, Isaac. He was born in New Rochelle, New

BONSALL, —BORLAND. 237
York. He abandoned his property at the close of the war,
and removed to Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, where he
passed the remainder of his life. He died in 1838, aged
eighty-six, leaving a AvidoAv and five children.
BoNSALL, Richard. He Avas a native of Wales, and a
brother of Sir Thomas Bonsall. He commenced the study
of medicine, but abandoned it. In consequence of a dis
agreement with Sir Thomas, he emigrated to New York some
years prior to the Revolution, Avhere he remained until the
close of hostilities. In 1783 he went to St. John, and Avas
a grantee of that city. He died at that city in 1814, aged
seventy-two. His wife was a lady of the name of Smith, of
Long Island, New York. Six children survived him ; onlj'
one is now (1846) living.
Borland, John. Of Boston, Son of Francis and Jane
Borland. He owned and occupied the mansion in Cambridge
built by Rev. Dr. Apthorp, first Rector of Christ Church in
that town. In 1774 he was an Addresser of Hutchinson.
He died in 1775, aged forty-six, in consequence of " injuries
received by a misstep in descending stairs, after his removal
to Boston," and his remains were deposited in the family tomb,
in Granary burying-ground. His widow, Anna Vassall, mar
ried William Knight of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and died
a widow at Boston, in 1823. Mr. Borland was the father of
twelve children, namely : Phebe, Avho married George Spooner,
of Boston ; John Lindall, of whom presently ; Francis, Avho
graduated at Harvard University in 1774, became a physician,
and died in 1826 ; Jane, who Avas the wife of Jonathan Simp
son ; Leonard Vassall, who died on shipboard on a voyage
from Batavia, in 1801 ; James, avIio entered the University
just mentioned, but did not graduate, and wdio deceased soon
after the year 1783 ; Samuel, Avho graduated at Harvard Uni
versity in 1786, and died at Hudson, New York ; and five
others, who did not survive childhood.
Borland, John Lindall. Of Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Son of John Borland. Graduated at Harvard Universityin
1772, entered the British Army aTldlBecame heutenant-colonel.
He died in England, November, 1825.

238 BOSTWICK. — BOTSFORD.
BoSTWiCK, Re\'. Gideon. Of Massachusetts. Episcopal
minister. He was born at New Milford in 1742, and Avas
bred a Congregadonalist. He graduated at Yale Cojlege in
1762, Went to England for ordination ; and in 1770 be-
caine Rector of St, James' Church, Great Barrington, He
had charge also of St. Luke's Church, Lanesborough ; and
late in life officiated a part of the time at Hudson, New York,
He died in his native town in 1793, while on a visit, aged
fifty. His remains, after a temporary burial, were removed
to Great Barrington, " which had so long been the place of his
residence and the scene of his labors." His wife, Avho died in
1787, was Gessie, daughter of John Burghardt. One of his
daughters married Dr. Benajah Tuuljer, surgeon in the United
States NaA'y. Two sons, John and Henry, settled in Canada,
and, in the Avar of 1812, were colonels in the militia.
, BoTSFORD, Amos. Of Newtown, Connecticut. He grad-
"^ated at Yala. College in 1763. In 1775, in a document re-
markable for its guarded form of expression, though drawn up
in opposition to a paper which disapproved of the proceedings
of the Continental Congress, he made knoAvn his determina
tion to be compliant with the measures of that body. But,
subsequently, adhering to the side of the Crown, he remoA-ed
to New Brunswick after the conclusion of hostilities, and de
voted himself to the profession of the law. In 1784 he was
elected a member of the House of Assembly, and was uniform
ly returned from the County of Westmoreland at every elec
tion during his life. He Avas Speaker of the House of Assem
bly as early as 1792. He died at St. John in 1812, at the age
of sixty-nine ; and was the senior barrister at law in the Col
ony. His wife was Sarah, daughter of Joshua Chandler. His
two daughters married broUiers : Sarah, Stephen Milledge,
Sheriff of Westmoreland County ; and Ann, the Rev. Jolm
Milledge of the Episcopal Church. His son, die Honorable
William Botsford, was appointed Judge of Vice-Admiralty of
New Brunswick in 1803, and for a long period subsequently
was a member of the Council, and .a Judge of the Supreme
Court. I record the following despatch to show the liberal

BOTSFORD. 239
course of the British Government to aged functionaries on
retiring from office : — " Downing Street, 19tb January, 1847.
" Sir, — I have read Avith very lively concern the letter to
myself from Mr. Botsford, of the 11th December, 1846, ac
companying your despatch of the 23d of that month, (No.
117.) Lord Stanley obviously accepted Mr. Botsford's resig
nation under the conviction that the claims of that gentleman
to a retired allowance, at his advanced period of life, and after
so long a course of honorable public service in so high and
eminent a station, Avould be favorably received by the Legisla
ture of New Brunswick ; nor do I doubt that if his Lordship
had regarded their concurrence in such a grant as question
able, he would have directed that the resignation should not
be actually made until that question had been set at rest. To
have taken such a precaution might indeed have appeared to
imply some unbecoming distrust of the justice and liberality of
the Assembly ; and for that reason, as I presume. Lord Stan
ley omitted to take it. The omission is how irreparable, ex
cept by a reconsideration on the part of the Local Legislature,
of their reftisal of the proposed grant. Her Majesty has, by
the Civil List arrangement, been entirely divested of all re
sources for satisfying any such demands on the justice or
liberality of the CroAvn. To the Assembly, therefore, the
case must be again referred, Avith as strong a recommenda
tion of the claim to their favorable notice, as it may be possi
ble to address to them. I am convinced that if the case had
been understood by that House, as it is now represented by
Mr. Botsford and by yourself, they would not have declined
to accede to his request. A repetition of their refusal, Avould,
in any future case, render impossible the voluntary resignation
of any Judge, however much age or infirmity might have
disqualified him for his judicial duties. The saving of a
charge of £300 per annum to the Local Treasury, or even
the habitual saving of any such charges, would be a very in
adequate compensadon for the injury which the pubhc at
large would sustain from the continuance on the Bench of

240 BOUCHER.
men Avho had survived the power of discharging aright that
most important and arduous trust.
" I have, &c.,
" (Signed,) Grey.
" Lieut.-Governor Sir William Colebrooke."
Boucher, Jonathan. Episcopal clergyman of Virginia.
He was Rector, first of Hanover, and then of St. Mary. Gov
ernor Eden gave him also the rectory of St. Anne, Annapolis,
and of Queen Anne. His home was in Maryland, several
years, and he owned an estate there which was confiscated.
He was an unshaken and uncompromising Loyalist. In
1775, resolving to quit the country, he preached a farewell
sermon, in which he declared that as long as he lived, he
Avould say with Zadok, the priest, and Nathan, the prophet,
" God save the king." Arriving in England, he was ap
pointed Vicar of Epsom, and there he spent the remainder of
his life. He died in 1804, aged sixty-seven. He was re
garded as one of the best preachers of his time. While in
Virginia, the son of Mrs. Washington, by her first marriage,
was his pupil. During the last fourteen years of his life,
Boucher was employed in making a glossary of provincial
and archieological words, and in 1831 his manuscripts were
purchased of his family by the proprietors of " Webster's Dic
tionary." In 1799 were pubhshed fifteen discourses preached
in America, between the years 1763 and 1775, on the causes
and consequences of the American Revolution, which were
dedicated to his old friend, Washington.
His wife, Eleanor, of the name and family of Addison, died
at Paddington, in 1784. She bore without a murmur, the
loss of country, friends, fortune, and preferment, consequent
upon her husband's loyalty ; and " was a woman of great
merit, possessing the esteem and friendship of all who knew
her." His third daughter, Jane, died in London, in 1810,
of inflammadon of the lungs, after a few days' illness, in the
sixteenth year of her age. In the " Gentlernan's Magazine "
it is said : " An elegant form, and a countenance of engaging

BOURA. — BOUTINEAU. 241
sweetness, were among the least attractions of this amiable
girl, whose mild and placid temper, whose affectionate dis
position, whose solid understanding beyond her years, whose
compassionate feeling for the distresses of others, had justly
endeared her to her family, and rendered her a child of un
common promise."
BouRA, Peter. An early settler at St. John, Ncav Bruns
wick. In 1795 he Avas a member of the Loyal Artillery of
that city. Pie died in 1804, while on a homcAvard passage
from Jamaica, at the age of forty-nine. He was a ship
master. BouRK, William. Of North Carolina. In March, 1776,
he was charged with being inimical to the liberties of Amer
ica ; and on a hearing before the Council, John Strange, a
witness against him, swore, in the course of his testimony,
that Bourk said " General Gage deserved to be d  d, be
cause he had not let the guards out at Bunker Hill ; and it
would have settled the dispute at that time." This, and other
particulars, Bourk acknowledged ; when it was resolved to
commit him to close jail until further orders.
Bourn, Edward, Elisha, Lemuel, and William, Of
Sandwich, Massachusetts. Were proscribed and banished.
Lemuel joined the Royal forces at Rhode Island. Citizen
ship restored to Edward and Elisha, by Act of the Legisla
ture, 1788.
^_^.,^ouRNE, Shearjashub. Of Scituate, Massachusetts. He
graduated at Harvard University in 1743. In 1774 he was
among the barristers and attornies-at-law who were Address
ers of Governor Hutchinson on his departure. He died at
Bristol, Rhode^ Island, in 1781.
^ BouTiNEAU, James. Of Boston. Attorney-at-law. Was
appointed Mandamus Counsellor in 1774, and Avas one of the
ten~"wE6" took the , oath of office. He was included in the
Conspiracy Act of 1779, and his estate was confiscated under
its provisions. In 1772 his son-in-laAv, John Robinson, a
commissioner of the customs, Avas found guilty of a most
violent assault on James Otis, for which the jury assessed
VOL, I. 21

242 BOUTINEAU,
tAVO thousand pounds sterling damages. Boutineau appeared
as attorney for Robinson, and in his name signed a submis
sion, asking the pardon of Otis, who, thereupon, executed a
free release for the two thousand pounds. Otis never recov
ered from the effect of this assault, and, shattered in health
and reason, soon retired from public life.
Mr. Boutineau went to England, and died there. I have
been allowed to copy three letters, from which I make such
extracts as serve to show the course of affairs among the Loy
alists in exile. The first is dated at Bristol, England, April
6, 1778, and is addressed to Mrs. Mary Ann, wife of Edward
Jones, merchant, Boston, and sister of Mrs. Boutineau. Both
ladies, it may be remarked, were sisters of Peter Faneuil ; and
Mrs. Jones was then at Halifax, Nova Scotia. Mr. Boutineau
speaks of an attack of the gout which had compelled him to
keep house for some time, and then discourses upon matters
which are not without interest at the present time. Thus, he
says, that " Mr. and Mrs. Faneud, who lodge in the same
house with us, make it agreeable ; " and that " there are one
or two other genteel gentlemen and ladies, so that during the
winter we drank tea Avith each other four days in the week."
Of other fellow-Loyalists, he Avrites, that " Lodgings have
been taken for Mr. ScAvell, of Cambridge, and family, — they
are expected here this day. Colonel Murray's family are gone
to Wales, as well as Judge Brown and Apthorp's. All the New
England people here, are Barnes and family. Captain Fenton
and daughter, besides those in the house." In a postcript, he
adds : " I desire you to inform me (if you can) who lives
in my house in Boston."
The first letter of Mrs. Boutineau is addressed to her
nephew, EdAvard Jones, merchant, Boston, and is dated at
Bristol, February 20, 1784. It relates principally to affairs
of business. " I had determined," she says, " to send a
power-of-attorney to you and another gentleman to setde
with [Mr. Bethune] and likewise to dispose of all my prop
erty in America ; but upon reflection I have deferred it, un
til the acts of your Assembly's that are inimical to persons

BOUTINEAU. -.BOWDEN, 243
of my description are repealed, for which reason I have asked
the favor of Judge Lee to let my brother Faneuil's bond re
main in his hands. This, I say, is my present idea ; perhaps
some occurrence may take place which may alter it ; in the
meantime, I beg the favor of you to send me a blank power-
of-attorney drawn in as full and ample a manner as possible,
to sell real estates, &c. My addition must be, Susanna Bou
tineau, widow, and sole executor of James Boutineau, Esq.
If you have no objection, I should be glad it might be got
fi'om Mr. James Hughes, to whom you will please to present
my compliments, and thank him in my name for the letter I
received from him. I should be glad to be informed at the
same time, if it is necessary to send an authenticated copy of
my late husband's will from Doctor's Commons, which will
be expensive, but if necessary, it must be done. About two
years since, Mr. Bethune made me (through Mr. Prince) an
ofl^r of £500 sterling for my third of sister Phillips's estate,
which you may be sure I refused. Mr. Prince is to pay me
in a few days, by Mr. Bethune's order, £100 sterling, I sup
pose on account of rents," &c, &c.
The second letter of Mrs. Boutineau is also addressed to
her sister, Mrs. Mary Ann Jones, who, at its date, April 1,
1785, had returned to Boston. Like the first, it is deA'oted
to matters of unsettled business, and especially to her share
of her sister Phillips's estate. It Avould seem that this letter
was delivered by Mr. James Hughes, to whom, with Mr. Na
thaniel Bethune, she had sent a power-of-attorney to effect
a final adjustment of her interest in the estate just mentioned.
She concludes with the remark, that her health is " very in
different," that " Mr. Fanueil had a letter lately from Mr.
Jones, who is going soon to be very well married," &c. &c.
Bowden, Thomas. Of New York. Entered the military'^
service, and in 1782 was Major in De Lancey's Second Bat-
tahon. At the peace he went to England.
BowDEN, Rev. John, D. D. Of New York. Was born
in Ireland in 1751. Graduated at King's (Columbia) Col
lege in 1772. Was ordained in 1774, and the same year was

244 BOWES. — BOWIE.
settled as Assistant Rector of Trinity Church, New York.
Soon after the beginning of hostilities he retired to Norwalk,
Connecticut, but returned to New York when the British
obtained possession of the city. Informed that harm was
intended him, he fled to Long Island at night, where he
occasionally assisted the Rector of the Episcopal Church of
Jamaica. In 1784 he accepted the Rectorship of the Cliurch
at Norwalk. In 1789 he took charge of a small parish in the
West Indies. In 1801 he was elected Professor of Moral
Philosophy, Belles-lettres and Logic in Columbia College.
He died at Ballston Spa in 1817, aged sixty-five. His wife
— whose maiden name was Mary Jervis — bore him three
sons, one of whom, James J., graduated at Columbia College
in 1813, was Rector of St. Mary's Parish, St. Mary's County,
Maryland, and died at the age of twenty-six.
Bowes, William. J^Ierchant of Boston. An Addresser
r%of Hutchinson in 1774, ancrof-GagSTnl775. He"went to
Halifax in 1776, -aeeempaflied' by his family of four persons.
In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He died in Eng
land in 1805.
^ BoAVERS, Jerathmiel. Of Swansey, Massachusetts. In
1777, by a resolve of the General Court, he was disqualified
from holding any post of honor or profit in Massachusetts.
In 1783 he Avas elected a member of that body, and pedtions
for his exclusion therefrom, setting out that " he had not
shown himself friendly in the late struggle with Great Brit
ain," were sent by the Selectmen of Rehoboth, and sundry
inhabitants of his own tOAvn. The House held that the re
solve above mentioned, was still in force, and that therefore
Mr. Bowers was not entitled to membership. He vacated
his seat accordingly.
Bowie, Rev, John, D, D, Of Maryland. Episcopal
minister. He was a native of Prince George's County,
Maryland, and was admitted to Holy Orders in England.
About the year 1771 he became a Curate in Montgomery
County. In 1774 he was Rector of a parish in Worcester
County. He Avas a violent Loyalist, and, in consequence,

BOWLES, 245
was imprisoned at Annapolis two years. On being released
he settled in Talbot County, where he taught school, and was
Rector of the parish in which he lived. In 1785 he was in
charge of another parish ; and in 1790 of still another. He
died in 1801, leaving three sons and a daughter. He was a
man of great talents, " a complete classical scholar, and of
unblemished morals."
Bowles, William Agustus. Of Maryland. In 1791 he
was among the Creeks, with whom he possessed great influ
ence, and styled himself General William Augustus Bowles.
On the 18th of May, 1792, James Seagrove, Esquire, our
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in " a talk " with the kings,
chiefs, headmen and Avarriors of the Creek nation, said of
him : " This Bowles is an American of low, mean extraction,
born in Maryland ; he was obliged, on account of his villany,
to fly from home and follow the British Army, where he was
despised and treated as a bad man and a coward. Finding
he could not live there, he returned to America ; but being
too lazy to work at his trade for a living, he renewed his bad
acts, for which he Avas compelled to fly fi*om his native coun
try, or be hanged." Bowles had assumed to act among the
Indians under authority of the British Government ; but on
inquiry by the President, the ministry promptly and explicitly
denied that they had afforded him countenance, assistance, or
protection. At the time of Seagrove's " talk," it would ap
pear that Bowles had absented himself from the Creek coun
try ; but in 1801 he was again in mischief there, or in its
vicinity, and means were taken by our Government to coun
teract his plans and plots. A gentleman connected with
Indian Affairs, saw a portrait of this creature suspended in
the house of a chief, under which was written, " General
Bowles, Commander-in-Chief of the Creek and Cherokee na
tions." He saw also a number of engraved dinner-cards,
which Bowles had received while in England, styhng him
" Commander-in-Chief of the Creek nation."
He was undoubtedly a bold and wicked man. At one
time the Spanish Government offered a reward of six thou-
21*

246 BOWLES. — BOYD,
sand dollars for his apprehension, on account of his pernicious
influence OA'er the Florida Indians. He Avas accordingly
seized, and sent prisoner to Madrid, and thence to Mandla.
Obtaining leave to go to Europe, he repaired to the Creek
country, where he commenced his mischievous course anew.
In 1804 he fell into Spanish hands a second time, and was
sent to the Moro Castle, Havana. Deprived of light and air,
fed on bread and water, and losing, finally, all hope of release,
he refused sustenance, and died in December, 1805, of star
vation. His wife was a Creek woman.
Boyd,  . Of Carolina. Colonel, and in command of
a corps of Tories, who were robbers rather than soldiers.
What they could not consume or carry off, they burned.
Boyd himself was bold, enterprising, and famed for his dis
honesty. He had a conference with Sir Henry Clinton at
New York, and planned an insurrection in the back part of
South Carolina, to be executed as soon as the Royal Army
should obtain possession of Savannah.
In 1779, at the head of eight hundred men, he passed
through the district of Ninety-Six on his way to Georgia,
and destroyed life and property by sword and fire, along his
whole route. In a skirmish with a party of Whigs, under
Anderson, of Pickens's corps, he acknowledged a loss of one
eighth of his command in killed, wounded, and missing. He
endeavored to avoid Pickens himself, but, overtaken by that
officer, when unapprehensive of danger, Avas surprised and
defeated. He received three wounds, which proved mortal.
After the battle he was visited by Pickens, who recommended
preparation for death, and tendered services suited to the oc
casion. Boyd expressed thanks ; said the Whigs owed their
success to his fall ; desired that two men might remain Avith
him to give him water, and to bury his body after he died ;
and asked that his Avife should be informed of his fate by
letter, and that some articles about his person should be sent
to her. Neighbor had fought against neighbor ; and in the
exasperation of the moment, the Whigs doomed seventy of
their prisoners to death ; but they executed only five. About

BOYD. — BOYLSTON.

247

diree hundred escaped, and formed the intended junction
with the British troops in Georgia.
, Boyd, George. Of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. A
member of the Council under the Royal Government of that
Province. On approach of the troubles of the Revolution, he
abandoned the eountry, and was included in the Proscrip
tion Act of New Hampshire of 1778. Whde abroad he
acquired wealth. In 1787, he adjusted his affairs, and em
barked for his native land, full of hope. Riding was among
his enjoyments ; and he procured a handsome coach and an
English coachman. He died at sea, two days before the
ship arrived at Portsmouth, and his remains were interred
from his elegant mansion.
His Avife Avas Jane, daughter of Joseph BrcAvster. She
bore him five sons and five daughters. Submit, the youngest
of the latter, born in 1774, Avas thus named, as is said, to
indicate his opinion of the duty of the Colonies in the exist
ing controversy with the mother country.
Boyle, Robert. Went to Ncav Brunswick in 1783, and
died at Portland, in that Province, in 1848.
/ Boylston, Ward Nicholas. Of Boston. He was born
in that town in 1749. His father was Benjamin Hallowell,
one oLike-Ciiimnissioners .Qf_tlifi_Customs. I have""before
me the original license, bearing the signature of George the
Third, by which he was authorized to change his name ; it
recites — that " Nicholas Boylston, his uncle by his mother's
side, has conceived a very great affection for him, the peti
tioner, and has promised to leave him, at his death, certain
estates, which are A'ery considerable," &c., &c. In 1773 Mr.
Boylston went to Newfoundland, thence to Italy, Turkey,
Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and along the coast of Barbary ; and
arrived in England in 1775, through France and Flanders.
He dined at Governor Hutchinson's, London, with some
fellow-Loyalists, July 29, 1775, and entertained the company
with an account of his travels ; and, at subsequent periods,
he exhibited the curiosities which he brought from the Holy
Land, Egypt, and other countries, to the unhappy exiles from

248 BOYLSTON.
his native State. In the autumn of the next year, he was
in lodgings at Shepton Mallet. He was a member of the
Loyalist Association, formed in London in 1779. He returned
to Boston in the year 1800. In 1810 he presented Harvard
University with a valuable collection of medical and ana
tomical works and engravings. He died at his seat, Roxbury,
in 1828, aged seventy-eight. His son, John Lane Boylston,
died at Princeton in 1847, aged fifty-eight.
Boylston, Thomas. Of Boston. John Adams said of
him in 1766, — " Tom is a firebrand. Tom is a perfect
viper, a Jew, a devil, but is orthodox in politics, however."
He Avas among the citizens of Boston who were detained by
General Gage, in consequence of the imprisonment of Jones
and Hicks in the jail at Concord ; and was released by ex
change, August, 1775. He fell off". In 1777 he was — as
is said — the hero of the following incident, which is related
by Mrs. Adams : —
" It Avas rumored," she wrote her husband, " that an em
inent, wealthy, stingy merchant, (who is a bachelor,) had a
a hogshead of coffee in his store, which he refused to sell to
the Committee under six shillings per pound. A number of
females, some say a hundred, some say more, assembled with
a cart and trucks, marched down to the warehouse, and
demanded the keys, which he refused to deliver. Upon
which one of them seized him by the neck and tossed him
into the cart. Upon his finding no quarter he delivered the
keys, vi'hen they tipped up the cart and discharged him ; then
opened the warehouse, hoisted out the coffee themselves, put
it into the truck, and drove off. ... A large concourse of
men stood amazed, silent spectators of the whole transaction."
He went to England, invested his fortune in commerce,
and A^'as utterly ruined. Said Aspden, a fellow-Loyalist, in
1793, " I called to see, in Newgate, Mr. Thomas Boylston,
of Boston, Avhom they Avant to bring in as a sleeping partner
in the house of Lane, Son & Frazer, lately failed ; or, if this
won't do, to milk him for lending them money at usurious
interest. So much for being a stranger and friendless." He

BOYLSTON.— BRATEN. 249
died in London in 1798, of a broken heart. The simple
record is — " Aged 77, Thomas Boylston, late a very eminent
merchant of Boston, and relative of the President of the
United States,"
I JJoYLSTON, John. Of Boston. Merchant. Went to
England in 1776, and was^aT Bristol fn August of that
year. Remained abroad, and died at Bath, England, in 1795,
aged eighty-six,
Bradford, William. Of Massachusetts. Graduated at
"' ...
Harvard University in 1760. He removed from the country,
and held an office under the CroAvn at the Bahamas. He
died in 1801.
, Bradish, Ebenezer. A laAvyer of Worcester, Massachu
setts. He graduated at Harvard University in 1769. In
1774 he was one of the barristers and attorneys Avho were
Addressers of Hutchinson. He died in 1818.
'^ Bradshaw, Eleazer. Of Waltham, Massachusetts. Said
he would sell " tea," and do as he thought fit, in spite of Whig
committees, and that he would be the death of any person
who should molest him. The committees of Waltham, New
ton, Watertown, Weston, and Sudbury, examined the case,
and resolved that he had proved himself inimical to his coun
try, and cautioned all persons against dealing Avith him until
he should repent.
Brannan, Charles. He was in the King's service during
the war, and at its close Avent to St. John, New Brunswick.
He removed from that city to Fredericton in 1785, and con
tinued there until his decease in 1828, at the age of eighty-one.
Brantley,  . Of Georgia. Captain of a Tory
band. The captor of three Whigs, who, doomed to die,
were stripped to the shirt, and placed in a position to be shot.
Two were killed, the other escaped. The survivor, David
Emanuel, lived to become President of the Senate, and to fill
the Executive-chair of Georgia.
Braten, Thomas. Of Charlotte County, New York, He
was a constable ; and in 1775 some Whigs declared that
" the}' would have him, if he could be found above ground."

250 BRATTLE.
Brattle, Thomas. Of Massachusetts. He was born at
Cambridge in 1742, and graduated at Harvard University in
1760, and received the degree of A, MT^aTTale and at Nas
sau. His family connections were among the most respect
able of New England. In 1775 he went to England, and
was included in the Proscription and Banishment Act of 1778.
While abroad, he travelled over various parts of Great Britain,
and made a tour through Holland and France ; and was no
ticed by personages of distinction. Returning to London, he
zealously and successfully labored to ameliorate the condition
of his countrymen, who had been captured, and were in
prison. In 1779 he came to America, and landed at Rhode
Island, In 1784 the enactments against him in Massachusetts
were repealed, and he took possession of his patrimony. He
was a gentleman of liberality, humanity, and science ; of pub
lic spirit, and of large and noble views of men and things.
He died in February, 1801.
The late Governor James Sullivan, who knew him well,
thus wrote : " Major Brattle exercised a deep reverence to
the principles of Government, and Avas a cheerful subject of
the laws. He respected men of science as the richest orna
ment of their country. If he had ambition, it was to excel in
acts of hospitality, benevolence, and charity. The dazzling
splendor of heroes, and the achievements of political intrigues,
passed unnoticed before him ; but the character of the man
of benevolence filled his heart with emotions of sympathy,"
. ..." In his death, the sick, the poor, and the distressed,
have lost a liberal benefactor ; politeness an ornament ; and
phdanthropy one of its most discreet and generous supporters.'
Brattle, William. Of Massachusetts. A man of more
eminent talents and of greater eccentricities has seldom lived.
He graduated at Harvard University in 1722 ; and, subse
quently, was represeiTtatTve trom" Cambridge, and for many
years a member of the Council. He seems to have been of
every profession, and to have been eminent in all. As a
clergyman, his preaching was acceptable ; as a physician, he
was celebrated, and had an extensive practice ; as a lawyer,

BRATTLE, -BREN TON, 251
he had an abundance of clients ; while his military aptitudes
secured the rank of major-general of the militia, an office in
his time of very considerable importance and high honor.
He loved good living. He possessed the happy faculty of
pleasing the officers of Government and the people. An Ad
dresser of Gage, and approving of his plans, he at length
forfeited the good will of the Whigs, and Avent into exile.
Accompanying the British troops at the evacuation of Bos
ton, he went to Halifax, and died there in 1776, a few months
after his arrival. His father was Reverend William Brattle
of Cambridge. His first wife was a daughter of Governor
Saltonstall. His son, Thomas Brattle of Cambridge, died in
1801. Brattle, James. Servant to Governor Tryon, and sub
sequently to James Duane, a member of Congress. He was
in the habit of stealing the papers of the latter, and of trans
mitting them, with other information, to the former. He was
detected, and sent to England by Tryon.
Bremner, John. Of Queen's County, New York. In
1776 he signed a profession of loyalty and allegiance. A
person of this name died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1807,
aged fifty-four.
Brenton, Jahleel. Of Rhode Island. Rear- Admiral
in the Royal Navy. The Brentons emigrated to Massachu
setts in the reign of Charles the First. The first Jahleel was
a civil officer of some note in Boston, and, removing to Rhode
Island, died Governor of that Colony near the end of the
reign of Charles the Second. The second Jahleel, who was
son of the first, was Collector of the Customs in New Eng
land, in the reign of Williani and Mary'f'^rhe thTfJJahleel
was a large land-OAvner, and married a daughter of Samuel
Cranston, Governor of Rhode Island ; this Jahleel was the
father of five sons, of whom notices follow ; of three other
sons, and of seven daughters.
The fourth Jahleel is the subject of this notice. He Avas
born in 1729, entered the navy in his youth ; and, a lieutenant
at the beginning of the Revolution, was living quietly on his

252 BRENTON.
patrimonial estate. It is stated that he was a gentleman of
high character and respectable talents, that he had many
warm friends among the Whig leaders who endeavored to
enlist his sympathies on the popular side, and who offered him
the highest rank in the naval service of Congress. Unyield
ing in his loyalty, a system of annoyance and persecution was
commenced against him, which compelled him to leave his
wife and younger children, and to seek shelter on board of an
armed ship of the Crown on the coast. Two of his elder sons
accompanied him. He went to England, and was put on
active duty. Before the peace he was a post-captain. His
estate in Rhode Island Avas confiscated. During the latter
years of his life, he receiA'ed " the comfortable appointment
of Regulating Captain at Edinburgh," which situation he held
until his death in 1802. His wife was Henrietta Crowley,
and was the mother of a large family. She joined him in
England in 1780, with the children, who remained with her
at his flight. Of Jahleel, the oldest, presently. Edward
Pelham, the second son, who died a post-captain, in London,
in 1839, and whose widow, Margaretta Diana, died in the
same city in 1843, wrote the " Naval History of Great Brit
ain from 1783 to 1822," and a Biography of Admiral Earl
St. Vincent, and was the founder of the Chddren's Friend
Society. James, the third son, lost his life in 1799, while
performing a daring exploit in the Mediterranean, under Nel
son. His widow, Henrietta, died in 1820, in her seventy-
seventh year. Mary, his second daughter, died at Bath,
England, in 1845, aged seventy-six.
Brenton, Sir Jahleel, Baronet. Of Rhode Island.
' Rear-Admiral of the Blue, K. C. B. and K. S. F. The fifth
Jahleel, and son of the fourth. He was born in Rhode Island
in 1770 ; entered the navy as a midshipman in 1781, and
served first in the Queen, commanded by his father. At the
peace he was placed in the Naval School, Chelsea, where he
remained two years. From 1787 to 1789, he was an officer
of the Lido, Captain Sandys, employed in surveying the coast
of Nova Scotia. UntU the peace of Ameins, in 1802, he was

BRENTON, 253
constantly afloat, and performed much hard duty. The cap
tains under whom he served during this period, uniformly
commended his conduct. Among the distinguished naval
officers who were his Avarm friends in after life, were Sauma-
rez, St. Vincent, Collingwood, and Nelson. After several
years' service in the renewed Avarfare against Napoleon, and
in 1812, he was appointed to the command of the Stirling
Oastle 74, but resigned that ship the same year ; was created
a Baronet, and commissioned Resident-Commissioner of the
Balearic Islands. In 1815 he Avas transferred to the Cape
of Good Hope, as Commissioner of the Dock-yard, and re
mained in office until 1821. He returned to England in
1822, and the year after was appointed a Colonel of Marines.
In 1829 he was in command of the ship Lonegal, at Sheer-
ness. Subsequently, he was created Vice- Admiral and Lieu
tenant-Governor of GreenAvich Hospital. He retired from
duty in 1840, and received the pension " dropped " by the
decease of his old companion. Sir Sidney Smith. He estab
lished his residence in Westmoreland, thence removed to a
cottage in Staffordshire. He died at Elford, April, 1844,
in his seventy-fourth year.
His first wife, who died at the Cape of Good Hope in 1817,
was Isabella, daughter of Anthony Stewart, a Loyalist of
Maryland. Sir Jahleel met her at Halifax, (to which place
her father had fled during the Revolution) in 1787, when a
midshipman on the Nova Scotia station ; and though a mutual
attachment arose, they were separated eleven years without
seeing each other once. They met in England, and were
married in the year 1802. His second wife (whom he mar
ried in 1822) was his cousin Harriet, daughter of James
Brenton, of Halifax.
Brenton, Benjamin. Of Rhode Island. Brother of the
fourth Jahleel. In the Revolution, a " contractor " for the
Royal forces. Estate confiscated. Died in 1830. His wife
was Rachel, daughter of Silas Cooke.
Brenton, Samuel. Of Rhode Island. Brother of the
fourth Jahleel. I glean simply, that he died In 1797 ; and
VOL. 1. 22

254 BRENTON. — BREWERTON.
that his wife was Susan Cooke, sister of the wife of his
brother Benjamin.
Brenton, James. Of Rhode Island. Brother of the
fourth Jahleel. He went to Nova Scotia, and was a notary-
public as early as September, 1775, at Halifax. He was
afterward a Judge of the Supreme Court, and a member of
the Council. In the year 1800 he was appointed Judge of
Vice-Admiralty. He died at Halifax in 1806, or early the
year following.
His first wife was Rebecca Scott ; his second, a Miss Rus
sell, of Halifax. Edward, the only son of the first ' marriage,
was bred to the law, and in 1835 was a Judge in Newfound
land. Another son, John, was secretary to Admiral Provost
on the East India station, and a captain in the British Navy.
Harriet, a daughter, married her cousin, (the fifth Jahleel),
Admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton.
Brenton, William. Of Rhode Island. Brother of the
fourth Jahleel. Born in 1749. In exile during the Revolu
tion, he was allowed, by a law of 1783, to visit and remain
with his friends one week ; then required to depart and not
to return. His wife was Frances Wickham, In 1835 two
of his sons were in the British Navy.
Breaverton, George. Of New York. In the French
war he Avas in command of a regiment of that Colony. Un
June, 1776, he was charged Avith dangerous designs and trea
sonable conspiracies against the Whig causej and, at the in
stance of Livingston, Morris, and Jay, a warrant was issued
by General Greene for his apprehension and the seizure of
his papers. Brewerton surrendered himself to the General,
who sent him to his accusers. In his examination he stated
that " instead of aiding the Ministerial armies, he had advised
and persuaded men to enlist in the Continental service."
But he was held to good behavior to the Whigs in a bond
for £500, with Jacob Brewerton as surety. Subsequently,
he entered the service of the Crown, and commanded the
second battalion of De Lancey's brigade. He died in 1779,
His Avidow, three sons, and two daughters, arrived at New
York, from London, September, 1786.

BRICE. — 3RINLEY. 255
Brice, Rigden, Of Georgia. In the eflPort to reestablish
the Royal Government, in 1779, he Avas appointed Marshal of
the Court of Admiralty, In 1782 he was Muster-master-
General of the Loyalist forces in the South, He went to
England and died there in 1796.
Brigden, Edward. Of North Carolina, An estate, con
fiscated during the war, \^'as restored to him by Act of Novem
ber, 1785 ; I find it said, at tlie express recommendation of
Dr. Franklin.
Brigg, Stephen. In December, 1783, Avarrant issued on
petition of the Selectmen of Stanford, Connecticut, ordering
him to depart that town forthwith, and never return.
Bridgham, Ebenezer. Merchant of Boston, Was pro
scribed and banished in 1778, He went to Halifax in 1776,
with his family of four persons. In 1782 he Avas Deputy
Inspector-General of the Loyalist forces. In 1783 he went
to St. John, New Brunswick, and Avas a grantee of that city.
Bridgman,  . An "American Loyalist," whose
daughter married Sir John Hatten, Baronet, of Long Stan
ton, Cambridgeshire, in 1798. Sir John died in 1811, and
Avas succeeded by his brother, Thomas Dingley Hatten,
the present Baronet.
Bridgeavater, John. In 1782 he was a captain in the
Prince of Wales American Volunteers. He Avent to Eng
land, and died there in 1803, in his seventieth year.
Brill, Daa'id. Went to New Brunswick in 1783, Died
in Queen's County in 1848, aged eighty-seven,
Brinley, Thomas. Merchant of Boston, Graduated at
Harvard University in JLJ44,. His name appears among the
onehundred" an J twenty-four merchants and others, who ad-
dressecTHutchinson at Boston, in 1774 ; and among the ninety-
seven gentletnen and principal inhabitants of that town, who
addressed- Gage in October of the following year. He went
to Halifax in 1776, and to England the same year. In 1778
he was proscribed and banished. He died in 1784. Eliza
beth, his widow, died in England in 1793,
Brinley, George. Merchant of Boston. An Addresser

256 BRINLEY.
of Hutchinson in 1774, and of-Gage in 1775 ; was proscribed
and banished in 1778. He was in England in 1783, at which
time he was Deputy Commissary-General. In 1799 he was
appointed Commissary-General of his Majesty's forces in Brit
ish America. He died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1809 ; and
Mary, his Avidow, died at the same place in 1819. His son
Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel in the army, and Quartermaster-
General of the British troops in the West Indies, died in 1805
on one of the islands of his station. I find the death of Wil
liam Birch Brinley, at Hahfax, 1812, aged forty.
.,^ Brinley, Nathaniel. Of Framingham, Massachusetts,
and son of Colonel Francis Brinley. About the year 1760,
he leased the " Brinley Farm " of Oliver DeLancey, agent of
the owner. Admiral Sir Peter Warren of the Royal Navy,
and, as is said, employed fifteen or twenty-negroes, (slaves,
probably,) in its cultivation. It is related, too, that Daniel
Shays, the leader of the insurrection in 1786, was in the ser
vice of Mr. Brinley on this farm. In 1775, our Loyalist was
an Addresser of Gage, and was ordered, in consequence, to
confine himself to his own leasehold. He soon fled to the
Royal Army in Boston. After the evacuation of that town, he
was sent to Framingham by sentence of a Court of Inquiry,
ordered to give bond in £600, with two sureties, to remain
there four months and to be of good behavior. In September,
1776, Ebenezer Marshall, in behalf of the Committee of
Correspondence, Inspection and Safety, represented that the
" people take him for a very vidian, " as he had declared that
" Parliament had an undoubted right to make void the char
ter in part or in whole ; " that " ten thousand troops, Avith
an artillery, would go through the Continent, and subdue it
at pleasure ; " that he had conveyed " his best furniture to
Roxbury, and moved his family and goods into Boston,"
and had himself remained there " as long as he could haA'e
the protection of the British troops ; " that " he approved of
General Gage's conduct in the highest terms ; " that " his
most intimate connections Avere some of our worst enemies
and traitors ; " and that, while he had been under their in-

BL^INLEY. — BRITTAIN. 257
spection, they had seen nothing " either in his conduct or dis
position, that discovers the least contrition, but otherwise."
To some of these allegations, Mrs. Brinley replied in two
memorials to the General C!ourt. She averred that, by the
conditions of the recognizance, her husband was entitled to
the freedom of the whole of the toAvn of Framingham ; that
he was in custody on the sole charge of addressing Gage ; and
that, instead of being a refugee in Boston, he was shut up in
that town while accidentally there, &c. She complained that
at one time, he had been compelled to work on John Fisk's
farm, without liberty to go more than twenty rods from the
house, unless in Fisk's presence ; and that he Avas denied the
free use of pen, ink and paper. Again, she said that Mr.
Brinley, after his transfer to the care of Benjamin Eaton, was
restricted to the house, and was fearful that his departure from
it would occasion the loss of his life ; and that no person, even
herself, Avas allowed to converse with him, unless in the hear
ing of some member of Eaton's family. And she prayed that
he might be removed to some other inland town, and be treated
in accordance with his sentence. Mr. Brinley's defence of him
self seems to have been the simple remark:"! am a gentle
man, and have done nothing to forfeit that character."
I am able to trace this unhappy " Government-man " only
a step farther. On the 17th September, 1776, the General
Court, by resolve, committed him to the care of his father, on
security in £600 for his appearance ; and, in October of the
same year, the Committee of Framingham reported to the
Council that they had disposed of his farm-stock, farm-uten
sils, and household furniture. Possibly, Nathaniel Brinley,
who died at Tyngsborough in 1814, aged eighty-one, was the
subject of this notice.
Brittain, James. Of New Jersey. He wished to take
no part in the Revolutionary controversy, but having become
obnoxious, his house was surrounded by a party of about thir
ty, wdio robbed and plundered him at pleasure. He escaped
to the woods, where his wife fed him for nearly a month.
Emerging from his hiding place, he joined Skinner with
*22

258 BRITTAIN. - BROKENBOROUGH.
seventy men, whom he had engaged to bear arms against
the rebels. He was in a number of battles. In one, he
was taken prisoner, and doomed to suffer death. The day
before that appointed for his execution, he broke from prison,
swam the Delaware, and joined his corps. In 1782 he was an
ensign in the first battalion of New Jersey Volunteers, and at
the peace, a lieutenant. In 1783 he went to St. John, New
Brunswick, in the ship Luke of Richmond, and was the gran
tee of a city lot. He received half-pay. He was a colonel of
New Brunswick militia, and, at his decease, the oldest magis
trate in King's County. He died at Greenwich in that county
in 1838, at the age of eighty-seven. Ten children survived
him. His widow, Eleanor, died at Greenwich in 1846, aged
ninety-four. His daughter Eleanor married Walker Tisdale,
Esquire, of St. John.
Brittain, Joseph. Of New Jersey. Brother of James,
He was an ensign in the New Jersey Volunteers, and was
taken prisoner with James, doomed to the same fate, and
made his escape at the same time. He went to St. John in
the ship Luke of Richmond in 1780, and died in 1830, at the
age of seventy-two, in King's County. He received half-pay.
Brittain, William. Of New Jersey. Brother of James
and Joseph. He was in the King's service, but not in com
mission. He shared in the captiAuty, and in the escape of
James and Joseph. He went to St. John, New Brunswick,
at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. He died in New
Brunswick about the year 1811.
Brittenny, John. In 1783 he removed to New Bruns
wick, and settled in King's County, where he continued to
reside until his decease, a period of upwards of sixty-three
years. He died at GreenAvich in 1846,' in the ninety-fifth
year of his age.
Brokenborough, Austin. Of Virginia. He was son of
Colonel William Brokenborough, and served A\'ith Washing
ton under Braddock. " Like some of the old clergy, he
thought he was perpetually bound by his oath of allegiance
to the king." He wished to remain here, however, on ac-

BROKENBOROUGH, — BROOKS, 259
count of his family, friends, and property ; and petitioned the
Assembly to be alloAved the position of a neutral — to obey
the laws, but to keep clear of the " rebellion." His request
Avas not only refused, but five companies of men proceeded to
his house to inflict signal punishment for his contumacy. He
escaped and Avent to England. Whde abroad, he lived prin
cipally in London, with several other Loyalists of the South,
who, by his account, " had a merry time of it, dining and
supping at various inns," visiting theatres and other places of
amusement. He " speaks of taking tAvo dinners at different
taverns . . . the same day, and of two suppers the same
night, and of being quite drunk, Avith all the rest of the com
pany," on another occasion. Again, he mentions an evening
at Vauxhall with ladies, and says that all, except the young
ones, " drank too freely, and were vociferous." But he Avent
to church, and was a frequent listener to the debates in Par
liament. It was his fortune to hear Chatham's last speech,
when, as all recollect, his Lordship fainted and was carried
home. Mr. Brokenborough was absent seven years. Time, finally,
passed heavily. His father and youngest son were dead ; his
estate was mismanaged, wasting away, and liable to confisca
tion. He resolved to return, and arrived in Virginia in 1782,
but, by advice of his brother, did not venture home. For
awhile, he was in Charleston, S, C. ; but, at last, resumed his
abode in the Old Dominion.
Brooks, James. It Avas reported that letters written by
him, by Dr. Kearsley, and others, were in possession of a
woman who concealed them in a pocket sewed to the lower
part of her inner garment, and who was on ship-board, bound
to London ; and the letters having been secured, and found
abusive of the Whigs and of their cause, he Avas committed to
prison in Philadelphia, thence transferred to the jail of Lan
caster. The Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania resolved
that he was an enemy to the liberties of America.
He was kept in confinement two years, lacking a single
day. His own account is, that the windows next to the street

260 BROOKS. — BROWNE.
Avere blocked up ; that thirty-five barrels of gunpowder Avere
stored on the floor above his head, — and tons more in the
next room, defended from the common misfortune of fire by
a shingled roof merely ; that a guard of fourteen men beat
their drums for the sake of persecution ; that he was denied
the sight and speech of mankind, and the use of pen, ink and
paper ; and that he " had the use of his legs taken from him
by day, and was brought to by warm water at night,"
Brooks, Captain  . Commanded a party of plun
derers. On one occasion, early in 1783, Avliile on an expedi
tion in the DelaAvare, a Methodist preacher fell into his hands,
and was required to preach or to be whipped to death. The
minister declining to give a sermon to such hearers, was tied
up and received nearly one hundred lashes. On his promise
never to serve the rebels more, he was allowed to depart, much
exhausted and lacerated.
Browne, Thomas. Of Augusta, Georgia. Was an early
victim of a mob, and was tarred and feathered, soon after the
division and array of parties in the Southern Colonies. He
entered the Royal service, and commanded, as lieutenant-
colonel, a corps called the King's Rangers, Carolina. At the
peace, he retired, it is believed, to Florida, and thence to the
Bahamas. He was knoAvn during hostilities as a sanguinary
and active officer, and his conduct is open to severe censure.
Such the text, such the meagre account of this partisan
leader, in the first edition. The notice of him now is as full
as the reader can desire, and is the result of more labor than
I care to state.
Mr. Simms, in the Advertisement to " Mellichampe," saj'S
that Barsfield's story, as related in the thirty-seventh chapter
of that Avork, " bears a close resemblance to the recorded
history of the notorious Colonel Browne, of Augusta, one of
the most malignant and vindictive among the Southern Loyal
ists, and one who is said to have become so solely from the
illegal and unjustifiable means employed by the Patriots to
make him otherwise." And, adds Mr. Simms, Avith truth,
" The Avhole history is one of curious interest, and, if studied.

BROWNE. 261
of great public value. It shows strikingly the evils to a wliole
nation, and through successive years, of a single act of pop
ular injustice."
Whoever would know the nature of the warfare between
the Whigs and Tories at the South, should carefully read
" Mellichampe," and the other tales of the distinguished au
thor, of the same era. He vouches for their general historical
accuracy, and no well-informed person will question the faith
fulness of his pen. The perusal of the tale in question, exci
ted my own curiosity, I confess, and led me to examine every
book and document within reach, which seemed likely to afford
me information of the original of " Barsfield."
I find Browne at Augusta in 1775, expressing his enmity
to the Whigs, and ridiculing them in toasts at dinner.
Warned of danger, he fled. By order of the " Committee,"
he was pursued to New Richmond, South Carolina, brought
back, tried, and sentenced to be tarred and feathered ; to be
publicly exposed in a cart ; to be drawn three miles, or until
he should confess his error, and swear fealty to the popular
cause. He refused to make any concession, Avas punished as
doomed, and published as " no gentleman." To conceal his
disgrace as well as he could, he kept his hair short, and wore
a handkerchief around his head. He soon retreated to
Florida. In 1776 he Avas in command of a corps, and made
fearful incursions on the banks of the Savannah ; but his force
Avas small. In 1778, when he was joined by about three hun
dred Tories from the interior of Georgia and South Carolina,
his regiment was completed, and put in uniform. A year
later, at the head of four hundred mounted men, he made
a forced march to Augusta ; and, after being wounded, and
twice defeated by Whigs under TAviggs and Few, he reached
that place, and established a military post. Reinforced by
detachments from other corps, of undoubted skill and bravery,
exact in discipline, among the very people who had treated
him with the greatest indignity, and relentless in his mode
of Avarfare, the " Rebels " had everything to fear from his
disposition and his operations. As soon as the condition of

262 BROWNE,
the Whigs Avould allow, and in 1780, Colonel Clarke appeared
with a force, sufficient, as Avas thought, to compel him to
submit to terms of capitulation. Browne's conduct during
the siege illustrates the best and the worst qualities of his
character. The accounts are conflicting. But it seems certain
that, as the toAvn did not afford an eligible position for defence,
Browne marched out Avith his troops and some Indians,
assailed Clarke on an eminence, and dislodged him, after a
sanguinary fight. It appears, also, that the Loyalist leader
was subsequently driven, with the men under his personal
command, into a sort of garrison house, from which he main
tained a desperate resistance ; that he himself Avas shot
through both thighs ; that while tortured with the pain of
dangerotis Avounds and swollen legs, he still directed every
movement ; that the besiegers cut off" the supply of water,
for which, in the fertility of his resources, he found a remedy,
in saving and dealing out urine, of Avhich he Avas the first to
drink ; that his wounded died for the want of surgical aid
and hospital stores ; that he Avas repeatedly summoned to
surrender ; and that he held out four days, and until relieved
by Cruger. All this, in a military man, is admirable; what
followed is unconditionally infamous. Clarke, in his retreat,
left a part of his wounded, of whom thirteen Avere hung in the
stair-waj', and four in other parts of the garrison-house, and
several others were turned over to the Indians and burned
alive. The thirteen, it is said, were executed in Browne's
presence, " that he might have the satisfaction of seeing the
victims of his vengeance expire," So, too, in 1780, he
ordered five persons to be hung, and when nearly dead, they
were cut down and delivered to the Indians, who scalped and
and otherwise mutilated one of them. One of these Avas a
youth of seventeen, and the son of a Avidow.
He kept Augusta undl June, 1781, Avhen, after a siege of
nearly three months, in which he displayed his usual courage,
activity, and patience under sufferings, he surrendered the
post to Pickens and Lee, The accusation against him at this
time is, that he placed an aged prisoner in a bastion, Avhere

BROWNE. 263
he was exposed to death from the hands of his own son, who
commanded a Whig battery. By the terms of capitulation.
Colonel Browne was allowed to go to Savannah ; and he was
so generally hated that, had he not been specially and strongly
guarded, while on the way thither, it is probable he Avould
have been torn limb from limb. He passed among the inhab
itants whose houses he had burned and Avhose relatives and
friends he had executed. The mother of one whom he had put
to death said to him : " In the late day of your prosperity, I
visited your camp, and on my knees supplicated for the life of
my son, but you were deaf to my entreaties. You hanged him,
though a beardless youth, before my face. These eyes saw
him scalped by the savages under your immediate command.
, . . When you resume the sword, I will go five hundred
miles to demand satisfaction at the point of it."
This woman met Browne and his escort, as is said, armed
with a knife, for the purpose of killing him, but was not alloAved
to speak to him until she promised to forbear ; and she was ac
companied by a son Avho Avent with the same intention. Though
he escaped assassination, the adherents of the Crown seem to
have expected that he would be publicly executed. After the
fall of Charleston, the firm Whigs who refused to SAvear ade-
giance Avere sent to Florida, and the officer in command at St.
Augustine threatened to hang six of them if Browne was not
treated as a prisoner of war. After he was exchanged, he
served at Savannah. In May, 1782, he marched out of the
garrison at the head of a considerable force, with the apparent
intention of attacking the Whigs ; but Wayne, by a bold
movement, got between him and the town, assailed him at
midnight, and routed his whole command.
In October, 1782, the Rangers were sent from Charleston
to relieve the troops at St. Augustine. At the peace, when
they were disbanded, a part remained in Florida, and a part
attempted to settle at a place in Nova Scotia, called St. Mary's.
Colonel Browne had estates in Georgia and South Carolina,
which were confiscated ; and, attainted of treason in both
States, he retreated to the Bahamas. From these islands, and

264 BROWNE.
in 1786, he wrote an elaborate reply to Ramsay's comments
on his conduct during the war, addressed tb the historian
himself. The paper is not without ability.
He relates the unjustifiable course of the Whigs, and dwells
AA'ith emphasis on special cases ; he insists that in the instances
which are cited to show his own barbarity, he did but execute
retributive justice on offenders who Avere identified, and who
confessed their crimes. He refers to the tarring and feathering
twelve years previously, in these words : " Could A'iolations
of humanity be justified by example, the cruelties exercised
on my person by a lawless committee .... might have jus
tified the severest vengeance ; but, esteeming it more honor
able to forgive than to revenge an injury to those men Avho
had treated me with the most merciless cruelty, I granted
protection and safeguards to such as desired them." He
avers that all the allegations against him which touch his
reputation as an officer and as a man, are false; and thus, —
" In the discharge of the duties of my profession, I can say
with truth, I never deviated from the line of conduct the
laws of Avar and humanity prescribed." And again : " The
criminal excesses of individuals were never warranted by au
thority, nor ever obtained the sanction of my approbation."
He speaks of Lee, as a gentleman of the most honorable and
liberal sentiments ; but of Pickens, as permitting murder of
prisoners under his own eye.
In 1809, Colonel Browne was in England, and petitioned
for a grant of Crown lands in the West Indies. The govern
ment gave him six thousand acres in the island of St. Vin
cent. I find it stated that, by some mistake, a part of the
tract had been previously granted to persons who could not
be dispossessed without great injury ; and that the munificent
sum of £30,000 was allowed him in money as an equivalent.
It is said, too, that the Colonel was subsequently implicated
in matters connected with this very domain ; and that, in
1812, he was convicted in London of forgery. The story
seems to me improbable. There was hardly a Loyalist in the
thirteen Colonies who, for his individual losses, received so

BROWNE. 265
large a sum as — in whole numbers — one hundred and fifty
thousand, dollars ; and, at the period in question, a man
adjudged guilty of forgery, in England, would have been
executed, especially if the crime, — as alleged in this case,
— was a fabrication of the signatures of high officers of the
Government. Colonel Browne died in St, Vincent in 1825, His Avife died
there in 1807. Of his own decease there appeared the fol
lowing notice : — "At an adA'anced age. Colonel Thomas
Browne. During the American Avar he distinguished himself
as a gallant and enterprising officer, and among other re
peated marks of his Sovereign's approbation, Avas promoted
to the rank of Colonel-Commandant of his Majesty's late
regiment of South Carolina, or Queen's Rangers, and made
also Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs, in the South
ern districts of North America,"
.' Browne, William. Of Salem, Massachusetts, Was a
grandson of Governor Burnet, a great-grandson of Bishop
Burnet, and a connection of Winthrop, the first resident
Governor of Massachusetts ; and graduated at Harvard Uni
versity in 1755. A member of the General Court in 1768,
he was one of the seventeen Rescinders. He was a Colonel
of the Essex County militia ; one of the ten Mandamus
Counsellors who Avere sworn in, and a Judge of the Supreme
Court, In 1774, John Adams i' said: "I had a real respect for
the Judges. Trowbridge, Gushing, and Browne, I could call
my friends." That very year, the Essex County Convention
voted, " That a Committee be raised to wait on the Honor
able Wdliam BroAvne, Esquire, of Salem, and acquaint him,
that Avidi grief this County has vicAved his exertions for car
rying into execution the Acts of Parliament, calculated to
enslave and ruin his native land," &c., &c.
This Committee consisted of Jeremiah Lee, Samuel Hel
ton, and Elbridge Gerry. They Avaited upon Mr. Browne in
Boston, on the 19th of September, Avho returned a written
1 A classmate of Judge Browne, at Harvard.
VOL. I. 23

266 BROWNE.
answer, in which he says that he " cannot consent to defeat
his Majesty's intentions and disappoint his expectations, by
abandoning a post to which he has been graciously pleased to
appoint him," &c., and that, " as a Judge, and in every other
capacity," he " intended to act with honor and integrity,"
&c., &c.
He was an Addresser of Gage, was included in the Ban
ishment Act of"1778, and in the Conspiracy Act of the year
following. He was the oAvner of immense landed estates,
which were confiscated. Prior to the Revolutionary troubles,
he enjoyed great popularity, and strong inducements were
held out to him to join the Whigs. He was in London as
early as May 4, 1776, and gave his fellow-exiles some par
ticulars relative to the evacuation of Boston. His Avife,
who complained of her treatment at Salem and Boston,
after his departure, does not appear to haA'e joined him in
England, until the spring of 1778. In 1781, he was ap
pointed Governor of the Bermudas, and administered the
affairs of these islands in a manner to secure the confidence
and respect of the people. He died in England, February,
1802, aged sixty-five.
Browne, Arthur, Of Portsmouth, New Hamp.shire.
An EpiscopaL clergyman. Was educated at Trinity Col
lege;' Dublin, He Avas ordained by the Bishop of London,
and assumed the charge of a society at Providence, Rhode
Island. In 1736 he removed to Portsmouth, and became
the first minister of the Episcopal Church of that town, and
continued his connection until his decease. He died at Cam
bridge, Massachusetts, in 1773, aged seventy-three. His re
mains were carried to Portsmouth and deposited in the Went
worth tomb.
In the Episcopal Church, he Avas considered a man of most
noble and benevolent disposition, of sound doctrines, and a
good preacher. He married Governor Benning Wentworth
to his servant girl. The story, as told by Brewster is, that
" the Governor invited a dinner party, and with many other
guests, in his cocked hat, comes the beloved Rev. Ar-

BROWNE, 267
thur Browne. The dinner is served up in a style becom
ing the Governor's table, the wine is of good quality, &c.
In due time, as previously arranged, Martha Hilton, the
Governor's maid-servant, ' a damsel of twenty summers,'
appears before the company. The Governor, bleached by
the frosts of sixty winters, rises : ' Mr. Browne, I wish you
to marry me.' ' To whom,' asked the Rector, in wondering
surprise. ' To this lady,' was the reply. The Rector stood
confounded. The Governor became imperatiA'e. ' As the
Governor of New Hampshire I command you to marry me.''
The ceremony Avas performed, and Martha Hilton became
Lady Wentworth."
On the day Mr. Browne married Governor John Went-
Avorth to Atkinson's AvidoAv, and soon after he had performed
the ceremony, he fell over a number of stone steps and broke
his arm.
He was missionary of the Society for the Propagation of
the GTospel in Foreign Parts. His salary in 1754 was £60,
and £15 additional for officiating at Kittery, Until the ap
pointment of his son as assistant missionary, he was the only
Episcopal clergyman in New Hampshire.
In honor of the consort of George the Second, his church
was called " Queen's Chapel." Dr. Franklin was one of the
benefactors and a proprietor. There was a pew which, prior
to the Revolution, was fitted up in state, and known as the
" Governor's," It contained two chairs, Avhich were the gift
of the Queen, for the use of the Governor and his secretary.
The decorations were taken down after the war ; but the pew
and the chairs remained, and were occupied by Washington
and his secretary in 1789, Avhen they attended service in Ports
mouth, Mr. Browne's children Avere four sons and five daughters,
namely : Thomas, who died young ; Marmaduke, of whom
presentlj' ; Arthur, who, after a long service in the British
Army, sold his commission and was Governor of Kinsale ; and
Peter, who entered the army at the age of fourteen, and rose
to the rank of major. The daughters were all married :

268 BROWNE. - BROWN.
Lucy, to Colonel Smith, of the British Army ; Jane, to Samuel
Livermore, Chief Justice of New Hampshire and Senator in
Congress from that State ; Mary, to the Rev. Winwood Ser
jeant ; Anne, to Captain George St. Loe, of the British Navy,
from whom she was divorced, and, the Avidow of a second hus
band, a third time to one Kelly, Avho, " of reckless character,
treated her with the utmost neglect ; " and, last, Ehzabeth,
who was the wife of the noted Major Robert Rogers, and,
after his decease, of Captain John Roche, of Concord, New
Hampshire. Browne, Rev. Maraliduke. Son of Arthur. He Avas
born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1731, and graduated at
Trinity College, Dublin, in 1754. On tahing orders, he was
first employed as an itinerant missionary in New Hampshire.
In 1760, he became Rector of Trinity Church, Newport, R. I.,
and died there in IrfTT. His Avife deceased in 1767, and his
own death was " doubtless hastened by the severity of that
affliction." His son Arthur, who Avas Doctor of Laws, and
King's Professor of Greek in Trinity College, Dublin, who
erected a marble tablet to his memory on the wall of Trinity
Church, Newport, in 1795, and who was a very eminent man,
died in 1805,
Browne, William. Of Salem, Massachusetts. Son of
Judge William Browne. An officer in the British Army,
and at the siege of Gibraltar. He was in England in
1784. Brown, Thomas. Of Boston, Embarked with his family
of five persons for Halifax, in 1776. Went into business, and
faded soon after the year 1779, and established a school.
Rev, Jacob Bailey Avrote in 1781 : " This poor gendeman is
still detained under complaint of his unmerciful creditors,"
Mr. Brown Avas in Halifax as late as 1792. I find the death
of a Thomas BroAvn, at Salem, Massachusetts, in 1809, at the
age of eighty-si.x.
Broavn, Rea'. Thomas. E]^)is£flpaLBairrister. He came to
America in the French war, as supposed, with the 27th Regi
ment, of Avhich he was chaplain, and which he accompanied

BROWN. — BRUCE. 269
on the expedition to Martinico, in 1762. He returned to
England ; and, in 1764, was appointed a missionary to Amer
ica. He was in charge of St. Peter's Church, Albany, for
three or four years ; and in 1772, was appointed Rector of
Dorchester, Maryland. He died in 1784, aged forty-nine.
His Avife, whose maiden name was Martina Hogan, and who
belonged to Albany, and seven children, survived him.
Brown, Elisha. Of Northampton, New York, " Cow
boy." Killed by a fellow " cow-boy " named Norton, in an
aff'ray, in 1783.
^ Brown, Daniel. Of Maine. Emigrated in early youth
from Scodand to Castine, and in the Revolution took an active
part in the Royal cause. At the peace he removed to New
BrunsAvick, where he passed the remainder of his days. He
died at St. Stephen, March, 1835, aged ninety-one, and left
upwards of two hundred descendants. His memory was good,
and the events of his life were impressed upon its tablets to
the last. His daughter Catharine died a few days after him,
aged fifty-five.
Brown, Zachariah. Residence unknown. A lieutenant
in De Lancey's Third Battalion, retired to New Brunswick,
received half-pay, and died in the county of Sunbury, in 1817,
aged seventy-eight.
Brown, Henry B. Settled in New Brunswick. Was
Registrar of Deeds and Wills for the county of Charlotte,
and died there.
Brownell, Joshua, and Jeremiah. Went to St. John,
New Brunswick, at the peace. The first was a grantee of
that city ; the other died in Westmoreland County, in that
Province, in 1835, aged eighty-eight.
Brothers, Joseph. He died at Carleton, New Bruns
wick, in 1836, aged seventv-two.
X Bruce, James. Of Boston. Was proscribed and banished.
This gentleman, I conclude, commanded the ship Eleanor;
and if so, he, like Hall, of the Lartmouth, and Coffin, of the
Beaver, is connected with the celebrated tea controversy. The
Eleanor, Captain James Bruce, arrived in Boston, December
23*

270 BRUNSKILL, — BRUSH,
1, 1773, Avith a part of the tea sent over by the East India
Company, which, after several days of fruitless negotiation,
was thrown into the harbor, at Griffin's Wharf. There was
a Loyalist of this name at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, about the
year 1805.
Brunskill, Rev, John. Of Virginia. Episcopal minis
ter. About the beginning of the Revolution, on an occasion
when his church was full, two or three Whigs entered in regi
mentals. He rose and rebuked them, said they were rebels,
and that he should immediately inform the King of their mis
deeds. Nearly every person left the house ; some, as they
departed, Avarning him that on a repetition of such language,
he Avould be insulted and treated harshly. He never preached
again ; but lived uncomfortable and secluded at the glebe un
til his death. He never married ; and for years, " it is be
lieved, he was a dead weight upon the church,"
Brush, Crean. Of Cumberland County, " New Hamp
shire Grants." Born in Dublin, Ireland, about the year 1725,
and bred to the law ; he emigrated to America, probably in
17G2. In New York, he was admitted to practice, and had
employment in the office of the Provincial Secretary. In
1771, he removed to the '¦'•Grants," and was soon appointed
Clerk and Surrogate of Cumberland County. In the troubles
which existed on the " Grants," as Vermont Avas then called,
he took the side of New York ; and, elected to the Assembly
of that Colony, he became a man of considerable note and in
fluence. In 1775, he delivered a set-speech against electing
delegates to the second Continental Congress, Avhich the Whig
leaders, Clinton, Schuyler, and Woodhull, answered. Trum
bull, in McFingal, refers to him thus : —
" Had I the poet's brazen lungs.
As sound-board to his hundred tongues,
I could not half the scribblers muster
That swarmed round Rivington in cluster ;
Assemblies, councilmen, forsooth :
Brush, Cooper, Wilkins, Chandler, Booth :
Yet all their arguments and sap'ence
You did not value at three half-pence,"

BRUSH. 271
At Boston, January, 1776, he proposed to Sir William
Howe to raise a body of volunteers, not less than three hun
dred, on the same terms, as to pay and gratuity, as the Royal
Fencible Americans, a corps just organized. The result is to
be inferred from the fact, that on the 10th of IMarch, he was
ordered by Sir William to take possession of the goods of cer
tain described persons, and put them on board of the ship Mi
nerva, or the brigantine Elaaheth. Under this commission.
Brush, at the head of parties of Tories, broke open stores
and dwelling-houses, stripped them, and conveyed his plun
der to the ships. Lawless bands of men from the fleet and
army, followed his example ; and Boston, for the last few days
of the siege, was given to violence and pillage. As for Brush,
he Avas captured after the evacuation, on board of the brigan
tine above mentioned.
The property on board the Elizuhctli was Avortli quite one
hundred thousand dollars ; difficulties arose between the claim
ants and the captors, Avliich Avere expensive and vexatious, but
which I have no room to relate. The robber. Brush, was
rightly enough put in close jail in Boston, and denied privi
leges, which, to an educated man, are invaluable ; but he
endeavored to lesson his woes by intemperance. Early in
1777 he was joined by his wife. The term of his imprison
ment Avas more than nineteen months. Later in the autumn
of the year last mentioned, Mrs, Brush provided him with
money and a horse, preparatory to his escape ; and on the
night of the 5th of November, he passed the turnkey, dis
guised in her garments, and fled to New York. We hear
of the miscreant next in Vermont, where he went to look
after his lands. But his career Avas nearly at an end. The
Whigs sequestered his estate ; and the British Commander-
in-Chief, to Avhom he applied to redress his personal Avrongs
and compensate his losses, not only refused, but told him that
his " conduct merited them, and more." His cup was full.
" Goaded by the scorpion Avhip of remorse, too proud to
strive to redeem the errors of his past life by an honorable
future," in May, 1778, he put a pistol to his head, and was

272 BRYAN,
found dead, " his brains besmearing the Avails of the apart
ment." Such, rapidly traced, Avas the life of Crean Brush.
He Avas ambitious to be a man of consideration, to be pro
prietor of a vast domain. He became an outcast ; and, of
nearly fifty thousand acres of the soil of New York, and the
" New Hampshire Grants," Avhich he owned, his heirs recovered
possession of a small part only. His step-daughter, Frances,
was Avife of no less a character than Ethan Allen. She Avas
a widow, dashing, and imperious ; and though fascinating
and accomplished, sometimes spoke in tones as rough and
unseemly as the summoner of Ticonderoga himself. His
only child, Elizabeth Martha, married Thomas Norman, of
Ireland. Of her it is said that she Avas a lady of refined
manners, of dignified dei^ortment, and in every other re
spect an ornament to her sex.
Bryan, Samuel. Of North Carolina. Authorized by
Governor Martin, January, 1776, to erect the King's stand
ard, to enlist and array in arms the loyal subjects of Rowan
County, and " to oppose all rebels and traitors." In 1780,
with a corps of eight hundred Loyalists, who abandoned their
homes to avoid prison and death, after Moore's defeat by
Rutherford, he marched towards South Carolina, and ar
rived unmolested at CheraAV Hill, Avhere he joined the de
tachment of British under McArthur. Many had not seen
their families for months, but had lived in the woods to avoid
the parties of Whigs that Avere in constant pursuit at this
period. Three of his companies were nearly annihilated by
the Whig Major Davie, near Hanging Rock. Soon after- '
ward, Sumter fell upon the remainder of his troops, and put
them to flight ; they " dispersed as soon as pressed." But,
reassembled, Bryan's corps Avas in tho rear division under the
orders of Lord RaAvdon, at the batde of Camden. The estate
of Colonel Bryan was confiscated in 1779. The excitement
against him Avas intense. Our Loyalist was indeed an un
fortunate man, since it seems that his conduct gave serious
offence to his own party, as Avell as to the Whigs. In a
letter to Sir James Wright, dated in London, March, 1783,

BRYMER. — BULL. 273
Lord CornAvallis states, that " the premature rising at Rams-
our's. Colonel Bryan's junction Avith us in South Carolina,
both directly contrary to my recommendation," Avitli the de
feat of Ferguson on King's Mountain, " occasioned the ruin
of many families, and furnished pretexts to exercise cruelties
on individuals, to a degree neither believed nor conceived
in " England.
Brymer, Alexander, INIerchant of Boston. An Ad
dresser of Gage in 1775. Was proscribed and banished in
1778. In 1782 a gentleman of this name, and supposed to
be the same, was sworn in as a member of his Majesty's
Council of Nova Scotia, The Couneillor died at Ramsgate,
England, in 1822, aged seventy-five.
Buchanan, John. Of Maryland, Went to England,
and established himself as a merchant in London, His widow
died at Bromley, Kent, in 1784.
BuDD, Elisha. Of New York. Ensign in the King's
American Regiment, He Avas born at White Plains, and
settled in Rye. His father, James Budd, was shot at his
own door by a party of " coAv-boys." He Avas at the siege
of Savannah, and iu several engagements at the South. His
property was confiscated ; and at the peace he Avent to Digby,
Nova Scotia, where he became a merchant and a Justice of
the Common Pleas. He died at Liverpool, England, in 1813,
aged fifty-one. His AvidoAv, a daughter of Isaac Bonnell, died
in 1850, at the age of eighty-tAvo, leaving five children, of
Avhom three now (1861) reside at Digby.
Bull, William, Lieutenant-Governor of South Carolina.
His father, Avho died in 1755, at the age of seventy-two, had
the same Christian name, and held the same office. He Avas
a pupil of Boerhaave. Returning to this country, after com
pleting his studies, he rose to distinction in literature, medical
science, and politics. In 1751 he was a member of the Coun
cd ; in 1763 Speaker of the House of Delegates ; and in
1764 Lieutenant-Governor. In the last office he continued
many years, and Avas Commander-in-Chief of the Colony.
He accompanied the British troops to England in 1782, and.

274 BULL. — BUL YEA.
continuing there, died in London, July 4, 1791, aged eighty-
one. Bull, George. He was born in the city of New York.
In 1782 he was a lieutenant of cavalry in the American
Legion under Arnold. He retired on half-pay at the peace,
and settled in New BrunsAvick. He died at Woodstock, in
1838, at the age of eighty-six.
Bull, Captain  . Of New York. He was in the
service of the Crown, and his name appears in the interview
between the celebrated MohaAvk, Brant, and the Whig Gen
eral Herkimer, at Unadilla, Ncav York, in 1777. When the
Indian chief met the Whig, he was accompanied by Bull, a
son of Sir William Johnson by Brandt's sister, Mary, or Molly,
and about forty warriors. During the meeting, Herkimer
demanded the surrender of several Tories, Avliich Brant per
emptorily refused. This was the last conference held with
the hostile MohaAvks.
BuLLMAN, Rev, John. Of Charleston, South Carolina.
Episcopal minister. In 1774 he preached a sermon which
gave great offence. I extract a single passage : " Every idle
projector avIio cannot, perhaps, govern his own household, or
pay the debts of his own contracting, presumes he is quahfied
to dictate how the State should be governed, and to point out
the means of paying the debts of a nation." Again : " Every
silly clown and illiterate mechanic Avill take upon him to
censure the conduct of his Prince or Governor, and contri
bute, as much as in him lies, to create and foment those mis
understandings .... which come at last to ... . sedition
and rebellion," &c.
A meeting of his parishioners was called, Avlien it was found
that, exclusive of the vestry and church-wardens, forty-two
disapproved, and thirty-three approved, of his conduct in the
pulpit. Attempts at reconciliation followed, but widiout suc
cess ; and in March, 1775, Mr. Bullman sailed for England.
BuLYEA, John, and Abraham. The first, in 1795, was
a member of the Loyal Artillery of St. John, New Bruns
Avick. Sarah, his widow, died in King's County, in that

BUNHILL. — BURNET. 275
Province, in 1843, aged ninety-nine, leaving six children,
fifty-five grandchildren, and fifty-seven great-grandchildren.
Abraham settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and died in
King's County in that Colony, in 1833, aged seventy-seven.
Bunhill, Solomon, Of Lanesborough, Massachusetts. In
the battle of Bennington he shot two of his neighbors through
the head, as was alleged, and was sent to Northampton jail.
An agent Avas appointed to procure the evidence against him,
and to attend his trial. His property Avas confiscated, and in
1784 advertised for sale by a Committee of the Common-
Avealth. Bunting, Roland. He died at Loch Lomond, New Bruns
wick, in 1839, at the great age of one hundred years.
V — BuRCH, William. Commissioner of the Customs, Boston.
Was proscribed and banished in 1778, and included in the
Conspiracy Act of 1779. He went to England, Avhere, I con
clude, he took no part in affairs, Charles Paxton, one of his
fellow-commissioners, died at his seat ; and this is the only
instance that I find his name so much as mentioned.
Burnet, John. Of Georgia, To cover his dark deeds,
he pretended to be a Whig. When, in 1781, BroAvne surren
dered Augusta, the goods and stores Avhich were found in Fort
Cornwallis, and which were allotted to the Georgia troops,
were placed in his possession for safe keeping untd a division
could be safely made of them. His party had previously se
creted about sixty negroes, who, he averred, had been taken
from the enemy, and Avho he promised to add to the other
property at the time of distribution. The officers, not sus
pecting him, were duped. He proceeded towards the moun
tains on pretence of seeking a place of safety, passed through
Kentucky to the Ohio River, procured boats and descended
to Natchez, where he and his companions appropriated the
fruits of their knavery.
Burnet, Mathias. Of Jamaica, New York, He was
born in New Jersey, and graduated at Princeton College in
1769. He was settled at Jamaica in 1775, and continued
with his people during the war. After the peace, and in

276 BURNS.— BURTON.
1785, he Avas compelled, by the force of party spirit, to dis
solve the connection. It is said that he was the only Presby
terian minister of Queen's County who was reputed to be a
friend to Government. His wife AA'as an Episcopalian, and,
removing to Norwalk, Connecticut, he took charge of a church
of that communion. He died at Norwalk in 1806.
Burns, William and Michael, Of Connecticut. Broth
ers. The first Avas a forage-master in the Royal Army, Avho
settled on Digby Neck, NoA'a Scotia, at the peace, and died
in 1797, Michael settled at the same place, and died in 1817.
Phebe, daughter of William, married Edmund Fanning, and
has two daughters now (1861) living in England.
BuRRis, Samuel. A Whig soldier. In 1778 he was tried
on a charge of attempting to desert to the Royal side. He
confessed his guilt, and was sentenced to receive one hundred
lashes, BuRTLs, William. Of West Chester County, New York.
In 1779 he Avas sent prisoner from White Plains by Burr,
who Avrote Malcolm that Burtis wished to secure the favor of
the AVhigs by giving them information. In 1780 he was con
fined at West Point, under sentence of death, for communica
tion with the British General Mathews. At the peace he
Avent to New Brunswick, and died at St. John in 1835,
aged seventy-five.
Burton, Napier Christie, General in the British Army.
" An American by birth," who entered the military service in
August, 1775, as an ensign. He was in several actions in
New Jersey, and accompanied his regiment to Virginia, and
to South Carolina. He was engaged in the affairs of the Ca
tawba and Yadkin, in the battles of Guilford and Cross
Creek, and was taken prisoner in the siege of Yorktown. In
1789 he attained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and subse
quently served in Flanders. In 1799 he was appointed Lieu
tenant-Governor of Upper Canada. His commission of Lieu
tenant-General, bears date January 1, 1805, and of General,
June 4, 1814. From 1796 to 1806, he was a member of
Parliament for Beverley. For several years previous to his

BURWELL, — BUSKIRK. 277
decease, he Avas an invalid. He died in England, in January,
1835, in his seventy-seventh year.
BuRAVELL, James. Of New Jersey. Born at Rockaway,
January 18, 1754. His father, Samuel Burwell, Avas eldest
son of John Burwell, who removed from Jamestown, Vir
ginia, in the year 1721, a relative of the extensive family of
Burwells, in this country, formerly from Bedford and North
ampton, England, the first of whom was buried at York River,
Gloucester County, 1652. One of his ancestors was of the
Virginia deputation in the year 1646, to invite the fallen mon
arch, Charles the First, to come to America for protection
against the rebellious Puritan subjects. Our Loyalist enlisted
in his Majesty's serAdce in the year 1776, at the age of twenty-
two, and serA-ed seven years, and was present at the battle of
Yorktown, when Lord Cornwallis surrendered, and was there
slightly Avounded, After the war he moved to Nova Scotia,
where he remained four years ; he then returned to New Jer
sey, to take care of his aged mother ; married, and removed
to Pennsylvania, and from thence came to Upper Canada in
the year 1796, too late to obtain the king's bounty of family
land, but was placed on the Upper Canada list, and received
two hundred acres for himself and each of his children. He
removed to the Talbot settlement in the year 1810. He
died in the county of Elgin, Canada, July, 1853, aged ninety-
nine years and five months.
BusKiRK,  , Lieutenant-Colonel of a Loyalist corps.
In 1777, he attempted to cut off a party of Whig militia sta
tioned at Paramus ; but the commander had notice of die de
sign, and escaped by moving to anodier post. In 1779, with
a considerable part of the garrison of Powle's Hook, and some
other troops, he proceeded up the North River for the purpose
of falling in with a detachment of Whigs, supposed to be out
foraging upon the Tories. He met a larger force than he
expected, and retreated. The illustrious John Marshall states
the facts in detail, from his personal observation.
In 1780, with one hundred dragoons and upwards of three
hundred infantry, he crossed from Staten Island to Elizabeth-
VOL. I. 24

•278 BUSKIRK. — BUTLER.
town, at midnight, took several prisoners, burnt the church
and town-house, plundered some of the inhabitants, and re
tired without loss. He was with Arnold in the expedition to
New London, and in command of a regiment or battalion.
BusKiRK,  . Son of Lieutenant-Colonel Buskirk,
and lieutenant in the Ncav Jersey Volunteers, or, " Skinner's
Greens." In the attack by General Dickinson, November,
1777, he was made prisoner. I suppose the Captain Buskirk
wounded in the battle of Eutaw Springs, 1781, was the same.
Buskirk, Henry. Of Ncav York. He removed to Nova
Scotia in 1783, and was many years a magistrate of King's
County. He died at Aj'lesford, Nova Scotia, in 1841.
BusTiN, Thomas, Of Virginia. He joined the Royal Ar
my at New York after the commencement of hostilities ; and
at the peace removed to St. John, New Brunswick, where he
lived until his decease, at the age of ninety. Seven children
survived him. Mary, his Avidow, died in the same city, in
1848, at the age of ninety-tAvo.
Butler, John. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County,
New York. Before the war. Colonel Butler was in close
official connection Avith Sir William, Sir John, and Colonel
Guy Johnson, and followed their political fortunes. At the
breaking out of hostilities, he commanded a regiment of New
York militia, and entered at once into the military service of
the Crown, During the Avar his wife A^'as taken prisoner, and
exchanged for the wife of the Whig Colonel Campbell, The
deeds of rapine, of murder, of hellish hue, which were per
petrated by Butler's corps, cannot be related here. It is
sufficient, for the purpose of these Notes, to say, that he
commanded the sixteen hundred incarnate fiends who deso
lated Wyoming, I feel quite Avilling to allow, that history
has recorded barbarities which were not committed. But
though Butler did not permit or directly authorize women to
be driven into the forest, Avhere they became mothers, and
where their infants were eaten by wild beasts, and though cap
tive officers may not have been held upon fires with pitch
forks until they were burned to death, sufficient remains

BUTLER. 279
undoubted, to stamp his conduct with the deepest, darkest,
most damning guilt. The human mind can hardly fiame an
argument which shall clear the fame of Butler from obloquy
and reproach. To admit even as a solved question, that the
Loyalists were in the right, and that they were bound by the
clearest rules of duty to bear arms in defence of lawful and
existing institutions, and to put down the rebellion, will do
Butler no good. For, whatever the force of such a plea in
the minds of those who urge it, he was still bound to observe
the laws of civilized warfare.
That he, and he alone, will be regarded by posterity as the
real and responsible actor in the business and slaughter at
Wyoming, may be considered, perhaps, as certain. The
chieftain Brant Avas, for a time, held accountable, but the
better information of later years transfers the guilt from the
savage to the man of Saxon blood. There was nothing for
which the Mohawk's family labored more earnestly than to
show that their renowned head was not implicated in this
bloody tragedy, and that the accounts of historians, and the
enormities recounted in Campbell's A-erse, as far as they relate
to him, are untrue. It has been said very commonly, that
the Colonel Butler who was of the Whig force at Wyoming,
and Colonel John, were kinsmen ; but this, too, has been con
tradicted. The late Edward D. Griffin, — a youth, a writer,
and a poet of rare promise, — and a grandson of the former,
denied the relationship.
Colonel John Butler was richly rewarded for his services.
Succeeding, in part, to the agency of Indian Affairs — long
held by the Johnsons — he enjoyed, about the year 1796, a
salary of £500 sterling per annum, and a pension as a military
officer of £200 more. Previously, he had received a grant of
five hundred acres of land, and a similar provision for his chil
dren, , His home, after the war, was in Upper Canada. He
was attainted during the contest, by the Act of New York,
and his property confiscated. He lived before the Revolution
in die present town of MohaAvk. His dwelling Avas of one
story, with two AvindoAvs in front, and a door in the centre.

280 BUTLER.
It Avas standing in 1842, and was then owned and occupied
bv Mr. Wilson. The site is pleasant and commanding, and
overlooks the valley of the Mohawk.
Butler, Walter N. Son of Colonel John Butler. En
tered the British service, and became a major. His name is
connected with some of the most infamous transactions of the
Revolution. While a lieutenant under St. Leger, he was
taken prisoner at the house of a Loyalist Avho liA'ed near
Fort Dayton, and was put upon his trial as a spy, convicted,
and received sentence of death. But at the intercession of
several American officers A^'ho had known him while a student
at law in Albany, his life was spared by a reprieve. The
friends of the Butler family, in consequence of his alleged ill
health, induced his removal from rigorous confinement to a
private house under guard, and he soon escaped, and joined
his father. It is believed that he took mortal off'ence at his
treatment while a prisoner of the Whigs, and that he reen
tered the service of the Crown, burning with resentment and
thirsting for revenge. His subsequent career was short, bold,
cruel, and bloody. He was killed in battle in 1781, and his
remains were left to decay without even the rudest rites of
sepulture. It is represented that his disposition was so vin
dictive and his passions so strong, that British officers of rank
and humanity viewed him with horror. The late Doctor
Dwight — a careful writer — relates, that at Cherry Valley
he ordered a woman and child to be slain in bed, and that
the more merciful Brant interposed and said : " What ! kill
a woman and child ! No ! That child is not an enemy to
the King, nor a friend to the Congress. Long before he will
be big enough to do any mischief, the dispute will be settled."
Butler, .Tames. Of Georgia. Went to England, and
died there in 1817, aged seventy-nine. " An American
Loyalist," says the record.
Butler, Benjamin. Of NorAvich, Connecticut. He
was a gentleman of respectability and talents, and continued
loyal throughout the contest. Arrested and imprisoned, in
1776, for defaming the Continental Congress, he Avas tried

BUTLER. - BYLES. 28 1
by the Superior Court, and sentenced to be deprived of the
liberty of wearing arms, and of being incapable of holding
office. He died of a lingering disease in 1787. While in
health, he selected a small tree to be used at his decease to
enclose his remains ; but the sapling grew sloAvly, and his
coffin was constructed of other wood, and kept in his chamber
for years, to remind him of his end. The expressive motto
on his gravestone — " Alas, poor Human Nature ! " —
was placed there by his own direction. " His wife, Diadema,
and his daughters, Rosamond and Minerva, repose by his side "
in the Norwich burial-ground. The survi\ors of his family
removed to Oxford, New York, The wife of Commodore
John Rogers, United States Na\'y, was a granddaughter.
Butler, Josiah. He died at St. John, New Brunswick,
in 1812, aged fifty.
Butler, Captain  . He was a Tory leader, whose
crimes and ferocity were Avell knoAvn in the region of the
Pedee. During a period of Whig ascendency in that part of
South Carolina, he went into General Marion's camp at Birch's
Mills, and submitting himself, claimed the protection which
the Whig officer had granted to some other Loyalists who had
preceded him. Against this some of Marion's officers, whose
friends had suff'ered at Butler's hands, protested. But Ma
rion took the humbled Butler to his own tent, and declared
that he would protect him at the hazard of his own life. The
officers, still determined to gratify their hate, sent their com
mander an offensive message, to the eff'ect that " Butler should
be dragged to death from his tent," and that, " to defend such
a wretch Avas an insult to humanity." Marion was not to be
intimidated ; and though the meeting among his followers
threatened to be formidable, he succeeded in conveying Buder
under a strong guard to a place of safety.
Butler, Eleazer. Of Pennsylvania. On the Royal side
in the slaughter at Wyoming. Went to Nova Scotia, and is
now (1854) living at Yarmouth.
-' Byles, Mather, D. D, Of Boston. He was born in
Boston in 1706, graduated at Harvard University in 1725,
24* — "

282 BYLES.
and was ordained the first pastor of the Holds Street Church
in 1733. On his mother's side, he was descended from Rich
ard Mather and John Cotton. He continued to live happily
with his parish until 1776, when the connection was dissolved,
and never renewed. In 1777 he was denounced in town-meet
ing, and having been by a subsequent trial pronounced guilty
of attachment to the Royal cause, was sentenced to confine
ment, and to be sent with his family to England. This doom
of banishment was never enforced, and he was permitted to
remain in Boston. He died in 1788, aged eighty-two years.
He was a scholar ; and Pope, LansdoAvne, and Watts Avere
his correspondents. His witticisms would fill many pages ;
some of his finest sayings having been preserved. In his
pulpit he avoided politics, and on being asked the reason,
replied : " I have thrown up four breastAvorks, behind which
I haA'e entrenched myself, neither of Avhich can be enforced.
In the first place, I do not understand politics ; in the second
place, you all do, every man and mother's son of you ; in the
third place, you have politics all the vA'eek, pray let one day
in seven be devoted to religion ; in the fourth place, I am
engaged in work of infinitely greater importance ; give me
any subject to preach on of more consequence than the truth
I bring to you, and I will preach on it the next Sabbath."
On another occasion, when under sentence of the Whigs to
remain in his own house, under guard, he persuaded the sen
tinel to go on an errand for him, promising to perform senti
nel's duty himself; and to the great amusement ofall gravely
marched before his own door with a musket on his shoulder,
until his keeper returned. This was after his trial ; and allud
ing to the circumstances that he had been kept prisoner, that
his guard had been removed, and replaced again, he said,
that "Ae had been guarded, re-guarded, and disregarded."
Near his house, in wet weather, was a very bad slongh.
It happened that tAvo of the selectmen who had the care
of the streets, driving in a chaise, stuck fast in this hole,
and were obliged to get out in the mud to extricate their
vehicle. Doctor Byles came out, and making them a re-

BYLES. 283
spectfid boAv, said : " Gendemen, I have often complained to
you of this nui.sance, Avithout any attention being paid to it,
and I am very glad to see you stirring in this matter now."
On the celebrated Dark-day in 1780, a lady Avho lived near
the Doctor, sent her young son with her compliments, to
know if he could account for the uncommon appearance.
His answer Avas : " My dear, you will give my compliments
to your mamma, and tell her that I am as much in the dark
as she is." He paid his addresses unsuccessfully to a lady,
Avho afterwards married a gentleman of the name of Quincy ;
the Doctor, on meeting her, said : " So, madam, it appears that
you prefer a Quincy to Byles." "Yes, for if there had been
anything Averse than Ides, God Avould have afflicted Job with
them," Doctor Byles's Avit created many a laugh, and many an
enemy. In person he Avas tall and commanding. His voice
was strong and harmonious, and his delivery graceful. His
first wife Avas a niece of Governor Belcher, the second, a
daughter of Lieutenant-Governor Tailer. His two dauo-hters
lived and died in the old family house at the corner of Nassau
and Tremont streets. One of them deceased in 1835, the
other in 1837. They were stout, unchanging Loyalists to
the last hour of their existence. Their thread of life Avas
spun out more than half a century after the Royal govern
ment had ceased in these States ; yet they retained their love
of, and strict adherence to, monarch and monarchies, and re
fused to acknowledge that the Revolution had transferred
their allegiance to ncAv rulers. They were repeatedly of
fered a great price for their dwelling, but Avould not sell it,
nor would they permit improvements or alterations. They
possessed old-fashioned silver plate, which they never used,
and would not dispose of. They AA'orshipped in Trinity
Church — under AA'hich their bodies now lie — and Avore on
Sunday dresses almost as old as themselves. Among their
furniture was a pair of bellows two centuries old ; a table on
which Franklin drank tea on his last visit to Boston ; a chair
which more than a hundred years before the Government of

284 BYLES.
England had sent as a present to their grandfather, Lieuten
ant-Governor Tailer. They showed to visiters commissions
to their grandfather, signed by Queen Anne, and three of the
Georges ; and the envelope of a letter from Pope to their
father. They had moss, gathered from the birthplace of the
unfortunate Lady Jane Grej'. They talked of their walks,
arm-in-arm, on Boston Common, with General Howe and
Lord Percy, Avhile the British Army occupied Boston, They
told of his Lordship's ordering his band to play under their
windows for their gratification.
In the progress of the improvements in Boston, a part of
their dwelling was remoA'ed. This had a fatal influence upon
the elder sister ; she mourned over the sacrilege, and, it is
thought, died its victim. " That," said the survivor, " that
is one of the consequences of living in a Republic. Had Ave
been living under a king, he would have cared nothing about
our little property, and we could have enjoyed it in our own
way as long as we lived. But," continued she, " there is one
comfort, that not a creature in the States will be any better
for what we shall leave behind us." She was true to her
promise, for the Byles's estate passed to relatives in the Colo
nies. One of these ladies, of a by-gone age, wrote to William
the Fourth, on his accession to the throne. They had known
the "sailor-king" during the Revolution, and now assured
him that the family of Doctor Byles always had been, and
would continue to be, loyal to their rightful sovereio-n of
England. Byles, Mather, Jr., D. D. Of Boston. An Episeepal
clergyman. Son of Mather Byles, D. D. He graduated at
Harvard University in 1751. In 1757, at about the age of
twenty-three, he was ordained at Ncav London ; his father
preached the sermon. Eleven years after, his ministry came
to an abrupt termination. Without previous intimation, he
called a meeting of his church, and requested dismission, diat
he might accept an invitation to become Rector of the North
Episcopal, or Christ Church, Salem street, Boston.
Among the reasons he gave in the course of the discussions

BYLES. — BYRNE. 285
that ensued, were, that " another minister would do much
better for them than he had done or could do, for his health
was infirm, and the position of the church very bleak, the
hill wearisome, .... he Avas not made for a country minis
ter, and his home and friends Avere all in Boston," &c., &c.
He also complained bitterly of die persecutions he had suf
fered from the Quakers, and the negligence of the authorities
in executing the laws against them.
The debate was long and Avarm, and produced total aliena
tion. April 12, 1768, the record is, " The Rev. Mr. Byles
dismissed himself from the church and congregation." He
hastened to depart with the rapidity of a criminal escaping
for crime. His change to Episcopacy was soon a matter of
discussion all over New England. In New London his con
version was ridiculed. The song — " The Proselyte," set to
the tune of the " Thief and Cordelier," which embraced the
facts of the case, Avas sung about the country. Before the
close of 1768, he was inducted into the desired rectorship ;
and of Christ Church, was the third in succession. He con
tinued to discharge his ministerial duties until 1775, when
the force of events compelled him to abandon his flock. In
1776, accompanied by his family of four persons, he Avent to
Halifax. In 1778 he Avas proscribed and banished. He set
tled at St. John, New Brunswick, after the war, and was
Rector of the city, and Chaplain of the Province. He died
at St. Jolin in 1814. His daughter Anna married Thomas
Deisbrisay, Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery in the British
Army, in 1799. His daughter Elizabeth married William
Scovil, Esquire, of St. John, and died in 1808, at the age of
forty-one. His son Belcher died in England in 1815, aged
thirty-five. His daughter Rebecca, born in New London,
1762, married W. J. Almon, M. D,, and died at Halifax,
Nova Scotia, 1853. His son Mather died at Grenada, in
1803, aged thirty-nine.
Byrne, Benedict. Of Maryland or Virginia. He en
tered a Loyalist corps and was taken prisoner, but made his
escape to Ncav York, where he Avas employed as a pilot. At

286 CALDWELL, - CALLAHAN.
the peace, accompanied by his family of three persons, and by
two servants, he removed to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, where
the Crown granted him fifty acres of land, one town and one
water lot. His losses in consequences of his loyalty were
estimated at £300, He went to England soon afterwards
to obtain compensation for his services and sufferings, but
was unsuccessful. He died at Digby, Nova Scotia, in 1830,
aged eighty-six. His first wife was Hannah Carroll, of Vir
ginia, who died in Nova Scotia in 1786 ; his second, Mrs.
Wdson, a widoAv, of Shelburne. His daughter Margaret
married William Whipple, of Boston.
Caldwell, Captain  . Was killed in Pennsylvania
in 1780, by a Whig captain, McMahon, Avhom he and an
Indian had taken prisoner. Possibly William Caldwell, of
Chester County, Pennsylvania, who was attainted of treason
by proclamation, and whose property was confiscated.
/ Calef, John. Of Ipswich, Massachusetts. Physician.
Son of Robert Calef, and Margaret, daughter of Deacon John
Staniford, He was born in Ipswich, 1725, and represented
that town in the General Court several years. Driven into
exile by the Revolution, he became surgeon of one of the
regiments stationed at Castine, Maine, and a part of the time
officiated as chaplain. At the peace he settled at St. Andrew,
New Brunswick, and died there in 1812, aged eighty-seven.
His Avife was a daughter of Rev. Jedediah Jewett, of Rowley,
Massachusetts. Calef, Robert. Son of John Calef. Died at Norfolk,
Virginia, in 1801, at the age of forty-one.
Callahan, Charles. Mariner, of Pownalborough, now
Wiscasset, Maine ; was proscribed and banished in 1778.
Though a Loyalist in principle, he was not disposed to be
active on the side of the Crown, or to abandon the country.
But, " drafted " repeatedly to serve in the Whig corps, he fled
to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Made a King's pilot, and subse
quently, in command of the Gage, an armed vessel of twelve
guns, he became a terror to the " Rebels." Wrecked, finally,
and failing to obtain another ship, he was still retained in

CALP. — CAMERON, 287
service and paid the wages of a pilot. He perished, Avith one
hundred and sixty-four others, on board the North ship-of-
war, near Halifax, in 1779. His widow received a pension
of £40 annually ; she returned to Pownalborough about the
year 1790, and died there in 1816. The estate of her
husband was confiscated, but his farm and buildings came
into her possession.
Calp, Philip. Of Pennsylvania, In 1778, he Avas tried
for attempting to carry flour to a post occupied by the Royal
forces, and was sentenced to receive fifty lashes, and to be
employed on the public works during the time the British
remained in Pennsylvania, unless he would enter the Whig
service for the war. The lashes were disapproved by the
Commander-in-Chief, and were not inflicted,
Cameron, Alexander. Deputy Indian Agent of the
Cherokees. Connected Avith the first settlement of East
Tennessee. In 1768, a few adventurers from the neigh-
borhood of Raleigh, North Carolina, crossed the mountains
in search of a new home, Cameron soon ordered them to
remove. They refused, received accessions, organized a sort
of government, and continued prosperous. When it was
apparent that the controversy Avould end in general war,
Cameron changed his course, and by flattering promises of
protection, if they would remain loyal, endeavored to seduce
them to the side of the Crown. They could send five hun
dred riflemen to the field, at the least, and their adhesion was
worth the effort. They were a lone people, in the midst of
savages, and yet they declined his offers unanimously and
peremptorily. His Majesty's official then formed a design to
destroy them with a force of Cherokees, by falling upon them
suddenly, and in all quarters at the same moment. The plan
was discovered. Most of the hapless Whigs fled to the sev
eral places of their nativity. A few established and maintained
a garrison until succored. In 1775, the Council of Safety
proposed to him to join the popular side, and offered him a
.salary equal to that which he received from the British Gov
ernment, and compensation for any losses he might sustain ;

288 CAMERON. — CAMPBELL.
he declined the overture, and, to ensure his personal safety,
retired to the Cherokees. In 1776, he was in arms at the
head of Tories and Indians, and was in several skirmishes ;
but he abandoned them, and fled to St. Augustine, in the
belief that the Whigs would subdue them.
Among the papers taken with Moses Kirkland on his way
to Boston to confer with Gage, was a " talk " between Cam
eron and Indian chiefs, in which the latter expressed their
readiness to aid in the massacre of the people in the back
settlements of Georgia and South Carolina. Cameron owned
two large plantations near the Savannah river, on which he
had placed a number of negroes, horses and cattle, and from
the produce of which he promised himself a fortune in a few
years. Cameron, Mederich. Of New York. His son Mede-
rich, who was a Whig, fled from school, and joined the army
as a drummer. The father followed the youth to camp, and
succeeded in obtaining his release. At the peace, Mr.
Cameron Avent to Shelburne, Nova Scotia. He owned three
houses in the city of New York, two of which he demolished
at leaving, and transported the bricks of which they were
built to Shelburne, to serve in the construction of a new
dwelling there. He died at Liverpool, Nova Scotia, during
the war of 1812, at the age of ninety-eight. Tavo children
survived him. The son above mentioned Avent to Nova Scotia
with his father, but returned to New York.
Campbell, Lord William. Last Royal Governor of South
Carolina, He was the youngest son of the fourth Duke of
Argyle. Entered the navy, and became a captain in 1762,
The year after, he married Sarah, daughter of Ralph Izard,
of Charleston, South Carolina, and in 1764 was a member of
the British House of Commons. In 1766, he was appointed
Governor of Nova Scotia, and remained there until 1773.
He assufaed the Executive Chair of South Carolina in 1775,
while the first Provincial Congress was in session, and refused
to acknowledge that body. He was zealous in opposing the
popular movement, and, distrustful, finally, " of his personal

CAMPBELL. 289
safety, retired to the Tamor sloop-of-war." In the attack on
Charleston, in 1776, he served on board of one of the British
ships, and received a wound which in the end was mortal.
He died September, 1778.
While Governor of Nova Scotia, he granted to Captain
William Owen, father of the late Admiral Owen, the island
of Campo Bello, opposite Eastport and Lubec, Maine. " Lord
William and the Captain," remarked the Admiral to the
writer, " were both poor at the time of the grant."
Campbell, Farquard. Of North Carolina. Was a gen
tleman of wealth, education, and influence, and regarded as a
" flaming Whig." Was elected a member of the Provincial
Congress, took his seat, and evinced much zeal in the popular
cause. When, however, Governor Martin abandoned his
palace and retreated, flrst to Fort Johnston, and thence to
an armed ship of the Crown, it was ascertained that he visited
Campbell at his residence. And this circumstance gave rise
to a suspicion of his fldelity. Soon after, the Governor asked
Congress to give his coach and horses safe conduct to Camp
bell's house in the county of Cumberland. The President of
Congress submitted the request to that body, when Mr. Camp
bell rose in his place, and expressed his surprise that such a
proposal should have been made Avithout his knowledge and
consent, and implored that his Excellency's property might
not thus be disposed of. On this positive disclaimer, a reso
lution was passed, which not only acquitted him of all im
proper connection with the Governor, but asserted his devo
tion to the Whig interests. But his character never recovered
from the shock, and the belief that he continued a secret
correspondence with the retreating representative of Royalty,
was commonly entertained by his associates. Yet his votes,
his services on committees, and his course in debate, remained
unchanged. After the Declaration of Independence, his part
became too difficult to act, and his double-dealing could no
longer be concealed. In the fall of 1776 he was seized at his
own house, Avhile entertaining a party of Loyalists, and borne
off for trial. His name next appears in the Revolutionary
VOL. I. 25

290 CAMPBELL.
annals of North Carolina, in the Banishment and Confisca
tion Act. But several years after the Revolution, he was a
member of the Senate of North Carolina.
Campbell, Alexander. Of Falmouth, Virginia. Mer
chant. Emigrated from Scodand some years before the war,
adhered to the Crown, and returned, probably, in 1776.
Thomas CampbeU, the poet, was his youngest son. Another
son married a daughter of Patrick Henry. His brother
Archibald, an Episcopal minister, was a Whig, and Wash
ington and the Lees were among his parishioners. This
array of great names may be completed by adding, that
Patrick Henry " was descended on his mother's side from
the stock of Robertson, the historian, and in that way a re
lative of Lord Brougham."
Campbell, Peter. Of Trenton, New Jersey. He entered
the military service of the Crown, and at the peace was a
captain in the New Jersey Volunteers. He had property in
Pennsylvania, and was directed by the Executive Council of
that State to surrender himself for trial within a specified time,
or stand attainted of treason. He settled in New Brunswick,
and received half-pay. He died at Maugerville, in that Col
ony, in 1822, and was buried at Fredricton.
Campbell, Colin. Was an ensign in De Lancey's Second
Battalion, quartermaster of the corps, and subsequently a
lieutenant. His son, Colin Campbell, was Sheriff of Char>
lotte County, New Brunswick. Died at St. Andrew, in that
Province, in 1843.
Campbell, William. Of Worcester, Massachusetts. In
\/1775 the Committee of that town appointed to watch and deal
with the disaffected, resolved to send him to the Provincial
Congress at Watertown, to be disposed of as that body, or
the Commander-in-Chief at Cambridge, should think proper ;
" it being judged highly improper that he should tarry any
longer " at Worcester. He was at Boston in 1776, and em
barked with the Royal Army at the evacuation. In 1783 he
was at New York, and one of the fifty petitioners for lands
in Nova Scotia. [See Abijah Willard.] He went to Halifax

CAMPBELL. — CAMP. 291
in the last mentioned year, where he remained in 1786, when
he removed to St. John, New Brunswick. He was Mayor
of St. John twenty years, and died in that city in 1823, aged
eighty-two. Elizabeth, his Avidow, died in 1824, at the age
of eighty-four. Agnes, his only daughter, died at St. John
in 1840, aged seventy-eight.
Campbell, William, Major in the South Carolina Roy
alists. Killed in the affair at Stono Ferry, South Carolina,
June, 1779.
Campbell, John. Of North Carolina. Captain in the
Loyal Militia. Killed in the batde of Cross Creek, 1776.
^ Camp, Abiathar, Abiathar Jr., and Eldad. Loyal
ists of Connecticut. Settled at St, John, New Brunswick,
in 1783, and received grants of city lots. Abiathar AA'as one
of the fifty-five petitioners for lands in NoA'a Scotia, Ha. died
in NeAV BrunsAvick, in 1841, iiged eighty-four. He appears
to have been a Recanter, but, like most of this class, finally
became an exile, October 2, 1775, ite wrote and subscribed
the following : —
" I, Abiathar Camp, of New Haven, in the County of New
Haven, in the Colony of Connecticut, although I well knew
that it was the opinion of a number of the inhabitants of said
town, that vessels ought not to clear out under the Restrain
ing Act, which opinion they had, for my satisfaction, expressed
by a vote A\hen I was present ; and although I had assured
that I would not clear out my vessel under said Restraining
Act, did, nevertheless, cause my vessel to be cleared out agree
able to said Restraining Act ; and did, after I knew that the
Committee of Inspection had given it as their opinion, that it
was most advisable that vessels should not clear out under
said Restraining Act, send my A'essel off to sea Avith such
clearance, for which I am heartily sorry ; and now publicly
ask the forgiveness of all the friends of America, and hope
that they will restore me to charity. And I do now most
solemnly assure the public, though I own that I have by my
said conduct given them too much reason to question my ve
racity, that I will strictly comply with the directions, and

292 CANBY, — CANER.
fully lend my utmost assistance to carry into execution all
such measures as the Continental Congress have or may
advise to. Abiathar Camp."
Canby, Joseph, and Thomas. Of Pennsylvania. Were
attainted of treason and lost their property by confiscation,
Joseph went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, and
was a grantee of that city. He commenced business as a mer
chant. In 1795 he was a member of the company of Loyal
Artillery. He was killed by falling from a wharf in 1814,, at
the age of fifty-seven.
Cane, Barney, He boasted of having kdled upon Dia
mond Island, Lake George, a gentleman named Hopkins,
who was there with a number of others on an excursion of
pleasure. " Several were kided by our party," said Cane,
" among whom was one woman Avho had a suckling child,
which was not hurt. This we put to the breast of its dead
mother, and so we left it, Hopkins was only wounded, but,
with the butt of my gun, and the third blow, I laid him
dead." Caner, Henry, D. D. He graduated at Yale College in
1724, and in 1727 went to England for ordination. For some
years, subsequently, his ininistry was confined to Norwalk
and Fairfield, Connecticut ; but in 1747 he was inducted into
office as Rector of the First Episcopal Church, (King's Chapel)
Boston. The troubles of the Revolution drove him from his
flock in 1776. He said, the evacuation of Boston Avas so
, sudden, that he Avas prevented from saving his books, furni-
sture, or anything else, except bedding, wearing apparel, and
a few stores for his small family during the passage. May
10, 1776, he A\'rote at Halifax, that he Avas without means of
support, and was dependent on the charity of the Rev. Dr.
Breynton. He took aAvay the King's Chapel church regis
ters and plate, and a part of the vestry records. After the
lapse of more than twentj'-five years, the registers Avere ob
tained of his heirs. He went from Halifax to England ; but
returned and officiated at Bristol, Rhode Island. He was
proscribed and banished, under the statute of Massachusetts,

C ANPIELD. — CAPEN. 293
in 1778. His talents were good, his manners agreeable, and
he was highly esteemed by his people. A fellow-Loyalist
A^'rote, in 1785 : " By letters from London, I am informed
that Dr. Caner had retired with his young wife to Cardiff,
in Wales."
His estate, which was confiscated, was next to the Chapel
burying-ground, and is now owned by the Massachusetts
Historical Society. He died at Long Ashton, England, in
1792, aged ninety-three.
Canfield,  . Of Northampton, Massachusetts. He
was a Whig, and a soldier in the 1st New Hampshire Regi
ment, but deserted and joined the Rangers. While on a plun
dering excursion in 1782 he was captured, tried for his life,
and sentenced to be executed at Saratoga on the 6th of June
of that year.
^ Capen, Hopestill. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutch-
inson in 1774, and a Protestor against the Whigs, the same
year. He was a Sandernanian.
In 1776, the Council ordered his arrest, and he was
committed to the jail in Boston ; and in October of that
year, his Avife petitioned for his release, urging, among other
reasons, that both herself and children had suffered great
distress in consequence of his long confinement. More than
eighty citizens of Boston joined Mrs. Capen, and said in his
behalf, that he was an honest and peaceable man, and, that
while the Royal Army occupied the town, he had exerted
himself to save the property of absentees. In December, Mr.
Capen himself addressed a paper to Joseph Greenleaf, the
sheriff, in which he complains of his treatment in severe
terms, and from which it appears that he had been a close
prisoner for one hundred and forty-seven days. As the
sheriff was personally accused, he laid the communication
before the House, and begged to be protected from Mr.
Capen's insults. Before me, also, is a long document which
this unfortunate Loyalist prepared to read to a Court of In
quiry, expected by him to take cognizance of his case, and
w'hich, though of some ability, bears evidence of a mind dis-
26*

L,

294 CAPERS. — CAREW.
ordered by fanaticism. He Avas in Boston in 1795, and lived
near the Market. Before the Revolution, he was a merchant,
and the celebrated Count Rumford Avas, at one time, his
clerk. Capers, Gabriel. Of South Carolina. An officer under
the Crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate confis
cated. Probably a Whig at first ; as in 1775 he was a mem
ber of the Provincial Congress, and was placed upon an im
portant standing committee of that body. His wife, and his
daughter Catherine, (wife of Hugh Patterson), died at
Charleston in 1808.
Carbery,  . A captain in the Whig service, and
apparently in Colonel Moy land's Regiment. In June, 1783,
he fled to London Avith Lieutenant John Sullivan, in whose
plot he was implicated. Sullivan says of him : " This young
gentleman served with eclat in the army, and spent a pretty
fortune in the service of his country."
Garden, John. Major in the Prince of Wales's Ameri
can Regiment. In 1780 he was in command of the post at
Hanging Rock, when, assaulted by Sumter, he exposed him
self to censure and disgrace, by resigning to Captain Rouslet
of the Infantry of the Legion, in the heat of the battle. He
died in April, 1783.
Carew, Sir Benjamin Hallowell. Of Massachusetts.
Admiral of the Blue in the British NaA'y, G. C. B., K. St,
F. M. He was the son- of_Benjamin HalloAvell, one of the
Commissioners of the Customs at Boston, and entered the
sei-viee-atraii early age. His commission as Lieutenant, bears
date August, 1781 ; as Captain, in 1793 ; as Rear-Admiral,
in 1811 ; as Vice-Admiral, in 1819. He was made a Knight
Commander of the Bath in 1819, and was promoted to the
rank of Grand Cross in 1831, His employments at sea were
various and arduous. He was Avith Rodney in the memorable
battle with de Grasse ; in the siege of Bastia ; and in com
mand of a ship-of-thedine under Hotham, in the encounter
with the French off the Hieres Islands. He served as a
volunteer on board the Victory, in the battle of Cape St.

CAREW, 295
Vincent. In the batde of the Nde, he commanded die
Swiftsure, of seventy-four guns, and contributed essentially
to die success of the day. From a part of the mainmast
of E Orient, which was picked up by the Swiftsure, Hallo
well directed his carpenter to make a coffin, which was sent
to Nelson with the following letter : —
" Sir, I have taken the liberty of presenting you a coffin
made from the mainmast of E Orient, that when you have
finished your military career in this world, you may be buried
in one of your trophies. But that that period may be far
distant is the earnest wish of your sincere friend,
Benjamin Hallowell."
Southey, in his " Life of Nelson," remarks : " An offering so
strange, and yet so suited to the occasion, was received in the
spirit in which it was sent. And, as if he felt it good for him,
noAv that he was at the summit of his wishes, to have death
before his eyes, he ordered the coffin to be placed upright in
his cabin  An old favorite servant entreated him so
earnestly' to let it be removed, that at length he consented
to have the coffin carried below ; but he gave strict orders
that it should be safely stowed, and reserved for the purpose
for Avhich its brave and worthy donor had designed it."
After the battle. Nelson said, that had it not been for Trow
bridge, Ball, Hood, and Hallowell, he should have sunk under
the fatigue of refitting the squadron. "All," he stated, "had
done Avell ; but these officers were his supporters."
In 1799, Sir Benjamin was engaged in the attacks on the
castles of St. Elmo and Capua, and was honored with, the
Neapolitan Order of St. Ferdinand and Merit. Two years
later, he fell in with the French squadron, and surrendered
his ship — the Swiftsure — after a sharp contest. During the
peace of Amiens, he was stationed on the coast of Africa.
He was with Hood in the reduction of St. Lucia and Tobago ;
with Nelson in the West Indies ; in command of the convoy
of the second expedition to Egypt ; with Martin, off' the mouth
of the Rhone, where he assisted in driving on shore several
French ships-of-war ; and in the Mediterranean. His last

296 CARLETON, — CARLISLE.
duty seems to have been performed on the Irish station, and
at the Nore.
Sir Benjamin succeeded to the estates of the Carews, of
Beddington, and assumed the name and arms, pursuant to the
will of his cousin, Mrs. Anne Paston Gee, who died in 1828.
These estates are entailed on his sons in succession, and their
male issue. He died at Beddington Park, in 1834, at the age
of seventy-three. His wife was a daughter of Commissioner
Inglefield, of Gibraltar Dock-yard. His son and heir, Charles
Hallowell Carew, who, at the time of his decease, had attained
the rank of captain in the Royal Navy, and who married
Mary, daughter of the late Sir Murray Maxwell, C. B,, died
at the Park, in 1848. In 1851, his fifth son, Robert Hallo
well Carew, late captain in the 36th Regiment, married Ann
Rycroft, widow of Walter Tyson Smythes.
Carleton, John. Of Woolwich, Maine. A man, says
Rev. Jacob Bailey, " of the highest integrity, the most un
daunted fortitude, and inflexible loyalty." Met in a forest by
near two hundred men, and required to sign a certain paper,
or consent to be buried alive, he chose the latter, and assisted
in digging his own grave. Swearing that he was a brave
fellow, the Sons of Liberty allowed him to depart. Afterwards
plundered, he escaped to the British post at the mouth of the
Penobscot, and was there early in 1781. At that time, he
had a wife and ten children.
Carlisle, Abraham. Of Philadelphia. When the Royal
troops took possession of that city, he received a commission
from Sir William Howe, to Avatch and guard its entrances,
and to grant passports. For this off'ence he was tried for his
life in 1778, and having been found guilty of an overt act
of aiding and assisting the enemy, was executed. Thomas
McKean, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and
at that time Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, presided at the
trial. In 1779, and after his death, the estate of Carlisle was
confiscated ; but a part was restored to his son Abraham, in
1792. By some, the execution of Carlisle was denounced as
judicial murder. Great efforts were made to save him.

CARLO. — CARSON. 297
-- Carlo, John, and Martin. Of Maine. Brothers. Set
out to travel to Halifax by land, in 1778, and, after enlisting
with the " Rebels " to avoid detection, and various other ad
ventures, they arrived in Nova Scotia. The year following,
Martin Avas at Lunenburg, in that Colony, and John at the
British post at the mouth of the Penobscot. In 1782 Martin
had " gone to live at home in peace."
Carman, Richard. Of New York. Went to St. John,
New Brunswick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city.
Sarah, his AvidoAv, died in the county of York, New Bruns
wick, in 1835, aged seventy-one. Several persons of the
name of Carman, of Queen's County, Ncav York, acknowl
edged allegiance to Lord Richard and Sir William Howe in
1776. Carney, Andrew. Of Georgia. Captain in the first
battalion of the Continental line raised in that State. He
lived between the Altamaha and St, Mary's Rivers, and
owned a large herd of cattle, Avliich he secretly sold to the
British. After his own stock was exhausted, he began to steal
from his neighbors. Alarmed, finally, for his personal safety,
he purposely exposed himself to capture, and, Avith his son,
became active on the side of the Crown. His name was
stricken from the rolls of the Whig Army, not only as a de
serter, but a traitor, and his property was confiscated.
Carpenter, Willet. Settled in New Brunswick in
1783, and died at St. John in 1833, aged seventy-seven.
Carson, Moses. Captain in the Continental Army. He
deserted to the Royal Army in 1777. In 1779 he Avas caught,
and tried by a court-martial, and sentenced to be drummed
throuo-h the army in the vicinity of West Point, with a halter
round his neck, and a label fastened to his back, bearing these
words: " Moses Carson, late Captain in the American Army:
— this I suffer for deserting to the enemies of the United
States of North America." This punishment inflicted, he
was sentenced, further, to bo confined during die remainder
of the war ; and the Commander-in-Chief approved the find
ing of the Court.

298 CASTILLES.-CAZNEAU.
Castilles, William. Of Albany, Ncav York. In 1780,
a lieutenant in Cuyler's corps, and stationed on Long Island.
At the peace, accompanied by his family and by six servants,
he went from New York to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, where
the Crown granted him fifty acres of land, one town and one
water-lot. His losses, in consequence of his loyalty, were esti
mated at £500.
Cayford, Richard. Of New Jersey. Convicted of en
mity to his country, of " cursing and ill-treating all Con
gresses and Committees," by the Committee of Cumberland
County; and, January, 1776, ordered by the Committee of
Safety to be disarmed, to pay the expenses of proceedings
against him, to be kept in close prison until he should manifest
contrition for his offences, and give security for his future
good behavior. He entered the service of the CroAvn, and
in 1777 was a captain in the Ncav Jersey Volunteers.
Cazneau, Andrew. Of Boston. His name is found
among the Addressers of Hutchinson in 1774, and among
thgse-of Gage in iT75, and in t;he Banishment and Proscrip
tion Act of 1778. He was educated to the bar; Avas a bar-
rister-of-law and a Judge of Admiralty ; and a gentleman of
character, talents, and virtue. In 1775 he went to England,
but not remaining long there, took up his residence in Ber
muda, where he held an honorable post under the Crown.
He returned to Boston in 1788, and died at Roxbury, in
1792, His Avife Avas Hannah, daughter of John Hammock,
merchant, of Boston. The only daughter who survived him
married Thomas Brewei-, a merchant of the same town, who,
as is supposed, perished about the year 1812, on a voyage
from the Cape of Good Hope to Sumatra. The property of
Mr, Cazneau escaped the Confiscation Act, and was inherited
by Mrs, Brewer. That lady, a venerable relic of the " old
school " of manners, respected and beloved, died at Eastport,
Maine, September, 1851, aged eighty.
Cazneau, Edward. Of Boston. He was the foreman
in the druggist store of Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, and in 1776
went to Halifax. At the peace he returned to the United

CECIL. — CHALMERS. 299
States, and settled as a physician at Charleston, South Car
olina. He died in Boston, unmarried.
Cecil, Leonard. Of Maryland. Went to England. In
July, 1779, he was in London, and met Avith other Loyalists
at the Crown and Anchor Tavern.
Chalmers, George. Of Maryland. Was a native of
Scotland, and AA'as born in 1742. After receiving an education
at King's College, Aberdeen, and after studying law at Edin
burgh, he emigrated to Maryland, and entered upon the
practice of his profession. The revolutionary troubles caused
his return to England, where he Avas soon appointed to office.
For many years he filled the station of chief clerk of the
Committee of the Privy Council. He died in England in
1825, aged eighty-two. In person, he was tall, stout, and
manly, and so nearly resembled Lord Melville, that they
were often taken for each other.
He possessed rare opportunities for the examination of
State papers, which he diligently improved. As a writer he
was able, honest, and labor-loving, but strongly prejudiced.
He was never so happy, I will venture to say, as when delving
among State papers. He had official concern with those of
England, for nearly half a century. His historical works
were numerous, are highly esteemed, and generally cited by
annalists. His style is concise and vigorous, but is deficient
in simplicity, clearness, and finish. He designed to inform
political men about political events, rather than to amuse and
please the general reader. He was fond of short and pithy
expressions ; but what he thus meant for maxims, is not always
beautiful or sound. His " Political Annals of the United Col
onies " appeared in 1780 ; his " Estimate of the Strength of
Great Britain," in 1782 ; his Opinions on Subjects of Law
and Policy, arising from American Independence," in 1784 ;
his " Opinions of Lawyers and English Jurisprudence," in
1814. His " Life of Mary, Queen of Scots," published in
1822, shows the ardor and zeal Avhich he could bring to
bear upon a favorite subject ; it is the plea of an advocate, to
prove from official documents, that this unfortunate daughter

300 CHALMERS.
of the Stuarts was innocent of the murder of her second hus
band ; and most manfully and earnestly did he perform the
task. In 1845, his " Introduction to the History of the Revolt of
the British Colonies " was issued at Boston. Its publication
was commenced in England during ihe Revolution, but was
abandoned, and the part printed suppressed. As Mr. Chal
mers had access to the highest .sources of information, as he
possessed remarkable industry, the " Introduction" is valuable
to students of history. It embraces a political vieAv of all
the Colonies, and of the Avhole period between the early
settlements in Virginia and the close of the reign of George
the Second. But the author's dislike to New England was
unconquerable, and is sometimes manifested at the expense of
truth and propriety. It was meant to serve a particular end,
and implicit faith, therefore, is not due to his statements or
conclusions ; for, as already remarked, his antipathies were
strong, and sometimes disturbed his judgment. But he often
laments and severely rebukes- the inattention, weakness, and
ignorance which prcA'ailed in the councils of England with
regard to her American Colonies ; and few who administered
her affairs during the period of which he speaks, escape his
censures. Still, the leading principle or doctrine of the work
is, that British subjects in America were allowed far too much
freedom, and that their final independence Avas the natural
result of continued and ill-advised indulgence. In other
words, he thought that carelessness and kindness, and not
extreme watchfulness and undue severity, were the causes of
their " Revolt," His opening passage is singular, and thus :
" Whether the famous achievements of Columbus introduced
the greatest good or evil by discovering a NeAV World to the
Old, has in every succeeding age offered a subject for disputa
tion." Perhaps, were he now alive, he might so far yield his
prejudices as to admit that the " good of the achievement "
gready predominates over the " evil." He was a stout, and
it is readily conceded, an honest Loyalist. But since he
would have kept the New World in a state of vassalage to the

CHALMERS, — CHAMPNEY. 301
Old, and Avould have had our country to remain as it was
Avhen he wrote of it, there need be no better refutation of his
political errors than can be found in contrasting his own
account of our condition as Colonies with our present wealth
and poAver.
Chalmers, James. Of Maryland. He was a gentleman
of consideration in his neighborhood, and raised and com
manded a corps called the Maryland Loyalists, with the
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Though more successful than
Colonel Clifton, he does not appear to haA'e completed his
quota of recruits. His corps was in service in 1782, but was
very deficient in numbers. He himself went to England ;
but, in September, 1783, the Maryland Loyalists embarked
at New York for St. John, New BrunsAvick ; were wrecked
near Cape Sable, and more than half their number perished.
Chaloner, Niayon. Settled in New Brunswick, and was
Register of Deeds and Wills for King's County. He died at
Kingston in 1835.
Chaloner, Walter. Of Rhode Island, and sheriff of
the county of Newport. He Avas at New York in 1782, a
deputy commissary of prisoners. In 1783 he was one of the
fifty-five petitioners for lands in Nova Scotia, [See Abijah
Willard.] He went to St. John, Ncav Brunswick, at the
close of the contest, and was a grantee of that city. He died
at St. John in 1792. Ann, his widow, died in 1803. Ehza
beth, his daughter, in 1814, and John, his son, in 1827.
Chaloner, William. Of Newport, Rhode Island. Went
to Nova Scotia, and died there in 1792,
Champney, Ebenezer, Of NeAv IpsAvich, New Hamp
shire. He was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and grad
uated at Harvard University in 1762. He designed to enter
the ministry, and actually officiated for some time ; but, relin
quishing theology for the law, entered the office of Samuel
Livermore, and was adniitted to the bar in 1768. He was
"a moderate Tory," deprecating war, and wishing to pre
serve his loyalty. During hostilities, he was very unpop
ular. After the war, hoAvever, he gave his adhesion to the
VOL, I, 26

312 CHRISTIE.
trust, Avas finally Chief Justice of New Brunswick, and died
at St. John in 1851, in his sixty-fifth year. While the Prince
of Wales was in that city, August, 1860, he occupied the
Chipman mansion.
Christie, James, Jr. Merchant, of Baltimore. In July,
1775, the Committee of that city published him " as an enemy
to his country," for sentiments contained in a letter written
by him to Lieutenant-Colonel Gabriel Christie of the British
Armj', which letter had been intercepted and laid before
them. Regarding " his crime of a dangerous and atrocious
nature," the Committee determined to consult their delegates
at the Continental Congress, and meantime to keep a guard
at his house to prevent his escape ; he to pay the expense
thereof, " each man five shillings for each twenty-four hours,
and the ofiicers seA'en shillings and sixpence." This Com
mittee was large, and on this occasion thirty-four members
were present ; the vote against Christie was unanimous. He
had recently lost his Avife, and was at this time sick and con
fined to his bed. Near the close of July, however, the guard
Avas dismissed by a vote of twenty-one to fourteen, on his
parole not to quit the Province Avithout leave of the Whig
authorities, and to abide Avhatever sentence should be pro
nounced against him, with six gentlemen as sureties, to be
bound to submit, in case of his escape, " to the same punish
ment as would have been indicted on him if he had not de
parted," In August, his case was taken up in the Maryland Con-
A'ention, when, after reading his memorial, it was resolved
that " he ought to be considered as an enemy to America ; "
and that he make a deposit of £500 sterling on account
of his proportion of the expense incurred for the defence
of the country ; " the overplus, if any, to be returned,
after a reconciliation shall happily be eff'ected Avith Great
Britain." Christie, Cn. Of Maryland. He adhered to the Royal
Army, and his estate Avas confiscated. But the Act did not
apply to his debts ; since, after the Revolution, he recovered

CHUBB,— CLARK. 313
of Colonel Richard Graves of that State, upwards of £1200
sterling, for a debt due him before the war.
Chubb, John. Of Philadelphia. Went to St. John, New
Brunswick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. In
1795 he was a member of the Loyal Artillery Company, He
died in 1822, aged sixty-nine. His son, the late Henry Chubb,
was proprietor of the "St. John Courier" many years.
^Church, Doctor Benjamin. Of Massachusetts. Pro
scribed and banished. He was equally distinguished as a
scholar, physician, poet, and politician, and among the Whigs
her^tood as"proihinent,liii3'^as as active and as popular, as
either Warren, Hancock, or Samuel Adams. He graduated
at Harvard University in 1754. About 1768 he built an
elegant house at Raynham, which occasioned pecuniary em
barrassments, and it has been conjectured that his difficulties
from this source caused his defection to the Whig cause.
However this may be, he was regarded as a traitor, having
been suspected of communicating intelligence to Governor
Gage, and of receiving a reward in money therefor. His
crime was subsequently proved, Washington presiding, Avhen
he A^'as conAdcted of holding a criminal correspondence with
the enemy. After his trial by a court-martial, he Avas exam
ined before the Provincial Congress, of which body he was a
member, and though he made an ingenious and able defence,
was expeUed. Allowed to leave the country, finally, he em
barked for the West Indies, and was never heard of after-
Avard. Sarah, his widow, died in England in 1788.
Chypher, Jacob. See \_Jacob Sypher.]
Clark, James. Of Rhode Island. Went to St. John,
New Brunswick, at the peace, and was one of the grantees
of that city. He died at St. John in 1820, aged ninety.
His son James died at the same place in 1803, at the age of
forty-one. Clark, John. Of Rhode Island. At the peace he set
tled at St. John, New Brunswick. He arrived at that city
on the 29th of June, 1783, at which time only two log
huts had been erected on its site. He received, the same
VOL. I. 27

314 CLARK.
year, the grant of land. The Government gave him, and
every other grantee, five hundred feet of very ordinary
boards towards covering their buildings. City lots sold in
1783 from two to twenty dollars. He bought one for the
price of executing the deed of conveyance, and " a treat."
Mr. Clark was clerk of Trinity Church nearly fifty years.
He died at St. John, in 1853, in his ninety-fourth year, leav-
7g numerous descendants.
Clark, Joseph. A physician, of Stratford, Connecticut.
In 1776 he fled to the British Army. His Ai'ife and children,
whom he left at home, were sent to New York, where he
joined them. He went to New Brunswick, accompanied by
his family, consisting of nine persons, in 1783, and resumed
the practice of medicine. He settled at Maugerville, on the
river St. John, and was a Judge of the Court of Common
Pleas for the county of Sunbury. In 1799 he visited his
friends in the United States. He was a.^liysician, in busi
ness, for quite half a century. He died at Maugerville in
1813, aged seventy-nine ; and his widow, Isabella Elizabeth,
died the same year, at the age of seA'enty-one.
/ Clark, Joseph. Of Stratford, Connecticut. Son of Dr.
Joseph Clark. He accompanied the family to New Bruns
wick, and became a resident of the Colony. He died in New
York, while on a visit to some friends, in 1828, at the age of
sixty-five. Clark, John. Of New Jersey. Went to New Bruns
wick in 1783. Died in Wickham, in that Province, in
1848. Clark, Nehemiah. During the Revolution he AVas a sur
geon in the King's service. He went to St. John, New Bruns
wick, at the peace, and Avas one of the grantees of that city.
He received half-pay. He died at Douglas, in that Province,
in 1825, aged eighty-six.
Clark, Samuel. Of Ncav Jersey. In 1780 he was de
tected in conducting an illicit trade with the Royal forces, and
committed to prison. A Loyalist of this name was the
grantee of a lot in the city of St. John, in 1783, and died
in 1804.

CLARKE, 317
Clarke, Rev. William. Of Dedham, Massachusetts.
Episcopal minister. He was son of Rev, Peter Clarke of
Danvers, Massachusetts, and graduated at Harvard Univer
sity in 1759. After ordination in England, he became Rec-
tor of St. Paul's Church. He lived in peace in Dedham
until the spring of 1777, when he was sentenced to be con
fined on board a ship, because he refused " to acknowledge
the Independency of America," which, he adds, " was con
trary to the sentiments I had of my duty to my king, my
6oiintry, and my God." Released, and permitted to depart,
he went to Rhode Island, thence to New York, thence to
Ireland, thence to England. In 1786, he was at Halifax,
Nova Scotia, and soon after removed to Digby. He re
turned to the United States, finally, and died in Quincy,
Massachusetts, in 1815. His Avife was Mrs. Dunbar, a widow.
The Rev. Mr. Bailey wrote, at the time of the marriage,
she is " a little, pretty, delicate, chattering woman, about
twenty-eight, as unable to rough it as himself."
Clarke, James. Of Rhode Island. Secretary of_thg As-
sociatjoiLflfXoyal Refugees, formed at Newport, March, 1779.
The object appears in a paper signed by himself, namely, to
" retaliate upon and make reprisal against the inhabitants of
the several Provinces in America, in actual rebellion against
their Sovereign." The Association Avas formed under the
sanction of the British Commander-in-Chief in Rhode Island,
who gave commissions to the officers.
To execute the purpose above indicated, they conceived
" themselves warranted, by the laws of God and man, to
wage war upon their inhuman persecutors," the Rebels, " and
to use every means in their power, to obtain redress and com
pensation for the indignities and losses they had suff'ered."
The document concludes Avith an invitation to all who had
preserved their loyalty, as well as those who had grown
weary of Congressional tyranny and paper money, and who
hated French frippery, French politics, French religion
and alliances, to join with them in their endeavors to re
cover for their country its ancient form of government. He

314 CLARKE.
wrote GoA'ernor Franklin twice the same year, giving an ac
count of the proceedings and success of the Association. In
1783, Mr. Clarke Avas a petitioner for lands in Nova Scotia,
[See Abijah Willard.] He was at Halifax in 1797, and his
wife, Mary, died there that year.
/ Clarke, Richard. Of Boston. Merclmil»-_-.G*adHateii—
at Harvard University in 1729. He and his sons were con
signees of a part of the tea destroyed in Boston by the cele
brated " Tea-Party," December, 1773. A great number of
rioters assembled in front of his house, attempted to force an
entrance, broke the windows, and otherwise damaged it. His
family removed. One of the consignees, hoAvever, fired upon
the mob, soon after, when they dispersed. His name is found
among the .^^dressfirs- of" Gage. The Whigs treated him
with much severity, and his son Isaac, while at Plymouth for
the collection of some debts, was assaulted, and fied at mid
night. He arrived in London, December 24, 1775, after a
passage of " only " twenty-one days from Boston. The Loy
alist Club, for a weekly dinner, was formed early in the next
year, and he was one of the original members. He lived with
his son-in-law, Copley, the painter, Leicester Square. He
died in England in 1795. The late Lord Lyndhurst was a
grandson.
/ Clarke, Richard Samuel. The tablet, which covers his
remains, records that he Avas minister of New Milford, Con
necticut, nineteen years ; of Gagetowi7,~^l^"W-'BrunsA\dck,
twenty-five years'; and of St. Stephen, New Brunswick,
thirteen years : in all, an Episcopal clergyman for fifty-
seven years. He was the first Rector of the Church at St.
Stephen, and the oldest missionary in the present British
Colonies. He was much beloved by the people of his charge,
and his memory is still cherished. He died at St. Stephen,
October 6, 1824, aged eighty-seven. His wife Rebecca died
at the same place. May 7, 1816, aged sixty-nine. His only
surviving daughter, Mary Ann, who was born in Connecticut
before his removal, and who was never married, died at Gage
town, New Brunswick, February, 1844, at the age of seventy-
three, highly and deservedly lamented.

CLARKE. 317
Clarke, William. He was born at North Kingston,
Rhode Island. He entered the service of the Crojvn, and
was a captain in Colonel Whiteman's Regiment of Loyal
New Englanders. He setded in New Brunswick in 1783,
and was an alderman of St. John. He died in that city in
1804. Clarke, Rev. Richard. Of Charleston, South Carolina.
Rector of St. Philip's Church. Went to England, and was
Rector of Hartley, Kent. Died suddenly in England, in
1802, in his eighty-third year.
Clarke, Isaac Winslow. Of Boston. He became Com
missary-General of Lower Canada, and died in that Colony
in 1822, after he had embarked for England. His daughter
Susan married Charles Richard Ogden, Esq., Solicitor-General
of Lower Canada, in 1829.
Clarke, Jonathan. Of Boston, Son of Richard Clarke.
Went to England ; was a member of the Loyalist Club, Lon
don, 1776 ; had lodgings in Brompton Row the next year.
In 1778, proscribed and banished. After the Revolution he
was in Canada.
Clarke, George. Secretaiy of the Colony of Ncav York.
Went to England and died there in 1777. He was of the
family of Clarke of Hyde Hall, Cheshire, England.
Clarke, Alexander. Died at Waterborough, New Bruns
wick, in 1825, aged eighty-two. For several years he was
Master Armorer in the Ordnance Department at St. John.
Clarke, William. Of New Jersey. A noted horse-
thief It was computed that, between 1776 and June, 1782,
he stole upwards of one hundred valuable horses from NeAV
Jersey, which he sold to the Royal Army. It was known
that he came very frequently within the American lines, but
no effort of scouts and sentries to seize him proved successful.
He was finally written to as by accomplices, as is said, to the
effect that two fine horses were at a certain place, which he
could carry off. He came, as suggested, in June, 1782, and
was shot down dead in the vicinity of Woodbridge, New Jer
sey, by the party who devised the stratagem.
27*

318 CLARKE, - CLEMENTS.
Clarke, John. Died at Windsor, Nova Scotia, in 1825,
aged eighty-four.
Claus, Daniel. He married a daughter of Sir William
Johnson, and served for a considerable time in the Indian De
partment of Canada, under his brother-in-laAv, Colonel Guy
Johnson. Brant, the celebrated Mohawk chief, entertained
towards him sentiments of decided personal hostility. His
wife died in Canada in 1801. William Claus, Deputy Super
intendent-General of Indian Affairs, was his son ; and Brant,
in the name of the Five Nations, made a speech of condolence
on the death of Mrs. Claus, on the 24th of February of that
year. William, deeply affected at the loss of his mother, was
not able to reply, although he met the chiefs in council ;
but he afterwards transmitted a written answer.
Clayton, Francis. Of Wilmington, North Carolina. At
first a Whig, he was a member of the Committee of Safety in
1774, and a Representative in the House of Assembly ; but,
in the course of the Avar, he adhered to the Crown, and aban
doned the State. He returned to Wilmington in a flag of
truce, in 1782, and determined to hazard a trial for his polit
ical offences. He was owner of Clayton Hall, a very fertile
plantation, Cleghorn, Robert. Of New York. At the peace, ac
companied by his family of three persons, he went from New
York to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, where the Crown granted
him one town lot.
Clemen'tson, Samuel. Of Boston. Merchant. Died at
Windsor, England, in 1782, aged forty-nine: — --..^.
Clement, Captain Joseph. Of Boston. He held a com
mission in the Royal service during the Avar, and at the peace
setded in New Brunswick. His wife, Mary, died at St. John
in 1812.
Clements, Peter. He entered the service of the Crown,
and at the close of the war was a captain in the King's Amer
ican Regiment. In 1783 he went to St. John, New Bruns
wick, and Avas a grantee of that city. He received half-pay.
He removed to the county of York, and was a magistrate.

CLINCH, — CLOWES. 319
He died at his residence on the river St. John, near Frederic
ton, in 1833, at the age of ninety-four. His daughter Cla
rissa died in 1814, aged thirty-two. His daughter AbigaU
Julia married Charles R. Hatheway, Esq., of St. Andrew,
NeAV Brunswick.
Clinch, Peter. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the Royal
Fensible Americans, and adjutant of the corps. He settled
in New Brunswick, and received half-pay. He died in the
county of Charlotte, in that Province.
Clopper, James. He was a lieutenant in a corps of Loy
ahsts, and at the close of the contest settled in New Bruns
wick, enjoyed half-pay, and was a magistrate of the county
of York. He died at Fredericton, in 1823, aged sixty-seven.
Clopper, Garrett. In 1782 he was an ensign in the
New York Volunteers, and quartermaster of the corps. He
went to St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, and Avas the
grantee of a city lot. He received half-pay, was sergeant-at-
arms of the House of Assembly, and a magistrate of York
County. He died in that Province.
Clossey, Samuel. Of New York. Physician. He was
a native of Ireland, Previous to his emigration to America
he had attained eminence in his profession, not only by suc
cessful practice but by the publication of a work entitled
" Observations on some of the Diseases of the Human Body,
chiefly taken from the Dissections of Morbid Bodies." While
at NeAV York, he was chosen to the Anatomical Chair, and to
the Professorship of Natural PhUosophy in King's (Columbia)
College ; and, upon the organization of a Medical School, was
placed at the head of the Department of Anatomy. He re
turned to his native country in consequence of the Revolu
tion, and died there soon after his arrival.
Clowes. There were several Loyalists of this name in
New York. Gerardus Clowes was a captain, and Samuel
and John were heutenants in De Lancey's Third Battahon,
and, with Timothy, went to St. John, New Brunswick, at
the peace, and were grantees of that city. The three who
were officers received half-pay. Samuel, John, and Timothy

320 COCHRAN,
lived for some time in New Brunswick, but their fate has not
been ascertained. Gerardus, who was a major of militia and
a magistrate, and resided in the county of Sunbury, was kiUed
in 1798 by a fall fi'om his horse. In 1781 a persojn of the
name of Samuel CloAves, who had been an Addresser of Gov
ernor Robertson, was appointed Clerk and Surrogate of Queen's
County, New York, and died at Hempstead in the year 1800,
aged seventy-six. This Samuel, says my informant, " was in
office a large part of his life."
Cochran, Captain John. Of Portsmouth, New Hamp
shire. Son of James Cochran, and a native of Londonderry.
Was proscribed and banished. The " Portsmouth Journal,"
from Avliich paper I derive the following, states that the account
is published on the authority of his daughter, Avho (November,
1845), is still living in that town. Captain Cochran led a
seafaring life in his younger days, and sailed out of Ports
mouth a number of years, as a ship-master, with brilliant suc
cess, A short period before the war of the Revolution broke
out, he Avas appointed to the command of the fort in Ports
mouth harbor. The day after the battle of Lexington, he and
his family were made prisoners of war by a company of volun
teers under the command of John Sullivan, afterwards the
distinguished Major-General Sudivan of the Revolution, Pres
ident of New Hampshire, &c. Captain Cochran and his fam
ily Avere generously liberated on parole of honor.
Not far from this time. Governor Wentworth took refuse
in the fort, and Captain Cochran attended him to Boston. In
his absence, the only occupants of the fort were Mrs. Cochran,
a man and a maid-servant, and four children. At this time
all vessels passing out of the harbor had to show their pass at
the fort. An English man-of-war one day came down the
river, bound out. Mrs. Cochran directed the man to hail the
ship. No respect was paid to him. Mrs. Cochran then di
rected him to discharge one of the cannon. The terrified
man said: "Ma'am, I have but one eye, and can't see the
touch-hole." Taking the match, the heroic lady applied it
herself; the frigate immediately hove to, and showing that all

COCHRAN. .321
was right, was permitted to proceed. For this discharge of
duty to his Majesty's Government, she received a handsome
reward. It Avas thought by some of the enemies of GoA'ernor Went
worth that he was still secreted at the fort, after he had left
for Boston. A party one day entered the house in the fort,
(the same house recently occupied by Captain Dimmick), and
asked permission of Mrs. Cochran to search die rooms for the
GoA'ernor. After looking up stairs in vain, they asked for a
light to examine the cellar. " O yes," said a little daughter
of Mrs. Cochran, " I will light you." She held the candle
until they were in a part of the cellar from Avhicli she well
knew they could not retreat without striking their heads
against low beams, Avhen the roguish girl blew the light out.
As she anticipated, they began to bruise themselves, and they
swore pretty roundly. The miss from the stairs, in an elevated
tone, cried out, "Have you got him?" This arch inquii-y
only served to divide their curses between the impediments
to their progress and the " little Tory."
Captain John Cochran, (who was a cousin, and not the
father, as has been stated, of Lord Admiral Cochran) imme-
diatelv joined the British in Boston, and, as it was believed,
being influenced by the double motive of gratitude towards a
government that had generously noticed and promoted him to
offices of honor, trust, and emolument, and for the sake of re
taining a valuable stipend from the CroAvn, remained with the
British Army during the Avar. At the peace, he returned to
St. John, New Brunswick, lived in the style of a gentleman
the remainder of his days, and died at the age of fifty-five.
Among the papers of the Cochran family, we find the fol
lowing letter, written from England, by Governor Wentworth,
at the close of the war, to Captain John Cochran. It held
out no very strong inducements for Loyalists to take refuge
in England : — "Hammersmith, May 6, 1783,
" My Dear Sir, — I received your kind letter by Captain
Dawson, and render you many thanks ; be assured there is

322 COCHRAN.
scarce any object so near to me as your welfare, which I should
rejoice to promote. As to my advice, at this distance from the
scene of action, it can only be conjectural. However, as you
ask it, I can only say, that you will find it expedient to re
move to and settle in Nova Scotia. The Commander-in-
Chief will most certainly cause your pay to be issued there ;
nor do I conceive there is any probability of its being reduced,
especially as Captain Fenton's is suppressed here, among other
reasons, as it is said, because you were paid in America and
resident there. As to your coming here, or any other Loyal
ist, that can get clams and potatoes in America, they most cer
tainly would regret making bad worse. It would be needless
for me to enter into reasons ; the fact is so, and you wdll do
well to avoid it. R is the advice all our friends will be wise
to follow ; hard as it is, they that are fools enough to try, will
find it harder here. I hope this will find you and your family
in good health. We are all well. Charles is grown a stout
boy ; we are obliged for your kind inquiries about him. My
destination is quite uncertain ; like an old flapped hat, thrown
off the top of an house, I am tumbling o\'er and over in the
air, and God only knoAvs where I shall finally alight and set
tle to rest. It would giA'e me great pleasure if it so happens
as to afford me any means to add to the comfort of those I
esteem and regard. Be assured, my dear Sir, in that descrip
tion you would have my early attention. Pray present Mrs.
W.'s and my compliments to your family; old Mrs. W. also
begs to joins us. Benning has been nearly four years a cap
tain, and not being able to establish his rank as he expected,
has sold out, and is now in the country ; so that we are all
seeking something to do.
" Adieu, my dear friend, and always believe me to be, with
great regard, your faithful and obedient servant,
" J. Wentworth."
I Cochran, James. Of New Hampshire. His father in his
youth, and about the year 1730, lived in the \dcinity of the
present town of Belfast, Maine. His family subsequently re
moved to Londonderry, New Hampshire. He went to St.

COCK- - COFFIN. 323
John, New Brunswick, where he closed his life in 1794, aged
eighty-four years.
Cock, Clark. Of Long Island, New York. Professed
himself a loyal subject in 1776. Subsequently, his house
was robbed of a considerable amount in money, and of goods
to the value of £400, in 1779. Others of the name were
quite as unfortunate. Thus, a party of Rebels from Connec
ticut plundered the dwelling of William Cock of goods to
the amount of £140, in 1778 ; and Abraham Cock, master
of the schooner Five Brothers, was captured early in 1779.
CoDDiNGTON, AsHER. Of New Jersey. Went to St. John,
New Brunswick, at the evacuation of New York. Was a
grantee of the former city, and of a lot at Long Beach, near
General Coffin's land. Removed to Maugerville, New Bruns
wick, and died there, well in years, about 1828. A son was
living on the island of Grand Menan in 1848.
CoDNER, James. In 1782 he was an ensign in the Second
American Regiment. He went to St. John, New BrunsAvick,
in 1783, and was a grantee of that city, and a magistrate of
the county. He died at St. John in 1821, aged sixty-seven.
CoFFiELD, Thomas. At the termination of the war he was
a lieutenant in the North Carolina Regiment. As he was
preparing to leave New York, the following advertisement
appeared in Rivington's paper of September 10, 1783 : —
"Whereas Martha, wife of Thomas Coffield, lieutenant in
the North Carolina Regiment, is concealed from him, (sup
posed by her mother, Melissa Carman of Hempstead,) to keep
her from going with her loving husband to Nova Scotia, or
St. Augustine, the public are cautioned," &c.
The "loving" and bereaved lieutenant arrived at St. John,
New Brunswick, before the close of 1783, and received the
grant of a city lot.
/-/Coffin, Nathaniel. Of Boston. Last Receiver-General
¦^d Cashier of his Majesty's Customs at that port. An Ad-
dressgr-of-Hutchinson, 1774, and, of Gage, 1775. With his
family of three persons he accompanied the Royal Army to
Halifax in 1776, and in July of that year embarked for Eng-

324 COFFIN.
land in the ship Aston HaU. He died at New York in 1780.
His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Barnes, merchant
of Boston. Notices of several of his sons follow. I do not
include Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Baronet, who died at Chet-
tenham, England, in 1840, at the age of eighty ; because he
entered the British Navy, May, 1773, or before the Revolu
tion. Coffin, John. Of Boston. He was a son of the preced
ing. A warm and decided Loyalist, he volunteered to accom
pany the Royal Army in the battle of Breed's or Bunker's
Hill, and soon after obtained a commission. He rose to the
rank of captain in the Orange Rangers in a short time, and
effecting an exchange into the New York Volunteers, went
with that corps to Georgia, in 1778. At the battle of Sa-
A'annah, at that of Hobkerk's Hill, and in the action of Cross
Creek, near Charleston, and on various other occasions, his
conduct won the admiration of his superiors. At the battle
of Eutaw Springs, which he opened on the part of the King's
troops, he was a brevet major, and his gallantry and good
judgment attracted the notice and remark of General Greene,
who commanded the Whig forces. He retired to New Bruns-
wick at the close, of the contest, with the rank of major, and
received half-pay. He was appointed a Colonel in the British
Army in 1797 ; a Major-General in 1803 ; Lieutenant-General
in 1809 ; and General in 1819.
In the war of 1812, he raised and commanded a regiment,
which was disbanded in 1815, He served in several civil
offices ; was a member of the House of Assembly, chief mag
istrate of King's County, and a member of the Council. Of
the latter dignity he was deprived, in 1828, in consequence of
his not having attended the sessions of the Council for several
previous years. Had his place not been thus vacated, the
government of the Colony Avould haA'e devolved upon him as
senior Councillor, during the absence of Sir Howard Douglas.
Though sensitive, the personal controversies of General .Coffin
were not numerous. But he fought a duel with Colonel Camp
bell in 1783, and was wounded in his groin ; and after he went

COFFIN. 325
to New Brunswick, he had a public controversy with a high
functionary of that Province, which was long and bitter.
His estate was large and valuable, as will be seen by his
own description of it in 1811, when he offered it for sale :
" The Manor of Alwington, in the Parish of Westfield,
King's County, situated twelve miles from the City of St.
John ; containing 6000 acres, well covered with Pine and
Spruce Spars, great quantities of the finest Ship Timber and
other Hard-Wood as yet unculled, possessing seA'eral conven
ient places for Ship-Building ; an excellent Salmon and Her
ring Fishery ; a large Grist and Saw-Mill, that are doing
extensive business ; four Vi'ell settled Farms, each having ex
tensive meadows, with high and low intervale sufficient to
maintain a large stock, together with the Farming Utensils
of each. The greater part of the enclosures are under Cedar
fence, with a navigable River running through the centre of
the estate. The well known local advantage of this property
and its commanding prospects render any further description
unnecessary. — Terms of Payment will be made easy to the
purchaser." In his dealings he was exact ; yet to the poor he dispensed
liberally in charity, and for persons in his neighborhood de
vised useful and profitable employment. His own habits were
extremely active and industrious. He was fond of talking
with citizens of the United States of the Revolution, and of
the prominent Whigs of his native State. " Samuel Adams
used to tell me," said he, " ' Coffin, you must not leave us ;
we shall have warm work, and want you,' " The battle of
Breed's Hill was regarded by General Coffin as the event
which controlled everything that followed. " You could not
have succeeded without it," he frequently said to his Amer
ican friends, "for something was indispensable in the then
state of parties, to fix men sometvhere, and to show the plant
ers at the South, that Northern people were really in earnest,
and could and would — fight. That, that did the business for
you." While the British claimed and held Eastport, General
Coffin seldom visited it. He Avould sail round Moose Island
VOL, I. 28

326 COFFIN.
 as he ever continued to call that town — in his sloop Lib
erty, examine the movements on shore through his spy-glass,
and, after gratifying his curiosity, return to St. John. After
the surrender to the United States, in 1818, he came to Moose
Island frequently. Notwithstanding his choice of sides in the
Revolution, he never lost his interest in the " Old Thirteen,"
and he remembered that he was " Boston-born," from first to
last. " I would give more for one pork-barrel made in Mas
sachusetts," was one of his many sayings, " than for all that
have been made in New Brunswick since its settlement.
Why, sir, I have now some of the former which are thirty
years old, but I can hardly make the Province barrels last
through one season." In his person, General Coffin was tall
and spare. Until well advanced in years, he was remarkably
erect. His countenance indicated a quick and sensitive na
ture. His manners were easy, social, and polite. His con
versation was animated and interesting, frank, and without
reserve. He died at his seat. King's County, in 1838, aged
eighty-seven. Anne, his widow, and daughter of William
Mathews, of South Carolina, died at Bath, England, in 1839,
aged seventy-four. His children were seA'en, namely : Guy
Carleton, who (1838) is a major in the Royal Artdlery ;
Nathaniel, who died young ; John Townsend, (1850) a post-
captain ; and William Henry, an officer in the Royal Navy ;
Caroline ; Elizabeth, who married Captain Kirkland ; and
Anne, who married Captain Pearson.
Coffin, Nathaniel, Jr. Of Boston. Son of Nathaniel,
the Cashier. Was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and
a Protester against the Whigs the same year. He was at
New York in 1783, and one of the fifty-five petitioners for
lands in Nova Scotia. [See Abijah Willard.] At a subse
quent period he was appointed Collector of the Customs at
the island of St. Kitt's, and filled that station for thirty-four
years. He died in London in 1831, aged eighty-three.
Coffin, William. Of Boston. Son of Nathaniel, the
Cashier. An Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774 ; went to
Halifax, 1776 ; proscribed and banished, 1778. The last-

COFFIN, — COIL. 327
mentioned year, the Rev, Jacob Bailey, in recording a visit
at Mr. Inman's, remarks : " We were joined at supper by
Mrs, Coffin and her daughter Policy. Both the mother and
dughter appeared very modest, sensible, and engaging. . . .
I quickly perceived that Mrs, Coffin had her husband (Mr.
William Coffin) and two or three sons in the British service,"
&c. After the peace, he was at St. John, Ncav Brunswick,
and a merchant.
Coffin, William. Of Boston, Died in that town in
1775. Sir Thomas Aston Coffin was a grandson.
Coffin, William, Jr. Of Boston. Son of William. He
vvas an Addresser of Gage in 1775, and accompanied the
Royal Army to Halifax the next year.
Coffin, Sir Thomas Aston, Baronet. Of Boston, Son
of William, Jr. He graduated at Harvard University in
1772, At one period of the Revolution he was Private Secre
tary to Sir Guy Carleton. In 1804 he was Secretary and
Comptroller of Accounts of Lower Canada. At another
part of his life, he was Commissary-General in the British
Army. He died in London in 1810, at the age of fifty-six.
* Coffin, Ebenezer. Of Boston. Son of William, Jr. He
settled in South Carolina, and Avas a merchant. He was liv
ing in 1804, married, and a father.
Coffin, Nathaniel. Of Boston, After the Revolution
he settled in Upper Canada. In the war of 1812 he served
against the United States. For a number of years he was
Adjutant-General of the Militia of Upper Canada, He died
at Toronto in 1846, aged eighty.
/ Coffin, John. Of Boston, Was Assistant Commissary-
General in the British Army, and died at Quebec in 1837,
aged seventy-eight.
CoGGESWELL, James. Of Rhode Island. In 1782 he was
an officer in tlie Superintendent Department established at
New York. Went to St. John, New Brunswick ; Avas an
officer of the Customs ; died there in 1786.
Coil,  . Of North Carolina, Notorious miscreant
Taken and hung.

328 COKE. — COLDEN.
Coke, William. Of New Jersey. Stamp-master of the
Colony. He applied for the office ; but, alarmed by the pop
ular manifestations, refused to execute his duties, and even to
take charge of the stamps. After his resignation. Governor
Franklin asked General Gage if he could have the aid of
military force, and M'as answered in the affirmative.
Colden, Cadavallader. Of New York. He was born
in Scodand, and came to America in 1708, and was a success
ful practitioner of medicine for some years. In 1718, Gov
ernor Hunter haA'ing become his friend, he settled in the city
of NeAV York, and was the first Surveyor-General of the
Colony. Besides this office, he filled that of Master in Chan
cery ; and, on the arrival of Governor Burnet, in 1720, he
was made a member of the King's Council. Succeeding to
the Presidency of the Council, he administered the govern
ment in 1760. Having previous to the last-mentioned time
purchased a tract of land in the vicinity of Newburgli, on
the Hudson, he retired there Avith his family about the year
1755. In 1761 he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of
NeAV York, and held the commission during the remainder of
his life, and was repeatedly at the head of affairs in conse
quence of the death or absence of several of the Governors.
While administering the government, the stamped paper came
out, and was placed under his care. A multitude of several
thousand persons, under leaders, assembled, and determined
that he should give up the paper to be destroyed. Unless he
complied Avith their wishes, the massacre of himself and adhe
rents was threatened ; but he exhibited great firmness, and
prevented them from accomplishing their design. Yet the
mob burned his effigy, and destroyed his carriages in his sight.
Governor Tryon relieved him from active political duty in
1775, and he retired to Long Island, where he had a seat,
and where he died the following year, at the age of eighty-
eight. He was hospitable and social, and gave his friends a
cordial welcome. The political troubles of his country caused
him pain and anguish. These troubles he long predicted. In
science Mr. Colden was highly distinguished. Botany and

COLDEN. 329
astronomy were favorite pursuits. As his death occurred
previous to the passage of the Confiscation Act, his estate was
inherited by his children.
Colden, David. Of New York. Son of the Lieutenant-
Governor. The farm at Spring Hill, Flushing, Long Isl
and, which was devised to him by his father, is now (1847)
the property of the Hon. Benjamin W, Strong. Mr. Col
den went to England at the close of the war, and died there
July 10, 1784. His estate, of two hundred and forty acres,
was sold by the Commissioners of Confiscation, the year of
his decease. He was fond of retirement, was much dcA'oted
to scientific pursuits, and maintained a correspondence with
the learned of his time, both in Europe and in America,
Ann, his widow, daughter of John Willet, of Flushing, died
in August, 1785. Four daughters and one son survived him.
The son, Cadwallader D. Colden, of New York, (a lad in the
Revolution,) was a lawyer of great eminence, and one of the
earliest and most efficient promoters, in connection with De
Witt Clinton, of the Erie Canal, and other works of exten
sive improvement. He died at Jersey City, February 7 th,
1834, universally lamented.
Colden, Alexander, Of New York. Son of Lieutenant-
Governor Colden, He was Postmaster, and successor of his
father in the office of Surveyor-General. He died in 1774,
aged fifty-eight. His eldest daughter, Alice, married Colonel
Archibald Hamilton ; the second. Major John Antill, of Skin
ner's Brigade of New Jersey Volunteers ; his third. Captain
Anthony Farrington, of London.
Colden, Richard Nicholls. Of New York, Son of
Alexander Colden. He was an ensign in the Royal High
landers, in 1766 ; but left the army prior to the Revolution,
and was appointed Surveyor and Searcher of the Customs in
the city of New York. He died in 1777, His sons were
Alexander and Cadwallader.
Colden, Cadwallader. Of New York. When, in June,
1776, he was examined and committed to jail in Ulster County,
the Committee reported that he said, " he should eA'er oppose
28*

330 COLE, - CONNEL.
independency with all his might, and wished to the Lord that
his name might be entered on record as opposed to that mat
ter, and be handed down to latest posterity." I find, next,
that on petition of Whigs, in 1784, he was permitted by law
to return to the State.
Cole, Edward. Of Rhode Island. He commanded a
, /t-egiment under Wolfe, at the seige of Quebec, in 1759 ; and
at Havanna, subsequently. Adhering to the Crown in the
Revolution, he was insulted, and his furniture and pictures
were much mutilated. He fled to the British lines, and was
commissioned as Colonel. He settled in Nova Scotia. His
pension was £150 per annum. He died well in years. His
brother John Avas a Whig, and was appointed Advocate-
General of the Court of Vice-Admiralty when the govern
ment of Rhode Island passed to the popular party.
Collins, Davis. An early settler of St. David, New
Brunsv\'ick. Died at Tower Hill, August, 1837. His death
was caused by the fading of a tree,
' Combs, Captain  . Probably of Maine. At Hali-
tax. Nova Scotia, December, 1779, The Rev. Jacob Bailey
wrote to Thomas Brown : " You may regard him as a person
of real worth and unshaken integrity, who has resisted all the
efforts of his countrymen to seduce and subdue him, Avith
amazing fortitude, and his honest attachment to the British
Government is nearly without example."
Comely, Robert. Of Pennsylvania. Arrived at St. John.
New Brunswick, in the spring of 1783, in the ship Union,
He died at Lancaster, in that Province, in 1838, aged eighty-
three. Compton, William. Went to St. John, New Brunswick,
and was a grantee of that city. He died at St. Martin's in
that Province, in 1804.
Conklin,  . Captain in DeLancey's First Battal
ion. Killed in Georgia, in 1780, on an enterprise to disper.se
the Whigs in the vicinity of the Ogechee.
CoNNEL, John. Of Chester County, Pennsylvania,
Schoolmaster. Joined the Royal Army in Philadelphia,

CONNER, — CONOLLY, 331
and accompanied it to New York. In 1779, he was cap
tured on board of the British privateer Intrepid, and put
in prison.
Conner, Constant, In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the
Royal Fencible Americans. He went to Nova Scotia after
the Avar, where he fought a duel and kdled lys antagonist.
He died at Halifax.
CoNOLLY, John. He was born in Lancaster County, Penn
sylvania, and was bred a physician. Before the Revolution
he liA'ed at or near Pittsburg, and was in correspondence with
Washington on matters of business. In 1770 Washington, on
his tour to Ohio, invited Doctor Conolly to dine with him, and
said he was " a very sensible, inteUigent man." His difficul
ties with the authorities of Pennsylvania, in 1774, occupy con
siderable space in the records of the Council of that Colony.
In the course of these difficulties, and w hile he was at the head
of an armed party, he was seized and imprisoned. It appears
that he claimed lands under Virginia, at the falls of the Ohio,
which, it was contended by Pennsylvania, Lord Dunmore, the
Governor of the former Colony, had no right to grant.. But
he and John Campbell advertised their intention of laying out
a town there, and invited settlers. They set forth the beau
ties and advantages of the location in glowing terms, and said,
that " we may with certainty affirm, that it (the proposed
town) will, in a short time, be equalled by few inland places
on the American continent."
As the controversy ripened to war, Conolly became active
on the side of the CroAvn, and in 1775 was employed by Lord
Dunmore, AA'ho authorized him to raise and command a regi
ment of Loyalists and Indians, to be enlisted in the Western
country and Canada, and to be called the Loyal Forresters.
While on his way to execute this design, he was taken pris
oner. His papers having been sent to Congress, it was deter
mined to retain his person. He wrote to Washington several
times, but the Commander-in-Chief declined to interfere, and
he remained a captive till near the close of the contest. The
Loval Forresters were in service in 1782, and probably later.

332 COPLEY.
Always, as it would seem, moving in some doubtful enterprise,
we hear of Colonel Conolly soon after the peace, and about the
year 1788, at Detroit. At this time he and other disaffected
persons held conferences with some of the prominent citizens
of the West as to the seizure of New Orleans, and the control
of the navigation of the Mississippi by force. The precise
plan, and the degree of support which it received, are not,
perhaps, known. But the attention of Washington was at
tracted to the subject, and measures Avere taken to detect and
counteract the plot.
Copley, John Singleton. Of Boston. An eminent
painter. His father, " Richard Copley, of the county of
Limerick, who emigrated to America, and became of Bos
ton, in the United States, married Sarah, younger daughter
of John Singleton." The subject of this notice was born in
1738, and achieved distinction early. John Adams wrote:
"Copley is the greatest master that was ever in America.
His portraits far exceed West's." He himself said that he
had as many commissions in Boston as he could execute.
His price for a half-length was fourteen guineas.
In 1774 he was an Addresser, of Hutchinson; and, the
same year, he deposited several pictures with his mother,
arranged his affairs generally, and sailed for Italy by way of
England, with the design of three years' residence abroad.
In 1776 he was in London, and a member of the Loyalist
Club, for weekly conversation and a dinner. He subsequently
resumed his profession, and increased his fame. " The Death
of Chatham ; " " King Charles ordering the Arrest of the Five
Members of Parliament ; " and " The Death of Major Peir-
son," are among his celebrated Avorks. His last pictures, it is
believed, are " The Resurrection," and the portrait of his son.
He died in England, September, 1815, aged seventy-eight.
His wife, who deceased in 1836, was a daughter of Richard
Clarke, one of the Boston consignees of the tea. One son
and three daughters survived him.
His son, John Singleton Copley, rose to eminence as a jurist
and a statesman. He was a native of Boston ; and the tradi-

COOK.— COOKE. 333
tion is, that, born a feAv weeks after the Hon. Josiah Quincy,
Senior, " the monthly nurse went directly from Mrs. Quincy
to attend Mrs. Copley." Mr. Copley was admitted to the bar
in 1804, Avas made Sergeant-at-law in 1813, and became -a
Judge in 181S. Later, he was Solicitor and Attorney-Gen
eral, and Master of the Rolls. In 1827, on the retirement of
Lord Eldon, he Avas appointed Lord Chancellor ; and the same
year was elevated to the peerage as Baron Lyndhurst. He
Avas Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, subsequently ; and
held the office of Lord Chancellor a second and third time.
Lord Lyndhurst died October, 1863, in his ninety-second
year. By his first wife, Sarah Geray, daughter of Charles
Brunsden, and widow of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas, who
fell at Waterloo, he Avas the father of Sarah Elizabeth, Susan
Penelope, and Sophia Clarence. His second wife, Georgiana,
daughter of LeAvis Goldsmith, bore him a single child, Georgi
ana Susan. His Lordship's sister, Avidow of the late Gardner
Greene, of Boston, and several other relatives in Massachu
setts, survive.
Cook, Abiel, Of Little Compton, Rhode Island. He
was denounced as " an enemy to his country, and the liber
ties of America," in 1775, for selling sheep to go on board of
the Swan, British ship-of-war, at Newport. The Whigs took
the sheep at Forkland Ferry, and A'oted to send them as a
present to the army at Cambridge. Cook confessed the sale,
and avoAved his intention of repeating the act CA-ery oppor
tunity. Cooke, Rev. Samuel, D. D. Of Shrewsbury, New
Jersey. Episcopal minister. He Avas educated at Cam
bridge, England, and came to America as missionary of
the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
Parts, as early, probably, as 1749. In 1765 he had the
care of the churches in ShreAVsbury, Freehold, and Middle-
town. The RcA'olution divided and dispersed his dock, and
he became Chaplain to the Guards. In 1785 he settled at
Fredericton, the capital of New Brunswick, as the first Rec
tor of the Church there. In 1791 he was Commissary to the

334 COOMBE.— COOPER.
Bishop of Nova Scotia, He was drowned in crossing the
riA'er St. John, in a birch canoe, in 1795. His son, who
attempted to save his life, perished with him. His Avife was
Miss Kearney, of Amboy, New Jersey. Lydia, his fifth
daughter, died at Fredericton in 1846, aged seventy-six ; and
Isabella, the last survivor of his family, and widow of Colonel
Harris William Hales, died at the same city in 1848. ¦
CooMBE, Rev. Thomas, D. D. Of Philadelphia. He was
a native of that city, and graduated at the College there in
1766. He A^'as chosen Assistant Rector of the Churches of
Christ and St. Peter's in 1772. Five years later, he was
confined for disaffection to the Whig cause, and finally or
dered to be sent prisoner to Virginia, In 1778 he resigned
his Rectorship and went to England. He lived some time
in Ireland, as Chaplain to Lord Carlisle ; Avas in charge of a
parish ; a Prebendary of Canterbury, and a Chaplain to the
King. The degree of D, D, was conferred by Trinity College,
Dublin. Coombs, Michael. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. Mer
chant. Went to England during the war, returned at the
peace ; died at Marblehead in 1806, aged seventy-three.
Coombs, John. Lieutenant in the Second Batallion of
New Jersey Volunteers. Setded in New Brunswick in 1783,
and died in that Province in 1827, at the age of seventy-
four. Cooper, Rev. Robert. Of Charleston, South Carolina.
Episcopal minister. Rector of St. Michael's; previously,
however. Rector of Prince William's Parish, and Assistant
Rector of St. Philip's. The Church of St. Michael's, with
the bells, clock, and organ, cost about forty thousand dollars,
which, if we consider the value of labor and materials, a cen
tury ago, was a large sum ; it was opened for Avorship early
in 1761, Mr, Cooper oflficiated untd the Revolution. The
Vestry, having official information that he declined to take
an oath prescribed by law, met on the morning of Sunday,
June 30th, 1776, and resolved to omit service on that day,
and to appoint a meeting of parishioners on Tuesday, July 2d.

COOPER, — CORNELL. 335
He refused to confer with his flock, on the ground that he
considered himself already dismissed ; and the pulpit was ac
cordingly declared vacant. He soon went to England, and
after having been employed as a joint curate and lecturer,
became a rector. The Government gave him a pension of
£100 per annum, as a Loyalist. He died in 1812, or the
year following, at the age of more than eighty.
Cooper, Myles, D. D. He was educated at Oxford, Eng
land, and coming to America in 1762, was elected President
of King's College, New York, the year following. In 1771,
he advocated the appointment of Bishops for the Colonies, in
an Address to the Episcopalians of Virginia. His political
opinions rendered his resignation of that office necessary as
the Revolutionary storm darkened, and in 1775 he retired to
England. He died at Edinburgh in 1785, aged about fifty,
having previously lived tliere, and officiated as an Episcopal
clergyman. He was a gentleman of literary distinction, and
published several works. Four lines of an epitaph written
by himself are : —
" Here lies a priest of English blood,
Who, living, liked whate'er was good :
Good company, good wine, good name ;
Yet never hunted after fame.''
The son of Mrs. Washington Avas a pupil of Doctor Cooper
at King's College ; and Washington, after Mr. Custis left the
institution, late in 1773, expressed the conviction, that he had
been under the care of " a gentleman capable of instructing
him in every branch of knowledge." Young Custis, it ap
pears, abandoned his studies, and married against Washing
ton's wish, though with the approbation of his mother and
most of the family friends.
Cornell, Samuel. Of Newbern. A member of the
Council of North Carolina. In 1775 he was present in
council, and concurred in the opinion that Whig meetings
were objects of the highest detestation, and gave his advice to
Governor Martin to issue his proclamation to inhibit and for
bid them. Before the Declaration of Independence he went

336 CORBIN. — CORSA.
to Europe, but left his family at Newbern. During the war
he returned to New York, and went to Newbern in a flag of
truce, but was forbidden to land, unless he would take an oath
of allegiance to the State under its Whig rulers. This he re
fused to do. While on board of the vessel in the harbor, he
conveyed his estate to his children by several deeds of gift,
and duly proved- and registered the conveyances. Having
thus arranged his affairs, he removed his family, by permission
of the Executive of the State, to New York, Subsequently
this property was confiscated and sold. A Mr. Singleton be
came the purchaser of a part of it, and the portion Avhich Mr.
Cornell had given to one of his daughters. This lady claimed
to hold under her father's deed, and instituted a suit to eject
Singleton ; but, on a hearing and trial, the Confiscation Act
was held to be valid, and judgment was given against her.
This case, of course, determined that all the deeds of gift
were void. The conveyances were made, it will be recol
lected, prior to the passage of the Confiscation Act of North
Carolina. His daughter Hannah married Herman Le Roy,
of New York, in 1786.
CoRBiN, John Tayloe. Of Virginia. Ordered to be
confined to a certain part of the county of Caroline, by the
Virginia Convention, May, 1776, and to give bond with se
curity, in the sum of £10,000, not to depart the territory
assigned to him.
Corrie, Rev.  . Of Delaware. Episcopal minister.
Rector of St. David's Church, Came from England in 1770.
Resigned, because of the opposition to his praying for the
King. Corrie, John. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Died at
Dumfries, Scotland, in 1791,
CoRSA, Colonel Isaac. Of Long Island, New York.
An oflScer in the French A^'ar, of distinguished merit. In
1776 he was arrested by order of Washington, and sent pris
oner to Middletown, Connecticut ; but was released on parole.
He died at Flushing, in 1805, by one account, in 1807, by
another, in his eightieth year, " beloved as a man and a Chris-

COSKEL, — COULBOURNE. 337
tian." " He was small in stature, and juvenile in appear
ance." Maria Franklin, his only child, married John I. Sta
ples, and (1852) is still living.
CosKEL, Thomas. A Whig soldier. In 1778 he was
tried on a charge of attempting to desert to the Royal side ;
and, confessing his guilt, was sentenced to receive one hun
dred lashes.
CossTELL, Charles M. Of South Carolina. Was an
Assistant Judge of the Supreme Court of the Colony. He
went to England.
CoTHAM, Thomas. Of the State of Ncav York. Went
to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, and taught school there nearly
fifty years. He died in 1830.
Gotten, James, Of North Carolina, Lieutenant-Colonel
in the Militia. A " friend of Government," and in confiden
tial communication with Governor Martin after he had taken
refuge on board a ship-of-war. He was summoned before the
Provincial Congress, subsequently, and made a solemn recan
tation. In 1776 he was on the Royal side at Moore's Creek
Bridge, but "fled," it is said, "at the first fire." In 1779
he was attainted, and his estate was confiscated.
Cotton, John. Of Boston. John Cotton, the celebrated
pastor of the First Church in that town, was his great-grand
father. His father, Thomas Cotton, lived first in Brookline,
Massachusetts, and subsequently in Pomfret, Connecticut.
The subject of this notice graduated at Harvard University
in 1747 ; and was, I suppose, the last Royal Deputy Secre
tary of Massachusetts. He died at Boston in 1776. His
wife was Mary, daughter of William Dudley.
CouGLE, James, Of Pennsylvania. Was a captain in the
First Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He went to New
Brunswick at the close of the contest, and died at Sussex
Vale in 1819, aged seventy-three.
CouLBOURNE, Charles. Of Norfolk, Virginia. Was a
lieutenant in the Loyal American Regiment, and quarter
master of the corps. At the peace he settled at Digby, Nova
Scotia, and was a ship-master; but returned finally to his
VOL, I, 29

838 COULSON. — COWDEN,
native State, and died there. His wife was the widow of
James Budd, who was shot by a party of " cow-boys " at
Rye. CouLSON, Thomas. Merchant and ship-owner, of Fal
mouth, now Pordand, Maine. " Captain Coulson," Avrote
the good Parson Smith in his Journal, April 12, 1775, " is
verj' troublesome," On the 10th of May following, Coulson's
house, Avhich was on King Street, was rifled by the Whigs,
under Colonel Thompson. The difficulties Avith him caused
the burning of that town by Mowatt. It appears that, con
trary to the agreement of the Association as to importation of
merchandise, a vessel arrived at Falmouth with the sails and
rigging for a ship which he Avas fitting for sea. These arti
cles, it was determined by the Whigs, should be returned to
England, together with some goods brought in the same ves
sel. Coulson resolved otherwise. A quarrel ensued, which
continued for several weeks. The Canseau sloop-of-war ar
rived for the protection of himself and property, and mobs and
tumults and conflagration were the final results.
Coulson returned to England, and his wife, Dorcas, daugh
ter of the elder Dr, Nathaniel Coffin, of Falmouth, soon fol
lowed him. Both died in England ; Mrs, Coulson about the
year 1800.
Courtney, Thomas, Richard, and James. Of Boston.
'The first was an,.Addresser of Gage in 1775, went to Halifax
in 1776, was proscribed and banished in 1778, and lost £2000
in consequence of his loyalty. The three removed to Shel
burne, Nova Scotia, from New York, at the peace ; Thomas,
with a famdy of four, and four servants. They built largely
at dieir new home ; but Shelburne soon declined, and Rich
ard went to Charleston, South Carolina, and James to Wd-
mington. North Carolina.
Covert, Abraham. He died at Maugerville, New Bruns
wick, in 1824, aged seventy-nine. His widow, Phebe, died
at the same place in 1838, at the age of eighty-seven,
CowDEN, Thomas. Of Fitchburg, Mass. He was known
as disaffected to the popular cause, but made a written confes-

COWLING. — COX. 339
sion, and applied for a commission in the army. Washington
and Greene communicated his application to the Assembly of
Massachusetts, and the case -was referred to a Committee of
both Houses, Avho reported adversely ; yet said, that as he had
given " some " evidence of reformation, he might safely and
properly be released from confinement, and allowed to return
to his family and estate.
Cowling, John, Of Virginia, At the peace, accompa
nied by his family of three persons, and by one servant, he
went from New York to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, Avhere the
Crown granted him one toAvn and one water lot. His losses
in consequence of his loyalty Avere estimated at £5000, and
in 1783 he was poor. He opened a school, and was assisted
by his Avife Phebe, who, after his death, kept a small shop.
Cox, Daniel, Of New Jersey. Was a member of his
Majesty's Council of that Colony. In January, 1777, his ele
gant house at Trenton Ferry was burned, not by Whigs,
but by persons in the Royal Army, who, in their progress
throuo-h New Jersey, committed almost every imaginable
crime. Through his agency, principally, it is believed that
the Board of Refugees, consisting of delegates from the Loy
alists of the Colonies, Avas established at New York in 1779.
Of this Board, he was a president ; and Christopher Sower,
an highly influential Loyalist of Pennsylvania, in a letter of
December 5th, 1779, wrote as follows : " The Deputies of
the Refuo-ees from the different Provinces meet once a week.
Daniel Cox, Esquire, was appointed to die chair, to deprive
him of the opportunity of speaking, as he has the gift of say-
ino- litde Avitli many words," In the year last mentioned, he
addressed a memorial to Lord George Germain, to which Gov
ernor Franklin called his Lordship's attention. He Avent to
Enaland, and was folloAved by his wife and children, in 1785.
Mrs. Cox was daughter of die distinguished Dr, John Red
man. At her departure her parents were well-nigh incon
solable. When, by the death of her sister, in 1806, she
became the only surviving child, she came across the ocean
to soothe her afflicted father, and to minister to the wants of

340 COX.
her dying mother. Mr. Cox's property in New Jersey and
Pennsylvania was confiscated. Sarah, his Avidow, died at
Brighton, England, in 1843, aged ninety-one.
Cox, Lemuel. Of Boston, Massachusetts. Near the close
of the year 1775, he was in prison at Ipswich for his attach
ment to the cause of the Crown. Mr. Felt, in his very inter
esting work, the " Annals of Salem," supposes this Lemuel
Cox to have been the chief architect of Essex Bridge in 1788,
and who, suhsequently, constructed bridges in England and
Ireland. " In 1796," says Mr. Felt, " he had a grant of 1000
acres of land in Maine from our Legislature, for being the
first inventor of a machine to cut card-wire, the first projector
of a powder-mill in Massachusetts, the first suggestor of em
ploying prisoners on Castle Island, to make nails, and for
various other discoveries in mechanical arts."
y Cox, Francis. Of Salem, Massachusetts. Was a lieu
tenant in the regiment commanded by Cohmel Mansfield, and
deserted from the camp at Cambridge, in June, 1775, and
left the service. General Ward submitted to the Provincial
Congress the propriety of making him a public example, for,
besides his own desertion, he incited his men to follow his
^xample. Cox, John. Of Falmouth, Maine. Was the son of John
Cox, of that town, and married Sarah Proctor in 1739, who
died in 1761. He married again at Falmouth ; and, molested
for his political opinions, removed Avitli the family by his second
wife, to Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, about the year 1783. The
Crown made him a grant of land, now, (1848,) as I under
stand, occupied by his descendants, and known as Coxtown.
He married a third time ; his children Avere twenty in
number. Cox, James. Of Virginia. Some time in the war, he was
at Newtown, New York. At die peace, accompanied by his
family of four persons, and by four servants, he went from
New York to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, where the Crown
granted him one town lot. His losses in consequence of his
loyalty were estimated at £3000. He died at New York.

COXE. - COY. 341
Coxe, Tench. Of Pennsylvania. Son of William Coxe,
of New Jersey. His loyalty is disputed, as I understand, on
two grounds. First, because, after he was attainted of trea
son, he surrendered himself, and was discharged; second,
because, after the organization of the Federal Government,
he was employed by Washington and Hamilton, These facts
prove nothing either way. The accusation against him was
that, on the approach of the Royal Army, he went from Phil
adelphia to join it, and marched into the city under its ban
ners. Of this, he was legally acquitted ; but, unless I am
misinformed, his sympathies were on the side of the Crown.
As relates to the other point, I cite a single incident to sIioav
the degree of confidence reposed in him.
In February, 1795, it became necessary to provide for the
temporary performance of die duties of Comptroller, and the
President consulted Hamilton, who, in reply, objected to
Coxe (then Commissioner of the Revenue) because his ap
pointment " could not fail, for strong reasons, to be unpleasant
to Mr. Wolcott," (Secretary of the Treasury) " and because
there is real danger that Mr. Coxe A\ould first perplex and
embarrass, and afterwards misrepresent and calumniate."
He published an " Address on American Manufactures ; "
an " Inqiury on the Principles of a Commercial System for
the United States ; " an " Examination of Lord Sheffield's
Observations ; " a " View of die United States ; " " Thoughts
on Naval Power, and the Encouragement of Commerce and
Manufactures ; " " Memoir on the Cultivation, Trade, and
Manufacture of Cotton ; " " Memoir on a Navigation Act ; "
and "Statement of the Arts and Manufactures of the United
States." He died at Philadelphia, in 1824, at the age of
sixty-eight. Rebecca, his Avife, died in the same city in 1806.
CoYLE, Francis. Of New York. Went to Shelburne,
Nova Scotia, at the peace, and in the excitement of the time,
paid a guinea a foot for a house-lot. A few years after, he
could hardly have sold his property at one tenth of its cost.
He died at Shelburne, leaving a family.
Coy, Amasa. Of Connecticut. He Avent to New Bruns-
29*

342 COZENS. — CROFT.
wick in 1783. He died at Fredericton in 1838, aged eighty-
one. Cozens, Daniel. Captain in the New Jersey Volunteers.
Kdled in 1779, dui-ing the siege of Savannah.
Crane, Jonathan. Settled in Nova Scotia, and was a
magistrate, a colonel in the militia, and a member of the
Assembly. Coming out of the Government-House one day,
John Howe asked him — " What is going on ? " " Oh," re
plied Crane, " 't is all a game of whist ; the honors are di
vided, and nothing is to be got except by tricks." His son
Williani, who died rich, was a member of the Assembly,
Speaker of that body, and a delegate of the Province to
England. His widow, Rebecca, died in Horton, in that
Province, in 1841, aged eighty-eight.
Crannell, Bartholomew. Of New York. He was a
public notary in the city, in 1782. The year following he
announced his intention of removing to Nova Scotia, and
was one of the fifty-five petitioners for lands in that Colony.
He arrived at St, John, New BrunsAvick, before the close of
1783, and received the grant of a city lot. He commenced
business as a merchant. In 1785 he was Clerk of the Com
mon Council,
Creighton, James, and Alexander. The first. Secre
tary of the Police Department of Long Island, New York,
in 1782 ; the other, of Georgia, and attainted of treason, in
1778. A person named James Creighton died at Halifax,
Nova Scotia, in 1813, aged eighty-one.
Crocker, Josiah. Of Barnstable, Massachusetts. Son
of Cornelius Crocker. He graduated at Harvard University
in 1765. He taught school in Barnstable a short time ; " but,
on account of his feeble health and Tory proclivities," took but
little part in public affairs. He died of consumption in 1780,
in his thirty-sixth year. His Avife was Deborah, daughter of
Hon. Daniel DaA'is. His five children were Robert, Uriel,
Josiah, Deborah and Mehitable.
Croft, Frederick. Of North Carolina, In theliatde at
Cross Creek, 1776, he " shot Captain Dent in cold blood."

CROMWELL. — CRUGER. 343.
He was made prisoner, confined in Halifax jail, and sent,
finally, to Maryland.
Cromavell, Josiah. He died at Portland, New Bruns
wick, in 1803.
Cross, AVilliam. He Avcnt from New York to Nova
Scotia, at the close of the war, and died at Annapolis Royal,
in 1834, aged eighty-three.
/ Crossing, William, Of Newport, Rhode Island. A
noted marauder and robber. He was employed at first as
a pilot of the Royal troops, but, in 1778, seems to have be
longed to Wightman's motley regiment. The account of him
is, that he plundered women of their jeAvelry and fancy arti
cles of dress ; that he robbed and burned houses ; and that
he carried off Whigs in mere wantonness. He Avas taken
prisoner in the year above mentioned, and confined at Provi
dence. Crow, Charles. Of Boston. In September, 1777, he
^ Avas seized in that town, fastened to a cart and carried to
Roxbury, Avhere another party conveyed him to Dedham.
The object was to " cart him " through every toAvn to the
Rhode Island line, and compel him to join the British.
Crow, Jonathan. Of Massachusetts, Was buried in
LJTrinity Church-yard, New York, in October, 1780.
Crowell, Joseph, Was a captain in the First Battalion
of New Jersey Volunteers. He settled in New Brunswick,
received half-pay, and died at Carleton in that Colony, His
son Thomas died at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, in 1845, aged
eighty. His only daughter married Luther Wetmore,
Cruger, John Harris, Of New York. Lieutenant-
Colonel Commandant of DeLancey's First Battalion, He
succeeded his father, Henry Cruger, as member of the Coun
cil of the Colony ; and at the beginning of the Revolution,
held, beside, the office of Chamberlain of the City. He en
tered the military service in 1777, and from 1779 to the
peace, few Loyalist officers performed more responsible or
arduous duty. We hear of him in the last-mentioned year,
as made prisoner at a dinner-party in Georgia, on the King's

344 CRUGER.
birthday, but as soon exchanged ; as in command of the gar
rison at Sunbury, but ordered to evacuate the post and repair
to Savannah, with all possible haste. In July, 1780, he was
at Ninety-Six, Avhen, in the condition of affairs, he was di
rected to send a part of his force to Camden. In August,
Lord CornAvallis Avrote to him to execute all in his district Avho
had borne arms on the side of the Crown, and who afterwards
fought Avith die Whigs ; and that he obeyed apjjears from his
OAvn letter to Major Ferguson, in which he said that he had
fallen in Avith ,the Rebels, taken most of their plunder, killed
a great number, had hung several odiers, and designed to hang
many more. In September, he made a forced march to Au
gusta, to relieve Colonel Browne, and arrived just in time to
save him. In 1781, Lord Rawdon was sorely pressed in South
Carolina, and sent repeated expresses to Cruger to abandon
NinetA-Six, to join Browne, assume command of the whole
force, and act at his discretion. But not one of the messen
gers reached him, and he was left in ignorance of his Lord
ship's situation. While completing the defences by throwing
up a bank of earth, building block-houses, and the like. Gen
eral Greene encamped in a wood within cannon shot of the vil
lage, and summoned him to surrender. Cruger replied that
he should maintain the post to the last. The Whig attempted
to burn the barracks by shooting African arrows ; the Loyal
ist defeated the plan by directing all the buildings to be un-
rooffed, which exposed officers and men to the night air and
to rains the remainder of the siege. Greene made an assault,
which, after a terrible confiict, failed. The besieged suffered
much for Avater ; the negroes went out naked at night, that
they might not be distinguished from the trees, and brought
in a scanty supply. During these trying scenes, Cruger's
courage, skill, and fertility of resource, drew commendation
even from his foes. Without relief, he knew that he must sub
mit at last ; Avhen almost in despair, an American lady who had
lately married one of his officers, (and who, it is related, was
bribed by a considerable sum of money,) arrived with a letter
assuring him that Rawdon was near with a reinforcement.

CRUGER. 345
Mrs. Cruger was with her husband during the perils of his
command at Ninety-Six. When General Greene approached
that post, he found her and the wife of Major Green in a
farm-house, and not only allowed them to remain, but placed
a guard to protect them. Indeed, among the last acts of the
General, though defeated and worn Avith care, was a leave-
taking of these ladies, and measures to ensure their continued
safety. At his departure, he left the guard ; and Cruger, as
generous as his antagonist, sent it with his passport, to rejoin
the Whig Army on the retreat. Nay, more; Mrs. Cruger
pointed out the route of the retiring " Rebels" to a return
ing scouting party, that, absent some days, were unconscious
of the condition of things, and so were on their way to the
supposed Whig camp ; and they, too, reached their compan
ions. ' The dreadful civil war, which desolated South Carolina,
" began at Ninety-Six," and many who had incurred the
hate of the Whigs were in garrison when besieged by
Greene, and fought in fear of the halter. Rawdon decided
to evacuate the post, and moving himself toward the Con-
garee, ordered Cruger to protect the Loj'alists and to escort
such as wished to remove to a place of safety. Most, appre
hending a general slaughter, determined to abandon their
homes. " Melancholy was the spectacle that followed ; troop
ing slowly and gloomily in the van and rear of the British
Army, went the families of this unhappy faction. For days
the roads from Ninety-Six were croAvded Avith the wretched
cavalcade ; men, women, children, and slaves, with cattle and
Avagons " — all journeying to the seaboard.
In the battle of Eutaw Springs, Colonel Cruger occupied
the centre of the British line, and was distinguished. On
leaving Charleston, July 1782, the inhabitants presented him
an Address. In June, 1783, his furniture Avas sold at auction
at his house, Hanover Square, New York; and soon after he
embarked for England, His estate was confiscated, and he
remained in exile. He died in London, in 1807, aged sixty-
nine, Mrs. Cruger, who died at Chelsea, England, in 1822,

346 CRUGER. — CUNNINGHAM.
at the age of seventy-eight, was a daughter of the senior
Oliver DeLancey, and Avas at her father's holise in 1777,
when it was burned at night by a party of Whigs. It was in
the counting-house of Colonel Cruger's " brodier Nicholas,
at St. Croix, that Alexander Hamilton commenced his mer
cantile clerkship." His brother, Henry Cruger, who died in
New York in 1827, aged eighty-eight, was a member of Par
liament for Bristol, and a colleague of Burke. His sister
Mary married Jacob Walton; his sister Elizabeth married
Peter Van Schaack,
Cruger, John. Of New York. In 1775 he was Speaker
of the House of Assembly, and during the recess that year,
with thirteen other members of the Ministerial party, ad
dressed a letter to General Gage on the alarming state of
public affairs. This communication is dated May 5th, on
which day two members of the Council of New York sailed
for England. When, in 1769, he Avas elected to the Assem
bly, the success of his party Avas deemed a victory of the
Episcopalians over the Presbyterians.
Cumberland,  . Of North Carolina. Captain.
Killed in 1780, in die batde of Ramsour's Mdl.
CuNARD, Robert. Of Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania.
He was attainted of treason and lost his estate by confiscation.
He died at Portland, New Brunswick, in 1818, aged sixty-
nine. His son Abraham settled in Halifax, became a mer
chant, and died in that city. The Brothers Cunard, so widely
known as the projectors of the Royal Mail Steamship Line,
are sons of Abraham.
Cunnabel, Edward G. He died at Union Point, New
Brunswick, in 1838, aged seA'enty-six.
Cunningham, Robert. Of South Carolina, One of the
most ]n-ominent Loyalists of the whole South. In 1769, he
settled in the district of Ninety-Six, and Avas soon commis
sioned a Judge. He incurred the displeasure of the Whigs
in 1775, Avhen he disapproved of their proceedings in sus
taining the cause of Massachusetts, and in the adoption of
the N(m-Importation Act. In the course of that year he Avas

CUNNINGHAM, 347
seized and imprisoned at Charleston, His brother Patrick
assembled a body of friends in order to eff'ect his release.
The Whigs despatched Major Williamson with a force to
prevent the accomplishment of this object, but Cunningham's
party being superior, he was compelled to retreat. A truce
or treaty was finally arranged, and both Whigs and Loyalists
dispersed. In Jul}' of 1776, Robert Cunningham Avas alloAved
his freedom Avithout conditions, and removed to Charleston.
Colonel Williamson wrote to William Henry Drayton, the
same month he appeared in camp, and " declared himself our
fast friend, and that he came to stand and fall Avith us," " I
have no doubt," adds Williamson, " of his proving true to
his declaration, but at present it would be improper to confer
any public trust on him." In 1780 he was created a Brig
adier-General, and placed in command of a garrison in South
Carolina ; but in 1781 was at the head of a force in the field,
and encountered Sumter. His estate was confiscated in 1782.
After the peace, he petitioned to be allowed to continue in
South Carolina. His request was refused, and he removed to
Nassau, New Providence. The British Government made
him a liberal allowance for his losses, and gave him an an
nuity. He died in 1813, aged seventy-four years.
Cunningham, Patrick. Of South Carolina. Brother of
General Robert, In 1769 he was appointed Deputy Surveyor-
General of the Colony. He was connected with the earliest
military movements at the South, In 1775, at the head of
one hundred and fifty Loyalists, he intercepted a party of
Whigs that were conveying ammunition ; and the same year
assembled a force of fifteen hundred men to oppose Major
Williamson, who was compelled to retire. After attempting
to eff'ect the release of his brother Robert in 1776, and the
temporary accommodation of affairs that year, Patrick re
moved to Charleston, where he was committed to prison by
order of the Provincial Congress.
In 1780 he received the commission of Colonel, and the
command of a regiment. His estate was confiscated in 1782.
At the conclusion of the contest, he joined Robert in a request

348 CUNNINGHAM,
to be allowed to remain in the State. The application was not
successful, and he Avent to Florida. In 1785, a second peti
tion to be restored to his rights in South Carolina was more
favorably received ; and the Legislature, amercing his estate
twelve per cent., and imposing some personal disabilities for a
term of years, annulled the previous act of banishment and
confiscation. He Avas elected a member of the Legislature,
but his position was an unpleasant one, and, after serving for
a short time, he retired. He died in 1794.
Cunningham, David. Brother of General Robert. Be
fore the Revolution, he was Deputy Surveyor of the District
of Ninety-Six. During the war, he accepted the place of
Commissary of the Royal Army at Charleston. He was
allowed to continue in the State at the peace, and became
a planter in Ninety-Six.
Cunningham, John. Of South Carolina. Was also a
brother of General Robert. He was a planter; but in the
course of the war, removing with his brothers to Charleston,
was a Commissary in the British Army. In 1782 his prop
erty was confiscated. He was permitted to reside in the State
at the conclusion of hostdities ; and, embarking in commercial
pursuits, accumulated a large fortune.
Cunningham, William. Of South Carolina. Was
known as " Bloody Bill ; " and there is no little evidence
to show that he well deserved the appellation. At the be
ginning of the controversy he was inclined to be a Whig, and
indeed accepted a military commission, and served-in the cam
paign of 1776. Changing sides, he became an officer and a
major in the service of the Crown, and was engaged in many
desperate exploits, and hand-to-hand fights. About the close
of the year 1781, when the Roj'al Army was confined to the
vicinity of Charleston, this monster adopted the infernal scheme
of taking his last revenge, by carrying fire and sword into the
settlements of the Whig militia. At the head of a band of
Tories, he reached the back country without discovery, and
began to plunder, to burn, and to murder. To show the na
ture of the man and the kind of warfare which he waged,

CUNNINGHAM. 349
two cases will suffice. First, a party of twenty under Cap
tain Turner, armed in self-defence, took post in a house, and
fought untd their ammunition was nearly expended, when
they surrendered on condition of being treated as prisoners
of war. But Cunningham put every one of them to instant
death. Second, a number of Whigs, in the District of Ninety-
Six, commanded by Colonel Joseph Hayes, took shelter in a
building which was set on fire, and, on promise of protection,
yielded, rather than be burned alive. Hayes, and Captain
Daniel Williams were immediately hung on a pole, which
broke, and both fell ; thereupon, Cunningham " cut them
into pieces with his own sword." This done, he turned upon
his other prisoners, and hacked, and maimed, and killed, un
til his strength was exhausted. Not yet glutted with blood,
he called upon his comrades to complete the dreadful work,
and to slay whoever of the survivors they pleased. The end
was the slaughter of twelve more, or of fourteen in all.
Thus, " Bloody Bill," murdered thirty-five persons in these
two instances. In 1782, his property was confiscated ; and,
at the peace, he retreated to Florida.
Cunningham, Archibald, Of Boston. Merchant. Mpm-
ber of the North Church, and high in office among the Free
Masons. Went to New York in 1776, and Avas proscribed
and banished in 1778.
At the peace, accompanied by his family of six persons, and
by one servant, he went from New York to Shelburne, Nova
Scotia. His los.ses in consequence of his loyalty were esti
mated at £1100. In Nova Scotia he was Clerk of the Peace,
and Register of Probate. He was a man of reading and ob
servation, and left valuable papers. He died in 1820.
Cunningham, Andrew. Of the District of Ninety-Six,
South Carolina. He held a commission under the Crown,
and lost his estate under the Confiscation Act. But the Gen
eral Assembly, by special Act, subsequently, gave Margaret,
his widow, and her children, an estate on Rexburns Creek,
which had not been sold by the Commissioners of Forfeited
Estates, and which seems to have been the homestead.
VOL, I. 30

350 CUNNINGHAM. - CURWEN.
Cunningham, William. Of New York, Provost Mar
shal, To receive as authentic the " Confession " which ap
peared in the newspapers about the time of his death, we
have the following facts, namely : that his father was a
trumpeter in the Dragoons, and that he was born in the bar
racks at Dublin ; that he arrived at New York in 1774, wdth
some indented servants, kidnapped by him in Ireland ; that
his first employment here was the breaking of horses and the
teaching of young gentlemen and ladies to ride ; that his
course in the Revolutionary controversy rendered him ob
noxious to the Whigs of New York ; that he fled to Boston,
where, continuing his opposition to the popular movement, he
attracted the attention of General Gage, who, as the quarrel
came to blows, appointed him Provost Marshal to the Royal
Army, which gave him an opportunity to wreak his vengeance
on the Americans, The details of his crimes are horrible.
Of the prisoners under his care, tAvo thou.sand were starved
to death, and more than two hundred and fifty were privately
hung without ceremony. To reject this paper, there is quite
enough in the documents of the time to show that he was an
incarnate devil. At the peace he went to England, and set
tled in Wales! Persuaded to go to London, he became dissi
pated ; and, to relieve his embarrassments, mortgaged his half-
pay, and subsequently forged a draft. Convicted of forgery,
he was executed in London in 1791.
Cunningham, James. Pilot to the fieet under the com
mand of Lord Howe. He went to England, and died there
in 1783.
^ CuRWEN, Samuel. Of Ma.ssachusetts. Graduated_.at
Harvard University in 1735^^ He Avas in the commission of
die peace tor thirty years, and at the breaking oui of the
Revolution, a Judge of Admiralty. He went to England in
1775, remained there until 1784, when he returned to Salem,
where he passed the remainder of his days, dying in 1802, at
the age of eighty-six years. While in exile, he kept a jour
nal, which has been pubhshed, and is an interesting book ;
its editor, George A. Ward, Esq., of New York, has enriched

CURWEN. 351
it with several notices of his relative's fellow-Loyalists, and
thus added greatly to is value. No work extant contains so
much information of the unhappy exiles while abroad.
A rapid synopsis of the journal folloAvs : " Visited West
minster Hall, Went to Vauxhall Gardens. Dined with a
fellow-refugee. Saw the Lord Mayor in his court. Dined
with Governor Hutchinson, in company with several Massa
chusetts refugees. Walked to Hyde Park. A whole army
of sufferers in the cause of loyalty are here, lamenting their
own and their country's unhappy fate. ' The fires are not
to be compared to our large American ones of oak and wal
nut, nor near so comfortable ; Avould that I were away ! '
Saw manj' curiosities brought from Egypt and the Holy
Land. Visited Hampton Court ; saw there chairs of state
with rich canopies ; pictures of the reigning beauties of the
times of Charles the Second ; pictures of monks, friars, nuns ;
pictures of former kings and queens. Went to Windsor.
Heard ncAvs from America. Went to Governor Hutchin
son's ; he was alone, reading a ncAv pamphlet, entitled ' An
Enquiry v\'hetlier Great Britain or America is most in Fault,'
Dined Avith eleven New Englanders. Went to meeting of
Disputation Club. Bought Dr. Price on ' Civil Liberty and
the vVmerican War.' Visited Governor Hutchinson, who was
again alone. Went to Herald's office. Went to New Eng-
land Coffee-house. Ncav England refugees form a Club.
Went to Chapel Royal, and saw the King and Queen ;
Bishop of London preached. Heard Dr. Price preach.
Dinner, tea, and evening with several refugees. Attended
funeral of fellow-refugee ; many have died. At the New
England Club dinner, twenty-five members present. News
of Banishment and Confiscation Acts, Saw procession of
peers for trial of Duchess of Kingston. Went to St. Paul's;
Dr. Porteus preached ; several high church dignitaries pre
sent. Saw Lord Mansfield in Court, his train borne by a
gentleman. Went to Bunyan's tomb. Heard Dr, Peters,
a Connecticut Loyalist, preach. News from America, Strive
hard for some petty clerkship ; application was unsuccessful ;

352 CURWEN.
such offices openly bought and sold. Hopes and fears excited
by accounts from native land. Visited ancient ruins, supposed
to be either of Roman or Danish origin. Witnessed election
of a member of Parliament, Discuss probability of vA'ar's
closing. Sigh to return to America. Fear to be reduced to
want ; lament distressed and forlorn condition. Visited noble
men's estates and casdes. Heard of death of Washington,
Letter from a friend in America. Visited different colleges
and public gardens. Fears about losing pension, and horror
of utter poverty. Attended sessions of Parliament ; heard
Fox, Burke, and other great orators. Heard that Washing
ton and his army were captured. Heard Wesley preach to
an immense throng in the open air. Visited a fishing-tOAvn,
and reminded of fishing-towns in Massachusetts. Heard that
Washington is declared Dictator, like Cromwell. King im
plored to dri\'e Lord Nordi from his service, and take Chat
ham, and men of his sentiments, instead. Witnessed equip
ment of fleets and armies to subdue America. Angry and
mortified to hear Englishmen talk of Americans as a sort of
serfs. Wearied of sights. Sick at heart, and tired of a so-
journ among a people, avIio, after all, are but foreigners. New
refugees arrived to recount their losses and suff'erings. Fear
of alliance with France. Great excitement in England among
the opposers of the Avar. Continued and frequent deaths
among the refugee Loyalists. Pensions of several friends
reduced. Fish dinner at the Coffee-house. O for a return
to New England ! Anxious as to the result of the Avar, News
of surrender of Cornwallis, and admission on all hands, that
England can do no more. All the Loyalists abroad deeply
agitated as to their future fate. Failure of British Commis
sioners to procure in the treaty of peace any positive condi
tions for the Americans in exile. Long to be away, but dare
not go. Some refugees venture directly to return to their
homes ; others embark for Nova Scotia and Canada, there
to suffer anew. Know of forty-five refugees from Massa
chusetts who have died in England ; among them, Hutch
inson, the Governor, and Flucker, the Secretary."

CURRY. — CUTLER. 353
Such Avere some of the things which Curwen saw and
heard, such the hopes and fears which agitated him during
his exile, and the course of life of hundreds of others, we may
very properly conclude, Avas not dissimilar. Would that all
the opposers of the Revolution had passed their time as inno
cently ! Some of those Avho remained in the country, did in
fact do so ; since they were nominal Loyalists only, and lived
quietly upon their estates, or pursued their ordinary employ
ments at their usual homes, in the towns occupied by the Royal
forces. Curry, John. He settled in New Brunswick after the
war, and as early as 1792 was senior Justice of the Court of
Common Pleas for the County of Charlotte. He died in that
county. His son, Cadwallader Curry, was for some years a
merchant at Eastport, Maine, and subsequently at Campo
Bello, New Brunswick.
Curry, Ross. Of Philadelphia. A Whig at first, and a
lieutenant in the army. Attainted of treason, and property
confi'scated. Was a lieutenant in the Pennsylvania Loyalists,
and adjutant of the corps. He settled in New BrunsAvick,
received half-pay, and devoted himself to the profession of
the law. He died in that Province.
Curtis, Charles. Of Scituate, Massachusetts. Grad
uated at Harvard University in 1765. He Avas one of the
eio-hteen country gentlemen who were driven into Boston,
and who Avere Addressers of Gage on his departure, in
October, 1775. He was proscribed under the Act of 1778.
His death occurred at New York previous to 1832.
Cutler. Two persons of the name of Thomas Cutler were
proscribed and banished in 1778 ; one by the Act of New
Hampshire, the other by that of Massachusetts. The Thomas
of the latter belonged to Hatfield. There died at Gaysbor-
ough. Nova Scoda, in 1838, Thomas Cuder, Esq., at the
ao-e of eighty-five, who was a Loyalist, and who was, un
doubtedly, one of them.
.X^UTLER, Ebenezer. Of Northborough, Massachusetts.
In May, 1775, the Northborough Committee of Correspond-
30*

354 CUTLER. — CUTTING.
ence made charges against him, and sent him, with the evi
dence of his misconduct, to General Ward at Cambridge.
His case was submitted to Congress, when it appeared that
he had spoken " many things disrespectful of the Continental
and Provincial Congresses," that he had " acted against their
resolves," had said that " he would assist Gage," had called
such as signed the town-covenant or non-consumption agree
ment, " damned fools," &c., &c. A resolve to commit him
to prison Avas refused a passage, and a resolve that he be
allowed to join the British troops at Boston, was also lost.
But subsequently he was allowed to go into that town " with
out his effects." Cutler had formerly lived at Groton. In
177<> he' accompanied the British Army to Halifax. In 1778
he was proscribed and banished. He settled in Nova Scotia,
and was protonotary of the county of Annapolis. He Avas a
zealous Episcopalian ; and, it is related that, seeing his cow
drinking from a stream which passed under a Methodist meet
ing-house, " he beat her severely for her apostacy from the
true faith." He died at Annapolis Royal, in 1831, 'quite
aged. Mary, his widow, died at the same place in 1839.
Cutting, Leonard. An Episcopal clergyman, of New
York, He graduated at Cambridge, Englaild, in 1747, and
shortly after was appointed a tutor and a professor in King's
College, New York. In 1766 he was settled as minister of
St. George's Church, Hempstead, New York, In 1776 he
signed an acknowledgment of allegiance, and professed him- •
self a loyal and well-aff'ected subject. While at Hempstead,
he preached occasionally at Huntington and Oyster Bay, He
also taught a classical school of high repute, and educated sca'-
eral young men who became eminent. In 1784 his pastoral
relations at Hempstead were dissolved, and he accepted the
Rectorship of the Episcopal Church at Snow Hill, Maryland,
Subsequently, he Avas called to Christ Church, NeAvbern,
North Carolina ; and, after officiating there about eight years,
he returned to New York, He died in 1794, in his seventieth
year. His wife survived until 1803, One of his sons was
the father of Francis B. Cutting, an eminent lawyer of the

CUTTER. — CUYLER. 355
city of New York. He was small and of slender frame ; and
Avas " beloved, equally by his pupils, his parishioners, and his
friends." Cutter, Samuel. Of Edenton, North Carolina., Physi
cian. Born in Brookfield, Massachusetts, in 1741 ; graduated
at Harvard University, 1765. After travelling in Europe, he
settled at Edenton, and enjoyed the i-espect of several leading
Whigs. At one period of the war, he was in practice at New
town, New York. His fortunes subsequently Avere various.
In 17S5 he was at Hartford, Connecticut, where he formed
business relati(ms with an English gentleman, by which, he
said, he hoped to ]i\e comfortably the remainder of his days.
Though treated with every civility, his situation was disagree
able, because he was among people whose genius and manners
were totally different from those with whom he had mingled
for twenty years, and because he Avas entirely separated from
old friends to whom he was most tenderly attached. In De
cember of the same year he was at New London, where — he
Avrote — his employment called him up before the sun, kept
him on foot the whole day, and often still later. I find him
next in 1795, Avhen he was in Vermont, His two sons were
with him, but his wife was at Hartford, His circumstances
were easy, but there was no society around him, and he lived
almost in solitude. He had relinquished practice, but acted
occasionally in consultations. He was a trader, farmer, miller,
and distiller. He had been a member of the Legislature ;
and had he not been loyal in the Revolution, would have
enjoyed popular favor. He died at Walpole, New Hampshire,
in 1821, in his eightieth year.
Cutter, Zacheus, Of Amherst, New Hampshire, Aban
doned the country. Commissioners appointed to examine
claims against his estate, June, 1781. For a time during the
war, he was at Newtown, New York. Prior to the peace,
he sailed for London for the purchase of goods, intending to
establish himself in New York, and perished at sea on the
return passage. Dr, Samuel Cutter was a kinsman.
Cuyler, Abraham C. Of Albany, New York, Mayor

356 CUYLER, — DABNEY.
of that city. Confined at Hartford, he applied to the New
York State Convention, (August, 1776,) for permission to
visit his wife, who, he said, was sick and unable to take care
of his children and large family ; and, in the mean time, to
settle some of his private affairs.
Released after some delay, he was authorized by the British
Commander-in-Chief to raise a battalion of six hundred men
for the Royal service, and in November, 1779, was recruiting
loyal refugees at Rett's tavern, Jamaica, New York. He
was attainted, and his property confiscated. In 1781 he Avent
to England, He returned to Albany, and lived Avhere the
North Dutch Church now stands ; but his course in the Rev
olution rendered his situation uncomfortable, and he removed
to Canada, and died there in 1810, aged sixty-eight. " He
was a man of dignified and gentlemanly deportment." His
son, Cornelius, a major in the British Army, died at Montreal
in 1807.
Cuyler, Henry. Colonel in the British Army. He en
tered the service in 1782, as an ensign ; was commissioned a
Major in 1797, a Lieutenant-Colonel in 1800, and Colonel in
1810. He died in England in 1841, aged seventy-two.
Cuyler, Sir Cornelius, Baronet. Of Albany, New
York. General in the British Army. He Avas born at
Albany, and entered the service young. Besides the honors
above mentioned, he was Governor of Kinsale, and Colonel
of the 69th Foot. He died at St. John's Lodge, Herts, Eno--
land, in 1819, and Avas succeeded by his son Charles, the
present (1857) Baronet. Lady Cuyler, who died in 1815,
was Anne, daughter of Major Richard Grant. George, a
son. Colonel of the 11th Foot, and K. C. B., died at Ports
mouth, England, in 1818; immediately after his return from
Gibraltar. Dabney, Nathaniel. Of Salem, Massachusetts. Pliysi-
^cian. An Addressej^-«£-JI«t6hifts©fl-4n 1774, but one 'ofthe
" ReeaTifers." He A\'ent to England in 1777, and died before
the peace. In 1781, his estate was advertised for sale by the
Whig authorities.

DALGLISH. - DANA. 357
Dalglish, Andrew. Of Salem, Massachusetts. An Ad-
Idre.sser of Gage in 1774. He Avent to England. Was at
^fasgii-wpT^oA'cmber, 1781.
Dana, Samuel, Of Massachusetts, He was born in that
"part of Cambridge Avhich is now Brighton, in 1739, and grad
uated at Harvard University in 1755. Six years later, the
toAvn of Groton voted unanimously to invite him to become
their minister, with a settlement of £200, a salary of £80,
and fire-AVOod, not to exceed thirty cords per annum. He
was ordained June, 1761. In the crisis of 1775, he believed
that resistance jvould lead to greater evils than Avere then
endured, and used his influence on the side of non-resistance.
In March, " he preached a sermon which gave great offence
to the peojde, who Avere generally inclined to unwavering re
sistance. He was not allowed to enter the meeting-house on
the next Sabbath, and his dismission by the town soon fol
lowed."  " It is a matter of tradition, that the in
habitants were so enraged, that they shot bullets into Mr.
Dana's house, to the great danger of his life and the lives of
his family." That he was an excellent man, cannot be
doubted. In May, he made a Avritten confession, Avhich, at
the moment, was satisfactory. He had warm Whig friends.
In the hope that all trouble might terminate, the Whig Com
mittee of Groton, (of Avhom Colonel Prescott, who shortly
after commanded the American force at Breed's Hill, was
one,) published a card, to the eff'ect that Mr. Dana had fully
atoned for his offences. The good will of his parishioners
was, however, alienated, and separation was the consequence.
After his dismission at Groton, he continued in that town for
some years, but finally removed to Amherst, New Hampshire,
when he read laAv, and Avas appointed Judge of Probate for
the County of Hillsborough. He died at Amherst in 1798,
and was buried with Masonic honors. His son Luther Avas
an enterprising ship-master, and father of Samuel L. Dana,
phj'sician and chemist, of Lowell, Massachusetts. His second
son, Hon, Samuel Dana, who died in 1835, was bred to the
law, was distinguished in his profession, and became President

358 DANFORTH.
of the Senate of Massachusetts, and Chief Justice of the Cir
cuit Court of Common Pleas ; die Hon. James Dana, late
Mayor of Charlestown, is his youngest son.
h Danforth, Samuel, Of Massachusetts. Son of Rev, John
Danforth of Dorchester, and Avas educated at Harvard Uni
versity. For several years he was President of the Council, a
Judge, and in 1774, a Mandamus Councillor, After the last
appointment, the Middlesex County' Convention — " Resolved,
That whereas the Hon, Samuel Danforth, and Joseph Lee,
Esquires, two of the Judges of the Inferior Court of Common
Pleas for tlij County, have accepted commissions under the
new Act, by being sworn members of his Majesty's Council,
appointed by said Act, we therefore look upon them as utterly
incapable of holding any office whatever." He died in 1777,
aged eighty-one. He Avas distinguished for his love of natural
philosophy and chemistry.
Danforth, Samuel. Physician. Of Boston. Son of the
preceding. He was born in Massachusetts in 1740, and grad
uated at Harvard University in 1758. He pursued his medi
cal studies with Doctor Rand, and commenced practice at
NcAvport ; but finally settled in Boston. The ReA'olutionary
troubles disturbed his professional pursuits, and distressed his
family. His wife and three children took refuge with her
father ; his brother went to England and ncA'er returned ;
whde he himself continued in Boston during the siege. At
the evacuation, he Avas treated harshly. But, as Whigs could
not do Avithout physicians better than others, he was soon in
ftdl practice, and the confidence of his patients was nearly
unlimited, and their attachment almost without bounds.
From 1795 to 1798 he was President of the Medical So
ciety, He excelled in medicine, but not in surgery. He
continued in full practice until he was nearly fourscore years.
After about four years' confinement to his house, he died at
Boston in 1827, aged eighty-seven. The family from which
he Avas descended occupy a distinguished place in the annals
of New England,
Danforth, Thomas. Counsellor-at-law, Charlestown,

DANIEL. — DAVIS. 359
Massachusetts. Brother of the second Samuel, He A\'as a
graduate of Harvard UniA'ersity ; an Addresser of Hutchin
son ; and was prosCTrbed-and -banished^ He was^thc—enly
laAvyer at Charlestown, and the only inhabitant of that town
who sought protection from the parent country at the begin
ning of serious opposition. He went to Halifax in 1776. He
died in London in 1825,
Daniel, Joseph, In December, 1783, warrant issued on
'petition of the Selectmen of Stamford, Connecticut, ordering
him to depart that town forthwith, and never return.
Daniel, Timothy. Settled in New Brunswick in 1783,
and died at Hampton in that Province, in 1847, aged one
hundred years.
Darington, John. He emigrated to New Brunswick at
the peace, and died there. Joanna, his Avidow, died in Port
land, in that Province, in 1840, at the age of ninety-five,
Davenport, Captain  . He was a Whig, and held
a military commission under Congress, but " was found wholly
destitute of honor and principle." His connections were re
spectable, and he possessed the air and manners of a man of
the world. He remained at New York after the retreat of
Washington from Long Island, and until the city was occu
pied by the British troops ; and thus became a voluntary cap
tive, if not a deserter.
Davenport, Joseph. Of Virginia, Went to England,
and died there in 1783,
Davidson, Hamilton. He died in York County, New
BrunsAvick, in 1841, aged ninety-two,
^.^Avis, Benjamin, Merchant of Boston. Was an Ad
dresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage~Th 1775. He
left that town with his famdy, determined, he declared, to
settle in some part of his Majesty's dominions. He went
first to Halifax, Nova Scotia ; and in his passage from that
city to New York, in the ship Peggy, was captured and car
ried to Marblehead, and thence to Boston, and imprisoned.
In a letter to James Bowdoin, dated in jail, October 10,
1776, he said he was denied pen, ink and paper, was required

360 DAVIS. — DAWKINS.
to keep in an apartment by himself, and was allowed to con
verse Avith others only in the presence of the jailer. When
he left Boston he had goods in his store of the value of £1000
sterling, Avliich he lost ; and Avhen taken at sea he lost £1500
sterling more. In addition, a large amount was due him
which was never recovered. In 1778 he Avas proscribed and
banished. He was in New York, July, 1783, and a petitioner
for lands in Nova Scotia, In his religious faith Mr. Davis
was a Sandemanian,
Daa'IS, John, Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was an
Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780, and also a Petitioner
to be armed on the side of the Crown, He was banished in
1782, and his property was confiscated. He probably Avent
to Eno-land. John Davis, an attainted Loyalist, was in Lon
don in 1794, and represented to the British Government that
he had been unable to recover several large debts due to him
at the time of his banishment. It ma}- be remarked here, that
though the sums of money, due to Loyalists proscribed, were
now included in the Confiscation Acts, the courts of some of
the States were sIoav to coerce the debtors.
Davis, Solomon. Of Setauket, New York. Shipmaster
in the London trade. His house was assailed, in 1779, by a
band of marauders, who fired several balls through it. He
was armed, and told them that he was used to the flying of
balls around him. Neighbors were alarmed, and the gang
went off without entering. In 1783, while returning home
from the city of New York, he was met by two men, who
shot him dead on the spot.
Dawkins, George. Of South Carolina. In 1782 he was
a captain of cavalry in the South Carolina Royalists. His
estate was confiscated. Wounded, 1781, in the battle of Hob
kirk's Hill.
Dawkins, Henry. Of New York. Taken on Long Isl
and and sent to prison. In his despair, he stated to the Com
mittee of Safety, that he was " weary of such a miserable life
as his misconduct hath thrown him into," and prayed that hon
orable body to appoint the manner of terminating his sorrows
by death.

DAWSON. — DEANE. 361
Daaa'son, David. Of Chester County, Pennsylvania. At
tainted of treason and property confiscated. Subsequently
joined the Royal Army in Philadelphia, and went with it to
New York, and was employed in passing counterfeit Conti
nental money. He was detected in 1780, and executed.
Dawson, James. Of Pennsylvania. Deserted from the
State galleys, and joined the British at Philadelphia. Cap
tured at sea. In 1779, in jail and to be tried for treason.
Dealey, James. Of Charleston, South Carolina. He
and Locklan Martin were tarred and feathered, and driven
in a cart through the streets of that city in June, 1775 ; and
Dealey Avas, besides, compelled to leave the country, and go
to England. The Secret Committee of Charleston, at that
time, was composed of distinguished men, one of whom was
subsequently in nomination for the highest honors, and there
is evidence that they countenanced, if they did not actually
direct, the procedure.
Dean, Jacob. Of New York. Was a loyal Declarator
in 1775. He became an inhabitant of New Brunswick, and
di^at St, John in 1818, aged eighty.
1^ Deane, Silas. Of Connecticut. Graduated at Yale Col
lege in 1758. He played a distinguished part anibng-the
Whigs in the early part of the contest, but his political sun
went down in gloom, sorrow, and destitution. He may have
been wronged. A member of the first Continental Congress
in 1774, and the first diplomatic agent to France, a brilliant
career Avas before him. But while abroad, his engagements
and contracts embarrassed Congress, and he was recalled.
Required to account for his pecuniary transactions, he did
not dispel suspicion of having misapplied the public funds in
trusted to his care. The delegates of Connecticut in Congress
appear to have distrusted his integrity from the first. In turn,
he accused Arthur and Wdliam Lee, who were abroad in
public trusts, as well as their brothers in Congress, of con
ducting a secret correspondence Avith England. In 1784 he
attempted to retrieve his fame, by an address to the country,
but failed. He now went to England. Mr. Jay, who was in
vol. I. 31

362 DEBLOIS.
Europe, had been his friend, and wished to aid him, and would
have done so, had he been able to remove the accusations
that had blighted his hopes and injured his character. But
Mr. Jay had heard that he was on terms of familiarity with
Arnold, and " every American who gives his hand to that
man," he wrote to Deane, " in my opinion pollutes it." I
have said that he may have been wronged. He may have
been careless in his accounts, but not dishonest ; he may have
been incapable, not corrupt. In 1842 his long-disputed claims
were adjusted by Congress, and a large sum was found to be
due to his heirs, under the principles recognized by the Gov
ernment, and applicable to all claimants ; hence the doubt,
whether he received entire justice at the hands of his asso
ciates. A man driven to despair is to be judged mercifully.
He died on board the Boston Packet, in the Downs, in 1789,
in his fifty-third year, after four hours' illness. His wife was
" the rich widoAv Webb."
Deblois, Gilbert. Merchant, of Boston. An Addresser
of Hutchinson in 1774,^an3'm Gage in 1775. He went to
Halifax in 1776. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished.
In 1779 he was in London, and addressed the King. He died
in England in 1791, aged sixty-three.
Deblois, George. Of Salem, Massachusetts. An__Ad-
dresser^of Gage in 1774, He went to England, In 1784,
George Deblois, Jr., was a merchant at Halifax, Nova Scotia.
The widow of a George Deblois, died at the same city, De
cember, 1827, aged seventy-four.
Deblois, Isaac. He was in the service of the King, and
a lieutenant. In 1784 a lot in the city of St. John, New
Brunswick, was granted him by the Crown.
Deblois, Lewis. Merchant, of Boston. He was an Ad-
dresser of Gage in 1775, and in 1776 was at Halifax, In
rpfS'he was proscribed and banished. He was in London
in 1779. He died very suddenly in England, (after being
out all day,) in 1779, aged seventy-one.
Deblois, Lewis. Of Massachusetts. After the peace, a
'merchant in St. John, New Brunswick, and in 1795 a mem-

DEBOW. — DE LANCEY. 363
ber of the company of Loyal Artillery. He died in that city
in 1802. His daughter, Elizabeth Cranston, is the wife of
James White, Esq., late (1847) sheriff of the county of St.
John. Debow, James. Served in the Queen's Rangers ; settled
in New Brunswick in 1783, and died there. His widow,
Huldah, died in that Province in 1847, aged ninety-four.
De Lancey, Oliver. Of New York. In command of
a Loyalist brigade. He was the eldest son of Stephen De
Lancey and of his wife, Ann Van Cortlandt, and was born
in the city of New York in 1717. He served with credit in
two campaigns of the French war, at the head of a regiment.
In 1759 he was elected to the House of Assembly, and the
next year appointed a member of the Council. His father,
who was a French refugee, was a gentleman of wealth, and
of the first rank. His career for some years may be consid
ered in connection with that of his brother James, who was
Chief Justice and Lieutenant-Governor of that Colony. James
was a man of talents, of learning, of great vivacity, and of
popular manners ; but, if the writers of the time are to be fol
lowed, he was also an unprincipled demagogue, who opposed
the governors whom he could not rule, and who, for unworthy
purposes of his own, kept the public mind in continual agita^
tion. He Avas at the head of affairs and administered the
government after the removal of Clinton and the death of Os
born, and a second time as the successor of Hardy. He died
in 1760. The party opposed to his advancement, in denounc
ing his ambitious projects, did not spare Oliver, the subject of
this notice. On some occasions, Oliver seems to have promo
ted his brother's designs, at the expense of propriety and deco
rum. But yet Oliver De Lancey, at the period of the French
.war, occupied a commanding position, and perhaps he did not
overrate his personal influence when he said, that if in the
expedition against Crown Point, he " should accept the com
mand of the New York Regiment, he could in ten days raise
the whole " quota of troops allotted to that Colony. This
standing he maintained after his brother's death, and until the

364 DE LANCEY.
Revolution. At the beginning of the controversy he may
not have been a zealous adherent of the Crown. Some of
the Whigs insisted, indeed, that he heartily approved of the
course of the Ministry, and a letter appeared in a newspaper
in England, in 1775, which, if genuine, authorized the opin
ion. But this letter he publicly averred to be an infamous
and a malicious forgery. Nor did he stop there, for he sub
mitted, as he declared upon his honor, the Avhole of his corre
spondence with his friends in England, from the earlist mo
ment of the dispute, to Mr. Jay, who, finding nothing objec
tionable, so stated in a card Avhich was published. But Avhat
ever was his course before the question of separation from, the
mother country was discussed, he opposed the dismemberment
of the empire, and put his life and property at stake to pre
vent it. In 1776 he was appointed a brigadier-general in
the Royal service. Skinner, of New Jersey ; Brown, a former
governor of the Bahamas ; Arnold, the apostate ; and Cun
ningham, of South Carolina, were of the same grade, but
their commissions were of later dates. General De Lancey
was, therefore, the senior Loyalist officer in commission dur
ing the contest. His command consisted of three battalions,
known as De Lancey's Battalions. In his orders for enlist
ments, he promised to any well-recommended characters, who
should engage a company of seventy men, the disposal of the
commissions of captain, lieutenant, and ensign. The common
soldiers, he said, would be " in British pay." * Yet his success
in filling his battalions was not flattering. Of the fifteen hun
dred men required, only five hundred and ninety-seven were
embodied in the spring of 1777, and but seven hundred and
seven a year later.
It is stated, that, whde he was raising his brigade on Long
Island, Colonel Henry R. Livingston made a " litde excur
sion " there, and carried oft' more than three thousand sheep
and about four hundred horned cattle, and that £500 was
* Copies of several of his orders, which disclosed his plans for raising
recruits and obtaining provisions, were sent to Washington, and trans
mitted by him to Congress, October, 1776,

DE LANCEY. 365
offered for the " Rebel " officer's head. In November of the
last-mentioned year, a small party of the Whig " advanced
Avater-guard " passed the British ships in the night, burned his
mansion at Bloomingdale, and rudely treated the inmates, who
were ladies and servants of the family. Mrs. De Lancey, who
was very deaf, hid herself in a dog-kennel, and came near be
ing burned there. Her daughter Charlotte, (of whom pres
ently,) and Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Floyd, (who mar
ried John Peter De Lancey, and was the mother of the wife
of Cooper, the great American novelist,) wandered about in
the woods, for hours, barefooted, and in their night clothes.
The Council of Safety promptly disapproved of the act ; not
so much, however, because of its barbarity, but because of the
apprehension that the British would retaliate.
In 1780, General Robertson, who had succeeded Tryon as
Royal Governor of New York, wrote Lord George Germain :
" Brigadier-General De Lancey is extremely desirous I should
mention his name to your Lordship by this very occasion. I
can't do this without saying that he is a man of consequence
in this country, and has suff'ered much by the Rebellion, the
authors of which he is earnest to punish."
The Whig Government of New York, which was organized
in 1777, attainted him of treason and confiscated his estate.
He went to England at the peace, but did not long survive.
He died at Beverley in 1785, at the age of sixty-eight. In
the " Life of Van Schaack," his decease is mentioned thus by
a fellow-Loyalist : " Our old friend has at last taken his de
parture from Beverley, which he said should hold his bones ;
he went off without pain or struggle, his body wasted to a
skeleton, his mind the same. The family, most of them, col
lected in town [London.] There will scarcely be a village in
England without some American dust in it, I believe, by the
time we are all at rest."
"The Gentleman's Magazine" announces simply the place
of his death, his name, military rank, and " late of New York,
who lost a large estate by his loyalty." His mother and the
mother of Cordandt Skinner were sisters. He married Phelia
31 *

366 DE LANCEY.
Franks, of Philadelphia, who died in Smith Street, Chelsea,
England, in 1811, in her eighty-ninth year. One of his
daughters, Susan, was the wife of the celebrated Lieutenant-
General Sir William Draper, Knight of the Bath ; another,
Charlotte, married Field-Marshal Sir David Dundas, Bart,
who at one time was Commander-in-Chief of the British
Army; a third married Lieutenant-Colonel John Harris
Cruger. De Lancey, Oliver, Jr. Of New York. Son of Briga
dier-General Oliver De Lancey. General in the British Army.
He was educated in Europe. At the beginning of the Revo
lution he was a captain. In 1776 he became a major ; was a
lieutenant-colonel as early as 1779, and succeeded Andr^ as
adjutant-general of the army in America. His treatment of
General Nathaniel Woodhull, an estimable Whig of New
York, who became his prisoner in 1776, should never be
forgotten. There seems no room to doubt, that when that
unfortunate gentleman surrendered his sword to De Lancey,
he stipulated for, and was promised, protection ; but that his
Loyalist countryman basely struck him, and permitted his men
to cut and hack him at pleasure. And it is no less certain
that the General, maimed and wounded, Avas denied proper
care, attention, and accommodation, and that he perished in
consequence of the barbarities of his captors.
I find De Lancey called Barrack-Master-General and Major-
General in 1794 ; and, some years later, Lieutenant-General,
and General. He went to England and died unmarried, nearly
at the head of the British Army List. He was the father of
a natural son and daughter who bore his name, and who were
openly acknowledged. The latter was living in 1844. Pos
sibly, the former was the Colonel Oliver De Lancey, who died
at St. Sebastian in 1837, at the age of thirty-four, in conse
quence of wounds received in battle. It seems this officer had
left the British Army, in which he was a captain in the 60th
Rifles, and had espoused the cause of the Queen of Spain in
the war with the Carlists.
The accuracy of the text as relates to General De Lancey's

DE LANCEY, 367
conduct to General Woodhull, as it stood in the first edition
of this work, and as it stands above, was questioned by Mr,
Cooper, the novelist, over his own signature, in an article
published in the " Home Journal," New York, February 12,
1848, A discussion ensued between us in that paper, in which
Henry C. Van Schaack, Henry Onderdonk, Jr., and the
writer, " Vindex," participated. A review of it is not neces
sary here, since the question betAveen us was one of evidence,
and to be determined by the opinion formed of the credibil
ity of writers ; except the following passage in Mr. Cooper's
communication of May 6th, which, as it contains the denial
of the party accused, I insert with great cheerfulness. Mrs.
Cooper was a daughter of John Peter De Lancey, and her
husband, after stating this fact, remarked that he well remem
bered a conversation with her father, Avho said : " They en
deavored to. put the death of General Woodhull on my cousin.
General De Lancey. Colonel Troup made an affidavit, which
Gouveneur Morris published. Troup and Morris [both were
then alive] are respectable men, certainly — hut Oliver always
indignantly denied it!" The italics are Mr. Cooper's.
Robert Troup, in after life, was the personal friend and
political associate of Jay and Hamilton, and of stainless honor.
At the time of WoodhuU's death, he was a lieutenant in Col
onel Lasher's Battalion of New York Militia ; and, a fellow-
prisoner with the General, seems to have listened to his latest
statement of his treatment. The curious reader who wishes
to examine the case for himself, will find full details in " Onder-
donk's Revolutionary Incidents of Queen's County." In 1775,
the Committee of Safety of New York described General De
Lancey as " a lusty, fat, ruddy young fellow, between twenty
and thirty years of age." He died at Edinburgh in 1820.
De Lancey, James. Of the city of New York. Son of
Lieutenant-Governor James De Lancey. He was educated
at Eton, and at Cambridge, England. He obtained a com
mission in the British Army, and in the campaign against
Ticonderoga, during the French war, was an Aid of General
Abercrombie. Soon after the decease of his father, he sold

368 DE LANCEY.
his commission. He inherited the principal family estates;
and, at the Revolutionary era was one of the richest men in
the country. From 1769 to 1775, he was a member of the ¦
House of Assembly, and his election was regarded as a tri
umph of the Episcopalians over the Presbyterians. In the
last-named year, he went to England, and some time after
Avas followed by his wife and children. Attainted of treason,
and his property confiscated, he never returned. At the
formation of the Loyalist Commission for the prosecution of
claims, he was appointed Agent for New York, and became
Vice-President of the Board. His own losses were large and
difficult of adjustment, and occupied the attention of the Com
missioners for some days. Excepting Sir William Pepperell,
Colonel De Lancey appears to have been the most active mem
ber of the agency ; and two papers on the subject of the Loy
alists' claims Avhich bear his signature contain much informa
tion. These papers produced no effect, except as is stated in
the preliminary remarks to this work ; no discrimination was
finally made between Loyalists of different degrees of loyalty,
merit, and grades of service. In this respect all were treated
alike ; but the Commissioners were not required to revise their
proceedings, as Avas asked for in the Address to Parliament;
nor was Mr. Pitt induced to change his purpose of making
certain rates of reduction on the sums reported to be due to
claimants by the Commissioners, as was solicited in the com
munication to him.
Indeed, the claimants appear to have acquiesced in the deci
sion of the Minister ; and the Board of Agents, after Mr. Pitt's
plan was confirmed by an Act of Parliament, presented an Ad-
ress to the King. De Lancey affixed his signature to this Ad
dress, and with his associates had an audience of his Majesty,
and " had the honor to kiss his Majesty's hand."
The time and place of his decease have not been ascertained.
His wife was Margaret, daughter of Chief Justice Allen, of
Pennsylvania. Five children greAv up, namely : Charles, who
entered the Navy, and died unmarried ; James, who in 1851
was Lieutenant-Colonel of the First Dragoon Guards, and the

DE LANCEY

369

only male survivor of the family ; Anne and Susan, who were
unmarried and living in 1848 ; and Margaret, who, the wife
of Sir Juckes Granvifie Clifton, Baronet, died chddless,
De Lancey, James. Of West Chester County, New York.
Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of a battalion of his uncle, the
senior Oliver De Lancey. He was the son of Peter De Lancey
and Elizabeth Colden. For a considerable time he was sher
iff of West Chester, in which, owing to his intimate acquaint
ance with the county, he was stationed during several years
of the Revolution, " His corps made free with the cattle of
that part of the country, and got the soubriquet of ' Cow-
Boys,' in revenge for their knowledge of beef." In 1777
according to Governor Tryon, he raised and commanded a
troop of light-horse, the " elite " of the Colony, The same
year, one of Putnam's scouting parties surrounded the house
in which he lodged, to take him prisoner. In the alarm, he
jumped out of bed and hid himself under it. Discovered in
the search, he AA'as dragged out, and carried to camp. While
in jail at Hartford, he receiA'ed the folloAving letter from Mr.
Jay, who was an old friend : —
¦ " Sir, — Notwithstanding the opposition of our sentiments
and conduct relative to the present contest, the friendship
which subsisted between us is not forgotten ; nor will the
good offices formerly done by yourself and family cease to
excite my gratitude. How far your situation may be com
fortable and easy, I know not ; it is my wish, and it shall be
my endeavor, that it be as much so as may be consistent Avith
the interest of the great cause to which I have devoted every
thing I hold dear in this world. I have taken the liberty of
requesting Mr. Samuel Broome immediately to advance you
one hundred dollars on my account. Your not having heard
from me sooner was unavoidable. A line by the first oppor
tunity will oblige me. Be explicit, and avail yourself without
hesitation of the friendship which was entertained as well as
professed for you by
" Your obedient and humble servant,
"John Jay."
" Poughkeepsie, January 2d, 1778."

370 DE LANCEY,
In July, 1781, Colonel De Lancey was at Morrisania, and
a plan was formed to capture or destroy his unpopular, nay,
odious, corps. Washington ordered the Duke de Lauzun to
proceed in advance, and directed General Lincoln to cooperate ;
while he himself put the army in motion, " in order," as he
records in his Liary, " to cover the detached troops and im
prove the advantages which might be gained by them." Ow
ing to circumstances which I have not room to state, the
expedition failed. At the peace, the commander of the " Cow-
Boys " retired to Nova Scotia.
Mr. Macdonald, in a paper read before the New York His
torical Society, in 1861, gave an interesting account of Colonel
De Lancey's final departure from West Chester. I make brief
extracts : " The Outlaw of the Bronx," he said, " with a heavy
heart mounted his horse, and riding to the dwellings of his
neighbors, bade them each farewell." Again : " His paternal
fields and every object presented to his view were associated
Avith the joyful recollections of early life. The consciousness
that he beheld them all for the last time, and the uncertainties
to be encountered in the strange country to which banishment
was consigning him, conspired to awaken emotions, such as
the sternest bosom is sometimes compelled to entertain. It
Avas in vain that he struggled to suppress feelings which shook
his iron heart. Nature soon obtained the mastery, and he
burst into tears. After weeping with uncontrollable bitterness
for a few moments, he shook his ancient friend by the hand,
ejaculated with difficulty the A^'ords of benediction — ' God
bless you, Theophilus ! ' and spurring forward, turned his
back forever upon his native valley."
Colonel De Lancey was appointed a member of the Council
of NoA'a Scotia in 1794. He died at Annapofis in that Prov
ince in the year 1800. Martha, his widow, died at the same
place in 1827, aged seventy-three.
De Lancey, James. Of New York. He was an officer
in Oliver De Lancey's Second Battalion, James De Lancey,
Esq., Collector of his Majesty's Customs, died at Crooked
Island, New Providence, in 1808, and was perhaps the same.

DE LANCEY. 371
De Lancey, John. Of New York. Son of Peter De
Lancey, of West Chester County. Succeeded his father in
the House of Assembly. In 1775, elected a member of the
Provincial Congress. In 1776, an Addresser of Lord and
Sir William Howe.
De Lancey, John Peter. Of New York. He was born
in that city in 1753. He was educated in England by his
brother James, He entered the British Army, and was a
captain. He participated in the battles of Brandy wine and
Monmouth, and was in service at the South. In 1789 he
resigned his commission, and returned with his wife to his
native State. The remainder of his life was passed in West
Chester County, and he died there in 1828. Elizabeth, his
wife, died in 1820. ,
De Lancey, Stephen. Of New York. Lieutenant-Col
onel Commandant of the First Battalion of New Jersey Vol
unteers. The fragmentary accounts of this gentleman are
conflicting. He was son of Peter, or of the senior Oliver, and
in 1765 was appointed clerk of the city and county of Albany.
The King's birthday, in 1776, " was ushered in with firing of
guns, and other rejoicings, not agreeable to the inhabitants,
and in the evening a party assembled to do honor to the day,
with Abraham C. Cuyler, the Mayor, at their head, and were
found carousing, and singing ' God save the King.' The cit
izens became exasperated, rushed in, and seized Stephen De
Lancey and others, and carried them oft' to jail, whence they
were shortly after removed to Hartford, Connecticut." Some
time after his release by Governor Trumbull on parole, I find
him in command, as above mentioned. At the close of the
war, he went to Nova Scotia, and in 1786 was appointed
member of the Council.
Omitting several discrepancies in facts and dates, which 1
cannot reconcile, I insert next the following notice which
appeared in an English periodical in 1799 : — " Died, at
Portsmouth, in America, on board the brig Nancies, Captain
Tibbets, from Tobago, Stephen De Lancey, Esq., who, for
several years was Chief Justice of the Bahama Islands, and

372 DE LANCEY. — DE PEYSTER.
continued to hgld that office in 1797, since when (we believe)
he Avas appointed Governor of Tobago. His remains were
attended by a numerous procession of friends and strangers,
and deposited in the tomb of the late Governor Wentworth."
He may have married twice. In one place his wife is called
Esther Rynderts ; in another, a daughter of the Rev. Henry
Barclay, Rector of Trinity Church, New York. In 1817, it
is recorded : " Died at Colchester, England, Mrs. Cornelia
De Lancey, relict of S. De Lancey, Esq., formerly Governor
of Tobago, and mother of Colonel Sir W. F. De Lancey,
H. C. B., who fell at the batde of Waterloo." Sir William
was Quartermaster- General of Wellington's army ; and Susan
De Lancey, his daughter, married Sir Hudson Lowe, who
was Napoleon's keeper — I must use thai offensive word — at
St, Helena.
De Lancey, Warren. Of New York. At the engage
ment on Chatterton's Hill, West Chester County, in 1776,
De Lancey was a youth of fifteen years. " While the British
were advancing up the hill, a shot struck one of the standard-
bearers dead." Warren " instantly seized the colors, and,
rushing forward, was one of the first to gain the summit,
where he planted them in the ground." For this act of bra
very, he afterwards received a cornet's commission from Sir
William Howe, in the 17th Dragoons, commanded by Oliver
De Lancey the younger. He left the army before the peace,
and died in the State of New York, " near me," says the late
J. Fenimore Cooper, (in a letter dated March 11, 1848)
" a year or two since," leaving issue.
De Peyster, Abraham. Of New York. The De Peys-
ters are of noble descent, Johannes de Peijster, (Peister, or
Pester) the ancestor of this family in this country, was driven
from his native land in the time of Charles the 9th, during that
monarch's persecutions of his Protestant subjects. He settied
in New York, and became an eminent merchant. " Portions
of the costly articles of furniture, the elegant and massive
family silver plate, and pictures, perfect gems of art ... .
which he brought out from Holland, are still in the posses
sion of his descendants."

DE PEYSTER. 373
The subject of this notice was born in 1753, Two of his
uncles, and one of his great-uncles, were members of the
Council ; another uncle was Chief-Justice of the Colony ;
and a brother-in-law was in command of a regiment of Royal
Artillery. It is easy, therefore, to account for the loyalty of
one so young and thus connected. He entered the King's
service, and Avas a captain in the New York Volunteers. He
was second in command at the battle of King's Mountain, in
1780, and, after the fall of Ferguson, hoisted a flag as a signal
of surrender. The firing immediately ceased, and the Royal
troops laying down their arms, the most of which were
loaded, submitted to the conquerors at discretion. It seems
not to be generally understood, that nearly the whole of Fer
guson's force was composed of Loyalists ; but such is the fact.
He went into action with eleven hundred and twenty-five
men, of" whom only one hundred and sixty-two were Regulars.
Of the Loyalists, no less than two hundred and six were
killed, one hundred and twenty-eight wounded, and six hun
dred and twenty-nine taken prisoners. The loss of Regulars
was eighteen slain and one hundred and three wounded and
captured. Captain De Peyster was paid off the morning of
the battle. Among the coin which he received was a doub-
loon, which he put in a pocket of his vest. While on the
field, a bullet struck the gold and stopped, and his life was
thus saved. Sims, in his " Life of Marion," relates that
Major Posted, " who was stationed to guard the lower part
of the Pedee, succeeded in capturing Captain De Peyster,
with twenty-nine grenadiers." " De Peyster," he continues,
" had taken post in the dwefling-house of Postell's father.
The latter had wdth him but twenty-eight militia, but he
knew the ground, and gaining possession of the kitchen,
fired it, and w^s preparing to burn the house also, when " the
Loyalist captain submitted, A gentleman of De Peyster's
lineage informs me that Sims is inaccurate ; that, in the
court of inquiry which followed the surrender, it was proved
that the Whig force was about one hundred, and entirely
surrounded his kinsman's band of " twenty-nine." Captain
VOL, I. 32

374 DE PEYSTER,
De Peyster went to St, John, New Brunswick, at the peace,
and was one of the grantees of that city. He received half-
pay. He was treasurer of that Province, and a colonel in
the militia. He died previous to 1799, as, in that year, leave
was given to sell a part of his estate in the hands of his
administrator. His wife (whom he married in 1783) was
Catharine, second daughter of John Livingston, The De
Peysters of the Revolutionary era were allied by blood or
marriage to several of the oldest and richest families in New
York, and were themselves persons of great respectability,
De Peyster, Frederick, Of New York, Brother of
the preceding. While a minor, he was in command of a
company raised for the protection of his uncle, Hon. William
Axtell, a member of the Council, who lived in Flushing,
Long Island. Subsequently, he was a captain in the NeAV
York Volunteers. In swimming a river on horseback, a rifle
bullet passed through both his legs, and killed his horse. At
the storming of Fort Montgomery in 1777, a detachment of
his regiment, which was a part of the Royal force, was the
flrst to enter the works. In 1784 Captain De Peyster was
at St. John, New Brunswick, and received the grant of a city
lot. In 1792 he Avas a magistrate in the county of York.
He returned to the United States. His first wife Avas daugh
ter of Commissary-General Hake ; his second wife, daughter
of Gerard G. Beekman, and granddaughter of Lieutenant-
Governor Van Cortlandt.
De Peyster, Jaaies. Of New York, Brother of the
preceding. He was captain-lieutenant in the King's Ameri
can Regiment under Fanning, and entered the service when
he was only nineteen years of age. His superior oflScers
gave him high " testimonials of courage, ability, and con
duct,"' after he closed his military life as a Loyalist, In
1786, he was commissioned as first lieutenant in the Royal
Artillery, commanded by his brother-in-law. Colonel James.
De Peyster is said to have been one of the handsomest men
in the British Army.
I am indebted to one of his kinsmen in die State of New

DE PEYSTER. 375
York — who has contributed several curious and interesting
works to the literature of the country — for an account of his
fate, I extract as freely as my limits will allow. The date
is 1793 ; the scene, the siege of Valenciennes : " This siege
Avas remarkable, in that a greater portion than usual of the
operations were subterranean. Mines and counter-mines
innumerable were formed and sprung by both besiegers and
besieged. On the 25th July, the English sprung two large
ones under the glacis and horn-work, whose immediate result
was to enable them to establish themselves in the covered
way. Among the foremost, as usual, our hero was buried by
one of these explosions, and reported among the ' missing,'
After a search of more than an hour, he was discovered in
a state of partial stupefaction. Thus he may have been said
to have been restored to his regiment after having been
buried alive.
" Three days afterwards, Valenciennes surrendered, A
large share in this success Avas accorded to the British Ar
tillery. The British now advanced and occupied a camp in
the neighborhood of Menin, a fortified town of West Flanders,
on the Lys." " Again," says my informant, " on the 18th
August, three battalions of the English Guards, and detach
ments of the Royal Artillery, ad\anced to attack the French
position. The enemy occupied a redoubt of uncommon size
and strength upon a height adjoining to the high-road, in
front of the village of Lincelles, The road itself was de
cs
fended by other Avorks strongly palisadoed ; woods and Hitches
covered their flanks. The battalions were instantly formed,
and advanced under a liea\'y fire, with an order and intre
pidity for which no praise can be too high,
" To overcome such difficulties demanded great sacrifices
and greater exertions, yet the fall of tAvo gallant officers,
and the brave men wdio have suffered on this occasion, must
be a matter of regret. In the fore front of this glorious
attack, and among the first Avho fell, was the subject of this
article." Still again : " Many years after, my grandfather, Frederick

376 DE ROSSET. - DESCHAMP.
De Peyster, was dining with his second cousin, Frederick C.
White, General in die British Army, when the conversation
turned upon the latter's military service in Holland, and par
ticularly the combat of Menin, or, more properly speaking, of
Lincelles, ' While advancing at the head of my corps,' said
the General, ' on the 18th of August, 1793, I noticed a
remarkably finedooking dead officer, with his cocked hat
slouched over his face, whom his men had raised up and
fixed in an erect position, by taking advantage of the support
afforded by the crotch of a tree. Not being able to recognize
him, — for his chin had sunk down upon his chest, and his
chapeau had been drawn down almost so as to cover his eyes,
to keep it from falling off, — I turned aside, and, lifting his
head, removed the hat, discovering thereby, to my grief and
horror, that it was your beloved brother and my gallant
cousin, James, who had been shot directly through the fore
head.' " Finally : " Under contract of marriage to a lady of
fortune, Avon by his physical and mental advantages, he post
poned his union until the close of the campaign, and passed
from the transient endearments of love to the lasting embrace
of death  His portrait in New York attracts universal
attention, and bears ample testimony to his advantages of
person." De Rosset, Lewis H, A member of the Council of North
Carolina. He was present April 2, 1775, and gave his assent
to the issuing of a proclamation to forbid the meeting of a
Whig Convention at Newbern on the following day. This
Convention was for the purpose of electing delegates to the
Continental Congress. He was in communication with Gov
ernor Martin after the Royal authority had ceased, and his
Excellency had abandoned the palace. In the war against
the " Regulators," he A\'as called Lieutenant-General, A
Whig, who knew him well, said he Avas " a cultivated and
elegant gentleman." He was expelled from North Caro
lina. Deschamp,  . Committed suicide at Shelburne,
Nova Scotia, about the year 1805.

DEVEAUX. 377
Deveaux, Andrew, Jr. Of South Carolina, Lieu
tenant-Colonel in the Loyal Militia. In April, 1783, he
commanded a successful expedition against the Bahamas.
His oAvn account of the affair follows : — "I have the honor
to inform you," he Avrote, " that, on the night of the 14th
instant, we arrived at the Salt Key with our fleet, four miles
distant from the Eastern Fort, Avhich consisted of thirteen
pieces of cannon. I landed about a mile from it, a little after
daylight, with my formidable body of about one hundred and
sixty men, and proceeded against it with all possible expedition,
determined to storm immediately ; but there being a plain for
some distance round their fortifications, gave the enemy an
opportunity of discovering us, when they, in great confusion,
abandoned the fort, and drew up in a field near a wood. As
soon as I came up with them, they fired upon us. My young
troops charged them, made two prisoners, and drove their main
body, in great irregularity, into town. We sustained no loss on
our side. Captains AVheeler and Dow detached about seventy
men in boats, to board three formidable gallies that lay abreast
of the Eastern Fort, which was eff'ected about the time of my
skirmish with the enemy. On my going to take possession
of the fort, I smelt a match on fire, which circumstance,
together with their abandoning their A^'orks so readily, gave
me reason to suspect their intentions. I immediately had the
two prisoners confined in the fort, and halted my troops at some
distance from it; but, self-preservation being so natural a re-
ffection, they soon discovered the match that was on fire, which,
in half an hour, would have been communicated to the maga
zine and two mines that Avere laid for the purpose. About two
hours after I had taken possession of the fort, his Excellency
Governor Claraco sent out a ffag, giving some trifling infor
mation of a peace, I supposed his information entirely for the
purpose of putting off time and amusing me ; I, therefore,
shortly after the return of his flag, demanded the surrender
of the garrison at discretion, in fifteen minutes. In ansAver to
Avhich his Excellency waved the surrender, and requested a
conference Avith me personally, when he made offers Avhich I
32*

378 DEVEAUX. — DE VEBER.
thought prudent to accept, and to establish a truce between
us for some days ; but fortunately his Excellency was discov
ered to be carrying on his works, and not adhering so strictly
to the terms of the truce as he ought ; this gave me an oppor
tunity of commencing hostilities once more with him. I im
mediately landed eight pieces of heavy cannon from the cap
tured vessels, viz., one brig and two sloops, with twenty-four
and twelve-pounders, Avith which I stole a inarch in the night
of the 17th instant, and sunk my cannon in the solid rock on
Society-hill, which is about four hundred yards from the grand
fortress, consisting of twenty-one pieces of cannon, and two
small flanking batteries of three guns each. On an adjacent
hill I erected a work with one twelve and four four-pounders,
which was not three hundred yards distance from them, com
manded by Captain M'Kenzie ; a third work of two nine-
pounders was not complete. The enemy kept up a heavy
fire, and throwing of shells during the night, which had no
bad effect. On the morning of the 18th, having two batteries
ready to open on them, and a third, which, though not com
plete, could have annoyed them greatly, besides two gallies,
with twenty four-pounders, I gave his Excellency once more
an opportunity of saving the lives of his men from the horrid
consequences attending a work being carried by storm ; upon
which his Excellency surrendered the garrison." NeAv Prov
idence received quite an accession to its population from Loy
alists who fled from the Southern States.
De Veber, Gabriel. Of New York. He entered the
military service of the Crown, and in 1782 was lieutenant-
colonel of die Prince of Wales's American Volunteers, He
setded in New Brunswick at the close of the Avar, and was a
grantee of the city of St. John, He received half-pay. In
1792 he was sheriff of the county of Sunbury, and colonel in
the militia. He died in that county. Margaret, his wife, third
daughter of Doctor Nathaniel Hubbard, of Stamford, Connect
icut, died in King's County in 1813.
De Veber, Gabriel, Jr. Of New York. Son of Ga
briel. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in De Lancey's Third

DEVOE, — DIBBLEE, 379
Battalion. He Avent to St. John, New Brunswick, at the
peace, was a grantee of that city, and received half-pay. He
died in that Province,
Devoe, Frederick. Of West Chester County, New York.
Went to St. .lohn. New Brunswick, and was a grantee of that
city. His farm of three hundred acres, at New Rochelle, was
confiscated, and given to Thomas Paine, by the Legislature of
New York.
Devoe, James, Of the State of New York. A grantee
of St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783. He died at Hampton,
in that Province, in 1833, aged seventy-nine.
DiBBLEE, .Joseph. Of Danbury, Connecticut. Known to
be a Tory and to shelter Tories ; he suffered, at the hands of
the Whigs, for his principles and his deeds. He and his father
entertained Tryon at Danbury, when that ruthless officer was
on the expedition of devastation to Connecticut, Dibblee was
once taken out of bed at night, by men in disguise, carried to
a stream, and ducked until he expected to perish. At the
peace he continued in his native town. " Time softened the
asperities of feeling " against him ; and, Avhen visited by Los-
sing a few years ago, he was in his hundredth year, and had
" lived among his old neighbors and their descendants, a
worthy and respected citizen." He was never married.
f Dibblee, Frederick, He Avas born at Stamford, Connec
ticut, and graduated at King's College, Ncav York. He was
a missionary of the Society" for Propagating the Gospel in
Foreign Parts, with a salary of £50. In December, 1783,
a warrant was issued upon petition of the Selectmen of Stam
ford, ordering him and his family to depart that town forthwith,
and never return. He settled in New Brunswick, and became
Rector of the Episcopal Church at Woodstock. He died at
that place in 1826, aged seventy-three. Nancy, his widow,
died at the same place in 1838, at the age of eighty-three.
, Dibblee, Fyler. Attorney-at-law, Stamford, Connecti
cut. In 1775 he was captain of the first military company of
that toAvn, and a person of consideration. He early incurred
the displeasure of the Whigs, and the Assembly of Connecti-

380 DIBBLEE. — DICKE.
cut appointed commissioners to inquire- into his conduct. In
1778, he and sixteen other Loyalists were taken prisoners on
Long Island, New York, by a party of Whigs, who landed
there from boats. His property in Connecticut was confis
cated. In 1783 he was a deputy agent for the transportation
of Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia, and, in April of
that year, sailed from Huntington Bay in the ship Union, for
St, John, New Brunswick, and arrived in May. He was ac
companied by his wife, five children, and two servants. In
1784 he received the grant of two city lots. Some years after
he committed suicide. Various reasons have been assigned for
the melancholy termination of his life.
Dibblee, Ralph, Died at Kingston, New Brunswick, in
1799,
/ Dibblee, Walter. Of Stamford, Connecticut. He ar
rived at St. Julin, New Brunswick, in the ship Union, in 1783,
The Crown granted him a city lot in 1784. He died at Sus
sex Vale, in that Province, in 1817, aged fifty-three.
Dick, John, Of New York. At the peace, accompanied
by his family, he went from New York to Shelburne, Nova
Scotia, where the Crown granted him one town lot. He died
at St. George, New Brunswick, in 1839, aged ninety-five years.
/ DiCKE, Waldo. Of Warren, IMaine. His mother was
daughter of a Scutch laird, and unacquainted with any kind
of domestic labur. He was the first child born to the emi
grants on the " Waldo Patent," after their arrival, and was
named for the proprietor, who " promised to give him a lot of
land as soon as he should get large enough to -vvear breeches ;
but, the General dying, the promise was never fulfilled."
During the Revolution, he was too active on the side of the
Crown to be forgiven by the people of Warren ; and at the
peace went to St. Andrew, New Brunswick, Avhere he was
employed as a ship-master. About the year 1794, he was
confined in irons at New London for some oflfence committed
on ship-board, and succeeded in releasing himself from prison ;
but, attempting to escape by swimming, was drowned. War
ren was the first town incorporated in Maine, after the Whigs

DICKSON. — DOANE. 381
of Massachusetts assumed the government ; and was named
in honor of the distinguished Adctim of June 17th, 1775.
Dickson, Robert. Settled in Nova Scotia. Was a mem
ber of the House of Assembly, and magistrate of the District
of Colchester. He died in 1835.
Dickson, W. Of New York. He commanded a company
in the New York Volunteers. In 1780 he was drowned at
Long Island, while bathing. His body was found and interred,
DiNGEE, Solomon. He died at Gagetown, New Bruns
wick, in 1836, aged eighty.
Dingey, Charles. Of Pennsylvania. Imprisoned in
1778, on the charge of acknowledging himself to be still a
subject of George the Third ; of refusing to take the oath
prescribed by the Whig Government ; of declining to give his
parole to do the popular cause no injury ; and of attempting
to go into Philadelphia while in possession of the Royal Army.
Released, on furnishing three sureties, in £1000 each, to ap
pear at Lancaster within ten days, to answer.
Dingwell, Arthur. He went to St. John, New Bruns
wick, at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city.
In 1795 he was a member of the Loyal Artillery of St. John.
In 1801, advertised that he was about to leave the Province.
DiTMARS, John J. Of Long Island, New York, Went
to Nova Scotia, and died there in 1829, aged ninety-seven.
Dixon, Charles. He became an inhabitant of New Bruns
wick at the peace, or perhaps a little earlier, and continued a
resident of the Province until his death, in 1817, at the age of
eighty-nine, Dixon, Joseph. He died at Hampton, King's County,
New Brunswick, in 1842, aged ninety-two.
DoANE. Of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Five broth
ers, namely : Moses, Joseph, Israel, Abraham, Mahlon. They
were men of fine figure and address, elegant horsemen, great
runners and leapers, and excellent at stratagems and escapes.
Their father was respectable, and possessed a good estate.
The sons themselves, prior to the war, were men of reputa
tion, and proposed to remain neutral. But, harrassed person-

382 DOANE.
ally, their property sold by the Whigs because they Avould
not submit to the exactions of the time, the above-mentioned
determined to wage a predatory warfare upon their persecu
tors, and to live in the open air, as they best could do. This
plan they executed, to the terror of the country around ; act
ing as spies to the Royal Array, and robbing and plundering
continually ; yet they spared the weak, the poor, and the
peaceful. They aimed at public property and at public men.
Generally, their expeditions were on horseback. Sometimes
the five went together ; at others, separately, with accomplices.
Whoever of them was apprehended, broke jail ; whoever of
them was assailed, escaped. In a word, such was their course,
that a reward of £300 was off'ered for the head of each.
Ultimately, three were slain ; Moses, after a desperate fight,
was shot by his captor ; Abraham and Mahlon were hung at
Philadelphia. Joseph, before the Revolution, taught school. During the
war, while on a marauding expedition, he was shot through
the cheeks, fell from his horse, and was taken prisoner. He
was committed to jail, but while waiting his trial, escaped to
New Jersey. A reward of $800 was offered for his appre
hension, without success. He resumed his former employment
in Ncav .Jersey, and lived there under an assumed name, nearly
a year ; but finally fled to Canada. Several years after the
peace, he returned to Pennsylvania, — "a poor, degraded, bro
ken-down old man," — to claim a legacy of about £40, which
he Avas allowed to recover, and to depart. In his youth he
was distinguished for great physical activity.
The only separate mention of Israel is, that in February,
1783, he was in jail ; that he appealed to the Council of Penn
sylvania to be released, on account of his own suff'erings and
the destitute condition of his family, and that his petition
was dismissed.
Beside these five brothers, there were three others : Joseph,
dieir father, who was in Bedford County jail, September,
1783 ; Aaron, who was under sentence of death at Philadel
phia, October, 1784, but was pardoned by the Councd, March,

DOBBIE. - DOHERTY, 383
1785 ; and a second Aaron, who was in prison in 1785, and
was repricA'ed under the gallows, at NeAvark, New .Jersey, in
July, 1788,
Dobbie, George. He died at the beginning of the Revo
lution, and the greater part of his property was lost to his
family. His son, William Hugh Dobbie, captain in the Brit
ish Navy, died in England in 1830, aged fifty-eight.
Dodd, Robert. Of Pennsylvania. Deserted from the
State galleys. Joined the British in Philadelphia. Captured
at sea. In jail in 1779, and to be tried for treason.
Dodd,  . Was in the military service of the Crown,
and engaged in the battles of White Plains and Monmouth,
and in the siege of Yorktown. At the peace, he went to
New BrunsAvick, and died there. His Avidow, Elizabeth, died
at St, Stephen in that Province, in 1849, aged one hundred
and eleven years. She was born on board of a British ship-
of-the-line, in the Bay of Biscay. She accompanied her hus
band in the Revolution, and endured all the deprivations and
hardships of life in the camp.
Doggit, John. Of Middleborough, Massachusetts, He
'went to New Brunswick, and died on the Island of Grand
Menan, Bay of Fundy, in 1830, aged seventy.
Doharty, Edmund. Of PoAvnalborough, IMaine. At
Halifax, Nova Scotia, November, 1779, and employed by
the Government. Implicated in concealing deserters from
two ships-of-\\ ar, Avas dismissed. " How he will support his
family," said the Rev. Jacob Bailey, " I know not, as his
reputation is greatly blasted by his foolish conduct," He
went subsequently to the British post at the mouth of the
Penobscot ; and one who knew him there, wrote in 1782,
" Doharty has gone out on a cruise."
DoHERTY, Michael. Sergeant in the DelaAvare Regiment.
Taken prisoner and confined. A British recruiting sergeant,
" up to all manner of cajolery," — such is Michael's story, —
"by dint of jierpetual blarney, gained my good will, slipped
the King's money into my hand, which I pocketed, and en
tered a volunteer in the 17th Regiment." Michael's corps

384 DOMETTE. - DONGAN.
was at Stony Point when stormed by " Mad Anthony," and
our wag fell wounded into Whig hands, greatly to his amaze
ment, for " he thought himself snugly out of harm's way."
His wound cured, and " whitewashed of his sins," his old
comrades received him with kindness. In the battle of Cam
den — " bad luck to the day ! " — the Delaware Blues were
"cut uproot and branch," and poor Michael made prisoner.
He put his wits at work, and concluded that a prison-ship
was no better than a jail ; and so 'listed under Tarleton.
" Oh, botheration, what a mistake ! " The battle of the
Cowpens soon followed. " Howard and Old Kirkwood gave
us the bayonet so handsomely, that we Avere taken one and
all ; " and a dragoon " added a scratch or two to the account
already scored on my unfortunate carcass. As to all the mis
eries that I have since endured, afflicted with a scarcity of
e\eiything but appetite and musqnitoes, I say nothing about
them," No Avonder his tale ends in these words : " I feel
some qualms at the thought of battle, since, take whatever
side I will, I am always sure to find it the wrong one."
DoMETTE, Joseph. Of Boston. Imprisoned there. He
went to England, and for a time received a pension of £80
per annum from the Government. He became an Episcopal
minister, and, probably, settled in Ireland or Wales. He
passed " through many scenes of disappointment."
Donaldson, Samuel, Of Virginia, He was at New
York in July, 1783, and was one of the fifty-five who peti
tioned for grants of lands in Nova Scotia. [See Abijah Wil
lard.] In a Loyalist tract, pubhshed at London in 1784, I find it
said that he was a Rebel committee man, then a spy at New
York, and that, at die peace, he returned to his estate in Vir
ginia, and took the oath of allegiance to the Whig Govern
ment. DoNGAN, Robert. Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of
the Garrison Battalion, lAe was continued in service at die
peace, and, 1794, was commissioned a Major-General.
DoNGAN, Edward Vaughan. Lieutenant-Colonel Com-

DOUD. — DOWDNEY, 385
mandant of the Third Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers.
He was the youngest son of Walter Dongan, of Staten Island,
and was bred to the law. He was killed in his twenty-ninth
year, August, 1777, in a skirmish on Staten Island. He left
a widow ; but his only child died the very day of his own
death. DouD,  . Of North Carolina. Captain in the Loyal
MUitia. Kided in 1781, in the attack of McNiel on Hills
borough, when Governor Burke, his Council, and other per
sons of distinction, were taken prisoners, and carried to Wil
mington. Dougherty, Edward. In 1776 he embarked at Boston
for Halifax. A Loyalist of this name died in extreme poverty
on the river St. John, New Brunswick, where he had lived
many years, about the year 1808.
Doughty,  . A captain in De Lancey's Brigade ;
perished in 1783, on his passage to Nova Scotia, in the wreck
of the transport ship Martha. [See James Henley.]
Doughty, Rev. John. An Episcopal minister. He grad
uated at King's College, New York, in 1770. He was or
dained in England for the Church at Peekskill, but was soon
transferred to Schenectady.
In 1775 political troubles put an end to divine service, and
he suff'ered much at the hands of the popular party. In 1777
he obtained leave to depart to Canada, (after having been
twice a prisoner) where he became chaplain of the " King's
Royal Regiment," of New York.
In 1781 he went to England ; but returned to Canada in
1784, and officiated as missionary at Sorel. He resigned his
connection with the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel
in Foreign Parts, in 1803.
Dove, Abraham. Of New York. Went to Shelburne,
Nova Scotia, kept a hotel, and died there in 1803.
Dove, James. Went to Shelburne, Nova Scotia; was a
merchant and magistrate, and died there in 1824, leaving
three sons.
Dowdney, Nathaniel. Of New Jersey. Convicted of
VOL. I. 33

386 DOXSTADER. — DRAPER.
" cursing all Congresses and Committees," and of enmity to
his country ; and, January, 1776, ordered by the Committee
of Safety to be disarmed, and to be kept in close prison until
he should manifest contrition for his offences, pay the cost of
proceedings against him, and give security for his future good
behavior. Doxstader, John. A Tory leader. On an incursion to
Currietown, he and his Indian associates took nine prisoners,
who, in an affair at a place called Ourlagh, New York, the
day succeeding their capture, were bound to standing trees,
tomahawked, and scalped. The bodies of these unfortunate
men were hastily buried by friends. But one of them, Jacob
Diefendorflf, was alive, and was afterwards found on the out
side of his own grave ; he recovered and lived to relate the
story. In 1780, on one of his incursions in New York, Dox
stader carried away a horse belonging to a Whig ; but com
ing to the same region, from Canada, after the war, he was
arrested by the owner, and compelled to pay the value of the
animal. Drake, Jeremiah. Residence unknown. Settled in New
Brunswick in 1783, and died at St. John in 1846, aged eighty.
Drake, Francis. Died at Queensbury, New Brunswick,
in 1836, aged eighty-one. He was in the service of the Crown
for some years.
Drake, John. Innkeeper, of Newcastle, Delaware. Was
required in 1778 to surrender himself, or to submit to the for
feiture of his property.
Drake, Uriah. Of New York. Went to St. John, New
Brunswick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city.
He died at Carleton, in that Province, in 1832, at the age of
seventy. Draper, Richard. Printer _and proprietor of the " Mas-
sachusetts^ Gaze tte_ and Boston ^NewsnQgFterT" He^waFlhe
apprentice, silent partner, and successor of his father, John
Draper, He was early appointed printer to the Governor
and Council, which employment he retained during life. His
paper Avas devoted to the Government, and, in the controversy

DRAPER. — DRURY. 387
between Great Britain and the Colonies, gaA-e strong support
to the Royal cause, and had some able contributors. He was
a man of feeble health, and was remarkable for the delicacy
of his mind and gentleness of his manners. No stain rested
upon his character. He was attentive to his affairs, and was
esteemed the best compiler of news of his day. He died June
6th, 1774, aged forty-seven years, without children.
Draper, Margaret, Wife of Richard Draper, of Bos
ton. With the aid of John Howe, continued the publication
of the " Massachusetts Gazette and Boston News Letter "
from the time of her husband's death, in 1774, until the evac
uation of Boston, in 1776 ; and her paper was the only one
that was published during the siege of that town. She
accompanied the British Army to Halifax, and proceeding
to England, lived there for the remainder of her days. She
died about the year 1800. The British Government allowed
her a pension. Trumbull, in his " McFingal," calls her
" Mother Draper."
Dredden, W. Of New York. An officer in a band of
marauders. Drew, Joseph. A grantee of the city of St. John, New
Brunswick ; he died there in 1808.
Drummond, Robert. Major in the Second Battalion of
New Jersey Volunteers. Of this battalion, upwards of two
hundred, who were his neighbors, enlisted under his inffuence
and persuasion. A very large proportion of them fell victims
to the climate of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, or
perished in battle. Major Drummond himself went to Eng
land at the peace, and died at Chelsea, in 1789.
Drummond, George. Of Pennsylvania. Physician. In
1777, confined to a small and inconvenient house, and de
prived, he said, of his practice, of his means of support, and
of his health, he appealed to the Council for such enlargement
as they should think reasonable.
Drummond, Rev. William. Of Connecticut. Died at
Jamaica, Long Island, in 1778.
Drury, Wake. Of Burlington, New Jersey. One of

388 DRY, — DUCHE.
the " King's Justices of the Peace," It was charged that
" he behaved scandlessly." He owned that he said the Whigs
had no right to draft men ; that the drafted men were fools
if they went ; and that, if they would come to him, he would
protect them for not going. The County Committee sent him,
under guard of ten persons, to the ProA'incial Congress. In
conducting him to the city wharf, the order of procession was,
as the record has it, " Ensign Smith ; Fifer Haight ; Four
Guards; Justice Wake; Four Guards." His Majesty's for
midable magistrate was soon back, however, to Burlington
from Trenton, on his Avay to Salem, to be put in jail untd
further orders. Of the order and number of " guards,"
when he departed, history is silent.
Dry, William. Of North Carolina. He Avas Collector
of Customs, and a member of the Council. When Mr.
Quincy, of Massachusetts, was on his Southern tour in 1773,
he was his guest, and recorded in his journal, that " Colonel
Dry's mansion is justly called the house of universal hospital
ity," At this time, it is probable, from circumstances related
by Mr. Quincy, that Mr. Dry was inclined to the popular side.
But, by the records of the Council, it appears that, April 12,
1775, he " took again the oath appointed to be taken by Privy
Counsellors." The Board at this meeting dismissed from a
commission of the peace Colonel John Harvey, one of the
most zealous Whigs in Nordi Carolina, and with the consent
of all the members present. Yet I find that, after the adop
tion of the Constitution in 1776, Colonel Dry was elected a
member of the new, or Whig Council. But a man who
changed so often was not a Whig.
DucHE, Jacob, D. D. An Episcopal minister of Phil
adelphia. He was born in that city, and graduated at the
college there in 1757. He entered the ministry, and after
the first Continental Congress assembled, in 1774, officiated
as chaplain on the 7th of September, and was thanked by a
vote of that body, " for the excellent prayer which he com
posed and delivered " on the occasion. At this time he was
Assistant Rector of two churches ; but on the death of Rev.

DUCHE. 389
Doctor Richard Peters, an Episcopal minister of Philadel
phia, in 1775, was appointed his successor. In 1776 he was
elected chaplain to Congress, with a salary. The following
is the form of prayer which he made use of after Independle
ence was declared : —
" O Lord, our heavenly Father, high and mighty, King of
kings, and Lord of lords, who dost from thy throne behold all
the dwellers on earth, and reignest with power supreme and
uncontrolled over all kingdoms, empires, and governments,
look down in mercy, we beseech thee, on these our American
States, who have fled to thee from the rod of the oppressor,
and thrown themselves on thy gracious protection, desiring to
be henceforth dependent only on thee ; to thee have they ap
pealed for the righteousness of their cause ; to thee do they
now look up for that countenance and support, which thou
alone canst give : take them, therefore, heavenly Father,
under thy nurturiirg care ; give them wisdom in council, and
valor in the field ; defeat the malicious designs of our cruel
adversaries ; convince them of the unrighteousness of their
cause, and if they still persist in their sanguinary purposes,
oh ! let the voice of thine own unerring justice, sounding in
their hearts, constrain them to drop the weapons of Avar from
their unnerved hands in the day of battle. Be thou present,
O God of wisdom, and direct the councils of this honorable
assembly ; enable them to settle things on the best and siirest
foundation, that the scene of blood may be speedily closed,
that order, harmony and peace may be effectually restored,
and truth and justice, religion and piety, prevail and flourish
amongst thy people ; preserve the health of their bodies and
the vigor of their minds ; shower down on them, and the
millions they represent, such temporal blessings as thou seest
expedient for them in this world, and crown them with ever
lasting glory in the world to come. All this we ask in the
name, and through the merits of Jesus Christ, thy Son and
our Saviour. Amen."
He officiated as chaplain about three months, when he aban
doned the Whigs, and resigned. In October, 1777, he wrote
33*

390 DUCHE.
an extraordinary letter to Washington, which was delivered
by Mrs. Ferguson, and which the Commander-in-Chief trans
mitted to Congress. The objects of this communication were,
in cast a general odium on the Whig cause, to induce Wash
ington to apostatize and resign his command of the army, or,
at the head of it, to force Congress immediately to desist from
hostilities, and to rescind the Declaration of Independence.
If this is not done, said Duche, "you have an infallible re
source still left ; negotiate for America at the head of your
army." In the course of this letter he represents Congress
in a most despicable view, as consisting of weak, obscure
persons, not fit associates for Washington ; and he speaks of
the members from New England, especially, with great indel
icacy. The army, in his estimation, both officers and men,
were possessed neither of courage nor principle, and were
taken from the lowest of the people.
Various motives were assigned for his apostasy ; some be
lieved that it was occasioned by the gloomy aspect of affairs ;
others supposed that it arose from a change in his sentiments
respecting the justice of the Whig cause. But whatever was
the reason, the aspersions contained in his letter admit of no
excuse. After quitting Phdadelphia, Doctor Duche went to
England, and became chaplain to an asylum for orphans. He
was a man of brilliant talents, an impressive orator, had a fine
poetical taste, and figured as a preacher even in London. He
was banished, and his estate was confiscated. His house was
bought by Thomas McKean, a signer of the Declaration of
Independence. In April, 1783, he sohcited Washington's influence to effect
a repeal of the Act that kept him in banishment from his na
tive country, " from the arms of a dear aged father, and the
embraces of a numerous circle of valuable and long-loved
friends." Washington replied that his feelings as an indi
vidual were favorable, but that his case must continue to rest
with the authorities of Pennsylvania. In 1790 the laws of
that State having allowed the refugee Loyalists to return.
Dr. Duch^ came back to Philadelphia in shattered health.

DUCKUSTFIELD. 391
He died in 1798, aged about sixty years. One account states
that his decease occurred in 1794; another, in 1796. His
wife, a sister of Francis Hopkinson, was killed at Philadel
phia in 1797, by the falling of a sand-bag on her head, while
opening a window. His daughter Sophia married John Henry,
a person whose real or supposed connection with our politics,
about the time of the war of 1812, caused considerable sensa
tion. Dr. Duche published several sermons before his defec
tion, and two volumes in London, in 1780.
Duckinfield, Sir Nathaniel, Baronet. Of North Car
olina. He was a member of the Councd of North Carolina,
and owned large tracts of land in that Colony. He " was
gay, good-humored, and popular." .... In 1772 he Avent
to England, when his friends prevailed on him to purchase a
commission in the British Army. When the war broke out
he could not be induced to serve against America, and when
his regiment was sent out, he contrived to remain behind.
In 1779 his estate was confiscated. James Iredell, who, after
the organization of the Federal Government was a Judge of
the Supreme Court, and the Baronet, were on very intimate
terms. They became rivals in love ; " but the contest was
so generously conducted, and the deportment of each so
marked by magnanimity, that, so far fi-om their friendship
being shaken, their mutual esteem was increased."
The Baronet's " proposal met with a courteous but prompt
refusal  His disappointment so affected him, that he
deserted the Province, to which he never returned ; subse
quently, when his estate Avas forfeited, ' most ably and elo
quently did Mr. Iredell plead his cause.' They regularly cor
responded until the close of 1791." Mr. Iredell records in
his journal, Saturday, December 19th, 1772 : " I have this
morning had the happiness to receive a most pleasing friendly
letter from Sir N. D., wherein he discovers a most noble soul,
generously extolling in terms of the highest admiration a con
duct severely killing his hopes, and congratulating me on a
happiness raised on the ruin of his. Excellent young man !
may your lot be a happy one ; though indeed it will be very

392 DUCKINFIELD.
difficult to fix your affections on one so likely to insure it,"
&c. On the 20th of January, 1773, the Baronet wrote his
rival : " I don't know any couple so deserving of each other
as yourselves, and as it was not my good fortune to be the
happy possessor of Miss Hannah Johnston's aff'ections, I re
joice exceedingly that such felicity was destined for you.
Happy may you long continue to be together. I, perhaps,
may never be an eye-witness of it. My intentions of settling
in America are now at an end, and I am in hopes some time
or other to acquaint you with the fulfilling of your wish that
I may select some lady here for my own  If I should
again visit Carolina, I pledge you my assurance that the in
crease of happiness to yourself shall not in the least abate
the ardor of my friendship for you and your partner 
At present I think to amuse myself a little while in the army,
and have a promise from Major-General Burgoyne of the next
vacancy which shall happen in his Light Dragoons, if I shall
not satisfy myself sooner," &c. Again, in a letter five days
later, he said : " I wish you Avould acquaint me whether my
addressing Miss Johnston was publicly knoAvn in North Car
olina, and what she thought of my persisting to write to her."
March 10th, of the same year, he wrote : " I have now the
same reason to induce me to stay in England that I had to
remain in Carolina, and which will, perhaps, be crowned with
success, I am determined to marry as soon as I can meet
with a lady whose person and fortune will be suitable, and
who shall think me suitable for her," &c.
On the 14th of May : " I am now entirely free from the last
tincture of that unhappy situation of being in love, but how
long the Avarmth of my constitution will permit me to be thus
cool, I will not A'enture to promise. I am, however, destined
to a cold part of the island, to join the Queen's (or 7tli) Reg
iment of Dragoons, now quartered at Edinburgh, in which I
have purchased a cornetcy." On the 9th of August, 1773 :
" My passions are violent, and I cannot govern them. Since
my last to you, in which I told you of one disappointment which
I had met with, I have had another with a young lady who, 'tis

DUCKINFIELD, 393
supposed, wdl be a fortune of near £100,000, and though I
was much distressed at first, I got the better of it in a short
time. I saw Captain Messenger at Liverpool ; he told me of
my ' penchant ' for Miss Hannah, and I think said my mother
mentioned it to him. I did not expect that it could be kept a
secret." Again, in the same letter : " I am quite out of con
ceit Avith matrimony at present, but can't promise how long it-
will continue. There are some very pretty girls in this neigh
borhood." In 1783 he wrote that he had been in command
of a troop of dragoons three years ; that he was then aide-de
camp to General Warde, with "nothing to do," and in a few
days was to marry the General's niece, whose constitution
would not allow her to cross the sea. A year later, he said
he had made an exchange with an officer in a regiment of foot,
and should retire on half-pay. " I am most perfectly happy,"
he continued, " and much fonder of my wife than when I mar
ried. She is not at all handsome, but what you may call a
devilish good one." Again, in 1784, he mentioned that he was
the father of a boy who was a charming fellow, and attempted
to talk and to scold ; that Lady Duckinfield was soon to pre
sent him with another child ; and closed with the remark :
" You will not be surprised at my being desirous that the
plantation should be sold, and the money secured for my use
after my mother's death, as I have entirely given up all
thoughts of settling in Carolina ; and should I have a large
family it will be necessary, in order to keep the younger ones
from being carpenters and mantua-makers." In June, 1785,
he announced the birth of a second son before the first was a
year old ; and he discoursed about a numerous progeny, and
of his parent's decease, in terms that caused Mr. Iredell to say
in communicating with a friend : " I am quite vexed (between
ourselves) at the levity and indifference of Sir N. Duckin-
field's letter, wrote in answer to mine giving a very particular,
and to me very affecting, account of his mother's death. He
bears it with all the cursed stoicism of a philosopher ; and is
stdl afraid that his wife will ruin him with a great number of
children. He will deserve a Xantippe for his next wife, and

394 DUDLEY.
a double set of children into the bargain. It is so intolerable
to see a young man so insensible and so avaricious." The
noticeable points of a letter dated in February, 1789, are the
birth of a daughter, the allowance by the British Government
of £3000 for his losses as a Loyalist, and the expression of
joy that the Confiscation Act did not include " the negroes
which he had lent to his mother."
The Baronet died in 1824. His wife was Katharine Warde,
who deceased in 1823. His son Samuel, captain in the Dra
goons, was drowned in 1810. His son John Lloyd succeeded
him, but dying without issue in 1836, the title devolved on
his third son, Henry Robert, the present Baronet. His fourth
son, Charles Egerton, is (1855) in the military service of the
East India Company. His daughter Katharine married R. P.
Smith, M. D. His family is one of the most ancient in the
county of Chester, and is said to be descended from the Nor
man house of De Massey.
/ Dudley, Charles. Last Royal Collector and Surveyor
of the Customs at Newport, Rhode" Mand.,^ He Avas son of
Thomas-^ndiMary (Leavitt) Dudley, of a highly respectable
family of Staffordshire, England, and was born in that county
in 1737. When Robinson was transferred to the Board of
Commissioners of the Customs, Boston, and in 1768, he was
appointed his successor at Newport. In November, 1775, he
fled to the Rose ship-of-war. The Whig Committee seized his
personal property soon after, sold a part, and stored the rest
in Providence. The Committee voted, subsequently, " that
one of his best beds, with the furniture, be presented to Gen
eral Lee," who was in command in Rhode Island, and very
busy with the Loyalists. In 1776 Mr. Dudley embarked at
Boston for Halifax, Avith the British Army, and went to Eng
land the same year. He died at London in 1790.
His only child who lived to mature years, Charles E. Dud
ley, of Albany, New York, was a Senator in Congress from
1828 to 1833, and died in 1841. The Dudley Observatory is
named in honor of this gendeman ; and his widow, Blandina
(Bleecker) Dudley, contributed, at various times, the sum of

DUFIFELD. - DULANY. 395
$75,000 to erect and endow it. She died at Albany, March,
1863. In her wiU, in addition to her former gifts, she be-
queadied the sum of $30,000 for the maintenance in the
Dudley Observatory, Avhich she established, of a scientific
chair, to be known as the " Blandina Professorship." This
puts the institution in an excellent financial position, giving
it a permanent endowment of $80,000, which is safely in
vested, and yields an annual income of $5600.
DuFFiELD, John. Of New Jersey. In 1774 the Whigs
destroyed some tea owned by him, by Stacy Hepburn, and a
Captain Allen, the value of which they attempted to recover
by suit at law. Joseph Reed, of Philadelphia, was their coun
sel, but they failed.
DuFFUS, Charles, He died at St. John, New Brunswick,
in 1818, at the age of seventy.
DuLANY, Daniel. Of Maryland. Early in the contro
versy, he and Charles Carroll engaged in a warm newspaper
discussion, which attracted much interest. Dulany wrote
over the signature of Antilore, and his Whig antao-onist
adopted that ^f the First Citizen. Dulany was an eminent
lawyer, and was considered one of the most distinguished men
of his time. Before the Revolution he held the offices of Sec
retary and Attorney-General of Maryland, and was a member
of the Council. Few memorials remain of him, but he is ever
mentioned in terms of the highest respect. Mr. Quincy, of
Massachusetts, while on his journey to the South in 1773,
sjioke of spending " three hours with the celebrated Daniel
Dulany." Though a Loyalist at last, he stood up manfully against the
Stamp Act. These words, uttered in 1765, are glorious :
" A garment of linsey-wolsey," said he, " when made the dis
tinction of patriotism, is more honorable than the plumes and
the diadem of an emperor, without it. Let the manufacture
of America be the symbol of dignity and the badge of virtue,
and it will soon break the fetters of distress."
He survived the Revolution several years. " He was one
of the most refined gentlemen and flourishing counsellors of

896 DULANY.
his day, and dignified his profession by the liberality and grace
with AA'hich he exercised it. Like Edward Rutledge, of South
Carolina, he took no fee from the widow and orphan. We
can barely remember his benevolent mien and silver locks,
as, when superannuated, he walked the streets of Baltimore ;
his chief pleasure, after all his high aspirations, grave labors,
and bright successes of life, being the distribution of ginger
bread, with which he was constantly supplied, for the croAvd
of children who watched and followed their venerable pro
vider." Dulany, Lloyd. Of Annapolis, Maryland. On the 27th
of May, 1774, the Whigs of that city passed the following
Resolution : " That it is the opinion of this meeting that the
gentlemen of the law of this Province bring no suit for the
recovery of any debt due from any inhabitant of this Province
to any inhabitant of Great Britain, until the said Act [Boston
Port Bill] be repealed." Three days after, Mr. Dulany's name
appeared at the head of the following Protest : " Lissentient.
1. Because we are impressed with a full conviction, that this
resolution is founded in treachery and rashness, inasmuch as it
is big with bankruptcy and ruin to those inhabitants of Great
Britain, who, relying Avith unlimited security on our good
faith and integrity, have made us masters of their fortunes ;
condemning them unheard, for not having interposed their
influence with Parliament in favor of the town of Boston,
without duly weighing the force with which that influence
would probably have operated, or whether in their conduct
they were actuated by wisdom and policy, or by corruption
and avarice. >
" 2. Because, whilst the inhabitants of Great Britain are
partially despoiled of every legal remedy to recover what is
justly due to them, no provision is made to prevent us from
being harrassed by the prosecution of internal suits, but our
fortunes and persons are left at the mercy of domestic credi
tors, without a possibility of extricating ourselves, unless by a
general convulsion ; an event, in the contemplation of sober
reason, replete with horror.

DULANY.-- DUNBAR. 397
" 3, Because our credit, as a commercial people, will expire
under the wound ; for Avhat confidence can possibly be reposed
in those who shall have exhibited the most avowed and most
striking proof that they are not to be bound by obligations as
sacred as human invention can suggest."
Dulany was killed in a duel with the Reverend Bennet Al
len, Hyde Park, London, in 1782. The seconds Avere a Mr.
De Lancey and a Mr, Robert Morris, both, I conclude. Loyal
ists. The cause of the fatal meeting was an article in a Lon
don newspaper, in 1779, touching the character of Dulany,
(among other Americans) with A\'hom Allen was not pleased.
Walter Dulany, son of Walter Dulany of Maryland, married
the widow of Lloyd Dulany, in 1785.
Dulany, Daniel. Of Maryland. Son of Walter. At
first, he enrolled himself in the militia, and seemed inclined
to the popular cause ; but refusing to sign the Test, he in
curred the displeasure of the Whigs, and fled. Attainted, and
estate confiscated.
DuMARESQUE, Philip. Merchant, of Boston. An Ad
dresser of Hutghinsan-in, 1774,,.and of Gage in 1775. In
1776, with his family of seven persons, he went to Halifax.
Two years later he was proscribed and banished. He was
appointed Collector of the Customs at New Providence, Nas
sau, and died there. His wife was Rebecca, daughter of Dr.
Sylvester Gardiner. His children were — Philip, a captain in
the Royal Navy ; James, who married Sarah Farwell, of Vas-
salborough, Maine ; Francis, a physician in Jamaica ; and a
daughter, Rebecca. Persons of his lineage are now living in
Boston and vicinity. Perhaps the Lieutenant Dumaresque
of the British Navy, attached to the Haivke sloop-of-war,
drowned in 1812, was also of his family. The Hawke lay
off Calspot Casde, where she was employed to attend the
Duke of Olarence. Lieutenant D. went up to Southampton
to dine with Admiral Ferguson ; on his return, his boat upset.
Dunbar, Daniel. Of Halifax, Massachusetts. Was an
officer in die militia, and in 1774 a mob demanded of him the
surrender of the colors of his company. He refused, when the
VOL. I. 34

398 /j^ >^ JK^'^UNBAR.
multitude broke into ms house, took him out, forced him to
get upon a rail, where he was held and tossed up and down
until he was exhausted. He was then dragged and beaten,
and gave up the standard to save his life. In 1776 he went
to Halifax, Nova Scotia, Avith the Royal Army. In 1778 he
was proscribed and banished.
. Dunbar, Jesse. Of Halifax, Massachusetts. Bought some
fat cattle of a Mandamus Councillor in 1774, and drove them
to Plymouth for sale. The Whigs soon learned with whom
Dunbar had presumed to deal, and after he had slaughtered,
skinned, and hung up one of the beasts, commenced punishing
him for the offence. His tormentors, it appears, put the dead
ox in a cart, and fixing Dunbar in his belly, carted him four
miles, and required him to pay one dollar for the ride. He
then was delivered over to a Kingston mob, who carted him
four other miles, and exacted another dollar. A Duxbury
mob then took him, and after beating him in the face with
the creature's tripe, and endeavoring to cover his person with
it, carried him to Councillor Thomas's house, and compelled
him to pay a further sum of money. Flinging his beef into
the road, they now left him to recover and return as he could.
Dunbar, Moses. Of Bristol, Connecticut. He was born
1n Plymouth, Connecticut. He was convicted of holding a
captain's commission under Sir William Howe, and of enlist
ing men for the Royal Army, by the Superior Court, January,
1777, and soon after, while .under sentence of death, cleared
himself of his irons, knocked down the sentries, and escaped
fi-om jail, but was apprehended. The " Connecticut Courant "
announced that, " On Wednesday, March 19, Moses Dunbar
Avill be executed. A sermon will be preached at the jail to the
prisoner, by the Rev. Abraham Jarvis of Middleton ; and a
sermon in the North Meeting-house to the spectators, by the
Rev. Nathan Perkins." There was stiff another homily by
Rev. Nathan Stone, Avhicli was printed, and which closes thus :
" Bloody and deceitful men shall not live out half their days."
Dunbar was hung on the day designated, (March 19, 1777,)
in the presence of a " prodigious concourse of people."

E V AN S, — E VERITT. 407
not deprived me of my rights as an American, I have com
mitted a great fault, but you are not responsible. I brought
you away a child (of five years), but remember that when
you are twenty-one, you are freed from rny authority as
father, and will then return to your native country — and so
he sent me, and there commences my history  He re- ,
mained to the day of his death an empassioned American." j
Evans, Abel. In 1778, in a letter to Galloway, he said:
" The number of horses, employed to transport ffour from
Maryland and Pennsylvania to Boston, were immense. These
were principally taken from the farmers southward of New
York, as those in the Continental Army were mostly rendered
unfit for service through hard usage and bad feeding. Carry
ing so much provision so far, and over very bad roads, has
destroyed many more of the horses belonging to the farmers.
From these circumstances judge how badly the Continental
Army must be prepared for another campaign." Evans was
then in New York — " obliged to go into such business as he
could get to do."
EvERSFiELD, Rev. John. Of Maryland. Episcopal min
ister. He was born in England, and belonged to a noble
family. He came to America in 1727, and the following
year was placed over the parish of St. Paul's, Prince George's
County. He possessed a good library, and was a man of great
learning. In 1776 he was arrested, and his case examined b3-
the Maryland Convention ; with the result that, in consider
ation of his age and infirmities, and his want of ability to
exert any dangerous influence, he be discharged, on payment
of the expenses of his confinement. He died in 1780, aged
about eighty. His wife was Eleanor Claggett, — an aunt of
the bishop of that surname, — by whom he received a large
landed estate. Several children survived hiin ; one of whom,
John, was an Episcopal clergyman, and setded in England.
Everitt, George. Was a quartermaster in the King's
service. Went to New Brunswick in 1783, and died at
Fredericton in 1829, aged seventy.
Everitt, Benjamin, Daniel, James, and Nicholas. Of

408 FAGAN, — FAIRFAX.
Queen's County, New York. Acknowledged allegiance, Oc
tober, 1776. James signed a Declaration of loyalty pre
viously ; settled in Nova Scotia subsequently, and died in
Digby in 1799.
Fagan, Jake. Of Monmouth County, New Jersey. One
of the " Pine Robbers." These miscreants plundered when
ever they could, and changed sides as often as interest dictated.
Jake, after a career of crime, was shot in 1778, by a party of
Whigs who lay in ambush. After his body was buried, it
was disinterred, enveloped in a tarred cloth, and suspended
in chains with iron bands around it, until the birds of prey
picked the flesh from its bones, and the skeleton fell to the
ground in pieces. There is a tradition, also, that his skull
was afterwards placed against the tree on which his body was
hung, Avith a pipe in its mouth.
Fairchild, James M. He went to New Brunswick in
1783, and died at St, John in 1807.
Fairfax, Lord Thomas. He was the son of Thornas,
the fifth Lord Fairfax, and of Catharine, daughter of Lord
Culpepper, and was born in England in 1691. He was edu
cated at Oxford, and was a good scholar. Succeeding to the
title and to the family estate in Virginia, he came over to that
Colony about the year 1739. After residing there a year,
he returned to England ; but desirous of improving and induc
ing rapid settlements on his land, and pleased with America,
he determined to make Virginia the place of his permanent
abode. Another account is that he sought seclusion in con
sequence of disappointment in love. Whatever the cause,
he closed his aff'airs in England, and came a second time to
his estate in 1745, He lived several years with William
Fairfax, at Belvoir, but at length fixed his residence a few
miles from Winchester, on the western side of the Blue Ridge,
Avhere he laid out a farm, and put it under high cultivation.
His mansion house was called Greenway Court, and he lived
in a style of liberal hospitality. He was fond of hunting and
indulged in the diversion nearly to excess. I find it said that
Christ Church, Alexandria, and the Church at Falls Church

FAIRFAX. 409
Corners, and the Hotel in Alexandria, Avhich was the head
quarters of General Washington, were built of bricks brought
from England by Lord Fairfax. He was kind to the poor,
and allowed them a large part of the surplus produce of the
land under his immediate management, and afforded them
the use of other parts of his estate on terms almost nominal.
Indulgent to all who held lands under him and to all around
him, faithful in the discharge of his private duties and in the
performance of several honorable public trusts, he lived re
spected and beloved by men of all parties. Though a frank
and open Loyalist, he was never insulted or molested by the
Whigs. When he heard of the surrender of Cornwalhs, it
is related that he said to the servant, " Come, Joe, carry me
to bed, for it is high time for me to die." Nor did he long
surviA'e this event. He died at Greenway Court in 1782, in
the ninety-second year of his age, much lamented. His liter
ary attainntents were highly respectable, and it is said that
in his youth he was a contributor to the " Spectator." His
remains were deposited under the communion-table of the
Episcopal Church at Winchester, but were removed in 1833,
to provide a place for the erection of a pile of buildings on
the site of the church. He was a dark, swarthy man, more
than six feet in height, of a large frame, and of extraordinary
strength. Lord Fairfax was the friend and patron of Washington's
early life, and though he died before the mother country ac
knowledged the independence of the thirteen Colonies, he
saw, in the most intense anguish, that the widow's son, who
surveyed his lands, was destined under Providence to be the
great instrument to dismember the British empire.
His barony and his immense domain in Virginia, between
the rivers Potomac and Rappahannock, consisting, as appears
by parliamentary papers, of five million two hundred and
eighty-tAvo thousand acres, descended to his only surviving
brother, Robert Fairfax, who was the seventh Lord Fairfax,
and who died at Leeds Castle, England, in 1791. But as this
domain was in possession of Lord Thomas during the Revolu-
VOL. I. 35

410 FAIRFAX.
tionary controversy, it was confiscated. Lord Robert, how
ever, (claiming in behalf of himself; of Frances Martin, his
widowed sister ; of Denny Fairfax, a clergyman ; of Phdip
and Thomas Martin, his nephews ; and three Misses Martin,
his nieces), applied to the British Government for compen
sation, under the provision made to Loyalist sufferers, and
stated the value of the estate at £98,000. The commissioners
made a special report upon this claim, but do not appear
to have come to a final decision with regard to it ; and after
their labors were closed, it was among the few cases which
were referred to Parliament for settlement. It w'as consid
ered by a committee of that body, who, as the commissioners
had done, reduced it to £60,000. Lord Robert's life interest
therein, they find, by the established rules of computation, at
£13,758. The value of the life interest Mr. Pitt recom
mended to be paid, but at this time (1792) advised no com
pensation to those who possessed the reversionary interest. But
it is believed that, at a subsequent period, an allowance was
made to nearly or quite the sum originally claimed.
His estate Avas one of the largest and most valuable in
America at the Revolution. It was granted May 8, 1681, by
Charles the Second to Thomas Lord Culpepper, the grand
father of Lord Thomas and Lord Robert Fairfax, on a " rent
of £6 13s. -id., payable as therein mentioned." At Lord Cul
pepper's death it became the property of his daughter, the
Right Honorable Catharine, Lady Fairfax, who, by her wdl
of April 21, 1719, devised the whole in trust thus : " Upon
trust in the first place by mortgage, a sale of sufficient part
of the estates thereby devised, to raise a sufficient sum for
discharging all her debts, legacies, and funeral expenses ;
and after such mortgage sale and disposition," as follows,
namely : —
" To the use of her eldest son, Thomas Lord Fairfax, and
his assigns for life. Remainder to the first and other sons of
said Thomas Fairfax, in tail male. Remainder to her second
son, Henry Culpepper Fairfax, and his assigns, for life. Re
mainder to the first and other sons of said Henry Culpepper

FAIRFAX. 411
Fairfax, in tail male. Remainder to her third son, Robert
Fairfax, and his assigns, for life. Remainder to trustees to
preserve contingent remainders. Remainder to the first and
other sons of said Robert Fairfax, in tail male. Remainder
to the daughters of the said testatrix, as tenants in common,
in tail. Remainder to the right heirs of the said testatrix, in
fee." Such was the tenure of the Fairfax estate in Virginia. The
magnitude of the property, and the circumstances of the case,
caused an unusual degree of investigation in Parliament, and
Lord Robert's memorial for relief was the subject of a separate
and elaborate report. His individual loss, if computed at the
value of his life interest, was less than that of several of the
Loyalists whose property was confiscated ; though Ave have
seen that the Government gave him, without hesitation, nearly
seventy thousand dollars, after reducing his valuation more
than a quarter part. A considerable portion of this estate had
been granted prior to the Revolution, upon the quit-rent
system, and thus a part of its value had been transferred to
others. Still the reversionary interest on the decease of Lord
Robert, which the committee of Parliament fixed at a sum
equal to a quarter of a million of dollars, was by no means
extravagant, even if the worth of lands at that period be alone
considered. Perhaps the reader has journeyed through the present
counties of Lancaster, Northumberland, Richmond, West
moreland, Stafford, King George, Prince William, Fairfax,
Loudoun, Fauquier, Culpepper, Clarke, Madison, Page,
Shenandoah, Hardy, Hampshire, Morgan, Berkely, Jefferson
and Frederick — twenty-one in all — and embracing nearly
one quarter of Virginia ; — perhaps the eye that glances at
this page has surveyed everything between the Potomac and
the Rappahannock ; — did die thought occur that this whole
territory once belonged to a single family ; that though the
Fairfax of the Revolutionary era was the friend of Washing
ton, CA'ery acre was confiscated simply because of loyalty to
the British Crown ? Such a grant, after die lapse of genera-

412 FAIRFAX.
tions, and in the progress of civilization, we deem entirely
wrong ; but, made in accordance with the spirit of the age, it
was valid. The many battles on the Fairfax domain, in the
present unhallowed Rebellion, will render the country between
the Potomac and the Rappahannock memorable in all coming
time. Fairfax, George William. Of Virginia. He was the
great-grandson of Thomas, the fourth Lord Fairfax. His
father was the Hon. Colonel William Fairfax, who was Lieu
tenant of the county of Fairfax, Collector of the Customs of
South Potomac, member and President of the Council ia
Virginia. He was educated in England, but was the early
companion of Washington, and his associate as surveyor of
lands. On the death of his father in 1757, he succeeded to
his estate. He married a daughter of Colonel Carey, of
Hampton, became a member of the Council, and lived at
Belvoir. Some property in Yorkshire descended to him in
1773, and he went to England ; and in consequence of the
political difficulties which followed, did not return to America.
He fixed his residence at Bath, where he died in 1787, aged
sixty-three. During the war he evinced much kindness to
American prisoners who were carried to England. A part
of his Virginia estate was confiscated, by which his income
was much reduced. Washington esteemed him highly, and
they were ever friends. The illustrious Commander-in-Chief
was named an executor of his Avill, but declined fulfilling the
trust in consequence of his public engagements. Mr. Fairfax
left no children. He bequeathed his American property to
Ferdinando, the second son of his only surviving brother.
Fairfax, Lord Bryan. Of Virginia. He Avas the third
son of the Hon. Colonel William Fairfax. His wife was a
daughter of Wilson Carey, of Virginia, and his residence was
at Towlston Hall in Fairfax County, though for some years,
during the latter part of his life, he was an Episcopal clergy
man at Alexandria. An affectionate intercourse existed be
tween him and Washington throughout life ; both were of too
elevated a cast to allow political differences of opinion to alien-

FAIRFAX. 413
ate and separate them. In 1774 Washington expressed an
earnest wish that he should stand as a candidate for the House
of Burgesses, but he declined. He was opposed to strong
measures, and in favor of redress by remonstrances and peti
tions. " There are scarce any at Alexandria," he wrote, " of
my opinion ; and though the few I have elsewhere conversed
with on the subject are so, yet from them I could learn that
many thought odierwise ; so that I believe I should at this
time give general dissatisfaction, and therefore it would be
more proper to decHne, even upon this account, as well as
because it would necessarily lead me int6 great expenses,
which my circumstances wid not allow." Washington, in
reply, remarked that he would heartily join in his political
sentiments " so far as relates to a humble and dutiful petition
to the throne, provided there Avas the most distant hope of
success. But," said he, " have we not tried this already ?
Have Ave not addressed the Lords, and remonstrated to the
Commons ? And to what end ? Did they deign to look at
our petitions ? " &c.
Prior to July 18, 1774, Mr. Fairfax attended several meet
ings of the Whigs of Fairfax County, but at that time with
drew from them. The immediate cause of withdrawal seems
to have been his disapprobation of some of the resolutions pre
pared by a committee, and submitted to a general meeting of
the inhabitants of the county, Washington was chairman of
both the committee and the meeting, and Fairfax addressed
to him a communication, expressing his A'iews and objections,
which he desired might be publicly read. Yet the two friends
did not relinquish their correspondence upon the great ques
tions which agitated the country ; and the letters of Washing
ton to this gentleman contain the fullest and most satisfactory
exposition of his sentiments that Mr. Sparks has preserved.
On the death of Robert Fairfax (in 1791), who was the sev
enth Lord Fairfax, Bryan Fairfax succeeded to the title, and
was the eighth Baron of the name. Benevolence and kind-
ness were marked traits in his character, and he was univer
sally respected and beloved. Washington bequeathed to him
35*

414 FAIRFAX. - FALES.
an elegant Bible in three volumes folio. Lord Bryan died at
Mount Eagle, near Cameron, in 1802, aged seventy-five, after
a long illness, which he bore with resignation.
Two of his sons were Ferdinando and Thomas. The lat
ter, as we shall see, inherited the empty title of Lord Fairfax.
His grandson Henry, a graduate at West Point, raised a com
pany in the late war with Mexico, much against the Avishes
of his relatives and friends, and died a victim to the climate,
soon after arriving at the scene of strife. Lord Thomas Fair
fax, after his succession to the barony, chose to live much in
retirement, to superintend " his paternal estates on the Poto
mac, and to exercise a genuine old English hospitality, com
bined with the simplicity of the land in which he dwelt."
" He uniformly declined, from Americans, any deference to
his rank, preferring to be regarded as simply a gentleman of
the county which bears his family name." He died at his
seat in Virginia, in 1846, in his eighty-fourth year. Marga
ret, his widow, died in 1858, at the age of seventy-five. The
present Baron is Lord Charles Snowden Fairfax, grandson
of Lord Thomas.
Fairweather, Benjamin, Jedediah, and Thomas. Set
tled in New Brunswick in 1783, and received grants of lands.
Thomas died at Norton in that Colony in 1825, at the age of
seventy-seven, and Elizabeth, his widow, at the same place,
in 1846, aged seventy-nine. Jedediah died at Norton in
1831, at the age of ninety-six.
Fales, David. Of Dedham, Massachusetts. In 1763 he
removed to Maine, upon the Waldo Patent, and within the
limits of the present town of Thomaston ; where he practised
as a physician, taught school, and surveyed lands. He Avas
also employed by i\Ir. Flucker, the Secretary of Massachusetts,
and son-in-law of General Waldo, as agent of lands embraced
in the Patent. He wrote a remarkable fair hand, was me
thodical in business, but slow, and very tardy in coming to the
relief of a patient. In 1775 the Whigs, in the vicinity of his
home, offered him the alternative of signing a Test of fidelity
to the popular cause, or of riding on the " wooden horse."

FANNING. 415
He refused to side with the " Rebels," and escaped the raff ;
for his wife prepared a pailful of flip, and his sons became sure
ties for his good conduct. I find him in Maine in 1790, when,
at Thomaston, his name appears as one of a committee to se
lect the site for a meeting-house in Warren.
Fanning, Edmund. Of North Carolina. General in the
British Army. Son of Colonel Phineas Fanning. Born on
Long Island, New York. Graduated at Yale College ; stud
ied law ; removed to North Carolina, and commenced practice.
Appointed colonel in the militia in 1763, and two years later,
clerk of the Superior Court. Subsequently, he was a man of
considerable note in the Colony, and respectable men aver
that he was remarkable " for all the vices that degrade the
most abandoned and profligate minion." Among the public
offices which he held, was that of Recorder of Deeds for the
county of Orange ; and it is alleged, that to his abuses in this
capacity, the Avar or rebellion of the Regulators in Governor
Tryon's administration, is, in a good measure, to be attributed.
The averment is, that, by his vicious character, " nearly all
the estates in Orange were loaded with doubts as to their
titles, with exorbitant fees for recording new and unnecessary
deeds, and high taxes to support a government which supported
his wickedness." This charge rests on very high authority ;
and during the war of the Regulators against the Royal Gov
ernment, neither the person nor property of Fanning were re
spected. His losses were presented to the Assembly by Gov
ernor Martin, the successor of Tryon, but that body not only
peremptorily refused to consider the subject, but administered
a rebuke to the Governor, for thus trifling " with the dignity
of the House." It is not impossible that his unpopularity Avas
greater than his offences deserved ; since neither the members
of the Assembly, nor the people at large, were, at this junc
ture, in a frame of mind to do exact justice to opponents.
Fanning followed Governor Tryon to New York, and became
his secretary. In 1777 he raised a corps of four hundred and
sixty Loyalists, Avhich bore the name of the Associated Refu
gees, or King's American Regiment, and of which he had com-

416 FANNING.
mand. To aid in the organization of this body, £500 were sub
scribed at Staten Island, £310 in King's County, £219 in
the town of Jamaica, and £2000 in the city of New York.
While stationed in Rhode Island, August, 1778, he had " a
smart engagement with the enemy," said General Pigot, " and
oblio-ed them to retreat to their main body." In March of
the following year, a part of his regiment, and other Loyalists,
embarked in seven vessels, protected by three privateers, on an
expedition, " to get stock," or cattle, at the eastward. The
chronicle has it that they landed on Nantucket and brought
off a number of hogs, a quantity of od, and three vessels.
On the 16tli of June, the whole corps sailed for New York.
While his regiment Avas on Long Island, some of his men
entered a house, tied the owner of it to a bedpost, and then
held a candle under the ends of his fingers, to torture him to
disclose the hiding-place of his money. The general charge
that " Fanning's corps Avere rude and ill behaved," is sup
ported by evidence. In 1779 the property of Colonel Fan
ning in North Carolina was confiscated. In 1782 he Avas in
oflSce as Surveyor-General of Ncav York. He went to Nova
Scotia near the close of the war, and September 23d, 1783,
was sworn in as Councillor and Lieutenant-Governor of that
Colony. About the year 1786 he was appointed Lieutenant-
Governor of Prince Edward Island ; and having served nearly
nineteen years, was succeeded in 1805 by Des Barres, who is
celebrated for his charts of parts of the American coast.
Fanning was appointed Major-General in 1793, Lieutenant-
General in 1799, and General in 1808. He died in Upper
Seymour Street, London, in 1818. Whigs, as we have seen,
said that his character was bad. At the time of his decease,
a friendly pen Avrote : " The world did not contain a better
man in all the various relations of life : as a husband, a parent,
and a friend — as a landlord and master, he was kind and in
dulgent. He was much distinguished in the American war,
and raised a regiment there, by which he lost a very large
property." His only son, A. F. Fanning, a captain in the
22d Foot, died in 1812, " Neither the General nor any of

FANNING. 417
his family ever recovered from that blow." Mrs, Fanning
and three daughters surviA'ed.
Fanning, David. Of North Carolina. He was born in
Virginia in 1755, and Avas bred to a trade. In 1775, to use
his own words, he Avas a planter " in the back part of the
Southern Provinces." His first mditary service was per
formed under Colonel Thonias Fletchell, in the affair with
Major Andrew Williamson. In a memorial to the Commis
sioners on Loyalists' Claims, he states, that during the Revolu
tion he had command of bodies of men from one hundred to
nine hundred and fifty in number ; that he was engaged
against " the Rebels " thirty-six times in North Carolina,
and four times in South Carolina, — all of which skirmishes
and battles he planned ; that he was wounded twice, and
made prisoner no less than on fourteen occasions ; that, at
the peace, he went to Florida, where he settled two hun
dred and fifty souls ; that his property in North Carolina
had been confiscated ; and that he and his family were in
great distress. This paper is dated at St. John, New Bruns
wick, in March, 1786. Of his course in the Revolution,
another remarks : " Always well mounted and accompanied
by a band of kindred spirits, he swept over the country like
a Camanche chief, surprising parties of Whigs when off
their guard ; he often gave no quarter. In lying in ambush
or pouncing upon them at their homes, he seized and murdered
or tortured the obnoxious patriots, and then plundered and
burnt their dwellings. By a series of bold adventures he took
the toAvn of Cross Creek, now Fayetteville, captured the Whig
mditia officers of the county of Chatham, when sitting in court-
martial at Hillsborough, and by a sudden descent on Hills
borough, at dawn of day, about the middle of September,
seized and carried off the Governor of the State,"
In 1799 Fanning removed from New Brunswick to Nova
Scotia, In February, 1801, as appears by papers in his own
handwriting, which are in my possession, he was under sen
tence of death. He was a Freemason, and Oliver Arnold,
Master of Lodge No. 21, King's County, petitioned Governor

418 FANNIN G. — FANUEIL.
Carleton to pardon him. By this document it seems that Fan
ning Avas convicted on the testimony of a single Avitness ; and
this fact is stated as a reason why mercy should be extended
to him. The crime is not mentioned by Arnold, or in any of
the other papers which I have examined ; but, from several
expressions which occur, and from the manner of Fanning's
reference to Sarah London, or, as he calls her, " Sail Lon
don," she must have accused him of violating her person, and
have procured his conviction. He was pardoned. In 1804,
his correspondence shoAvs that he abused — much abused — a
gentleman of St, John, who " contributed greatly in saving
his life ; " while, subsequently, it affords ample evidence that
he Avas often involved in quarrels Avith his neighbors, and in
lawsuits with others. In truth, he was in trouble every
where. In North Carolina he was declared an outlaAv, and
was one of the three who are excepted by name in the Act of
General Pardon and Oblivion ; and not a Whig there or else
where, as far as I know, ever spoke or wrote of him in kind
ness ; Avhile his fellow-Loyalists in New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia often expressed their indignation at his words and
deeds. In 1812, Fanning solicited military employment in
.the war with the United States, without success. Officers,
however, who served with him in the Revolution, be it said
in justice, testified to " his services and character as a brave
soldier." He died at Digby, in 1825, at the age of seventy.
Fanning, Thomas. Of Suffolk County, New York. Ad
dresser of Governor Tryon, November, 1776 ; and deputed to
present the submission of the committees of that county the
month previous. In June, 1778, a party of Whigs from Con
necticut seized him and carried him off'. He was a kinsman,
perhaps a brother, of Edmund.
/ Fanueil, Benjamin. Of Boston. An eminent merchant.
He Avas one of the consigne^_of the tea whicTi was "destroyed
in diat town in December, ifTB: He'-died" at Cambridge,
Massachusetts, in 1785, aged eighty-four.
Fanueil, Benjamin, Jr. Of Boston. He went to Eng
land, and was in London, March, 1777.

FARLEY, — FAYERWEATHER. 419
Farley, Joseph. Of Georgia. In the effort to reijstab-
lish the Royal Government in 1779, he was appointed provost
marshal.
' Farrington, Thomas. Of Groton, Massachusetts, Lieu
tenant-Colonel in the Continental Army. In May, 1777, by
order of General Heath, he was tried by a court-martial for
" passing counterfeit money, knowing it to be such," found
guilty, unanimously sentenced to be dismissed from the army,
and rendered incapable of holding any military office under
Congress. This done, he was committed to jad, to be dealt
with by the civil authorities,
Farnham, John. Of Monmouth County, New Jersey.
A Tory marauder. In an affray in New .Jersey, he attempted
to .shoot a young Whig into whose father's house he and a
band of Tories and negroes had broken ; but was prevented
by^Lippincott, the murderer of Huddy.
¦^Farnsworth, David. In 1778 he was tried as a spy, con
victed of the offence, and executed at Hartford, Connecticut,
on the 10th of November. A large amount of counterfeit
Continental money was found in his possession.
Faulkner, Thomas. Of North Carolina. Secretary of
the Colony. Went to England, and died there in 1782.
Fayerweather, Rev, Samuel. Of Rhode Island. Epi.s-
copal minister. He was son of Thomas FayerAveather of
Boston, and graduated at Harvard University in 1743. Or
dained a Congregationalist, he was settled at Newport, Rhode
Island. His first service as an Episcopalian, after his return
from England, was in South Carolina ; but the climate injured
his health, and he applied to the Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel for a mission at the North. He was accordingly
transferred to the parish of St. Paul's, Rhode Island, in 1760.
In 1774 the Whigs of his flock objected to the reading of
prayers for the King and Royal family ; and, as he could not
dispense with them, as he thought, without the violation of
his ordination vows, his church Avas closed. He preached
occasionally, however, in private houses, without molestation.
It is said, indeed, that personally he favored the popular cause.

420 FEMALES. — FENWICKE.
He died in 1781, and Avas buried under the communion-table
of his church. The University of Oxford conferred the de
gree of A. M. in 1756.
Females. [See Women.]
Fenton, John. Of New Hampshire. He was a, captain
in the British Army, but disposing of his commission, settled
in New Hampshire, where he became a colonel in the militia,
clerk in the Court of Common Pleas, and Judge of Probate
for the county of Grafton. In 1775 he was also a member
of the House of Assembly for the town of Plymouth, and
was.expelled. Enraged at the indignity, and at the measures
of the Whigs generally, he gave vent to his passions, and fell
into the hands of the people, who pursued him to the residence
of Governor Wentworth with a field-piece, which they threat
ened to discharge unless he was delivered up. Fenton surren
dered, and was sent to the Committee of Safety at Exeter for
trial. " Upon a full hearing of sundry complaints against "
him in Provincial Congress, it was voted, that he was " an
enemy to the liberties of America," and that he should "be
confined in the jail at Exeter," and " be supported like a gen
tleman, at the expense of the Colony, until further orders."
By a subsequent vote it was ordered, that his place of con
finement should be at the Whig camp. September 19, 1775,
the Continental Congress instructed Washington to discharge
him on his parole of honor, to proceed to New York and
thence to Great Britain, and not to bear arms against the
American people. Property confiscated, and banished, 1778.
Fenton, Lewis. A Tory robber and outlaw, Avho infested
the pine barrens of Ncav Jersey. He was originally a black
smith, and learned his trade at Freehold, New Jersey. His
first crime appears to have been the robbing of a tador's shop ;
when word was sent to him that, unless he returned his plun
der, he should be hunted down and shot. He was killed in
Monmouth County, New Jersey, in 1779, by a party who
went in pursuit of him.
Fenwicke, Edward. Of South Carolina. He Avas op
posed to the measures of the Ministry in 1774, since he was

FERGUSON. — FERRIS. 421
in London that year, and joined Franklin, Lee, and other
patriots then in England, in a remonstrance against the pas
sage of the bill for the Government of Massachusetts Bay.
He married a daughter of John Stuart, Superintendent of
Indian Affairs ; and, in 1776, petitioned the House of Assem
bly to alloAv him to hold as property thirty negroes who, as
he averred, Stuart designed to give him as a part of the mar
riage portion of his wife. Stuart had then fied, and his effects
had been seized. Fenwicke was a Congratidator of Corn
wallis on his success at Camden in 1780. In 1782 his estate
was confiscated, and he was banished. In 1785, by Act of
the General Assembly, his property was restored, and he was
allowed to remain in the State one year.
Ferguson, Henry Hugh. Of Pennsylvania, During
the war he was made a commissary of prisoners. His wife
was Elizabeth, a daughter of Doctor Graeme, the Collector
of Phdadelphia, and granddaughter of Sir William Keith,
one of the proprietary Governors of Pennsylvania. In 1778,
soon after he was attainted and proscribed, Mrs. Ferguson
made a long statement to the Council, in which she gave a
narrative of his conduct from September, 1775, (when, as
appears, he embarked for Bristol, England,) until her appeal
in his behalf " As to my little estate," .she remarked, " it is
patrimonial, and left me in fee simple by my father." In
1779 she appealed to the Council not to allow the sale of her
property " in consequence of her husband's right by mar
riage," setting forth, as she thought, " good and cogent rea
sons " for her prayer. The estate was, however, confiscated ;
but a part of it was restored to her by the Legislature in 1781.
She separated from her husband, and died in 1801.
. / Ferris, Joseph. Of Stamford, Connecticut. He raised
a company, joined Colonel Butler, and was a captain in the
Rangers. During the war he was taken prisoner by a brother-
in-law who was a Whig, but escaped from captivity. Aftei'
the peace he went to NeAvfoundland, but removed to New
Brunswick, where he settled. jle_was_jflnd-©f--sd5its to the
States and to the scenes of his youth ; and sometimes met
volT'i. 36

422 FERRIS. - FISHER.
those whom he had opposed in skirmishes and battles. He
lived in Eastport, Maine, after it was captured by the British
forces in the war of 1812, but returned to New Brunswick
on its being surrendered to the United States. He died at
Indian Island, New Brunswick, in 1836, aged ninety-two.
He enjoyed half-pay from the close of the Revolution until
his decease, a period of fifty-three years.
Ferris, Joshua. Of NeAv York. " An old offender," said
Colonel Thomas, to the New York Convention, August, 1776,
when sending him to that body ; " and has been sought for
long since by the Committee of this county to answer for his
repeated offences, particularly for being in arms against his
country," &c,
Fewtrell, John. Of South Carolina. He was a Judge
of the Superior Court ; and was permitted to depart from the
State. FiNDLEY, Hugh. He and John Foxcroft were the two
Postmasters-General of the thirteen Colonies, and Avere con
tinued at the head of that Department until 1782, certainly,
and probably until the peace.
A^ FiNLEY, James. Sergeant in Price's company of Riflemen,
Tried by a general court-martial, at Cambridge, Mass,, Sept.
1775, " for expressing himself disrespectfully of the Conti
nental Association, and drinking General Gage's health";
and sentenced to be deprived of his arms and accoutrements,
to be put in a horse-cart with a rope around his neck, to be
drummed out of the army, and rendered forever incapable of
military service.
Fisher, Rev. Nathaniel. Of Salem, Massachusetts. Epis-
cop^al_jj]jiuster. He was born at Dedham, Massachusetts, IB"-
1742, and graduated at Harvard University in 1763. In the
early part of the RevoMtion he was imprisoired for his loyalty.
He was employed by the Society for the Propagation of the
Gospel in Foreign Parts^~as a' schoolmaster at Granville,
Nova Scotia, soon after his release ; and in 1778, — having
been to England for ordination, — he was stationed at Annap
olis in that Province, as Assistant Rector. He returned to the

FISHER. 423
United States late in 1781, and was soon after admitted to
citizenship in Massachusetts, on taking the oath of allegiance
to that Commonwealth. In February, 1782, he entered upon
his duties as Rector of St, Peter's Church, Salem, After a
ministry of more than thirty years, he died in that city in
December, 1812, on Sunday, a few minutes after returning
to his house from performing divine service, at the age of
seventy. His wife was Silence Baker, of Dedham, by whom
he was the father of two sons and a daughter. " Two of his
children were cut off in the bloom of youth and beauty,"
towards the close of his life, and " for a moment he seemed
desolate and dismayed." It is written, that, " as a father and
husband, he was affectionate and kind ; as a friend, faithfiil
and sincere ; . . . and as a Christian, firm in his belief, and
benevolent in his life." In person, he was strongly built, and
of a large frame. One of his sisters was the mother of the
statesman and orator, Fisher Ames.
Fisher, Miers. Of Philadelphia. Said John Adams, in
1774 : " Dined Avith Mr, Miers Fisher, a young Quaker, and
a lawyer. We saw his library, which is clever. But this
plain Friend and his plain though pretty wife, with her Thees
and Thous, had provided us the most costly entertainment :
ducks, ham, chickens, pig, tarts, creams, custards, jellies, fools,
trifles, floating islands, beer, porter, punch, wine, and a long
&c. We had a large collection of lawyers at table," &c. In
the rapidity of events, Mr. Fisher was left behind ; and in
1777 he was apprehended and confined at Philadelphia ; and
finally ordered, with other Loyalists of that city, to Virginia.
He Avas distinguished in his profession, an eloquent advocate,
and a lover of science. He died at Philadelphia in 1819,
aged seventy-one.
Fisher, Samuel R, Of Philadelphia. Brother of Miers
Fisher. In 1779, a letter, addressed by him to his brother,
Jabez M,, was intercepted, and submitted by the Council to
the Chief Justice, with the remark that it contained infor
mation which appeared to call for legal reprehension and pun
ishment. He was accordingly committed, and ordered to

424 FISHER.
recognize with a surety in £500. Hours were spent by the
Chief Justice himself in the endeavor to prevail upon him to
execute the required bond, but he absolutely refused. He
was not, however, deprived of his liberty by the sheriff, until
the Council issued a positive order to that officer to confine
him. Fisher, Jabez Maud. Of Philadelphia. Brother of Samuel
R. Fisher. He departed the State. In 1779 he Avas a mer
chant in New York ; went to England, was a Loyal Addresser
of the King, and died there the same year. In 1782, Messrs.
Joshua Fisher & Sons, of Philadelphia, petitioned the Coun
cil of Pennsylvania to grant Samuel R. Fisher, of that house,
leave to go to England by way of New York, to assist in ad
justing his concerns. The petition was rejected.
Fisher, Turner. Of Boston. Son of Wilfred Fisher.
He accompanied the British troops from Boston to Halifax,
and, entering the Royal Navy, became a sailing-master. After
the Revolution, he married Esther, the daughter of Ezekiel
Foster, of Machias, Maine, and settled in New Brunswick.
He was in Boston about the time of the war of 1812, but his
subsequent fate is unknown to his family. His son, Wilfred
Fisher, Esq., is a merchant and magistrate of the island of
Grand Menan, New Brunswick. His wife died in November,
1844, at the age of eighty-eight years, at the residence of her
son. Fisher, Wilfred. Of Boston. At the evacuation of
that toAvn, he accompanied the British troops to Hahfax,
where he received an appointment which attached him to a
corps of light-horse. He died at Halifax before the close of
the war. He was proscribed and banished under the Act of
1778, and his estate in Boston was confiscated. His son Wil
fred was a Whig, and a ship-master. Captured by the Brit
ish, he Avas carried to New York, and died there a prisoner,
during the Revolution.
Fisher, John. Naval-officer, at Portsmouth, New Hamp
shire. Salary, derivable from fees, £200 per annum. Was
proscribed by the Act of New Hampshire of 1778. He went

FITCH. 425
to England, and was secretary to Lord George Germain.
His wife, Anna, sister of John Wentworth, the last Royal
Governor of New Hampshire, died at Bath, England, in
1811, aged sixty-six.
/ Fitch, Thomas. Of Connecticut. He graduated atYale
College in 1721, and devoted himself to the profession of the
law. He held the offices of Councillor, Judge of the Superior
Court, and Lieutenant-Governor ; and in 1754 was elected
Governor. These various stations he filled with unsurpassed
integrity and wisdom. His legal knowledge is said to have
equalled, and perhaps exceeded, that of any other lawyer of
Connecticut during the period of her Colonial history. In
1765 he took the oath of office prescribed in the Stamp Act,
and was driven into retirement in consequence the next year ;
having occupied the Executive Chair for the whole period
between 1754 and 1766. His successor Avas the Honorable
William Pitkin,
Copy of inscription on the monument of Governor Fitch,
at Norwalk, Connecticut : " The Hon'ble Thomas Fitch,
Esq., Gov. of the Colony of Connecticut. Eminent and dis
tinguished among mortals for great abilities, large acquire
ments, and a virtuous character : a clear, strong, sedate
mind : an accurate, extensive acquaintance with law, and
civil government : a happy talent of presiding : close applica
tion, and strict fidelity in the chscharge of important truths :
no less than for his employments, by the voice of the people,
in the chief offices of state, and at the head of the colony.
Having served his generation, by the will of God, fell asleep,
July 18, Ann, Domini, 1774, in the 75th year of his age." .
/Fitch, Samuel, Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutch
inson in 1774. In 1776 he went to Plalifax wTtTi his family
ofsix" persons. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished.
He held the office of Solicitor to the Board of Commission
ers; and, like most of his official associates, Avas included in
the Conspiracy Act of 1779. He went to England, was a
Loyalist Addresser of the King in 1779, and was abroad in
1783, 36*

426 FITCH, — FITZSIMMONS.
I conclude that the Samuel Fitch who graduated at Yale
College in 1742, and died in 1784, was the subject of this
notice. Fitch, Eleazer, Jr. Of Windham, Connecticut. Sheriff
of Windham County. More than one hundred citizens of
that^TJfJunty^ petitioned the House of Assembly, September,
1776, for his removal from office, on account of many words
and acts, which they designate, in opposition to the popular
cause. Among them are the singular surnames of Devotion,
Doughset, Greenslitt, Bibens.
V Fitch, Benjamin. Of Maine, Went to the Kennebec
River in 1760, and was employed there by Dr. Sylvester
Gardiner, as a millwright. Violent in his opposition to the
Whigs, he was compelled to leave the country. He enlisted,
" and was killed fighting for the king," His wife was Ann
McCausland. FiTZPATRicK, James. Of Pennsyh'ania. A Tory ma
rauder, known as " Captain Fitz." At first, a Whig, and in
the Continental Army. He roamed the county of Chester,
was a terror to the Whigs, and seemingly delighted in perils
and escapes. His exploits Avere the theme of every tongue.
At last, in 1778, when a reward of one thousand dollars had
been offered for his apprehension, he entered a house to " levy
his dues on the cursed Rebels," and was seized and overpow
ered by Robert McPher and a girl named Rachel Walker.
Conveyed to prison in Philadelphia, he broke his handcuffs
twice in one night ; and, sent to another jail, he filed off' his
irons, and got out of his dungeon. He Avas hanged at last at
Chester, Pennsylvania.
Fitz-Randolph,  . Of New Jersey. Lieutenant
in the Loyal Militia. Killed near ElizabethtoAvn, while acting
with the Queen's Rangers.
Fitzsimmons, Peter. A merchant. At Newtown, New
York, at some time in the war. In 1782 he opened a tavern
there, which was much frequented by soldiers and Loyalists.
He also kept a ferry. At the peace, he went to St. John,
New Brunswick.

FLEMING. — FLOYD. 427
Fleming, John. Printer, of Boston. Was proscribed and
banished by the Act of 1778. He was copartner with Mien.
Some of the books which they printed had a false imprint,
and were palmed off as London editions, because Mien said,
that books thus published met with a better sale. In 1767
they commenced the " Boston Chronicle," a paper Avhich, in
the second year of its publication, espoused the Royal cause,'
and became extremely abusive of numbers of the most re
spectable Whigs of Boston. To avoid the effects of popular
resentment. Mien thought fit to leave the country. The
" Chronicle" was the first paper published twice a week in
New England ; and was suspended in 1770, Fleming found
it prudent to retire from Boston in 1773, and embarked for
England in that year with his family. He came to the United
States more than once, subsequent to 1790, as the agent of a
commercial house in Europe. His residence was in France
for some years, and he died there.
Fletchall, Thomas. Of Soudi Carolina, He was a
colonel, and at the head of a considerable force of Loyalists
in that State, during the difficulties with the Cunninghams
in 1775 ; and signed the truce or treaty which was agreed
upon betAveen the Whigs and their opponents. In 1776 he
was committed to prison in Charleston, by order of the Pro
vincial Congress. After the surrender of Charleston, he was
in commission under the CroAvn. In 1782 his estate was con
fiscated. He appears to have been a person of much consid
eration in South Carolina, previous to the Revolution ; and
to have been regarded as of rather doubtful, or undecided pol
itics, though the Whigs made him a member of an important
standing committee, raised with the design of carrying out
the views of the Continental Congress.
Flewelling, Abel, and Morris. Of New York. Settled
in New Brunswick at the peace, and were grantees of lands
in St. John. Abel became a magistrate, and died at Mauger
ville in 1814, aged sixty-eight.
Floyd, Richard. Of New York. He was the eldest son
of Hon. Richard Floyd, a colonel of New York militia, a

428 FLOYD. — FLUCKER.
Judge of the Common Pleas, and a gendeman of wealth and
reputation. His Avife was Arrabella, a daughter of Judge
David Jones, of Queen's County, Ncav l^ork. His children
were Elizabeth, who married John Peter De Lancey, and was
the mother of the wife of Cooper, the great American novel
ist ; Anne, a younger daughter ; and one son, David Richard.
The latter, in pursuance of the will of Judge Jones, and by
leo-al authority, adopted the name of Jones ; he died in 1826,
leavino- two sons, to Avit : Brigadier-General Thomas Floyd
Jones, and Major-General Henry Floyd Jones. Mr. Floyd's
estate was confiscated ; and abandoning the country, he died
at St. John, New Brunswick. His family was one of the
most ancient in New York, and is distinguished in its annals.
Descended from the same ancestor was the Whig General
William Floyd, who signed the Declaration of Independence.
The Floyds were of Welsh origin, and the first of the name
emio-rated in 1654, and settled at Brookhaven, Long Island,
where many of his descendants continued until the Revolu
tion. Floyd, Benjamin. Of Brookhaven, Suffolk County, New
York. In 1775 he circulated a paper for signatures, to sup
port the Royal authority, in opposition to the proceedings of
the Whigs, and obtained the names of about one hundred
persons. A party of " Rebels," in 1778, entered his house
at night, compelled a servant to show them in which room he
was in bed, seized him, and carried him to Norwalk, Connec
ticut. The next year, another party of about twenty, in
whale-boats, robbed his dwelling of £600, and the most' val
uable part of his household goods. He was a major in the
New York Militia.
^/Tlucker, Thomas, Last Secretary of the.,JProvinc,e„-Qf
Massachus.etts Bay. In 1765 he was member of a committee
ofTlie^ Council to consider and report Avhat could be done to
prevent difficulties in the proceedings of the courts of justice ;
and, three years later, his name occurs in the State Papers,
as appointed by the same body to assist in drafting an Address
to the King, March 2d, 1774, when Lieutenant-Governor

i

FLUCKER. — FOLLIOT. 429
Oliver was senseless and dying, John Adams records :
" Flucker has laid in to be Lieutenant-Governor, and has
persuaded Hutchinson to Avrite in his favor. This Avill make
a difficulty," Though unsuccessful, he was appointed a Man
damus Councillor. Whig mechanics of Boston met at the
Green Dragon tavern, and were so careful of their secrets
that Colonel Paul Revere (who was one of them) says they
swore on the Bible, every time they met, to discover nothing
except to Hancock, Samuel Adams, Warren, and Church.
The latter proved a traitor, and Secretary Flucker was the
first to acquaint a person of Loyalist connections, who (a
Whig at heart) told Revere, that all their transactions were
communicated to General Gage. In 1776 Flucker Avas in
London, and a member of the " Brompton Row Tory Club,"
or Association of Loyalists, who met weekly for conversation
and a dinner. He died in England suddenly, in 1783. He
married Hannah, daughter of General Waldo, proprietor of
the Waldo Patent, Maine, to whose heirs the domain de-
.scended. The parts which belonged to Mrs. Flucker and her
two brothers, were confiscated. Henry Knox, Chief of Ar
tillery in the Revolution and Secretary of War in Washing
ton's administration, who married Flucker's daughter, acquired
a very large share of it on easy terms, settled at Thomaston
and built an elegant mansion, in which he himself died in
1806, and his wife in 1824. Mrs. Flucker remained in Eng
land, but survived her husband only three years.
Flucker, Thomas, Jr. Of Massachusetts. Son of
Thomas Flucker. He graduated at Harvard Univ^i:aity in
1773, and in the Revolution Avas an officer iiT the British ser
vice. By the University Catalogue, it appears that he and
his father died the same year, 1783.
FoLLiOT, George. Of New York. He was elected a
member of the Provincial Congress for the city and county
of New York, in 1775, but declined serving, and the vacancy
was filled in June of that year. In 1776 he was an Addres
ser of Lord and Sir William Howe. He was also appointed
a member of the Committee of One Hundred, but refused to

430 FORBES. - FORD.
act. His estate of tAventy-one acres was sold by the Com
missioners of Confiscation, in 1784.
V/FoRBES, Rev. Eli. Of Massachusetts. Congregational
minister. He graduated at Harvard^University in 1751, and
was ordained at Brookfield the next year. He was dismissed
in 1776, " on suspicion of entertaining Tory principles ; " and
was soon after installed over the First Parish in Gloucester.
He died in 1804, aged seventy-seven. His first wife was a
daughter of the Rev. Ebenezer Parkman of Westborough,
by whom he was the father of two children, Eli and Polly.
His second wife, who died in 1780, was Lucy, daughter of
the Rev. Thomas Smith, of Falmouth, (now Portland,)
Maine, and widow of Thomas Sanders, of Gloucester.
Forbes, Gilbert. Gunsmith, of Broadway, New York.
In 1776 he was arrested and put in irons, on the charge of
being concerned in the plot of certain adherents of the Crown
to murder a number of Whig officers, to blow up the maga
zine, &c. When told that he had but a short time to live, he
asked to be carried before Congress, and said he would con
fess all he knew. He is described as " a short, thick man,
with a white coat."
Ford, William. Captain of Loyalist refugees. In 1781,
with thirty-eight men, " when the good people of Middle
sex were assembled, and devoutly praying for their great
and good ally," he surrounded their church, and took from
thence " fifty notorious Rebels, their Reverend teacher, and
their horses, forty in number." Though harrassed in return
ing to his boats, he carried off " every Rebel and every
horse," Three of his men Avere slightly Avounded. This
exploit was thought extremely meritorious in Loyalists cir
cles ; and Ford's " bravery, coolness and alertness," Avere
duly praised in an official report.
/ Ford, Elisha. Of Marshfield, Massachusetts. He was
seized, carted to the liberty-pole in Duxbury, and compelled
to sign a Recantation. He Avas afterwards in jail at Ply
mouth, Massachusetts, and ordered by Resolve, June, 1776,
to remain there at his oaa'u expense.

FORD. — FOSTER. 431
Ford, Samuel. Second Lieutenant of the Effingham gal
ley. In 1778 he was tried for desertion to the Royal side
during the siege of Fort Mifflin ; convicted, and sentenced to
death. Ford, John, Of New Jersey. Compelled to leave his
residence to avoid the Whigs who molested him, he fled to the
Royal forces on Staten Island, Avhere he remained some years.
In 1783 Sir Guy Carleton commissioned him to take charge
of a company of Loyalists, who were emigrating from New
York to Nova Scotia. He settled at St. John, New Bruns
wick, and received the grant of a city lot ; but removed to
Hampton, and became one of the best farmers in that Colony.
He died at Hampton in 1823, aged seventy-seven.
Forrest, James. Merchant, of Boston. Aq_Adjiresser j)f
Hutchinson in 1774. In 1775 he commanded, in Boston, the
LoyaTlrish Volunteers, a company raised to mount guard
every evening, armed, and distinguished by a white cockade.
Went to Halifax in 1776, with his family of six persons.
Served as a volunteer in the battle of Germantown, 1777, and
was wounded. Proscribed and banished, 1778.
Forrester, George Peabody. Died at Hampton, King's
County, New BrunsAvick, in 1840, aged eighty-three years,
Forrester, Joseph. At the peace, was one of the grantees
of St. John, New Brunswick. In 1795 he was a member of
the Loyal Artillery of that city. He died while at Boston in
1804, aged forty-six.
FoRSTER, Moses. In September, 1779, he was at Halifax,
Nova Scotia, a stranger and in distress. As a Loyalist, he
had been imprisoned on shore a year ; harrassed by a Whig
committee ; driA'en from his family ; taken out of bed and
conveyed one hundred and twenty miles to a guardship, and
then transported. He had a wife and eight children ; and,
at the above date, was about embarking for New York.
Foster, Thomas. Of Plymouth, Massachusetts. He
represented that town in the General Court several years ;
and in 1765 instructions were furnished him to govern his
course on the exciting questions of the time. He accom-

432 FOSTER. — FOWLE.
panied the British Army to Halifax in 1776. Aside from his
political preferences, he was esteemed by his townsmen for his
attention and fidelity to the municipal and civil concerns in
trusted to his care. His father. Deacon John Foster, was also
a representative from Plymouth, and pursued an independent
line of conduct in that relation, never accepting of Executive
favors. His son Thomas was a graduate of Harvard Univer
sity, and instructed a school at Plymouth. His graiicKoii
Thomas was an officer of a bank at Charleston, South Caro
lina, and died there in 1808, aged fifty-eight. Branches of
this family settled in Middleborough and Kingston, Massa
chusetts, and in Norfolk, Virginia.
'^ Foster, Edward. Of Boston. Addresser^Qf.Hutcliinson,
1774 ; Avent to Halifix, 1776 ; Avas proscribed and banished
in 1778. He settled at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, and man
aged large iron-works there. He died in 1786, leaving
thirteen chddren.
Foster, Edward, Jr. Of Boston. Son of Edward.
Went to Halifax in 1776 ; was proscribed and banished in
1778. About the year 1814 he settled in Union, Maine,
and died there in 1822, aged seventy-two.
¦¦^ Fowle, Robert. Served an apprenticeship with his uncle,
Daniel Fowle, of Portsmouth, and became his partner in the
publication of the " Ncav Hampshire Gazette," the only news
paper in New Hampshire at the beginning of the Revolu
tion. As the nephew was a Loyalist, and the uncle a Whig,
their connection terminated in 1774; when Robert established
himself as a printer at Exeter. The new paper currency,
which he printed, haAdng been counterfeited soon after, sus
picion rested on him as a participant in the crime ; and his
flight to the British lines in New York, and thence abroad,
served to confirm the impression. Some years after the peace
he returned to the United States, married the widow of his
younger brother, and lived in New Hampshire until his
decease. His father was John Fowle, first a silent partner of
Rogers & Fowle, of Boston, and subsequently an Episcopal
clergyman at Norwalk, Connecticut. The firm of Rogers

FOWLER. 433
& Fowle printed the first edition of the New Testament in
the English language which was published in this country.
Robert, the subject of this notice, received a pension from the
British Government.
Foavler, Jonathan. Of West Chester County, New
York. Judge of the Superior Court. He was seized by a
party of Whigs, Avho carried him to New Haven, -where he
signed an apology for protesting against Congress. At the
peace, he went to Digby, Nova Scotia, and Avas a merchant
and ship-owner. He soon died, and his family returned to
the United States.
Fowler, Caleb. Of New York. In 1782 he was an en
sign in the Loyal American Regiment. He settled in New
Brunswick ; received half-pay, and died on the river St.
John. Fowler, Caleb, Of West Chester County, New York.
He was one of the Loyalist Protesters at White Plains, April,
1775, wdio denounced Whig Congresses and Committees, and
who pledged themselves "at the hazard of their lives and
properties, to support the King and Constitution." He en
tered the Royal service, and was a captain in the Loyal
American Regiment. At the peace he retired to New Bruns
wick on half-pay. He died near Fredericton.
Fowler. Of New York. Samuel was permitted to re
turn to the State in 1784, on petition of Whigs. — Of Massa
chusetts. John, who, accompanied by his wife and two chil
dren, arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, in the ship Union,
in the spring of 1783. Of those whose places of residence are
unknown, were William, who was a captain, and Gdbert, Avho
was an ensign in the Loyal American Regiment ; Gabriel, who
settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and died in that Colony in
1832, at the age of seventy-five ; Daniel, who boasted of being
a firm Loyalist, who setded in the same, and died in King's
County in 1813, aged sixty-five ; Henry, who died in the same
county in 1843, at the age of eighty-seven ; and another, who,
a captain in De Lancey's Brigade, was killed on an incursion
to Horseneck in 1780. Still again, Amos, Aaron, Andrew,
VOL. I, 37

434 FOUGHT, — FOXCROFT.
Josiah, and Jeremiah Fowler, in 1783, A^'ere petitioners for
lands in Nova Scotia.
Fought, George. Of New York. He went to New
Brunswick in 1783, and died at St, John in 1823, aged
eighty-three. Foulis, James. Of South Carolina. Episcopal minister.
Entered upon his duties in 1770 ; Avent to England in 1779.
Fountain, Stephen. Of Stamford, Connecticut. He
wrote a letter, addressed to " Darias Olmstead, at Norwalk,
This with care," September, 1776 ; but the letter was really to
his mother, brothers, and sister. He had a wife, and sent his
love to her. He was an ignorant man ; and his letter is full
of errors and exaggerations. Convicted the same year, by
three Whig committees, of taking up arms, of corresponding
with the British ships, and seducing many to espouse the Royal
.side, he was made prisoner, carried to Congress, and committed.
He arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, Avitli his wife, in 1783,
in the ship Union.
Fountain, John. Went to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, in
1783, where he had a fine vegetable and flower garden. The
story is that he used to let the boys eat currants at a penny
each. He removed to Deer Island, New Brunswick, and died
there in 1829, aged eighty-fi\-e,
Foxcroft, John, One of the two Postmasters-General of
the Crown in the thirteen Colonies. He discharged the post-
rider between New York and Boston, April, 1775, as he in
formed the Whig Committee of the former city, because the
mads had been stopped, the bags broken open, and many of the
letters taken out and publicly read. " A Constitutional Post-
office rose on the ruins of the Parliamentary one," in May of
the same year. " The post, from New York for the eastward,
sets out about nine o'clock on Monday, about noon on Thurs
day, and returns on Wednesdays and Saturdays,'" In 1776,
we have diree incidents ; dius, in February, die following let
ter to Tuthil Hulbart, Boston : —
" Dear Sir, — You will excuse my troubling you with the
enclosed bill, which I beg you will receive in a sterling bid of

FOXCROFT, — FRANCIS. 435
exchange, if to be had, and remit it to Mr. Benson Fearon,
Merchant, in Louden, advising me of it b}- the first opportu
nity. I must not omit mentioning to you, that the first bdl
was remitted to Mr. Harry Lloyd, \\'ho never acknowledged
the receipt of it ; and therefore it probably miscarried. Your
negotiating this matter will lay me under a great obligation ;
but in return, you know, if I can render you any service this
way, you have only to command me. I have not had one
line from you since the affair at Lexington ; nor from Sukey
since she left us. Mrs. Foxcroft and my little girls are well.
She joins me in sincere regards to you and family.
" I am yours, as ever, " John Foxcroft."
Next, in March, when the, Provincial Congress allowed him
to go on board the ships in New York harbor, to sort and count,
for delivery, letters from abroad. Last, in NoA'ember, when
he Avas a prisoner in Philadelphia. In 1789 he was at liberty
on parole, and in New York, After the war he was agent for
the British packets in the last-named city, and died there in
1790. Foxcroft, Thomas. Joint Postmaster-General Avith John.
Went to England, and died there suddenly in 1785. Eliza
beth, their sister, and wife of Benson Fearon, died in Eng
land, 1801,
FoY, Edward. Of Virginia. He entered the British
Army in 1757, and was a captain in 1764. He accompanied
Lord Dunmore to New York, as his private secretary, in
1770 ; and served in the same capacity when his Lordship
Avas transferred to the government of Virginia. He returned
to England in 1775 ; but probably came back to America a
year or tAvo afterward.
Francis, Thomas. A negro slave, purchased by Philip
Lott of Elihu Spencer, of New Jersey. He ran away to
New York on 2d November, 1782, and was enlisted by Cap
tain Thelwal into the Jamaica Rangers. He was reclaimed
bv the American Commissioners, in June, 1783 ; but Sir
Guy Carleton refused to give him up, since he had joined
him under the sanction of the- Negro Proclamation.

436 FRANKLAND.
Frankland, Lady Agnes. Of Massachusetts, Wife of Sir
Charles Henry Frankland, Baronet. According to " Burke's
Peerage," her maiden name was Agnes Brown ; others call her
Agnes Surrage. The story told of her is romantic enough.
Sir Charles, who was a grandson of Frances, daughter of
Oliver Cromwell, was appointed Collector of the Customs for
the port of Boston, in 1741 ; and first saw Agnes at Marble
head, when she was about sixteen years of age, and a servant-
girl at a tavern. She was of " matchless beauty," and, the
Baronet becoming enamored with her, obtained the consent
of her parents to take her to Boston, where he placed her at
school, " clothed her in the best, and in every way sought to
develop her body and mind." The end was, that he won her
affections, and, as her humble rank presented obstacles to
marriage, she consented to live with him as his mistress.
This arrangement caused great commotion ; and Sir Charles
bought an estate in Hopkinton, built a house upon it, and
remoA'ed thither, with "his Agnes and some of his boon com
panions," Some years afterwards he Avas appointed Consul-
General to Portugal, and took Agnes with him. At the mo
ment of the great earthquake at Lisbon, 1755, he was riding
out ; " his horses were swallowed in the opening earth, and
his carriage was covered with the ruins of falling buildings ; "
and he himself expected to be crushed to death. While he
lay buried, " the evils of his past career came forcibly to
mind; and, if saved, he resolved to live a better life." Mean
time his mistress was in search of him, found the spot, heard
his voice, and offered a large reward for his rescue. The day
after this fearful event, he led Agnes to the altar ; and the
marriage ceremony was repeated in the Episcopal form, after
his return to England. He came again to Boston, and pur
chased an estate in Garden Court, North Square, near or
adjoining the house of Governor Hutchinson, where he is said
to have lived in much style. While Collector, he Avas often
absent; and, finally, in 1759, was suspended for inattention to
duty ; and William Sheaffe, who had often had charge of the
business of the ofiice, was appointed in his stead. The Bar-

FRANKLAND, 437
onet's mansion at Hopkinton (burned in 1858) attracted
many visitors ; on going over it myself, I could hardly imag
ine — altered as it Avas — that while he occupied it, he " main
tained the splendor of an English nobleman ; " and the terms
" elegant, very large and fine," often applied to it, seemed
quite extravagant. He died at Bath, England, in 1765, and
Avas succeeded by his brother Thomas, who, an Admiral of
the White, married Susan, granddaughter of Chief Justice
Rhett, of South Carolina.
Lady Frankland, accompanied by her natural son, arrived
in Amai-ica from Bristol in 1768 ; and designed, probably, to
remain. At Hopkinton, May, 1775 ; and, alarmed at the
movements of the people, her Ladyship asked leave to remove
to Boston. The Committee of Safety gaA-e her liberty to pass
to the capital with six trunks, one chest, three beds and bed
ding for the same, six sheep, tAvo pigs, one small keg of pickled
tongues, some hay, three bags of corn, and such other goods
as she should think proper to carry thither ; and gave her a
written permit accordingly, signed by " Benjamin Church, Jr,,
Chairman." Thus protected, she set out on her journey with
her attendants ; but Avas arrested by a party of armed men,
Avho detained her person and her effects, until an order for
the release of both was obtained." To prevent further annoy
ance, the Provincial Congress furnished her with an escort ;
and, by two resolves subsequently, allowed her to take seven
trunks, all her beds and bedding, all her boxes and crates, a
basket of chickens, two barrels and a hamper, two horses and
chaises, one phaeton, some ham and veal, and sundry small
bundles ; and required all persons Avho had any of her prop
erty in possession to place the same, essentially, at her dispo
sal. The " arms and ammunition," deposited in a chaise, a
committee retained. These details are not trivial, because
they show the spirit of the time. Lady Frankland was in
Boston on the 17th of June, and gazed from her own house
upon the conflict on Bunker's Hill. She returned to England.
In 1782 she married John DreAv, a banker of Chichester ; and
died at that place the year after, at about the age of fifty-five.
37*

438 FRANKLIN.
Franklin, William. Last Royal Governor of New Jer
sey. Natural son of Benjamin Franklin. Born about the
year 1731.
His father said of him : " Will, is now nineteen years of age,
a tall, proper youth, and much of a beau. He acquired a
habit of idleness, .... but begins of late to apply himself
to business, and I hope will become an industrious man. He
imagined his father had got enough for him, but I have as
sured him that I intend to spend Avhat little I have myself, if
it please God that I live long enough ; and, as he by no means
wants acuteness, he can see by my going on, that I mean to
be as good as my word." He served as postmaster of Phil
adelphia, and as clerk of the House of Assembly of Pennsyl
vania. In the French war he was a captain, and gained praise
for his conduct at Ticonderoga. Before the peace he went to
England with his father. While there, Mr. Strahan wrote
Mrs. Franklin: " Your son I really think one of the prettiest
young gentlemen I ever kncAv from America. He seems to me
to have a solidity of judgment, not very often to be met with
in one of his years," On the other hand. Rev. Jacob Badey
records (March 5, 1760) : " This morning waited upon die
famous Mr. Benjamin Franklin, and received an invitation to
dine  His son dined with us, a barrister-at-law. He
is a gendeman of good education, but has passed away the
flower of his youth in too many extravagancies."
While abroad, young Franklin visited Scodand, and became
acquainted with the celebrated Earl of Bute, avIio recom
mended him to Lord Fairfax, who secured for him, as is said,
the appointment of Governor of New Jersey, in 1763, widiout
the solicitation of himself or his father. Whatever the truth,
John Penn, who was in England, said in a letter to Lord
Stirling, that the business was managed so privately that
" there was no opportunity of counteracting, or, indeed, do
ing one single thing that might put a stop to this shameful
affair. I make no doubt but the people of New Jersey will
make some remonstrance upon this indignity put upon diem.
.... What a dishonor and disgrace it must be to a country

FRANKLIN. 439
to have such a man at the head of it, and to sit doAvn con
tented ! .... If any gentleman had been appointed, it would
have been a different case," &c.
The biographer of his Lordship remarks that the disgust at
Franklin's appointment, " arose in part, probably, from the
illegitimacy of his birth," but principally from his " time
serving conduct and courtier-like propensities ; " and he adds
that the Governor " was originally a Whig, but became, ex
virtute officii, a Tory."
Governor Franklin's first serious dispute Avith the Assembly
appears to have been caused by his course in relation to the
removal of the Treasurer of the Colony, who was a defaulter.
On the 11th of June, 1774, the Whigs of Essex County met
in Convention, and adopted various resolutions expressive of
their sentiments on the alarming state of affairs, which gave
Governor Franklin much uneasiness. In January, 1775, he
met the Assembly. A considerable part of his speech is de
voted to the controversy between the Colonies and the mother
country, and to warnings to the members against imitating the
example of those whose course of conduct was likely to involve
the country in afflictive calamities.
The Governor and the Assembly parted in bad temper.
An attempt was made to reduce his Excellency's salary from
£1200 to £1000, and in appropriating £60 for the payment
of the rent of his house, the condition that he should reside
either at Perth Amboy or Burlington was annexed to the
grant. His situation was unhappy. All intercourse between
himself and his father had now been suspended for more than
a year ; and he Avas involved in a helpless quarrel with the
delegates and the people of New Jersey, On the 13th of
February, 1775, he prorogued the Assembly. In March, a
letter alleged to have been written by him to Lord Dartmouth,
was laid before the House of Commons by Lord North, which
in America caused much excitement; and Avhen the Assem
bly of New Jersey met in the following month of May, a mes
sage was sent to the Governor, requesting him to inform that
body whether it was genuine, or whether it contained the

440 FRANKLIN.
substance of any letter which he had written relative to the
measures adopted at the last session of the Assembly. In his
answer, he explicitly denies its authenticity, and that no simi
lar sentiments had been uttered by him in any communication
to the King's ministers. But his message of reply is bitter and
uncompromising throughout. " It has been rny unhappiness
almost every session during the existence of the present Assem
bly," — is the opening remark, — " that a majority of the mem
bers of the House have suffered themselves to be persuaded to
seize on every opportunity of arraigning my conduct, or foment
ing some dispute, let the occasion be ever so trifling, or let me
be ever so careful to avoid giving any just cause of offence.
This, too, has been done with such an eagerness in the pro-
iinoters of it, as can only be accounted for on a supposition
that they are either actuated by unmanly private resentment,
or by a conviction that their whole political consequence de
pends upon a contention with their Governor." He concludes
this ill-natured document with saying, that those who knew
him best would do him the justice " to alloAv that no office
of honor in the power of the Crown to bestow would ever in
ffuence him to forget or neglect the duty he owed his country,
nor the most furious rage of the most intemperate zealots in
duce him to swerve from the duty he owed his Majesty."
The Assembly was prorogued on the 20th of May, (and on
the day of transmitting this answer), to meet on the 20th of
June following; but affairs had now reached a crisis, and
Governor Franklin ncA'er communicated Avith thafbody again.
Three days after the prorogation, the first Provincial Congress
of New Jersey commenced their session at Trenton, and the
Royal Government soon ceased to be respected, and to exist.
A constitution was adopted in July, 1776 ; and William Liv
ingston, a member of the first Continental Congress, became
Franklin's successor.
The deposed representative of Royalty Avas declared to be
an enemy to his country, and ordered to be sent a prisoner to
Connecticut. He was accordingly placed in the custody of a
guard commanded by a captain, who had orders to deliver him

FRANKLIN, 441
to Governor Trumbull. The officer in charge halted at Hack-
ensack, and was rebuked by Washington for his delay. The
Commander-in-Chief was of the opinion, from circumstances
communicated to him, that the fallen Governor designed to
eff'ect his escape ; that his refusal to sign the parole proposed
by the Whig Convention of Ncav Jersey, and a letter to Mrs.
Franklin Avhich had been intercepted, afforded sufficient rea
sons for the exercise of great watchfulness and care. It ap
pears that he was indulged in selecting the place of his Con
finement, and that he made choice of Connecticut, He was
couA'eyed to East Windsor, and quartered in the house of Cap
tain Ebenezer Grant, ^ In 1777 he requested liberty to visit
his wife, who was a few miles distant and sick. In reply, he
received the following letter : — " Head- Quarters, July 25tli, 1777.
" Sir, — I have this moment received yours of the 22d inst.
by express. I heartily sympathize Avith you in your distress
ing situation ; but, however strong my inclination to comply
with your request, it is by no means in my power to supersede
a positive Resolution of Congress, under which your present
confinement took place. I have enclosed your letter to them ;
and shall be happy, if it may be found consistent with pro
priety, to concur with your wishes in a matter of so delicate
and interesting a nature. I sincerely hope a speedy restora
tion of Mrs. Franklin's health may relieve you from the anx
iety her present declining condition must naturally give you.
" I am, Avith due respect,
" Sir, your most obedient servant,
" G, Washington."

Congress declined to allow the Governor to visit his Avife,
and he continued at East Windsor. This lady was born in
the West Indies ; it is said that she Avas much affected by the
severity of Doctor Franklin to her husband while he was a
prisoner. She died in 1778, in her forty-ninth year, and it is
1 This building is sti-11 (1844) standing ; it is near the Theological Semi
nary,

442 FRANKLIN.
inscribed on the monumental tablet erected to her memory in
St. Paul's Church, New York, that, " Compelled to part from
the husband she loved, and at length despairing of the sooth
ing hope of his speedy return, she sunk under accumulated
distresses," &c.
In 1778, after the arrival in America of Sir Henry Clinton,
an exchange was effected, and Governor Franklin was re
leased, Litde seems to be knoAvn of his proceeding during
the remainder of the war. He served for a short period as
President of the Board of Loyalists AA'hich was organized in
New Y^ork ; but soon went to England. The adherents of
the Crown Avere greatly alarmed at the distinction made be
tween themselves and other subjects, in the articles of capitu
lation of Cornwallis at YorktoAvn, and Franklin wrote to Lord
George Germain, Avho was then Secretary for the American
Department, on the subject. His Lordship, in answer, stated
that " the alarm taken by the Loyal Refugees is not to be
wondered at," and that, by command of his Majesty, he had
directed Sir Henry Clinton to make the strongest assurances
for their " welfare and safety."
In West's picture of the " Reception of the American Loy
alists by Great Britain, in the year 1783," Governor Frank
lin and Sir William Pepperell are the prominent personages
represented, and are placed at the head of the group of figures ;
the first (in the words of the description or explanation) is a
" son of Doctor Benjamin Franklin, who having his Majesty's
commis.sion of Governor of New Jersey, preserved his fidelity
and loyalty to his Sovereign from the commencement to the
conclusion of the contest, notwithstanding powerful incite
ments to the contrary." ^
In 1784, the father and son, after an estrangement of ten
years, became reconciled to one another. The son appears to
have made the first overture. Doctor Franklin, in acknowl
edging the receipt of his letter, says in reply, on the 16th of
August of that year : " I am glad to find that you desire to
1 For the remainder of the description of this picture, see notice of Sir
WiUiam Pepperell.

FRANKLIN. 443
revive the affectionate intercourse that formerly existed be
tween us. It will be very agreeable to me ; indeed nothing
has ever hurt me so much, and aff'ected me Avith such keen
sensations, as to find myself deserted in my old age by my
only son ; and not only deserted, but to find him taking up
'arms against me in a cause Avherein my good fame, fortune,
'and life, were all at stake. You conceived, you say, that
your duty to your king and regard for your country required
this. I ought not to blame you for differing in sentiment
with me in public affairs. We are all men, subject to errors.
Our opinions are not in our power ; they are formed and gov
erned much by circumstances, that are often as inexplicable as
they are irresistible. Your situation Avas such, that few would
have censured your remaining neuter, though there are nat
ural duties which precede political ones, and cannot be extin
guished by them. This is a disagreeable subject ; I drop it.
And we will endeavor, as you propose, mutually to forget
what has happened relating to it, as vvell as Ave can,"
The Doctor, I conclude, was never able to forget, entirely,
the alienation which had happened between them. In a let
ter to the Rev. Dr. Byles (1788), he said : " I, too, have
a daughter, Avho lives with me, and is the comfort of my de
clining years, while my son is estranged from me by the part
he took in the late war, and keeps aloof, residing in England,
Avhose cause he espoused; whereby the old proverb is exem
plified : —
" jNIy son is my son till he gets him a wife ;
But my daughter's my daughter all the days' of her life.'"
In his Avdl, dated June 23, 1789, a few months before his
own decease, he thus remembers his son William, late Gov
ernor of the Jerseys : —
" I give and devise aU the lands I hold or have a right to
in the Province of Nova Scytia, to hold to him, his heirs and
assigns forever. I also give to him all my books and papers
which he has in his possession, and all debts standing against
him on my account-books, willing that no payment for, nor
restitution of, the same be required of him by my executors.

444 FRANKS.
The part he acted against me in the late war, which is of
public notoriety, will account for my leaving him no more of
an estate he endeavored to deprive me of"
Though the part he acted against his father was of public
notoriety, rumors reached the ears of the Commissioners of
Loyalist Claims, that the disagreement between the Doctor
and his son had been collusive, and was more politic than sin
cere ; and the Governor was accordingly required to exhibit
proofs of his loyalty and uniform attachment to the Royal
cause. The commissioners themselves, probably, entertained
no doubts on the subject, but examined the charge to satisfy
the public, and to relieve the accused from Avhat they believed
to be an unfounded imputation. Among the witnesses who
testified in his favor was Sir Henry Clinton. He made a
schedule of his losses, Aviiich were by no means considerable.
Indeed, Governor Franklin must have been poor. His per
sonal estate was valued at only £1800, Avhich sum the com
missioners allowed him. He had several shares in back lands
and grants, but as he was indebted to his father, and had con
veyed to him all his real property in New York and New
Jersey, the loss of his office and its emoluments, and the
£1800 above mentioned, comprised the principal items in his
account, and for which he ckimed compensation. Governor
Franklin continued in England during the remainder of his
life. He _ enjoyed a pension, it is believed, of the amount
of £800 per annum. He died in November, 1813, at the
age of about eighty-two. Some years after the death of his
first wife, he married a lady who was born in Ireland. His
son, William Temple Franklin, who edited the works of
Doctor Franklin, died at Paris, in May, 1823.
Franks, David. Of Penn.sylvania. Commissary of Brit
ish prisoners. In 1778, detected in endeavoring to transmit
within the enemy's lines a letter A\'hich was deemed to con
tain sentiments inimical to the Whig cause. General Arnold,
who was dien in command at Philadelphia, was directed by
Congress to cause his immediate arrest and confinement in
jail. It was resolved, also, that he should no longer perform

FRAZER, 445
the duties of Commissary ; and that Washington give infor
mation of these proceedings to Sir Henry Clinton, with a
view to the appointment of a successor. In January, 1779, he
applied for leave to send his clerk, Patrick Rice, to New York,
to settle his public accounts, which Avas granted. In 1780 he
was ordered to depart die State ; but, as he delayed, on die
18th of November a pass for himself and daughter to New
York Avas sent from the Council, with the suggestion that
compulsory measures would be adopted, on further disobe
dience to the mandate of banishment. He replied on the
21st, giving his reasons for remaining in Philadelphia so long ;
and asked that his pass might be amended to include a ser
vant-woman and his necessary baggage. He wrote again on
> OO o O
the 22d, stating an excuse ; and on the 23d President Reed
informed him that he Avas expected to set out on his journey
the next day ; that his excuse, in the opinion of the Council,
was a very frivolous one ; and that no further indulgence
Avould be allowed him by that body.
Frazer, Charles. Of South Carolina, After the fall
of Charleston, in 1780, he was " town-major." Upon the
application of an individual for rations, he issued an order,
from which I extract sufficient to show its nature. Thus :
" All difficulties with regard to provisions ought to have been
considered before people entered into- rebellion, or, in the
course of these twelve months, while they haA'e been allowed
to Avalk about on parole. All mditia prisoners and others on
parole, are to keep their paroles and to remain in their houses.
.... It is ordered that no person, now a prisoner on parole,
in Charleston, shall have the liberty of exercising any pro
fession, trade, mechanic art, business, or occupation ; and his
his Majesty's subjects are hereby strictly enjoined and required
not to employ such person or persons on any pretence." In
1781 (July 26) he addressed the following note to the ill-
fated Colonel Isaac Hayne : " Sir, I am charged by the
commandant to inform you, that a council of general officers
will assemble to-morrow, at ten o'clock, in the hall of the
Province, to try you." He wrote the next day to announce,,
VOL, I, 38

446 FRAZER.
that, instead of " a council," his case would be submitted to
" a court of inquiry, composed of four general officers and
five captains " ; and that he Avould be allowed materials for
writing, and to select counsel. On the 29th of July, he ad
dressed a third note, in which he said : " The Adjutant of
the town will be so good as to go to Colonel Hayne, in the
Provost's prison, and inform him, that . . . Lord RaAvdon
and Lieutenant-Colonel Nesbit Balfour have resolved upon his
execution, on Tuesday, the 31st instant, at six o'clock," in
consequence of the decision of the court of inquiry, " for
having been found under arms, and employed in raising a
regiment to oppose the British Government, though he had
become a subject, and had accepted the protection of that
government after the reduction of Charleston."
Frazer, James, Of South Carolina. Physician. In
1781 he was Acting Barrack-master of Charleston, and in
July of that year promulgated an order forbidding persons
" living under the Rebel Government " to let or lease any
house without special license ; as it was intended to take all
dwellings as might be Avanted for the public serAdce, " paying
to the owners of those secured by the capitulation, a reason
able rent for the same " ; by which course the Loyalists
would be " in possession of their own houses within a short
space of time." He was also a British Deputy Commissary
of Prisoners, It is stated on the best authority, that, having
harangued the unfortunate Whigs under his care, to induce
them to enlist in the Royal service, Avithout the anticipated
success, he pronounced this terrible sentence : " You shall be
put on board of the prison-ships, where you cannot expect
anything more but to perish miserably ; the rations hitherto
allowed for the support of your wives and children, from this
day, shad be withheld ; the consequence of which will be.
they must starve in the streets." He lost his estate under the
Confiscation Act of 1782. A Doctor James Frazer died at
Charleston in 1803, — possibly the same.
Frazer, John. Of New York. Was born in Scodand,
emigrated to New York some years prior to the Revolution,

FRAZER. — FRENCH. 447
went to Nova Scotia at the peace, and died at Shelburne in
1840, aged eighty-eight.
Frazer, Lewis. Setded in New Brunswick in 1783, and
died in King's County in 1835, aged seventy-tAvo ; Mary
Harkley Frazer, his widow, who Avas born in Charleston,
South Carolina, died at St. John, New BrunsAvick, 1836, at
.the age of seventy-three.
French, Thomas. Of New York, and probably of Long
Island. Captain in De Lancey's First Battalion,
The following marvellous incident seems to rest on good
authority: — In 1779, when Colonel Cruger was ordered to
evacuate Sunbury, French was directed to convey the inva
lids to Savannah by inland navigation, in small vessels. On
the passage, circumstances compelled him to land, and to
fortify his camp, in front of which he placed four vessels,
manned by forty seamen. His soldiers were one hundred
and eleven in number ; and he had one hundred and thirty
stand of arms. Colonel White, of Georgia, determined to
capture him by stratagem ; and, to effect his purpose, kindled
fires on shore in the manner of a camp, rode about giving
orders in a tone of voice to be heard by French, and then
went to him Avith a fiag, and demanded him to surrender.
White's party consisted of six persons ; but French, believing
that he led a large force, submitted himself prisoner of war,
with his whole detachment, one hundred and thirty stand of
arms, the vessels, and their crews. Four of the vessels were
armed, and the largest mounted fourteen guns. After the ar
ticles of capitulation were signed. White pretended that it was
difficult to restrain his men ; and, to continue the deception,
ordered his captives to go on shore unarmed, and to follow the
guides, whom he would send to them, and by Avhom they would
be conducted to Lincoln's army ; while he, with his troops,
would follow in their rear. Most of French's men were
Loyalists, and, dreading to fall into the hands of the Whig
militia, this plan was gladly adopted. The prisoners ar
rived safely in camp.
French, Joseph, Of Jamaica, Ncav York. He was

448 FRENCH. — FREY.
elected to the Provincial Congress in 1775, but declined to
take his seat on the ground that the majority of the free
holders of that town Avere opposed to being represented in
that body. In February, 1776, he was a close prisoner ; and
in a communication to the Provincial Congress, stating his
case and praying to be released, he remarked that he had
been in confinement thirty-four days, — three days in his own
house, with twelve men and an officer to guard, him Avhen
sick in bed. In 1777 Jamaica contributed £219 to a corps of
Loyalists raised in New York at the instance of Governor
Tryon, which sum passed through the hands of Mr. French.
In 1780 he was an Addresser of Governor Robertson.
French, James. Of New York. He accepted a com
mission in De Lancey's First Battalion, and in 1782 was a
captain. He went to St. John, N'ew Brunswick, in 1783,
was the grantee of a city lot, and received half-pay. He
settled in the county of York, and was a magistrate for several
years. He died in that county in 1820, aged seventy-five.
French,  . A Loyalist in arms, and of some note.
He was killed in the battle of Bennington. o
Frey, Hendrick. Of New York. He served the Crown
during the war, and was a major. After the peace he re
turned to his native State. In 1797 he and Brant met at
Canajoharie, where, at a tavern, " they had a merry time of
it during the livelong night. Many of their adventures
were recounted, among which was a duel that had been
fought by Frey, to Avhom Brant acted as second." The
meeting of the Chief and die Major is described as " like
that of two brothers,"
Frey, Philip R. Of Tryon (now Montgomery) County,
New York. He entered the military service of the King, and
was an ensign in the Eighth Regiment. He was engaged
in the batde of Wyoming. He died at Palestine, Mont
gomery (formerly Tryon) County, in 1823. His son, Samuel
C. Frey, setded in Upper Canada, and communicated partic
ulars of the sanguinary scenes at Wyoming, for Colonel
Stone's use, in writing his " Life of Brant." The testimony

FRINK, — FRYE. 449
of the Freys is, that Brant was not present with Butler at
Wyoming, and this, according to the son, the father steadily
maintained through life.
/^ Frink, Nathan. He was born at Pomfret, Connecticut.
He entered the British military service, and was a captain of
cavalry in the American Legion, and aide-de-camp to Arnold
after his treason, and was engagcid in the burning of New
London. At the peace he went to St, John, New Brunswick,
where he remained several years, but removed to St. Andrew,
and finally to St. Stephen in the same Colony, He died at
the latter place, December 4, 1817, aged sixty years. His
wife, Hester, died at St. Stephen, February 22, 1824, at the
age of sixty-five. His sister Alida married Schuyler, the
oldest son of General Israel Putnam. Seven children sur
vived him. His son James was a magistrate and ship-owner
of St, Stephen, and married Martha G, Prescott, a niece of
Roger Sherman. Captain Frink was educated for the bar.
In New Brunswick he was a merchant and ship-owner ; and
a magistrate of Charlotte County for about thirty years. He
received half-pay as an officer. His family connections in
the United States are highly respectable. It is believed that
his political sympathies were originally adverse to the Royal
cause, and that less intolerance, on the part of his Whig
neighbors and friends, would have produced a different line
of conduct on his part.
Frye, Peter. Of Salem, Massachusetts, Graduated at
Harvard University in 1744. He was representative to, the
General Court, and being a member in 1768, was a Re-
sfcinder. He was also a Judge of the Court of Common
Pleas, Register of Probate, and Colonel of Militia in the
County of Essex, His name appears among the Salem Ad
dressers of Ga£e3_June, 1774. He died in EnglandpFeb-
ruaf}r;'lS20, aged ninety-seven years. The first husband of
his daughter Love was Doctor Peter Oliver, a Massachusetts
Loyalist ; and her second was Admiral Sir John Knight of
the British Navy. Lady Knight died at her seat near London,
in 1839. 38*

450 FRYE, - GAGE.
Frye, Peter Pickman. A soldier in the Continental
Army. In May, 1777, he was sentenced to be shot at New
York, for desertion, Avith the design of joining the Royal
Army. Fulton, James. Of New_Hampshire. In 1778 he was
proscribed and banished. In 1782 he was a captain in the
King's American Dragoons. James Fulton, Esq., a magis
trate in the county of Halifax, died in Nova Scotia in 1826.
FusTNER, Andrew George. In November, 1788, Wash
ington wrote the President of the Council of Pennsylvania,
that Fustner was a brother-in-law of Rankin of York
County; that he went out of New York frequently as a spy,
by way of Stark River, through New Jersey, and thence to
Lancaster; from which facts, means might be devised, per
haps, to apprehend him.
Gabel, John. Was one of the first of the Loyalists who
settled in New Brunswick, and died at St, John in 1816, aged
eighty-four. Gage, Thomas. The first military and the last Royal
Governor of Massachusetts. His father was the first Viscount
Gage. He came to America with Braddock, in command of
the 44th Regiment, and was wounded in the fatal engagement
of the 9th of July. It is said that his indecision was the
cause of the defeat. He was with Amherst in the expedition
against Ticonderoga, and with Wolfe at Quebec. In 1761
he was promoted to the rank of Major-General, and, two
years later, Avas made Commander-in-Chief of the British
forces in North America. In 1770 he was a Lieutenant-Gen
eral. His home was in Ncav York, and he lived in a large
double house, surrounded with elegant gardens, on the site
now occupied by the stores 67 and 69 Broad Street. In 1774
he removed to Boston, and assumed the administration of civil
and military affairs in Massachusetts, Sir WilHam Howe
was his successor in command of the army. His wife was
Margaret, daughter of Peter Kemble, President of the Coun
cil of New Jersey. He died in England, in 1787 ; his Avidow
survived until 1824, and at her decease, was ninety years of
age. His son was the third Viscount Gage.

GAINE. 451
In 1848, General William H, Sumner, who died at Jamaica
Plain, Massachusetts, October, 1861, married Mary Dickin
son Kemble, of New York, daughter of Peter Kemble, grand
daughter of General Cadwallader, and niece of the subject of
this notice. This lady survives, but has no child, A Resolve
of the Legislature of Massachusetts in 1862, requested the
Governor to receive the portrait of Governor Gage, bequeathed
by General Sumner, and cause the same to be placed in the
State Library.
Gaixe, Hugh, Printer and bookseller, of Ncav York ;
and publisher of the " New York Mercury." Died April 25,
1807, aged eighty-one years. His political creed seems to
have consisted of but one article, and that — to keep with the
strongest party. At first he was a Whig, and Avhen, in 1776,
the British troops were about to take possession of New York,
he retreated with his press to Newark ; but, in the belief that
the Whigs would be subdued and the Revolution suppressed,
he soon after privately withdrew from Newark, and returned
to New York, where he printed under the protection of the
King's Army, and devoted the "Mercury" to the support
of the Royal cause. At the conclusion of the war, he peti
tioned the Legislature of the State for liberty to remain in the
city, which was granted ; but he discontinued the publication
of his paper, and turned his attention to the printing and sell
ing of books. He occupied a stand in Hanover Square more
than forty years, and by close application to business, regu
larity and punctuality, he acquired a handsome estate. As a
citizen, he was moral and highly respectable. As a politician,
his unstable course excited several poetical essays from a wdt
of the time ; among them is a versification of his petition to
the new Government, already alluded to, of some three hun
dred and fifty lines. The writer's manner may be judged of
by the following extract. After relating the evils of his so
journ at Newark, Gaine is made to speak thus of his return to
New York, and taking part with the Loyalists : —
" As matters have gone, it was plainly a blunder.
But then I expected the Whigs must knock under.

452 GALE.
And I always adhere to tlie sword that is longest.
And stick to the party that 's like to be strongest ;
That you have succeeded is merely a chance ;
I never once dreamt of the conduct of France ! —
If alliance with her you -were promised — at least
You ought to have showed me your star in the East,
Not let me go off uninformed as a beast.
AVhen your army I saw without stockings or shoes,
Or victuals or money — to pay them their dues.
Excepting your wretched Congressional paper.
That stunk in my nose like the snuff of a taper," &c.
Gale, Samuel, Of Cumberland County, New Hamp
shire Grants, He was born in England, in 1747, and Avas
Avell educated. He came to America about the year 1770,
as a paymaster in the British Army ; but, quitting the service,
settled in die county above mentioned. In 1774 the infamous
Crean Brush resigned as clerk of the Court, and he was ap
pointed to the place. During the difficulties between the
Whigs and Loyalists of Cumberland in 1775, — as partic
ularly related in the notice of W, Patterson, — he does not
appear to have conducted with wisdom or decorum. Accord
ing to the account of the affair drawn up by the Whig Com
mittee, he drew a pistol upon the multitude, who asked for a
parley, and exclaimed, " d — n the parley with such d  d
rascals as you are ; " and holding up his weapon, added, " I
will hold no parley with such d  d rascals, but this."
Collision soon followed, and human life was taken. An in
vestigation followed. He was imprisoned first in his OAvn
town, and next in Northampton, Massachusetts. Released at
last, he repaired to New York, where he Avas joined by his
family. In 1776 he was again seized and sent to jail in Fair
field, Connecticut, and while there Avrote a long letter to John
McKisson, in Avhich he complains of the manner of his ar
rest and of his subsequent treatment. I extract a single pas
sage, " In this intolerable place," he said, " the Avind, when
cold, fairly chills every vein in my body. The smoke, when
there is a fire, not only blinds, but nearly suffocates me ; and
the continued smell of the room has, I fear, tended to rot my

GALLOWAY. 453
very vitals. In the morning I have perpetually a sickness at
the stomach ; about noon comes on a fever, which, in about
three hours, is succeeded by an ague." Again, he said he
wished for liberty on parole, that " I may finish my intended
publication on Surveying, which, you will know, is allowed
by all parties to be a matter of great actual service to Amer
ica." He went to Canada before the peace, and became Pro
vincial Secretary. He accompanied Governor Prescott to
England, to assist in adjusting some difficulties that had oc
curred during his administration ; and Avhile abroad, he Avrote
and published an " Essay on Public Credit," Avhich Mr. Pitt
is said to have approved. Mr. Gale returned to Canada after
several years' absence ; lived in retirement, and died in Farn
ham, in 1826. His wife was Rebecca, daughter of Colonel
Samuel Wells, of Brattleborough.
Galloway, Joseph. He was a son of Peter Galloway,
and was born in Maryland about the year 1730. His family
was respectable, and of good estate, and his education was
probably the best that could be obtained in the Middle Col
onies. He went early in life to Philadelphia, commenced the
practice of the law, became eminent in his profession, and
held many important trusts. He married the daughter of the
Hon. LaAvrence Growdon, Avho was for a long period Speaker
of the Assembly of Pennsylvania, by which connection he
enjoyed a considerable fortune. In 1764 Mr. Galloway was
a member of the Assembly, and on the question of a change
of the government from the Proprietary to the Royal form,
as in some other Colonies, made an able speech in answer to
the celebrated Dickinson, who opposed the petition. Both
speeches Avere published. Galloway continued in the Assem
bly for some years, and attained the Speaker's chair of that
body. In 1774 he was elected a member of the Whig Con
gress of the Continent, and took his scat, and Avas an active
participant in its leading recommendations and measures. On
the 20th of October, Congress adopted the celebrated measure
of "Non-Importation, Non-Consumption, and Non-Exporta
tion," and ordered that the several members subscribe their

454 GALLOWAY.
names to it. The signature of Mr. Galloway is among them ;
and his name is to be found, also, to the " Address to the In
habitants of the Province of Quebec," Near the close of the
session he was appointed, with Mr. Adams and others, to
revise the minutes of Congress.
No man in Pennsylvania, at this time, Avas more in favor
with the popular party. In the attack upon the proprietary
rights, he had been regarded the leader ; and with Franklin,^
he was on terms of intimacy and confidence. His disaffection
or disinclination to continue in the public councils soon be
came manifest. By the proceedings of the House of Assembly
of Pennsylvania, on the 12th of May, 1775, it appears, that
" Joseph Galloway, Esq,, having repeatedly moved in Assem
bly to be excused from serving as a Deputy in the Continen
tal Congress, the House this day took his motion in considera
tion, and do hereby agree to excuse him from that service."
In 1776 he abandoned the Whigs, and became one of the
most virulent and prescriptive Loyalists of the time. His
former friends often felt the force of his powers, and the evil
effects of his influence with the agents of the Crown, both in
America and England. He joined the Royal Army in New
York soon after his defection, and continued there until June
of 1778. As he prepared to embark for England, with his
only daughter, he Avrote his "ever dear and only sister," a
parting letter, which is very affectionate in its tone, and in
which he said : " I call this country ungrateful, because I
haA'e attempted to save it from the distress it at present feels,
and because it has not only rejected my endeavors, but re
turned me evil for good, I feel for its misery ; but I feel it
is not finished — its cup is not yet full — stiff deeper distress
Avill attend it."
He was examined before Parliament, in 1779, on the in
quiry into the conduct of Sir William HoAve and General
Burgoyne, and gave some very singular opinions. Thus, he
said tiiat four fifths of the whole American people, at the be-
1 A will, executed by Franklin, some years prior to 1784, was left in
his care.

GALLOWAY. 455
ginning of hostilities, were loyal or well affected to the Crown ;
that if proper use had been made of men and means, the re
bellion might have been speedily and happily terminated ; that
in a military sense, America was not particularly strong : that
the British troops were superior to their opponents, not in the
open field, but in bush fighting ; and that such Avas the nature
of the country, soldiers could carry provisions for nineteen
days, on their backs. To all this, it was well replied, that
though bred a lawyer, and used to business, he could be hard
ly made to recollect anything which related to himself when
a Whig and a member of the Continental Congress ; yet, that
merely with the British Army for protection, and utterly ig
norant of the profession of arms, he presumed to possess an
accurate knoAvledge of the complicated business of the camp ;
and to decide, in a manner which old and experienced com
manders hesitated to do, upon all the great operations of war.
Between this time and the peace, his pen was almost constant
ly employed on subjects connected with the war, and its man
agement on the part of officers of the Crown. In addition to
an extensive correspondence with Loyalists who continued in
America, he published " Observations on the Conduct of Sir
Wdliam HoA\'e " ; a " Letter to Howe on his Naval Con
duct " ; " Letters to a Nobleman on the Conduct of the War
in the Middle Colonies " ; " Reply to the ObserA'ations of Gen
eral Howe " ; " Cool Thoughts on the Consequences of Amer
ican Independence " ; " Candid Examination of the Claims of
Great Britain and her Colonies " ; and " Reflections on the
American Rebel hon."
His estate, which he A'alued at £40,000, was confiscated by
Pennsylvania, in pursuance of his proscription and attainder.
A large part of his property was derived from his wife, and a
considerable proportion of it Avas restored finally to his daugh
ter. When the agency for prosecuting the claims of the
Loyahsts to compensation was formed, Mr. Galloway was ap
pointed a member of the Board for Pennsylvania and Dela
ware. But his own pretensions to consideration were disputed.
The circumstance, that he had been a Whig and a member of

456 GALLOWAY.
the first Continental Congress, occasioned a jealousy among
the adherents of the Crown, who had never changed sides,
and the Commissioners made a minute investigation into his
conduct. They examined numerous witnesses, among whom
were General Gage, Lord CornAvallis, and Sir William Howe ;
and they found and reported him to be " an active though not
an early Loyalist," and of course entitled to compensation.
A tract attributed to him, on the subject of " The Loyalist
Claims for Losses," was published in 1788 ; from which, as the
reader will remember, some extracts appear in the preliminary
remarks of this volume. He died in England, September,
1803, at the age of seventy-three years.
His path was filled Avith vexations and troubles. He was a
politician by nature ; and he had many qualities indispensable
to success in political life. For some years prior to the Revo
lution, he was the secret or open mover of many of the public
issues that arose. In the alienation of friends he was unfor
tunate. In 1766 he connected himself with Goddard and
Wharton, in publishing a newspaper called the " Pennsyl
vania Chronicle." By the terms of the arrangement, he and
Wharton were to furnish a share of the necessary capital,
and Goddard was to print and manage the concern. And it
is a singular fact connected with this matter, that the articles
of copartnership provided for the admission of Franklin as a
partner, should he choose to join them on his coming home
from England, where he was then absent. But the phdoso-
pher never availed himself of the opportunity ; the three part
ners quarrelled, separated on the worst possible terras, and
Goddard and Galloway filled the public prints with the vilest
mutual abuse. The difficulty reached the ears of Franklin,
and he thus wrote to his son William from London : " I cast
my eye over Goddard's piece against our friend, Mr. Gallo
way, and then lit my fire Avith it. I think such feeble, mali
cious attacks cannot hurt him," The events of a few years
produced strange changes in the relations of the several par
ties here spoken of, and show the effects of civil war in a most
striking manner, Galloway, as has been said, turned Loyal-

GALLOWAY, 457
ist, and Franklin renounced him ; Avhile Goddard, Avho made
the " feeble and malicious attacks," Avas appointed to the sec
ond office in the Continental Post-office Department, when
Franklin was placed at its head. While, again, Goddard,
soured and disaffected, on the retirement of Franklin from
that service, because he Avas not named to succeed him, in
curred the displeasure of the Whigs, and was the object of
hate, and the victim of mobs. And yet again ; Franklin's
only son, the Royal Governor of New Jersey, also became a
Loyalist ; Avhich entirely alienated his father, so that there
Avas no intercourse between them for ten years.
Galloway, after deserting the Whigs, AA'as the mark at which
many writers levelled their Avit and their anger. Trumbull
says of him, that " he began by being a flaming patriot, but
being disgusted at his own Avant of influence and the greater
popularity of others, he turned Tory, wrote against the meas
ures of Congress, and absconded; " and, that "just before his
escape, a trunk was put on board a vessel in the Delaware, to
be delivered to " him, which, on opening, " he found contained
only, as Shakspeare says,
' A halter gratis, and leave to hang himself,' "
Trumbull, in his " McFingal," still further discourses thus :
" Did you not, in as vile and shallow way,
Fright our poor Philadelphian, Galloway,
Your Congress when the loyal ribald
Belied, berated, and bescribbled ?
What ropes and halters did you send.
Terrific emblems of his end,
Till, lest he 'd hang in more than effigy,
Fled in a fog the trembling refugee ? "
The unhappy Loyahst deserved all that was said of him ;
since it seems improbable that he changed sides from convic
tion and from justifiable motives. A man of so great aptitude
for the administration of affairs, of so mature judgment, of so
much political experience, of so penetrating sagacity, of powers
of mind that led his fellows in masses, can hardly stand excused,
upon the most charitable view of his conduct that is possible.
VOL. L 39

458 GALLOWAY. - GARDEN.
Galloway,  . Serjeant in the Queen's Rangers.
Unhorsed and A^'ounded in batde. He lamented the loss of
the heel of his boot, which was shot away, says his com
mander, more than his wound.
Gallopp, William. He setded in Charlotte County, New
Brunswick, and was a magistrate. He died in that county
about the year 1806.
Gamble, James. Of North Carolina. Estate confiscated.
Residence unknown.
Gamble, David. Belonged to the Eighth Pennsylvania
Regiment, but deserted. In 1778 he was tried for this of
fence, and for having in his possession counterfeit Continental
money ; and was sentenced to suffer death.
Ganey, Micajah. Of South Carolina. He lived on the
Litde Pedee; and at the head of some Loyalists of that
region, sallied out of swamps to distress the Whigs. Marion
had required that he should obey his orders as brigadier of
the district, but he refused. Yet, in 1781, when the Royal
Army met with reverses, Ganey entered into a treaty of
neutrality, which was renewed the year following. By the
terms of the last arrangement, the Tory band were forgiA'en
treason, secured in the possession of their property, and
placed under the protection of the laws, on the condition of
delivering up their plunder, and demeaning themselves as
peaceable citizens of South Carolina; while those \^'ho pre
ferred to leave the country, were permitted to go within the
British lines, and to carry off or sell their effects. He was
considered an excellent partisan officer, and, in the judgment
of some, able to cope with Marion himself.
Garden, Alexander. Of South Carolina. A Congrat-
ulator of Cornwallis on his success at Camden in 1780. In
1782 his estate was confiscated, and he was banished. Doctor
Garden fitted himself for professional pursuits at Edinburgh,
He acquired a fortune. He was much devoted to the study
of natural history, and Avas a valuable writer in that branch
of science, especially in botany. He went to England in
1783, and died in London in 1791, at the age of sixty-three

GARDEN. — GARDINER, 459
years. He was doctor of medicine and of divinity, and a
Fellow of the Royal Society,
Garden, William. He received employment under the
Crown, after the Revolution ; and at the time of his decease
was Assistant Deputy Commissary-General of the garrison at
Fredericton, New Brunswick. He sank under the pressure
of sickness and trouble ; and closed his life in the county of
York, Ncav Brunswick, in 1812, aged sixty-three. His
daughter Jane, wife of William Thompson, of Toronto,
Upper Canada, died at Woodstock, New Brunswick, in 1848,
in her sixty-second year.
V^ Gardiner, Sylvester. Of Boston. Physician. De
scended from the first emigrant of the name to the Narra
gansett country ; and born at South Kingston, Rhode Island,
in 1707. He fitted himself for the practice of medicine in
England and France ; entered upon and pursued a successful
professional career in Boston. He acquired great wealth, and
became proprietor of one twelfth ^parf~of the "Plymouth
Purchase," so called, on the Kennebec River, Maine. His
efforts to settle this large domain were unceasing from the
year 1753 to the Revolution. He was made perpetual mod
erator of the proprietors at all their meetings ; he executed
their plans ; built mills, houses, stores, and wharves ; cleared
lands ; made generous offers to emigrants ; established an
Episcopal mission ; and furnished the people of that region
with their first rehgious instruction. And most of all this
was accomplished with his OAvn money. The evidence uni
formly is, that he was a man of broad and liberal views, of
great zeal, energy, and public spirit. In Boston he was held
in much respect by all classes. Of the " Government Party,"
he entertained as guests. Sir Wdliam Pepperell, Governor ;
Hutchinson, Earl Percy, Admiral Graves, Major Pitcairn,
General Gage, Major Small, and others. An Addresser of
the Royal Governors in 1774 and the year^fbHtrwrng; he -
becameTdentified Avith the Royal-xatreeT' But, hard upon
threescore and ten, he did not mean to quit his native
country. He yielded to the counsels, to the " impetuositj' "

460 GARDINER.
of a young wife, and was ruined. In 1776, at the evacua
tion, he abandoned all, and found temporary shelter at Hali
fax, The vessel in which he embarked was destitute of com
mon comforts, poorly supplied with provisions, and the cabin,
which he and several members of his family occupied, was
small and crowded Avith pas.sengers. In 1778 his name ap
peared in the Proscription and Banishment Act. He settled
at Poole, England.
In addition to his lands in Maine, he had a large property
in Boston, both real and personal, most of which was con
fiscated. In 1785 he returned to the United States. For a part of
his losses, he petitioned Massachusetts for compensation. He
had never borne arms, he said, nor entered into any associa
tion, combination, or subscription, against the Whigs. When
he quitted Boston, he stated, too, that he had in possession a
valuable stock of drugs, medicines, paints, groceries, and dye
stuffs, which, having a vessel ftdly equipped and entirely
unde;- his control, he could easily have carried off', but which
he left, of choice, for the benefit of the country, which he
knew was in need. The claim was acknowledged to the
extent of giving his heirs tickets in the State Land Lottery,
by which they obtained nearly six thousand acres in the
county of Washington, Maine.
From the confiscation, Massachusetts derived, indeed, but
little benefit. As relates to the property just mentioned,
Washington, on taking posses.sion of Boston, ordered the
medicines, &c,, in Doctor Gardiner's store to be transferred
to the hospital department for the use of the Continental
Army ; but the State authorities interfered, and required
delivery to the Sheriff of Suffolk County. The result, how
ever, was a vote of the Council complying with the requisition
of the Commander-in-Chief The Commonwealth received
nothing from the lands on the Kennebec, because the Attor
ney-General found his suit illegally prosecuted, and because
peace Avas concluded while his second action was pending.
As concerns the remaining part of Dr. Gardiner's estate.

GARDINER, 461
there is a strange story, namely : that it was nearly all
absorbed in the payment of fictitious claims against him,
which there was no one here to dispute. A gentleman of
the highest respectability informs me that he was once walk
ing Avith the Doctor's executor, when they were met by a
man who had been allowed payment of an unjust demand,
and who was asked by the executor, " How could you
bring such a charge?" " La, Mr. Hallowell," was the reply,
" I would not injure you for the world. The account was
correct : I only omitted to say it was paid ; it was doing you no
harm; everybody was doing the same; and I was In want of
the iuuney." The subject of this notice died at Newport,
Rhode Island, suddenly, August 8, 1786, in his eightieth
year, and his remains were interred under Trinity Church.
In the Episcopal Church, Gardiner, Maine, there is a marble
cenotaph to his memory. His first Avife was Anne, daughter
of Doctor John Gibbons of Boston ; his second, Abigail
Eppes of Virginia ; his third, Catharine Goldthwaite. His
children were six. First, John, born in Boston in 1731 ;
bred to the law in England ; practised in the Courts of West
minster Hall ; Attorney-General of St. Christopher's ; denied
promotion by the British Government, because of his sym
pathy for the Whigs ; returned to Massachusetts at the peace ;
one of the leaders in the movement which transferred King's
Chapel to the Unitarians ; settled in Pownalborough, Maine,
and was member of the General Court ; embarked at home
for Boston, in 1793 ; wrecked on the passage and perished.
Second, William, of whom presently. Third, Anne, Avho
married the second son of the Earl of Altamont. Next,
Hannah, the wife of Robert Hallowell. Fifth, Rebecca, wife
of Philip Dumarisque. Last, Abigail, who married Oliver
Whipple, counsellor-at-law, Cumberland, Rhode Island,
and subsequently of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The
husbands of Hannah and Rebecca are mentioned in these
volumes. Under the provisions of Doctor Gardiner's will, nearly
the whole of his estate in Maine passed to Hannah's only
39*

462 GARDINER.
son, Robert Hallowell, who, as one of the conditions of that
instrument, added the name of Gardiner. John, as is stated,
failed to become the principal heir, in consequence of his
political and religious opinions ; and William " was not an
efficient man." [See Robert Halhwell.]
^ Gardiner, William. Of Maine, Son of Doctor Syl-
A'ester Gardiner. Settled on his father's lands on the Ken
nebec, prior to the Rca' olution. He gave offence to" the
Whigs because he " would drink tea " ; because he refused
to swear allegiance to their cause ; and because he called them
" Rebels," Arrangements were made to take him from his
bed at night, and tar and feather him ; but a Whig, friendly
to him, carried him to a place of safety. He -^vas, however,
made prisoner, tried, and sent to jail in Boston. In March,
1778, he petitioned for release, and was soon after allowed
to return home, -where " he Avas regarded as a harmless man,
and Avas suffered for the most part to remain unmolested,
except by petty annoyances." He died unmarried at Gar
diner, and his remains were interred " beneath the Episcopal
vestry." Gardiner, Nathaniel. Of PoAvnalborough, Maine,
Kinsman of Doctor Sylvester Gardiner. A steady Loyalist,
and distinguished for the uge of both influence and fortune in
behalf of distressed adherents to the Crown". For a year or
twa,^lre account of him is contradictory. By one of his
OAvn letters it appears that, in 1780, he Avas in command of
an armed schooner called the Golden I^ippin ; was captured
by " a detachment of General Wadsworth's Rebels," near the
Penobscot; and conveyed to jail in Falmouth (now Port
land). On the Avay, " he was taken to a gallows, and told that
that was his place." He says he was alloAved neither bed nor
blanket ; that he laid down on a plank floor full of spike -
heads an inch high ; that neither food nor drink was ordered
for him ; that had not his son brought him some money, he
should haA-e died of cruel treatment. Kept in prison four
months, and robbed, he relates, of his clothes and pocket-
book, he escaped, and went to New York, At the peace

GARDINER. — GARRETTSON. 463
he remoA'ed to Shelburne, Nova Scotia. Before living in
Maine, he was a magistrate in Rhode Island.
Gardiner, Abram. Of Long Island, New York. Colonel
in the militia. In 1776 he tendered the oath of allegiance
to the inhabitants of South and Easthampton. The same
year he was taken prisoner by Colonel Livingston, and his
case reported to Governor Trumbull of Connecticut.
Gardner, Henry. Of Salem, Massachusetts. An Ad
dresser of Gage on his arrival in 1774. He died at Maiden
in 1817, aged seventy-one.
Garnktt, Samuel. Of Massachusetts. Was in London in
1779, and addressed the King, Of the jMassachusetts family,
I conclude, were Patrick, who Avas an ensign in the Prince of
Wales American Volunteers ; and Joseph, who settled in
New Brunswick, Avas IMaster in Chancery, and Deputy Sur
rogate, and died in St. Andrew in 1801.
G.vrrettson, Rev, Freeborn. Minister of the Methodist
Episco|)al Church. He was born in Maryland in 1752, and
Avas admitted to the ministry, " on trial," in 1776. The next
year, Avhile stationed in Virginia, he refused to take the oath
of fidelity to the Whigs, and was told that he must leave the
State or go to jail. But he Avas not then molested. In 1778,
howcA'er, Avhen preaching in Maryland, he was met by a man
who seized his horse's bridle, and who beat him over the head
and shoulders with a large stick. In the affray, Mr. Garrett-
son's horse started off at full speed, but his assailant, who was
also mounted, pursued, and, in passing him, struck a blow
which, with the injury in falling to the ground, rendered him
senseless. Again, in 1778, an officer Avaited upon him with a
process, and threatened to confine him in prison. A year
later, he was stationed in Delaware, " Avhere he found him
self an object of suspicion and molestation " ; and at Salis
bury " he was informed that a mob had already collected,
consisting of some of the first people in the county, with a
determination to effect his imprisonment." He escaped a
second time ; but in Maryland, in 1780, while engaged in a
religious service, he Avas seized by a party of about twenty

464 GARRISON.
persons, and hurried off to jail, " where he had a dirty floor
for a bed, and his saddle-bags for a pdlow." His friends soon
interposed, and the Governor released him.
In 1785 he went to Nova Scotia as a missionary ; and
while there, founded a Methodist society' at Halifax. He re
turned in 1787, preached several times in private houses in
Boston, and then visited Rhode Island. From this period
untd 1817, he was actively employed in various parts of New
England and the Middle States, and became distinguished.
For the ten years preceding his decease, he was on the list of
" supernumaries," but yet he continued his labors as " a min
ister at large." He died at New York in 1827, aged seventy-
five. His widow, Catharine, daughter of Chancehor Robert
R, Livingston, died in 1849, in her ninety-seventh year. He
left one child, a daughter.
Garrison, Joseph. Of Massachusetts. He was born in
1734. Notes from the family record, furnished me by two of
his grandsons, show that he was in Nova Scotia as early, cer
tainly, as 1773, Of his course during the Revolution little is
knoAvn. Descendants admit his loyalty. He was in New
Brunswick, probably, before the peace ; and is still remem
bered in that Province as a skilful miner, and as the discov
erer of the " Grand Lake Coal Mines," which of late years
have been extensively worked. He died on the river St.
John. Mary Palmer, Avho was born in Byfield, Massachu
setts, in 1741, and to whom he Avas married in 1764, bore
him five children previous to the Avar, and four between 1776
and 1783, as follows : " Hannah (the eldest), who married
John Lunt, lived at Eastport, Maine, some years, removed to
the Penobscot, and died there about the year 1843 ; Eliza
beth, or Betsey, who married William Simpson, and died at
Kingston, New Brunswick, in 1845 ; Joseph, Avho died on
Deer Island, New Brunswick, in 1819, aged fifty-two ; Dan
iel, who was drowned in the river St. John, about the year
1798 ; Abijah, of whom presently ; Sarah,^ who married
Joseph Clark ; Nathaniel, who died at the city of St, John
1 Lived on the river St, John in 1848.

GARRISON -r- GAY. 465
in 1817; Sdas;^ and William, who died on the river St.
John in 1843.
Abijah, the third son, was born in Nova Scotia, within the
limits of the present Province of New Brunswick, in 1773.
He lived aAvhile at St, John, but removed to Newburyport,
Massachusetts, Avhere he resided some years. He returned to
his native Province, finally, and probably died there ; of his
fate, however, persons of his lineage know nothing. Fanny
Lloyd, his wife, was born on Deer Island, Passamaquoddy
Bay, New Brunswick, in 1776, and had issue — Mary Ann,
Caroline, James Hodey, Wdliam Lloyd, and Elizabeth, The
youngest son, Wiffiam' Lloyd Garrison, of Boston, Avho Avas
born at Newburyport, December 10, 1805, and who, — uni
versally known for his labors to abolish slavery, — is the sole
survivor. Garrison, John. He became an inhabitant of New
Brunswick, at the peace, and was a member of the House of
Assembly for several years. His end was sad. He died on
the river St. John in 1810,
Gatcheus, Jacob, Of Philadelphia. Joined the British
in that city, and went with the Rojal Army to New York,
in 1778. The next year he was captain of the privateer Im
pertinent, was captured, and committed to prison.
^' Gatchell, Dennis. Of Maine. Whig at first, committee
man, and captain in the militia. Repented, in 1779, of haA'
ing been " a furious and revengeful Rebel," and acknowledged
that he deserved no mercy from a sovereign he Fad^so gi'eatly/
abused, but still flattered himself with hopes of forgiveness. "
Possibly the Gatchells of the island of Grand Menan, Bay of
Fundy, are of his lineage. His home, I conjecture, was near
the mouth of the Kennebec.
Gay, Rev. Ebenezer, D.D. Minister, of Hingliam, Mas
sachusetts. In doubt as to his course in the Revolution, his
name Avas omitted in the first edition of this work. He was
born in 1696, graduated at Jlaiward^ Uidyersityjn 1714, and
was ordained in 1718, He died in 1787, at the age of
1 Lived on the river St, John in 1848.

466 GAY. — GEAKE.
ninety, and in the sixty-ninth year of his ministry. The
Rev. Doctor Chauncey " pronounces him to have been one
of the greatest and most valuable men in the country."
, J/' Gay, Martin. Founder, of Boston. Son of the preced
ing. An Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in
1775 ; was proscribed and banished in 1778. He Avent to
Halifax in 1776, Avith his family. I suppose he returned; a
gentleman of this name died at Boston in 1809, aged eighty-
tAVO. Gay, Samuel. Of Massachusetts. Son of Martin Gay.
He was born in Boston, and graduated at Harvard University
in 1775. Soon after the beginning of the Revolution, he
abandoned his native country. He settled in New Brunswick,
and was a member of the first House of Assembly organized
in the Colony, and represented the county of Westmoreland
several years. He Avas also a magistrate of that county, and
Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas. He died at
Fort Cumberland, New Brunswick, (where his father had a
grant of land from the Crown,) January 21, 1847, in the
ninety-third year of his age. The late Hon. Ebenezer Gay,
of Hingham, Massachusetts, was his brother.
Gaynor, James, and Peter. Were grantees of St. John,
New Brunswick, in 1783. James was a member of the
Loyal Artillery in 1795, and died at St. John in 1823, at the
age of seventy-two.
Geake, Samuel. A Whig, who was taken prisoner by the
British, corrupted, and induced to act as a spy. After enter
ing the service of the enemy, he enlisted among his former
friends, the better to accomplish his purpose of betraying
them. His designs Avere ascertained, and he Avas arrested
in 1778, tried, and condemned to die. He confessed his crime,
but Washington spared his life, because the court-martial diat
tried him was irregularly constituted, and because his testi
mony Avas deemed important against Hammed, formerly
brigade-major to General James Clinton, who had also en
tered into treasonable designs with the British. Geake,
according to his confession, was to receive a commission of

GEDDES. - GERRISH. 467
lieutenant in a corps that Hammed was to command, as soon
as it could be raised from deserters from the American Army.
Geddes, Charles. Died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1807,
aged fifty-six.
^. Gelston, Samuel. Of Massachusetts, Physician. In
January, 1776, he Avas held to answer before a joint committee
of the Council and House. During the proceedings against
him, it appears that he escaped from the custody of the mes
senger, fled to Rhode Island, Avhere he was apprehended and
brought back. Early in February, the committee reported,
that, by his own confession, he had contravened the Resolves
of Congress, had supplied the enemy with various articles of
provision ; and that, " by other evidence, it appeared he was
unfriendly to the rights and liberties of the country," There
upon ordered, that "the said Samuel Gelston be forthwith
confined in some jail in this Colony," &c. In July of the same
year he was at the Ehzabeth Islands, in the custody of Bera-
chiah Basset, who was directed, by a Resolve of the Legisla
ture, to send him under a proper guard to the five justices in
the county of Suffolk, appointed specially to inquire into the
conduct of persons accused of enmity to the Whigs.
L--' Gerrish, Moses. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at
Harvard University in 1762. In the Revolution, he was at
tached tondiF commfssary department of the Royal Army.
After the peace, he, Thomas Ross, and one Jones, obtained
license of occupation of the island of Grand Menan, New
Brunswick, and its dependencies, and on condition of procur
ing forty settlers, a schoolmaster, and a minister, within seven
years from the date of the license, were to receive a grant of
the whole from the British Crown. They commenced the set
tlement of the island, and sold several lots in anticipation of
their own title, but failed to fulfil the conditions, and did not
obtain the expected grant. Jones returned to the United
States, but Gerrish and Ross continued at Grand Menan.
Gerrish was an able man. A gentleman who kncAV him long
and intimately, remarks, that " he would spread more good
sense on a sheet of paper than any person of my acquaint-

468 GEYER, — GILBERT.
ance." His powers were not, however, devoted to any regu
lar pursuit. He never acquired any considerable property,
"yet always seemed to have enough." He "did nothing,
yet Avas ahvays about something," He was a magistrate at
Grand Menan for many years, and until his decease, in 1830,
at the age of eighty years,
\/ Geyer, Frederick William. Merchant. Of Boston.
Proscribed and banished in 1778 ; citizenship restored in 1789,
by Act of the Legislature. In business Avith his son. No. 13
Union Street, Boston, in 1794, Died at Walpole, New Hamp
shire, in 1803, A daughter, who died near London in 1854)
at the age of about eighty-eight, married Mr. Mari-yatt, and
was the mother of the late Captain Marryatt of the British
Navy, and author of numerous popular works of fiction.
GiDNEY, Joshua. Of a place near Poughkeepsie, New
York. He was imprisoned for his agency in spiking cannon
in the vicinity of King's Bridge, but was released finally, and
allowed to return to his family. Subsequently, he raised and
commanded a company of Loyalists. At the peace, accom
panied by his family of six persons, he went from New York
to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, where the CroAvn granted him one
town lot. His losses in consequence of his loyalty Avere esti
mated at £670. He soon abandoned Shelburne and settled
in New Brunswick, where he was a Judge of the Court of
' O
Common Pleas. He died about the year 1830, aged eighty-
eight, Gidney, Joseph. Of White Plains, New York. He was
the owner of the land on which the battle of White Plains was
fought, and conducted the British Army thither. At the
peace, accompanied by his family, he Avent from New York
to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, where the Crown granted him one
water lot. His losses in consequences of his loyalty were esti
mated at £1800. He removed to Digby Neck in the same
Province, and died at Bridgetown in 1811, aged seventj'-three,
Joshua Avas a half-brother.
^ Gilbert, Thomas. Of Freetown, Massachusetts. His an
cestor, John Gilbert, as is supposed, came from Devonshire,

GILBERT. 469
England, at an age somewhat adA'anced, and lived first, with
his family, at Dorchester. He died previous to 1654, but
Winnifred, his widow, was then living. He, with Henry
Andrew.s, Avere the two first representatives from Taunton to
the General Court at Plymouth, in 1639. His sons, Thomas
and John, removed with him to Taunton, and were among the
first proprietors of that town. Of Thomas, Governor Win
throp gravely records, that, —
" 8th mo, August 18, 1636 : Thomas Gilbert brought be
fore us ; he Avas drunk at Serjeant Baulson's, and the con
stable being sent for he struck him. He was kept in prison
all night, and the next day his fiither, John Gilbert, and his
brother, John Gilbert of Dorchester, undertook in £40 that
John Gilbert the younger would appear at Court to answer
for him, and perform the order of the Court, &c. The reason
was, that he was to go to'England presently, and not known
to have been in any Avay disordered, and was his father's
oldest son, who was a grave, honest gentleman, &c. They
did undertake, also, that he should acknowledge his fault
openly to the constable," &c.
Thomas went to England, as he intended, and never re
turned, but died there in 1676. His wife, Jane, who was a
daughter of Hugh Rossiter, and his children, remained at
Taunton. His marriage is supposed to have been the first
that occurred in that town. The name of his oldest son was
Thomas, who was the immediate ancestor of Thomas Gilbert,
the Loyalist, who is the subject of this notice, and who, on
his mother's side, was descended from Governor William Brad
ford, the second chief magistrate of Plymouth Colony. In
1745, the Thomas, of whom we are now to speak, Avas a
captain at the memorable siege and reduction of Louisburg,
under Sir William Pepperell. In the French war of 1755, he
was a lieutenant-colonel in the Massachusetts forces under
Brigadier-General Ruggles. He was engaged in the attempt
ao-ainst Crown Point ; and after the fall of Colonel Ephraim
Williams, in the battle with the French, under Baron Dieskau,
at Lake George, he succeeded to the command of the regiment.
VOL. I. 40

470 GILBERT.
In the Revolutionary controversy he took an early and
decided stand in behalf of the Crown. At this time he was
a member of the House of Representatives, a justice of the
quorum, and a colonel in the militia. In 1774 a large body
of the people proceeded to Freetown, to desire him not to
accept of the office of sheriff under the new laws, and to in
form him that if he acted under the commission which it
was reported he had received, he "must abide by the con
sequences." Soon after he Avas at Dartmouth ; and a party
of about a hundred assaulted the house in which he was a
lodger ; but Avith the help of the family he prevented their
entrance. In the autumn of 1774 the commotions in Bristol
County had become so great that an armed force Avas deemed
requisite, by General Gage, to keep the people in subjection
to the king's authority ; and, at his request. Colonel Gilbert
raised and commanded a body of three hundred Loyalists.
In March, 1775, he wrote the following letter to the Hon.
James Wallace, Esquire, commander of his Majesty's ship
Rose, Newport, which was intercepted, and which appears
to have been the second addressed by him to that officer,
" Honorable Sir: — Since Avriting the lines on the 21st by
Mr, Phdlips, many insults and threats are, and have been
made against those soldiers which have taken our arms and
train, and exercise in the King's name ; and on Monday next
the Captains muster at the south part of the toAvn, Avhen we
have great reason to fear thousands of the Rebels will attack
them, and take our lives, or the King's arms, or perhaps both.
I, Sir, ask the favor of one of His Majesty's Tenders, or some
other vessel of force, might be at or near Bowers', in order, if
any of our people should be obliged to retreat, they may be
taken on board. Nothing but the last extremity will oblige
them to quit the ground."
These proceedings attracted immediate attention, and pro
duced great indignation. In April, 1775, the Congress of
Massaclrusetts unanimously declared that " Colonel Thomas
Gilbert is an inveterate enemy to his country, to reason, to
justice, and the common rights of mankind ; " and, that " who-

GILBERT. 471
ever had knowingly espoused his cause, or taken up arms for
its support, does, in common with himself, deserve to be in
stantly cut off from the benefit of commerce Avith, or counte
nance of, any friend of virtue, America, or the human race."
These words are explicit enough ; and contain as full and as
comprehensive denunciation as can be found in the records
of any deliberative body during the controversy. And Con
gress, in further speaking of him, use the term, — "Gilbert
and his banditti."
A few days after the passage of these resolutions of bitter
censure. Colonel Gilbert fled to the Rose, which vessel was
still at Newport, Rhode Island, and thence to Boston. On
the 4th of May, 1775, he wrote to his sons, from Boston,
thus : —
" On the 27th of April, I left the ship, took passage on
board a packet sloop on the first instant, in health arrived
here, where I expect to stay till the Rebels are subdued, which
I believe Avill not be long first, as the ships and troops are
daily expected. My greatest fears are, you Avill be seduced
or compelled to take arms with the deluded people. Dear
sons, if these Avicked sinners, the Rebels, entice you, believe
them not, but die by the sword rather than be hanged as
Rebels, which Avill certainly be your fate sooner or later if you
join them, or be killed in battle, and will be no more than you
deserve. I wish you in Boston, and all the friends to govern
ment. The Rebels have proclaimed that those friends may
have liberty, and come in ; but as all their declarations haA'e
hitherto proved, I fear, false, this may be so. Let Ruggles
knoAv his father wants him' here. You may come by water
from Newport. If here, the King will give you provisions
and pay you Avages ; but by experience you knoAV neither
your persons nor estates are safe in the country, for as soon as
you have raised anything, they [the Rebels] Avill rob you of it,
as they are more savage and cruel than heathens, or any other
creatures, and, it is generally thought, than devils. You will
put yourselves out of their power as soon as possible. This is
from your affectionate father,"

472 GILBERT.
In 1776 Colonel Gilbert accompanied the Royal Army to
Halifax ; and in 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He
continued with the King's troops during the war, " often em
ployed, and constantly rendering every service in his power,
for the suppression of the Rebellion," In 1783 he went to
Nova Scotia, and on the 16th of November of that year he
was at Conway, in the county of Annapolis, and a petitioner
to Governor Parr for a grant of lands. At a subsequent pe
riod, he settled in New Brunswick, and died on the river St.
John, near the year 1796, aged about eighty-tAvo. On retir
ing from service, at the close of the French war. Colonel Gil
bert declined to receive half-pay. He held no commission in
the Revolution, and was consequently entitled to no allow
ance as a disbanded officer ; but he received compensation as
a Loyalist for his losses.
Gilbert, Thomas, Jr. Of Berkley, Massachusetts. Son
of Francis. He fled to Boston in 1775, and joined his father ;
but it is believed did not accompany him to Halifax. In 1778
he was proscribed and banished. During tlie war he continued
with the Royal troops, and was active in his endeavors to sup
press the popular movement. He settled in New Brunswick
after the war, and died on the river St. John,
Gilbert, Bradford. Of Freetown, Massachusetts.
' ^ Brother of Thomas, Jr. In 1778 he was proscribed and
banished. He settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and re
ceived the grant of a lot in the city of St. John. In 1795
he was a member of the St. John Loyal Artillery, and in
1803 an alderman of the city. He died at St, John in 1814,
aged sixty-eight. Ann, his widow, died in 1853, in her nine
tieth year.
Gilbert, Perez. Of Freetown, Massachusetts. Brother
of Bradford. He was proscribed and banished. He settled
in New Brunswick with his father and brothers, and died in
that Colony.
Gilbert, Francis, He Avas Naval Officer of New Bruns
wick, and died at St. John in 1821, aged eighty-two,
Gilbert, Samuel. Of Berkley, Massachusetts. He was

GILFROY. — GILPIN. 473
a brother of Colonel Thomas, and went with him to Halifax
in 1776. In 1778 he Avas proscribed and banished. He lived
in New Brunswick for a time after the Revolution, but finally
returned to the United States.
GiLFROY, John. Boatswain of the Mantgomery, armed
ship of the State of Pennsylvania. Tried for mutiny, (in
1778,) and for joining the side of the Crown, in Philadelphia ;
found guilty, and sentenced to death,
GiLiAN, William. Of Monmouth County, New Jersey.
A Tory marauder. When about to stab an aged Whig of
the name of Russell, into whose house he had broken, he was
shot by Russell's son, who lay Avounded on the floor.
Gill, Thomas. Of Delaware. Died in York County,
New BrunsAvick, in 1833, aged seventy-seA'en. Mary, his
widow, a native of Newport, Rhode Island, died in the same
county, 1837, at the age of eighty-one.
Gillies, Archibald. Died at Carleton, New Brunswick,
in 1821, aged sixty-six.
Oilman, Peter, Of Gilmanton, New Hampshire. He
Avas son of Major John Oilman, and was born in 1704, He
commanded a regiment in the French Avar ; was Speaker of
the Assembly ; and member of the Council of New Hamp
shire. Ordered, November, 1775, by the Provincial Congress,
that he confine himself to the town of Exeter, and not depart
thence wdthout leave of that body or the Committee of Safety.
He died in 1788, aged eighty-four.
GiLMOUR, Robert. He was banished and attainted, and
his estate was confiscated. In 1794 he represented to the
British GoA'ernment, that, at the time of his banishment, debts
-were due to him in America, which he had been unable to
recover, I suppose this person to have belonged to New
Hampshire, and the same who was proscribed by Act of that
State in 1778.
Gilpin, Thomas, Of Philadelphia, In 1777 he was con
fined in that city for being inimical to the Whig cause, and
ordered to Virginia a prisoner. He died in exile at Winches
ter, March, 1778. 40*

474 GIRTY,
Girty, Simon. Of Pennsj'lvania. Indian Interpreter.
Was born out of wedlock. His father was a sot ; his mother
a bawd. He figures in the difficulties of Doctor Conolly and
his party, with the authorities of Pennsylvania, in 1774.
Girty's career was entirely infamous. He was an early pris
oner of the Whigs at Pittsburg, but escaped. In 1778 he
went through the Indian country to Detroit, Avitli McKee
and Elliot, proclaiming to the savages that the Rebels were
determined to destroy them, and that " their only chance of
safety was to espouse the cause of the Crown and fight," In
1782 Colonel Crawford was captured by the Indians and per
ished at the stake, after suffering the most horrible and ex
cruciating tortures, which Girty saw with much satisfaction.
This is the statement of his enemies ; and it is but fair to say
here that he denied the charge and averred that he exerted
himself to save the Colonel until his oavu life was in peril.
The same year his instigations caused the remoA'al of the Mo
ravian missionaries, Avho Avere quietly and usefully laboring
among the Wyandots. He personally engaged in driving
away these self-denying ministers, treated them with great
harshness on the march, and subsequently procured their ar
rest. At the defeat of St. Clair, in 1791, Girty was present
on the British side ; and saw and knew General Butler, A\'ho
lay upon the field writhing from the agony of his wounds.
The traitor told a savage warrior that the wounded man was
a high officer ; whereupon the Indian buried his tomahawk
in Buder's head, Avhose scalp was immediately torn off, and
whose heart was taken out and divided into as many pieces
as there were tribes engaged in the battle.
In 1793 Commissioners on the part of the United States
attempted to negotiate with die Confederated Nations for an
adjustment of our difficulties with the Indians, Avhen Girty
acted as interpreter. His conduct was exceedingly insolent ;
and it is related thai he was not only false in his duty as an
interpreter, but that he run a qudl or long feather through
the cartilege of his nose cross-wise, to show his contempt for
the American gendemen present. The failure of the nego-

GLEN, — G ODD ARD. 477
tiation, it is supposed, was in a good measure OAving to the
evil influence of Girty and other Loyalists. He adhered to
the British to the last, and Avas killed under Proctor in 1813,
in the battle of the Thames,
Glen, William. Of South Carolina. An Addresser of
Sir Henry Clinton in 1780, and also a Petitioner to be armed
on the side of the Crown, He was banished, and in 1782
his property was confiscated. He went to England.
Glover, Samuel. Ensign in De Lancey's Brigade, In
1776 he was captured on Long Island, and committed to
jail in New London. He is called " a notorious offender."
Among the papers found upon his person, was one from the
captain of his company authorizing him to enlist men " for
the defence of the liberty of America." Thus did Loyalists
sometimes use the words of the Whigs.
/ Glover,  . Of Newtown, Connecticut, In 1779,
under the direction of Sir Henry Clinton, he and eight other
Loyalists crossed Long Island Sound in a boat, for the pur
pose of capturing Major-General Silliman, who had been ap
pointed to command on the opposite shore of Connecticut.
Glover had been employed by the General, and Avas familiar
with his house. The party approached his dwelling at night,
and awoke himself and family by a violent assault upon the
door. Silliman attempted to fire, but his musket only flashed ;
when the assailants broke through a AvindoAV and seized him,
and bore him off. On approaching the Long Island shore.
Colonel Simcoe, of the Loyalist corps of Queen's Rangers,
was in waiting, and exclaimed, " Have you got him ? " He
was ansAvered, " Yes." " Have you lost any men ? " " No."
" That is well," said Simcoe ; " your Sillimans are not worth
a man, nor your Washingtons,"
/ Goddard, William, Son of Giles Goddard, Postmaster
of NeAV London, Connecticut, had a checkered career. He
was bred a printer, and established the first printing-press at
P-rovidence, Rhode_Island, in 1762; and soon at^er began
the publication of a newspaper. Not meeting with sufficient
encouragement, he went to New York, and connected himself

474) GODDARD..
with John Holt in publishing the " Ncav York Gazette and
Post-Boy." After the repeal of the Stamp Act, in 1766, he
removed to Philadelphia, and became the partner of Galloway
and Wharton, in a paper called the " Pennsylvania Chron
icle." These gentlemen were, in the end, both Loyalists.
It would seem that the firm expected that Franklin, who was
then in England, would take an interest in the concern ; and
provision Avas made in the articles of copartnership accord-
ino-ly. The " Chronicle " was ably conducted. Galloway
Avas an eminent lawyer, a writer of great vigor, and, as was
supposed, a friend of the popular cause. In 1770, after
nlany disputes, the partners — who, in the meantime, had
admitted Benjamin Towne as a member of their establish
ment — came to an open rupture ; and, having dissolved their
connection, filled the public prints, handbills, and pamphlets,
with the ebullitions of their animosity. Unable to meet the
demands against the firm, Goddard, in great embarrassment,
left Philadelphia, in 1773, and went to Baltimore, in quest of
more lucrative business and greater tranquillity of life. Here
he started another newspaper ; but the plan of setting up a
line of post-riders from Ncav Hampshire to Georgia, in op
position to the Post-office establishment of the CroAvn, soon
engaged the attention of leading minds ; and Goddard, in
trusting his printing affairs to the care of his sister, journeyed
throughout the Colonies, to promote the adoption of the
measure. He was eminently successful, as the Whigs entered
into the scheme with great readiness, and cheerfully sub
scribed the necessary funds. Goddard Avas appointed Sur
veyor of the Roads and Comptroller of the Offices, on the
organization of the Department ; and on the retirement of
Franklin, who was placed at its head, expected to succeed
him as Postmaster-General. To his great disappointment,
Bache, son-in-law to Franklin, received the place ; and God
dard resigned his situation in disgust. It was supposed that
now he not only suffered his ardor in the Whig cause to
abate, but that he actually abandoned his political principles.
He resumed his residence in Baltimore, Avhere his paper, the

GODDARD. 477
" Maryland Journal," had been and was still continued by
and in the name of his sister ; but in which it Avas known
that he had an interest, and over which, it Avas believed, that
he maintained the entire control. Early in 1777, two articles,
one of which was signed " Tom Tell Truth," and the other,
" Caveto," appeared in the " Journal," and excited the in
dignation of the Baltimore Whig Club, who, on the 4th of
March, resolved, —
" That William Goddard do leave this town by twelve
o'clock to-morrow morning, and the County in three days,"
&c. He immediately claimed the protection of the Assembly,
then in session at Annapolis ; and though that body formally
and severely rebuked the Club, there was no resisting the
popular impulse against him, and before the quarrel was
ended, he was mobbed on several occasions, and otherwise
insulted and ill-treated. This Avas especially the case in 1779,
when the publication in the " Journal " of certain Queries,
excited the ire of the Whig Club aneAv, and caused a great
ferment. He was varion-i employed until 1784, when he
appeared as the proper pi>.; rie.or cf the " Jcurnai." In 1787
he became involved in a bitter coi >roversy widi the publisher
of a rival print, in which he displayed eminent ability. In
1792 he sold his press, and bidding adieu to the cares and tur
moils of party and political strifes, retired to a farm in John
ston, Rhode Island. He subsequently changed his abode to
Providence, where he continued to reside until his decease in
1817, aged seventy-seven years,
Goddard was a man of fine talents, and, as the manager of
a press, had, it is said, few or no superiors. General Charles
Lee continued his friend, and bequeathed him a portion of his
extensive landed estate in Virginia, Lee, it will be remem
bered, failed in the execution of his orders at the battle of
Monmouth, Avas disgraced, and spent the remainder of his
days in retirement. He was the writer of the Queries Avhich
caused Goddard's trouble with the Whig Club in 1779,
Wdliam Goddard, late Professor in Brown University, a
gentleman of rare literary attainments, and of great social
and moral worth, was son of the subject of this notice.

478 GODDEN. — GOLDTHWAITE,
GoDDEN,  . Of North Carolina. Colonel of a
Loyalist corps. Killed at Elizabethtown, North Carolina, in
1781, in the attack of the Whigs under Colonel Brown.
[See Slingsby.]
GoLDiNG, Stephen. Residence unknown. Settled in
New Brunswick in 1783 ; and died at Long Island, in that
Province, in June, 1845, at the age of eighty-three years.
For the thirty years previous to his decease, he held a com
mission of the peace for Queen's County. For fifty-five
years he was an officer in the Provincial Militia, and retired
with the rank of major. He was a consistent member of
the Church of England. His descendants are numerous, —
namely, eleven children, seventy-one grandchildren, and
seventy-four great-grandchildren.
GoLDiNG, Palmer, Of Worcester, Massachusetts. A
true friend to Government, and a captain in the militia.
Early in 1775, he was returning from a visit to a friend, who
Avas suspected of desertion from the Whigs, and of being a
Tory, and whose political course- he Avas supposed to influ
ence, when he was knocked down, and much bruised and
wounded, GoLDiNG, Zenus. Died at French Village, New Bruns
wick, in 1814, aged fifty-six.
Goldsmith, Henry. He settled in New Brunswick, and
was Collector of the Customs for the port of St. Andrew.
Goldthwaite, Thomas. Of Maine. Born in Chelsea,
Massachusetts, Grantee, vvith Francis Bernard, son of the
Governor, of a large tract of land in Prospect, on the Pe
nobscot, on condition of settling thereon thirty families, of
building an Episcopal church, and employing a minister.
The enterprise was" interrupted by the Revolution, Both
adhered to the Crown, and forfeited their property. In 1763
he was appointed to the command of Fort Pownall; Avas
superseded in 1770 ; but restored by Governor Hutchinson,
In 1775 he allowed Mowat, who burned Falmouth (now
Portland), to carry off the cannon ; and the same year his
petition to the General Court to be paid for his services while

GOLDTHWAITE. 479
in garrison, was read, referred, but final action deferred.
The Provincial Congress, in an Address to the Indians of
Maine, remarked : " Captain Goldthwaite has given up Fort
Pownal into the hands of our enemies ; we are angry at it,
and we hear you are angry with him, and Ave do not wonder
at it." He solemnized the first marriage on the Penobscot ;
was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and a colonel
in the militia. The account of him is, that he was an extor
tioner, arbitrary and cruel. Early in the war he embarked for
Nova Scotia, was shipwrecked on the passage, and perished.
Goldthwaite, Philip. Of Maine. He Avas one of the
two persons of Saco and Biddeford, Maine, who was dealt
with by the Whigs of that section for their loyal principles.
He was an officer of the Customs, and lived at Winter
Harbor. As soon as the war co-mmenced, he placed himself
under British protection at Boston.
^Goldthavaite, eTosEPH, Of Massachusetts. Major, and
Barrack-master of the King's troops in Boston. Brotlier of
Phdip. An Addresser of Hutchinson. In August, 1775,
Hannah, his wife, crossed Winnisimmet Ferry, Avas arrested,
and taken under guard to the General Court at Watertown.
It appeared on her examination that her health Avas impaired,
and an order was passed to allow her to visit Stafford for the
benefit of the waters there, but to be under the care of the
Selectmen ; and afterwards to retire to the house of her
brother, Joseph Brigham, at Rehoboth, and to be under the
supervision of the Committee of Correspondence. In 1778,
Mr. Goldthwaite was proscribed and banished. Administra
tion on the estate of Joseph Goldthwaite, of Weston, was
advertised by Joseph Gower, of Boston, August 23, 1782.
Goldthwaite, Ezekiel. Of Boston. Was an Addresser
of Hutchinsoji in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs
the same year. He Avas Register of Deeds for the county of
Suffolk. The Rev. John Bacon, who was minister of the Old
South, and Avhose son, Ezekiel, was a member of Congress
before the war of 1812, married his daughter. Though Mr.
Goldthwaite became an Addresser, he was one of the fifty-

480 GOOD. — GOODRICH.
eight Boston memorialists, AA'ho, in 1760, arrayed themselves
against the Crown officers, and set the ball of the Revolution
in motion. Elizabeth, his widoAV, died at Boston, in 1794,
aged eighty.
Good, David. Went to New Brunswick in 1783, and
died at King's-clear, county of York, 1842, aged ninety-five.
His widow, with Avhom he lived sixty years, survives (1845),
as do one hundred and eleven descendants.
/'Goodale, Nathan. Of Salem, Massachusetts. Gradu
ated at Ha£y^r,d„University in 1759. An Addresser of
Hutchinson in 1774, but signed a recantatitoth — The same
year, however, he was an Addresser of Gage. Early in 1775
he secured a retreat at Nantucket. After the organization of
the Federal Government, he was Clei'k of the United States
Courts in Massachusetts, In 1794, the title of a book was
entered in his office, to secure copyright, in the folloAving
words: " These are the Predictions of .lohn Nobles, Astrologer
afid Loctor." He died at Newton in 1806, aged sixty-five,
Mary, his wife, died in Boston, in 1794, aged fifty-seven.
Goodrich, John. Of Virginia. He seems to have en
joyed the confidence of the Whigs in 1775, since it appears
that he Avas employed to import gunpowder, to the value of
£5000, and was entrusted with that sum in advance; since,
too, he incurred the displeasure of Lord Dunmore, who caused
him to be seized and confined. In January, 1776, he peti
tioned the Virginia Convention for an adjustment of his ac
counts, which caused much debate in that body, and led to
developments presently to be related in the notices of his
sons. In March, 1776, the father and five sons had aban
doned their houses, plantations, negroes, and stock, and were
serving the Crown under Lord Dunmore. At the same time,
his Lordship had five of their vessels in his fleet, under orders
to constantly run up the rivers of Virginia, and seize, burn, or
destroy, everything that was water-borne. In a despatch to
the Secretary of State, his Lordship remarks that the mem
bers of this family were natives of the Colony ; that they were
spirited, active, and industrious ; and that it had cost him much

GOODRICH. 481
pains and trouble to secure them to the Royal cause. Har
assed by both parties, Mr. Goodrich declared at last that
"he did not A'alue life," In June, 1776, he Avas in prison,
in chains, and sick. His wife petitioned in his behalf; and,
after inquiry into his condition, he Avas relieved of his fetters,
and taken under guard to a place suitable for the recovery of
health. In prison a second time, the Convention of Virginia
ordered provision out of his estate for the support of his wife
and young children. He was released finally, and went to
England. He returned, and Avas engaged in fitting out pri
vateers. In 1785, he was at Newport, Rhode Island, and
asked leave to settle there with his family, offering, if permis
sion was given, to bring twenty sail of vessels, and to establish
himself in mercantile business ; but he had taken so active a
part in the war, that, upon a vote of the town, his request was
refused by a large majority. I lose sight of him here, Mar
garet, his widow, died at Grove House, Topsham, England,
in 1810, aged eighty. His daughter, Agatha Wells, married
Robert Shedden, a Loyalist who is noticed in these pages,
and Avhose descendants in England are persons of considera
tion. Goodrich, John, Jr. Of Virginia. Son of John, He
was implicated with his brother Bartlett in the case of the
British goods, inasmuch as he received them, and offered them
for sale. It appears, too, in the notice of William, that, as re
lates to a quantity of powder purchased for the Colony under
the arrangement with his father, he was a party to the fraud
of charging much more than the cost. The result was that
the Convention held him up to public odium, by publishing a
full account of his conduct.
Goodrich, William. Of Virginia. Son of John, In
the matter of the gunpowder his conduct was inexcusable.
He was implicated in two purchases of that article. First,
he was sent to the West Indies by his father, in 1775, where
he procured about four thousand pounds, which arrived safely
in North Carolina.- The importation was however discovered
by Lord Dunmore, who seized and detained him until intimi-
vol, I. 41

482 GOODRICH. — GORDON.
dated ; Avhen he disclosed the whole affair, and went in an
armed vessel, despatched by his Lordship, to demand the value,
and the money remaining in the agent's hands. This done, he
was discharged ; but when the Royal Governor was advised
that he intended to be present at Wdliamsburg, he was again
made prisoner, and kept from making any explanations during
the investigation mentioned in the notices of his father and
. brothers. The second case was far worse : He rendered his
account at the Treasury Office, and made oath that the cost
was four shillings and sixpence the pound ; whereas the evi
dence was that a part was bought at three shillings, and the
remainder at two shillings and ninepence. In the dilemma,
his brother John stated that Bartlett made the purchase for
his own benefit, and afterward sold to William at the price
William charged the Colony. At a later time, he fled from
home, and commanded a King's tender in the waters of the
Chesapeake. In 1776 he was a prisoner in Philadelphia jail,
and was transferred thence to prison in Baltimore.
Goodrich, BAR'rLETT. Of Virginia. Son of John. Dur
ing the investigation referred to in the notice of his father,
there was evidence that when at Antigua, October, 1775, he
purchased goods of British manufacture, and sent them to
Virginia packed in rum puncheons, Avhere they were exposed
for sale. The transaction was in violation,of the Continental
Association ; and the Convention voted to expose it in the
"Virginia Gazette," in order to Avarn all persons to forbear
further dealings with him. He went to England.
Goodrich, Bridger or Bridgen. Of Virginia. Son of
John. Commanded an armed vessel under Lord Dunmore,
In 1776, in prison at Philadelphia, with his brother William,
and transferred to Baltimore, In 1778 he was at Bermuda,
in command of a ship of twenty guns ; and was still there in
the Naval service, two years later,
Gordon, Thomas Knox, Of South Carohna. Born in
1728, and appointed Chief Justice of the Province in 1771.
He Avent to England, and died diere in. 1796, His son
John was lieutentant-colonel of the 50th Regiment, in the

GORDON, — GORE. 483
British Army, The family seat is in the County of Down,
Ireland. Gordon, Harry. Of Pennsylvania. Was summoned
by proclamation to appear before November 1, 1781, else
he would be attainted ; and failing to do so, his estate was
seized by the commissioners of forfeitures, and most of it sold.
These proceedings were against Henry Gordon ; and, by an
Act of January, 1783, the misnomer was corrected, and the
Executive Council of that State, under that Jaw, sold the
remainder of his estate in 1790. In the Revolution he held
a military commission under the CroAvn.
Gordon, Charles. Attorney-atdaw, of Cecd County,
Maryland. In 1775, the Whig Committee of that county,
at a meeting at Elk Ferry, " Resolved, That he lies under
the imputation of being an enemy to this country, and as such
we will have no dealings or communication with him, nor
permit him to transact any business with us, or for us, either
in a public or private capacity, which shall be commenced
after the date hereof," &c. Mr. Gordon " had treated with
great disrespect, and maliciously aspersed the Continental
Congress, the Provincial Congress, and the Committee of this
County ; and had, at various times, and by sundry ways,
vilified their proceedings." A newspaper controvery ensued,
in which the delinquent admitted that his politics were not
quite agreeable to his accusers, &c.
Gordon, Alexander. A physician, of Norfolk, Virginia.
In February, 1775, the Whig Committee of Observation
held him up for public censure, for the importation of medi
cines, contrary to the Continental Association. This Com
mittee was composed of thirteen persons, and they were
unanimous in their opinion of the Doctor's delinquency. He
went to England, and was a Loyalist Addresser of the King,
July, 1779.
\/ Gore, John. Of Boston. An Addresserj}LGage. At
the evacuation in 1776, went to Halifax with the Royal
Army, and thence to England. Proscribed and banished in
1778 ; citizenship restored by Act of the Legislature in 1787.

484 GORHAM.— GOSS.
He died in Boston, in 1796, aged seventy-seven. His son,
Hon. Christopher Gore, was long one of the most conspic
uous public characters of Massachusetts, and a gentleman
of eminent worth and talents.
GoRHAM, David. Of Massachusetts, Graduated at Har
vard University in 1733. In 1774 he was one of the bar
risters and attorneys of Massachusetts who addressed Hutch
inson. He died in 1786.
Cornell,  . Sergeant in the Whig Army. Under
Greene, in South Carolina, he plotted to betray that officer
to the British, with his entire force. When his plans were
nearly matured he was arrested, and, upon sentence of a
court-martial, executed.
GoRT, William. Of New York. In 1780 he and James
Plateau, another Loyalist, hired the house of Garret Put
nam, a Whig, who, receiving orders to repair to Fort Hunter,
took his family with him. Tavo days after Putnam's de
parture, a party of Sir John Johnson's Royal Greens came to
the settlement (now embraced in the town of Mohawk), and,
supposing the house Avas still occupied by Whigs, entered it
at night, and murdered and scalped two men. In the morn
ing, the dead bodies of Gort and Plateau revealed to them
that they had murdered two friends.
GoRUM, Nathaniel. Went to New Brunswick in 1783.
He died at Kingston, in that Province, February 9, 1846,
aged ninety-four years. Numerous offspring of chddren,
grandchildren, and great-grandchildren, survive.
Goss, Rev, Thomas. Of Bolton, Massachusetts. Con-
gregationaLxainister. Graduated at Harvard University in
1737, and was settled about the year 1741. During the
Revolutionary controversy he became much involved with his
people ; but it was finally agreed that he should read a dec
laration from his pulpit, and send a copy to the eldest deacon.
This he did, but his enemies said that, instead of reading the
paper distinctly, as was expected, " he intermixed it with his
sermon, so that many of the congregation did not understand
that he had read it at all ; and inquired why he had not

GOUCHER. — GRAHAM. 485
done as he promised." To this Mr. Goss replied, that,
" According to the best of his remembrance, the said decla
ration Avas distinetly read before the text itself; but most
certainly before the sermon, and not intermixed with it ; and
it was done Avitli this design, that the sermon might be at
tended to without prejudice," The quarrel was renewed.
At last, it was proposed that if he would take a dismission, the
question of salary, under the contract of settlement, should
be referred to the " general session of the peace," No ar
rangement was made, however ; and the disaffected party,
vs'ithout applying to him to call a meeting of the church, got
together and voted to dismiss him " as pastor, teacher, and
brother." The town in public meeting concurred, and "on
the succeeding Lord's day, by violence did prevent him from
entering the desk," The next movement was the denial of
further support, and the hiring of another preacher. He
died in 1780, aged sixty-three. His friends erected a monu
ment to his memory.
GoucHER, Joseph, Went to St. John, New Brunswick,
at the peace, and was a grantee of that city.
Gould, John. Of Massachusetts. Went to England,
and Avas a Loyalist Addresser of the King in 1779.
Graham, John, Of Ulster County, New York, In 1775
a number of his Majesty's loyal subjects met at his house and
erected a Royal Standard, on a mast seventy-five feet high,
with the following inscription : —
" In testimony of our unshaken loyalty and incorruptible
fidelity to the best of Kings ; of our inviolable affection and
attachment to our parent State and the British Constitution ;
of our abhorrence of and aversion to a Republican GoA'ern
ment ; of our detestation of all treasonable associations, un-
laAvful combinations, seditious meetings, tumultuous assem
blies, and execrable mobs ; and of all measures that have a
tendency to alienate the affections of the people from their
rightful Sovereign, or lessen their regard for our most excel-
lent Constitution ; and to make known to all men that we
are ready, when properly called upon, at the hazard of our
41*

486 GRAHAM. — GRANT.
lives and of everything dear to us, to defend the King, sup
port the magistrates in the execution of the laws, and main
tain the just rights and constitutional liberties of free-born
Englishmen, this Standard, by the name of the King's Stand
ard, was erected, by a number of his Majesty's loyal and
faithful subjects in Ulster County, on the 10th day of Feb
ruary, in the 15th year of the reign of our most excellent
sovereign, George the Third, whom God long preserve."
Graham, John. Of Georgia. Lieutenant-Governor of
that Colony. He went to England. After the death of Sir
James Wright, he and William Knox were appointed joint
agents of the Georgia Loyalists for prosecuting their claims
for losses. Attainted and estate confiscated. He was in Lon
don in 1788.
./'Grant, James, Of Salem, Massachusetts, —WasLjji Ad
dresser of Gage in 1774. Went to Halifax, but returned,
and Avas at Boston in January, 1776 ; at which time he had
been promised a commission in the Royal Army. Mary, his
widoAv, died at Salem, in 1792, aged fifty-nine.
Grant, Alexander, Major in the New York Volunteers,
Killed, 1777, in the storming of Forts Montgomery and Clin
ton. His widow peri.shed in 1787, of cold and exposure when
wrecked near St. John, New Brunswick, in crossing the Bay
of Fundy.
Grant, Daniel. Was a native of Gillespie, Sutherland,
Scotland, and emigrated to the United States. At the peace
he removed with other Loyalists to St. Andrew, New Bruns
wick, where he continued to reside, and where he reared a
numerous family. He died January, 1834, aged eighty-two
years. Grant, William. Of Virginia. In 1776 he taught a
school, and was " zealous for Government," A Whig force
was raised to repel the Cherokees, and " to screen himself from
being deemed a Tory," he joined a company of riflemen to be
stationed at the mouth of one of the tributaries of the Ohio.
He Avrote a " Narrative," dated November 24, 1777, on board
the " Queen Indiaman at Gravesend," England, and styles
himself, " late a Sergeant in the Rebel Army."

GRAVES. 487
' Graves, John. Of Providence, Rhode Island. He was
the vicar of Clapham, Yorkshire, England, and in 1754 came
to ProAddence, to succeed the Rev. John Checkley, an Epis
copal clergyman, who died the previous year, and as the
Missionary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel
in Foreign Parts. In 1770 Mr. Graves wrote to the Society,
that " the face of public aff'airs here is melancholy. Altar "
against altar in the Church, and such open, bold attacks upon
the State, as, I believe, the English annals do not furnish us
with the like since the reign of King Charles I." These '
were signs of the coming storm. In September, 1776, he
wrote : " Since independency has been proclaimed here, my
two churches have been shut up ; still I go on to baptize their
children, visit their sick, bury their dead, and frequent their
respectiA'e houses with the same freedom as usual ; " and adds,
with gratitude, that " their benefactions to me since the above
period have been great, and far beyond what I have ever
experienced from them before ; founded upon their commiser
ating sense that the necessary means of supporting my large
family — a wife and seven children — were now entirely cut
off," In 1782 Mr. Graves was expelled from the parsonage
and glebe, because he refused to open his church in conformity
with the principles of independency. He soon after resigned
his ministry, after a labor of tAventy-six years. He died at
Providence, in 1785.
^ Graves, John. Of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. In 1775
he was sent to the jail at Northampton, on the charge of hold
ing improper intercourse with General Gage at Boston. Ac
cused, May, 1776, of assisting Captain McKay, a prisoner, to
escape, in direct violation of his parole, he was sent to Hart
ford jail, and put in close confinement. In a letter to Jaines
Warren, it is said that Graves appeared to be " a low-spirited,
insidious fellow," In 1778 proscribed and banished.
y Graves, Rev. Mattheav. An Episc opaLiuinistei- at New
London, Connecticut. He was sent there by the Society for
the Propagation of the GospelpuT 1745, and continued his
labors^foFthT period of thirty-diree years. Refusing, in 1778,

488 GRAY,
to omit the usual prayer for the King, he was driven from his
church, on Sunday, before he had time to divest himself of
his surplice. He fled to the house of a Whig, Avho, one of
his flock, protected him. But though displaced, he remained
in New London for some time ; and was compelled " to sell
almost all his property, and to take up money on very disad
vantageous terms," in order to support himself. Finally, he
Avent to New York, and died there, in 1780, unmarried. " In
person he AA'as ungainly ; of low stature, rather corpulent,
with particularly short legs." A maiden sister Avho lived
Avith, and Avho accompanied him in his exile, returned to New
London, lonely and disconsolate, and was allowed to occupy
two rooms in the parsonage ; she subsequently removed to
Providence.
' Gray, Harrison. Receiver-General of Massachusetts. He
was an Addresser of Hutchinson, was a Mandamus Council
lor, was proscribed and banished, and was among those whose
estates were confiscated by statute. In the House of Repre
sentatives, August 8, 1775, " Ordered, that Mr. Hopkins be
directed to inquire how the Committee of Supplies have dis
posed of the horse and chaise formerly Harrison Gray's, vi'hich
was used by the late Dr. Warren, and came to the hands of
the said Committee after Dr. Warren's death." The next
day, " Ordered, that Dr. William Eustis be, and hereby is
directed, immediately to deliver to the Committee of Supplies
the horse and chaise which Avere in the possession of the late
Doctor Warren, and which formerly belonged to Harrison
Gray, of Boston." In 1776, at the evacuation, he went to
Halifax with his family of four persons. He was passenger .
in one of the six vessels that arrived at London from Halifax,
prior to June 10, 1776, laden Avith Loyalists and their families.
At his house in London, in 1789, or the year after, Arthur
Savage gave the Rev. Mr. Montague a bullet taken from the
body of General Warren the day after his death. [See Ar
thur Savage.] Mr. Gray was a timid man ; and was accused
of being on both sides in politics, according as he met Whig
or Tory. In private life he Avas remarkably exemplary.

GRAY. 489
In " McFingal " it is said, —
" What Puritan could ever pray
In godlier tones than Treasurer Gray;
Or at town-meetings speechifying,
Could utter more melodious whine.
And shut his eyes, and vent his moan.
Like owl afflicted in the sun ? "
Mr. Gray died in England. His only daughter, Elizabeth,
was the first wife of Samuel Allyne Otis, and mother of Har
rison Gray Otis, who, a distinguished statesman Avhile the
Federalists were in the ascendency, died at Boston, in 1849,
aged eighty-four.
,^^Gray, John. Of Boston. Son of Harrison Gray. He
went to Ireland soon after the battle of Lexington. Hearing
that the difficulties Avould probably be adjusted, he embarked
for Massachusetts, and was made prisoner off Newburyport.
He was in NeAvbury jail, February, 1776, when, at the solici
tation of his sister, the Avife of Samuel Allyne Otis, ias com
municated to the Council by James Otis, an order was passed
to allow his removal to Barnstable, on condition of giAdng
bond with security in £1000, not to pass without the limits of
that town, or deal or correspond with the enemy. Mr. Gray
was in London, January, 1781. Possibly, the John Gray
who died at Boston in 1805, aged sixty-five, was the same.
^Gray, Joseph. Of Boston. A native of Massachusetts,
and born in 1729. The Christian name of his father does
not appear, but his mother was Rebecca, daughter of John
West, a rich farmer of Bradford, or Haverhill, Massachusetts.
The " old people " were displeased with the match, and cut
off Rebecca Avith one pine-tree, or a piece of silver valued at
one shilling." The family papers shoAv that the grand-uncle
of the subject of this notice (Benjamin Gray, of Boston, who
died in 1741, or the year following) received a letter from an
uncle in England, informing him that he was " next heir to a
title and an estate " there ; and that, being of the religious
sect called " New Lights," he replied he would not abandon
his faith " to be made King of England."

490 GRAY.
Of Mr. Gray's course in the Revolution, I find nothing.
He setded at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and was a member of the
firm of Proctor & Gray, merchants. He died in 1803, at
that city, or at Windsor, at the age of seventy-four. His Avife
was Mary, daughter of the Hon. Joseph Gerrish. His third
son, the Rev. Benjamin Gerrish Gray, D. D., who was born
in 1768, married Mary, daughter of Nathaniel Ray Thomas,
a Loyalist, [see notice,J and Avas many years Rector of
St. George's Parish, Halifax, and afterwards of an Episco
pal Church in St. John, New Brunswick, died at the latter
city in 1854. His fourth son, William, was born in 1777 ;
was British Consul for Virginia for a long time, and died in
England, in 1845, or a year later. His other children were
Mary, Rebecca, Elizabeth Breynton, Joseph Gerrish, Mary
Gerrish, Amelia Ann, William Spry, Lydia Hancock, Ann
Susanna, Susanna, Sarah, and Alexander. A grandson (son
of Benjamin Gerrish), the Rev. John William Deming Gray,
D. D., has been Rector of Trinity Church, St. John, New
Brunswick, now (1861) quite twenty years. In December,
1857, he preached a sermon " designed to recommend the
principles of the Loyalists of 1783," which was pubhshed.
The main points of this discourse are : — First, the Loyahsts
" believed in the Bible as a Revelation from God ; " second,
they entertained " a respect for the ordinances of religion ; "
third, " they were just in their dealings Avith their fellow-
men ; " and fourth, " they AA'ere loyal to their earthly sov
ereign." His son, Benjamin Gerrish Gray, (the third of this
name,) is a counsellor-at-law, in Boston.
V Gray, John. Of Boston. Brother of Joseph Gray. He
was bred to busines_&Jn that town by Caleb Blanchard. About
the year 1768 he went to England, but returned previous to
hostilities, and was appointed Deputy-Collector of the Gus
to insrin which office he was popidan ItT 1776 he embarked
for Halifax with the Royal Army, and before the close of that
year was at Charleston, South Carolina, and in prison. He
was still in that city as late as 1780, Avhen he was an Ad
dresser of Sir Henry Clinton, Before the last mentioned date.

GRAY, 491
howcA'er, he had engaged in business as a commission mer
chant, and had purchased a plantation on account of himself
and of John Simpson, a fellow Loyalist, of Boston. But, in
volved, politically, beyond the hope of extrication, he sold
his interest in the plantation, and invested the proceeds in
indigo and in a ship, with the intention of sailing for London.
The Whig authorities not only defeated this plan, but seized
his vessel and her cargo ; and the re.sult was, that of both
he saved barely one hundred guineas. With this sum, he fled
to his brother Joseph at Halifax, who procured for him a pas
sage to England in a ship-of-war. Without any accession to
his fortune, yet, with letters to the agents of the East India
Company, he soon embarked for India, and, on his arriA'al
there, was well received. The family account is, that he
Avrote a treatise on the Cultivation of Indigo, Avhicli the Gov
ernor and Council considered so valuable as to grant him
£4000 sterling, and, jointly with a Mr. Powell, an extensive
tract of land. The two grantees, assisted by the Company,
established a factory, and began the .culture of indigo, which
— as is stated in the papers before me — Avas the first attempt
to cultivate this beautiful dye in India.
Both died suddenly, in 1782, on the same day. Gray was
at the plantation, and Powell was tAA'o hundred miles distant,
at the factory ; and the supposition was that they had in
curred the jealousy of the natives, Avho caused their death by
poison. Powell's brother told Joseph Gray, prior to 1799,
that the estate of our Loyalist and his associate had become
" the greatest indigo plantation in the known Avorld."
Gray, Samuel. Of Boston. Brother of Joseph Gray.
He died in that town about the year 1776, leaving issue, male
and female. His wife was a daughter of Captain Henry At
kins, of Boston.
Gray, Thomas. Of Boston. Merchant. A Protester
against the Whigs, and one of the Addressers of Hutchinson.
He died at Boston in 1783.
Gray, Jesse. " Of a Southern State," Went to Shel
burne, Nova Scotia, at the peace. Removed to an island

492 GRAY, — GREEN.
near Yarmouth, in the same Province, where he had a large
grant of land for his military services. Died about the year
1840. Gray, Benjamin Dingley. Of Virginia. Was one of
the Non-Associators, or a person who refused to join the Con
tinental Association, and was posted by the Whig Committee
in March, 1775, accordingly. On seeing his name in the
list, he said " that he looked upon this Committee as a pack
of damned rascals, for advertising him as they had done," &c.
Subsequendy, the Committee denounced his conduct by a
resolution, in which they declare that he should " be looked
upon as inimical to the liberties of America," and that "no
person ought to have^commercial intercourse with him,"
Gray, William. Of Westchester County, New York.
Was a Protester in 1775 ; settled in New Brunswick at the
peace ; was a magistrate of King's County ; and died in 1824,
aged ninety-six. A Loyalist of this name was a captain in
the NeAV York Volunteers.
Gray, Justus. Settled in New Brunswick at the peace,
and died in that Province in 1843,
l^/^rREEN, Francis. Of Boston. Merchant. Second son
of Hon. Benjamin Green, President of the Council and Com
mander-in-Chief of Nova Scotia, whose ancestor was John
Green, who settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts, about the
year 1639. Born in Boston in 1742, and graduated at Har-
vard_Ujaiy£rsity_in 1760. While j'et a student, his father ac-
cepted for him an ensign's commission in the 40th Regiment,
under a promise of leave of absence until he should have
completed his studies. But the war with France interrupted
this arrangement ; and, in 1757, he joined his corps at Hali
fax. He was present at the siege of Louisburg in 1758, and
remained in the garrison there until June, 1760, Avhen he
accompanied his regiment to Quebec. He relates that, while
at the capitol of Cape Breton, the tedium of mditary life in
that lone, desolate region, Avas relieved by shooting, hunting,
fishing, assemblies, and plays ; that the officers fitted up quite
a pretty theatre, in which they were the actors ; that he " was

GREEN, 493
urged to take an active part, and performed several characters
in tragedy and comedy, not without commendation." In
June, 1761, the 40th crossed the St. Lawrence ; and by
marches, and in batteaux, passed through the Avilderness to
Crown Point ; thence proceeded by the usual route of the
time, to New York, and embarked for the W^est Indies. He
records, that he assisted in the siege of Martinique ; that he
went to Antigua and St. Christophers Avith his Lieutenant-
Colonel, Avliere, in six days, they purchased and hired four
hundred negroes, and joined the ffeet in time to participate
in the reduction of Havana. At the peace, having served
four campaigns, " with credit, but very little promotion," he
determined to quit the army. In 1765, he went to England,
and, the year after, sold his commission of lieutenant, re
turned to Boston, and settled in mercantile business.
At the beginning of the Revolutionary controversy, he
" adhered to the old Constitution," he relates, though always
a firm friend to civil liberty, " and an avowed enemj' to the
pretended unlimited power of Parliamentary taxation, in the
hope of an honorable compromise, without recourse to arms." ^
In 1774 he wenT to Connecticut oh business, and stopped at
Windham, The " Sons of Liberty " assumed that his de
signs were political, and surrounding the tavern, uttered in
sulting shouts and words, and threatened him with a ride
on "the Tory cart," unless he instantly departed. He jour
neyed to Norwich, where he was greeted with the ringing of
the bell, and other manifestations of the popular excitement ;
and " the cart," or departure within fifteen minutes, were
the terms offered. He attempted to address the throng, but
was seized by a very stout man, who called him " a rascal."
The fearful " cart," with a high scaffolding for a seat, was
driven up, and preparations were made to compel him to
mount it, when he entered his own carriage, and, mid scoffs
and hissings, the beating of drums, and blowing of horns,
drove away. On his return to Boston, he offered a reward
for the apprehension of" the ruffians " ; but they were merry
over his advertisement, and, reprinting it in handbills, circu-
voL, I, 42

494 GREEN.
lated it, Avith their comments. An Addresser of Hutchinson
and of Gage, he embarked with the Britisli at the evacuation
of Boston, in 1776, (accompanied by his three young chil
dren,) and Avent to Halifax, where he A\'as appointed a magis
trate. In 1777 he repaired to New York. In 1778 he was
proscribed and banished. In 1780 he arrived in England.
In June, 1784, he returned to Nova Scotia ; and while in
that Colony, was elected Sheriff' of the county of Halifax for
three successive years, and appointed Senior Judge of the
Court of Common Pleas,
In 1796, six hundred Maroons were transferred from
Jamaica, by order of the Government, and the Commis
sioners for their settlement purchased his lands and buildings
at Preston, Cole Harbor, and Dartmouth. This sale, the
inadequacy of his official income, his " predilection for the
land of his ancestors," and, to use his own words, the fact
that " at that period his country was respectably Federal, and
appeared to open its eyes to discern the folly of an alliance
with France," are enumerated as the principal reasons for re
moving to the United States. He fixed his residence at Med
ford, Massachusetts, in 1797, and died there in 1809, at the
age of sixty-seven, the last of the male branch of his family,
of the fourth American generation.
The document placed at my disposal by one of his relatives
— from which I have quoted — shows that Mr, Green was
benevolent atid humane, and a gentleman of elevated senti
ments. It affords evidence, too, that he was vain of himself
and of his lineage. His account of the honors and offices
conferred upon his father, is tediously minute, and gives a
clue to his political character. Plainly enough, he was a
sturdy monarchist when a British subject, and a bitter foe to
democracy after he became an American citizen.
His afflictions and misfortunes Avere many and severe ; yet
he seems to have borne all his domestic, and a part of his pe
cuniary losses, in a proper spirit. His first Avife died, and two
children perished under distressing circumstances ; and he
suffered by accusations of "false, envious, and malicious

GREEN, 495
brethren." As a Loyalist, he abandoned a considerable
amount of property in Boston ; as a merchant, at New York,
subsequently, in a single month, he was the loser, without in
surance, of one half of an armed brig of sixteen guns and
seventy men, and of four valuable vessels, of which he was
sole owner ; and later, after he came to Medford, as an under
writer he paid away twenty-five thousand dollars in the course
of two years.
The great error of his hfe was, a willingness to live and to
die — as John Adams has it — "a Colonist"; and I have
been amazed, from the outset of my researches, that, of the
Americans who were engaged in commerce, a single one
should have adhered to the power that branded them with an
epithet, and visited them with the pains and penalties of smug
gling, whenever detected in prosecuting voyages to countries
not included in the British dominions.
Bare justice to his memory demands that this brief outline
should conclude with a respectful notice of his efforts to ame
liorate the condition of mutes. His son Charles was discov
ered to be deaf when a child ; and, at the age of eight, was
sent to a private institution in Edinburgh, where he re
mained nearly six years, and became a proficient in lan
guage both oral and written, in arithmetic, geography, and
painting. In the hope of doing good to others as unfortu
nate as his son, Mr, Green published a pamphlet in Lon
don, in 1783, entided, " Vox Oculis Subjecta ; or, A Dis
sertation on the Curious and Important Art of imparting
Speech, and the Knowledge of Language, to the Deaf and
Dumb, with a proposal for extending and perpetuating the
benefits thereof" This was followed, after his return to
Massachusetts, by various essays in the " Boston Palladium,"
and other newspapers, in 1803, and two succeeding years, in
which he endeavored to convince his countrymen of the prac
ticability of educating mutes ; and finally, by the translation
of the whole of the Abb^ de I'Epee's work, showing his
manner of instructing the deaf and dumb, called, " Institu
tions des Sounds et Muets."

496 GREEN,
His first wife, Susanna, daughter of Joseph Green, died
during the siege of Boston, and in November, 1775. Of their
five children, one was burned to death at the age of four;
two others died yoiing ; Charles, the mute, was drowned,
when seA'enteen ; and Susanna, Avho deceased in 1802, mar
ried Stephen H. Binney, of Halifax. In 1785 he was united
to Harriet, daughter of David Matthews, and Avas the father
of Harriet Matthews, Henry Francis, Anna Winslow, and
Eliza Atkinson, born in Nova Scotia ; of Mary Hall and
Matthews W., born in Medford. The oldest son by the second
marriage, Henry Francis, now lives (1860) at BelloAvs Falls.
' Green, Joseph. Of Boston. Born in 1706, and grad
uated at Harvard .Ilui.-visrsity, 1726. A wit, a poet, and a
merchant. He was appointed ,Mandarnus^ Councillor, but, it
isT)elieved, did not take the oath of office. His name is found
among the Addressers of Hutchinson. He Avent to England,
and died there^in, 1-7S0, aged seventy-four. He published
several of his performances, which were mosth- humorous :
of these may be mentioned, the burlesque on a psalm of his
fellow wit. Doctor Byles ; ridicule of free-masons, and lamen
tation on Mr. Old Tenor — paper money. He was proscribed
and banished. Though this gentleman was found, finally,
among the adherents of the Crown, and became an exile, he
was one of the fifty-eight Boston memorialists in 1760 ; and
in 1764 was a member of a committee with Samuel Adams,
to report instructions to the Boston representatives. This re
port is very — Whiggish.
In 1776, he was member of the Loyalist Club formed in
London by the exiles from Massachusetts, for social inter
course. They met once a Aveek ; discussed the news of the
time, their own condition, and dined. The number present
was from twelve to twenty-five. We may be sure that, with
his reputation, he was always welcome. I give the folloAving
as a specimen of his humor. A farmer who had just lost his
hired man, went to Boston to get Joe to Avrite an epitaph.
Green, on being told of all the good qualities of the de
ceased, and especially that he could rake faster than any-

GREEN.— GREENE. 497
body, present company, of course, excepted, — immediately
wrote, — " Here lies the body of John Cole,
His master loved him like his soul ;
He could rake hay, none could rake faster.
Except that raking dog, his master."
An epitaph composed for him in early life was in these
words : — " Sisle viator, here lies one,
Whose life was whim, whose soul was pun ;
And if you go too near his hearse.
He '11 join you in both prose and verse."
Green, Thomas. Of Pennsylvania. Was ordered by
proclamation to appear and be tried, or to stand attainted.
A Loyalist of the name of Thomas Green died in Ncav
Brunswick previous to the year 1805 ; his widow married
Clayton Tilton, of Musquash, NeAV Brunswick.
Green, William. Drummer in Washington's Guard.
Concerned in the Hickey plot against the life of the Com
mander-in-Chief, in 1776, He Avas the leading witness at
the trial of Hickey before the court-martial, and the recipi
ent of " one dollar per man from Forbes for every man he
shall enlist." Green, in his testimony, said that " all Forbes
proposed to me was, that, when the King's forces arrived, we
should cut away King's Bridge, and then go on board a ship
of war, Avhich would be in East River to receive us."
Greene, Richard. Of Rhode Island, He was born in
that Colony, in 1725, He owned and lived on a large estate,
"His furniture and wines were importedfrom England. Ser
vants, both white and cojored, were numerous  Al
ways employing an overseer  accounts for his having
leisure to entertain more company, perhaps, than any other
private gentleman in Rhode Island, and he was remarkable for
very great hospitality, A large proportion of his visitors were
some of the most distinguished personages of the day,"
He regarded the Revolution, at the beginning, as a rebellion
against lawrul" authority'; an J suffered in consequence of his
avoieed opinion, as well as for his supposed acts, subsequently,
42*

498 GREENE. — GREENLAW.
in aid of the British. It is averred that " he remained strict
ly neutral." He died in 1779. The common people called
him " King Richard," to distinguish him from others of the
same name, and for his charity to the poor, and his magnifi
cent manner of living. It is said of him, too, that he neither
purchased soldier's certificates, nor paid a debt in Continental
money. His wife Avas Sarah, daughter of Thomas Fry, of
East Greenwich. Of his fourteen children, eleven survived
him.
\/ Greene, Richard. Of Boston. Addresser of Gage in
1775 ; the Council of Massachusetts ordered his arrest, Aprd,
1776. He died at Boston, in 1<S17, aged eighty-seven,
./ Greene, David. Of Boston, At the Latin School in
1757 ; an Addresser of Hutchinson _inJ774 ; proscribed and
banished in 177K; WenT^o England. Returned, and citi
zenship restored by Act of the Legislature in 1789. Died at
Ballstown Springs, in 1812, aged sixty-three. At the time of
his decease, a friendly pen Avrote : — " Very few persons have
passed through life so much beloved and esteemed as Mr,
Greene, by a numerous circle of friends and acquaintance.
His singular sweetness of temper, his undeviating politeness,
his uncommon attention to strangers, and his extensive con
nexions in business, made him knoAvn and admired in every
part of the Union ; and he was justly considered, both at home
and abroad, as one of the most accomplished gentlemen of
New England. He was for many years a distinguished-inM^-
chant, -and was alike esteemed-fbrddaJuitegrity and his atten
tion to business. During the latter years of his life he was
President cf the Union Insurance Company."
1/ Greene, BENjAMiNr~~OfTBostoh', Protester in 1774 ; an
Addresser-.ef Hutchiinson-the-same year. In 1776 the Coun
cil of Massachusetts ordered his arrest. Died in Boston in
1807, aged sixty.
v/' Greenlaw, Jonathan, Of Castine, Maine. Brother of
Charles Greenlaw, At the evacuation of Castine by the Royal
forces, in 1783, he removed to St. Andrew, New Brunswick,
where he died, in 1818, aged eighty. His sons, six in number.

GREENLAW. - GREGORY. 499
Avere Whigs. His son William, the only one who entered
the service, Avas a soldier under Washington, nnd at the peace
settled at Deer Isle, Maine, where he died, in 1838, aged eighty-
seven. His son, the late Jonathan Babbage Greenlaw, was a
ship-master, and lived at Eastport, Maine.
Greenlaav, William. Of St, George's River, Maine.
Brother of Charles, He remained on his farm during the
Avar, and continuing in the country after the close of the strife,
died at St. George in 1828.
(Greenlaw, Charles. Of Castine, Maine. Brother of
Ebenezer. He accompanied Jonathan and Ebenezer to St.
Andrew, where he settled, and died in 1811, aged about sixty-
eight. Greenlaw, Ebenezer. Of Castine, Maine. Brother of
Charles. He removed to iSt. Andrew, New Brunswick, at
the peace, where he died about the year 1810, aged scA'enty,
Greenleaf, Stephen. Of Boston. Was Sheriff of Suf-
'folk County, He was a Protester against the Whigs in 1774,-
and one of the ninety-seA'en gentlemen and principal inhabit
ants of the capital who addressed Gage on his departure in
1775. His arrest ordered by the Council of Massachusetts,
April, 1776, He died at Boston, in 1795, aged ninety-one.
/ Greenwood, Samuel. Of Boston. A Sandemanian.
Was a Protester in 1774 ; accompanied the Royal Army to
Halifax in^77 61" remained in NoA'a Scotia, and died at Hali
fax. His son, Samuel, died at the same place, in 1832, aged
fifty-seven. Gregory, William. Of Maine. Kept a sort of taA'ern
in a log-house, at George's River. Was often plundered by
both parties. " Reckoned a Tory." Was a jolly, light-
minded fellow ; much fonder of a merry story than of polit
ical discussions, and loved money better than England or
America. Gregory, William. Of South Carolina, An Assistant
Judge of the Superior Court under the Royal Government ;
was allowed to depart the country. The only native Ameri
can on the bench, at the beginning of the Revolution, was

500 ' GREGORY. - GRIERSON.
Wdliam Henry Drayton, who was a Whig ; he made the last
circuit with Gregory and his other associates, in the spring of
1775. Gregory, Richard P. Setded in New Brunswick at the
peace, and died at Kingston in that Province, in 1847, in his
ninety-sixth year.
Gridley, Benjamin. A lawyer, of Boston. Graduated
at. Harvard University in 1751. John Adams said of him, in
1769, that he possessed capacity, real sentiment, fancy, wit,
humor, judgment, and observation ; yet, that he had no busi
ness of any kind, was in bed tiff ten in the morning, laughed,
drank, and frolicked, and neither studied nor practised his
profession. He was among the barristers and attorneys who
addressed Hutchinson in 1774, and one of the Addressers of
Gage in 1775. He went to Halifax in 1776. In 1778 he
was proscribed and banished. He was in England at the close
of the Revolution.
Grierson,  . Colonel in the Loyal Militia. A man
of unshaken loyalty in every change of fortune, and, before
the alienations of civil war, universally respected. In 1781,
at the siege of Augusta, Georgia, he occupied an outwork
which bore his own name, and which, after some resistance,
he evacuated with the design of joining Browne in Fort Corn
walhs, He was made prisoner, however, and murdered. One
account is, that, confined in a house with his three children,
" an unknown marksman," disguised and on horseback, rode
rapidly up to the building, dashed into the room in which
Grierson Avas kept, and, without dismounting, shot him dead,
then wheeled about, and escaped. Another version is, that
he Avas killed by a well-known Whig, who said that in 1780
Grierson chained his father — seventy-eight years of age —
to a cart, and dragged him forty miles in two days ; and that
he ordered the driver to apply the whip whenever the old
man attempted to rest himself by leaning on the cart. One
hundred guineas Avere offered for the discovery of the assassin,
without success. The Loyalists averred that this reward was
a mere pretence ; and that Grierson's body was stripped, man
gled by the soldiers, and thrown into a ditch.

GRIERSON. — GROUT. 501
Grierson, James. Was a native of the Highlands of
Scotland, and emigrated to America before the Revolution.
He served in the Royal Army, and at the peace settled in
New Brunswick, where he died, in 1846, at the great age of
one hundred and five years. He was a pensioner of the Brit
ish Government more than sixty years.
Griswold, Seth. Setded in New Brunswick in 1783,
and died at Queensbury, York County, in 1838, aged eighty-
one years.
Griswold, Daniel. Of Litchfield, Connecticut. Adver
tised in 1776, by the Committee of that town, " as an enemy
to the natural rights of mankind." The next year he was tried
by a court-martial as a traitor and spy, and executed.
Groundwater,  . Of South Carolina. Early in
the war in command of a small vessel, and of service to the
Whigs in supplying them with articles of necessity. In 1779
he Avas taken going OA'er to the enemy, tried, and executed.
Some interest was made to save his life ; but, suspected of
assisting to set fire to a part of Charleston, " the inhabitants
were so incensed against him that he suffered to appease
them." Grout, John. Of Cumberland County, New Ham]«hire
Grants. Born in Lunenburg, Massachusetts, in 1731. When
he removed to the " Grants," he had a wife and several chil
dren ; and the .inthorities, on the ground that his family would
become chargeable as paupers, held him to ansAver. He pre
vented forcible ejectment by a promise " on honor, and as a
lawyer," that he Avould voluntarily depart. Restless in his
disposition, and, as it seems, meddlesome withal, he was often
in trouble in the place to Avhich he next went ; and was at
last put in prison for debt. In the controversy which pre
ceded the appeal to arms, he was violent and denunciatory in
his acts and words against the Whigs, and met harsh treat-
ment in return. His own account is that he was threatened
with death. In 1777 he abandoned the country ; and in 1779
was forbidden, by Act of the General Assembly of Vermont,
to return. He settled in Canada, " His end was as tragic

502 GRYMES,
as his life had been turbulent and unhappy." He set out for
the purpose of paying a large sum of money which he had
collected for another, but never reached the end of his journey.
It was supposed that he was drowned ; but, in the lapse of
years, a conAdct under sentence of death confessed that he
murdered John Grout, and described the place of his burial,
which, when examined, revealed human bones.
Grymes, John Randolph. Of Virginia. Major in the
Queen's Rangers. In 1776 he joined Lord Dunmore, and
raised and commanded a troop of horse. His Lordship, in a
letter to Lord George Germain, remarks that Mr. Grymes
was a great acquisition to the Royal cause ; that he was of the
first family in Virginia, a gentleman of fortune, of amiable
character, of strict honor, and brave, active, able. The same
year Mr. Grymes was expelled from his estate, and thirty-five
negroes, horses, cattle, and furniture, fell into Whig hands.
Subsequently, he was attached to the Rangers, and won
the confidence of Simcoe, and of the corps. Near the close
of the year 1778 he resigned ; and soon after went to Eng
land, While there, an invasion from France was appre
hended ; and the Loyalists in London offered to form them
selves into a company, which met the approval of the King,
and in the choice of officers, Major Grymes was elected en
sign. In 1788 he was agent for prosecuting the claims of
adherents of the CroAvn in his native State. He returned to
Virginia, In England he married a daughter of John Ran
dolph, the last Royal Attorney-General of the " Old Domin
ion," and brodier of Peyton Randolph, President of Con
gress. Mrs. Grymes died in London in 1791.
Grymes, Henry, Of Virginia. Went to England, and
died there in 1804, Delirious, in consequence, as was sup
posed, of a disappointment in marriage, he broke his skuU
Avitli a stone, and took out a piece of the bone three inches
by two ; and, concluding that this would put an end to his
existence, he tore out a part of his brains. But he lived until
the evening of the following day, and his reason Avas so far
restored before his death that he told his friends the cause

GUEST. — HABERSHAM. 503
of his mangled condition. " Through the whole of his life,
he supported an unsullied character."
Guest, William. Of South Carolina, In 1776, com
mitted to jail in Charleston, by the Provincial Congress, for
alleged offences " inimical to, and destructive of," the peace
of that Colony. In commission of the Crown after the sur
render of Charleston, Estate confiscated ; but the General
Assembly gave his Avife Sarah and her children, subsequently,
five hundred acres of any of his lands AA'hich had not been sold
by the commissioners.
Guthrey, Thomas. Of Pennsylvania, Deserted from
the State galleys. Joined the British in Philadelphia, Cap
tured at sea. In prison in 1779, and to be tried for treason.
Guyon, Peter, Of Staten Island, New York. At the
peace, accompanied by his family of five persons, and by one
servant, he went from New York to Shelburne, Nova Scotia.
His losses, in consequence of his loyalty, were estimated at
£1900. He was among the few who remained at Shelburne,
and died there about the year 1825.
Habersham, James. Of Georgia. He was born in Eng
land in 1712 ; and, against the wishes of his friends, accom
panied the celebrated Whitefield to Savannah, in 1738. He
engaged as teacher of a school for orphan and destitute chil
dren, soon after his arrival ; and, subsequently, became inter
ested in similar works of benevolence. Of the Orphan House
he Avas President. He formed a commercial partnership in
1744, AA'hich was the first in Georgia. Ten years later, he
was appointed Secretary of the Colony, and a member of the
Councd. He was the acting Governor of Georgia in 1771,
during the temporary absence of Sir James Wright. In April,
1775, he wrote to a friend in London thus : — " The fiery
patriots in Charleston have stopped all dealings with us, and
wdl not suffer any goods to be landed there from Great Brit
ain ; and I suppose the Northern Provinces will follow their
example. The people on this Continent are generally almost
in a state of madness and desperation ; and should not concil
iatory measures take place on your side, I know not what may

504 HADDEN. — HAGGERTY.
be the consequences. I fear an open rebellion against the par
ent State, and consequently amongst ourselves. Some of the
inffammatory resolutions and measures taken and published in
the Northern Colonies, I think, too plainly portend this. Ho-w-
ever, I must and do, upon every occasion, declare that I would
not choose to Ha'c here any longer than we are in a state of
proper subordination to, and under the protection of. Great
Britain, although I cannot altogether approve of the steps she
has lately taken, and do most cordially wish that a permanent
line of goA'ernment Avas drawn and pursued by the mother
and her children ; and may God give your Senators wisdom
to do it, and heal the breach ; otherwise, I cannot think of the
e\'ent but Avith horror and grief Father against son, and son
against father, and the nearest relations and friends combating
with each other ! I may perhaps say the truth, cutting each
other's throats. Dreadful to think of, much worse to experi
ence. But I will have done -with this disagreeable subject,"
&c. He went to New Jersey soon after Avriting the above letter,
and died at New Brunswick, August, 1775. The three sons
who survived him were Whigs,
Hadden, Isaac. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the First
Battalion of Ncav Jersey Volunteers. He retired on half-pay,
and setded in New Brunswick, Avhere he Avas Clerk of the
House of Assembly, He died in that Colony.
Hadden,  . Major-General in the Royal Artillery.
He entered the army during the war, and served under Bur
goyne and Cornwallis. At the peace he went to England.
In 1793, when a captain in the Artillery, he was selected by
the Duke of Richmond for his secretary. Subsequently, he
received a staff appointment ; and, in Portugal, acted in the
capacity of Adjutant-General under Sir Charles Stuart.
Later, he was Surveyor-General of the Ordnance Depart
ment, and Major-General. He died in England in 1817.
Haggerty, Patrick. In 1782 he Avas a lieutenant in the
First Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. At the peace he
went to Digby, Nova Scotia, where he soon died, leaving no
family.

HAINS, — HALIBURTON. 505
Hains, Bartholomew. Of New York. Lost his prop
erty by confiscation. Settled at Westport, Nova Scotia,
where he was an officer of the Customs and a magistrate,
and where he died, leaving a large family, of Avliom John is
now (1861) the only survivor.
Hait, James. Of Connecticut. At the peace he went to
St. John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. In
1784 he was one of the two vendue masters of the district of
the river St. John. He removed from that Province about
the year 1799, and died at Newfield, Connecticut, in 1804.
Hake,  . He was in England in 1784, when his
name was freely used in Loyalist tracts published at London.
I cite two instances : — There were " fifty-five signers to Mr.
Hake's Memorial " ; he was " loyal to get rid of his debts."
The charge of dishonesty was repelled by " Viator " ; who
said that " Mr, Hake owed in England, and not in America,
and if he had a design against his creditors, he should have
joined the rebellion," &c.
Haliburton, John. Of Rhode Island. Pliysician. Went
to Halifax, Nova Scotia. During the Revolution, a surgeon
in die British Navy. At the peace, resumed practice and ac
quired a high professional reputation ; held public offices, and
Avas a member of the Council. He died at Halifax in 1808,
aged sixty-nine. His wife, Susanna, who deceased in 1804,
was a sister of Admiral Brenton. His son, John, was an offi
cer in the British Navy ; his daughter, Elizabeth, married
Lord Stewart, In 1859, his son, Brenton Haliburton, who
was born in Rhode Island, — Chief Justice of Nova Scotia, —
received the honor of knighdiood. The gentlemen of the legal
profession at Halifax waited upon the venerable jurist, then
in his eighty-sixth year, in a body, and addressed him in terms
of deep affection. His reply was so proper that I preserve it.
" My Brethren of the Bench and of the Bar : — Accept my
heartfelt thanks for the kind and aff'ectionate address which
you have given to me upon her Most Gracious Majesty's con
ferring upon me die dignity of a Knight of the United King
dom of Great Britain and Ireland.
VOL. I. 43

506 HALIBURTON. — HALL.
" Although at my age I ought to be, and I humbly trust I
am, more solicitous to obtain the blessed promises which our
gracious Savdour has made to all believers in his Holy Gos
pel, than any earthly honors, yet I value highly the approba
tion of a Sovereign esteemed and beloved by her subjects for
her public and private virtues.
" To our respected Governor, His Excellency the Earl of
Mnlo-rave, I feel great gratitude for having, totally unsolic
ited by me, brought my services under Her Royal considera
tion, to which I attribute the honor that has been conferred
upon me.
" I consider this honor as paid to the profession to which I be-
lono-, and it greatly increases my gratification so to consider it,
" I am much indebted to my brethern of the Bench for the
satisfaction which I learn mj judgments have given ; for, gen
erally speaking, it is with their concurrence and approval that
those judgments have been pronounced ; and I am sure they
will join with me in declaring that the labors of the Bench
have frequently been greatly diminished by the industry and
talent of the Bar.
" And noAv, gentlemen, accept of an old man's affectionate
prayer for your welfare. May you at the close of life feel the
great comfort of having made your peace with God through
the merits of your Saviour.
"God bless you ad."
Sir Brenton died at Halifax in 1860. As a jurist he was
able, painstaking and conscientious ; as a man, of cheerful dis
position and great liberality of opinion,
.^JIall, Rev. Willard. Mimster of Westford, Massachu
setts. Graduated at Harvard University in 1722, Date of
ordination not ascertained. Complaints a^TiTst Tnirriii~May,
1775 ; final hearing June 4, 1776, before the Committees of
the towns of Dunstable, Littleton, Westford, and Acton, and
the decision, that, "in divers instances, he hath shown him
self unfriendly to the cause of the United American Colonies."
The affair seems to haA'e caused much trouble ; but my ma
terials are too fragmentary for a narrative. He died in 1779.

HALL.— HALLET. 507
Hall,  . Of South Carolina. Lieutenant in the
King's Rangers. A Whig at first, and in command of a small
fort on the frontier of his native State, which he treacherously
surrendered to the Cherokees, Avho killed the garrison, men,
women, and children, A\'ithout discrimination. In 1779 Hall
was taken prisoner, tried, and condemned to death. " At the
gallows he confessed his crime, and acknowledged the justice
of his sentence."
VHall, James. Of Boston, His name is connected with
one of the memorable incidents of the Revolutionary contro
versy. In 1773 he was in command of the ship Lartmouth,
owned by Francis Rotch, and arrived at Boston on the 28th of
November, Avith one hundred and twelve chests of the cele_
brated Tea, which was thrown overboard in the following
month of December, T_h^_ next year he was an Addresser of
Hijtchinson, and in 1778 was proscribed and banished. The
morning after Hall's arrival in 1773, the folloAving notice
appeared : —
"FRIENDS, BRETHERN, COUNTRYMEN.
" That worst of all plagues, the detested Tea, shipped for
this port by the East India Company, is now arrived in this
harbor. The hour of destruction, or manly opposition to the
machinations of Tyranny, stares you in the face. Every
friend to his country, to himself and to posterity, is now called
upon to meet at Faneuil Hall at nine o'clock this day, (at
which time the bells will ring,) to make a united and success
ful resistance to this last, worst, and most destructive measure
of administration.
" Boston, November 29, 1773."
Bruce, in the Eleanor, and Coffin, in the Beaver, came into
port soon after ; and the mob, disguised as Indians, threw the
cargoes of the three vessels, consisting of two hundred and
forty Avhole, and one hundred half chests, into the harbor.
Hallet, Daniel. In 1782 he Avas a lieutenant in De Lan
cey's Second Battalion, At the peace he went to St. John,

508 HALLET. — HALLOWELL.
New Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. He received
half-pay. He died in the county of York, in that Province,
1827, aged seventj'-six.
Hallet, Samuel. Of Long Island, New York. In 1776,
arrested, and sent to the Continental Congress. Ordered
back, and placed under guard by the Convention of New
York, Petitioned for release, and finally discharged on pa
role, on payment of expenses, and on recognizing in £500.
In 1782 he was a captain in De Lancey's Second Battalion.
He setded at St. John, New Brunswick, and in 1784 received
the grant of a city lot. In 1792 he was a member of the
Vestry of the Episcopal Church. Elizabeth, his widow, died
at St. John in 1804, aged sixty-nine.
Hallowell, Robert. Of Boston. ComptroUer of the
Customs. In office early in life ; and Collector of the-Gus-
toms^ at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, before the age of
twenty-five. He arrived at Boston, from London, in 1764,
and entered upon his duties as Comptroller. The next year, a
mob surrounded his elegant house in Hanover Street, tore
down his fences, broke his windows, and, forcing the doors
at last, destroyed furniture, stole money, scattered books and
papers, and drank of the wines in the cellar to drunkenness.
In 1768, he ordered Hancock's vessel, the Liberty, seized for
smuggling wine, to be removed from the Avharf to a place
covered by the guns of the Romney frigate ; and, in the
affray which occurred, received wounds and bruises that
at the moment seemed mortal. When the port of Boston
was shut, June 1, 1774, he removed his office to Plymouth.
In 1775, he was an Addresser of Gage ; and, the year follow
ing, with his family of five persons, he accompanied the
British Army to Halifax, In 1778 he was proscribed and
banished. He went to England, and settled at Bristol, The
executor of his own father, and of his wife's father, he came
to the United States in 1788 and in 1790, on business. In
1792 he removed to Boston with his family ; and lived in
the homestead, Batterymarch Street, which, because of his
mother's life interest, had not been confiscated. He was

HALLOWELL. 509
kindly received by former friends, and became intimate with
some distinguished Whigs. In 1816, infirm and in faihng
health, he went to Gardiner, Maine, to reside with his son ;
and died there, April, 1818, in his seventy-ninth year. His
wife was Hannah, daughter of Doctor Sylvester Gardiner.
His children were Hannah and Anne, avIio died unmarried ;
and Robert, Avho, in 1802, added the name of his maternal
grandfather, — die Hon. Robert Hallowell Gardiner, late Pres
ident of the Maine Historical Society, — who is now living
(1864) and a gentleman of great wealth and respectability.
Two of Mr. Hallowell's sisters died in England ; Sarah, wife
of Samuel Vaughan, in 1809 ; and Anne, Avidow of General
Gould, in 1812,
It' 'Hallowell, Benjamin. Of Boston, Brother of the
preceding. Commissioner of the Customs. In early life he
commanded a sirTalT armed Vessel, The Commissioners were
extremely obnoxious ; and when Mr. Hallowell accepted, in
addition, the office of Mandamus Councillor, he became a
special object of public indignation. To mention that, in
1774, while passing- through Cambridge in his chaise, he-Avas
pursued toward Boston by about one hundred and sixty men
on horseback, at full gallop, is sufficient to show the popular
feeling. In August, 1775, there was a " street fight between
Commissioner Hallowell and Admiral Graves," of which the
newspapers contain the details. In January, 1776, he wrote
to his son. Ward, in London, — " Your mother has sent
Nickey's little spoon, your can, and a pair of tea-tongs, by
Sir William Pepperell, who is a passenger in the Trident
transport." On the 10th of March following, Mr, Hallowell
and his family of six persons embarked for Halifax in the
HeUesijont, a mere victualler to the British ffeet. The pas
sage was only six days ; but the vessel was detained in Nan-
tasket Roads just three weeks. In the cabin, by his oavu
account, there were thirty-seven persons, " men, women, and
children ; parents, masters and mistresses, obliged to pig
together on the floor, there being no berths," until they de
parted the harbor. In July, 1776, he sailed for England in
43 »

510 HALLOWELL.
the ship Aston Hall. While at Halifax, he said, in a letter
before me : " If I can be of the least service to either army
or naA'y, I will stay in America until diis Rebellion is sub
dued." It appears from another letter that he frequently
tendered himself to the Commander-in-Chief, without success.
In 1784, Mrs. Adams was in England ; and she relates
that both Mr. Hallowed and his wife treated her with respect
and kindness, and urged her to take lodgings with them,
which she declined. She records, too, that they lived in
handsome style, but not as splendidly as when in Boston.
She accepted an invitation to " an unceremonious family
dinner," as Mrs. Hallowell called it, and met the Rev. Dr.
Walter, Rector of Trinity Church, and two other gentle
men, who belonged to Massachusetts. In the autumn of
1796, Mr. Hallowell came to Boston. He was accompanied
by his daughter, Mrs. Elmsley, and by her husband, who had
just been appointed Chief Justice ^ of Upper Canada. The
party were the guests of his brother Robert until early in the
next summer. During his stay, the odium which attached
to his official relations to the Crown seemed to have been
forgotten, since he was received by his former associates
with the greatest kindness and hospitality. He died at York,
Upper Canada, in 1799, aged seventy-five, and was the fast
survivor of the Board of Commissioners. The British Govern
ment granted him lands in Manchester, and two other towns
in Nova Scotia, and a township in Upper Canada, which
bears his name. He was a large proprietor of lands on the
Kennebec, Maine, prior to the Revolution ; but proscribed (
and banished in 1778, and included in the Conspiracy Act
a year later, his entire estate was confiscated. His country
residence at Jamaica Plain was used as a hospital by the
Whig Army during the siege of Boston ; and his pleasure-
grounds were converted into a place of burial for soldiers
who died. This property Avas seized and sold by the Com-
1 John Elmsloy, Chief Justice of Lower Canada, died at Montreal, in
1805, in his lorty-third year. The Duke ol' Portland was his friend and
patron.

HAMILTON. 511
monweaUh ; but as the fee was in Mrs. Hallowell, her heirs
sued to recover of the person who held under the deed of the
Commissioners of Confiscation, and obtained judgment in
1803, in the United States Circuit Court.
For Mr. Hallowell's two sons, see, in these pages. Sir
Benjamin Hallowell CarcAv, and Ward Nicholas Boylston.
Hamilton, John. Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of
the North Carolina Volunteers. By one account, he was a
merchant of Halifax, North Carolina; by another, he lived
at Norfolk, Virginia, where his hospitality and odier estimable
qualities won universal respect. Business led him often from
home, and, at the beginning of the Revolution, his acquaint
ance at the South was extensive, and the confidence in his
integrity almost unlimited. A distinguished Whig, who met
him in battle, remarks that Colonel Hamilton Avas a Loyalist,
because he believed England in the right ; that the native
goodness of his heart, as well as motives of policy, led him to
discountenance the Avar of extermination which Avas wao-ed
in the Carolinas ; and that his influence Avas ever exerted
on the side of mercy. The biographer of Judge Iredell says
that " He so deported himself to such Whigs of North
Carolina, as by the fortune of war became objects of charity,
as to secure the cordial regard of the best men in the ranks
of his enemies ; " and adds, that " He was the very crest of
Tory organization in the South," Such is the testimony of
his foes ; and I delight to record it. Stedman, who served
under Sir William Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, and the Mar
quis of Cornwallis, and who wrote " The History of the
Origin, Progress and Termination of the American War,"
uses these emphatic words : " The British nation owed more,
perhaps, to Colonel Hamilton, of the North Carolina Regi
ment, than to any other individual Loyalist in the British
service." He was engaged in nearly every action in the
three Southern Colonies ; was wounded and taken prisoner ;
and finally placed in command of the garrison at St. Augus
tine. North Carolina and Virginia attainted him of treason, and

512 HAMILTON.
confiscated his estates. After the peace he was British
Consid for the last named State, and lived at Norfolk. I
find him in communication with his Government for the last
time in 1794, when some French ships-of-Avar in Hampton
Roads had captured the Scorpion, and he Avas endeavoring
to obtain the release of several gentlemen who were prisoners.
In the same year, his agent at London, in behalf of the firm
of which he was a member, presented a memorial to the
British Government on the subject of debts due in America
at the time of his banishment, which had not been recovered,
and prayed for relief. He died in England, in 1817, at a
very advanced age. He is described as "a short, stout, red-
faced man ; well bred, and well fed," and " of high tone and
spirit." Hamilton, James, Of Pennsylvania. In 1777, a pris
oner on parole. In a communication to the Council, he rep
resented his advanced age ; a disorder which was the source
of much discomfort; his extensive concerns, Avhich required
his constant care, &c., as reasons why he should be permitted
to remain in his own house ; and he asked, that, in case of
his removal, he might be allowed, among other things, to
appoint his nephew, William Hamilton, to manage his affairs
during his absence. The Council, in reply, suggested Easton,
Bethlehem, or Reading, for his retreat ; and said that there
were unanswerable objections to his proposition as related to
his nephew. In March, 1778, he was under restraint at
Northampton ; and in a long communication, in which he
spoke of his losses, the absence from his nearest friends, his
age, and the alarming condition of his health, he solicited
leave to return to his family. The boon was soon granted.
On the 23d of Aprd, an order passed the Council for his
discharge ; and he was informed that he was at full liberty to
act as he pleased. In May, he applied for a pass not only for
himself and four servants, but for a baggage-wagon and
' OO o o
driver to go to Philadelphia, which was refused ; because he
had not taken an oath or affirmation to support the Whig
Government ; and because he had asked to take property

HAMILTON. 513
Avithin the British lines. But, as related to his oavu ])erson
and his ailments, he was furnished with a protection to visit
Philadelphia to consult a jihysician ; and allowed to remain
there tAvo Aveeks,
Hamilton, William, Of Pennsylvania. He was pro
prietor of the principal part of the site of the city of Lan
caster, in that State. This land escaped confiscation, and
ground-rents, to a considerable extent, are yet (1849) claimed
and collected under his title. The Courts have acknowledged
the validity of the call upon occupants fiir the rents, but
there exists much unwilhngness to pay them, and efforts have
been made to avoid, or to commute thein. The original
proprietor of Lancaster Avas, I suppose, James Hamilton.
Witham Marslie Avas there in 1744, with the commissioners
of various Colonies, Avho were sent to form a treaty Avith the
Six Nations, and recorded in his journal that this gentleman
" made a ball and opened it, by dancing two minuets with
two of the ladies here, which last danced Avilder time than
any Indians." j\Ir, Hamilton raised a regiment in the
neighborhood of his residence on the Schuylkill ; but re
signed at the Declaration of Independence. He was a
gentleman of wealth, and the family to which he belonged
possessed more inffuence than any other in the Colony, except
the " Aliens." His beautiful country seat was called the
" Woodlands." Isaac Ogden wrote Galloway, in 1778, —
" Biffy Hamilton had a narrow escape ; his trial for treason
against the States lasted twelve hours. I have seen a gentle
man who attended his trial ; he informed me that his ac
quittal was owing to a defect of proof of a paper from Lord
Cornwallis, his direction being torn off." He was in jail in
Philadelphia, October 22d, 1780 ; at which date he addressed
a letter to the President of the Council praying to be released.
Hamilton, Archibald, Of Queen's County, New York.
In June, 1776, he declared upon his honor that he would not
" directly or. indirectly oppose or contravene the mea.sures of
the Continental Congress, or of the Congress of" New York.
He, however, became an active friend of the Crown, and

514 HAMILTON.
aide-de-camp to General Robertson, and commandant of the
militia of Queen's County, with the pay of the army. In
December, 1780, his house, at Flushing, Noav York, A\'as
burned to the ground, together with the " elegant furniture,
stock of provisions, various sorts of wines, .spirits intended for
the regale of his numerous fi-iends, the military and other
gentlemen of the neighborhood." His command consisted
of seventeen companies. His name heads the Address to
General Robertson, when he succeeded Tryon, as Governor
of NeAV York. Colonel Hamilton had the care of the two
daughters of the Hon, Captain Napier, of the 80th Grena
diers, on the death of their mother, in 1780 ; his own wife,
Alice, granddaughter of Lieutenant-Governor Colden, died
the same year. The Colonel sailed for England, December
31, 1783 ; and the Miss Hamiltons embarked for London,
October, 1783. He died at Edinburgh in 1795. A son en
tered the British Army in the West Indies.
Hamilton, Paul, Sen. Of Charleston, South Carolina.
An Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. Was banished
in 1782, and his property confiscated. He went to England
before the peace, and died at Pentonville in 1797, in his sev
enty-second year. The simple record is : " He lost a very
considerable fortune, and endured many hardships for his
loyalty." Hamilton, William. Of North Carolina, Captain in
the corps of Volunteers. Went to England at the peace.
Died in Scotland in 1834.
Hamilton, Andrew. Taken up at Kennebec, Maine, on
suspicion of affording supplies to the enemy. In August,
1775, his case was examined by the General Court of Massa
chusetts ; and an order passed, that — as he appeared to be a
crafty, designing fellow, had formerly held a commission under
the Crown, and had been very officious in prying into the
management of public affairs — he be " sent to Springfield
jail, to haA'e the liberty of the yard during good behavior,
otherwise to be put under close confinement," &c.
Hamilton, Thomas. Of Virginia, Planter, Died in
England in 1781.

HAMM. — HANCOCK, 415
Hamm, Andreav. Died in Westfield, NeAv Brunswick,
1816, aged sixty-two.
Hammell,  . An officer of the American service,
and brigade-major to General Jaines Clinton, He was taken
prisoner by Sir Henry Clinton, and entered into treasonable
designs against his former friends. By the confession of
Geake, a confederate, Avho was arrested, he was promised, for
his defection to the Whigs, the office of Colonel of a new
Irish regiment, to be raised from deserters from the Amer
ican Army, and such others as could be enlisted.
Hancock, Thomas. Bookseller, and subsequently a mer
chant of Boston. Was the son of the Rev. John Hancock,
of Lexington, Massachusetts, Relinquishing his business of
binding and selling books, he turned his attention to merchan
dise, generally, and became one of the principal commercial
characters of New England, He acquired a large fortune,
and, having no children, bequeathed the greater part of his
estate to his nephew, John Hancock, who occupies a conspic
uous rank among the Whigs of the Revolution. Among his
other bequests was that of £1000, for the purpose of found
ing a professorship of Hebrew and other Oriental languages
at Harvard University. He was a member of the House of
Representatives, and of the Council of Massachusetts, While
going into the Council-chamber, on the 1st of August, 1764,
he was seized with apoplexy, and died the same day, aged
sixty-two years. Pie had the character of benevolence, and
of liberal religious and political sentiments. He was always
on the side of Government ; and though his death occurred
early in the controversy, party lines were as well defined in
Massachusetts in his time as afterwards. Hutchinson sets
the sum which he left his nephew at more than £50,000 ster
hng ; besides the reversion of £20,000 after the decease of
his widow. From the same authority, it would seem that a
considerable proportion of his property was acquired in the
Dutch tea trade, which, under the British navigation laws,
was illicit ; and from supplying the officers of the army, ord
nance, and navy.

516 HANFORD, — HARDY.
Hanford, Thomas. Of Connecticut. At the peace he
went to St. John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee of that
city. He became an eminent merchant. In 1795 he was a
member of the Loyal Artillery. He died at St. John in 1826,
aged seventy-three. Ann, his widow, survived several years,
and died at the age of seventy-eight.
Hanks, John. Of New Jersey. A man of whom it is
said : " He was worse than Satan himself." He was brought
up by a Whig of the name of Beesley, Avho was his benefac
tor, and who, in the Revolution, had a son in the militia.
This son. Hanks saw engaged with a person of his oavu polit
ical sympathies, and rushed towards him to slay him. The
young Whig, in piteous tones, reminded the Tory of their
former relations, and begged him to spare his life. Hanks,
deaf to the appeal, sternly replied that because of that very
intimacy he meant to kill him, and immediately stabbed him.
The youth lived long enough to tell his tale to friends who
V O O
soon came to the spot,
Happie, George. Of Duchess County, New York. He
arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, with his wife, in the
spring of 1783, in the ship Union.
Hardenbrook, Theophilus. Of New York, " We had
some grand toory rides in this city this week," wrote Peter Elt-
ing, June 13, 1776. " Yesterday, several of them ware handled
verry roughly being caried trugh the streets on rails, there
cloaths tore from there becks and there bodies pritty well
mingled the dust." Hardenbrook was one of the victims.
" There is hardly a toory face to be seen this morning,"
said Elting, in continuation.
Hardenbrook, John. Of Ncav York. An assistant al
derman of the city. In 1776, an Addresser of Lord and Sir
William HoAve.
Harding, William, Went to St. John, New Brunswick,
in 1783, and was a grantee of that city. He died there, in
1818, aged seventy-three.
Hardy, Elias. He setded at St. John, New Brunswick,
and devoted himself to the profession of the law. While at

HARE. — HARPER. 517
the bar. General Arnold sued Hoyt, his former partner, for
slander, and for saying that the traitor burned his warehouse,
in order to defraud the company that had underwritten upon
the property ; and Mr. Hardy was retained as Hoyt's counsel.
Arnold's side of the case Avas managed by the first Ward
Chipman, and Jonathan Bliss, both of whom were subsequent
ly on the Bench of New BrunsAvick. The jury returned a
verdict of two shillings and sixpence damages. A gentleman
who heard the trial assures me that the public at the time,
and that Arnold's own counsel, entertained no doubt of his
guilt. In 1792 Mr. Hardy was a member of the House of
Assembly. He died at St. John soon after, as papers which
relate to the administration of his estate bear the date of 1799.
Hare, Lieutenant  . Of Ncav York. Entered the
service of the Crown, and was engaged in the bloody border
aff'rays with Brant and the Johnsons. In 1779 he was seized
by the Whigs, tried by a court-martial, convicted and hanged.
General Schuyler said, " In executing Hare, we have rid the
State of the greatest villain in it." General Clinton remarked
that his death gave entire satisfaction to all the inhabitants in
the region where his infamous deeds were committed.
Harper, James. Of Newtown, Queen's County, New
York. He was born ia Ipswich, England, and emigrated to
America ten or fifteen years before the Revolution. Well
educated, he was at first a teacher, but finally settled as a
farmer. During the war he was not active ; yet, it is known
that his sympathies were on the side of the Crown. He re
mained in the country, and died, I conclude, at or near New
town. His character commanded universal esteem. His wife
was of one of the most respectable families of Long Island.
His son James, (father of Messrs. Harper & Brothers,) who
was a mere lad at the beginning of hostilities, married a daugh
ter of Jacobus Kollyer, who, a Whig, "was wounded in fight
ing for his country."
The four brothers — grandsons of the subject of this notice
— who compose the great American publishing-house, were
bom at Newtown, and were bred printers. James and John
VOL. I. 44

518 HARPER. — HARRINGTON.
served their time in different offices in New York. Joseph
Wesley and Fletcher were apprentices to their elder brothers,
and, on coming of age, were admitted partners. In 1853, the
establishment of Harper & Brothers was burned, with a loss
of 11,000,000, of which the sum of |250,000 only was re
imbursed by insurance. Their present (1864) business edi
fice, which is fire-proof, covers about half an acre of ground,
and, including the cellars, is seven stories high. They have
in use forty-five presses, of which three are cylinder; and em
ploy six hundred persons, of whom three hundred and fifty are
males. They have published nearly if not quite two thousand
different works. Their " Harpers' New Monthly Magazine "
was first issued in 1850, and in a few years obtained a circula
tion of one hundred and seventy-five thousand copies. Seven
sons of the four "brothers have been trained to, and are engaged
in the business of the house.
Harper, Thomas. He was banished and attainted, and
his estate was confiscated. In a memorial dated at London,
in 1794, he represented to the British Government that debts
due to him in America, at the time of his banishment, were
still unpaid, and he desired relief That proscribed Loyalists
could recover sums of money owing to them, appears to have
been conceded both in England and America, and several de
cisions of Courts in the United States affirmed the opinion.
Harper, Isaac, Of Boston. At the evacuation, in 1776,
he remained in town. Imprisoned, he petitioned the Council,
in October of that year, to be released. He could not tell, he
said, Avhy he was confined, except that some malicious person
or persons had procured his committal. He said further that
he was languishing, and in want of many of the necessaries of
life ; that his wife, daughter, and indeed his whole family, were
sickly, without means of support, and would soon become ob
jects of great distress.
Harrington, Rev. Timothy. Of Lancaster, Massachu
setts. Congregational minister. Graduated at Harvard Uni
versity in 1737, and after a brief ministry in Swansey, New
Hampshire, was setded at Lancaster in 1748. It is related

HARRIS. - HARRISON. 519
that before the Revolution, he used to pray for the health of
" our exceffent King George," like other good subjects ; that
after the war began, he so far forgot himself one Sunday in his
pulpit devotions as to fall into his old form, and that recollect
ing himself, he immediately added — "0 Lord, Imean George
Washington." It is related, too, that in 1777 a list of " Tories,"
or proscribed persons, was posted up in toAvn-meeting ; that his
name was added, on motion of some one who disliked him ;
and that he rose up, " his hairs touched Avith silver, and his
benignant features kindling into a glow of honest indignation,
and, baring his bosom before his people, he exclaimed, —
" Strike, strike here with your daggers ! I am a true friend
to my country." That, however, he was opposed to the
Whigs is not disputed. He thought separation would ruin
the Colonies. He is represented as one of the most pure and
gende-hearted among New England pastors ; as a scholar of
remarkable attainments, for the last century ; as possessed of
warm and Catholic affections ; as a man extremely prudent
and cautious ; and as sometimes yielding too much for the sake
of peace. He died in 1795, after a ministry of forty-seven
years, Harris, Joseph. A runaway mulatto slave, belonging to
Mr. Henry King, of Hampton, Virginia. In 1775 he gave in
formation against a smuggling schooner, which was seized in
Cherry-stone Creek, and on being threatened with death, was
recommended to Captain Squew, of his Majesty's ship Otter,
and Captain Montague, of the Fowey, as a pilot, Montague
said he had always appeared very sober and prudent, and that
he was a freeman. Harris, it seems, had been a pilot in the
waters of Virginia, but was driven from the employment after
giving intelligence against the illicit trader.
Harrison  . Major, and in command of " a large
body of Tories." Marion was often in pursuit, and finally at
tacked him. In the batde, Harrison received a mortal wound
at the hands of Captain Conyers.
Harrison, Thomas. " A finished villain," who passed by
as many as six different names. While under sentence of

520 HARRISON. - HART.
death at Boston, and the day before the time appointed for
his execution. May 21, 1778, he escaped. He had been
" branded " on the forehead, and had lost both ears by " crop
ping," and wore his hair in a manner to conceal these marks
of infamy. He was soon apprehended, and in July shot on
Boston Common. On his way from prison, he confessed that
his life had been atrociously wdcked, but refused to give his
real name, because he wished to conceal his fate from his
friends. He said, however, that his initials were R. L, and
these letters, at his request, were placed on his coffin. His
last crime was desertion.
Harrison, Charles. He was a captain in the Second
Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. At the peace he went
to St. John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city.
He received half-pay. He was lieutenant-colonel in the mili
tia of New Brunswick. His fate is unknown. The late Gen
eral William Henry Harrison, President of the United States,
was a relative.
Harrison, Richard Acklom. Of Boston. Son of the
Collector of the Customs, In 1768, in the affray that fol-
loAved the seizure of Hancock's vessel for smuggling wine, he
was thrown down, dragged by the hair of his head, and very
seriously injured. One account is that he barely escaped
death. Harrison, Joseph. Collector of the Customs at Boston
in 1768. and after the seizure of Hancock's sloop in that year,
was roughly treated by the mob, and pelted with stones. The
windows of his house, which was adjacent to the Common,
A\'ere also broken ; and a large pleasure-boat belonging to him
was dragged through the streets and burned near his residence,
amidst loud shouts and huzzas. Peter Harrison Avas Collec
tor of the port of New Haven, Connecticut, and died before
June, 1775. The subject of this notice was in England, in
1777, with his wife and daughter.
Hart,  . Of Duke's County, New York. He was
apprehended at Providence, Rhode Island, May, 1777, tried
for holding a commission under Sir William Howe, and for

HARTSHORN. -HATCH. 521
recruiting for the Royal Army, and executed the second day
after his arrest.
Hartshorn, Laavrence. Of ShrcAvshury, New Jersey.
Fled to New York, where he Avas a merchant, and where
he assisted the Royal cause by communicating important in
formation. At the peace he went to Halifax, Nova Scotia,
where he resumed business, and was a member of the House
of Assembly and of the Executive Council, He died in 1822,
aged sixty-five. His son Lawrence is now (1861) Treasurer
of the city of Halifax.
Hartwell, Edward. He was a member of the Genei-al
Court of Massachusetts in 1771 ; and Hutchinson speaks of
him as one of those on the ministerial side, who, in common
times, would have had great weight,
Hasell, James, A member of his Majesty's Council of
North Carolina. In March of 1775 he was present in Council,
and advised Governor Martin to issue his Proclamation against
the Whig Convention to assemble at Newbern on the follow
ing 3d of April. " The Board," says the record, " conceiving
the highest detestation of such proceedings, were unanimous
in advising his Excellency to inhibit such illegal meetings."
While GoA'ernor Martin was absent at New York, for the ben
efit of his health, Mr. Hasell, as President of the Council,
administered the government ; but with less energy and popu
larity than the Governor. He was also appointed to act as
Chief Justice during the absence of Judge Howard.
Hastings, Joseph Stacy. Of New Hampshire, He grad
uated at Harvard University in 1762, and Avas ordained at
North Hampton in 1767. After a fcAv years he embraced
Sandemanianism, and resigned his ministerial office in 1774.
He Avent to Halifax, but returned to Boston, Avhere he kept a
grocery store. He died in 1807, Avhile on a journey to Ver
mont, Hatch, Nathaniel, Of Dorchester, Massachusetts. He
graduated at Harvard UniA'ersity in 1742 ; and, subsequently,
held the office of Clerk of the Courts. In 1776 he accom
panied the British troops to Halifax, at the evacuation of Bos-
44*

522 HATCH. — HATFIELD.
ton. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished, and in 1779
was included in the Conspiracy Act, by which his estate was
confiscated. He died in 1780.
Hatch, Hawes. Of Boston. Brother of Christopher
Hatch. He went to Halifax Avith the Royal Army in 1776.
In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He entered the
service, and in 1782 was a captain in De Lancey's Second
Battalion. He retired on half-pay at the close of the war,
and was a grantee of the city of St. John. For some years
after the Revolution he lived at and in the vicinity of East-
port, Maine, He died at Lebanon, New Hampshire, in 1797.
Hatch, Christopher. Of Boston. When the Royal
Army evacuated that town, March, 1776, cannon, shot, and
shells were left on his wharf, and in the dock. In 1778 he
was proscribed and banished. He accepted a commission un
der the Crown, and was a captain in the Loyal American
Regiment. He was wounded, and commended for his gal
lantry. At the peace he retired on half-pay, (about £80 per
annum.) He \^'as a grantee of the city of St. John, New
Brunswick, but soon after going there established himself as
a merchant near the frontier, and, finally, at St. Andrew,
Charlotte County. He was a magistrate, and colonel in the
mditia. He died at St. Andrew, 1819, aged seventy. Eliz
abeth, his widow, died at the same place, 1830, at the age of
seventy-five. His son, the late Harris Hatch, of St. Andrew,
was a gendeman of consideration, and held the offices of
member of her Majesty's Council, Commissioner of Bank
ruptcies, Surrogate, Registrar of Deeds, member of the Board
of Education, Lieutenant-Colonel in the militia, and Judge of
the Court of Common Pleas,
Hatfield, Isaac. Of New York. He was Lieutenant-
Colonel and Commandant of the Loyal Westchester Volun
teers. In January, 1780, at about one o'clock in the morn
ing, a party of Whigs attacked him, and drove him and his
men into his quarters, when, from the chambers and other
rooms, they kept up a fire upon their assailants, until a straw
bed was set in ffames. As the building burned, the inmates

HATFIELD, 523
escaped at the windows. The Colonel, three of his officers,
and eleven privates, were taken jirisoners. At the peace he
went to St. John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee of that
city. He subsequently settled in Digby, Nova Scotia, and
lived there thirty-six years, until his decease. He died in
1822, aged seventy-four.
Hatfield, Daniel. In 1783 was a grantee of St, John,
New Brunswick. Mary, his widow, died at Springfield, in
that ProAdnce, in 1848, aged ninety-one.
Hatfield, Abraham. Of Westchester County, New
York, The Loyalists who adopted the Protest against Whig
Congresses and Committees, and pledged their lives and prop
erties to support the King and Constitution, April, 1775, met
at his house. A correspondent remarks that he probably died
on his farm, at White Plains, early in the war. Gilbert, his
oldest son, died at the same place about the year 1828.
Hatfield, David, Of New York. He went to St. John,
New Brunswick, in 1783, and was one of the founders of the
city. He used to relate that in 1784 he sold a city lot and a
log-house for four dollars ; that some lots the same year sold
for only one dollar ; others for a jug of rum ; and that the
highest sum paid for choice money in King Street was but
twenty dollars. Mr. Hatfield established himself in business,
and for half a century Avas a principal merchant. He died
at St. John, in 1843, aged eighty. Ann, his widow, died in
1845, at the age of seventy-seven. Recounting, on one occa
sion, to a gentleman of Maine, die sufferings and difficulties
of himself and his companions in exile on their first arrival
in St. John, he was asked by his American friend Avhy he
went there. He straightened himself up, and with emotion
diat brought tears to his eyes, replied, " For my loyalty, sir I "
and in a moment added : " Sir, my principles are as dear to
me as yours can be to you.'
Hatfield,  . Of New Jersey. Joined die British ;
and in 1782 was tried, convicted of treason, and sentenced to
death. His case caused an earnest letter from Sir Henry
Clinton to Washington.

524 HATFIELD.
Hatfield, John Smith. Of Elizabethtown, New Jer
sey, He joined the Royal forces at or in the vicinity of N'ew
York in 1778, and by his course of conduct subsequently
involved himself in much misery. One infamous act is Avell
authenticated. A Tory, sent out as a spy by the British, was
taken within the American lines, regularly tried by a court-
martial, found guilty, and executed. This act Hatfield and
some other Tories determined to revenge, by retaliating upon
one Ball, who, contrary to law, was in the habit of secretly
supplying the British camp at Staten island with provisions.
The first time that Ball went over to that island, after the
execution of the spy, (of AA'hich it does not appear that he had
any knowledge,) he Avas seized by Hatfield, against the ex
press orders of the British commanding officer, and carried
beyond the British lines, where Hatfield hung him with his
own hands. The British officer sent a message to the Whig
commander in the vicinity, disaA'OAving the deed, and declaring
that those alone who had perpetrated the act ought to suffer
for it.
Some time after the war, about the year 1788, Hatfield
returned to New Jersey, where the murder of Ball Avas com
mitted, and was arrested and imprisoned, A witness at the
examination testified that he heard Hatfield say that " he
had hanged Ball, and wished he had many more Rebels, as he
Avould repeat the deed with pleasure ;" and he testified, also,
that Hatfield had showed him the tree on which he suspended
Ball, and the place where he buried his victim. While Hat
field was in jad at Newark, his debaucheries were excessive,
and nearly cost him his life. He was put upon his trial at
the regular term of the Court of Bergen County, New Jersey,
but no witnesses appeared against him, and he was released
from prison on bail, when he immediately fled, and never re
turned to the State. This case formed a subject of inquiry
and comment, in the correspondence between Mr. Jefferson,
Secretary of State, and Mr. Hainmond, the British Minister,
in 1792 ; the latter adducing the proceedings against Hatfield
as one of the alleged infractions of the treaty of peace.

HATFIELD. — HATHAAVAY. 525
Hatfield, Cornelius. Of Ncav Jersey, Was a captain
in the Royal service, and engaged in predatory excursions.
Implicated in the murder of Ball. Fled to Nova Scotia.
Returned to New Jersey in 1807, and was arrested,
Hathaway, Ebenezer, Jr, Of Freetown, Massachu
setts. He was proscribed and banished. Entering the Royal
service, he was a captain ; but disagreeing Avitli his colonel,
resigned his commission on the promise of a majority in a new
corps, but in this he was disappointed. After ascertaining
that he was not likely to receive employment on the land, he
fitted out and commanded a privateer. While thus engaged
he was captured, and with his officers and creAv confined in
Simsbury Mines. He had been extremely active in annoying
the Whigs, and having excited their deepest enmity, was tried
for his life, but escaped conviction. His most celebrated feats
consisted in carrying off Committee-men, and he frequently
went thirty miles in boisterous weather to capture one ; and
he used to say that " he Avould willingly run any risk, and
incur any fatigue, to make these busy and troublesome crea
tures his prisoners." He endured much for the cause of the
CroAvn, but was unable to obtain pecuniary recompense, and
in consequence of his resignation did not receive a pension.
His hardships and Avounds during the war ruined his health.
He died on the river St. John, New Brunswick, about the
year 1811, aged sixty-three. Seven sons survived him,
namely : Ebenezer, Warren, Cah'in Luther, Charles Reed,
James Gdbert, Cushi, and Thomas Gilbert. His wife was
of Whio- principles, and remained true to them throughout
her life, though compelled by the course of events to follow
him into hopeless and interminable exile. One of her sons,
a gendeman of wealth, who resides (1847) in New Bruns
wick, has related to me the following interesting incident:
" My father," said he, " was the son of a Tory captain ; my
mother, the daughter of a Whig major ; and the two families
were thus divided, even to some of the collateral branches.
The political discussions were, of consequence, frequent and
warm. On the birth of one of my brothers, it Avas insisted.

526 HATHAWAY, — HAZARD.
on the one side, that he should receive a Whig, and on the
other, a Tory name. Neither party would yield, and after
many disputes, my father proposed to take the Bible, and give
the child the first proper name he should see on opening it.
This was assented to ; the name happened to be Cushi, and
Cushi was my brother called during his life."
Hathaway, Shadrach, and Calvin. Of Freetown, Mas
sachusetts. Were proscribed and banished in 1778. They
both died in exile ; the former during the war, on Long Isl
and, New York.
Hathaway, Luther. Of Freetown, Massachusetts.
Brother of Ebenezer Hathaway. In 1778 he was proscribed
and banished. He was in the Royal service as lieutenant of
a corps called the Loyal New Englanders. He settled in
Nova Scotia, and died at Cornwallis in 1833.
Hawxhurst, William. Of New York. Merchant, " deal
ing in pig-iron, anchors, potash, kettles, negro wenches and
children, horses," &c. In 1776 he was an Addresser of Lord
and Sir Wdliam Howe.
Hay, John, Of Massachusetts. Died at St. John, New
Brunswick, in 1812, at the age of forty-three.
Hayes, John, and William, Of New York. John was
seized at Long Island, in 1775, sent to Massachusetts, and
confined within the limits of the town of Lunenburg. At
the peace, accompanied by his family of three persons, he
went from Ncav York to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, where he
was living about the year 1805. William, with a family of
six, Avent to the same place at the same time.
Hayter, William. At the peace he went to St. John,
New Brunswick, and Avas a grantee of that city. He died
there in 1817, aged eighty-eight years.
Hazard, Thomas. Of Rhode Island. A merchant of
Avealth. He abandoned home, fied to the British, and in
1782 was in New York, His Avife Eunice, with seven young
children, were reduced to great distress ; and, on petition for
relief, die General Assembly directed that the rents of a part
of his property should be paid to her. His estate was confis-

HAZEN, — HEAD. 527
cated ; but, had he not " indignantly refused to make a sat
isfactory submission," it might have been restored. He went
to England in 1785 ; and the British Government, in con
sideration of his loyalty and sacrifices, granted him five thou
sand acres of land in New Brunswick. He died aged, at St,
John, New Brunswick, in 1804,
The name of Thomas was so common in the Hazard family,
that each one who bore it had a particular appellation, of ne
cessity ; and Updike has a pleasant story on the subject.
Thus, — College Tom Avas a student ; Bedford Tom lived in
New Bedford ; Barley Tom boasted of the barley he raised
on an acre ; Virginia Tom married in Virginia ; Little Neck
Tom lived 6n a Neck so called ; Nailer Tom Avas a black
smith, and made excellent nails ; Rock Tom occupied the
Rocky farm ; Fiddle-head Tom, had a head which resembled
a Dutch fiddle reversed ; Pistol Tom, was wounded by the
explosion of a pistol ; Lerrick Tom, used the word derrick as
a by-word, &c., &c. The subject of the above notice was
Virginia Tom. Thirty-two " Tom Hazards " were living at
one time.
Hazen, John. Removed from Massachusetts to New
Brunswick in 1775. He became a magistrate, and died in
the county of Sunbury in 1828, aged seventy-three.
Head, Sir Edmund, Baronet. He was banished, and his
estate was confiscated. In 1794 he applied to the British
Government, in a petition dated at London, to interpose for
the recovery of some large debts due to him in America at
the time of his banishment. His father was a merchant of
London. He died in 1796 ; and was succeeded by his son
John, Rector of Raleigh in Sussex, and Curate of Egerton,
Kent, who married Jane, only child and heiress of Thomas
Walker, and died in 1838, Sir Edmund Walker Head,
third Baronet, who was born in 1805, married a daughter
of the Rev. Philip Yorke, followed Sir William Colebrook
(1848) as Lieutenant-Governor of Ncav Brunswick, and
is noAv (1860) Governor-General of British America, is the
son of Sir John and Lady Jane. Tbe first Avife of the first

528 HEAD, - HELME.
Baronet was Mary, only daughter of Daniel Raineaux, of
Dublin ; the second, Dorothy, daughter of Maximilian West
ern, of Coke Thorpe, County of Oxford.
Head, Frederick. Of Long Island, New York. A
prisoner prior to August, 1779. While deprived of his
liberty, his house was plundered four times ; the last ma
rauders took clothing and provisions to the value of £200.
Heath, Andrew. Of Germantown, Pennsyh'ania.
Dressed in a green uniform, and thus intending probably to
escape detection, he acted as a guide to the Royal Army,
previous to the battle there ; and absented himself until the
peace. Hecht, Frederick William. Of New York. Lived on
Queen (now Pearl) Street. In 1776, an Addresser of Lord
and Sir William Howe ; and commissioned the same year a
captain in the Royal service. By birth a German.
Hedge, Rev. Lemuel. Of Warwick, Massachusetts.
Congregational minister. He graduated at Harvard Univer
sity in 1759, and was- ordained the following year. In 1775
he was disarmed, and ordered to confine himself to Warwick,
He died at Hardwick, in 1777, in the forty-fourth year of his
age, of a fever, which, as is said, was caused by the excite
ment and fatigue endured by him when in the hands of a
lawless band of thirty or forty persons, Avho seized him, and
carried him to Northampton. Joseph Warren was his class
mate and friend ; and Holland relates that the Whig had in
his pocket, when he fell on Bunker's Hill, a letter " from Mr.
Hedge, in which he professed a sincere interest in the liberty
of his country, although he admitted his doubts in regard to
the issue of the Revolutionary struggle."
Helme, James. Of Rhode Island. Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court. He was elected by the General Assembly
in 1767, or the year preceding. Rome, in his celebrated
letter, affects to believe that he was the only upright man
on that Bench ; and predicted, that, " For his honesty and
candor, I am persuaded he will be deposed at the next elec
tion, unless they [the Whigs, I suppose] should be still in

HELMER. - HENLEY. 529
hopes of making a convert of him." He remained in office
untd the Royal Government was at an end. He died at
South Kingston, Rhode Island, in 1777. His wife was a
daughter of Adam Powell.
Helmer,  . Of Tryon (noAv Montgomery) County,
New York. He accompanied Sir John Johnson to Canada,
when the Baronet violated his parole and fled ; and was one
of the party who, in 1778, returned to Johnstown for the
purpose of securing some of Sir John's valuable effects.
Whde bearing off the iron-chest, he injured his ankle, and
was compelled to go to his fadier's house, where he remained
concealed. But in the spring of 1779 he was arrested as a
spy, tried, and sentenced to death, chiefly on his own admis
sions to the Court.
Hemeon. Of New Jersey, Four went from New York in
1783 to Shelburne, Nova Scotia: namely, Adam, who lost
£600 by his loyalty, and who had a family of ten ; George,
of whom I glean nothing ; Henry, wdiose family consisted of
five; and Philip, Avho died in 1837, aged eighty-nine. A
descendant of one of these has been Mayor of Halifax,
Henderson, Thomas, In 1782 he was a lieutenant in
the Loyal American Regiment. He went to New Brunswick
at the peace, and in 1803 lived at the island of Campo-Bello,
where he was an officer of the Customs. He removed to
St. Andrew, in the same Province, and died there, 1828,
aged seventy-seven.
Heney, Josiah. Was born near Portland, Maine, in
1754, and died at Deer Island, New BrunsAvick, in 1836,
aged eighty-two years. He went to Halifax in the Revolu
tion, and married at Windsor ; but returned to Maine, and
resided for some time at Castine. Changing his abode again,
he lived at the place where he deceased about forty years.
His son Archibald, who was long a packet-master between
Eastport and St, John, died at Deer Island in 1848, aged
sixty-two, leaving a wife and large family. Two other sons,
Josiah and Henry, are now (1850) residents of that island.
Henley, James. Of Maryland. In 1782 he Avas an
VOL. I. 45

530 HENNIGAN. — HERON.
ensign in the Maryland Loyalists, and adjutant of the corps.
He retired at the peace, when he was a lieutenant, on half-
pay. In 1783 he embarked at Ncav York for Nova Scotia,
with a part of his own regiment and a part of the second
battalion of De Lancey's brigade, in the transport ship
3Iartha, and Avas wrecked, near the end of the passage, off
Tusket River. Of about one hundred and seventy men,
women, and children, sixty-five were saved. Lieutenant
Henley, Lieutenant Stirling, and Doctor Stafford, got upon
a piece of the wreck, and floated at sea two days and two
nights, nearly to the waist in water, during which time Stir
ling perished. On the third day, the survivors drifted to an
island, where they remained seven days, poorly clad, and
Avithout fire and food. The sixty-two others who escaped,
Avere taken fi-om rafts by four fishing vessels which belonged
to Massachusetts, and landed at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia,
Hennigan. Of New York. Three went to St. John,
New Brunswick, at the peace, and were grantees of the city ;
namely : Adam, a native of Germany, and his tAvo sons, Chris
topher and Michael. The last abandoned property in New
York estimated to be worth £5000.
Henny',  . Captain in the South Carolina Royalists.
Killed in 1779, during the siege of Savannah.
Hepburn, James. Of North Carolina. He was attached
to a corps of Loyalists as secretary, and in 1776 was taken
prisoner and confined. He was in Ncav York in 1782, and
a notary-public. Herkimer, Colonel Hanjost, or John Joost. Of
New York. He Avas a son of Johan Jost Herkimer, one of
the Palatines of the German Flats, New York ; and a brother
of the Whig General, Nicholas Herkimer. He served in
various county offices until the Revolution. His property
Avas confiscated. He went to Canada, and died there before
1787. Heron,  . Of Reading, Connecticut, He was a
member of the Legislature, and of the County Correspond
ence, as late as Aprd, 1780. On the 4th of September of

HERSEY— HEWES, 531
that year, he went to New York with a flag of truce, and
while there, gave " information " to the Royal officers. At
the moment of his treachery he was employed in the office of
Public Accounts, and possessed the confidence of the AVhigs.
His own declarations, as stated in the paper before me,
Avere, that " He was ever an enemy to the declaration of
independency ; but he said little, except to the most trusty
Loyalists. He stands well with the officers of the Conti
nental Army ; with General Parsons he is intimate, and is
not suspected. He was at an interview between General
Parsons and Mr. Izard, who arrived in Terney's Fleet, and
went on to Philadelphia," &c., &c. The " information "
occupies several printed pages.
Hersey, Abner. Of Barnstable, Massachusetts. Physi
cian. Of some distinction in his profession ; just in his
dealings ; and of rigid morality. But, eccentric, whimsi
cal, and capricious, domestic happiness and social inter
course were strangers in his family. He lived principally
on milk and vegetables, and wore a coat made of seven
tanned calf-skins. He railed at the fashions of the time,
and he railed at die people Avith whom he mingled. Of his
sincerity, we have the following instance. The widow of his
brother and a female friend proposed to visit him, and so
informed him by letter. He answered : — " Madam, I can't
have you here : I am sick, and my wife is sick ; I have no
hay nor corn for your horses ; I have no servants, and I had
rather be chained to a galley-oar than wait on you myself"
He died in 1787, aged sixty-five. His wid is one of the
strangest documents on record ; and the Legislature inter-
ferred, finally, to put an end to his absurd scheme to perpet
uate his estate. He was the founder of the professorship of the
theory and practice of medicine in Harvard University. Han
nah, his widow, died at Barnstable in 1794, aged sixty-four.
Hewes, Shub.ael, Of Boston. The Councd of Massachu
setts ordered his arrest, April, 1776. Prior to the evacua
tion, he was chief butcher to the British Army. He died at
Boston in 1813, aged eighty-one.

o32 HEWLETT.
Hewlett, Richard. Of Hempstead, New York. He was
a captain in the French war, and assisted in the capture of
Fort Frontenac. In the Revolutionary strife, he took an
early and active part on the side of the King. In 1775 he
told a distinguished Whig that he had mustered his command
a few days previously, when, " had your battalion appeared,
we should have Avarmed their sides." Before the close of
that year he received from the Asia ship-of-war a great
quantity of ammunition, some small-arms, and a cannon. In
March, 1776, his course had rendered him very obnoxious to
the Whigs ; and General Lee directed that " Richard Hew
lett is to have no conditions offered to him, but is to be secured
without ceremony." He accepted a commission when De
Lancey's corps was raised, and was lieutenant-colonel of the
third of De Lancey's Battalions.
In command of the garrison of two hundred and sixty men
at Setauket, Long Island, Ncav York, in 1777, immediate sur
render was demanded by General Parsons. The Colonel asked
his soldiers if he should submit. " No ! " Avas the response.
" Then," said he, " I '11 stick to you as long as there 's a man
left." After a Cannonade of two or three hours, the Whigs
retreated ; and the Colonel was complimented for his good
conduct in general orders. Some months after, the post was
abandoned. January 2, 1778, " one hundred and thirty
Tories from the west end of Long Island, commanded " by
him, "came down to Southold, Oyster Pond," and robbed
the inhabitants of clothing, money, grain, cattle, &c. At
the close of the war he retired on half-pay, and settled in
New Brunswick. He was a grantee of the city of St. John,
and its mayor. He died on the river St. John, near Gage
town, in 1789. His wddow, whose maiden name was Mary
Townsend, died on Long Island, New York, in 1819, aged
eighty-five. Hewlett, Thomas. Of New York. Son of Colonel
Richard, He was a captain in the New York Volunteers,
and in 1780 was killed at Hanging Rock, while looking out
of the loophole of a block-house, to see what the " Rebels "
were doing.

HEYDEN, — HICKS 533
Heyden, S. a captain in the King's Rangers. In 1777,
made prisoner, violated his parole, and sent to the Council of
Pennsylvania. In November, 1782, he had retired to the
Island of St. John, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Avhere he invited
other Loyalists to follow him.
Hickey, Edward. Went to Cape Breton; returned to
the United States, and died at Boston in 1793.
Hickey, Thomas, In 1776 a plot of the disaffected to
the Whig cause extended to Washington's own camp, and
part of his guard were engaged in it, Hickey was one of
the number. He was tried, and having been convicted by
the unanimous opinion of a court-martial, was executed on
the 28th of June of that year, in a field between McDougall's
and Huntington's camps, near the Boieery Lane, New York,
in the presence of nearly twenty thousand spectators.
Hicks, Jonathan. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at
Harvard University in 1770, and fitted himself for the prac
tice of medicine. In 1773 or 1774 he was at Gardinerston,
(noAv Gardiner, Maine,) where he " expressed himself highly
against Whig Committees, calling them Rebels, and using other
opprobious language against the people who appeared for lib
erty." He was afterwards at Plymouth, Massachusetts, and
continued the same course of conduct, and " at certain times
appeared very high, and once drew his sword or spear upon
certain persons." The evening after the battle of Lexington,
he left Plymouth, and took shelter Avith a detachment of the
Royal troops at Marshfield, and finally retired to Boston.
Soon after. General Gage despatched the sloop Polly to Nova
Scotia for supplies, and he embarked ; designing, as he said,
to remain at Halifax, " if he could find business, in order to
be ont of the noise." On the passage, the Polly was captured,
and Hicks was sent prisoner to the Provincial Congress. That
body ordered a Committee to investigate his case in June,
1775 ; and as Hicks himself owned that his conduct had, on
the whole, been that of a person " whom the people for liberty
cad a Tory," he was sent under guard to Concord, and cora-
45*

534 HICKS.
mitted to jail. He entered the Royal service, subsequently,
and was a surgeon. He died at Demarara, in 1826.
Hicks, Charles. Of Long Island, New York. Arrested
by order of the Provincial Congress, and sent to Connecticut;
but released on parole, and under recognizance of £500 to be
of good behavior. In 1780 an Addresser of Governor Rob
ertson, The same year he Avas in command of a party of
Loyal militia; and some Whigs having captured a schooner
in Jamaica Bay, in August, he assembled his company, and
with a few volunteers, in two boats, went in quest of them.
He offered the " Rebels " good quarters, provided they would
surrender ; this they refused, and a smart action ensued, in
which the Whigs were overcome. They accordingly accepted
the terms at first rejected, and became prisoners. Twenty-eight
thus fell into Hicks's hands, of whom one was a clergyman.
Hicks, John. Printer, of Boston. Was born in Cam
bridge, Massachusetts, and was proscribed and banished in
1778, His father was a Whig, and lost his hfe in the affair
of Lexington. John, it Avas supposed, was a Whig also ; but
in 1773, he and Nathaniel Mills bought the " Massachusetts
Gazette and Post-Boy " of Green and Russell, and devoted
it to the support of the measures of the Ministry. His paper
was conducted with much ability, spirit, and A'igor. Among
the writers for it were persons of great political knowledge
and judgment. It was believed at the time that officers of
the British Army were likcAvise contributors to its columns.
Hicks went to Halifax in 1776, and continued with the Royal
troops at different posts throughout the Avar, supporting, pro
fessionally, the side which he last espoused ; and on the evac
uation of New York, went again to Halifax, Nova Scotia,
where he remained a few years, and then returned to Boston.
Having acquired considerable property by his business during
the Revolution, he purchased an estate at Newton, Massachu
setts, on Avhich he resided until his death.
Hicks, Gilbert, Sheriff of Bucks, Pennsylvania. In
1776, and in the fall of that year, by calling court in the
King's name, gave great offence to the Whigs. A mob as-

HILL. 535
sembled to hang him, but he escaped their hands ; and after
concealing himself in the Avoods for several weeks, effected his
escape. Attainted of treason and estate confiscated. He
" went to Nova Scotia, Avhere he received some land, and an
annual pension. Some few years after he was assassinated on
his way home, after receiving his pay,"
Hill, Rev. Abraham, Of Shutesbury, Massachusetts.
Congregational minister. He graduated at Harvard Univer
sity in 1737, and Avas ordained in 1742. After a ministry of
about thirty-four years, and in 1776, his flock refused to hear
him preach. " His Toryism Avas most offensive." He was put
in the pound, and herrings were thrown over to him to eat.
In 1778 he was dismissed. Subsequently, he sued for arrears
of salary, and recovered judgment. He Avas the only Loyal
ist in toAvn of any note. Until compelled, he refused to pay
the taxes imposed by the Whigs ; and brought an action in
the Court of Common Pleas to regain the amount paid against
his wiff. He died in 1788.
Hill, William. Of Massachusetts. Embarked with his
family of sixteen persons at Boston for Halifax, with the Royal
Army. At the peace, accompanied by his family of eighteen
persons, and by five servants, he went from Ncav York to
Shelburne, Nova Scotia, where the CroA\'n granted him fifty
acres of land, one town and one water lot. His losses in con
sequence of his loyalty were estimated at £330.
Hill, Erskine. Of Connecticut. . Member of the Read
ing Loyalist Association.
Hill, John. Of Long Island, Ncav York. In 1782 he
was an Inspector in the Superintendent Department estab
lished at New York, and was stationed at Brooklyn. He set
tled at Digby, Nova Scotia, at the peace, and died there with
out family.
Hill, Richard. Brother of John ; also settled at Digby,
was a magistrate, and Acting Collector of the Customs. Ad
ministration on his estate advertised, June, 1803.
Hill, Henry. Of Bucks County, Pennsylvania; and
Patrick, of Wyoming; attainted of treason and property

536 HILL. - HOLLAND.
confiscated. John, also attainted, but surrendered himself
and Avas discharged.
Hill, Thomas. Of Wyoming. It is stated that he was
engaged in the Massacre in 1778, and that with his own
hands he killed his mother and several other relatives ; but,
like the story of similar deeds by the Terrys, the relation is
of doubtful truth.
Hill, Joshua. Of Delaware. Attainted of treason and
estate confiscated. At the peace, accompanied by his family
of three persons, and by one servant, he went from New
York to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, where the Crown granted
him fifty acres of land, one town and one water lot. His losses
in consequence of his loyalty were estimated at £10,000.
Hill, Richard. Of South Carolina. The Act of 1782
confiscates estate in the possession of his heirs or devisees.
Hilt, William. Died at St. John, Ncav Brunswick, in
1822, aged seventy.
Hilton, Benjamin, Jr. Of Schenectady, New York.
Attorney-at-law. In December, 1775, he wrote a letter to
Alexander White, Sheriff of the county of Tryon, Avhich, in
the opinion of the Committee of the city and county of Al
bany, contained expressions of " unwarrantable exultation in
the distress and defeat which he supposed a part of the Con
tinental Army had sustained " in Canada ; and which caused
various proceedings against him. At last, the Committee
voted their " disdain of his impotent attempts " to traduce the
Whig troops in question ; and " to dismiss him from further
prosecution." Hogg, John. Of North Carolina. One of the last official
acts of Governor Martin was to commission ^this gentleman as
a magistrate for the county of Orange. The Whigs at this
time (1775) had so far obtained the ascendency in the public
councils, as to cause his Excellency to dissolve the Assembly ;
and no new House was elected during the remaining period of
his administration.
Holland, Samuel. Surveyor-General of the Colonies
north of Virginia. A major in the French war, and en-

HOLLAND. 537
gaged in the expeditions against Louisburg and Quebec.
When Wolfe fell, he -svas near. In 1773 he announced his
intention to make Perth Amboy, New Jersey, his head-quar
ters, and wrote to a gentleman there to inquire for houses to
accommodate himself and his assistants. He had then com
pleted the surveys as far west as Boston. Proposed in 1774
to get round Cape Cod and to Ncav London ; and said it Avould
be at least six years before he should be able to finish his
labors. In 1775, he A\'rote Lord Dartmouth that he Avas ready
to run the line between Massachusetts and New York, By a
communication laid before the Provincial Congress of Massa
chusetts in July, 1775, it appears that he had loaned to Alex-
der Shepard, junior, (who also Avas a surveyor,) a plan or
survey of Maine, which Shephard disliked to return, fearing
that it might be used in a manner prejudicial to the Whig
cause, as Holland was an adherent of the Crown, and then
in New Jersey. Congress considered the matter, and by re
solve, recommended to Shephard to retain Holland's plan,
and another which he himself had made, until leave should
be granted for other disposition of them. Major Holland
went to Lower Canada, where he resumed his duties of Sur
veyor-General, in which capacity he served nearly fifty years.
He died in that Province in 1801, and, at the time of his
decease, was a member of the Executive and Legislative
Councils. Holland, Stephen. Of Londonderry, New Hampshire.
He was a colonel in the militia, a member of the House of
Assembly, and a man of note. In 1775 he appeared at a
town-meeting, and made a written declaration that the charges
against him, as being an enemy to his country, were false ; and
concluded with saying that " he was ready to assist his coun
trymen in the glorious cause of liberty, at the risk of his life
and fortune." But in 1778 his estate Avas confiscated, and he
was proscribed and banished. He Avas a gentleman of culture,
easy address, and influence. He Avent to England, thence to
Ireland, and died soon after the peace,
Holland, John. Of New Hampshire. Proscribed and

538 HOLLAND. — HOLT.
banished. A Loyalist of this name was sheriff of the county
of St. John, New Brunswick, in 1792, and died in that Prov
ince in 1806.
Holland, Richard. Of Massachusetts. He was pro
scribed and banished. In 1782 he was an ensign of infantry
in the Queen's Rangers. At the peace he went to St. John,
New Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. He setded
subsequendy on the coast, at Dipper Harbor, where he now
(1843) lives, and receives half-pay.
HoLLiDAY, William. Of Charleston, South Carohna. In
1780, Judge Pendleton, of South Carolina, as was alleged, vio
lated his parole to Sir Henry Clinton, and fled from Charles
ton, and Lord Cornwallis threatened to retaliate upon his
Whig prisoners. The case was submitted to Congress, and
the act of escape justified, on the ground that Holliday, at the
head of a band of Tories, had determined to seize the Judge in
his quarters in the night, and hang him at the town-gate.
HoLLiNGSWORTH,  . Of Georgia. Captain in the
corps of the infamous McGirth. In 1780, while on an expe
dition to South Carolina, his party murdered seventeen men
on their farms, in one or two days ; and, for miles, the coun
try was a scene of ruin. Disappointed at not finding a par
ticular Whig of whom they were in quest, they took the flint
out of the lock of a musket, and put his wife's thumb in its
place, and applied the screw, in order to compel her to disclose
the place of his concealment. Two Loyalists of this surname,
Timothy and Valentine, were attainted of treason in Georgia,
and lost their estates by confiscation. The above was prob
ably one of them.
Holt, Moses. Captain in the Pennsylvania Loyalists.
After the war he settled in William Henry (now Sorel)
district of Montreal, Canada, where he acquired valuable
real estate, and was a magistrate. He received half-pay.
He died at William Henry in 1799. His first wife bore
him William Johnson, and two daughters, Beeda and INlelin-
da. His second wife, Esther Solomon, was the mother of
Guy Solomon and George Garth.

HOLT.-IIONEYMAN, 539
Holt, William Johnson. Son of the preceding, ensign
in Ferguson's Rangers, This corps formed a part of the army
of Burgoyne at the time of his surrender, and, with other
Provincial prisoners, retired to Canada, by permission of Gates.
The subject of this notice settled in Montreal, Avhere he held
the lucrative office of Inspector of Pot and Pearl Ashes, and
where he accumulated considerable property. He received
half-pay for nearly fifty years. He died at Montreal in 1826.
By his first wife, (Ruah Stevens, of Pittsfield, Massachusetts,)
he Avas the father of a large family of sons and daughters ; by
his second wife, (Elizabeth Cuyler,) he left no issue. His
sixth son, Charles Adolphus, alone has surAdving male chil
dren, of whom the eldest, Charles Gates Holt is (1864) a dis
tinguished counsellor-at-law, and a gentleman of the highest
respectability, at Quebec. In February, 1864, he was ap
pointed one of her " Majesty's Counsel learned in the LaAv,"
and thus is entitled to wear the " silk robe."
HoLYOKE, Edward Augustus. Of Salem, Massachusetts.
Son of President Holyoke, of Harvard University ; was born
August 13, 1728, and graduated in 1746. His first Avife was
a daughter of Colonel Benjamin Pickman, of Salem ; his
second, of Nathaniel Viall, of Boston. He was an Addresser
of Hutchinson, on his departure, and of Gage, on his arrival,
and for addressing the first became a Recanter. He com
mitted himself no more, and was allowed to remain in the
country without molestation. He died at Salem, March 31,
1829, aged one hundred years, having practised medicine for
seventy-nine years. On the day he was a century old, his
professional brethren of Boston and Salem, to the number of
about fifty, gave him a public dinner.
Homer, Joseph. In 1776 he accompanied the Royal
Army from Boston to Halifax ; and immediately fixing his
abode in Barrington, Nova Scotia, lived there eA'er after. He
held the offices of Collector of his Majesty's Customs, and of
Collector of Colonial Duties, and was a magistrate. He died
in 1837, at the age of eighty-one.
HoNEYMAN, James. Of Rhode Island. Last Royal Advo-

540 HOOD, - HOOK.
cate-General of the Court of Vice-Admiralty In that Colony.
His father was Rector of Trinity Church, Newport. He was
born in 1710. Educated to the bar, he acquired distinction
early ; and, while yet young, was elected Attorney-General,
and held the office until it was abolished, in 1741. Subse
quently, he was much employed in public business ; and
finally appointed Advocate-General. He " was a sound and
able laAvyer, and enjoyed an extensive practice through the
Colony." His wife Avas Elizabeth Golding. He died in 1788,
at the age of sixty-seven. The husbands of his daughters ad
hered to the Royal side, and much that he bequeathed them was
confiscated ; but on petition, the Legislature made restoration.
Hood, Zachariah. Stamp-Master for Maryland. In 1765
a mob of several hundred pulled down his house in Annap
olis, which he was repairing, as was supposed, for a stamp-
office. Unwilling to relinquish the post, because he wanted
its emoluments, yet terrified, he fled to New York, and, for
entire safety, lived in the Fort, Assailed even there by the
" Sons of Liberty," he consented to resign, and to swear that
he Avas sincere in renouncing his odious office.
HooGHTELiNG, WiLLiAM. He deserted from a Whig
regiment raised in New York, at the instance, as he averred,
of his stepfather and of others of his family, and became a
marauder, or Tory robber. In May, 1779, he was executed
at Albany.
Hook, John. A wealthy Scot, living in Campbell County,
Virginia. When Cornwallis had invaded the State in 1781,
an American Commissary, one Venables, seized two of Hook's
cattle for the use of the Whigs. After the peace. Hook, who
was generally believed to be unfriendly to the i:ause, sued
Venables for trespass on the case, the act of taking the oxen
having been, it would seem, high-handed and not in due form
of laAv. Patrick Henry was for the defence, William CoAvan
for the plaintiff. Mr. Henry, by exciting the passions of the
jury against the alleged Tory predilections of the plaintiff,
gained the case. After dwelling on the shouts of triumph
which hailed the final success of Washington's arms, he con-

HOOPER. 541
tinned : " but hark ! what notes of discord are these which
disturb the general joy, and silence the acclamations of
victory? — they are the notes q^ John Hook, bawling hoarsely
through the American camp, beef! heef ! beef !"
Hooper, William. Of Boston. He Avas setded first as
a Congregational minister of the West Church ; but suc
ceeded Mr. Davenport as Rector of Trinity Church in 1747.
A number of Congregational clergymen became Episcopa
lians about the same time. He was a man of eloquence and
talents. He died in 1767. The Rev. Doctor Walter was
his successor. His son, William, graduated at Harvard Uni
versity in 1760, studied law with James Otis, emigrated to
North Carolina after the Stamp Act troubles, and became a
member of Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of In
dependence. Mr, Jefferson has left behind him the recorded
opinion, distinctly and pointedly expressed, that in the Con
gress of 1776 he was a rank Tory. Possibly it was so ; but
most men — very likely — will regard William Hooper the
younger, as of a very different political school. The fact that
he was a signer, affords very questionable proof of his attach
ment to the British Crown, at the least. And some persons —
not improbably — will be ready to ask, " If the signers of
the Declaration of Independence were Tories, where shall
we look for the Whigs ?"
Hooper, George. Of North Carolina. Brother of Wil
liam Hooper, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
He took refuge in South Carolina. In the winter of 1782
he was at Charleston, " in suspense what to do ; " and in the
summer of that year, at Wilmington, with his famdy, in a
flag of truce. In 1783 he visited North Carolina again, and
was suffered to live unmolested several weeks ; but a warrant
for his arrest was issued, finally, and he departed. Accom
panied by his wife, he went to Wilmington stiff again, in
1785, and saw his brother Wiffiam, who said : " Our meet
ing was awkward, distant, and distressing to me." It was
remarked of Mrs, Hooper, that she had grown " more easy
and affable."
VOL. I. 46

.542 HOOPER.
A lawyer of note in North Carolina, who Avrote many
sneering and querulous letters, said in 1787 : " In this quarter,
Avhere we are not famed for any intimacy with Scripture, we
AA'ere for some time at a loss to know who Gallio was ; but a
NeAV England man, one George Hooper, found in the eigh
teenth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, that Gallio,
before vi'hom the Jews brought Paul, was deputy of Achaia.
The application would haA'e better suited his purpose, had
the Judge substituted the Assembly in the place of Judge
Gallio, himself for the Apostle, and the lawyers for the JeAvs;
but the fool had not undei'standing sufficient to apply the
text, so as to prove from Scripture his own righteousness.
Having taken the name of Judge Gallio upon himself, it may
very properly be apphed to him for the future." The
Loyalist, at this period, seems to have had a home in or near
Wilmington, and to have been in the toils of the law. At
the close of the year 1787, his Whig brother, Wdham, re
marked : " George, after court, called Spencer, with due
spirit and decency, to account for expressions which he had
made use of respecting himself and Maclaine in Burgynn's
business, Spencer degraded himself" Our Loyalist, later
in life, Avas a distinguished merchant at Wilmington, and the
first President of the Bank of Cape Fear,
Hooper, Thomas. Of North Carolina. Brother of Wil
liam Hooper, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
An Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton, at Charleston, in 1780.
In February, 1782, he Avas still in that city, transacting a
large business, and rapidly accumulating a fortune; but the
expectation Avas, that his wife would soon embark for England,
and that he would follow her. In July, 1785, they had been
abroad, and had returned to Wilmington, North Carolina.
Both were in consumption, " both were going to Rhode
Island, — flying from death, which was at no great distance
from them ! " " Mrs. Hooper," wrote one who then saA\'
her, " is a very fine woman, much polished by her tour
through Britain ; alas I yet but a little while, and how useless
aff her accomplishments." Possibly, they recovered ; for on

HOOPER. - HORSEMANDEN. 543
the last day of the year 1787, I find that husband and wife
were guests of their brother William, at Point Repose, North
Carolina, without a word about their health.
Hooper, Joseph. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. Was
a graduate of Harvard University, of the class of 1763. In
1774 he was an Addresser of Hutchinson, and in 1775
abandoned home for England, where he was a manufacturer
of paper, and where he died in 1812. Several persons of
Marblehead of the name of Hooper were Addressers of
Hutchinson. To Avit : Robert ; Robert, Jr. ; Robert the third,
and Sweet. One of the Robert's died in that town in 1790 ;
and another in 1814, aged seventy- two.
Hopkins,  , Of Georgia. In 1775 he ridiculed the
Whig Committee of Safety personally, and spoke in contempt
of their objects. In consequence of Avhich, he was tarred and
feathered by a mob, avIio, to complete his disgrace, placed him
in a cart, which was illuminated for the occasion, and carried
through the streets of Savannah, attended by a crowd, for
several hours. In 1778, John Hopkins, of Georgia, was at
tainted and lost his estate by confiscation ; probably the same.
HopTON, John. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad
dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was also a Peti
tioner to be armed on the side of the CroAvn. He was ban
ished, and in 1782 his property Avas confiscated. Prior to
the Revolution he was a merchant. At the evacuation of
Charleston he left the country. The British Government
made him a partial allowance for his losses. He died in 1831.
Horry, Daniel. Of South Carolina. In 1774, after the
port of Boston was shut by Act of Parliament, he Avas a mem
ber of the committee of die city of Charleston to receive
donations for the sufferers in that town. In 1782 his estate
was amerced twelve per cent.
Horsemanden, D.\NiEL. Of New York. He was recorder
of the city ; and, subsequendy, President of the Council, and
Chief Justice of the Colony. In 1773, at Avhich time he held
the last-named office, he was appointed a commissioner under
the great seal of England, to inquire into die affair of burning

544 HORSFIELD. — HOUGH.
the King's ship Gaspee, by a party of Whigs of Rhode Island,
the previous year. In 1776, he, widi Oliver De Lancey, and
nine hundred and forty-six others of the city and county of
New York, were Addressers of Lord Howe ; and on the same
day (October 16,) he addressed Governor Tryon. The same
year, the latter said that the Chief Justice was very old and
feeble, and his infirmities would probably prevent his attend
ance at the meetings of the Councd.
In 1777 Judge Horsemanden Avrote Tryon, that when he
went to Newport about the Gaspee, he was ill of rheumatism,
was unable to walk without help, and at a time of life drawing
near fourscore ; that he was obliged to take his wife, carriage,
and two horses with him, &c. ; that the Commissioners ad
journed to the next year, when he went again " under the
like circumstances ; " that he had expended upwards of £200
of his own money on these occasions, " which remains out of
pocket this day, and hitherto my trouble for nothing ; " while
his regular salary as Chief Justice was much in arrears, &c,,
and he solicited the Governor's good offices with Lord George
Germain, The Judge died in 1778, and was buried in Trinity
church-yard. His " History of the Negro Plot, or New York
Conspiracy," was republished in 1810. Of the conspirators of
whom this publication treats, fourteen were burnt and eigh
teen Avere hanged. He Avas engaged in the public affairs of
New York for a period of thirty years.
HoRSFiELD, Thomas, Of New York. In July, 1783, he
was at New York, and one of the fifty-five petitioners. [See
Abijah Willard.] He went to St. John, New Brunswick, soon
after, and was one of the grantees of that city. In that Prov
ince he was a magistrate. He died at St. John, 1819, aged
seventy-nine. Ann, his wife, died in 1815, at the age of sev
enty-two. Mr, Horsfield left a large and valuable estate. His
son James, also a Loyalist, accompanied him to New Bruns
wick, and received a grant of land.
Hough, Benjamin. A magistrate of the NeAv Hampshire
Grants, now Vermont. He was seized, beaten, stripped of his
property, driven from his family, and compelled to take refuge

HOUGH. — HOUSTON. 545
in New York. Furnished with a document of which the fol
lowing is a copy, he began his sad journey : —
" Sunderland, 30 January, 1775.
" This may certify the inhabitants of New Hampshire
Grants, that Benjamin Hough has this day receiA'ed a full
punishment for his crimes committed heretofore against this
country, and our inhabitants are ordered to give him, the said
Hough, a free and unmolested passage to\\'ard the city of
New York, or to the Avestward of our Grants, he behaving as
becometh. Given under hands the day and date aforesaid.
" Ethan Allen.
" Seth Warner."
When Ethan Allen was both judge and executive officer,
there can be no doubt of the sufficiency of punishment.
Hough, it seems, was tied to a tree and received tAvo hundred
lashes, and he was told that if he returned from his banish
ment he should receive five hundred lashes more. Among
the grave off'ences charged against him was, that he had in
formed the Governor of New York of the mobbing and injury
of Benjamin Spencer, Esquire, a gentleman of his own politi
cal sentiments.
HousECKER, Nicholas. Of Lancaster County, Pennsyl
vania. Attainted of treason and property confiscated. He
was originally a Whig, and was commissioned a major in
Wayne's command ; but went over to the enemy. It is
said of him, that he was " a soldier of fortune, and a true
mercenary." Houston, Sir Patrick. Of Georgia, In 1777 the Com
mittee of Safety for the parish of St. John, gave permission to
him and two others to ship rice to Surinam, under bond and
security that it should not be landed in a British port ; but,
by the agency of William Panton, a Loyahst mentioned in
this Avork, the destination of the vessels was changed, and the
bond was forfeited. The result was that Houston was in
cluded in the Banishment and Confiscation Act. He had an
46*

546 HOUSTON, — HOW^ARD.
estate in South Carolina, which, in 1782, was amerced twelve
per cent. I find the death of Sir George Houston, Baronet,
in Georgia, in 1795.
Houston, John. Of Bedford, New Hampshire. Minister.
An early and zealous Loyalist. In 1775 the town voted to
shut his church. He replied in writing, in a manner discred
itable. Insisting upon occupying his pulpit, the doors and
windows were fastened against him. Finally, "the people"
elected a committee to inflict the disgraceful punishment of
the " wooden horse." Compelled to mount the rail, a pair of
kitchen-tongs were placed astride his neck, and, mid jeers and
shouts, he rode about six mdes. A year later, he refused to
sign the Test. He preached in Vermont subsequently, but
was not again settled. In 1782 there was a Loyalist Asso
ciator of this name at New York, with a family of five per
sons, to settle at Shelburne, Nova Scotia.
Houston, James, Of North Carolina, On the passage
of the Stamp Act, he was appointed Stamp-Master of that
Colony, On the arrival of the ship with the Stamped Paper,
he was an inmate of Governor Tryon's house. A large mob
repaired to the palace — as it was called — and demanded that
Houston should come to the door ; but Tryon " refused to
allow the claims of such a body to an audience," and persisted
in his course, until the threat of the multitude to fire his
dwelling was on the point of being executed. Houston was
led out finally, and conducted to the market-place, where he
took an oath never to perform the duties of his office.
HovENDON, Richard, Of Pennsylvania. Was a captain
of cavalry in the British Legion, He acted for a time with
the Queen's Rangers in the neighborhood of Philadelphia,
and in his excursions made prize of quantities of clothing.
His company was finally incorporated into Tarleton's Legion.
Attainted of treason and estate confiscated.
Howard, Martin. Of North Carolina. He removed to
diat Colony from Rhode Island. During the Stamp Act ex
citement, in 1765, his effigy was drawn through the streets,
and hung on a gallows ; his house at Newport was de-

HOWARD. 547
stroyed, and his person injured. He fled to North Carolina,
where, after the suicide of Judge Berry, he Avas appointed a
member of the Council, and Chief Justice. His reputation
does not appear to have been good ; nor does it seem that the
calm and moderate respected him ; while from others he some
times received abuse, and even bodily harm. Careful pens
speak -of his profligate character, and of his corrupt and wicked
designs, and aver that the members of the Assembly hated
him. In the great riot at Hillsborough in 1770, Judge Ho\\'ard
was driven from the Bench, but the mob respected his asso
ciate. Judge Moore. In 1774 Howard's judicial functions
ceased, in consequence of the tumults and disorders of the
times ; and the suspension from office of one Avho " was noto
riously destitute not only of the common virtues of humanity,
but of all sympathy whatever with the community in which
he lived," was a matter of much joy. In 1775 he was pres
ent in Council, and expressed the highest detestation of un
lawful meetings, and advised Governor Martin to inhibit and
forbid the assembling of the Whig Convention appointed at
Newbern. In July, 1777, he embarked with his family for
a Northern port, and visited Rhode Island. In conversation
with Secretary Wood, he observed : " Henry, you may rely
upon it, I shall have no quarrel with the Sons of Liberty of
Newport ; it was they who made me Chief Justice of North
Carolina, with a. thousand pounds sterling a year."
He went to England in 1778, and reported to fellow-Loy
alists that a number of gentlemen of influence and property,
who had been neutral, to see which way the contest would
finally end, had lately joined the Royal side. He died in
England, December, 1781. James Center married one of
his daughters, and after her decease, became the husband of
another. Howard, John. In 1782 he was a captain in the King's
Orange Rangers. For some part of the contest, he was un
der command of Tarleton, and had much difficulty with that
officer. He and Colonel Beverley Robinson were intimate.

548 HOWARD. — HOWE.
He setded in New Brunswick, and Avas a magistrate many
years. He died at Hampton, 1824, aged eighty-two.
Howard, Sheffield. Of New York. Lost a large
amount of property during the war. His daughter Anne
married Major Bingham ; and, a widow, became the wife of
Sir Thomas Hay, Baronet, Sir Jaines Douglas Hamilton
Hay, the present (1857) baronet, is the oldest son of the
second marriage.
Howe, John. Of Boston. He was proscribed and ban
ished. He was a native of that town, and at the Revolu
tionary era conducted, in connection with Mrs. Draper, the
" Massachusetts Gazette and Boston News Letter."
His son Joseph, of whom presently, in a speech in Faneuil
Hall, July 4, 1858, thus spoke: " Mr. Mayor, I never come
to Boston without feeling that I am at home, for I find friends
everywhere and relatives not a few. I have partaken, on
former occasions, of its unbounded hospitality. We have not
forgotten, in the Provinces, — who that was present will ever
forget ? — the noble celebration with which you inaugurated
your great public Avorks, I told you, on that occasion, that
my father was a Boston boy. He, like Franklin and like the
Governor of your State (avIio has just done himself honor by
referring to the fact), learnt the printing business in this city.
He had just completed his apprenticeship, and Avas engaged to
a very pretty girl, when the Revolution broke out. He saw
the battle of Bunker's Hill from one of the old houses here —
he nursed the wounded when it was over. Adhering to the
British side, he was driven out at the evacuation, and retired
to Newport, where his betrotfied followed him. They were
married there, and afterwards settled at Halifax. He left all
his household goods and gods behind him, carrying away noth
ing but his principles and the pretty girl. (Great laughter
and applause.)
" The Loyalists who left these States, were not, it must be
confessed, as good Republicans as you are ; but they loyed lib
erty under their old forms, and their descendants love it too.
My father, though a true Briton to the day of his death, loved

HOWE. 549
New England, and old Boston especially, with filial regard.
He never lost an oiiportunity of serving a Boston man, if in
his poAver. At the close of your railway banquet, one gen
deman told me that my father had, during the last Avar, taken
his father from the Military Prison at Melville Island, and
sent him back to Boston. Another, on the same evening,
showed me a gold watch sent by an uncle, who died in the
West Indies, to his family. It was pawned by a sailor in
Halifax, but redeemed by my father, and sent to the dead
man's relatives. And so it was, all his life. He loved his
sovereign, but he loved Boston too, and whenever he got sick
in his latter days, we used to send him up here to recruit. A
sight of the old scenes and a Avalk upon Boston Common were
sure to do him good, and he generally came back uncommonly
well." (Laughter.)
Elsewhere, the same son remarked : " For thirty years he
was my instructor, my playfellow, almost my daily compan
ion. To him I owe my fondness for reading, my familiarity
with the Bible, my knowledge of old Colonial and American
incidents and characteristics. He left me nothing but his ex
ample and the memory of his many virtues, for all that he
ever earned Avas given to the poor. He was too good for this
world ; but the remembrance of his high principle, his cheer
fulness, his childlike simplicity, and truly Christian character,
is never absent from my mind."
The subject of this notice established a newspaper at Hal
ifax, and was King's Printer. He died in that city, greatly
lamented, in 1835, in his eighty-second year. Mary, his
widow, deceased in 1837, aged seventy-four. His son, Wd
liam Howe, Assistant Commissary-General, who died at Hal
ifax, January, 1843, aged fifty-seven ; John Howe, Queen's
Printer, and Deputy Postmaster-General, who died at the
same place the same year, and David Howe, who published
a paper at St. AndreAv, New Brunswick, some twenty years
ago, were his sons. Of the same relation is the Hon. Joseph
Howe, late of the Council, and Collector of Excise at Hal
ifax, and the present leader of die Liberal party of Nova

-=.350 HOYT. — HUBBARD,
Scotia, and (1860) Secretary of the Province, His " Speeches
and Public Letters," published in Boston, 2 vols, 8vo., in
1858, contain demands upon the Home Government for the
extension of Colonial rights and privileges, which have no
parallel in the documentary history of the ReAolution. In a
word, this son of a Loyalist speaks in bolder tones than any
Whig of '76 dared to do in his loftiest mood.
Hoyt, James. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. Was
a member of the Association in 1775 ; went to St. John,
New Brunswick, in 1783, and became a merchant. He was
a member of die Loyal Artdlery in 1795, and died in King's
County, in that Province, in 1803.
Hoyt, Monson. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the Prince
of Wales's American Volunteers, and quartermaster of the
corps. He retired on half-pay ; settled in Noav Brunswick ;
engaged in commercial business, and Avas a partner with Gen
eral Arnold at St. John, He publicly accused Arnold of
burning his warehouse ; and was sued by the traitor for defa
mation. The jury gave damages of two shillings and sixpence
currency, (just fifty cents.) In 1792 he married Lucretia
Hammond, of Long Island, New York, and was probably a
resident of that State.
Hoyt, Israel, Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. Died
in Kingston, New Brunswick, in 1803, aged sixty-one.
Hubbard, Rev. Bela, D. D. Of Connecticut, Episcopal
minister. He Avas born at Guilford, Connecticut, in 1739, and
was bred a Congregationalist. He graduated at Yale Col
lege in 1758, and, five years afterwards, went to England for
ordination. After his return, he officiated first in his native
town and in Killingworth. In 1767 he was transferred to
the mission of New and West Haven, and continued his
ministry there until the Revolution. His loyalty was well
known ; but, more fortunate than most clergymen of his
communion, he escaped personal indignity, and Avas allowed
to perform his official duties without serious molestation. In
the latter years of his life his services were confined prin
cipally to Trinity Church, New Haven. It is said that.

HUBBARD. 551
" Wherever there was human wretchedness to be relieved,
he was on the alert to act the part of an angel of mercy" ;
that, " the sick and afflicted among his own people looked
up to him as the kindest of friends, as Avell as the most at
tentive of pastors ; and there was no sacrifice that he was
not ready to make to dispel the night-clouds of sorrow from
the humblest dwelling,"
He died December, 1812, in his seventy-fourth year. He
married Grace Dunbar Hill, who survived until 1820. Two
sons graduated at Yale, namely : Bela, who became a Judge
in Louisiana, and died in 1841 ; and Thomas Hill, Avho was
a member of Congress from New York, and died at Utica
in 1857, at the age of seventy-six, A daughter married
Timothy Pitkin, a well-remembered statesman, who pub
lished " A Statistical View of the Commerce of the United
States," and " A Political and Civil History of the United
States, from 1763 to the close of Washington's Administra
tion " ; and who died at New Haven in 1847. Mrs, Pitkin
was living in 1855.
Hubbard, Rev. John, Of Northfield, Massachusetts.
Congregational minister. He graduated at Yale College
in 1747, and setded at Northfield in 1750. He " fell under
suspicion, particularly because he prayed for the King and
not for Congress" ; and in 1779 a council Avas called to deal
Avith him. He agreed to maintain entire silence as to roy
alty, and " not to say or do anything against the cause of
the country, the Continental Congress, or the army, but pray
for the prosperity, success, and happiness of the same" ; and
the difficulty ended. After a ministry of upwards of forty-
four years, he died at Northfield in 1794, at the age of sixty-
eight. Hubbard, William. At the peace he went to St, John,
New Brunswick, and Avas a grantee of that city. He set
ded in the county of Sunbury, and was Register of Deeds
and Wills ; Deputy Surrogate ; member of the House of
Assembly ; and Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas.
He died in that county in 1813.

552 HUBBARD. — HUCK.
Hubbard, Adam. Of Schoharie, New York. Was re
peatedly made prisoner in his own house. For a time,
keeper of the light-house on Sandy Hook, Removed to
Shelburne, Nova Scotia, and was drowned there in 1784.
His widow removed to Yarmouth. His daughter Margaret,
widow of Ethel Davis, died in 1859, aged ninety-five.
Hubbard, Isaac, He settled in New Brunswick, and, at
his decease, was the senior magistrate of the county of Sun
bury. He died at Burton, 1834, aged eighty-six.
Hubbard, Nathaniel. Went to St. .lohn. New Bruns
wick, in 1783, and Avas a grantee of that city. He removed
to the parish of Burton, county of Sunbury, where he was
a magistrate, and Avhere he died in 1824, aged seventy-eight.
Hubbel,  . A captain under the Board of Asso
ciated Loj'alists at New Y'^ork. In the spring of 1781 he
was stationed at Lloyd's Neck ; but was in the habit, it
would seem, of putting his command in whale-boats and
making incursions by water. The Board, in reporting the
proceedings of this " spirited Loyalist," state in detail the
incidents of burning guard-houses, of destroying mills, flour,
and salt-works ; of carrying off sheep and cattle, and of the
courage he displayed when in conflict with the " Rebels."
Hubbel, Ammon. Served on the Royal side under Colonel
Ludlow. Settled in New Brunswick, 1783 ; died at Burton
in that Province in 1848, aged ninety, leaving numerous
descendants. Hubbel, Nathan. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut.
At the peace, a large part of the town of Guj'sborough,
Nova Scotia, was granted to him and two hundred and sev
enty-eight others, who, during the war, had been connected
with the civil department of the Royal Army and Navy.
He Avas twice married, and, as is said, the father of nine
teen children.
HucK, Christian. A lawyer, of Philadelphia. He aban
doned diat city and went within the British lines at New
York. In the course of the war, he joined Tarleton at the
South, and was a captain of dragoons. He was killed in an

HUDKINS. — HUGHES. 553
affray Avith a party he was sent to disperse, in 1780. At the
very moment of the attack in which he was slain, several
women were on their knees, imploring him to spare their
families and their property. During his command, he had
distressed the people by every kind of insult and injury.
He was so profane as to say that, " God Almighty was
turned Rebel ; but if there were twenty Gods on their side,
they should all be conquered." Attainted of treason and
property confiscated. "A miscreant who excited universal
abhorrence for his cruelty and profanity." Known as the
" Swearing Captain."
HuDKiNS,  , Corporal in the Queen's Rangers.
Fell, covered with wounds, and died on the field.
Hughes, John. Of Phdadelphia. In 1765 he was ap
pointed Stamp-Master of Pennsylvania, but seemingly declined.
The Whigs thought he was insincere ; and when his commis
sion arrived, the bells A\'ere muffled, the colors set at half-mast,
and, fearing harm to his person, some friends who were armed
guarded his house. The multitude waited upon him and com
pelled him to resign. It was insinuated that Franklin was
too indifferent as to the operation of the Stamp Act ; and that
the family of Hughes, off'ended at the Doctor's course, subse
quently preserved letters for the purpose of accusation. On
the death of James Nevin, Collector of the Customs at Ports
mouth, New Hampshire, in 1769, Mr. Hughes succeeded to
that office. In common with officers of the Customs of other
ports, he encountered difficulties in executing his duties ; and
property which he seized was rescued by disguised men, armed
Avitli clubs. In 1772 he returned to Philadelphia.
Hughes, Samuel, Of Boston, He was one of the fifty-
eight Boston memorialists in 1760, but followed the Royal
Army to Hahfax in 1776. In 1778 he was proscribed and
banished. In 1784 administration was granted John Hazen
on the estate of a Loyalist of this name, who died on the
river St. John, New Brunswick. Elizabeth, widow of Samuel,
of Boston, died at that town in 1795, aged seventy-six.
Hughes, Joseph, Of North Carolina. Allowed by the
vol, I. 47

554 HUGHSON. - HUMPHREYS.
Provincial Congress, April, 1776, to five in the county of
Mecklenburg, on condition of giving security for good be
havior. In Council of Safety, (September 13, 1776,) oh
petition of Mary, his wife, his case was heard ; and ordered
that he depart to Salisbury, there to appear once every day
at the house of Maxwell Chambers, and that he enter into
bond and security in £500.
HuGHsoN, Joshua. Of New York. Settled in New
Brunswick, and died there.
HuLTON, Henry, Of Boston. Commissioner of the Cus
toms. The only trace of him prior to the establishment of
the Board of four Commissioners, is in 1760, when I find he
was member of a " Commission for settling the Accounts of
Contractors in the German War."
At the evacuation, March, 1776, he embarked with the
Royal Army for Halifax, accompanied by his family of eleven
persons ; and in July of the same year he sailed for England
in the ship Aston Hall. In 1778 he was proscribed and ban
ished, and in 1779 included in the Conspiracy Act. He died
at Andover, England, in 1790.
Humbert, Stephen. He was born in New Jersey. Dur
ing the war he Avas in the city of New York. At the peace
he went to St. John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee of
that city. He has been a member of the Assembly, alder
man of St. John, and captain in the militia. In the war of
1812 he Avas in commission in the preventive service. Sub
sequently, he was attached to the treasury department of the
Province. He died at St. John in 1849, aged eighty-two.
Humphries, Nicholas. A physician. He was a surgeon
in the New Jersey Volunteers ; settled in New Brunswick,
and died at Sugar Island in the year 1822.
Humphreys, James, Jr. Was the son of a conveyancer,
and was educated at the college in Philadelphia. He com
menced the study of medicine, but disliking the profession,
learned the art of printing ; and in January of 1775, com
menced the publication of a newspaper called the " Pennsyl
vania Ledger," which, it was said, was under the influence of

HUNLCCK,- HUNT. 555
the friends of the British Government, He was, in conse
quence, in the hands of the people several times ; but he had
good friends among the Whigs, of whom the celebrated Rit-
tenhouse was one. In November, 1776, " I received," he
said, " an anonymous note to leave town immediately — which
I had scarcely done, before my house was surrounded by fifty
musqueteers ; who, not finding me, seized my brother, and sent
him under guard to the common jad, and made my father
prisoner, on parole, to his house. In this disagreeable situa
tion did we remain till the arrival of the British troops." In
the same letter, which is dated at New York, November, 1783,
he wrote : " I am now a second time in exile, and unhappily
in a worse situation than my former, being obliged to leave
a wife behind me and all my effects .... the fruits of
hard industry  I am entirely out of business, and
Avhat little cash I brought with me dwindling fast." After
the peace he went to England, thence to Shelburne, Nova
Scotia, but returned to Philadelphia in 1797, opened a print
ing house, and was engaged in book printing until his death
in February, 1810.
HuNLocK, Thomas. In 1782 he was a captain in the
Second Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He retired on
half-pay, and was in New Brunswick after the war ; but left
the Province, and — it is believed — returned to the United
States. Hunt, Isaac. Of Philadelphia. A mob seized him and
carted him through the streets. He escaped ill usage by com
mending the multitude for their forbearance and civility. In
an hour or two he was returned unharmed to his dwelhng.
From a long article in a newspaper of the time, I extract the
following words : " The day before he was carted, he had
the effrontery to go into a gentleman's store and take up a
book, entided ' Trials for High Treason ; ' and in a sneering,
insulting manner, asked him, if this Avould not be a proper
book for Mr. Adams to peruse? " He soon after went to the
West Indies, where he took Church orders. Subsequendy he
removed to England, and was tutor in the family of the Duke

556 HUNT. — HUNTER.
of Chandos. His wife was Mary, daughter of Stephen Shew-
ell, merchant of Philadelphia, whose sister was the wife of
Benjamin West. Mr. Hunt Avas the father of Leigh Hunt,
one of the most eminent of the literary men of England at
the present time, who died in London, in 1859, aged
seventy-four. J. Thornton Hunt, son of Leigh, formerly
editor of the " Spectator and Morning Chronicle," is now
(1860) in the United States.
Speaking of Leigh Hunt and his American blood, Haw
thorne says, " his person was thoroughly American, and of
the best type, as were likewise his manners ; for we are the
best — as well as the worst — mannered people in the
world ! "
Hunt, John. Of Phdadelphia. In 1777 he was ordered
to be sent prisoner to Virginia, for disaffection to the Whig
cause. During the proceedings against him, he demanded a
hearing before the President and Council, because, he said,
imprisonment without trial was unlawful. A Loyalist of this
name was a lieutenant in the Guides and Pioneers.
Hunt, Cosby. Of New York. In 1782 he was a lieu
tenant in the New York Volunteers, and adjutant of the
corps. He settled in New Brunswick, and received half-pay.
He was drowned in the river St. John previous to the year
1805. Hunt, William. Of North Castle, West Chester County,
New York. He took shelter with De Lancey's corps ; and
at the peace returned to his estate, protected, as he averred,
by the 6th article of the treaty. But he was arrested and
tried on eleven suits for trespasses committed by him, as was
alleged while in service and belonging to the " Cow Boys."
The plaintiffs all recovered judgment, and he Avas cast into
prison. In January, 1786, he claimed the interposition of the
British Consul of New York, at whose instance the facts
were examined by Mr. Jay, who expressed the opinion that
Congress need not interfere in the matter, or even give an
answer. Hunter, John. Of Norfolk, Virginia. "An active

HUNTER. - HUSTON. 557
man ; " and in December, 1775, aide-de-camp to Lord Dun
more. In July, 1776, a refugee Avith his family, on board
the brigantine Hammond, one of the vessels of his Lordship's
fleet on the waters of the Chesapeake, Mr. Hunter Avent to
England previous to July, 1779.
Hunter, William. Of Virginia, His father, whose
name was William, was a native of Virginia, and AA'as a
printer, at Williamsburg, to die House of Burgesses ; and
having a relative who was paymaster to die King's troops in
America, obtained the appointment of Deputy Postmaster-
General for the Colonies under Franklin, -which office he held
until his death, in 1761. The subject of this notice attained
to his majority about the time the Revolution began, and
being a Loyalist, attached himself to the British standard,
and eventually left the country.
Huntington, Minor. Of Connecticut. Went to Nova
Scotia at the peace, settled at Yarmouth, where he was a
surveyor, prothonotary, and an officer in the militia. He died
about the year 1845. Herbert Huntington, his son, is a lead
ing Liberal politician in that Province,
Huston, Joshua. The leader of a party of " New York
horse-thieves." In 1778, in an adventure to West Chester
County, he and three others attempted to break into the house
of a Whig, who, acquainted Avith the design, resolved to defend
himself. Huston, Avhile entering a window, was stabbed and
carried to a fellow Tory's, where he died and was buried in a
field. Those who had suffered at his hands threatened to
search for his body, and if they found it, to hang it upon a
gallows, Huston, Robert, Of Pennsylvania. He was born in
Ireland, and came to America while young. He settled
near Philadelphia, as a farmer. In the Revolution he be
longed to a troop of heavy dragoons, and was often engaged
in skirmishes in New Jersey and West Chester County, New
York. At the peace, accompanied by his family, he went
from New York to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, where the Crown
granted him one farm, one toAvn and one water lot. He
47*

558 HUTCHINSON.
setded at Yarmouth in the same Province, subsequendy, and
engaged in navigation and trade. He died in 1842, aged
eighty-eight, leaving two children, one of whom is (1861)
the wife of Edward K. Timpany, Esq., of Digby.
Hutchinson, Thomas. Governor of Massachusetts. His
father Avas Honorable Thomas Hutchinson, a merchant, and
member of the Council, who died in 1739. The subject of
this notice was born in 1711, and graduated at Harvard
University in 1727, and applied himself to commerce. Un
successful as a merchant, he devoted himself to politics, and
rose to the highest distinction, having been a member of the
House of Representatives, and Speaker of that body ; Judge
of Probate ; member of the Council ; Lieutenant-Governor ;
Judge of the Supreme Court ; and Governor. The regu
larity of his life, his sympathy for the distressed, his affa
bility, his integrity, his industry, his talents for business and
the administration of affairs, his ffuency and grace as a pub
lic speaker, his command of temper and courteousness under
provocation ; united to form a rare man, and to give him a
rare inffuence. A Judge of the highest Judicial Court, a
member of the Council, and Lieutenant-Governor at the
same time, — he seems to have performed the duties of these
incompatible offices to the satisfaction of the community.
And the fact that, unlike most of the Crown officers, he was
a native of Massachusetts, and not of the Episcopal com
munion, added to his popularity.
The Revolution produced a fearful change of sentiment,
and he became an exile ; was attainted, and lost his pro
perty by confiscation. His political ruin gave him incon
ceivable anguish, and prematurely closed his life. There
were tales, indeed, that his death was produced by his own
act ; but this is not probable. After his retirement to Eng
land, a baronetcy was offered him, but he declined it. He
died in 1780, aged sixty-nine, and was buried at Croydon,
England. It may not be possible to form a correct opinion
of the character and motives of action of Governor Hutchin
son. But I cannot think that his contemporaries among the

HUTCHINSON, 559
Whigs did him exact justice. The spontaneous and uni
versal respect in which he was held by all parties, previous
to the Revolutionary controversy, — the long, faithful, and
highly valuable services which he rendered his native Colony,
— surely entitled him to honorable mention then, and to our
regard now. Had he lived at any other period, his claim
to be included among the worthies of Massachusetts would
not, probably, be doubted. It is to be deeply lamented, that,
being the son of a merchant, himself bred a merchant, and
his own sons merchants, he did not see, or would not see,
that if the navigation acts and laws of trade were enforced,
the commerce of the Colonies Avould be ruined at a blow.
His position enabled him to have prevented the enforcement
of the hated measures of commercial restriction, and he is
hardly to be held excused for using his inffuence on the
adverse side. As a historian, no man was more familiar with
the opposition to these laws when Randolph and Andros, a
century before, attempted to fasten them upon New England ;
and he knew, that all that a single Colony could do, to shake
off the Royal authority, was done by Massachusetts, in the
time of these hated emissaries of the British Crown. Could
he have thought that the opposition of his countrymen
would be less, in his own time, when they were required to
sacrifice an extensive and rich commerce, — a commerce
unlawful by the statute book, but yet permitted, for a long
course of years, by the officers of the customs ? It does not
appear probable. And yet, how is his pertinacious adherence
to the measures of the ministry to be accounted for ? Did
he think the measures just ? The Whigs of his generation
almost unanimously believed that he knew that the servants
of the King were in the wrong, but that his ambition, and
full confidence that he espoused the winning side, caused his
assent to, and support of, their acts. It may be so. His
private virtues, his historical labors, his high station, his
commanding inffuence, his sorrows, have an interest Avhich
none who are acquainted with his life can fail to feel. The
third volume of his " History of Massachusetts," which em-

560 HUTCHINSON.
braces his own career, is, if the circumstances under which it
was written are considered, a Avork of singular moderation and
fairness ; and its statements are to be received, probably, with
quite as much respect as the records of any gendeman who
writes of his own times, his own deeds, and his own enemies.
I can never cease to regret that Governor Hutchinson coun
tenanced the revival of the long-obsolete statutory provisions,
aff'ecting the navigation and maritime interests of his country.
I forget, in his melancholy end, all else.
Hutchinson, Thomas, Jr. Of Massachusetts, Son of
Governor Hutchinson. He Avas a merchant of Boston, and
a third part of the tea destroyed there was consigned to him
and his brother Elisha. He was a Mandamus Counciffor, and
an Addresser of Gage ; and was proscribed and banished. He
went to England, and died there in 1811, aged seventy-one.
Hutchinson, Elisha, Of Massachusetts. Brother and
commercial partner of Thomas Hutchinson, Jr. He graduated
at Harvard University in 1762, He was proscribed and ban
ished. He died in England in 1824, aged eighty. His wife
Mary, who was the eldest daughter of Colonel George Wat
son, of Plymouth, Massachusetts, died at Birmingham, Eng
land, in 1803.
Hutchinson, Foster. Of Massachusetts. Brother of
Governor Hutchinson, He graduated at Harvard University
in 1743, Raised to the bench of the Supreme Court, he was
one of the last of the Royal Judges of that Colony. His
name appears among the Mandamus Councillors, among those
who were proscribed and banished, and among those Avhose
estates were confiscated. He went to Halifax in 1776, with
his family of twelve persons. He died in Nova Scotia in 1799.
His son Foster, an Assistant Judge of the Supreme Court of
that Colony, died in 1815 ; and his daughter Abigail deceased
at Halifax, July, 1843, aged seventy-four.
Hutchinson, Eliakim. Of Boston. He graduated at
Harvard University in 1730 ; and became a member of the
Councd, and the Judge of a Court. He died in 1775. His
widow, the eldest daughter of Governor Shirley, died at

HUTCHINSON. — INGERSOLL. 561
London in 1790. Mr. Hutchison Avas owner of the mansion
in Roxbury built by his father-in-law, which became the prop
erty of Governor Eustis, and which is now (1864) occupied
by his relict.
Hutchinson, William. Of Massachusetts. He grad
uated at Harvard University in 1762. In 1775 he went to
England, and subsequently held an office in the Bahamas.
He died in 1791, in Europe. A son, it is believed, of Hon.
Foster Hutchinson.
Hu-rcHiNSON, William. In 1782 he was captain lieuten
ant of the First Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He
retired on half-pay, and lived in New Brunswick ; but re
moved to Upper Canada, where he died.
Hutchinson, Matthew. Went to Shelburne, Nova Scotia,
in 1783, and died soon after.
Hutton, William. Died at St. John, New Brunswick,
in 1799, aged forty-two. The surname may be Hulton.
Hyson, Michael. Of Pennsylvania. He went to Nova
Scotia during hostilities. He married Avhen upwards of a
hundred years old. He died at Ship Harbor, Nova Scotia, in
1833, aged one hundred and three. His third wife survived
him, as also numerous descendants of the second, third, and
fourth generations from him.
Iliff,  . Taken prisoner in New Jersey, tried, and
hanged. Ingersoll, Jared. Of Connecticut. He was born in
Mdford, Connecticut, in 1722. In 1742 he graduated at
Yale College. He settled in New Haven, and engaged in
the practice of the law. In 1757 he was agent of the Colony
in England. In 1765 he received the appointment of Stamp-
distributor, and arrived at Boston on his way to enter upon
the duties of the office. While at Boston, many attentions
were paid to him ; and on his departure, Mr. Oliver, who had
received the same appointment for Massachusetts, accompanied
him out of town. This act occasioned murmuring among the
people ; an inflammatory article appeared in the next " Boston
Gazette ; " labels were posted on the Liberty Tree ; and.

562 INGERSOLL.
finally, a mob destroyed Oliver's budding, designed for his
stamp-office. In Connecticut, matters reached the same extremity ; and
it was threatened before his arrival there, that he should be
hung on the first tree after he entered the Colony. Though
this threat was not executed, effigies of his person were made
in several places, tried in form, and condemned to be burned.
Mr. Ino-ersoU formally resigned his office at NeAv Haven, in
Auo-ust, 1765 ; but his resignation was not deemed satisfac
tory to the people of another section ; and a large body set
out for that town with a determination to compel a more ex
plicit declaration of his intentions. They met him at Weath-
ersfield, where they obtained the required satisfaction ; and
extorted from him the cry, three times, " Liberty and Prop
erty," Hundreds then escorted him to Hartford. About the
year 1770 he was commissioned Judge of Vice-Admiralty for
the Colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary
land, and Virginia, and removed to Philadelphia.
In 1777, he, John Adams, and several others, boarded with
a widow in Philadelphia, who had buried four husbands, and
was ready for a fifth. The lion-hearted Whig said : " Be
tween the fun of Thornton, the gravity of Sherman, and the
formal toryism of Ingersoll, Adams will have a curious life of
it." The Revolution put an end to Mr. Ingersoll's duties, and
he returned to Connecticut. He died at New Haven, 1781,
at the age of fifty-nine. His son Jared, a gentleman of dis
tinguished worth and talents, held various public stations, and
was a candidate for the Vice-Presidency of the United States
in 1812,
Ingersoll, David. Of Great Barrington, Massachusetts.
He graduated at Yale College in 1761. His name appears
among the barristers and attorneys who addressed Hutchinson
in 1774. He was proscribed and banished in 1778. During
the troubles which preceded the shedding of blood, he was
seized by a mob, carried to Connecticut, and imprisoned ;
while, on a second outbreak of the popular displeasure against

INGLEBY. — INGLIS. 563
him, his house was assailed, he was driven from it, and his
enelosures were laid waste. He went to England, and died
diere in 1796, aged fifty-seven. He married, in 1783, Frances
Rebecca Ryley, who survived him less than three months.
He left two sons, Philip Ryley, Avho died in 1808, leaving
issue ; and Frederick Horton, who was living in 1853.
Ingleby, Thomas, Died at St. John, New Brunswick,
in 1813, aged fiftj'-four. Eliza, his Avife, died at the same
place, 1811, at the age of fifty-seven.
Inglis, Rev, Charles, D. D. Of New York. Episcopal
Bishop of Nova Scotia. He became an Assistant Rector of
Trinity Church, New York, in 1764, and continued to offici
ate until Washington took possession of that city, in 1776,
when he went up the Hudson River. On the decease of Rev.
Dr. Auchmuty, in 1777, he succeeded as Rector. The church
had been burned, and he Avas inducted into ofiice by placino-
his hands on the ruins, in presence of the wardens, and taking
the usual obligations. He resigned in 1783. It is here stated,
on his authority, that, with a single exception, all the Episco
pal missionaries were faithful to the Crown. He published
an answer (1776) to Paine's " Common Sense," Avhich the
Whigs seized and burned ; but two editions were printed sub
sequently at Philadelphia.
Washington, designing to attend his church, soon after
assuming command in New York sent word by one of his
Generals that he would be glad to have the prayers for the
King and Royal family omitted.^ To this message Mr, Inglis
paid no attention ; and, on seeing the Whig Chief not long
after, remonstrated with him on the unreasonableness of the
request, saying that he must know the clergy could not com
ply with it ; that he could shut up the churches, but Avas with
out the power to make the ministers depart from their duty.
Afterwards, Mr. Inglis, as he passed the streets, was called a
Tory, a traitor to his country, and threatened with violence
1 This fact is stated on the authority of letters sent by Episcopal mis
sionaries in America to the Society for Propagating the Gospel ; and must
have been communicated by Mr. Inglis himself.

564 INGLIS.
if he continued to pray for the King. At last, to silence him,
about one hundred and fifty armed men entered his church- on
Sunday, with bayonets fixed, drums beating, and fifes playing,
and stood in the aisle a few minutes ; when, on invdtation of
the sexton, they took seats in the pews. The congregation
were in consternation, and several women fainted ; but Mr.
Inglis continued the service, and read the offensive prayers as
usual, though some of his flock expected that he would be
shot. In August, 1776, he retired to Long Island, where he
was met by the Whig Committee, who entered into a discus
sion about seizing him. To avoid this, he kept concealed as
much as possible until Washington's defeat, when he was at
liberty, and without apprehensions. He followed the Royal
Army to New York, and found that his house had been plun
dered of everything of value. In September, 1776, as already
mentioned. Trinity Church was burned, Avith nearly one thou
sand other buildings. The Tories accused that the fire was
the work of Rebels, who secreted themselves for the purpose,
and Avho applied the torch in different parts of the city at the
same moment, by concert.
November 28, 1776, Mrs. Inglis was at New Windsor, and
asked Mr. Duane, by letter, to procure leave for her to join
her husband in New York, with her family and effects. She
had been absent, she said, nearly fourteen months, had three
helpless babes, was greatly distressed, and had need of every
friend to comfort her. Besides his wife and these children,
his family consisted at this time of Mrs. Crooke, (his mother-
in-law,) two white servant-women, a nurse, and a white ser
vant-boy. All, finally, joined him, under a flag of truce.
After Galloway, the great Pennsylvania Loyalist, went to
England, Doctor Inglis was a correspondent, and his letters
evince no little harshness. I give one of his predictions. In
a letter, dated at New York, December, 1778, he said : " The
rebellion, be assured, is on the decline ; its vigor and its re
sources are nearly spent, and nothing but a little perseverance,
and a moderate share of prudence and exertion on the part of
Britain, is necessary to suppress it totally."

INGLIS. — INGRAHAM. 565
In a published controversy between " A Consistent Loyal
ist " and " Viator," at London, in 1784, he himself is treated
with severity.
In 1787 he was appointed Bishop of Nova Scotia ; and was
the first Colonial Bishop in the British dominions in any part
of the Avorld. He was consecrated at Lambeth, In 1809 he
became a member of the Council. He died in 1816, aged
eighty-two. His wife was Margaret Crooke, " a lady of a
very ample fortune," and daughter of John Crooke, of Ulster
County, New Y'ork. Mrs. Inglis died in 1783, aged thirty-
five, after a long and painful illness.
Dr, Inglis and his AA'ife are included in the Confiscation Act
of New Y'ork. His eldest daughter married Brenton Halli
burton, Chief Justice of Nova Scotia. Anne married the
Rev. George Pidgeon, and died at Halifax in 1827, at the
age of fifty-one. John, a son, who was consecrated Bishop
of Nova Scotia, and appointed a member of the Council in
1825, died at London in 1850. His grandson — son of the
second Bishop — Major-General Sir John Eardley Wilmot
Inghs, who Avas knighted for his gallant defence of the garri
son of Lucknow, in the late Sepoy rebellion, died in Germany
in 1862, at the age of fifty.
Ingraham, Duncan. Of South Carolina. The only
Loyalist of his family. He went to England in 1774, and re
mained in Europe until after the peace. John Adams met him
several times in Paris, and mentions him in his diary. On
Mr. Ingraham's return, he gave his adherence to the new Gov
ernment ; and allowed his son William, who was killed at the
age of twenty, to enter the Navy. His nephew, Duncan N.
Ingraham, also of the United States Navy, was widely and
justly applauded for demanding and obtaining the release of
Koszta, as an American citizen. This nephew was promoted
to a captaincy in 1855, and, when the present Rebellion broke
out, was Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance. Like many
others, he forsook the ffag under which he had received m.any
honors, to join the Rebels. January 31, 1863, with Beauregard
he issued an " official proclamation," declaring the blockade
VOL. I. 48

566 INGRAM. — IRVING.
of Charleston to be raised by a superior force of the States
in rebellion. Captain^ Ingraham married Harriet Rutledge
Laurens, of South Carolina, a granddaughter, on the paternal
side, of Henry Laurens, the President of the first Continental
Congress. Ingram, James, Of Virginia. Removed to Maryland in
1777 ; went to England, and was in London, July, 1779,
Inman, George, Of Cambridge, Massachusetts. He
graduated at Harvard University in 1772, and became an
officer in the British Army, He died in 1789,
Inman, Ralph. Of Massachusetts, and, I suppose, of
Cambridge. He was an Addresser of Gage in 1775, and, early
the next year, a refugee in Boston. In April, 1776, his arrest
was ordered by the Council. In 1784, he was named in the
Act to incorporate the Boston Episcopal Charitable Society.
He died at Cambridge in 1788, aged seventy-five. Captain
Linzee, of the British Navy, married a daughter.
Innis, Alexander. Colonel of the South Carolina Royal
ists. In 1780 he was in command of a large party of British
and Tories, and was defeated at Musgrove's Mills on the
Enoree River ; and was himself wounded. In 1782 he was
Inspector-General of Loyalist forces.
Inslee,  . Of New Jersey. Lieutenant under the
Board of Associated Loyalists at NeAV York. Killed, in 1781,
in die attack on the Whig post at Tom's River, New Jersey.
Iredell,  . Lieutenant of " the armed boatmen "
under the Board of Associated Loyalists at New York. Kdled,
1781, in the attack on the Whigs at Tom's River, New Jersey.
Ireland, John. Of Long Island, New York. In 1777
he was taken in arms at Lloyd's Neck, and retained a prisoner ;
but in the spring of 1778 he was allowed to return home to
procure clothing and other necessaries, on condition that he
should deliver himself to his captors in thirty days.
Irving, Alexander. Of South Carolina. At one time
Inspector of Imports and Exports at Boston. In October,
1775, Receiver-General of Quit Rents, Charleston. Taken
prisoner at sea, Aprd, 1776, and carried to New London,
Connecticut. Went to England previous to July, 1779.

IRVINE, - JACKSON, 567
. Irvine,  . Of South Carolina. Lieutenant-Gover
nor. Estate confiscated in 1782,
Ives, David. Of Rhode Island. I suppose he was a
captain in a corps called the Associated Loyalists. At the
peace he went to St. John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee
of that city.
Ives, John. Of Rhode Island, Went to New Brunswick,
and was appointed master-carpenter of ordnance. He died at
St. John in 1804, aged fifty-six.
Jackson, Richard. Of Berkshire County, Massachusetts.
Of this man there is a singular but Avell-authenticated story.
Having adhered to the Crown from a conviction of duty, he
felt bound to aid his Sovereign in suppressing the Rebellion,
by all means in his power. When, therefore, the news reached
him, in 1777, that Colonel Baum was advancing with a body
of troops towards Bennington, he prepared to join him. In
the battle of Hoosac — erroneously called the battle of Ben
nington — he was taken prisoner, and sent to Great Barrino--
ton, then the shire town of Berkshire ; and by General Fel
lows, the sheriff, committed to prison. The county jail was
in so ruinous a condition that Jackson could easily escape ;
but of this he had no intention. He felt that he had acted
right, and determined to abide the consequences. After
quietly remaining in jail a few days, he told General Fellows
that he Avas losing his time, earned nothing, and wished per
mission to go out to work in the daytime, and promised to
return at evening and be confined for the night. His great
simplicity and honesty of character led the sheriff to confide
in his word. Jackson accordingly went out to labor almost
every week-day, for some months. In May of 1778, he was
to be tried at Springfield for high treason, and General Fel
lows made the necessary preparations to conduct him to that
town in person. But Jackson said, " he could go alone quite
as well," and thus save the sheriff' both inconvenience and
expense. Again, General Fellows confided in his integrity ;
and he commenced his journey. In the woods of Tyring-
ham, he met the Hon. T, Edwards, who asked him the object

568 JACKSON. — .7 AFFREY.
of his travel. Jackson answered, that he "was going to
Springfield, to be tried for his life," To Springfield he did go,
was tried for his life, found guilty, and condemned to die.
Application was, however, made to the executive authority
of the State to pardon him. But it was reasoned by the
members of the Board, that the facts against Jackson were
clear and incontestable, that his crime was unquestionably
high treason, and that, if he were pardoned, all others who
might commit the same crime ought to meet Avith the same
clemency. But Mr. Edwards, who was a member of the
Board, told the story of meeting Jackson, with great partic
ularity, yet without embedishment. The simple truth moved
the hearts of his associates, and their feelings as men pre
vailed against reasons of State pohcy. Jackson was par
doned, and returned to his family.
Jackson, William, Merchant, of Boston. An Addres
ser of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775 ; was pro
scribed and banished in 1778. He went to England, where
he died in 1810, at the age of seventy-nine.
Jackson,  , Marauder and murderer. Executed at
St, John, Ncav Brunswick, in 1785, At the scaffold he was
contrite for his sins, and said, " there is only one thing he
dared not hope pardon for — that was the murder of Ben
jamin Mitchell," [See John Mitchell.] Possibly Jackson
may not haA'e belonged to the Royal side, but was "a refu
gee " at the peace, for his crimes.
Jackson, William. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Mer
chant, In 1782, a Loyalist Associator at New York, to re
move to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, the following year. Settled
at Woodstock, New Brunswick, as did a son. His grandson,
Charles Andrew Jackson, now (1860) lives at Eastport, Maine.
Jacobs, John. Executed at Charleston, South Carolina,
in February, 1777, for issuing counterfeit money.
Jaffrey, George. Of Portsmouth, New Hampshire,
Graduated at Harvard University in 1736, He became a
merchant. In 1744 he was appointed Clerk of the Superior
Court of New Hampshire, and held that office twenty-two

JAFFREY. — JAMES. 569
years. In 1766 he was admitted one of his Majesty's
Council, and soon after received the post of Treasurer of
the Province. He possessed a large estate, and was one of
the original purchasers of Mason's Patent. He was molested
on account of his political opinions several times. When
remoA'ed by the Whigs from the office of Treasurer, he paid
over to his successor £1516 4.s-. 8(/., being the exact balance
of public moneys in his hands. He was ordered, November,
1775, by the Provincial Congress, to remove ten miles at least
from Portsmouth, and not to leave the place selected without
leave of that body, or the Committee of Safety. General
Sullivan interposed and wrote the Committee that Mr.
Jaff'rey had assisted in the construction of military works,
and " ought not in justice to be deemed an enemy to his
country, or be treated as such." Though opposed for his
attachment ^o the Crown, he left behind him an unsullied
reputation for strict integrity, punctualitj' in his dealings, and
correctness of manners. He died at Portsmouth in 1802,
aged eighty-six years.
James, Jacob. Of Pennsylvania. Captain in the British
Legion. He was distinguished as a partisan in the winter of
1777, and was particularly active in kidnapping Whigs of
note in the vicinity of Philadelphia. He was also extremely
troublesome to the country as a horse-thief, to supply the
British Army. Subsequently, his troop of horse joined Tarle
ton's corps. In April, 1780, James was a prisoner in North
Carolina; and die President of Pennsylvania Avrote Governor
Caswell, asking that he might not be exchanged as a common
prisoner of war, but be retained in close custody until oppor
tunity occurred to send him home for trial, where, " it may
be presumed, he wdl suffer the punishment his many Adilanies
and offences so justly deserve." He was attainted of treason
and his estate confiscated.
James, Prank. Pilot to the Royal fieet in New York
harbor. Received half-pay. In March, 1776, Lord Stirling
sent a secret party with express orders to take or destroy him.
Died at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, in 1809.
48*

570 JAMES.— JARVIS.
James, John. Of Pennsylvania. An emissary of Sir
William Howe. In 1777 the Council of Pennsylvania trans
mitted to Colonel Smith a warrant for his apprehension, " in
order to his condign punishment."
James, Benjamin, and Abel. Attainted of treason ;
property of the latter confiscated ; the former surrendered
himself and was discharged.
There was also in the city of Ncav York a Major James,
Avhose house was attacked and plundered by a mob.
James, Edward, A lieutenant in the King's Orange
Rangers. Residence unknown.
Jarvis, Rev. Abraham. Of Connecticut. Bishop in the
Episcopal Church, He Avas born at Norwalk, Connecticut,
in 1739, and graduated at Yale College in 1761. Whde
prosecuting his theological studies, he accepted an invitation
to officiate as lay-reader at MiddletoAvn ; and, on his return
from England, (where he was ordained in 1764) he was set
tled there, as Rector of Christ Church. His parish was tmited
and ffourishing until the beginning of the Revolution, when
he was " subjected to great inconveniences and sore trials,"
In July, 1776, he presided at a Convention of the Episcopal
Clergy of Connecticut, " at which it was resolved to suspend
all public worship in their churches, as it would be unsafe to
continue the reading of the entire Liturgy," In 1796 he was
appointed successor of Bishop Seabury, but declined. Unan
imously elected a second time, however, a year later, he ac
cepted the office, but continued Rector at Middletown until
1799, Avhen he removed to Cheshire. In 1803 he transferred
his residence to New Haven. He died in 1813, in his seventy-
fourth year. His first wife, Avho died in 1801, was Ann,
daughter of Samuel Farmar, of New York. In 1806 he
married the widow of Nathaniel Lewis, of Philadelphia. His
son, the late Samuel Farmar Jarvis, D. D., LL. D,, gradu
ated at Y'ale in 1805, and was the first Rector of St. Paul's
Church, Boston.
Jara'is, Stephen, In 1782 he was a lieutenant of cavalry
in the South Carolina Royahsts. He was in New Brunswick

JARVIS. 571
after die Revolution, but went to Upper Canada, and died
at Toronto, at the residence of Rev. Doctor Phillips, 1840,
aged eighty-four. During his service in the Revolution he
v^'as in several actions.
Jarvis, Munson. Of Connecticut. He was born in Nor
walk, in 1742. In Aprd, 1776, die Committee of Inspection
advertised him as an enemy to his country. December, 1783,
a warrant was issued on petition of the Selectmen of Stam
ford, ordering him and his family to depart that toAvn without
delay, and never return. He went to St, John, New Bruns
Avick, and was a grantee of that city. In 1792 he was a
member of the vestry of the Episcopal Church, At a later
time, he Avas a member of die Hou.se of Assembly. He died
at St. Jolin, 1825, at the age of eighty-three. His son, the
Hon. Edward James Jar\is, was formerly a member of the
Council of New Brunswick, and C'hief Justice of Prince Ed
ward Island ; died at Spring Park, in that Colony, in 1852,
aged sixty-three ; universally respected for his upright char
acter as a jurist, and for the urbanity of his manners. The
Judge's wife, who deceased in 1847, Avas Elizabeth, daughter
of Robert Gray, Treasurer of the same Colony.
Jarvis, Samuel. Of Stamford, Connecticut. Seized in
his house at night, and with his family put into a boat and
conveyed to Long Island. In landing, he waded Avaist-deep
to the shore. From the effects of this affair he did not
recover, though he survived about a year. He died Sep
tember, 1780, aged sixty.
Jara'IS, William. An officer of cavalry in the Queen's
Rangers. Wounded at the siege of Yorktown. At the peace
he settled in Upper Canada, and became Secretary of that
Province. He died at York in 1817, His widow, Hannah,
a daughter of Rev, Doctor Peters, of Hebron, Connecticut,
died at Queenston, Upper Canada, 1845, aged eighty-three.
Jarvis,  . Of Danbury, Connecticut, Guide to
the British Army across the country' to that town. Went
to Nova Scotia. After many years, in the hope that his
offence had been forgotten, he returned ; but a multitude

572 JARVIS. — JAUNCEY.
surrounded his father's house, prepared to tar and feather
him. Search AA'as made by a party that entered. Concealed
in an ash-oven by his sister, he escaped, and never again set
foot in his native place.
Jarvis, Samuel. Of Connecticut. Warrant issued De
cember, 1783, on petition of the Selectmen of Stamford, or
dering him to depart that toAvn and never return, he went
to St. John, New BrunsAvick, and was a grantee of that city.
Jarvis, Nathaniel. Also a grantee of the same city.
Jarvis, Robert, Of Massachusetts. An Addresser of
Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. He went to
Halifax in 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778,
He was in London, July, 1779, a Loyalist Addresser.
Jarvis, John. A Protester against the Whigs in 1774."
A Loyalist of the same Christian name settled in New Bruns
wick, and died at Portland, in that Province, in 1845, aged
ninety-three. Jauncey, James, Of New York. He, like Low and
Sherbrook, was an associate with Jay on the Committee of
Correspondence of Fifty, and probably, at the outset, was
inclined to take the side of the Whigs. His property was
confiscated. In 1775 he was a member of the House of
Assembly, and one of the fourteen of that body who, in the
recess, addressed General Gage, at Boston, on the subject
of " the unhappy contest." He went to England, and died
at London in 1790. " As he was entering the door of Provi
dence Chapel .... he dropped down and expired immedi
ately. He was an American Loyalist ; was well known for his
constant practice of relieving the poor at chapel doors, and in
the street. He is said to have died worth £100,000." His
house in New York was " near Bethune Street of our day."
Jauncey, James, Jr, Of New York. Son of James.
In 1773 he married Miss Elliot, niece of Sir Gilbert Elliot,
Treasurer of the British Navy, and was soon after appointed
Master of the Rolls. In 1775 he was sworn in as a member
of the Council, in place of Sir William Johnsoii, deceased.
In 1776, he, his father, and mother, AA-ere prisoners at Mid-

JAUNCEY. — JENKINS. 573
dletown, Connecticut. He applied to Washington to be
released, and was referred to the Provincial Congress. In
1777 he died, and was buried in Trinity church-yard. How
eventful these four years I
Jauncey, ^^'lLI.IAM. Of Ncav York. He was arrested
and sent prisoner to MiddletoAvn, Connecticut, but was re
leased on parole.
Jeffries, John. Of Boston. Proscribed and banished.
He was born at Boston in 1744, and graduated at Harvard
University in 1763 ; and having pursued his medical studies
widi Doctor Lloyd, of that town, and attended the medical
schools of England, commenced practice. From 1771 to 1774
he was surgeon of a British ship-of-the-line, in Boston harbor.
After the battle of Bunker's Hill, he assisted in dressing the
wounded of the Royal Army, and, it is said, identified the
body of Warren, in the presence of Sir William Howe,
At the evacuation he embarked with the troojos and Avent
to Halifax, and was appointed chief of the surgical staff of
NoA'a Scotia. In 1779 he went to England ; and, returning
to America, held a high professional employment to the
British forces at Charleston and New York, In 1780 he
resip-ned ; and going to England again, commenced practice
in London, In 1785 he crossed the British Channel in a
balloon. He returned to Boston in the ship Lucretia, in
1790, He Avas eminent as a surgeon, midwife, and phy
sician. He attended the poor as cheerfully and as faithfully
as the rich, and was never known to refuse a professional
call. He died in his native town in 1819, aged seventy-five.
Jeffrey, Patrick. Of Boston. Went to England.
Mary, his wife, died in Bath, England, in 1808. He re
turned to Massachusetts, and died at Milton in 1812. His
house and lot on Tremont Street, sold, in 1803, for $41,000.
Jenkins, Edward. Of Georgia. Episcopal minister.
In the effort to reestablish the Royal Government in 1779,
he was appointed Rector of Christ Church, Savannah.
Jenkins, John. Of South Carolina, An Episcopal
minister. In 1782 he was Chaplain of the South Carolina

574 JENKINSON. — JOHNSON.
Royalists, and Avas banished. Ten years afterward, he was
preaching in Charleston, but without a regular parish.
Jenkinson, Daniel. Died at Kingston, New Brunswick,
in 1827, aged seventy-three,
Jennings, John. Of Sandwich, Massachusetts. In 1778
arrested and imprisoned for his disaffection to the popular
cause. A Loyalist of this name died at Grand Lake, New
Brunswick, in 1839, at the great age of one hundred and
three years.
Jennings, William. Of South Carolina. An Addresser
of Sir Henry Clinton ; banished, and estate confiscated.
Jennings, Ezekiel, Of Fairfield, Connecticut. Fled to
Long Island in 1776, The fact was communicated to Wash
ington, Jennings, Thomas. Went to St John, New Brunswick,
at the peace, and was grantee of a city lot. He died there
in the year 1805.
Jerome, Chauncey. Of Bristol, Connecticut. He mar
ried the widow of Moses Dunbar, who was executed in 1777,
and went with her to Nova Scotia. At the peace he re
turned, and passed the rest of his days in Bristol. He was
the father of several children.
Johnson, Sir William, Baronet, A Major-General of
the mditia of New York, Superintendent-General of Indian
Affairs, &c. Was born in Ireland, about the year 1714.
His uncle. Sir Peter Warren, a naA'al officer of distinguished
merit, married a lady of New York, and purchased a con
siderable tract of country in the interior of that Colony, and
induced him to come to America to take charge of his affairs,
when at about the age of twenty. Johnson established his
residence on the Mohawk, and applying himself to the study
of the Indian character and language, soon acquired an ascen
dency over the native tribes, that has never, probably, been
surpassed. His rise in affairs AA'as rapid. In 1755 he was
placed in command of the Colonial forces of New York, des
tined to operate against the French, and for his services was
created a Baronet, and received a grant of £5000 in money.

JOHNSON. 575
But his right to rewards so munificent has been severely, and
perhaps not improperly, disputed, since his success at the battle
of Lake George — which was his principal claim to the Royal
regard — was mainly due to the exertions and good conduct
of the braA'e General Lyman, of Connecticut, after he Avas
wounded. In 1759, and in 1760, Sir William's mditary
operations were highly beneficial to the Crown, and he retired
at the close of the French war, in much favor. He had been
able to organize an Indian force of one thousand men, — a
greater number than had ever before been seen in arms at one
time in the cause of England. Sir William possessed talents
as an orator, and deeply impressed the Indians with his pow
ers ; and his shrewdness in treating and dealing with them is
said to have been remarkable. Allen relates, that on his re
ceiving from England some finely laced clothes, the Mohawk
chief, Hendrick, became possessed Avith the desire of equal
ling the Baronet in the splendor of his apparel, and with a
demure face pretended to have dreamed that Sir William had
presented him Avith a suit of the decorated garments. As the
solemn hint could not be mistaken or avoided, the Indian
monarch was gratified, and Avent aAvay highly pleased with
the success of his device. But, alas for Hendrick's short
sighted sagacity, in a few days Sir William, in turn, had a
dream, to the effect that the Chief had given him several
thousand acres of land. " The land is yours," said Hendrick,
" but now. Sir William, I never dream with you again ; you
dream too hard for me."
The Baronet's seat Avas Johnson Hall, Johnstown, Tryon
County, New York, about twenty-four miles from Schenec
tady, on the MohaAvk River. He died there suddenly, July
11, 1774, aged sixty years. Owing to his influence, and that
of his family and connections, there were more Loyahsts,
probably, in the valley of the Mohawk, the population con
sidered, than in any other section of the northern Colonies.
As the Revolutionary troubles progressed, the unhappiness
of Sir William is represented to have been very great. And
it is said, that no inconsiderable part of his sorrow arose from
the contest within his own bosom, between his love of liberty

576 JOHNSON.
and sympathy Avith the oppressions of the people, on the one
hand, and the duty Avhich he OAved the Sovereign whom he
had long serA'ed, and whose rewards had been princely, on the
other. It has been asserted, even, that his distress of mind
became insupportable, and that he died by his own hand.
The tradition is, that on the day of his decease he received
despatches Avhich showed that civil war was inevitable and
near ; while another version is, that these despatches required
of him the use of his hifluence with the Indian tribes to secure
their services to the Crown in the event of blows. That the
employments and ncAvs of the last day of his life deeply
excited him, there is sufficient proof ; but, as his system Avas
predisposed to apoplexy, and as he was seized with a fit and
lingered some hours, it is very uncertain Avhether he committed
suicide. Some weight, hoAvever, appears to have been given
to his declaration in the spring of 1774, and soon after his re
turn from England, in substance, that he " shoidd never, live
to see the Colonies and the mother country iu a state of open
tear." That this declaration was made Avith a vieAv to self-
destruction, is possible ; yet a man, who had so much at stake,
was far more likely to have spoken it as expressive of his
strong hope of the final accommodation of the difficulties
which existed.
Sir William Avas uncommonly tall and well made. His
countenance was fine, but melancholy; and he possessed a
remarkable command of it, under the most exciting circum
stances. Johnson Hall is stiff (1842) standing, and is occu
pied by Mr. Wells. In Sir William's time it was surrounded
by a stone breastwork. The had itself is of wood, but the
wings are of stone. The tAvo daughters of Sir William John
son were educated almost in solitude, and in the following
, . to
singular manner : Their mother died Avhen they were young,
and bequeathed them to the care of a friend, who was the
widow of an officer kdled in batde. She retired from the
Avorld, and devoted herself to her fair pupils ; to whom she
taught the nicest and most ingenious kinds of needlework,
and reading and Avriting. In the morning, the two girls rose
early, read their Bible, fed their birds, tended their flowers,

JOHNSON. 577
and breakfasted. Later in the day, they employed themselves
with their needles, and in reading. After dinner, in summer,
they regularly took a long walk, and in the winter they rode
a distance upon a sledge. Thus uniformly passed their lives,
year after year ; and at the age of sixteen, they had read no
books except the Scriptures, their prayer-book, some romances,
and "Rolhn's Ancient History" ; nor had they ever seen a
lady, except their mother and her friend. Their dress was
quite as uniform as their habits of life. And though they con
tinually made articles of ornament, according to the fashion of
the day, they wore none of them, but summer and Avinter, and
without the least change, appeared in wrappers of the finest
chintz, and green silk petticoats. Their hair, which was long
and beautiful, they tied behind with a simple ribbon. In sum
mer, they covered their heads with a large calash ; in winter,
long scarlet mantles completely enveloped their persons. Sir
William did not live with them, but visited their apartment
daily. One married Colonel Guy Johnson, the other Colonel
Daniel Claus. Their manners soon became polished, they
soon acquired the habits of society, and made excellent wives.
Johnson, Sir John. Of New York. Knight and Bar
onet, Avas the son of Sir William Johnson, to Avhose estates
and title he succeeded, and to whose office of Major-General
in the militia of New York he was appointed in November of
1774. The father, we have seen, was removed from the dif
ficulties which attended an elevated position in society at the
Revolutionary era, before the commencement of hostilities ;
and a brief notice of the career of the son Avill show that
these difficulties were neither few nor easily surmounted.
The office of General Superintendent of Indian Affairs, on the
death of Sir Wdliam, passed into the hands of Colonel Guy
Johnson, (who married a daughter of Sir Wdliam Johnson,)
but in other respects the new Baronet was the heir, not only
of his parent's fortune and honors, but of his cares, per
plexities and perils. Of the early life of Sir John, not much
appears to be known ; he, however, served under his father,
and acquired considerable military experience. He was not
VOL, I, 49

578 JOHNSON.
as popular as Sir William, being less social and less acquainted
with human nature ; and failed to secure in so preeminent a
degree the affections of the retainers of Johnson Hall, and
of the Indian tribes. Yet he took means to secure the favor
of the latter.
His official relations and supposed political sympathies
caused a strict watch to be kept upon his moA'ements, and
early in 1776 a Whig force of some hundreds, under command
of General Schuyler, was despatched to Tryon County, to
counteract his reported designs, to disarm the Loyalists said to
be embodied there, and to obtain satisfactory assurances for
the future good conduct of the Baronet and his friends and
dependents. The General executed these delicate and re
sponsible duties in a manner highly satisfactory to Congress,
and received a vote of thanks. Reluctant to proceed to ex
tremities, he opened a correspondence with Sir John, and pro
posed an arrangement by which the shedding of blood would
be spared and the objects of his mission be accomplished.
After some modification of the original terms, an accommoda
tion was effected, by which Sir John stipulated to a pacific
line of conduct, and to remain A\dthin certain prescribed limits,
on his parole of honor. For some unexplained reason, this
agreement was soon violated, and the Whigs attempted to
secure the Baronet's person. Sir John, learning of this in
tention, hastily secured his most valuable effects, and fled to
the woods, with about seven hundred followers, determined to
proceed to Canada. After enduring almost every imaginable
hardship and deprivation, he and the principal part of his
associates arrived at Montreal.
He was soon commissioned a Colonel, and raised two bat
talions of Loyalists, who bore the designation of the Royal
Greens. From the time of organizing this corps, he became
one of the most active, and one of the bitterest foes that the
Whigs encountered during the contest ; so true is it, as was
said by the Avise man of Israel, that " A brother offended
is harder to be won than a strong city ; and their contentions
are like the bars of a casde." Sir John was in several

JOHNSON, 579
regular and fairly conducted batdes. He invested Fort Stan-
wixdn 1777, and defeated die brave General Herkimer, and
in 1780 Avas defeated himself by General Van Rensselaer, at
Fox's Mills, In predatory enterprises, the Royal Greens
enjoy an infamous celebrity. They committed quite every
enormity known in savage warfare. Their own former
neighbors and friends on the Mohawk were objects of their
sweetest revenge, and suffered even more at their hands than
strangers ; and the chieftain Brant, though he be compelled
to bear the worst, and all of the charges which have been
made against him and his Avarriors, will not answer to pos
terity for any darker or more damning deeds than those
which the Royal Greens perpetrated. Upon one occasion,
their Colonel was thus addressed by Mr. Sammons, an aged
and respectable Whig : " See what you have done. Sir John.
You have taken myself and my sons prisoners, burnt my
dwelling to ashes, and left the helpless members of my family
with no covering but the heavens above, and no prospect but
desolation around them. Did we treat you in this manner
when you were in the power of the Tryon County Com
mittee ? Do you remember when we were consulted by
General Schuyler, and you agreed to surrender your arms ?
Do you not remember that you then agreed to remain neu
tral, and that upon that condition General Schuyler left you
at liberty on your parole ? These conditions you violated.
You went off to Canada ; enrolled yourself in the service of
the King ; raised a regiment of the disaffected, who aban
doned their country with you ; and you have now returned
to wage a cruel war against us, by burning our dwelhngs, and
robbing us of our property. I was your friend in the Com
mittee of Safety," continued the bold Whig, " and exerted
myself to save your person from injury. And how am I
requited ? Your Indians have murdered and scalped old Mr.
Fonda, at the age of eighty years ; a man who, I have heard
your father say, was like a father to him when he setded
in Johnstown and Kingsborough. You cannot be successful.
Sir John, in such a warfare, and you will never enjoy your
property more."

580 JOHNSON,
In the flight of the Baronet from the Hall, in 1776, Lady
Johnson and the family papers, plate, and Bible, were left
behind. An incident with regard to each will show the
state and necessities of the times. Her Ladyship — who
was Mary Watts, of the city of New York, daughter of
Honorable John Watts, a member of the Council of the
Colony, and sister of the late venerable John Watts, who
died in September, 1836 — was removed to Albany, where
it was designed by the local Whig authorities that she
should be detained as a kind of hostage for the good conduct
of her husband. She solicited the Commander-in-Chief to
release her, but Washington declined to interfere. Lady
Johnson possessed much beauty, understanding, and vivacity.
Her playful humor exhilarated the whole household, The
papers were buried in an iron chest, and in 1778 General
Haldimand, at the request of Sir John, sent a party of men
to carry them away. On taking them up, they were found
to be mouldy, rotten, and illegible, in consequence of the
dampness which had been admitted through the open joints
of the chest. To recover the silver, the Baronet, in 1780,
went to Johnstown himself. It was found where a faithful
slave had buried it, and was transferred to the knapsacks of
about forty soldiers, Avho took it to Montreal. The devotion
of the slave is worthy of remembrance. He had long lived
with Sir John's father, who was so much attached to him
that he caused him to be baptized by his own name of Wd
ham. When the estate was confiscated by the ProAdncial
Congress of New York, Wiffiam formed a part of it, and
was sold, but finally, by a repurchase or otherwise, returned
to the Baronet's famdy. While he remained with his pur
chaser, who was a Whig, he never gave the least hint as to
the valuables of Sir John, though he had secreted them all.
The family Bible was sold with the furniture, by auction, at
Fort Hunter. John Taylor, late Lieutenant-Governor of
New York, was the purchaser of the sacred volume, and on
discovering that it contained the family record, he Avrote a
civil note to Sir John offering to restore it. Some time

JOHNSON. 581
afterward, a messenger from the Baronet called for the Bible,
but did his errand in a manner rude and offensive. " I have
come," said he, " for Sir William's Bible, and there are the
four guineas which it cost." On being asked what word Sir
John had sent, he replied, " to pay four guineas, and take
the book."
Soon after the close of the contest. Sir John went to Eng
land, but returned, in 1785, and established his residence in
Canada. He Avas appointed Superintendent-General and In
spector-General of Indian Affairs in British North America,
and for several years he was also a member of the Legislative
Council of Canada. To compensate him for his losses, the
British Government made him several grants of lands.
It is thought that he Avas a conscientious Loyalist ; and this
may be allowed. He lived in a style of luxury and splendor,
which few country gentlemen in America possessed the means
to support. His domains A\'ere as large and as fair as those of
any Colonist of his time, the estate of Lord Fairfax only ex
cepted ; and no American hazarded more, probably, in the
cause of the Crown. Faithfulness to duty is never a crime ;
and if he sacrificed his home, his fortune, and his country,
for his principles, he deserves admiration. But all approba
tion of his course during the Revolutionary struggle must end
here. The conduct of the Whigs towards him may have
been harsh, and, in the beginning, too harsh for his offences.
There may be room to doubt, Avhether, prior to the arrange
ment with General Schuyler, he did more than any zealous
loyal gendeman would consider he was bound to do, to put
down the disloyal proceedings in his neighborhood, and at his
very door. The charges found against him in the documents
of the day, may, in some particulars, be false, or highly col
ored. But there stdl remains unanswered the very grave
question, whether, as a civilized man, he was not bound to
observe the rules of civilized warfare.
Sir John died at Montreal, in 1830, aged eighty-eight, and
was succeeded by his oldest surviving son. Sir Adam Gordon
Johnson. Lady Johnson, who, as already said, A^'as Mary,
49*

582 JOHNSON.
daughter of John Watts, of New York, died in 1815. By
one account, the issue of this marriage was ten sons and four
daughters. But the following notice of his chddren is be
lieved to be accurate : Wdliam, a Lieutenant-Colonel in the
British Army, married Susan, daughter of Governor Stephen
De Lancey, and died in 1811, — his widow became the wife
of Sir Hudson Lowe, Napoleon's keeper at St. Helena ; War
ren, Major of the 60th Foot, died in 1802; Adam Gordon,
born in 1781, succeeded to the Baronetcy, as above ; John,
born in 1782 ; James Stephen, killed at Barbadoes ; Robert
Thomas, Captain in the Army, drowned in Canada, in 1811 ;
Charles Christopher, a Field Officer in the Army ; Archibald
Kennedy, born in 1792 ; Anne, married Colonel Edward
McDonnell, Quartermaster-General to the Forces in Canada,
survived her husband, and died near London in 1848 ; Cath
arine Maria, married Major-General Bowes, who fell at
Salamanca in 1812, who herself died at Anglesey, near Gos-
port, in 1850 ; and last, Marianna. " The title is now (1862)
held by Sir William Johnson, of Twickenham, near London,
an officer in the Royal Artillery of England. He was born
in 1830, and succeeded, as fourth Baronet, on the demise of
his uncle. Sir Adam Gordon, in 1843."
Johnson, Guy. Of New York. He married a daughter
of Sir Wdliam Johnson, and at the death of the Baronet
succeeded him as Superintendent of the Indian Department.
He was well versed in the business of that office, having long
held the place of deputy under his father-in-law. His own
assistant or deputy was Colonel Daniel Claus, who also mar
ried a daughter of Sir Wiffiam. His residence was in Tryon
County, near the Baronial Hall. Colonel Johnson's intem
perate zeal for his Royal master caused the first affray in that
county. In the early part of 1775, about three hundred
Whigs assembled at the house of John Veeder, in Caughna-
waga, for the purpose of deliberating upon the public concerns,
and the setting up of a Liberty-pole. Their proceedings
were interrupted by the arrival of Sir John Johnson, Colonel
Claus, Colonel John Buder, and Colonel Johnson, with a

JOHNSON. 583
large number of their retainers, well armed. Colonel Johnson
mounted a high stoop and addressed the people. In the
course of his remarks, he became so abusive that Jacob Sam
mons interrupted him, and pronounced him a liar and a vil
lain. Johnson thereupon seized Sammons by the throat, and
called him a d  d villain in return. A scuffle ensued, in
which Sammons was severely injured. The Whigs present,
the members of three families excepted, fled, and left Sam
mons to fight with the enraged Loyalists as he best could.
The following extracts from a correspondence in 1775, Avill
throw light on the proceedings of the time, and on the course
of the subject of this notice. I have received " repeated ac
counts," he said, " that either the New Englanders, or some
persons in or about the city of Albany, or town of Schenec
tady, are coming up, to a considerable number, to seize and
imprison me, on a ridiculous and malicious report that I in
tend to make the Indians destroy the inhabitants, or to that
effect. The absurdity of this apprehension may easily be
seen by men of sense ; but as many credulous and ignorant
persons may be led astray and inclined to believe it, and as
they have already sent down accounts, examinations, &c.,
from busy people here, that I can fully prove to be totally
devoid of all foundation, it is become the duty of aff those
who have authority or inffuence to disabuse the public, and
prevent consequences Avhich I foresee with very great con
cern, and most cordiady wish may be timely prevented. Any
differences in political ideas can never justify such extrav
agant opinions ; and I litde imagined that they should have
gained belief amongst any order of people who know my
character, station, and the large property I have in the
country, and the duties of my office, which are to preserve
tranquillity amongst the Indians, hear their grievances, &c.,
and prevent them from falling upon the trade and frontiers.
. . . . In the discharge of this duty I likewise essentially
serve the public. But should I neglect myself, and be tamely
made prisoner, it is clear to all who know anything of In
dians, they will not sit still and see their Council fire ex-

584 JOHNSON.
tinguished, and Superintendent driven from his duty, but Avill
come upon the frontiers, in revenge, with a power sufficient
to commit horrid devastation. It is therefore become as neces
sary to the public, as to myself, that my person should be
defended. But as the measures I am necessitated to make for
that purpose may occasion the propagation of additional false
hoods, and may at last appear to the Indians in a light diat is
not for the benefit of the public, I should heartily wish, gen
tlemen, that you could take such measures for removing these
apprehensions, as may enable me to discharge my duties
(which do not interfere with the public) without the protec
tion of armed men and the apprehension of insult. And as
the public are much interested in this, I must beg to have
your answer as soon as possible."
Again in May, 1775, Colonel Johnson said, in a commu
nication to the Whig Committee of Schenectady, that he
had " taken precaution to give a very hot and disagreeable
reception to any persons that shall attempt to invade his
retreat"; yet that, "at the same time, he had no intention
to disturb those who chose to permit him the honest exercise
of his reason and the duties of Ids office." Meantime, the
Tryon County Committee and the Colonel became involved
in difficulty, and the former, in denouncing his proceedings,
used the folloAving among other equally severe expressions :
" Colonel Johnson's conduct in raising fortifications round
his house, keeping a number of Indians and armed men con
stantly about him, and stopping and searching travellers upon
the King's highway, and stopping our communication with
Albany, is very alarming to this county, and is highly ar
bitrary, illegal, oppressive, and unwarrantable ; and confirms
us in our fears, that his design is to keep us in awe, and
oblige us to submit to a state of slavery " ; and abhorring
that state, they resolved " to defend their freedom with their
lives and fortunes." On the 2d of June, 1775, the Com
mittee of Tryon County, in a long letter, begged him to
use his " endeavors to dissuade the Indians from interfering
in the dispute with the Mother Country and the Colonies."

JOHNSON. 585
" We cannot think," they continue, " that, as you and your
family possess very large estates in this county, you are un-
faA'orable to American freedom, although you may differ
with us in the mode of obtaining redress." His course was
watched with much anxiety. It was well known that the
Johnsons could induce the Six Nations to remain neutral,
or to take part with the Crown, at their pleasure. The Rev,
Doctor Wheelock wrote to the New Hampshire Provincial
Congress, from Dartmoudi College, June 2Sth, that he had
" seen a man direct from Albany, and late from Mount
Johnson," who informed him that Colonel Johnson had " re
ceived presents to the amount of three thousand pounds from
the King, to be disposed of to engage the Indians Avitliin
his jurisdiction against the Colonies ; and that all his endeav
ors for that purpose had been fruitless. Not one of the
Indians would receive the presents."
We next find the subject of this notice in collision with
the Provincial Congress of New York, In his reply to a
letter from that body, dated July 8th, he says : — "As to
the endeavors you speak of, to reconcile the unhappy differ
ences betAveen the Parent State and these Colonies, be as
sured I ardently wish to see them. As yet, I am sorry to
say, I have not been able to discover any attempt of that
kind, but that of the Assembly's, the only true legal repre
sentatives of the people ; and as to the individuals who you
say officiously interrupt, in my quarter, the mode and meas
ures you think necessary for these salutary purposes, I am
really a stranger to them. If you mean myself, you must
have been grossly imposed on. I once, indeed, went with
reluctance, at the request of several of the jn-incipal inhab
itants, to one of the people's meetings, which I found had
been called by an itinerant New England leather-dresser, and
conducted by others, if possible, more contemptible. I had,
therefore, litde inclination to revisit such men, or attend to
their absurdities." In conclusion, and in allusion to the
fears that his influence Avould be used to excite the Indians
to hostilities, he remarks : " I trust I shall always manifest

586 JOHNSON.
more humanity than to promote the destruction of the in
nocent inhabitants of a Colony to which I have been always
Avarmly attached, — a declaration that must appear perfectly
suitable to the character of a man of honor and principle,
who can on no account neglect those duties that are con
sistent therewith, however they may differ from sentiments
now adopted in so many parts of America."
Notwithstanding the many and the explicit assurances of
Colonel Johnson, Brant, the acknowledged chief of the Six
Nations, joined the royal standard ; and whatever were the
Colonel's own purposes and intentions, the force of circum
stances or his own inclination induced him to retire to Can
ada, and thence to repair to scenes of savage Warfare ; and
his name appears in the bloody exploits of the Mohawk
chieftain, and the miscreant Butler. That, at the time he
was in communication with the Committees of Albany,
Schenectady, and Tryon County, and with the Provincial
Congress of New York, he was also in communication with
Brant, seems certain. The chief, who signed himself " sec
retary to Guy Johnson," wrote the Oneidas, in the Mohawk
tongue, thus : " Written at Guy Johnson's, May, 1775.
This is your letter, you great ones or sachems. Guy John
son says he will be glad if you get this intelligence, you
Oneidas, how it goes with him now, and he is now more
certain of the intention of the Boston people. Guy John
son is in great fear of being taken prisoner by the Bosto-
nians. We Mohawks are obliged to watch him constantly,"
&c. This letter was found in an Indian path, and Avas lost,
as was supposed, by the person to whom it had been en
trusted. It is certain, too, that Johnson, Brant, and the
Butlers, — father and son, — fled to Canada together. Col-
onel Johnson, in 1780, was about forty years of age ; and is
described " as being a short, pursy man, of stern counte
nance and haughty demeanor, — dressed in a British uniform,
pbwdered locks, and a cocked hat." His mansion — Guy
Park — is still (1840) standing. It is of stone, and situ
ated about a mile from the village of Amsterdam, on the
north bank of the Mohawk. His estate was confiscated.

JOHNSON. 587
He went to England at the peace ; was a petitioner for
rehef in 1784, and died there in 1788. His daughter Mary
was the wife of Lieut.-General Colin Campbell, and mother
of Major-General Sir Guy Campbell, Baronet, and C, B.
Johnson, Augustus. Of Rhode Island. Judge of the
Court of Vice-Admiralty 'for the Southern District of North
America. He Avas born in Amboy, New Jersey, about the
year 1730. He went to Rhode Island very young, and
studied law with Matthew Robinson, who married his mother.
" He had an unlimited confidence in his oAvn ability, and
would acknowledge no superior." In 1757 he was appointed
Attorney-General, and held the office nine years. One of
the three Stamp-Masters, in 1765, he was constantlj' hissed
and insulted in the streets, and in the autumn of that year,
his house was surrounded by an infuriated multitude. Still
later, he was seized, treated with indignity, and a promise
exacted that he Avould resign. When the news of the repeal
of the Stamp Act Avas received at Newport, a gallows was
erected near the State House, and the effigies of Mr. Johnson
and his associates were conveyed through the streets in a
cart, with halters about their necks, and hanged and burned,
amid shouts and tumult. Such was the hostile feeling, that
he fled to an armed ship in the harbor. At the evacuation
of Rhode Island, in 1779, he went to New York with the
Royal Army. His property Avas confiscated. He was a
pensioner of the British Government. His son, Matthew
Robinson Johnson, was a major in the army, but disposed
of his commission, and returned to his native State, in the
year 1800, where he died, leaving a widow, who Avas alive in
1842. Johnson, Rev. Thomas. Of Virginia. Epistiopal min
ister. Denounced by the Charlotte County Committee, as
an enemy to his country. Among the charges against him
was, that at the " Ordinary of Mr. John Tankersly, Avitli a
bowl of grog in his hand, he drank success to the British
arms." Johnson, Thomas. He Avent to England Avith Lord

588 JOHNSON. — JOHNSTON.
Cornwallis, and was appointed a messenger to the Lords
Commissioners of the Treasury. He died in King Street,
W^estminster, 1799.
Johnson, William. Of Connecticut, or New York. At
the peace he went from New York to Shelburne, Nova
Scotia, where the Crown granted him one town lot. He was
twenty years of age, and unmarried. Removed to Digby, in
the same Province, and died there in 1850, leaving a large
family. Johnson, Ichabod. Of New Jersey. A Tory plunderer.
His deeds of guilt caused the Whig authorities to offer a
reward for his apprehension, and he was finally killed, in
1783, in an affray with a party of light-horse and militia.
Johnson,  . Captain in the Loyalist force under
Colonel Thomas BroAvne. Killed in the siege of Augusta,
Georgia, in 1780.
Johnson, Nathaniel. Died at Sussex, King's County,
New Brunswick, in 1830, aged eighty-eight years.
Johnson, William. Of Delaware. In 1778, a party
of Whigs attempted to take him from his house, but were
beaten off. They returned the next day, in greater force,
Avhen he fled. After his flight his house was burned, and
Samens, one of his party, was hanged on the spot.
Johnson. Four went to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, at the
peace, namely : John, of Philadelphia, unmarried ; John, of
New York ; George and Harmon, of New Jersey, with their
famihes. John, of Nbav York, was a merchant, and lost
£3000 by his loyalty ; George lost £1000, and Harmon
£700. George Avas living at Shelburne about the year 1805.
Johnston, George Milligen. Of South Carolina,
Surgeon-General of all the British Garrisons in South Caro
lina and Georgia, " In public life he was conspicious for his
loyalty, having, at the beginning of the American Rebellion,
not only risked his life, but sacrificed considerable property, in
consequence of his unalterable attachment to the British
Government." He went to Great Britain, and died in Scot
land, in 1799, in his seventy-second year. Mary, his wife, a

JOHNSTON. — JONES. 589
native of Charleston, died at College-Green, Bristol, Em.--
land, in 1797, aged sixty-six.
Johnston, Lewis, Residence unknown. Was banished
and attainted, and his estate confiscated. In 1794 he repre
sented to the British Government, by his attorney, John
Irvine, that, at the time of his banishment, several large
debts Avere due to him in America, which he had not been
able to recover. It appears to have been conceded tiiat the
Confiscation Acts did not embrace sums of money owino- to
proscribed Loyalists, though many of them found great diffi
culty in enforcing payment.
Johnston, Andrew. Captain in the Florida Rangers,
Killed in 1780, in the attack on Augusta, Georgia,
Johnston, Laurence. Of Pennsylvania. In 1777,
Governor Livingston sent him prisoner to the President of
Pennsylvania, and said, that he appeared " to be an impudent,
determined villain, undoubtedly in the service of the enemv ; "
and that, if he examined him apart from his companion, he
would " find Johnston one of the greatest liars he ever met
with," JoHONNET, Peter. Distiller, of Boston, An Addresser
of Gage in 1775 ; Avas proscribed and banished in 1778. He
went to Halifax in 1776, thence to England, and was a Loy
alist Addresser of the King in 1779. He died at London, in
1809, aged seventy-nine.
JoHONNET, Francis. Of Boston, Went to England,
and was in London, July, 1776. He died previous to March,
1777. Mary, his widow, who died at Boston, in 1797, ad
ministered upon his estate in Massachusetts.
JoLLiE, Martin. Of Georgia. In the effort, 1779, to re
establish the Royal Government, he was appointed a member
of the Councd, a Commissioner of Claims, a Judge of the
Superior Court, and of Admiralty ; and to take possession of
the negroes and property of active Whigs.
Jones, Thomas. Of New York. By his marriage to a
daughter of Lieutenant-Governor James De Lancey, and
a sister of the wife of the celebrated Sir William Draper, he
VOL, I. 50

590 JONES.
became connected also Avith the families of Sir Peter Warren,
of the British Navy, and of Sir William Johnson, of New
York. At the Revolutionary era, he Avas, a Judge of the
Supreme Court, and, in consequence of his adherence to the
Roval cause, lost his estate under the Confiscation Act. In
1779, in retaliation for the capture of General Silliman by-
Glover and others, a party of Whigs determined to seize
upon Judge Jones, at his seat on Long Island. Twenty-
five volunteered for the purpose, under command of Captain
Daniel Hawley, of Newfield, (now Bridgeport,) Connecticut.
Hawley and his associates crossed the Sound on the night of
November 4th, and reached Judge Jones's house, ^ a distance
of fifty-two miles — on the evening of the 6th. There was
a ball, and the music and dancing prevented an alarm. The
Judge was standing in his entry when the assailants opened
the door, and was taken prisoner and borne off. A party of
RoA'al soldiers was near, and Jones, in passing, hemmed very
loud to attract their attention. Hawley told hiin not to re
peat the sound, but he disobeyed, and was threatened with
death unless he desisted from further endeavors to induce the
soldiers to come to his rescue. Though six of the Whigs
Avere captured by a troop of horse, the remainder of the party
carried their prisoner safely to Connecticut. The lady of
General Siffiman invited the Judge to breakfast, and he not
only accepted of her hospitality for the morning, but contin
ued her guest for several days. But he remained gloomy,
distant, and reserved. In May, 1780, the object of his seizure
Avas accomplished ; the British commander having, at that
time, consented to give up General Silliman and his son, in
exchange for the Judge and a Mr. Hewlett, — the Whigs,
however, throwing in as a sort of make-weight one Washburn,
a Tory of infamous character. Judge Jones retired to Eng
land, and there passed the remainder of his life, and, as it is
believed, in retirement.
Jones, John. Of Maine. Captain in Rogers's Rangers.
Of a dark complexion, he was called " Mahogany Jones."
Prior to the war, he lived at or near Pownalborough, and

JONES. ,591
was surveyor of the Plymouth Company. As the troubles
increased, the Whigs accused him of secreting tea, and broke
open his store. Next, they fastened him to a long rope, and
dragged him through the water until he was neariy drowned.
Finally, to put an end to his exertions agt^inst die popular
cause, he Avas committed to jail in Boston. He escaped, went
to Quebec in 1780, and received a commission in the Ran
gers. In Maine again before the peace, he annoyed his per
sonal foes there repeatedly. Among his feats was the capture
of his "old enemy," General Charies Gushing, of Pownal
borough. Jones's own story is, in substance, that, pretend
ing to be a Whig and a friend. Gushing rose from his bed,
put on his breeches, came down stairs, obtained a candle,
and opened the door ; that Mrs, Gushing soon followed her
husband, but returned, put her head out of the chamber win
dow, and screamed "Murder ! " and that he told her, if she
did not hold her tongue, his Indians Avould scalp her. Fur
ther, that he gave the General shoes and stockings, and
marched him off through the woods four days to the British
post, (now Castine,) at the mouth of the Penobscot.
Jones, immediately after the peace, was at Grand Menan,
Bay of Fundy, and interested in lands granted on that island
to Loyalists, In 1784, he resumed his business as surveyor,
on the river St, Croix. At length, " his Toryism forgotten,"
he removed to the Kennebec, In 1793, he made a map of
the country on the last named river. Of great courao-e, he
surveyed the Company's lands " at a time when si^ucttters,
disguised as Indians, threatened the lives of all who should
attempt " that service. He died at Augusta, Maine.
At Jones's Eddy, below Bath, Mr. Charles Vaughan, a
Avealthy merchant of Boston, designed to found a great sea
port, and erected Avharves and buildings to accommodate the
business which he expected would be transacted there ; hence
the map aboA'e mentioned. The project was an utter failure.
Jones, Owen, Jr. Of Pennsylvania, In 1777, ordered
by the Board of War to be removed from Winchester to
Staunton, there to be kept in close jail, and to be deprived of

592 JONES.
the free use of writing materials, because he had kept up a cor
respondence with persons in Pennsylvania, and had exchanged
gold at extravagant premiums for paper money. He appealed
to Mr. Duane, on the ground of former friendship, and as his
only acquaintance in Congress, to use his influence to "alle
viate this cruel sentence " ; and averred that his only offence
consisted in sending sixteen half-joes to be converted into Con
tinental money, in order to supply himself with the necessaries
of life.
Jones, David. Of Connecticut. Suffered much at the
hands of the Sons of Liberty, in 1775 ; and the Rev. Dr. Pe
ters, of Hebron, in a letter to his mother, recommended that
he "should draught a narrative of his Avoes," to be sent to him
at Boston. This, as I suppose, was the David Jones Avho en
tered the Royal service, and was a captain. If so, he was to
have married the beautiful Jane McCrea, whose cruel death,
in 1777, by the Indians, is universally known and lamented.
The fate of Captain Jones is uncertain. One account is, that,
desperate and careless of life, he was slain in the battle of
Bemis's Heights ; another, that he died about three years
afterward, broken-hearted and insane ; while Lossing says,
that he lived in Canada to old age, and died -within a few
years. He never married. After Jane's death he was sad
and sUent, and avoided society as much as circumstances
Avould permit.
Jones, Elisha. Of Weston, Massachusetts. Colonel in
the militia. Died in 1775, aged sixty-six. He was the father
of fourteen sons and of one daughter.
Jones, Elisha. Of Weston, Massachusetts. Son of
Colonel Elisha. Went to Weymouth, Nova Scotia, but died
in the United States, in 1784, leaving seven chddren.
Jones, Josiah. Physician, of Weston, Massachusetts. Son
of Colonel Elisha. He joined the British Army at Boston, soon
after the batde of Lexington, in 1775, and was sent by General
Gage, in the sloop Polly, to Nova Scotia, to procure hay and
other articles for the use of the troops. On the passage he
Avas made prisoner, and sent by the Committee of Arundel,

JONES. 593
Maine, to the Provincial Congress ; and after due investi<i-a-
tion of his case by a committee of that body, he Avas com
mitted to jail at Concord. Obtaining release, after some
months' imprisonment, he again joined the Royal forces, and
received air ajipointment in the Commissary Department. In
1782 he Avent to Annapolis, Nova Scotia, where he settled.
He made a voyage to England to obtain half-pay, and was
successful. He was senior Judge of the Court of Common
Pleas for the county of Annapolis many years. He died in
1825, at Annapolis, aged eighty ; and Margaret Jude, his
widow, died at Digby, Nova Scotia, in 1828, at the age of
eighty-four. Four chddren survived him, namely : Stephen ;
Charlotte, the wife of Dr. Thomas White, of Westport, Nova
Scotia ; Charles, a merchant of Halifax ; and Edward, a mer
chant of Westport. His property in Massachusetts was con
fiscated. Dr. Jones was a man of good powers, and of a cul
tivated mind. His family retain the impression that he was
educated at Harvard University, but his name does not ap
pear on the catalogue of graduates.
Jones, Simeon. Of Weston, Massachusetts, Son of
Colonel Elisha. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the King's
American Dragoons. He went to St, John, New Bruns
wick, at the peace, and received the grant of a city lot in
1784. He removed to Nova Scotia, and died at Weymouth,
in 1823, at the age of seventy-two.
Jones, Stephen. Of Weston, Massachusetts. Son of
Colonel Elisha, Graduated at Harvard University in 1775.
He accepted a commission under the Crown, and was an
officer in the King's American Dragoons. He settled in
Nova Scotia at the close of the contest, and, at his decease,
was the oldest magistrate of the county of Annapolis, He
was the last survivor of fourteen sons. He died at Wey
mouth, Nova Scotia, in 1830, aged seventy-six. He married
Sarah Goldsbury, who (1861) survives, at the age of ninety.
His son, Guy Carleton Jones, holds a pubhc office at Digby,
Nova Scotia,
Jones, Isaac, Of Weston, Massachusetts. Innholder
50*

594 JONES.
and trader. In January, 1775, the Whig Convention of
Worcester County denounced him in the following terms :
" Resolved, That it be earnestly recommended to all the in
habitants of this county, not to have any commercial con
nections with Isaac Jones, but to shun his house and person,
and to treat him with the contempt he deserves ; and should
any persons in this county be so lost to a sense of their duty,
after this recommendation, as to have any commercial con
nections with the said Tory, we do advise the inhabitants of
this county to treat such persons with the utmost neglect."
He died at Weston, in 1813, at the age of eighty-five.
Jones, Edward. Settled in New Brunswick at the peace,
and died at Spoon Island, in that Province, in 1831, aged
eighty-eight. Jones, Caleb. Of Maryland. Sheriff of Somerset
County. In 1776, ordered in the Council of Safety, after hear
ing depositions in his favor, that he recognize in £200, with
good security, for due obedience to the Whig authorities.
Some months after, he escaped from Baltimore, and arrived
at New York in the frigate Brune. Ho entered the Mary
land Loyalists subsequently, and was a captain. At the
peace he went to St. John, New Brunswick, and was a
grantee of that city. Elizabeth, his wife, died at St. John,
in 1812, aged sixty-eight.
Jones,  . Cornet in the Queen's Rangers. Killed
in the siege of Yorktown, and buried at Williamsburg with
military honors.
Jones, Edward. Of Ridgefield, Connecticut. Was ex
ecuted by General Putnam, in 1779, at a place called Gal
lows' Hill. The scene is described as shocking. " The man
on whom the duty of hangman devoh'ed left the camp, and
on the day of execution could not be found, A couple of
boys, about the age of twelve years, were ordered by Gen
eral Putnam to perform the duties of the absconding" hang
man. The gallows was about twenty feet from the ground.
Jones was compelled to ascend the ladder, and the rope
around his neck was attached to the cross-beam. General

JONES, 595
Putnam then ordered Jones to jump from the ladder. ' No,
General Putnam,' said Jones, ^ I am innocent of the crime
laid to my charge ; I shall not do it.' Putnam then ordered
the boys before nientioned to turn the ladder over. These
boys were deeply affected with the trying scene ; they cried
and sobbed loudly, and earnesdy entreated to be excused
from doing anything on this distressing occasion. Putnam,
drawing his sword, ordered them forward, and compelled
them at the SAvord's point to obey his orders."
Jones,  . Captain in Ganey's Tory banditti. An
infamous fellow. One of his murders was singularly atro
cious. He promised Colonel Kobb, who surrendered a pris
oner of war, personal safety, but immediately killed him in
the presence of his wife and children, and burned his house,
Jones, Ichabod. Of Maine, He removed from Boston
about 1765, and Avas a land and mill-owner. In the House
of Representatives, August, 1775, it was resolved : "Whereas
Ichabod Jones, late of Machias, a known enemy to the rights
and liberties of America, has fled, leaving at Machias a con
siderable estate, real and personal : It is therefore recom
mended to the Committee of Safety of that place to take
effectual care of said estate, agreeable to the resolves and
recommendations of the late Provincial Congress," In Au
gust, 1776, Mr. Jones, as appears in his petition to the
Council and House of Representatives, was confined to the
town of Northampton, under large bonds, and with scanty
means of subsistence. Again, that, when seized at Machias,
the people there owed him and his associates nearly £4000 ;
diat he had been informed of the possession of his property
by the new authorities, and that he desired to be heard
touching his conduct and his pecuniary affairs.
Jones, John. A corporal in the First Regiment of Penn
sylvania Artillery. He deserted to the Royal side, and gave
"intelligence,'" dated February 15, 1780. In this paper he
says that he " listed August, 1776, for three years, but be-
cau^ he had no certificate to shoAV, was obliged to take the
one hundred dollars, and serve for die war."

596 JONES. - KEAN.
Jones, John. Of Bristol, Connecticut. Son of Captain
Nathaniel Jones. He graduated at Yale College in 1776,
and went immediately to Long Island, as Captain of Marines.
He was killed at sea, in the first fight in which the vessel
was engaged, and, probably, before the close of the year 1776.
Jones,  . Of North Carolina, Notorious marau
der. Taken and hung,
Jones, Jonathan. Of New York. Brother of Jane
McCrea's lover. Late in 1776, he assisted in raising a com
pany in Canada, and joined the British in garrison at Crown
Point. Later in the war he was a captain, and served under
General Frazer.
Jordan, John, Francis, and James. Removed to New
Brunsvi'ick in 1783. John and Francis Avere grantees of St,
John. James died in that city, in 1846, aged eighty-five
years. Jouette or Jewett, Zenophon. Of New Jersey, In
1782 he was an ensign in the First Battalion of New Jersey
Volunteers, He settled in New Brunswick, and received
half-pay. In 1792 he held the oflice of Sheriff of York
County, He relinquished the post during the war of 1812,
and was attached to a regiment raised in that Colony. He
was Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod to the Council many
years. He died at St. John in 1843.
Joy, John. Housewright, of Boston. An Addresser of
Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. In 1776 he
went to Halifax, with his family of seven persons, and was
proscribed and banished in 1778. In 1779 he was in Eng
land. JuDSON, Chapman. Went to St, John, New Brunswick,
at the peace, and Avas grantee of a city lot. He received an
appointment in the Ordnance Department. He died at St.
John, in 1817, at the age of sixty-six.
Kean, William, Of Pennsylvania. He was Adjutant
of the Pennsylvania Loyalists, and setded in New Bruns
wick after the corps was disbanded. Ann, his Avidow, died
at St. John, in 1820, aged sixty-four.

KEARSLEY. -KELLY, 597
Kearsley, John. Of Philadelphia. Physician. A man
of ardent feelings ; his zealous attachment to the Royal cause,
and his impetuous temper, made him obnoxious to those Avhose
acts he opposed. He was seized at his own house, in the sum
mer or autumn of 1775, and carted through the streets to the
tune of the " Rogue's IMarch." In the affray, he was Avounded
in the hand by a bayonet. When mounted, the mob gave a
loud huzza ; and the Doctor, to show his contempt of " the peo
ple," took his wig in his injured hand, and swinging it around
his head, huzzaed louder and longer than his persecutors. The
ride over, it Avas determined to tar and feather him ; but this
was abandoned, to the disappointment of many. The doors
and Avindows of his house were, however, broken by stones
and brickbats. The same year he was put in prison, for writ
ing letters abusive of the Whigs ; and, -svhile there, Stephen
Bayard was allowed to attend to the setdement of his affairs.
His sufferings caused insanity, which continued untd his
decease. He died in prison about fifteen months after his
ride in the " Tory cart." He was attainted of treason,
and his estate confiscated. His uncle, of die same Christian
name, and a physician of Philadelphia, died there in 1772,
: Keating,  . Captain in the New Jersey Volunteers,
in 1777, and sent to Trenton.
Keech, Robert. Of New York, Died in Dorchester,
New Brunswick, in 1842, at the age of eighty-three.
Keen, Reynold. Of Pennsylvania, Attainted of trea
son. Pardoned by Act of the Assembly, and such part of his
estate as had not been sold by the Commissioners of Confisca
tion, restored to him.
Kellock, Alexander. Surgeon in the Queen's Rangers.
Very capable and attentive to his duties, records die com
mander of that corps. When, in 1779, Simcoe was wounded
and taken prisoner, Kellock went to Brunswick, New Jersey,
with a flag to attend him, and Governor Livingston ordered
that he should not be molested.
Kelly,  . Deserted from the Whig Army, and
joined the Queen's Rangers as a sergeant. Taken prisoner.

598 KELLY. -KEMPE.
and put in jail to await execution. Released on the threat
of Simcoe, that, if Kelly suffered death, he would leave to the
mercy of his soldiers the first six Rebels who should fall into
his hands.
Kelly, Waldron. Residence unknown. A captain in
the Royal Garrison Battalion.
Kelly, John. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in
1827, at the age of eighty-one. He was blind sixteen years.
Kei,ly, William. Died at the same place, in 1826, aged
seventy-four. Kelsall, Roger. Of Georgia. In the effort to reestablish
the Royal Government, in 1779, he was appointed a mem
ber of the Councd, a Commissioner of Claims, and a Com
missioner to take possession of the negroes and other property
of active Whigs. Attainted of treason and estate confiscated.
Kemble, Stephen. Deputy Adjutant-General of the
British Army in 1777. I suppose of the Ncav Jersey family,
and a relative of the wife of General Gage.
Kemp,  . Of Georgia, Lieutenant in the King's
Rangers. Stripped and killed, with nine of his men, for re
fusing to join the Whigs, on becoming prisoners. Eleven of
the perpetrators fell into the hands of the Loyalists and were
hung. Kempe, John Tabor, Of New York. Last Royal Attor
ney-General. While absent in England, in 1767, the duties of
his office were entrusted to James Duane. Governor Tryon
wrote Lord Dartmouth, November, 1775, that " the sword
is drawn," and that the Attorney-General was with him on
board the ship Luchess of Gordon, in -the harbor of New
York. In February, 1776, Mr. Kempe had been transferred
to the Asia ship of war, in the waters of Raritan Bay ; and,
while there, he wrote the following lines to greet Cortlandt
Skinner, Attorney-General of New Jersey : —
Welcome, -welcome, brother Tory,
To this merry floating place !
I came here a while before ye ; —
Coming here is no disgrace.

KEMPE. 599
Freedom finds a safe retreat here,
On the bosom of the -wave ;
You she invites to meet here :
Welcome, then, thou Tory brave !
As you serve, like us, the King, sir,
In a hammock you must lay ;
Better far 't is so to swing, sir.
Than to swing another way.
Though we 've not dry land to walk on,
The quarter-deck is smooth to tread ;
Hear how fast, while we are talkin",
Barrow 1 trips it overhead.
Should vile Whigs come here to plunder,
Quick we send them whence they came ;
They should hear the Asia thunder,
And see the Phoenix in a flame.
Neptune's gallant sons befriend us,
While at anchor here we ride ;
Britain's wooden walls defend us, —
Britain's glory, and her pride.
His property was confiscated. The wife of Francis LeAvis, a
signer of the Declaration of Independence, ha\'ing fallen into
the hands of the enemy, and the wife of Mr. Kempe haA'ing
become a prisoner of the Whigs, an exchange was effected
towards the close of 1776.
The Whigs established a government in 1777 ; but as the
British Army held the city of New York, Long and Staten
Islands, &c., there was also a Royal government, and Mr.
Kempe was considered in office during the Avar. Yet his
name seldom appears. I find it last, July 30, 1782, in a cor
respondence between Sir Guy Carleton and Washington, in
connection with the Huddy murder. [See Richard L>ppi?i-
cott.] The Attorney-General's furniture Avas sold at auction
in New York, June, 1783, He went to England and died
there. His widow deceased at Clifton, in 1831, and his
daughter, Anne, at the same place, in 1838.
> The deputy paymaster bf the Royal Army, who was also a refugee on
board the Asia, and continually walked the deck.

600 KENAN. - KENT.
Kenan, Felix. Of North Carolina. He Avas Sheriff of
the County of Duplin, and was dismissed by the Provincial
Congress, May, 1776. A man of whom it was pithily said,
" he had not the independence to be a Tory, or the honesty
to be a Whig." Thousands, in different parts of the country,
were as like him as possible. He bore arms under General
McDonald, at Moore's Creek Bridge.
Kendrick, Thomas. He died on the Island of Campo
Bello, New Brunswick, in 1821, aged seventy-two.
Kennedy, Patrick, Of Baltimore. Physician. Escaped
to New York in 1777, and subsequently was a captain in the
Maryland Loyalists. In 1783 he embarked for Nova Scotia,
in the transport ship Martha, and was wrecked on the passage.
[See James Henley.] He and several others were saved by
some fishing vessels. He was a grantee of the city of St.
John, New Brunswick.
Kent, Benjamin. Of Massachusetts. Graduated at
HarA'ard University in 1727. He was minister at Marl
borough for a short time, but entered upon the profession of
the law, and established himself at Boston, He was a Whig,
it appears, for awhile, and his name is to be found among
those of Samuel Adams, Gushing, Warren, Hancock, and
other prominent leaders of the patriot band, A Refugee ; he
died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1788, aged eighty-one.
Elizabeth, his widow, survived until 1802. He was eccentric,
and a wit. His conduct as a clergyman is said to have been
unclerical and humorous. John Adams, in 1759, said : " Kent
is for fun, drollery, humor, flouts, jeers, contempt. He has an
irregular, immethodical head, but his thoughts are often good,
and his expressions happy." From a letter written by Kent,
in 1771, I extract a single line : " Saint Paul, though some
times a little inclined to Toryism, was a very sensible gentle
man, and he expressly damns the fearful as well as the un
believing." To the gendemen who have suggested that the subject of
this notice was not a Loyalist, I return my warm thanks for
the endeavor to correct an inaccuracy in this work ; but the
name was not inserted in the first edition without thought,

KENT, — KEY, 601
and is retained now, after due consideration of the circum
stances to which my attention has since been kindly directed,
Kent, Stephen. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at
the peace, was a grantee of that city, and died there in 1828,
aged eighty.
Kerr, James. He accepted a commission under the
Crown, and was a captain in the Queen's Rangers. The
corps Avas disbanded at the close of the war, Avhen he retired
on half-pay. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, and
was a grantee of that city ; but removed to King's County,
Nova Scotia, where he settled, and Avas a colonel in the
militia. He died at Amherst, Nova Scotia, in 1830, at the
age of seventy-six. Eliza, his widow, died at Cornwalhs,
Nova Scotia, 1840, aged seventy-four. Three sons and a
daughter preceded him, but twelve children survived him.
Ketcham, Isaac. Of New York. Died in King's
County, New Brunswick, in 1820, aged sixty-four. His
widow died in 1821, at the age of fifty-four.
Key, Philip Barton. Of Maryland. He joined the
British Army after the Declaration of Independence ; and in
1778 held a commission in the Maryland Loyalists. Four
years later, he was a captain in that corps. He served in
Florida, was made prisoner there, but, released on parole, he
went to England. At the peace he retired on half-pay. In
1785 he returned to Maryland, and five years afterward set
tled in Annapolis. He was elected to the General Assembly
in 1794, and was a member of that body for some time.
Previous to his first election, he sold his half-pay to General
Forrest, his brother-in-law. The General became bankrupt
in 1802, when, greatly indebted to Mr. Key, tran.sfer was
made back in satisfaction pro " tanto of the debt ; but as the
General's family were in a destitute condition, they received
the benefit of the half-pay for three years. In 1806, Mr.
Key directed his agent in London to resign, at the proper
office, all further claims on the British Government ; and he
himself made a formal resignation of the same, in 1807, in
a letter addressed to his Majesty's minister at Washington.
VOL. I. 51

602 KEY. — KIDDER.
Mr. Key was elected to the Tenth Congress, and his right to
a seat in that body was contested. The facts above stated,
assented to by Mr. Key, appear in the report of the Com
mittee on Elections. The vote in the House was close ; on
the 18th of March, 1808, his right was affirmed, 57 to 52.
It should be added, that, though he was a military officer of
the Crown, he never took the oath of allegiance. From the
debate, it is to be inferred that much of the opposition to him
was on the ground that he was not a citizen of Maryland.
I make a single extract from Mr. Key's own speech : —
" His constituents knew the very circumstances of the follies
of his early life, and his enemies had represented to them,
that, having been once, twenty years ago, in the British
Army, he was not a proper person to represent them. The
people scouted the idea ; . . . they knew me from my
infancy ; . . . but I had returned to my country, like
the prodigal son to his father ; had felt as an American
should feel ; Avas received, forgiven, ... of which the
most convincing proof is . . . my election " to this
House. He served in Congress until the year 1813. As a
lawyer he was distinguished. He died at Georgetown, Dis
trict of Columbia, in 1815.
Key, Robert, A soldier in the Continental Army ; in
April, 1777, executed at Coventry, Rhode Island, for at
tempting to desert to the Royal Army.
Kidder, Reuben. Of New Ipswich, New Hampshire.
He was the richest man in that town, and at the Revolu
tionary era had done more than any other person to promote
its groAvth and prosperity. He was agent of lands owned by
the Wentworths, and other gentlemen of note in Portsmouth ;
and, appointed a magistrate and a colonel in the militia by
the last Governor Wentworth, felt honestly bound to adhere
to the Crown. He was superseded in his civil and military
offices, and was inactive during the war. He refused to
acknoAvledge the Whig Government of the State, but re
mained upon his estate without molestation. Though opposed
to the Revolution, he still paid the taxes levied upon his

DUNHAM. — DUNMORE. 399
His son Moses came to an untimely end. His widow, whose
maiden name was Esther Adams, retired to the British Army,
. and remained with it some time ; but returned to Bristol, mar
ried Chauncey Jerome, a Loyalist, and with her husband, went
to Nova Scotia. At the peace, they settled at their old home
in Connecticut, and were the parents of several children. She
died in 1825, aged sixty-six. Dunbar's house Avas standing in
1859. Dunham. Captain Asher Dunham and Daniel Dunham
were among the Loyalists who went to St. John, New Bruns
wick, in 1783, and both received grants of city lots. John
Dunham, who emigrated the same year, and who was a cap
tain in the militia of that Province, died at Carleton in 1829,
aged eighty-one.
Dunmore, Earl of. Last Royal Governor of Virginia.
He succeeded to the peerage in 1756 ; was appointed Gov
ernor of New York in 1770 ; assumed the Executive Chair
of Virginia in 1772, and administered the government until
the popular party compelled him to seek safety on board of a
ship-of-war. He soon collected a number of vessels, and was
joined by many Loyalists who had become obnoxious, and
who, from necessity or fear, abandoned their homes. Wash
ington said, December, 1775, " I do not think that forcing his
Lordship on shipboard is sufficient. Nothing less than depriv
ing him of life or liberty will secure peace to Virginia, as mo
tives of resentment actuate his conduct to a degree equal to
the total destruction of that colony."
Lord Dunmore, with his ffeet of fugitives, continued on the
coasts and rivers of Virginia for a part of the year 1776 ; and
as every place was now strictly guarded, these unhappy peo
ple, who had put themselves under his protection, underwent
great distresses. The heat of the weather, the badness and
scarcity of water and provisions, Avith the closeness and filth
of the small vessels in Avhich they were crowded, by degrees
produced that malignant distemper which is known by die
name of the jail or pestilential fever. This dreadful disor
der particulariy affected the Negroes, most of whom it swept

400 DUNMORE.
away. After various adventures, in which they were driven
from place to place, and from island to island, by the Virgin
ians, several of the vessels were driven on shore in a gale of
wind, and the wretched fugitives became captives to their own
countrymen. At length, every place being shut against the
remainder, and neither Avater nor provisions to be obtained,
even at the expense of blood, it was found necessary, towards
the beginning of August, 1776, to burn the smaller vessels,
and to send the remainder, amounting to between forty and
fifty sail, with the exiles, to seek shelter in Florida, Bermudas,
and the West Indies. In this manner ended the hopes enter
tained by the employment of the Negroes to suppress the
rebellion in the Southern colonies. This measure tended
infinitely to inflame the discontents in those colonies, without
adding anything to the strength of the Royal arms.
He is represented as both needy and greedy. " To get
money Avas the rule of action which included his whole admin
istrative conduct." In 1779 his name appears in the Con
fiscation Act of New York. He was appointed Governor of
the Bermudas in 1786. He died in England in 1809. His
daughter Augusta married the Duke of Sussex, sixth son of
King George Third. Lady Dunmore, who died at South-
Avood House, near Ramsgate, in 1818, was Elizabeth, daugh
ter of the Earl of GalloAvay ; to her daughter Virginia (thus
named at the request of the Council and Assembly of Vir
ginia) she bequeathed her villa at Twickenham and all her
personal property. In 1848 a London paper announced the
death of Sir Augustus Frederic d'Este, son of his late Royal
Highness the Duke of Sussex, by Lady Augusta Murray,
daughter of the Earl of Dunmore, to whom his Royal High
ness was married at Rome, in 1793. Upon the death of the
Duke, in 1843, Sir Augustus Frederic preferred his claim to
succeed to the titles and honors of his father, and the claim
was heard by the House of Lords in that year, when, after
proof was given of the marriage of his father and mother, and
of the birth of Sir Augustus Frederic in 1794, a question was
submitted to the Judges upon the effect of the Royal Marriage

. DUNN. — EASTERBROOKS. 401
Act, 12 George III. The Judges pronounced their opinion
to be that that statute had incapacitated the descendants of
George II, from contracting a legal marriage without the con
sent of the Crown, either within the British dominions or
elsewhere, whereupon the House of Lords resolved that Sir
Augustus Frederic had not established his claim. The Hon.
Charles Augustus Murray, who visited the United States in
1836, and again in 1851, is a lineal descendant of Lord Dun
more. Dunn, John. Of North Carolina. Major in the militia.
In 1775, notoriously inimical to the Whigs, he was seized and
sent to South Carolina. Frances, his wife, petitioned the
Provincial Congress of North Carolina in his behalf, without
success. He was, however, released ; but apprehended again
in 1776, he was allowed the liberty of living in Salisbury on
parole, on condition that he should appear once every day at
the house of Maxwell Chambers, and give security in £1000
for his good behavior.
Dunn, John. Of New York, He left the United States
at the termination of hostilities, and was one of the found
ers of St. AndrcAv, New Brunswick, and through hfe contrib
uted to its improvement and prosperity. For many years he
held the honorable and lucrative post of Comptroller of his
Majesty's Customs at that port. He died at St. Andrew,
April 14, 1829, aged seventy-six. His wife, Ehzabeth, sur
vived until January, 1835, and at her decease was seventy-
three. He was a man proverbially kind, liberal, and hos
pitable. Duyckings,  . Of New Jersey. Colonel in the
militia. In 1777 Colonel Weedon wrote the Council of Penn
sylvania diat he was an "infamous character ;" that he had
been in the service of the Whigs ; but, when the British
entered New Jersey, he took the oath of allegiance to the
Crown. Weedon sent him prisoner to the Council, by order
of Washington.
Easterbrooks, James. He was an early setder of New
Brunswick, and was a magistrate and member of the House
34*

402 EDDY. — EDSON.
of Assembly for many years. He died at Sackville, in that
Province, in 1842, at the age of eighty-five.
Eddy, Charles, and Thomas. Of Philadelphia. Iron
mongers. Attainted of treason and their estates confis
cated. Charles was ordered to Virginia ; went to England,
and was in London, July, 1779.
Eden, Sir Robert, Baronet, and last Royal Governor of
Maryland. His wife was Caroline, sister and co-heir of the
last Lord Baltimore.
He was appointed Governor in 1768, and continued in
office untd 1776, when the Royal authority ceased. But as
he was accomplished, kind, and courteous, the Whigs allowed
him to remain in Maryland without restraint. When, how
ever, some despatches addressed to him by Lord George Ger
main were intercepted, his arrest was ordered by General
Lee. The Whig Councd of Safety declined compliance ; and
and Sir Robert was permitted to embark for England, in the
sloop-of-war Foivey. He was created a Baronet, September,
1776. He returned to Maryland in 1784, " to look after his
lady's estate ; " and died near Annapolis in 1785. His son,
Sir William Eden, (subsequently Lord Auckland) who de
ceased in 1814, was one of the Lords of Trade and Planta
tions in 1776, one of the Commissioners to America in 1778,
and, later. Ambassador to Spain and to Holland.
Edgett, Joel. Of New York, He went to New Bruns
Avick at the peace, and resided there until his death, February,
1841, at the house of his son John, at Hillsborough, aged
eighty years.
Edmiston, Rea'. William. Of Maryland. Episcopal
minister. In 1775 the Committee of Baltimore ordered him
to appear and answer to the charges against him ; he obeyed,
and made a written explanation which was voted satisfactory.
In November, 1776, he was at Albany, New York, and asked
General Gates to allow him to go to General Howe on pri
vate business, and promised to return at any specified time.
He was in England previous to July, 1779.
, Edson, Josiah. Of Bridgewater, Massachusetts. He

EDWARDS. 403
was a noted ^litician of the time, and was known by the tAvo
most odious appellations Avhich prevailed ; namely, as a Re-
scinder and a Mandamus Couneillor. Hutchinson speaks
<5f him in 1771, when he Avas a member of the House of
Representatives, as one of the several gentlemen of that body,
who, in common times, would have had great weight, but
who, then, discouraged by the great superiority of the num
bers against them, were inactive. In 1774 Mr, Edson was
driven from his house by a mob, and was compelled to reside
in Boston, under protection of the British troops ; and at the
evacuation, in 1776, he accompanied the army to Halifax.
He went from Halifax to New York, and died in that city,
or on Long Island, not long after his arrival. He Avas a
graduate _Q£_Harvard_ University, a colonel in the militia, a
de^acon ofihe_church, and a respectable, virtuous man. He is
alluded to in " McFingal," as " that old simplicity of Edson.''
Edwards, Morgan. A Baptist clergyman. He Avas born
in Wales in 1722, and came to America in 1761. He was
at first pastor of a church in Philadelphia, and, subsequently,
labored in various places, either as lecturer or preacher. Op
posed to the Revolution, he gave up the ministry during the
war. He was an eccentric man, and among his acts was
the preaching of his own funeral sermon. He lived a quarter
of a century after the solemn farce, dying in 1795, aged
seA'enty-two. He published many sermons, and left nume
rous manuscripts.
Edwards, Stephen. Of New Jersey. An amiable
young man, who joined the adherents to the Crown at New
York, near the close of the war. Sent, by Colonel Taylor of
a Loyalist corps, to Monmouth County to ascertain the Whig
force there, he was arrested at midnight, in his father's house,
in bed with his wife,, disguised in a female's night-cap, by a
party under Jonathan Forman, a Whig captain of horse,
taken to Freehold, tried as a spy by a court-martial, and two
days afterward, executed. His father and mother arrived in
town the morning of his death, to inquire into his situation ;
and returned home with his corpse. The Forman and
Edwards famUies had been on terms of intimate friendship.

404 ELLIOT.
Elliot, Andrew. Of New York. He Avas Collector
of the Customs for the port of New York, from about the
year 1764 until the Revolution, and performed his official
duties in a manner highly satisfactory. His first difficulty
with the people of a serious nature occurred in 1774, when
he seized some fire-arms, and was threatened with a visit from
the " Mohawks and River Indians," or, in other words, with
a coat of tar and feathers. After the Royal Army took pos
session of New York, he continued to perform his duties of
Collector, and during the war held various important offices.
In 1782 he was not only at the head of the Customs, but was
Lieutenant-Governor, Receiver-General of Quit-rents, Super
intendent-General of Police, and Chief of the Superintendent
Department, established by Sir William Howe in 1777. And
when, in 1780, Sir Henry Clinton made his last effort to save
Andrd, Mr. Elliot was one of the three eminent persons who
were sent to confer with Washington. Mr. Elliot's estate in
New York was confiscated ; and the Executive Council of
Penn.sylvania, to reach property possessed by him in that
State, ordered by proclamation, that on his failing to appear
within a specified time, to take his trial on the charge of
treason, he should stand attainted.
His family sailed for England in the Nonesuch, of 64 guns,
June, 1783 ; and his furniture was sold at auction in Septem
ber of that year, at his house in Bowery Lane. His daughter
Elizabeth married die tenth Lord Cathcart, in 1779 ; and Sir
George Cathcart, who fell at the batde of Inkerman, in the
Crimean war, 1854, was the fourth son of this marriage.
The present Earl (1857) is the second son. Mr. Elliot's
daughter Eleanor married the Right Hon. Robert Digby,
Admiral of the Fleet, and died in England in 1830 ; her first
husband was a Jauncey, of New York.
Elliot, Captain  . Noted for his reveno-eful dis-
position and infamous deeds. In the documents of the time,
McKee, Elliot, and Simon Girty, are mentioned together, and
as forming a sort of triumvirate. The three were imprisoned
by die AVhigs at Pittsburgh, but made their escape, and in

ELLWOOD. - ERVING. 405
1778 traversed the country to enlist the savages against the
Rebels. The effects of their councils were long felt and de
plored. After the Revolution, and during the Indian troubles
of Washington's administration, Elliot's hostile feelings towards
the country which he had abandoned, were sufficiently mani
fest to deserve universal and lasting detestation. He was
dismissed from the British Colonial service about the year
1801, without trial, but whether for misconduct, is unknown
to the writer.
Ellwood, John. Of the county of Bucks, Pennsylvania,
In 1778 he was tried for acting as pilot to the Royal fleet and
army, in the invasion of the State by Sir William Howe, and
sentenced " to be hanged by the neck till he be dead." He
was not executed. In 1783 Humphreys wrote Galloway,
that Mr. EllA\'ood " was out of his head at the time of his
trial, and, indeed, ever since the army left Philadelphia."
The records of the Council showed that he was pardoned
July 15, 1789.
Emes, John. Of Pennsylvania. Deserted from the State
galleys. Joined the British at Philadelphia. Captured at
sea in 1779, tried by a court-martial, and, September 20th, in
prison. Emerson, Thomas. A physician. He died at Frederic
ton, New Brunswick, in 1843, aged eighty-one.
Ensor, George. Of Southwark, Pennsylvania. At
tainted of treason and property confiscated. At the peace,
accompanied by his family of five persons, he went from New
York to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, where the Crown granted
him one town lot. His losses in consequence of his loyalty
were estimated at £600. He died at Shelburne in 1805,
leaving several children.
^/^ Erving, John. Of Boston, He was one of the most
eminent merchants in America, and a member of the Councd
of Massachusetts for twenty years. The Hon. Robert C.
Winthrop, his great-grandson, in a public address in 1845,
thus refers to him : " A few dollars earned on a Commence
ment Day, by ferrying passengers over Charies River when

406 ERVING.
there was no bridge ^- shipped to Lisbon in the shape of fish,
and from thence to London in the shape of fruit, and from
thence brought home to be reinvested in fish, and to be reen
tered upon the same triangular circuit of trade — laid the
foundations of the largest fortune of the day, a hundred years
ago." Mr. Erving died in Boston in 1786, aged ninety-
three. • Erving, John, Jr. Of Boston. He graduated at Har
A'ard University in 1747. In 1760 he signed the BostoiTSe-
morial, and Avas thus one of the fifty-eight who were the first
men in America to array themselves against the officers of the
Crown. But in 1774 he was an Addresser of Hutchinson,
and the same year was appointed a mandamus councillor. In
1776 he fled to Halifax, and went thence to England. In
1778 he was proscribed and banished ; and in 1779 his prop
erty was confiscated under the Conspiracy Act. He died at
Bath, England, in 1816, aged eighty-nine years. His wife,
Maria Catharina, (youngest daughter of Governor Shirley)
with whom he lived quite sixty years, died a feAv months be
fore him. His son. Dr. Shirley Erving, died at Boston in
1813, aged fifty-five.
^ Era'ing, George. A mgrshani,_jof Bg&ton- He was one
of the fifty-eight memorialists who were the first men in
America to array themselves against the officers of the Crown.
He was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774 ; was proscribed
under the Act of 1778 ; and his estate was confiscated under
the Conspiracy Act of 1779. He went to Halifax at the
evacuation, with his family of five persons, and thence to
England. He died in London in 1806, at the age of seventy.
His wife was a daughter of the Hon. Isaac Royall, of Med
ford. His son, George W. Ervine, was American Consul at
London, Special Minister to Denmark, and Minister Plenipo-
tentiarj' to Spain. A distinguished gentleman in Boston
kindly furnishes me with the following passage in a letter
received by him from the son just mentioned : " Many a time
and oft " has my father " expressed to hie his heart-bitter re
grets, and that his only consolation was that his errors had

KILBORN. — KIRKLAND. 603
property, and thus lost nothing but his infiuence and popu
larity. He died at New Ipswich, in 1793, aged seventy.
KiLBORN, Ben.tamin. Of Litchfield, Connecticut. Lieu
tenant in a company of militia ; cashiered by the House of
Assembly (December, 1775,) for his " toryism,"
King, Colonel Richard. Of South Carolina. He
commanded the " South Carolina Loyal Militia," under
Cruger, at Ninety-Six, w hen besieged by General Greene, in
1781, and had permission to leave ; and as his two hundred
men were mounted, he might have retired to Charleston or
Georgia, but he turned his horses loose in the woods, and
resolved to remain and assist in the defence. He died before
the peace. His estate, in the possession of his heirs, was con
fiscated. King, Edward, A Sandemanian, of Boston. An Ad
dresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and a Protester against the
Whigs. Embarked for Halifax with the King's Army in
1776. Samuel, also of Boston, accompanied him, and died
at Halifax, in 1822, at the age of seventv-one.
King, William, Settled in New Brunswick ; was clerk
in the Royal Engineer Department ; died at Fredericton, the
capital of that Province, in 1804.
Kip, Samuel, Of West Chester County, New York.
His family relations to the British Government, and his
intimacy Avith Colonel De Lancey, are assigned as reasons for
predispo.sing him to espouse the Royal cause. He raised a
company of cavalry, and " embarked all his interests in the
contest." He was a landholder, and his soldiers were prin
cipally his own tenants. In charging a body of Whig troops,
in West Chester County, in 1781, his horse -ivas kiffed, and
he was himself severely wounded. He survived the close of
the war several years. His reputation was that of " an active
and daring partisan officer."
Kip, Jacobus. Of Kipsburgh, New York. Captain in
the British Infantry. ' Died before the peace, which saved his
estate from confiscation.
Kirkland, Moses. Of South Carolina, A man " whose

604 ¦ KIRKLAND.
vanity and ambition had not been sufficiently gratified by his
countrymen." He owned a plantation in the back part of
the State, with scA-eral negroes. At the outset, he took part
with the Whigs, and his disaffection is said to have arisen
from his being " overlooked by the Provincial Congress in the
military appointments," He changed sides in the affair with
the Cunninghams, July, 1775. At the time of his desertion,
he commanded a troop of Rangers, who followed him to a
man, and, by his inffuence, others in the Whig service joined
the Royal party. A short time before his defection, Kirkland
was placed upon an important standing committee raised by
the Provincial Congress to act throughout the Colony.
He arrived at St, Augustine, Florida, September, 1775.
The account of his ffight, as, L suppose, given by himself, is,
that William Henry Drayton endeavored to Avin him to the
Whig cause, but failed ; that then a reward of two thousand
pounds sterling was offered for his apprehension ; that, after
a journey of two hundred miles, he arrived at Lord William
Campbell's house, and thence ffed to a man-of-Avar ; and that
his son, a lad of twelve or thirteen, escaped in the disguise of
a girl. Further, that, after his departure, his plantation Avas
robbed of five thousand pounds of indigo, and his sixty
negroes were stolen or dispersed. Early in the contest, he
was employed by Stuart, the Indian Agent of the British
authorities with the Cherokees and Creeks, to concert meas
ures with General Gage for an attack on the Southern States.
The plan appears to have been, for the Royal forces to
operate by sea, and the savages by land. Kirkland was cap
tured on his voyage to Boston, his papers were seized, and
the plot fully discovered. He escaped from die Phdadelphia
jad. May, 1776, and was advertised thus : — " He is a stout
corpulent man, between fifty and sixty years of age, about
five feet ten inches high, of a swarthy complexion, fresh
colored, and wears his own gray hair tied behind. He had
on a green coat faced with blue velvet, a blue velvet waist
coat, and brown velvet breeches," &c. After the surrender
of Charleston, in 1780, he held a commission under the
Crown. His estate was confiscated.

KIRK. — KISSAM. 605
Kirk, Thomas. Of Boston. Officer of the Customs.
When Hancock's vessel, laden Avith wines from Madeira,
arrived at Boston, he Avent on board in the common course
of duty. In the evening, several proposals were made to
him to allow the cargo to be smuggled, which he rejected ;
and, in consequence, Avas confined below, untd the wines were
taken on shore. The master made entry of a part the next
day, but seizure followed for a fcdse entry, [See Hallowell,
and Harrison, Collectors of the Customs.]
Kirk, Richard. Of New York. In 1776 he Avas an
Addresser of Lord Howe. He OAvned the place now called
Cedarmere, from a little lake on it, quite encircled with red-
cedars, and now the residence of William Cullen Bryant.
"Kirk, in his time," Mr. Bryant kindly wrote me, (March 4,
1861,) " gathered th^ water from several springs, breaking
out at the foot of the hills close to the harbor, into a pond
with an irregular embankment, and used it to turn the ma
chinery of a paper-mill ; one of the first erected in this
country. The mill was burned down a few years since, and
afterwards the place came into my possession."
KissAM, Daniel. Of Long Island, Noav York. A magis
trate, and known as " Justice Kissam," In 1774 he was a
member of the Committee of Correspondence, and the next
year, of the House of Assembly, and also one of the four
teen Avho addressed General Gage at Boston, on the subject
of the " unhappy contest," In 1776 he was confined, but
released by the Provincial Congress, under recognizance of
£500, Property confiscated in 1779. He fell from his
horse, in 1782, and died. An estate of three hundred and
thirty acres, Avhich he OAvned, was sold by the Commissioners
of Confiscation, in 1784.
Kissam, Benjamin T. Of Long Island, New York.
Brother of Major Kissam. Made prisoner at Justice Kis-
sam's house. North Hempstead, in 1781. Died in 1847, aged
eighty-six. Kissam,  . Of Long Island, Ncav York. Major.
An Addresser of Governor Robertson in 1780, The next

606 KISSAM, —KNEEL AND,
year he was seized at the house of Justice Kissam, by a party
of Whigs. He died at the age of eighty-three.
Kissam, Benjamin. " A leading lawyer in the city of
New York, under whom Lindley Murray, the grammarian,
and John Jay, Chief Justice of the United States, read law."
In 1776, an Addresser of Lord and Sir William Howe.
Kissick, Philip, Of New York. Vintner and distiller.
Offered for sale " Home-spun brandy and gin, very little
inferior to French brandy and Holland gin." In 1776, an
Addresser of Lord and Sir William Howe. He is to be
remembered for his benefactions to Whigs, Avho, carried to the
" sugar-house," needed food and money. One of the prisoners
fed by him was James Schureman, who in after years was a
member of the House, and of the Senate of the United States.
Kitchen, Thomas. Settled in New Brunswick in 1788.
In 1799 he was murdered.
Kitching, James. Of Georgia. Collector and Com
missioner of the Customs, and Naval Officer for the port of
Sunbury, Subscribed oath of office, March, 1770. He was
in England in 1779, Attainted, and estate confiscated,
Knapp, John Cogghill. Of New York. " A notorious
pettifogger, — a convict who had ffed from England for his
own benefit." In 1776, an Addresser of Lord and Sir Wil
liam Howe.
Kneeland, William. Of Cambridge, Mass. Physician.
He graduated at Harvard University in 1751 ; and was elected
Steward of that Institution by the Corporation, in 1778 ; " but,
as he had been deemed unfriendly to the cause of American
Independence," the Overseers objected to the choice, and re
fused to concur. The former body accordingly requested his
predecessor to resume his duties, until another Steward should
be chosen. The discussions that arose in this case do not be
long to this place, further than to say, that the Corporation
asserted, and have since exercised the right, of electing that
officer Avithout action on the part of the OA'erseers. Dr. Knee-
land was Register of Probate, and for several years President
of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He died in 1788.

KNEELAND. — KNOX. 607
Kneeland, Rev. Ebenezer. Episcopal minister. He grad
uated at Yale College in 1761, and four years after went to
England for ordination. He served for a time as Chaplain in
the British Army, but in Januaiy, 1768, he Avas appointed an
Assistant to Dr. Samuel Johnson, of Stratford, Connecticut.
Dr. J. had conceived the idea of making Stratford a resort for
young students in divinity, to prepare them for Holy Orders,
and using Mr. Kneeland to aid him in the work. He speaks
of him in one of his letters as " very Avell qualified to continue
it when he was gone." On the death of Rev. Dr. Johnson,
in 1772, Mr, Kneeland succeeded to the Rectorship, and prob
ably continued the missionary of the Society for the Propaga
tion of the Gospel, &c., until his death, April 17, 1777, His
body was buried in the church-yard at Stratford. He mar
ried Charity, the eldest daughter of Dr. Johnson, but left no
children. Knight, Joshua. Of Pennsylvania. Attainted of trea
son, and property confiscated. He lived near Philadelphia,
and owned an estate of value. Early in the Revolution he
abandoned everything, went to the island of Campo Bello, New
Brunswick, where, for a winter, he occupied a fisherman's salt-
house, or hut. Joined finally by other Loyalists from his native
Province, he settled on the mainland of the Bay of Fundy, at a
place called Pennfield, in honor of William Penn, Mr. Knight
died at about the age of seventy-five, leaving four sons. The
original agreement between the founders of Pennfield, made
at Philadelphia, in 1782, placed at my disposal by gentlemen
of his lineage, has been of service to me.
Knox, Thomas, Of New York. A petitioner for lands
in Nova Scotia, in 1783, and one of the two agents of the
fifty-four other petitioners. In a Loyalist pamphlet, pub
lished in London, in 1784, his conduct is severely criticized.
Thus, he is accused of " chicanery," and of having the audac
ity to insult the Governor of Nova Scotia with imperdnent
letters. Knox, William. Of Georgia. Previous to the Revolu
tion, he appears to have been the Agent of that Colony and

608 KNOWLES. — KOLLOCK.
of Florida ; and to have been much in England. , At some
period of the struggle, he was appointed Under Secretary of
State in the American Department. In 1780, he formed a
plan to divide Maine, and to give the name of Neiv Ireland to
the territory between the Penobscot and the St. Croix, Avith
Thomas Oliver for Governor, and Daniel Leonard for Chief
Justice. This project was countenanced by the King, and by
the Ministry ; but Avas abandoned in consequence of the oppo
sition of Wedderburne, the Attorney-General, who said the
whole of Maine was included in the charter of Massachusetts.
After the death of Sir James Wright, Mr. Knox was employed
by the Loyalists of Georgia to present their claims for losses.
He was at London in 1788.
Knowles, Israel. Of Sandwich, Massachusetts, Impris
oned for his offences, real or alleged, in February, 1778.
Knoavles, S. Of Rhode Island. Estate was confiscated
previous to the peace, nnd by the Act of October, 1783, he
was banished from the State, on pain of death if he returned.
Knutton, John. Of Boston. Proscribed and banished
in 1778. He died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1827,
aged eighty-five ; and his widow, Margaret, who, at her mar
riage, in 1802, was the Avidow of David Blair, at the same
place, in 1829, at the age of seventy-two. They settled there
in 1783, and he was a grantee of the city.
Kollock, Simon. Of Delaware. In 1777, Henry Fisher
wrote the Navy Board of Pennsylvania that he had been
on shore from the Roebuck, with a large sum of counterfeit
thirty dollar bills ; that he had enlisted nearly one hundred
men, and had gone to New York in a schooner " to join the
rascally creAv." He entered die King's service, and in 1782
wj a captain in the Loyal American Regiment. He settled
in Nova Scotia, His wife, Ann Catharine, died in 1845, at
the advanced age of ninety-seven. Simon Kollock, Jr., of
Sussex County, Delaware, was proscribed under the Act of
1778; perhaps the same.

•¦¦Vi